Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

British people

2023-10-11T16:36:44Z

ThejasKDas: /* top */Typo fixing, replaced: idenfied → identified

{{Short description|People from the UK and its territories}}
{{redirect|Britons}}

{{Good article}}

{{use British English | date = October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = British people
| flag = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
| flag_upright = 1.02
| flag_caption = [[Union Flag]]
| population = {{plainlist|
* British {{Circa|'''72 million'''}}
* [[British diaspora]] {{Circa|'''200 million'''}}<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Richards
| first1 = Eric
| title = Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland Since 1600
| date = 14 May 2004
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC
| location = London
| publisher = A&C Black
| publication-date = 2004
| pages = 3–4
| isbn = 9781852854416
| access-date = 2 November 2020
| quote = [...] even the basic outline of the diaspora remains vague. It was never a controlled movement and it was mostly poorly documented. Migrants are always difficult to categorise and to count. [...] The scale of the modern British dispersion has been estimated at about 200 million, [...] or, counting those who can claim descent from British and Irish emigrants, more than three times the current population of the British Isles.
| archive-date = 28 September 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163109/https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Map of the British Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| genealogy =
| regions =
| region1 = United Kingdom
| pop1 = {{val|57678000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|British citizens of any race or [[ethnicity]].}}
| ref1 = <ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls Population By Country of Birth and Nationality tables January 2013 to December 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023303/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls |date=7 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 04_11_2014</ref>
| region2 = United States
| pop2 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|72065000|fmt=commas}} (2015) {{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}{{efn-ua|name=i_usa}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA36 |title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration: British Immigration |date=2009 |isbn=9781438110127 |last1=Powell |first1=John |publisher=Infobase |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163110/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab02.pdf |title=Persons Who Reported At Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407043449/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BritUS>{{cite web|title=Selected social characteristics in the United States: 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0100000US|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004920/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0100000US|archive-date=13 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{val|678000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
}}
| ref2 = <ref name="Brits Abroad: Country-by-country">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Country-by-country | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 8 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130408081743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region3 = Canada
| pop3 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|11211850|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref>{{cite web|title= Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada, 2016|url= https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=0|publisher= [[Statistics Canada]]|access-date= 16 September 2021|archive-date= 15 November 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211115182923/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=0|url-status= live}}</ref>
| {{val|603000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
}}
| ref3 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region4 = Australia
| pop4 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|10764870|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref name=BritAus>Numerical estimate based on the total percentage of population identifying their principal ancestry as Scottish, English or Welsh. {{cite web|title= CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA, 2016|url= http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211925/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20|url-status= dead|archive-date= 12 August 2017|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=BritAus2>Additionally, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] [[European Australian|European]] ancestry.{{cite web|title=Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia|date=January 1995|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{val|1300000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
}}
| ref4 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region5 = New Zealand
| pop5 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|2425278|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}
| {{val|215000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
}}
| ref5 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region6 = [[South Africa]]
| pop6 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|1603575|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref name=Census2011>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |page=26}} The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560.</ref>
| {{val|212000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
}}
| ref6 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region7 = [[Chile]]
| pop7 = {{val|700000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}
| ref7 = <ref name="british" />
| region8 = France
| pop8 = {{val|400000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref8 = <ref name="Présentation du Royaume-Uni">{{cite web |author=Erwin Dopf |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/royaume-uni/presentation-du-royaume-uni |title=Présentation du Royaume-Uni |publisher=diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529145811/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/royaume-uni/presentation-du-royaume-uni/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region9 = Spain
| pop9 = {{val|297229|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px|title=TablaPx|website=www.ine.es|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525083953/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&file=00000010.px|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10781350/End-to-Mediterranean-dream-for-90000-Britons-who-left-Spain-last-year.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10781350/End-to-Mediterranean-dream-for-90000-Britons-who-left-Spain-last-year.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=End to Mediterranean dream for 90,000 Britons who left Spain last year|date=22 April 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|last1=Govan|first1=Fiona}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| pop10 = {{val|291000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref10 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region11 = Argentina
| pop11 = {{val|250000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}
| ref11 = <ref name="nytimes">{{citation | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E5D61039F930A15755C0A963948260 | title = Fare of the country: A bit of Britain in Argentina | first = Lydia | last = Chavez | date = 23 June 1985 | access-date = 21 May 2009 | work = The New York Times | archive-date = 12 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201212034958/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/travel/fare-of-the-country-teatime-a-bit-of-britain-in-argentina.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region12 = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| pop12 = {{val|240000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/news-comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk |title=The other special relationship: the UAE and the UK |work=The National |location=Abu Dhabi |date=21 November 2010 |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628214043/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/news-comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region13 = Germany
| pop13 = {{val|115000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref13 = <ref name="autogenerated7">{{citation | url = http://local.live.com/?v=2&cid=8383590E124DC654!157&encType=1 | title = The most popular British emigration destinations | publisher = local.live.com | date = 13 April 2007 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 14 July 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060714054837/http://local.live.com/?v=2&cid=8383590E124DC654!157&encType=1 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region14 = [[Pakistan]]
| pop14 = {{val|79447|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref14 = <ref name="Gishkori">{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/|title=Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=3 August 2017|first=Zahid|last=Gishkori|quote=As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country," Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added.|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212633/https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region15 = [[Jersey]]
| pop15 = {{val|77373|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|Total for those who identified as 'White Jersey' or 'White British', no data available for non-white Jersey or British people.}}
| ref15 = <ref>{{citation | url = https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf | access-date = 15 January 2023 | title = Jersey 2021 Census Results, Bulletin 1: Population characteristics | publisher = Statistics Jersey | date = 21 March 2021 | archive-date = 13 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region16 = [[Isle of Man]]
| pop16 = {{val|73811|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|Born in the Isle of Man or the United Kingdom}}
| ref16 = <ref>{{citation | url = https://www.gov.im/media/1375604/2021-01-27-census-report-part-i-final-2.pdf | access-date = 15 January 2023 | title = 2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part I | publisher = Statistics Isle of Man | date = January 2022 | archive-date = 20 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070847/https://www.gov.im/media/1375604/2021-01-27-census-report-part-i-final-2.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region17 = [[Cyprus]]
| pop17 = {{val|59000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref17 = <ref name="autogenerated7"/>
| region18 = [[Thailand]]
| pop18 = {{val|51000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref18 = <ref name="autogenerated3">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia_pac.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Asia-Pacific | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326124453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia_pac.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region19 = [[Singapore]]
| pop19 = {{val|45000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref19 = <ref name="autogenerated3"/>
| region20 = Switzerland
| pop20 = {{val|45000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref20 = <ref name="autogenerated6">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Europe | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 15 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215044739/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region21 = Netherlands
| pop21 = {{val|44000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref21 = <ref name="autogenerated6" />
| region22 = [[Israel]]
| pop22 = {{val|44000|fmt=commas}}
| ref22 = <ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/mid_east.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Middle East | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 24 August 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070824142939/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/mid_east.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region23 = Portugal
| pop23 = {{val|41000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref23 = <ref name="autogenerated6" />
| region24 = Sweden
| pop24 = {{val|39989|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref24 =
| region25 = Italy
| pop25 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|26000|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Brits Abroad: Country-by-country" />
| {{val|39177|fmt=commas}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/regno-unito/ | title=Britannici in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione | access-date=19 September 2019 | archive-date=11 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811105208/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/regno-unito/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| region26 = Norway
| pop26 = {{val|34279|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}
| ref26 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=ssb.no |work=Statistics Norway |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115112242/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |archive-date=15 November 2011 }}</ref>
| region27 = [[Turkey]]
| pop27 = {{val|34000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref27 = <ref name="autogenerated6" />
| region28 = India
| pop28 = {{val|32000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref28 = <ref name="autogenerated2">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Asia | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 27 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327025335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region29 = [[Kenya]]
| pop29 = {{val|29000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref29 = <ref>{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/africa.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Africa | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 27 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/africa.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region30 = Belgium
| pop30 = {{val|28000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref30 = <ref name="autogenerated6"/>
| region31 = [[Barbados]]
| pop31 = {{val|27000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref31 = <ref name="Cari">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/caribbean.stm | title = Brits Abroad: Caribbean | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 11 December 2006 | access-date = 24 May 2009 | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326124458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/caribbean.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>
| region32 = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| pop32 = {{val|26000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref32 =
| region33 = [[Jamaica]]
| pop33 = {{val|25000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref33 = <ref name="Cari" />
| region34 = [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| pop34 = {{val|25000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref34 = <ref name="2013 estimates">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|title=Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=28 August 2014|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023303/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|url-status=live}} Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref>
| region35 = Japan
| pop35 = {{val|23000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref35 = <ref name="Brits Abroad: Country-by-country" />
| region36 = [[Hong Kong]]
| pop36 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|19405|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}<ref name=hkcensus>[http://itable.censtatd.gov.hk/UI/Report/Report.aspx?lang=en-US Interactive Data Dissemination Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113142026/http://itable.censtatd.gov.hk/UI/Report/Report.aspx?lang=en-US |date=13 November 2017 }}, [[Hong Kong Census]], 2011</ref>
| {{val|3400000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_res}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/117/11712.htm#note212 |title=House of Commons – Foreign Affairs – Fifth Report |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051735/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/117/11712.htm#note212 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{val|33733|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
}}
| region37 = Denmark
| pop37 = {{val|18512|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref37 = <ref name="Stat Bank Denmark">{{cite web|url=https://m.statbank.dk/Data?lang=en%2F%3E|title=Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age, citizenship and time|publisher=[[Statistics Denmark]]|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163211/https://m.statbank.dk/Error?lang=en%2F%3E|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region38 = [[Greece]]
| pop38 = {{val|18000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref38 =
| region39 = [[Finland]]
| pop39 = {{val|16732|fmt=commas}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-finland.html|title=Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In Finland|date=5 June 2018|publisher=Worldatlas.com|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033824/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-finland.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[English language|English]]'''
{{flatlist}}
* [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]]
* [[Antiguan and Barbudan Creole]]
* [[British Sign Language|British Sign]]
* [[Cornish language|Cornish]]
* [[Guernésiais]]
* [[Irish language|Irish]]
* [[Irish Sign Language|Irish Sign]]
* [[Jèrriais]]
* [[Llanito]]
* [[Manx language|Manx]]
* [[Pitkern language|Pitkern]]
* [[Sercquiais]]
* [[Shelta]]
* [[Turks and Caicos Creole]]
* [[Virgin Islands Creole]]
* [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
* {{nowrap|[[Scots language|Scots]] (including [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster-Scots]])}}
* {{nowrap|[[Scottish Gaelic]]}}
{{endflatlist}}
| religions = {{plainlist|
* Mainly [[Christianity]] ([[Anglicanism]], [[Presbyterianism]], [[Catholic Church in the United Kingdom|Catholicism]], [[Methodism]])
* See also: [[Religion in the United Kingdom]]
}}
| footnotes = {{notelist-ua|refs=
{{efn-ua|name=i_anc|People who identify of full or partial British ancestry born into that country.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_born|UK-born people who identify of British ancestry only.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_usa|In 2000, over 67 million Americans identified as being of British origin. In 1980, over 61 million identified as being of British origin.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_res|British citizens by way of residency in the [[British overseas territories]]; however, not all have ancestry from the United Kingdom.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_cit|British citizens or nationals.}}
}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
{{Culture of the United Kingdom|People}}

'''British people''' or '''Britons''', also known colloquially as '''Brits''',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Brit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106224650/https://www.lexico.com/definition/brit |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-06 |title=Brit |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> are the citizens of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[British Overseas Territories]], and the [[Crown dependencies]].<ref>Cfr. [[Interpretation Act 1978]], Sched. 1. By the [[British Nationality Act 1981]], s. 50 (1), the [[United Kingdom]] includes the [[Channel Islands]] and the [[Isle of Man]] for the purposes of nationality law.</ref><ref name="Dic62">{{Harvnb|Macdonald|1969|p=62}}:{{quote box|'''British''', ''brit'ish, adj.'' of Britain or the Commonwealth. '''Briton''', ''brit'ὁn, n.'' one of the early inhabitants of Britain: a native of Great Britain.}}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = British | author = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | edition = Fourth | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/british | publisher = dictionary.reference.com | year = 2004 | access-date = 19 February 2009 | author-link = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023424/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/british | url-status = live }}: "'''Brit·ish''' ''(brĭt'ĭsh) adj''.
* Of or relating to Great Britain or its people, language, or culture.
* Of or relating to the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Of or relating to the ancient Britons.
''n. (used with a pl. verb)''
* The people of Great Britain."</ref> [[British nationality law]] governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, "British" or "Britons" can refer to the [[Ancient Britons]], the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]-speaking inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] during the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]], whose descendants forming the major part of the modern [[Welsh people]], [[Cornish people]], [[Bretons]]<ref name="Dic62" /> and considerable proportions of [[English people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiffels |first=Stephan |date=17 October 2022 |title=The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool |journal=Nature |volume=610 |issue=7930 |pages=112–119 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 |pmid=36131019 |pmc=9534755 |bibcode=2022Natur.610..112G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genetic study reveals 30% of white British DNA has German ancestry {{!}} Genetics {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/18/genetic-study-30-percent-white-british-dna-german-ancestry |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=amp.theguardian.com |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812012335/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/18/genetic-study-30-percent-white-british-dna-german-ancestry |url-status=live }}</ref> It also refers to citizens of the former [[British Empire]], who settled in the country prior to 1973, and hold neither UK citizenship nor nationality.<ref name="windrushreport2020" />

Though early assertions of being British date from the [[Late Middle Ages]], the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603 and the creation of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm | title = Uniting the kingdom? | publisher = nationalarchives.gov.uk | access-date = 4 January 2011 | archive-date = 29 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929191921/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ | title = Acts of Union 1707 | publisher = Parliament of the United Kingdom | access-date = 4 January 2011 | archive-date = 29 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130147/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf |title=Making the Act of Union 1707 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=4 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/unionofparliaments/index.asp |title=The Union of the Parliaments 1707 |publisher=Learning and Teaching Scotland |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102060414/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/unionofparliaments/index.asp |archive-date=2 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html | title = THE TREATY or Act of the Union | publisher = scotshistoryonline.co.uk | access-date = 12 December 2009 | archive-date = 12 July 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020712045730/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity.<ref name="Colley1">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=1}}.</ref> The notion of [[Britishness]] and a shared British identity was forged during the 18th century and early 19th century when Britain engaged in several global conflicts with France, and developed further during the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="Colley1" /><ref name="Colley5">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=5}}.</ref> The complex [[history of the formation of the United Kingdom]] created a "particular sense of nationhood and belonging" in Great Britain;<ref name="Colley1" /> Britishness became "superimposed on much older identities", of [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scots]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] cultures, whose distinctiveness still resists notions of a [[Homogeneity (ecology)|homogenised]] British identity.<ref name="Colley6">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=6}}.</ref> Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in [[Northern Ireland]] is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report7/report7c.htm | publisher = cain.ulst.ac.uk | author = CAIN Web Service | title = British? Irish? Or what? | access-date = 19 February 2009 | archive-date = 8 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608072220/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report7/report7c.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

Modern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in [[Great Britain]] in and before the 11th century: [[Prehistoric Britain|Prehistoric]], Brittonic, [[Roman Britain|Roman]], [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]], [[Norsemen|Norse]], and [[Normans]].<ref name="state">{{citation | title = United Kingdom - People | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm | author = United States Department of State | access-date = 19 February 2009 | publisher = state.gov | date = July 2008 | author-link = United States Department of State | archive-date = 28 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028175014/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The progressive political unification of the British Isles facilitated migration, cultural and linguistic exchange, and intermarriage between the peoples of England, Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages, [[early modern Britain|early modern period]] and beyond.<ref name="Trudgill519">{{Harvnb|Trudgill|1984|p=519}}.</ref><ref name="Richardson531">{{Harvnb|Richardson|Ashford|1993|p=531}}.</ref> Since 1922 and earlier, there has been [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|immigration to the United Kingdom]] by people from what is now the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], mainland Europe and elsewhere; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens, with some assuming a British, dual or hyphenated identity.<ref name="Ward113-115">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=113–115}}.</ref> This includes the groups [[Black British]] and [[Asian-British people|Asian British people]], which together constitute around 10% of the British population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The British are a diverse, [[multinational state|multinational]],<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017081017/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |date=17 October 2020 }} ''The Daily Telegraph'', 25 March 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.devon.gov.uk/sc-feb0659017b.pdf DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP CURRICULUM REVIEW] www.devon.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615160114/http://www.devon.gov.uk/sc-feb0659017b.pdf |date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> multicultural and multilingual people, with "strong regional accents, expressions and identities".<ref>{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4152394.stm | title = UK dialects 'strong and varied' | publisher = BBC | date = 15 August 2005 | access-date = 19 February 2009 | archive-date = 8 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608134945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4152394.stm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Rosen3">{{Harvnb|Rosen|2003|p=3}}.</ref> The [[social structure of the United Kingdom]] has changed radically since the 19th century, with a decline in religious observance, enlargement of the [[middle class]], and [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|increased ethnic diversity]], particularly since the 1950s, when citizens of the British Empire were encouraged to immigrate to Britain to work as part of the recovery from World War II. The population of the UK stands at around 67 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland|title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021|publisher=www.ons.gov.uk|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015222212/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do|url-status=live}}</ref> with a [[British diaspora]] of around 140 million concentrated in the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, with smaller concentrations in the Republic of Ireland, Chile, South Africa, and parts of the Caribbean.<ref name="BritDis47" />

== History of the term ==
{{further|Britain (place name)}}
{{See also|Glossary of names for the British}}
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] may have come from 4th century BC records of the voyage of [[Pytheas]], a [[ancient Greece|Greek]] geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the [[British Isles]]. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the [[Roman Empire]] made much reference to them. Pytheas called the islands collectively {{lang|grc|αἱ Βρεττανίαι}} (''hai Brettaniai''), which has been translated as the ''Brittanic Isles'', and the peoples of what are today [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and the [[Isle of Man]] of ''Prettanike'' were called the {{lang|grc|Πρεττανοί}} (''Prettanoi''), ''Priteni'', ''Pritani'' or ''Pretani''.

The group included [[Ireland]], which was referred to as ''Ierne'' (''Insula sacra'' "sacred island" as the Greeks interpreted it) "inhabited by the different race of ''Hiberni''" (''gens hibernorum''), and Britain as ''insula Albionum'', "island of the Albions".{{sfn|Snyder|2003}}<ref name=ohi>{{cite book|author=Donnchadh Ó Corráin|editor-last=Foster|editor-first=R. F.|title=The Oxford History of Ireland|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1 November 2001|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00rffo|isbn=0-19-280202-X}}</ref> The term ''Pritani'' may have reached Pytheas from the [[Gaul]]s, who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.<ref name=ohi/>

[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]] as the ''[[Cruthin|Priteni]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Snyder|2003|pp=12, 68}}</ref> the origin of the [[Latin]] word ''Britanni''. It has been suggested that this name derives from a [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] description translated as "people of the forms", referring to the custom of tattooing or painting their bodies with blue woad made from ''[[Isatis tinctoria]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cunliffe|2002|p=95}}</ref> [[Parthenius of Nicaea|Parthenius]], a 1st-century{{clarify|date=January 2016}} Ancient Greek grammarian, and the ''[[Etymologicum Genuinum]]'', a 9th-century lexical encyclopaedia, mention a mythical character Bretannus (the Latinised form of the {{lang-grc|Βρεττανός}}, ''Brettanós'') as the father of [[Celtine]], mother of Celtus, the eponymous ancestor of the [[Celts]].<ref>{{citation | title = Patrhenius, Love Stories 2; XXX. The Story of Celtine | url = http://www.theoi.com/Text/Parthenius2.html#30 | publisher = theoi.com | access-date = 26 May 2009 | archive-date = 25 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200925070512/https://www.theoi.com/Text/Parthenius2.html#30 | url-status = live }}</ref>

By 50 BC, Greek geographers were using equivalents of ''Prettanikē'' as a collective name for the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Rahilly| 1946}}</ref> However, with the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the Latin term ''[[Britannia]]'' was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of [[Caledonia]] (modern day Scotland north of the rivers Forth and Clyde), although the people of Caledonia and the north were also the selfsame Britons during the Roman period, the Gaels not arriving until four centuries later.<ref>[[wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 4#20|4.20]] provides a translation describing Caesar's first invasion, using terms which from [[wikisource:Commentarii de bello Gallico - Liber IV#20|IV.XX]] appear in [[Latin]] as arriving ''tamen in Britanniam'', the inhabitants being ''Britannos'', and on p.30 ''principes Britanniae'' is translated as "chiefs of Britain".</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cunliffe|2002|pp=94–95}}</ref> Following the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]], the island of Great Britain was left open to invasion by [[paganism|pagan]], seafaring warriors such as [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]-speaking [[Anglo-Saxons]] and [[Jutes]] from [[Continental Europe]], who gained control in areas around the south east, and to [[Middle Irish]]-speaking people migrating from the north of Ireland to the north of Great Britain, founding Gaelic kingdoms such as [[Dál Riata]] and [[Alba]], which would eventually subsume the native Brittonic and Pictish kingdoms and become Scotland.<ref name="sax1">{{cite web | title = Anglo-Saxons | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ | work = BBC News | access-date = 5 September 2009 | archive-date = 15 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515145846/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In this [[sub-Roman Britain]], as Anglo-Saxon culture spread across southern and eastern Britain and Gaelic through much of the north, the demonym "Briton" became restricted to the Brittonic-speaking inhabitants of what would later be called [[Wales]], [[Cornwall]], [[North West England]] ([[Cumbria]]), and a southern part of [[Scotland]]<ref>Foster, Sally M. (2014). Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. {{ISBN|9781780271910}}.</ref>([[Strathclyde]]).<ref name="SnowCelt">{{cite episode | title = A New Civilization|series= How the Celts Saved Britain |credits= [[Dan Snow]] (presenter)|minutes=36—40 |network= [[BBC Four]] |airdate= 7 June 2009 |number=1}}</ref> In addition, the term was also applied to [[Brittany]] in what is today [[France]] and [[Britonia]] in north west [[Spain]], both regions having been colonised in the 5th century by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions. However, the term "Britannia" persisted as the Latin name for the island. The ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' claimed legendary origins as a prestigious [[genealogy]] for [[King of the Britons|Brittonic kings]], followed by the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]].<ref name="Consci1" />

During the [[Middle Ages]], and particularly in the [[Tudor period]], the term "British" was used to refer to the [[Welsh people]] and [[Cornish people]]. At that time, it was "the long held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the Britons and that they spoke '[[Common Brittonic|the British tongue]]{{'"}}.<ref name="Consci1">{{Harvnb|Bradshaw|Roberts|2003|p=1}}.</ref> This notion was supported by texts such as the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', a [[pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] account of ancient British history, written in the mid-12th century by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]].<ref name="Consci1" /> The ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' chronicled the lives of [[List of legendary kings of Britain|legendary kings of the Britons]] in a narrative spanning 2000 years, beginning with the [[Troy|Trojans]] founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] in the 7th century forced the Britons to the west, i.e. [[Wales]] and [[Cornwall]], and north, i.e. [[Cumbria]], [[Strathclyde]] and northern Scotland.<ref name="Consci1" /> This legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the [[Matter of Britain]]. The Matter of Britain, a [[national myth]], was retold or reinterpreted in works by [[Gerald of Wales]], a [[Cambro-Normans|Cambro-Norman]] chronicler who, in the 12th and 13th centuries, used the term "British" to refer to the people later known as the Welsh.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cambrensis_Desc&c_id=8 | title = Book 1, Ch. 6: The pleasantness and fertility of Wales | publisher = visionofbritain.org.uk | author = Great Britain Historical GIS | access-date = 13 May 2009 | author-link = Great Britain Historical GIS | archive-date = 20 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025032/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cambrensis_Desc&c_id=8 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancestral roots ===
{{further|Genetic history of the British Isles|historical immigration to Great Britain}}
The indigenous people of the [[British Isles]] have a combination of [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Vikings|Norse]] and [[Normans|Norman]] ancestry.<ref name="SnowCelt" /><ref name="Parliament 1">{{cite web | title = Cornish Stannary Parliament Archives – Documents – UNITED NATIONS RECOGNISES CORNISH IDENTITY | url = http://cornishstannaryparliament.co.uk//resources//index.php?topic=General | access-date = 15 May 2009 | work = Cornish Stannary Parliament website | publisher = Cornish Stannary Parliament | date = 6 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226202602/http://cornishstannaryparliament.co.uk/resources/index.php?topic=General | archive-date = 26 February 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Mebyon Kernow 1">{{cite web | title = Mebyon Kernow – The Party for Cornwall – BETA | url = http://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation | access-date = 15 May 2009 | work = Mebyon Kernow website | publisher = Mebyon Kernow | year = 2007 | archive-date = 28 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928063542/https://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="RTÉ 1">{{cite web |title=About RTÉ- RTÉ Awards|url=http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html|access-date=15 May 2009|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=13 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220215252/http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html|archive-date=20 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Welsh Government 1">{{cite web | title = Welsh Assembly Government – Celtic countries connect with contemporary Cymru | url = http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/officefirstminister/2008/2372569/;jsessionid=2HxQKNPNwtyLzpl2VLlsysLyGVVhyMybcd94RlxXDyZHG6VpJbjP!1298896870?lang=en | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121223235236/http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/officefirstminister/2008/2372569/;jsessionid=2HxQKNPNwtyLzpl2VLlsysLyGVVhyMybcd94RlxXDyZHG6VpJbjP!1298896870?lang=en | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 December 2012 | access-date = 15 May 2009 | work = Welsh Assembly Government website | publisher = Welsh Assembly Government | date = 13 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="United">{{citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html | title = A United Kingdom? Maybe | work = The New York Times | last = Wade | first = Nicholas | date = 6 March 2007 | access-date = 16 May 2009 | archive-date = 23 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230523092040/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Oppenheimer">{{citation | url = http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ | publisher = prospect-magazine.co.uk | title = Myths of British Ancestry | first = Stephen | last = Oppenheimer | access-date = 16 May 2009 | date = October 2006 | archive-date = 15 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015212548/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Between the 8th and 11th centuries, "three major cultural divisions" had emerged in Great Britain: the [[English people|English]], the [[Scottish people|Scots]] and the [[Welsh people|Welsh]], the earlier Brittonic Celtic polities in what are today England and Scotland having finally been absorbed into Anglo-Saxon England and Gaelic Scotland by the early 11th century.<ref name="Smyth24-25">{{Harvnb|Smyth|1998|pp=24–25}}</ref> The English had been unified under a single [[nation state]] in 937 by King [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan of Wessex]] after the [[Battle of Brunanburh]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml | title = Athelstan (c.895 – 939) | publisher = BBC | access-date = 18 May 2009 | archive-date = 14 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201114013132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref> Before then, the English (known then in [[Old English]] as the ''Anglecynn'') were under the governance of independent Anglo-Saxon [[petty kingdom]]s, which gradually coalesced into a [[Heptarchy]] of seven powerful states, the most powerful of which were [[Mercia]] and [[Wessex]]. Scottish historian and archaeologist [[Neil Oliver]] said that the Battle of Brunanburh would "define the shape of Britain into the modern era"; it was a "showdown for two very different ethnic identities – a Norse Celtic alliance versus Anglo Saxon. It aimed to settle once and for all whether Britain would be controlled by a single imperial power or remain several separate independent kingdoms, a split in perceptions which is still very much with us today".<ref>{{cite episode | title = The Last of the Free |series= A History of Scotland |series-link= A History of Scotland |credits= [[Neil Oliver]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 9 November 2008 |number=1}}</ref> However, historian [[Simon Schama]] suggested that it was [[Edward I of England]] who solely was "responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood" in the 13th century.<ref name="SchamaNations">{{cite episode | title = Nations|series= A History of Britain |series-link= A History of Britain (TV series) |credits= [[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 21 October 2000 |number=4 |minutes=3}}</ref> Schama hypothesised that [[Scottish national identity]], "a complex amalgam" of [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]], [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brittonic]], [[Pictish]], [[Norsemen]] and [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] origins, was not finally forged until the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] against the [[Kingdom of England]] in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smyth|1998|p=xii}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode | title = Hammers of the Scots |series= A History of Scotland |series-link= A History of Scotland |credits= [[Neil Oliver]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 16 November 2008 |number=2}}</ref>

[[File:Arth tapestry2.jpg|thumb|right|Medieval tapestry showing [[King Arthur]], a legendary [[Britons (historical)|ancient British]] ruler who had a leading role in the [[Matter of Britain]], a [[national myth]] used as propaganda for the ancestral origins of the [[British Royal Family]] and their [[British subject]]s.]]

Though [[Wales]] was conquered by England, and its legal system replaced by that of the [[Kingdom of England]] under the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]], the Welsh endured as a [[nation]] distinct from [[the English]]; and to some degree the [[Cornish people]], although conquered into England by the 11th century, also retained a distinct Brittonic identity and language.<ref name="Consci11">{{Harvnb|Bradshaw|Roberts|2003|p=11}}.</ref> Later, with both an [[English Reformation]] and a [[Scottish Reformation]], [[Edward VI of England]], under the counsel of [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]], advocated a union with the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], joining England, Wales and Scotland in a united Protestant Great Britain.<ref name="Ryrie82">{{Harvnb|Ryrie|2006|p=82}}.</ref> The Duke of Somerset supported the unification of the English, Welsh and Scots under the "indifferent old name of Britons" on the basis that their monarchies "both derived from a [[Roman empire|Pre-Roman]] British monarchy".<ref name="Ryrie82" />

Following the death of [[Elizabeth I of England]] in 1603, the throne of England was inherited by James VI, King of Scots, so that the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] were united in a [[personal union]] under [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland and I of England]], an event referred to as the [[Union of the Crowns]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ross|2002|p=56|quote=''1603:'' James VI becomes [[James VI and I]] in the [[Union of the Crowns]], and leaves Edinburgh for London}}</ref> King James advocated full [[political union]] between England and Scotland,<ref>{{Harvnb|Robbins|1998|p=53}}.</ref> and on 20 October 1604 proclaimed his assumption of the [[style (manner of address)|style]] "King of Great Britain", though this title was rejected by both the [[Parliament of England]] and the [[Parliament of Scotland]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Croft|2003|p=67}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Willson|1963|pp=249–252}}.</ref> and thus had no basis in either [[English law]] or [[Scots law]].

=== Union and the development of Britishness ===
{{main|Treaty of Union|Britishness}}
{{See also|Acts of Union 1707|History of the formation of the United Kingdom}}
{{further|Napoleonic Wars|Royal Navy|British Empire}}
[[File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|thumb|right|On 12 April 1606, the [[Union Flag]] representing the [[personal union]] between the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] was specified in a royal decree. The [[St George's Cross]] and [[Flag of Scotland|St Andrew's saltire]] were "joined together ... to be published to our Subjects."<ref name="flaginst">{{citation | url = http://www.flaginstitute.org/index.php?location=7 | publisher = flaginstitute.org | work = [[Flag Institute]] | access-date = 14 May 2009 | title = British Flags | archive-date = 14 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033042/http://www.flaginstitute.org/index.php?location=7 | url-status = live }}</ref>]]
Despite centuries of military and religious conflict, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland had been "drawing increasingly together" since the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century and the Union of the Crowns in 1603.<ref name="Colley12">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=12}}.</ref> A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the [[Authorized King James Version]]) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples.<ref name="Colley12" /><ref name="Parli">{{citation | url = http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/02_03_future.html | publisher = Parliament of the United Kingdom | title = The Future of Scotland: Union? | author = Parliament of the United Kingdom|author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom | access-date = 22 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080615125226/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/02_03_future.html |archive-date = 15 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures—the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] respectively—that ensured that the shared [[constitutional monarchy]] of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament were unsuccessful in 1606, 1667 and 1689;<ref name="Parli" /> increased political management of Scottish affairs from England had led to "criticism" and had strained Anglo-Scottish relations.<ref name="Scot18th">{{citation | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml | publisher = BBC | title = Scotland in the Early Eighteenth Century | access-date = 14 May 2009 | archive-date = 26 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090626015534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Whatley|2006|p=91}}</ref>

While English maritime explorations during the [[Age of Discovery]] gave new-found imperial power and wealth to the English and Welsh at the end of the 17th century, Scotland suffered from a long-standing weak economy.<ref name="Scot18th" /> In response, the Scottish kingdom, in opposition to [[William III of England|William II of Scotland (III of England)]], commenced the [[Darien Scheme]], an attempt to establish a Scottish imperial outlet—the [[colony]] of New Caledonia—on the [[isthmus of Panama]].<ref name="Scot18th" /> However, through a combination of disease, Spanish hostility, Scottish mismanagement and opposition to the scheme by the [[East India Company]] and the English government (who did not want to provoke the Spanish into war)<ref name="Scot18th" /><ref name="Birnie">{{Harvnb|Birnie|2006|pp=206–208}}.</ref> this imperial venture ended in "catastrophic failure", with an estimated "25% of Scotland's total liquid capital" lost.<ref name="Scot18th" />

The events of the Darien Scheme, and the passing by the English Parliament of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] asserting the right to choose the [[order of succession]] for English, Scottish and Irish thrones, escalated political hostilities between England and Scotland and neutralised calls for a united British people. The Parliament of Scotland responded by passing the [[Act of Security 1704]], allowing it to appoint a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of England if it so wished.<ref name="Scot18th" /> The English political perspective was that the appointment of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] monarchy in Scotland opened up the possibility of a Franco-Scottish military conquest of England during the [[Second Hundred Years' War]] and [[War of the Spanish Succession]].<ref name="Scot18th" /> The Parliament of England passed the [[Alien Act 1705]], which provided that Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as [[alien (law)|aliens]] and estates held by Scots would be treated as alien property,<ref>{{citation|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Westminster passes the 'Alien Act', 1705 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/03_05_alien.html |access-date=8 February 2009 |author=Parliament of the United Kingdom |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017085553/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/03_05_alien.html |archive-date=17 October 2008 }}</ref> whilst also restricting the [[import]] of Scottish products into England and its colonies (about half of Scotland's trade).<ref>{{Harvnb|Lynch|1992|pp=311–314}}.</ref> However, the Act contained a provision that it would be suspended if the Parliament of Scotland entered into negotiations regarding the creation of a unified [[Parliament of Great Britain]], which in turn would refund Scottish financial losses on the Darien Scheme.<ref name="Birnie"/>

===Union of Scotland and England===
Despite opposition from within both Scotland<ref name="Scot18th" /> and England,<ref name="Colley1213">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|pp=12–13}}.</ref> a [[Treaty of Union]] was agreed in 1706 and was then ratified by the parliaments of both countries with the passing of the [[Acts of Union 1707]]. With effect from 1 May 1707, this created a new sovereign state called the "[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]".<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ Acts of Union 1707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130147/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |date=29 May 2012 }} Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm Uniting the kingdom?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929191921/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm |date=29 September 2018 }} nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf Making the Act of Union 1707] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }} Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref> This kingdom "began as a hostile merger", but led to a "full partnership in the most powerful [[going concern]] in the world"; historian [[Simon Schama]] stated that "it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history".<ref name="Schama">{{cite episode | title = Britannia Incorporated|series= A History of Britain |series-link= Simon Schama's A History of Britain |credits= [[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 22 May 2001 |number=10 |minutes=3}}</ref>

After 1707, a British national identity began to develop, though it was initially resisted, particularly by the English.<ref name="Colley1213" /> The peoples of Great Britain had by the 1750s begun to assume a "layered identity": to think of themselves as simultaneously British and also Scottish, English, or Welsh.<ref name="Colley1213" />

[[File:Turner, The Battle of Trafalgar (1822).jpg|thumb|''[[The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)|The Battle of Trafalgar]]'' by [[J. M. W. Turner]] (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]' [[Battle of Trafalgar]]—a major British naval victory upon which Britishness has drawn influence.]]

The terms [[North Briton]] and [[South Briton]] were devised for the Scots and the English respectively, with the former gaining some preference in Scotland, particularly by the economists and philosophers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Campbell|Skinner|1985|p=39}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Broadie|2003|p=14}}.</ref> Indeed, it was the "Scots [who] played key roles in shaping the contours of British identity";<ref name="Gottlieb15">{{Harvnb|Gottlieb|2007|p=15}}.</ref> "their scepticism about the Union allowed the Scots the space and time in which
to dominate the construction of Britishness in its early crucial years",<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Neill|2004|p=353}}.</ref> drawing upon the notion of a shared "spirit of liberty common to both Saxon and Celt ... against the usurpation of the Church of Rome".<ref name="Brad1">{{Harvnb|Bradley|2007|pp=119–120}}.</ref> [[James Thomson (poet, born 1700)|James Thomson]] was a poet and playwright born to a [[Church of Scotland]] minister in the [[Scottish Lowlands]] in 1700 who was interested in forging a common British culture and national identity in this way.<ref name="Brad1" /> In collaboration with [[Thomas Arne]], they wrote ''[[Alfred (Arne opera)|Alfred]]'', an opera about [[Alfred the Great]]'s victory against the [[Viking]]s performed to [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] in 1740 to commemorate the accession of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] and the birthday of [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain|Princess Augusta]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Scholes|1970|p=897}}.</ref> "[[Rule, Britannia!]]" was the climactic piece of the opera and quickly became a "[[jingoism|jingoistic]]" British patriotic song celebrating "Britain's supremacy offshore".<ref name="Colley10">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=10}}.</ref> An [[island country]] with a series of victories for the [[Royal Navy]] associated empire and [[naval warfare]] "inextricably with ideals of Britishness and Britain's place in the world".<ref>{{Harvnb|Lincoln|2002|p=73}}</ref>{{sfn|Colley|1992|pp=132–133}}

[[Britannia]], the new [[national personification]] of Great Britain, was established in the 1750s as a representation of "nation and empire rather than any single national hero".{{sfn|Whale|Copley|1992|p=81}} On Britannia and British identity, historian Peter Borsay wrote: {{blockquote|Up until 1797 Britannia was conventionally depicted holding a spear, but as a consequence of the increasingly prominent role of the Royal Navy in the war against the French, and of several spectacular victories, the spear was replaced by a trident... The navy had come to be seen...as the very bulwark of British liberty and the essence of what it was to be British.<ref>Peter Borsay, ''New approaches to social history. Myth, memory, and place: Monmouth and Bath 1750–1900.'' [[Journal of Social History]] March 22, 2006</ref>}}

From the Union of 1707 through to the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815, Great Britain was "involved in successive, very dangerous wars with Catholic France",<ref name="Colley18">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=18}}.</ref> but which "all brought enough military and naval victories ... to flatter British pride".<ref name="Colley52">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=52}}.</ref> As the [[Napoleonic Wars]] with the [[First French Empire]] advanced, "the English and Scottish learned to define themselves as similar primarily by virtue of not being French or Catholic".<ref name="Allan17">{{Harvnb|Allan|2008|p=17}}.</ref> In combination with sea power and empire, the notion of Britishness became more "closely bound up with Protestantism",<ref name="Colley8">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=8}}.</ref> a cultural commonality through which the English, Scots and Welsh became "fused together, and remain[ed] so, despite their many cultural divergences".<ref name="Colley386">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=368}}.</ref>

The neo-classical monuments that proliferated at the end of the 18th century and the start of the 19th century, such as [[The Kymin]] at [[Monmouth]], were attempts to meld the concepts of Britishness with the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman empires]] of [[classical antiquity]]. The new and expanding [[British Empire]] provided "unprecedented opportunities for upward mobility and the accumulations of wealth", and so the "Scottish, Welsh and Irish populations were prepared to suppress nationalist issues on pragmatic grounds".{{sfn|Rojek|2008|p=8}} The British Empire was "crucial to the idea of a British identity and to the self-image of Britishness".<ref>{{Harvnb|Powell|2002|p=xi}}</ref> Indeed, the Scottish welcomed Britishness during the 19th century "for it offered a context within which they could hold on to their own identity whilst participating in, and benefiting from, the expansion of the [British] Empire".<ref name="Williams17" /> Similarly, the "new emphasis of Britishness was broadly welcomed by the Welsh who considered themselves to be the lineal descendants of the ancient Britons – a word that was still used to refer exclusively to the Welsh".<ref name="Williams17">{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=17}}.</ref> For the English, however, by the [[Victorian era]] their enthusiastic adoption of Britishness had meant that, for them, Britishness "meant the same as 'Englishness'",<ref>{{Harvnb|Hilton|2006|p=714}}.</ref>{{sfn|Caunce et al. 2004|p=92}} so much so that "Englishness and Britishness" and "'England' and 'Britain' were used interchangeably in a variety of contexts".<ref name="Anderson34">{{Harvnb|Anderson|2006|p=34}}.</ref> Britishness came to borrow{{clarify|date=January 2016}} heavily from English political history because England had "always been the dominant component of the British Isles in terms of size, population and power"; [[Magna Carta]], [[common law]] and hostility to [[continental Europe]] were English factors that influenced British sensibilities.<ref name="Langlands">{{citation | first=Rebecca | last = Langlands | year = 1999 | title = Britishness or Englishness? The Historical Problem of National Identity in Britain|journal=Nations and Nationalism|volume=5|pages=53–69|doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00053.x}}</ref><ref name="Ichijo26">{{harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=26}}</ref>

===Union with Ireland===
The [[Acts of Union 1800|political union in 1800]] of the predominantly Catholic [[Kingdom of Ireland]] with Great Britain, coupled with the outbreak of peace with France in the early 19th century, challenged the previous century's concept of militant Protestant Britishness.<ref name="Colley322">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=322}}.</ref><ref name="Spohn22" /> The new, expanded [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] meant that the state had to re-evaluate its position on the civil rights of Catholics, and extend its definition of Britishness to the [[Irish people]].<ref name="Spohn22">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=22}}</ref><ref name="Howe40">{{Harvnb|Howe|2002|p=40}}.</ref> Like the terms that had been invented at the time of the Acts of Union 1707, "[[West Brit]]on" was introduced for the Irish after 1800. In 1832 [[Daniel O'Connell]], an Irish politician who campaigned for [[Catholic Emancipation]], stated in Britain's [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]: {{blockquote|[[Irish people|The people of Ireland]] are ready to become a portion of the [[British Empire]], provided they be made so in reality and not in name alone; they are ready to become a kind of West Briton if made so in benefits and justice; but if not, we are Irishmen again.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall|Rose|2006|p=93}}.</ref>}}

[[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland, from 1801 to 1923]], was marked by a succession of economic and political mismanagement and neglect, which marginalised the Irish,<ref name="Howe40" /> and advanced [[Irish nationalism]]. In the forty years that followed the Union, successive British governments grappled with the problems of governing a country which had as [[Benjamin Disraeli]], a staunch anti-Irish and anti-Catholic member of the Conservative party with a virulent racial and religious prejudice towards Ireland<ref name="Blake2012">{{cite book|author=Robert Blake|title=Disraeli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmB4jYrsiQoC&pg=PT153|date=19 April 2012|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-28755-0|pages=153–}}</ref> put it in 1844, "a starving population, an absentee aristocracy, and an alien Church, and in addition the weakest executive in the world".<ref>{{Harvnb|James|1978|p=40}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists in Ireland]] proclaimed themselves "simultaneously Irish and British", even for them there was a strain upon the adoption of Britishness after the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Howe|2002|p=41}}.</ref>

War continued to be a unifying factor for the people of Great Britain: British jingoism re-emerged during the [[Boer Wars]] in [[southern Africa]].<ref name="Ward96">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=96}}</ref><ref name="Ward16">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=16}}</ref> The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the British Empire led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility for Britishness.<ref name="taste">{{citation | url = http://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/artandempire.htm | title = Art and Empire | publisher = britishempire.co.uk | access-date = 24 October 2008 | last = McKenzie | first = John | archive-date = 27 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015605/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/artandempire.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1887, [[Frederic Harrison]] wrote: {{blockquote|Morally, we Britons plant the British flag on every peak and pass; and wherever the Union Jack floats there we place the cardinal British institutions—tea, tubs, sanitary appliances, lawn tennis, and churches.<ref name="Anderson34" />}}

The [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]] reflected a "marked change in attitudes" in Great Britain towards Catholics and Catholicism.<ref name="Colley324">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|pp=324–325}}.</ref> A "significant" example of this was the collaboration between [[Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|Augustus Welby Pugin]], an "ardent Roman Catholic" and son of a Frenchman, and Sir [[Charles Barry]], "a confirmed Protestant", in redesigning the [[Palace of Westminster]]—"the building that most enshrines ... Britain's national and imperial pre-tensions".<ref name="Colley324" /> Protestantism gave way to [[imperialism]] as the leading element of British national identity during the Victorian and [[Edwardian era]]s,<ref name="Ward16" /> and as such, a series of royal, imperial and national celebrations were introduced to the British people to assert imperial British culture and give themselves a sense of uniqueness, superiority and national consciousness.<ref name="Spohn22" /><ref name="Ward16" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Bush|2006|p=177}}.</ref> [[Empire Day]] and jubilees of [[Queen Victoria]] were introduced to the British [[middle class]],<ref name="Ward16" /> but quickly "merged into a national 'tradition'".<ref>{{Harvnb|MacKenzie|1989|p=135}}.</ref>

=== Modern period ===
{{See also|British nationality law}}
{{further|Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922}}
[[File:30a Sammlung Eybl Großbritannien. Alfred Leete (1882–1933) Britons (Kitchener) wants you (Briten Kitchener braucht Euch). 1914 (Nachdruck), 74 x 50 cm. (Slg.Nr. 552).jpg|thumb|right|A famous [[World War I|First World War]]-era [[Lord Kitchener Wants You|recruitment poster]], stressing the concept of British national identity]]

The [[World War I|First World War]] "reinforced the sense of Britishness" and patriotism in the early 20th century.<ref name="Spohn22" /><ref name="Ward96" /> Through war service (including conscription in Great Britain), "the English, Welsh, Scots and Irish fought as British".<ref name="Spohn22" /> The aftermath of the war institutionalised British national commemoration through [[Remembrance Sunday]] and the [[Poppy Appeal]].<ref name="Spohn22" /> The [[World War II|Second World War]] had a similar unifying effect upon the British people,<ref name="Spohn23">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=23}}</ref> however, its outcome was to recondition Britishness on a basis of [[Democracy|democratic values]] and its marked contrast to [[Europeanism]].<ref name="Spohn23" /> Notions that the British "constituted an Island race, and that it stood for democracy were reinforced during the war and they were circulated in the country through [[Winston Churchill]]'s speeches, history books and newspapers".<ref name="Spohn23" />

At its international zenith, "Britishness joined peoples around the world in shared traditions and common loyalties that were strenuously maintained".<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=1}}.</ref> But following the two world wars, the British Empire experienced rapid [[decolonisation]]. The secession of the [[Irish Free State]] from the United Kingdom meant that Britishness had lost "its Irish dimension" in 1922,<ref name="Spohn23" /> and the shrinking empire supplanted by independence movements dwindled the appeal of British identity in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] during the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=236}}.</ref>

Since the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] and the subsequent mass [[immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|immigration to the United Kingdom]] from the Commonwealth and elsewhere in the world, "the expression and experience of cultural life in Britain has become fragmented and reshaped by the influences of gender, ethnicity, class and region".<ref>{{Harvnb|Christopher|1999|p=xi}}.</ref> Furthermore, the United Kingdom's membership of the [[European Economic Community]] in 1973 eroded the concept of Britishness as distinct from [[continental Europe]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=3}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Powell|2002|p=240}}.</ref> As such, since the 1970s "there has been a sense of crisis about what it has meant to be British",<ref name="Ward1">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=1}}.</ref> exacerbated by growing demands for greater political autonomy for [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]].<ref name="Spohn25">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=25}}</ref>

The late 20th century saw major changes to the [[politics of the United Kingdom]] with the establishment of [[devolution|devolved]] national administrations for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales following pre-legislative [[Referendums in the United Kingdom|referendums]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212544/http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 June 2009 | title = Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom | access-date = 4 February 2009|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|volume=28|issue=1|page=217 | author = Keating, Michael | date = 1 January 1998 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> Calls for greater autonomy for the four [[countries of the United Kingdom]] had existed since their original union with each other, but gathered pace in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Spohn25" /> Devolution has led to "increasingly assertive Scottish, Welsh and Irish national identities",<ref name="Ward180">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=180}}.</ref> resulting in more diverse cultural expressions of Britishness,<ref>{{Harvnb|Christopher|1999|pp=xi–xii}}.</ref> or else its outright rejection: [[Gwynfor Evans]], a [[Welsh nationalism|Welsh nationalist]] politician active in the late 20th century, rebuffed Britishness as "a political synonym for Englishness which extends English culture over the Scots, Welsh and the Irish".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/public_life/gwynfor_evans.shtml |title=South East Wales Public Life – Dr Gwynfor Evans |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/public_life/gwynfor_evans.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Ve Day Celebrations in London, England, UK, 8 May 1945 D24587.jpg|thumb|Britons gathered in [[Whitehall]] to hear [[Winston Churchill]]'s victory speech on 8 May 1945]]
In 2004 Sir [[Bernard Crick]], political theorist and [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] tasked with developing the [[life in the United Kingdom test]] said: {{blockquote|Britishness, to me, is an overarching political and legal concept: it signifies allegiance to the laws, government and broad moral and political concepts—like tolerance and freedom of expression—that hold the United Kingdom together.<ref name="Brad34" /><ref>{{citation | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/apr/12/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices | work = The Guardian | date = 12 April 2004 | access-date = 19 May 2009 | title = All this talk of Britain is so ... English | last = Crick | first = Bernard | author-link = Bernard Crick | location = London | archive-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042501/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/apr/12/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices | url-status = live }}</ref>}}

[[Gordon Brown]] initiated a debate on British identity in 2006.<ref name="Brown">{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4611682.stm | title = Brown speech promotes Britishness | work = BBC News | date = 14 January 2006 | access-date = 17 May 2009 | archive-date = 31 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831194313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4611682.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> Brown's speech to the [[Fabian Society]]'s Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a [[British Day]] to celebrate.<ref name="Brown" /> One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved United Kingdom.<ref name="Brown" /> An expression of [[Her Majesty's Government]]'s initiative to promote Britishness was the inaugural [[Veterans' Day (United Kingdom)|Veterans' Day]] which was first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Brown's speech at the first event for the celebration said: {{blockquote|Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common.<ref>{{citation | title = Brown pinning his hopes on a new regiment | work = [[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] | date = 27 June 2006 | url = http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/64828.html | access-date = 15 October 2006 |df = dmy-all }} {{ dead link|date=August 2023 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>}}

In 2018, the [[Windrush scandal]] illustrated complex developments in British peoplehood, when it was revealed hundreds of Britons had been wrongfully deported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/209782f4-4254-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd|title=May says sorry to Caribbean leaders over Windrush scandal|work=[[Financial Times]]|author=Robert Wright|date=17 April 2018|quote=Theresa May told Caribbean leaders face to face on Tuesday that she was "genuinely sorry" for the harassment of up to 50,000 British people of Caribbean origin, who have been asked to prove they have the right to stay in the UK.|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220043811/https://www.ft.com/content/209782f4-4254-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd|url-status=live}}</ref> With roots in the break-up of the empire, and post-war rebuilding; the [[Windrush generation]] had arrived as CUKC citizens in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in former [[British colonies]], they settled in the UK before 1973, and were granted "right of abode" by the [[Immigration Act 1971]].<ref name="windrushreport2020">{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/876336/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf|title=Windrush Lessons Learned Review|author=Wendy Williams, [[Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate|HMCPSI]]|date=March 2020|publisher=[[UK Home Office]]|quote=They were from a group of British people who held what became CUKC (citizens of the UK and Colonies) citizenship, and their children, who came to the UK between 1948 and 1973, mostly from Caribbean countries ... [[Chartered Institute of Housing]]: "the Windrush Britons often had compelling anecdotal and other evidence demonstrating their lengthy residence in the UK".|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214175142/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/876336/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Having faced removal, or been deported, many British people of [[African Caribbean]] heritage suffered with loss of home, livelihood, and health.<ref name="windrushreport2020" /> As a result of the political scandal, many institutions and elected politicians publicly affirmed that these individuals, while not legally holding British citizenship or nationality, were, in fact, British people. These included British Prime Minister [[Theresa May]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43806710|title=Windrush: Theresa May hits back at Labour over landing cards|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=18 April 2018|quote=The prime minister had begun the session with a fresh apology to the Windrush migrants, saying: "These people are British. They are part of us."|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218210954/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43806710|url-status=live}}</ref> London Mayor [[Sadiq Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-government-is-leaving-teenagers-in-limbo|title=Sadiq Khan: Government must act to avoid second Windrush-style scandal|publisher=[[London Assembly]]|date=14 May 2018|quote=Khan: "something we already know to be true – that they are British citizens, that they are Londoners."|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403182614/https://www.london.gov.uk//press-releases/mayoral/mayor-government-is-leaving-teenagers-in-limbo|url-status=live}}</ref> Her Majesty's [[Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate|CPS Inspectorate]] Wendy Williams and her [[House of Commons]]-ordered ''Windrush Lessons Learned Review'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/windrush-review-key-findings-39058104.html|title=Windrush Review: Key findings|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|author=Joe Gammie|date=19 March 2020|quote=Ministers should apologise and admit 'serious harm' was inflicted on British people. The first recommendation of the report is that ministers on behalf of the [[Home Office]] admit that serious harm was inflicted on people who are British and to provide an "unqualified apology" to those affected and the wider [[British African-Caribbean people|black African-Caribbean community]].|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043516/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/windrush-review-key-findings-39058104.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-03-19/windrush-scandal-foreseeable-and-avoidable/|title=Windrush scandal 'foreseeable and avoidable' and victims let down by 'systematic operational failings'|publisher=[[ITV News]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013091813/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-03-19/windrush-scandal-foreseeable-and-avoidable|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Chartered Institute of Housing]],<ref name="windrushreport2020" /> [[Amnesty International]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/windrush-one-year-scandal-far-over|title=Windrush one year on: Scandal 'far from over'|date=15 April 2019|work=[[Amnesty International]]|quote=It risks doing precisely what was done when the seeds of the Windrush Scandal were first sown – that is leaving British people treated as mere guests in the country of their home|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123095655/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/windrush-one-year-scandal-far-over|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University of Oxford]]'s social geographer [[Danny Dorling]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danny Dorling|author2=Sally Tomlinson|author-link1=Danny Dorling|title=Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire|chapter=The Windrush Scandal|isbn=978-1785904530|date=2016|publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]]|quote=It was unfortunate (for the [[UK government]], not for the deportees) that the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] was in London that week and they were suitably outraged at the threats of deportation of these British people ... In 2018, the [[independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration]] reported that some 140,000 British people had been told they faced removal as they had no official legal status in the country.}}</ref> and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-theresa-may-is-to-blame-for-the-windrush-scandal|title=Why Theresa May is to blame for the Windrush scandal|work=[[The Spectator]]|author=Brendan O'Neill|author-link=Brendan O'Neill (columnist)|date=17 April 2018|quote=As a result, Windrush people who are effectively paperless — because they were told they could stay, because they were told they didn't need papers, because they feel and ''are'' British — are now having their lives turned upside down.|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034629/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-theresa-may-is-to-blame-for-the-windrush-scandal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/18/windrush-scandal-heartbreaking-should-not-used-excuse-stop-sensible/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/18/windrush-scandal-heartbreaking-should-not-used-excuse-stop-sensible/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The Windrush scandal is heartbreaking, but it should not be used as an excuse to stop sensible migration controls|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Nick Timothy|author-link=Nick Timothy|date=18 April 2018|quote=The people of the Windrush generation are here legally, they are British, and their experience is intolerable.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Main|British diaspora}}
{{See also|English-speaking world|List of countries by British immigrants}}
[[File:Map of the British Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the British diaspora in the world by population (includes people with British ancestry or citizenship). 
{{Legend|#000000|United Kingdom}}
{{Legend|#000b44|+ 10,000,000}}
{{Legend|#002a9e|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#366bff|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#7bb1ff|+ 10,000}}]]

The earliest migrations of Britons date from the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when Brittonic Celts fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions migrated what is today northern France and north western Spain and forged the colonies of [[Brittany]] and [[Britonia]]. Brittany remained independent of France until the early 16th century and still retains a distinct Brittonic culture and language, whilst Britonia in modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] was absorbed into Spanish states by the end of the 9th century AD.

Britons – people with British citizenship or of British descent – have a significant presence in a number of countries other than the United Kingdom, and in particular in those with historic connections to the [[British Empire]]. After the [[Age of Discovery]], the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of [[Europe]], and the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century triggered an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", resulting in particular concentrations "in [[Australasia]] and [[North America]]".<ref name="BritDis47">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=47}}.</ref>

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",<ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref> who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".<ref name="BritDis47" /> As a result of the [[British colonisation of the Americas]], what became the [[United States]] was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British", but in [[Australia]] the British experienced a [[birth rate]] higher than "anything seen before", resulting in the displacement of [[indigenous Australians]].<ref name="BritDis47" />

In colonies such as [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[British East Africa]] and [[Cape Colony]], permanently resident British communities were established and, whilst never more than a numerical minority, these Britons "exercised a dominant influence" upon the culture and politics of those lands.<ref name="Marsh254" /> In Australia, [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]], "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population", contributing to these states becoming integral to the [[Anglosphere]].<ref name="Marsh254" />

The [[United Kingdom Census 1861]] estimated the size of the overseas British to be around 2.5 million, but concluded that most of these were "not conventional settlers" but rather "travellers, merchants, professionals, and military personnel".<ref name="BritDis47" /> By 1890, there were over 1.5 million further UK-born people living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and [[South Africa]].<ref name="BritDis47" /> A 2006 publication from the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]] estimated 5.6 million Britons lived outside of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{citation | title=Brits Abroad | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/ | work=[[BBC News]] | date=11 December 2006 | access-date=13 April 2009 | archive-date=30 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130025630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Sriskandarajah |first=Dhananjayan |author2=Drew, Catherine |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |date=11 December 2006 |publisher=[[Institute for Public Policy Research|ippr.org.uk]] |access-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215729/http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-date=24 May 2008 }}</ref>

Outside of the United Kingdom and its [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]], the largest proportions of people of self-identified [[British diaspora|ethnic British descent]] in the world are found in New Zealand (59%),<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master | title = QuickStats About Culture and Identity | date = 4 February 2009 | access-date = 18 May 2009 | publisher = stats.govt.nz | author = Statistics New Zealand|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080219232357/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master |archive-date = 19 February 2008| author-link = Statistics New Zealand }}</ref> Australia (46%)<ref name=BritAus/> and Canada (31%),<ref name=BritCan>Canadians of [[British Isles]] origin with the exception of those identifying their ancestry as Irish only. {{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709100630/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by a considerably smaller minority in the [[United States]] (10.7%)<ref name=BritUS/> and [[Commonwealth Caribbean|parts of the Caribbean]]. Hong Kong has the highest proportion of British nationals outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories, with 47% of Hong Kong residents holding a British National (Overseas) status or a British citizenship.<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Australia ===
{{See also|First Fleet|Anglo-Celtic Australian}}
[[File:Flag of Australia.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of Australia]] was approved by Australian and British authorities, and features a [[Union Flag]]—the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]—in the canton. Australia has one of the largest concentrations of people of British heritage.]]
From the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|beginning of Australia's colonial period]] until after the Second World War, people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia, meaning that many people born in Australia can trace their origins to Britain.<ref name="ausbrit">{{citation | url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/af5129cb50e07099ca2570eb0082e462!OpenDocument | title = Population characteristics: Ancestry of Australia's population | author = Australian Bureau of Statistics | author-link = Australian Bureau of Statistics | publisher = abs.gov.au | date = 3 June 2003 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | archive-date = 25 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200925075652/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/af5129cb50e07099ca2570eb0082e462!OpenDocument | url-status = live }}</ref> The colony of [[New South Wales]], founded on 26 January 1788, was part of the eastern half of Australia claimed by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1770, and initially settled by Britons through [[penal transportation]]. Together with another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies, the [[federation of Australia]] was achieved on 1 January 1901.

Its history of British dominance meant that Australia was "grounded in British culture and political traditions that had been transported to the Australian colonies in the nineteenth century and become part of colonial culture and politics".{{sfn|Galligan et al. 2001|p=113}} Australia maintains the [[Westminster system]] of parliamentary government and [[Charles III]] as [[King of Australia]]. Until 1987, the national status of Australian citizens was formally described as "British Subject: Citizen of Australia". Britons continue to make up a substantial proportion of immigrants.<ref name="ausbrit" />

By 1947, Australia was fundamentally British in origin with 7,524,129 or 99.3% of the population declaring themselves as European.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AE-AZucUOCcC&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&pg=PA1289 Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 37] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163115/https://books.google.com/books?id=AE-AZucUOCcC&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&pg=PA1289#v=snippet&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&f=false |date=28 September 2023 }} – 1946 and 1947</ref> In the [[2016 Australian census|2016 census]], a large proportion of Australians self-identified with British ancestral origins, including 36.1% or 7,852,224 as [[English Australians|English]] and 9.3% (2,023,474) as [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] alone.<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60 THE ANCESTRIES OF AUSTRALIANS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120194204/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60 |date=20 January 2022 }} – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103233639/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 |date=3 January 2021 }} – Ancestry 2016</ref> A substantial proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]] colonial stock.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who list "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the "[[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]]" group. {{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |access-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument |archive-date=20 April 2016 |date=January 1995 }}</ref>

All [[States and territories of Australia|6 states of Australia]] retain the Union Jack in the canton of their respective flags.

=== British Overseas Territories ===
The approximately 250,000 people of the [[British Overseas Territories]] are British by [[citizenship]], via origins or [[naturalisation]]. Along with aspects of common British identity, each of them has their own distinct identity shaped in the respective particular circumstances of political, economic, ethnic, social and cultural history. For instance, in the case of the [[Falkland Islanders]], then-[[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands]] Lewis Clifton explains: {{blockquote|British cultural, economic, social, political and educational values create a unique British-like, Falkland Islands. Yet Islanders feel distinctly different from their fellow citizens who reside in the United Kingdom. This might have something to do with geographical isolation or with living on a smaller island—perhaps akin to those Britons not feeling European.<ref>{{harvnb|Clifton|1999|pp=16–19}}.</ref> }}
In contrast, for the majority of the [[Gibraltarians]], who live in [[Gibraltar]], there is an "insistence on their Britishness" which "carries excessive loyalty" to Britain.<ref name="inde">{{citation | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/gibraltars-people-ought-to-accept-this-sensible-deal-659298.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090618205224/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/gibraltars-people-ought-to-accept-this-sensible-deal-659298.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 June 2009 | work = The Independent | date = 4 February 2002 | access-date = 28 May 2009 | title = Gibraltar's people ought to accept this sensible deal | location=London}}</ref> The sovereignty of Gibraltar has been a point of contention in [[Spain–United Kingdom relations]], but an overwhelming number of Gibraltarians embrace Britishness with strong conviction, in direct opposition to [[disputed status of Gibraltar|Spanish territorial claims]].<ref name="inde" /><ref>{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm | title = Regions and territories: Gibraltar | access-date = 20 December 2007 | date = 18 July 2007 | work = [[BBC News]] | archive-date = 4 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104200451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = https://www.theguardian.com/gibraltar/story/0,,634007,00.html | title = Gibraltar | author = Mark Oliver | access-date = 20 December 2007 | author2 = Sally Bolton | author3 = Jon Dennis | author4 = Matthew Tempest | date = 4 August 2004 | work = The Guardian | location = London | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729190639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/04/qanda.foreignpolicy | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{See also|Canadians}}
[[File:VE Day celebrations on Bay Street 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Victory in Europe Day|V-E Day]] celebrations in [[Toronto]], May 1945]]

Canada traces its statehood to the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]], [[British colonisation of the Americas|English, and Scottish]] expeditions of North America from the late-15th century. France ceded nearly all of [[New France]] in 1763 after the [[Seven Years' War]], and so after the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]] and [[Nova Scotia]] formed "the nucleus of the colonies that constituted Britain's remaining stake on the North American continent".<ref name="Marsh34">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=34}}</ref> [[British North America]] attracted the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s, Britons who migrated out of what they considered the "rebellious" [[United States]], increasing the size of British communities in what was to become Canada.<ref name="Marsh34" />

[[File:TimbrePosteCanada5centsElizabethIIWilding1954.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Postage stamp with portrait of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], 1954]]
In 1867 there was a union of three colonies with British North America which together formed the [[Canadian Confederation]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[dominion]].<ref>{{citation|title=Territorial evolution |work=Atlas of Canada |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol |access-date=9 October 2007 |quote=In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada.... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809154930/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol |archive-date=9 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Canada: History |work=Country Profiles |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |publisher=thecommonwealth.org |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/ |access-date=9 October 2007 |quote=The British North America Act of 1867 brought together four British colonies ... in one federal Dominion under the name of Canada. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012021238/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/ |archive-date=12 October 2007 |author-link=Commonwealth Secretariat }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Norman|last1=Hillmer|first2=W. David|last2=MacIntyre|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/commonwealth|title=Commonwealth|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|quote=With "Confederation" in 1867, Canada became the first federation in the British Empire|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103002315/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/commonwealth|url-status=live}}</ref> This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion of additional provinces and territories]] and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] and culminating in the [[Canada Act 1982]], which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Nevertheless, it is recognised that there is a "continuing importance of Canada's long and close relationship with Britain";<ref>{{harvnb|Buckner|2008|p=1}}.</ref> large parts of Canada's modern population claim "British origins" and the British cultural impact upon Canada's institutions is profound.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckner|2008|p=160}}.</ref>

It was not until 1977 that the phrase "A Canadian citizen is a British subject" ceased to be used in Canadian passports. The [[politics of Canada]] are strongly influenced by British political culture.<ref>{{citation| last=Victoria| author-link=Queen Victoria| date=29 March 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867| series=III.15| location=Westminster| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html| access-date=15 January 2009| ref=CITEREF_Victoria_1867| archive-date=3 February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod17">{{citation| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| edition=1| page=17| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| ref=CITEREF_MacLeod_2008| access-date=28 May 2009| archive-date=27 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083452/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> Although significant modifications have been made, Canada is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the [[Westminster system]], and retains [[Charles III]] as [[Monarchy of Canada|King of Canada]] and head of state.<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=14 May 2009| archive-date=25 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825002610/https://www.canada.ca/home.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buck1">{{citation| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Canada.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| access-date=14 May 2009| archive-date=21 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821082408/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Canada.aspx| url-status=live}}</ref> English is the most commonly spoken language used in Canada and it is an official language of Canada.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138389/
| title = Canada; Key Facts
| author = Commonwealth Secretariat
| access-date = 28 May 2009
| publisher = thecommonwealth.org
| archive-date = 14 May 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200514220751/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/canada
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

British iconography remains present in the design of many [[List of Canadian flags|Canadian flags]], with 10 out of 13 Canadian provincial and territorial flags adopting some form of British symbolism in their design. The Union Jack is also an official ceremonial flag in Canada, known as the Royal Union Flag, which is flown outside of federal buildings three days of the year.<ref name=DCH>{{cite web| title=The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces| url=http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf#page=336| author=Department of National Defence| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=5 January 2001| page=337| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325162006/http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf#page=336| archive-date=25 March 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=ruf>{{cite web| title=Statement by the Hon. Jason Kenney, PC, MP, Secretary of State (Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity) on Commonwealth Day| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/infoCNtr/cdm-mc/index-eng.cfm?action=doc&DocIDCd=DJK072980| author=Canadian Heritage| date=10 March 2008| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111070357/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/infoCNtr/cdm-mc/index-eng.cfm?action=doc&DocIDCd=DJK072980| archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
{{See also|New Zealand European|Immigration to New Zealand}}
[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of New Zealand]] features a [[Union Flag]]—the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]—in the canton. [[2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums|A referendum held in 2016]] found that 57% of New Zealand voters wanted to retain the current design of the New Zealand flag.]]
As a long-term result of [[James Cook]]'s voyage of 1768–1771,<ref name="MeinSmith23">{{Harvnb|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}}.</ref> a significant number of New Zealanders are of British descent, for whom a sense of Britishness has contributed to their identity.<ref>{{citation | encyclopedia = Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand | url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/TheNewZealanders/3/en | title = Britons | publisher = teara.govt.nz | access-date = 28 May 2009 | date = 1 October 2007 | first = Jock | last = Phillips | archive-date = 25 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525085043/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/page-3 | url-status = live }}</ref> As late as the 1950s, it was common for British New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister [[Keith Holyoake]] described Sir [[Edmund Hillary]]'s successful ascent of [[Mount Everest]] as putting "the British race and New Zealand on top of the world".<ref>{{citation|title=Panel Discussion 3c – Population Change And International Linkages |work=Population Conference 1997, New Zealand |url=http://www.executive.govt.nz/96-99/minister/bradford/population/content/pnldis3c/pnld3c_1.htm |publisher=executive.govt.nz |first=Phillip |last=Gibson |year=2000 |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411212113/http://executive.govt.nz/96-99/minister/bradford/population/content/pnldis3c/pnld3c_1.htm |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref> [[New Zealand passport]]s described nationals as "British Subject: Citizen of New Zealand" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand citizen".<ref>{{citation | first = Carl | last = Walrond | url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/KiwisOverseas/3/en | encyclopedia = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | publisher = teara.govt.nz | title = Kiwis overseas – Staying in Britain | date = 13 April 2007 | access-date = 22 May 2009 | archive-date = 25 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090003/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/kiwis-overseas/page-3 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In an interview with the ''[[New Zealand Listener]]'' in 2006, [[Don Brash]], the then [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]], said:

{{blockquote|British immigrants fit in here very well. My own ancestry is all British. New Zealand values are British values, derived from centuries of struggle since Magna Carta. Those things make New Zealand the society it is.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3460/features/6926/so_who_do_we_keep_out.html;jsessionid=6294B858836B17C47C11ECEDD83FD284 | title = So who do we keep out? | publisher = listener.co.nz | access-date = 22 May 2009 | first = Bruce | last = Ansley | date = 2 September 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090523012030/http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3460/features/6926/so_who_do_we_keep_out.html  | archive-date = 23 May 2009}}</ref>}}

The [[politics of New Zealand]] are strongly influenced by British political culture. Although significant modifications have been made, New Zealand is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the [[Westminster system]], and it retains [[Charles III]] as the head of the [[monarchy of New Zealand]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mulgan|Aimer|2004|p=62}}.</ref> English is the dominant official language used in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138891/
| title = New Zealand; Key Facts
| author = Commonwealth Secretariat
| access-date = 28 May 2009
| publisher = thecommonwealth.org
| archive-date = 17 June 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170617234744/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/new-zealand
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Hong Kong ===
{{see also|British nationality law and Hong Kong|British National (Overseas)|Britons in Hong Kong|Hong Kong Handover}}{{unreferenced section|date=November 2012}}
British nationality law as it pertains to [[Hong Kong]] has been unusual ever since Hong Kong became a [[British colony]] in 1842. From its beginning as a sparsely populated trading port to its modern role as a cosmopolitan international financial centre of over seven million people, the territory has attracted refugees, immigrants and expatriates alike searching for a new life.
Citizenship matters were complicated by the fact that [[British nationality law]] treated those born in Hong Kong as [[British subjects]] (although they did not enjoy full rights and citizenship), while the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) did not recognise Hong Kong Chinese as such. The main reason for this was that recognising these people as British was seen as a tacit acceptance of a series of historical treaties that the PRC labelled as "unequal", including the ones that ceded [[Hong Kong Island]], the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and the [[New Territories]] to Britain. The British government, however, recognising the unique political situation of Hong Kong, granted 3.4 million Hong Kongers a new type of nationality known as [[British National (Overseas)]], which is established in accordance with the Hong Kong Act 1985. Among those 3.4 million people, there are many British Nationals (Overseas) who are eligible for full British citizenship. Both British Nationals (Overseas) and British citizens are British nationals and [[Commonwealth citizen]]s according to the British Nationality Law, which enables them to various rights in the [[United Kingdom]].

=== United States ===
{{further|British Americans}}
{{See also|British colonisation of the Americas|British America|New England}}
An English presence in North America began with the [[Roanoke Colony]] and [[Colony of Virginia]] in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]. By the 1610s an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".<ref name="BritDis48">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=48}}.</ref> In 1620, the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] established the English imperial venture of [[Plymouth Colony]], beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the [[New England Colonies]].<ref name="BritDis48" /> During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the [[Acts of Union 1707]] was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.<ref name="BritDis49">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=49}}.</ref>

The British policy of [[salutary neglect]] for its North American colonies intended to minimise trade restrictions as a way of ensuring that they stayed loyal to British interests.<ref name="history of colonial" /> This permitted the development of the [[American Dream]], a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders.<ref name="history of colonial">{{citation|last=Henretta |first=James A. |title=History of Colonial America |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |encyclopedia=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923141733/http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thirteen Colonies]] of [[British America]] began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the [[Rights of Englishmen|right]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to govern them [[No taxation without representation|without representation]]; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a [[sovereign state]] in 1781 with the ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="road">{{citation | title = Chapter 3: The Road to Independence | url = http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm | work = Outline of U.S. History | publisher = usinfo.state.gov | date = November 2005 | access-date = 21 April 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035942/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm |archive-date = 9 April 2008}}</ref>

Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the [[Special Relationship]], the historically close political, diplomatic, and military co-operation between the [[United Kingdom – United States relations|United Kingdom and United States]].<ref name="wither">{{citation | last =James| first =Wither|date=March 2006| title =An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo-American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-first Century| journal =European Security| volume =15| issue =1| pages =47–65| doi =10.1080/09662830600776694 | s2cid =154879821| issn =0966-2839}}</ref> [[Linda Colley]], a professor of history at [[Princeton University]] and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".<ref>{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=134}}.</ref>

For over two centuries (1789-1989) of early U.S. history, all [[American presidents|Presidents]] with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled the [[Appalachia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&q=albions+seed+presidents+&pg=PA835|title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America|first=David|last=Hackett Fischer|year=1989|page=839|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195069051|access-date=July 25, 2020|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163347/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&q=albions+seed+presidents+&pg=PA835#v=snippet&q=albions%20seed%20presidents&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The largest concentrations of self-reported British ethnic ancestry in the United States were found to be in [[Utah]] (35%), [[Maine]] (30%), [[New Hampshire]] (25%) and [[Vermont]] (25%) at the 2015 American Community Survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/United-States/Overview |title=Overview of the United States |website=statisticalatlas.com |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125134219/https://statisticalatlas.com/United-States/Overview |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, 10.7% of Americans reported their ethnic ancestry as some form of "British" in the 2013–17 ACS, behind [[German Americans|German]] and [[African Americans|African]] ancestries and on par with [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] and [[Irish Americans|Irish]] ancestries.<ref name=BritUS/>

=== Chile ===
{{Main|British Chilean}}
[[File:Antofagasta.jpg|thumb|right|British and Chilean flags in a monument in [[Antofagasta]] city]]
[[File:Escudo de Coquimbo.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.45|Coat of arms of [[Coquimbo]], with the Union Flag.]]
Approximately 4% of [[Chile|Chile's]] population is of British or Irish descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arpa.ucv.cl/archivum6/historia%20regional,%20gran%20valpara%EDso/6.%20LA%20IGLESIA%20SAINT%20PAUL%B4S%20DE%20VALPARA%CDSO...M.PRAIN.pdf |title=Inmigrantes británicos. |access-date=26 February 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Over 50,000<ref>{{cite web |author=Frank Keelderwald |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/enlaces2074641.html |title=Noticias La Emigración De Chilenos Al Exterior E Inmigración A Chile |publisher=Galeon.com |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525085846/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/enlaces2074641.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> British [[Immigration to Chile|immigrants settled in Chile]] from 1840 to 1914. A significant number of them settled in [[Magallanes Province]], especially in the city of [[Punta Arenas, Chile|Punta Arenas]] when it flourished as a major global seaport for ships crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Strait of Magellan. Around 32,000 English settled in [[Valparaíso]], influencing the port city to the extent of making it virtually a British colony during the last decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name=galeon>{{cite web |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |title=Inmigración britanica en Chile |access-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074242/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |archive-date=22 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914 and the outbreak of the [[First World War]] drove many of them away from the city or back to Europe.

In [[Valparaíso]], they created their largest and most important colony, bringing with them neighbourhoods of British character, schools, [[social clubs]], [[sports clubs]], [[business organisations]] and [[periodicals]]. Even today, their influence is apparent in specific areas, such as the banks and the navy, as well as in certain social activities, such as [[Association football|football]], horse racing and the custom of drinking tea.

During the movement for Chilean [[independence]] (1818), it was mainly the British who formed the [[Chilean Navy]], under the command of [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Lord Cochrane]].

British investment helped Chile become prosperous and British seamen helped the Chilean navy become a strong force in the South Pacific. Chile won two wars, the first against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, and the second, the [[War of the Pacific]], in 1878–79, against an alliance between [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. The liberal-socialist "Revolution of 1891" introduced political reforms modelled on British parliamentary practice and lawmaking.

British immigrants were also important in the northern zone of the country during the [[saltpetre]] boom, in the ports of [[Iquique]] and [[Pisagua, Chile|Pisagua]]. The "King of Saltpetre", [[John Thomas North]], was the principal tycoon of nitrate mining. The British legacy is reflected in the streets of the historic district of the city of Iquique, with the foundation of various institutions, such as the [[Club Hipico de Santiago|Club Hípico]] (Racing Club). Nevertheless, the British active presence came to an end with the saltpetre crisis during the 1930s.

Some [[Scottish people|Scots]] settled in the country's more temperate regions, where the climate and the forested landscape with glaciers and islands may have reminded them of their homeland (the Highlands and Northern Scotland), while [[English Chilean|English]] and [[Welsh Chilean|Welsh]] made up the rest. The Irish immigrants, who were frequently confused with the British, arrived as [[merchants]], [[tradesmen]] and sailors, settling along with the British in the main trading cities and ports.

An important contingent of British (principally Welsh) immigrants arrived between 1914 and 1950, settling in the present-day region of [[Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region|Magallanes]]. British families were established in other areas of the country, such as [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Coquimbo]], the [[Araucanía Region|Araucanía]] and [[Chiloé]].

The cultural legacy of the British in Chile is notable and has spread beyond the British Chilean community into society at large. Customs taken from the British include [[afternoon tea]] (called [[Tea|onces]] by Chileans), [[Association football|football]], [[rugby union]] and [[horse racing]]. Another legacy is the widespread use of British personal names by Chileans.

Chile has the largest population of descendants of British settlers in Latin America. Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]]) origin, amounting to 4.5% of Chile's population.<ref name="british">{{citation | url = http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile | title = Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX | access-date = 15 September 2009 | publisher = biografiadechile.cl | archive-date = 12 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003642/http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{further|British diaspora in Africa|1820 Settlers}}
{{see also|White South Africans}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Cecil Rhodes - Project Gutenberg eText 16600.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], the 6th [[Prime Minister of the Cape Colony]] (divided between two provinces in modern-day South Africa) and founder of the [[De Beers]] diamond company.]]
The British arrived in the area which would become the modern-day [[South Africa]] during the early 18th century, yet substantial settlement only started end of the 18th century, in the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. In the late 19th century, the discovery of gold and diamonds further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British, and the population of the British-South Africans rose substantially, although there was fierce rivalry between the British and [[Afrikaners]] (descendants of Dutch colonists) in the period known as the [[Boer Wars]]. When apartheid first started most British-South Africans were largely keen on keeping and even strengthening its ties with the United Kingdom. The latest census in South Africa showed that there are almost 2 million British-South Africans; they make up about 40% of the total [[White South African]] demographic, and the greatest white British ancestry populations in South Africa are in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and in the cities of [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]] and [[Port Elizabeth]].

=== Ireland ===
{{further|Plantations of Ireland|Unionism in Ireland|The Troubles}}
[[File:The Special Air Service during the Second World War MH24415.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paddy Mayne]] from [[County Down]]; a founding member of the [[Special Air Service|SAS]]; was one of the most decorated British soldiers of World War II. He also played rugby for Ireland.]]
Plantations of Ireland introduced large numbers of people from Great Britain to [[Ireland]] throughout the Middle Ages and [[early modern period]]. The resulting [[Protestant Ascendancy]], the aristocratic class of the [[Lordship of Ireland]], broadly identified themselves as [[Anglo-Irish]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Finnegan|McCarron|2000|p=14}}.</ref> In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Protestant British settlers subjugated Catholic, Gaelic inhabitants in the north of Ireland during the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and the [[Williamite War in Ireland]]; it was "an explicit attempt to control Ireland strategically by introducing ethnic and religious elements loyal to the British interest in Ireland".<ref name="Craith169">{{harvnb|Craith|2002|p=169}}.</ref>

The [[Ulster Scots people]] are an ethnic group of British origin in Ireland, broadly descended from [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland Scots]] who settled in large numbers in the Province of [[Ulster]] during the planned process of [[colonisation]]s of Ireland which took place in the reign of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Together with English and Welsh settlers, these Scots introduced Protestantism (particularly the [[Presbyterianism]] of the [[Church of Scotland]]) and the [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] and [[English language]]s to, mainly, northeastern Ireland. With the partition of Ireland and independence for what is now the [[Republic of Ireland]] some of these people found themselves no longer living within the United Kingdom.

Northern Ireland itself was, for many years, the site of a violent and bitter ethno-sectarian conflict—[[The Troubles]]—between those claiming to represent [[Irish nationalism]], who are predominantly [[Roman Catholic]], and those claiming to represent [[Unionism in Ireland|British unionism]], who are predominantly [[Protestant]].<ref>{{citation | title = Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES survey. Question: Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a unionist, nationalist or neither? | url = http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2005/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html | publisher = ARK Research | year = 2005 | access-date = 18 May 2009 | archive-date = 11 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511052151/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2005/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom,<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.uup.org/policy/standing-up-for-northern-ireland/index.php | title = Standing up for Northern Ireland | publisher = uup.org | author = Ulster Unionist Party | access-date = 2 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608215815/http://www.uup.org/policy/standing-up-for-northern-ireland/index.php  | archive-date = 8 June 2008| author-link = Ulster Unionist Party }}</ref> while nationalists desire a [[united Ireland]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.sinnfein.ie/policies/document/155 | title = Strategy Framework Document: Reunification through Planned Integration: Sinn Féin's All Ireland Agenda | publisher = sinnfein.ie | access-date = 2 September 2008 | author = Sinn Féin|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619073014/http://www.sinnfein.ie/policies/document/155 |archive-date = 19 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.sdlp.ie/policy_details.php?id=78 | title = Policy Summaries: Constitutional Issues | publisher = sdlp.ie | access-date = 2 September 2008 | author = Social Democratic and Labour Party|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024181602/http://www.sdlp.ie/policy_details.php?id=78 |archive-date = 24 October 2007| author-link = Social Democratic and Labour Party }}</ref>

Since the signing of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns, and constitutionally, the [[people of Northern Ireland]] have been recognised as "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence".<ref name="GFA">{{Citation
| url = http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm#annex
| title = Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations
| date = 10 April 1998
| publisher = cain.ulst.ac.uk/
| access-date = 13 May 2008
| archive-date = 22 November 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131122194559/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm#annex
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The Good Friday Agreement guarantees the "recognition of the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose".<ref name="GFA" />

== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of the United Kingdom}}

Result from the expansion of the [[British Empire]], British cultural influence can be observed in the language and culture of a geographically wide assortment of countries such as [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], the [[United States]], and the [[British overseas territory|British overseas territories]]. These states are sometimes collectively known as the [[Anglosphere]].{{sfn|Bennett|2004|p=80}} As well as the British influence on its empire, the empire also influenced British culture, particularly [[British cuisine]]. Innovations and movements within the wider-[[culture of Europe]] have also changed the United Kingdom; [[Humanism]], [[Protestantism]], and [[representative democracy]] have developed from broader [[Western culture]].

As a result of the [[history of the formation of the United Kingdom]], the [[Culture of England|cultures of England]], [[Culture of Scotland|Scotland]], [[Culture of Wales|Wales]], and [[Culture of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|British cuisine}}
[[File:Fish and chips.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fish and chips]], a popular [[take-away food]] throughout the United Kingdom, has been described as the quintessential British dish.<ref name="Walton">{{Harvnb|Walton|2000|p=1}}.</ref>]]
Historically, [[British cuisine]] has meant "unfussy dishes made with quality local ingredients, matched with simple sauces to accentuate flavour, rather than disguise it".<ref>{{citation|url = http://goodfood.uktv.co.uk/|publisher = uktv.co.uk|work = [[UKTV]]|title = British cuisine|access-date = 23 May 2008|archive-date = 9 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190909211520/https://goodfood.uktv.co.uk/|url-status = dead}}</ref> It has been "vilified as unimaginative and heavy", and traditionally been limited in its international recognition to the [[full breakfast]] and the [[Christmas dinner]].<ref name="Spencer">{{Harvnb|Spencer|2003|pp=7–10}}.</ref> This is despite British cuisine having absorbed the culinary influences of those who have [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|settled in Britain]], resulting in hybrid dishes such as the [[British Asian]] [[Chicken tikka masala]], hailed by some as "Britain's true national dish".<ref name="bbcenc">{{citation | author = BBC E-Cyclopedia | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm | title = Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 28 September 2007 | date = 20 April 2001 | archive-date = 4 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204161931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Celtic fields|Celtic agriculture]] and animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for Celts and Britons. The Anglo-Saxons developed meat and savoury herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The [[Norman conquest of England]] introduced exotic spices into Britain in the Middle Ages.<ref name="Spencer" /> The British Empire facilitated a knowledge of [[Indian cuisine|India's food tradition]] of "strong, penetrating spices and herbs".<ref name="Spencer" /> [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Food rationing policies]], imposed by the British government during wartime periods of the 20th century, are said to have been the stimulus for British cuisine's poor international reputation.<ref name="Spencer" />

British dishes include [[fish and chips]], the [[Sunday roast]], and [[bangers and mash]]. British cuisine has several national and regional varieties, including [[English cuisine|English]], [[Scottish cuisine|Scottish]] and [[Welsh cuisine]], each of which has developed its own regional or local dishes, many of which are [[Geographically indicated foods of the United Kingdom|geographically indicated foods]] such as [[Cheddar cheese]], [[Cheshire cheese]], the [[Yorkshire pudding]], [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[Cornish pasty]] and [[Welsh cake]]s.

The British are the second largest per capita [[tea]] consumers in the world, consuming an average of {{convert|2.1|kg}} per person each year.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/news/ng.asp?id=17656-britons-have-less | title = Britons have less time for tea | publisher = foodanddrinkeurope.com | date = 16 June 2003 | access-date = 16 June 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124721/http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/news/ng.asp?id=17656-britons-have-less |archive-date = 15 December 2007}}</ref> [[British tea culture]] dates back to the 19th century, when [[India]] was part of the [[British Empire]] and British interests controlled tea production in the subcontinent.

=== Languages ===
{{Further|British English|British literature|Languages of the United Kingdom}}
There is no single British language, though [[English language|English]] is by far the main language spoken by British citizens, being spoken monolingually by more than 70% of the UK population. English is therefore the ''[[de facto]]'' official language of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/
| title = United Kingdom; Key Facts
| author = Commonwealth Secretariat
| access-date = 27 May 2009
| publisher = thecommonwealth.org
| archive-date = 23 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123200616/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> However, under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], the [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Irish Gaelic]], [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]], [[Manx language|Manx]], [[Scots language|Scots]] and Lowland Scots languages are officially recognised as Regional or Minority languages by the UK Government.<ref>{{citation | author = Scottish Executive | url = http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/gaelic/gaelic-english/17910/europeancharter | title = European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages | publisher = scotland.gov.uk | date = 13 June 2006 | access-date = 23 August 2007 | archive-date = 12 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012182532/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/gaelic/gaelic-english/17910/europeancharter | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Norman language|Insular varieties of Norman]] are recognised languages of the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, although they are dying.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jersey Language|url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/sdllj/kitchen.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=members.societe-jersiaise.org|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926233709/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/sdllj/kitchen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Standard [[French language|French]] is an official language of both bailiwicks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guernésiais and French to be made official languages|url=https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/news/states-take-steps-preserve-guernesias/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Bailiwick Express|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106233812/https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/news/states-take-steps-preserve-guernesias/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Timothy|date=June 2005|title=The Language of the Law: The Importance of French|url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf|journal=Jersey Law Review|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As [[indigenous language]]s which continue to be spoken as a first language by native inhabitants, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic have a different legal status from other minority languages. In some parts of the UK, some of these languages are commonly spoken as a first language; in wider areas, their use in a bilingual context is sometimes supported or promoted by central or local government policy. For naturalisation purposes, a competence standard of English, Scottish Gaelic or Welsh is required to pass the [[life in the United Kingdom test]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://lifeintheuktest.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/htmlsite/background_10.html | work = [[Life in the United Kingdom test]] | publisher = lifeintheuktest.gov.uk | author = UK Border Agency | author-link = UK Border Agency | title = Background to the test | access-date = 28 May 2009 | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195023/https://www.gov.uk/life-in-the-uk-test | url-status = live }}</ref> However, English is used routinely, and although considered culturally important, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are much less used.

Throughout the United Kingdom there are distinctive spoken expressions and [[regional accents of English]],<ref name="Rosen3" /> which are seen to be symptomatic of a locality's culture and identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Hardill|Graham|Kofman|2001|p=139}}.</ref> An awareness and knowledge of accents in the United Kingdom can "place, within a few miles, the locality in which a man or woman has grown up".<ref name="Rose54">{{harvnb|Rose|1958|p=54}}.</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{main|British literature}}
[[File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG|thumb|upright|[[J.K. Rowling]] is one of the world's [[List of best-selling fiction authors|best selling]] British authors. Her ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series of books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hypable.com/harry-potter/book-history/ |title=Harry Potter – History of the Books • Hypable |publisher=Hypable.com |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005043413/https://www.hypable.com/harry-potter/book-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[British literature]] is "one of the leading literatures in the world".{{sfn|Broich|Bassnett|2001|p=27}} The overwhelming part is written in the [[English language]], but there are also pieces of literature written in [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]], [[Cornish literature|Cornish]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]].

Britain has a long history of famous and influential authors. It boasts some of the oldest pieces of literature in the Western world, such as the epic poem [[Beowulf]], one of the oldest surviving written work in the English language.<ref name="Cohen2008">{{cite book|author=J. M. Cohen|title=A History of Western Literature: From Medieval Epic to Modern Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVM2fnZSA78C&pg=PA39|access-date=29 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-202-36641-8|page=39}}</ref> Prior to the formation of British nationhood, famous authors who inhabited Great Britain include some of the world's most studied and praised writers. In England, the playwrights [[William Shakespeare]] and [[Christopher Marlowe]] defined England's Elizabethan period.<ref name="Wagner2013">{{cite book|author=John Wagner|title=Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjfwNlN1sWYC&pg=PA194|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-59761-9|page=194}}</ref>

The British Romantic movement was one of the strongest and most recognisable in Europe. The poets [[William Blake]], [[Robert Burns]], [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] were amongst the pioneers of Romanticism in literature.<ref name="Murray2013">{{cite book|author=Christopher John Murray|title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GS8DWMLRYEC&pg=PA116|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-45579-8|page=116}}</ref> Other Romantic writers that followed these figure further enhanced the profile of Romanticism in Europe, such as [[John Keats]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Lord Byron]].<ref name="Snodgrass2009">{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAcjezGec4C&pg=PA420|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0911-4|page=420}}</ref> Later periods like the Victorian Era saw a further flourishing of British writing, including [[Charles Dickens]] and [[William Thackeray]].<ref name="Dahiya1992">{{cite book|author=Bhim S. Dahiya|author-link=Bhim S. Dahiya|title=Major Trends in English Literature ( 1837–1945 )|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCM8oKPs_4oC&pg=PA31|year=1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-039-3|page=31}}</ref>

Women's literature in Britain has had a long and often troubled history, with many female writers producing work under a pen name, such as [[George Eliot]].<ref name="Levine2001">{{cite book|author=George Levine|author-link=George Levine|title=The Cambridge Companion to George Eliot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWafuNhBP7oC&pg=PA20|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66473-8|page=20}}</ref> Other great female novelists that have contributed to world literature are [[Frances Burney]], [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Jane Austen]] and the Brontë sisters, [[Emily Brontë|Emily]], [[Charlotte Brontë|Charlotte]] and [[Anne Brontë|Anne]].<ref name="SheenKozlowski2004">{{cite book|author1=B. A. Sheen|author2=Matthew Kozlowski|title=English Writers: A Bibliography With Vignettes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ciAGWDWaYC&pg=PA110|year=2004|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-260-3|page=110}}</ref>

Non-fiction has also played an important role in the history of British letters, with the first dictionary of the English language being produced and compiled by [[Samuel Johnson]], a graduate of Oxford University and a London resident.<ref name="Reddick1996">{{cite book|author=Allen Reddick|title=The Making of Johnson's Dictionary 1746–1773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCccP0mNlZcC&pg=PA2|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56838-8|page=2}}</ref>

=== Media and music ===
{{Further|Music of the United Kingdom|Radio in the United Kingdom|Television in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Proms in the Park 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Proms]] is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held across the United Kingdom. The Last Night of the Proms celebrates British tradition with patriotic [[classical music of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/lastnight/ | title = The Last Night | publisher = BBC | year = 2008 | access-date = 22 October 2008 | archive-date = 13 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113065621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/lastnight/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2446128.0.last_night_of_the_proms_brought_to_a_rousing_finale_with_patriotic_splendour.php |publisher=sundayherald.com |title=Last Night of the Proms brought to a rousing finale with patriotic splendour |access-date=22 October 2008 |first=James |last=Hamilton |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918022406/http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2446128.0.last_night_of_the_proms_brought_to_a_rousing_finale_with_patriotic_splendour.php |archive-date=18 September 2008 }}</ref>]]
Although cinema, theatre, dance and live music are popular, the favourite pastime of the British is watching [[television]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gallagher|2006|p=36}}.</ref> Public broadcast [[television in the United Kingdom]] began in 1936, with the launch of the BBC Television Service (now [[BBC One]]). In the United Kingdom and the [[Crown dependencies]], one must have a [[television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licence]] to legally receive any broadcast television service, from any source. This includes the commercial channels, cable and satellite transmissions, and the [[Internet]]. Revenue generated from the television licence is used to provide radio, television and Internet content for the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]], and Welsh language television programmes for [[S4C]]. The BBC, the common abbreviation of the British Broadcasting Corporation,<ref>{{citation | title = About the BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/ | access-date = 30 December 2008 | archive-date = 19 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100219042255/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/ | url-status = live }}</ref> is the world's largest [[broadcasting|broadcaster]].<ref>{{citation | title = About the BBC – What is the BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml | access-date = 14 June 2008 | publisher = BBC | archive-date = 16 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref> Unlike other broadcasters in the UK, it is a [[Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom|public service based]], [[Autonomy|quasi-autonomous]], [[statutory corporation]] run by the [[BBC Trust]]. [[Free-to-air]] terrestrial television channels available on a national basis are [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two]], [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]], [[Channel 4]] ([[S4C]] in Wales), and [[Five (TV channel)|Five]].

[[100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] was a list compiled by the [[British Film Institute]] in 2000, chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened.<ref name="greatestTV">{{citation|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/index.html |title=The bfi TV 100 |access-date=2 June 2009 |publisher=bfi.org.uk |work=British Film Institute |date=4 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524092249/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/index.html |archive-date=24 May 2009 }}</ref> Topping the list was ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', a [[British sitcom]] set in a fictional [[Torquay]] hotel starring [[John Cleese]].<ref name="greatestTV" />

"British musical tradition is essentially vocal",{{sfn|Cosman|1957|p=22}} dominated by the [[English folk music|music of England]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic culture]],<ref>{{harvnb|Harewood|1962|p=224}}.</ref> most greatly influenced by [[hymns]] and [[Anglican church music]].<ref>{{harvnb|Crowest|1896|pp=172–174}}.</ref> However, the specific, traditional [[music of Wales]] and [[music of Scotland]] is distinct, and of the [[Celtic music|Celtic musical tradition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=253}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, more people attend live music performances than football matches.<ref>{{harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=252}}</ref> [[British rock]] was born in the mid-20th century out of the influence of [[rock and roll]] and [[rhythm and blues]] from the United States. Major early exports were [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Who]] and [[the Kinks]].<ref name="Else74">{{harvnb|Else et al. 2007|p=74}}.</ref> Together with other bands from the United Kingdom, these constituted the [[British Invasion]], a popularisation of British pop and rock music in the United States. Into the 1970s [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[New wave music|new wave]], and [[2 tone (type of music)|2 tone]].<ref name="Else74" /> [[Britpop]] is a subgenre of [[alternative rock]] that emerged from the British [[independent music]] scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands reviving British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. Leading exponents of Britpop were [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] and [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]].<ref name="Brit119">{{harvnb|Bartsch-Parker|O'Maolalaigh|Burger|1999|p=119}}</ref> Also popularised in the United Kingdom during the 1990s were several domestically produced varieties of [[electronic dance music]]; [[acid house]], [[UK hard house]], [[Jungle music|jungle]], [[UK garage]] which in turn have influenced [[Grime (music)|grime]] and [[British hip hop]] in the 2000s.<ref name="Brit119" /> [[The BRIT Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual awards for both international and [[British popular music]].

=== Religion ===
{{Further|Religion in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Westminster abbey west.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Westminster Abbey]] is used for the [[coronation of the British monarch]]s, who are also made the head of the [[Church of England]].]]
Historically, [[Christianity]] has been the most influential and important religion in Britain, and it remains the declared faith of the majority of the British people.<ref name="Briton2001234">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=234}}</ref> The influence of Christianity on British culture has been "widespread, extending beyond the spheres of prayer and worship. Churches and cathedrals make a significant contribution to the architectural landscape of the nation's cities and towns" whilst "many schools and hospitals were founded by men and women who were strongly influenced by Christian motives".<ref name="Briton2001234" /> Throughout the United Kingdom, [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]], the "two most important events in the Christian calendar", are recognised as [[holiday|public holidays]].<ref name="Briton2001234" />

Christianity remains the major religion of the population of the United Kingdom in the 21st century, followed by [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and then [[Judaism]] in terms of numbers of adherents. The 2007 [[Tearfund]] Survey revealed 53% identified themselves as Christian, which was similar to the 2004 [[British Social Attitudes Survey]],<ref name="Tearfund_Survey">{{citation|url=http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf |title=Tearfund Survey 2007 |access-date=5 May 2007 |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005402/http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 }}</ref><ref name="BSAS2004">{{Citation|publication-date=20 February 2006 |year=2004 |title=British Social Attitudes Survey |publisher=data-archive.ac.uk |author=National Centre for Social Research |url=http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=5329 |access-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165559/http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=5329 |archive-date=12 November 2007 }}</ref> and to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] in which 71.6% said that Christianity was their religion,<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 | title = UK Census 2001 | access-date = 22 April 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293  | archive-date = 12 March 2007}}</ref> However, the Tearfund Survey showed only one in ten Britons attend church weekly.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pr-Tearfund-Prayer-in-the-UK-report_1.pdf | publisher = methodist.org.uk | title = Prayer in the UK | date = 11 November 2007 | access-date = 19 May 2009 | author = Tearfund | author-link = Tearfund | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923174242/https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pr-Tearfund-Prayer-in-the-UK-report_1.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Secularism]] was advanced in Britain during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and modern British organisations such as the [[British Humanist Association]] and the [[National Secular Society]] offer the opportunity for their members to "debate and explore the moral and philosophical issues in a non-religious setting".<ref name="Briton2001234" />

The [[Treaty of Union]] that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain ensured that there would be a [[Protestant]] succession as well as a link between [[Separation of church and state|church and state]] that still remains. The [[Church of England]] ([[Anglican]]) is legally recognised as the [[established church]], and so retains representation in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] through the [[Lords Spiritual]], whilst the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] is a member of the church as well as its [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]].<ref name="Briton2001235">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=235}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ | title = The History of the Church of England | author = Church of England | access-date = 23 November 2008 | publisher = cofe.anglican.org | archive-date = 21 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100221212004/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Church of England also retains the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the [[General Synod of the Church of England|General Synod]] that can then be passed into law by Parliament. The [[Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales]] is the second largest Christian church with around five million members, mainly in England.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales |title=The Church in England and Wales |publisher=catholic-ew.org.uk |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043450/http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales |archive-date=17 June 2010 }}</ref> There are also growing [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] churches, with Pentecostal churches in England now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in terms of church attendance.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article757934.ece | title = 'Fringe' Church winning the believers | work = [[The Times]] | date = 19 December 2006 | access-date = 26 May 2009 | first = Ruth | last = Gledhill | location = London | archive-date = 14 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110814125609/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article757934.ece | url-status = live }}</ref> Other large Christian groups include [[Methodism|Methodists]] and [[Baptists]].

The [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Church of Scotland]] (known informally as [[The Kirk]]), is recognised as the [[national church]] of Scotland and not subject to state control. The British monarch is an ordinary member and is required to swear an oath to "defend the security" of the church upon his or her accession. The [[Roman Catholicism in Scotland|Roman Catholic Church in Scotland]] is Scotland's second largest Christian church, with followers representing a sixth of the population of Scotland.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 | title = Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census: Summary Report | publisher = scotland.gov.uk | access-date = 6 December 2008 | year = 2005 | archive-date = 7 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092428/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], which is part of the Anglican Communion, dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland over matters of theology and ritual. Further splits in the Church of Scotland, especially in the 19th century, led to the creation of other Presbyterian churches in Scotland, including the [[Free Church of Scotland (post-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]]. In the 1920s, the [[Church in Wales]] became independent from the Church of England and became '[[Disestablishmentarianism|disestablished']] but remains in the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="Briton2001235" /> Methodism and other Protestant churches have had a major presence in Wales. The main [[Religion in Northern Ireland|religious groups in Northern Ireland]] are organised on an [[all-Ireland]] basis. Though collectively Protestants constitute the overall majority,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=980 |title=Communities in Northern Ireland |publisher=statistics.gov.uk |access-date=29 October 2008 |author=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315171823/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=980 |archive-date=15 March 2008 }}</ref> the [[Roman Catholicism in Ireland|Roman Catholic Church of Ireland]] is the largest single church. The [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]], closely linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history, is the second largest church followed by the [[Church of Ireland]] (Anglican) which was disestablished in the 19th century.

=== Sport ===
{{Further|Sport in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Home Nations}}
[[File:GB Gold WOC2008 Relay.jpg|thumb|right|The British gold medalist relay team of the 2008 [[World Orienteering Championships]].]]
[[Sport]] is an important element of British culture, and is one of the most popular leisure activities of Britons. Within the United Kingdom, nearly half of all adults partake in one or more sporting activity each week.<ref name="Briton2001282">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=282}}</ref> Some of the major sports in the United Kingdom "were invented by the British",<ref name="Briton2001293">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=293}}</ref> including [[association football|football]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]] and [[cricket]], and "exported various other games" including [[tennis]], [[badminton]], [[boxing]], [[golf]], [[snooker]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]].<ref name="Misc164">{{Harvnb|O'Meara|2007|pp=164–166}}.</ref>

In most sports, separate organisations, teams and clubs represent the individual [[countries of the United Kingdom]] at international level, though in some sports, like rugby union, an all-Ireland team represents both Northern Ireland and Ireland (Republic of), and the [[British and Irish Lions]] represent Ireland and Britain as a whole. The UK is represented by a single team at the [[Olympic Games]] and at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], the [[Great Britain at the Olympics|Great Britain team]] won 65 medals: 29 gold (the most since the [[1908 Summer Olympics]]), 17 silver and 19 bronze, ranking them 3rd.<ref>See the articles entitled [[All-time Olympic Games medal table]] and [[Great Britain at the Olympics]].</ref> In total, sportsmen and women from the UK "hold over 50 world titles in a variety of sports, such as professional boxing, rowing, snooker, squash and motorcycle sports".<ref name="Briton2001282" />

A 2006 poll found that association football was the most popular sport in the UK.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/content/crowded-summer-of-sport.ashx |title=Crowded Summer of Sport |publisher=Ipsos Mori |access-date=17 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163751/http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/content/crowded-summer-of-sport.ashx |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref> In England 320 football clubs are affiliated to [[The Football Association]] (FA) and more than 42,000 clubs to regional or district associations. The FA, founded in 1863, and the Football League, founded in 1888, were both the first of their kind in the world.<ref name="Briton2001297" /> In Scotland there are 78 full and associate clubs and nearly 6,000 registered clubs under the jurisdiction of the [[Scottish Football Association]].<ref name="Briton2001297">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|pp=297–298}}</ref> Two Welsh clubs play in England's Football League and others at non-league level, whilst the [[Welsh Football League]] contains 20 semi-professional clubs. In Northern Ireland, 12 semi-professional clubs play in the [[IFA Premiership]], the second oldest league in the world.<ref name="Briton2001297" />

[[Recreational fishing]], particularly [[angling]], is one of the most popular participation activities in the United Kingdom, with an estimated 3–4 million anglers in the country.<ref name="Briton2001293" /><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.safewatersports.co.uk/sport-fishing.html | publisher = safewatersports.co.uk | access-date = 3 June 2009 | title = Sport Fishing | archive-date = 24 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201024032647/http://www.safewatersports.co.uk/sport-fishing.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The most widely practised form of angling in [[England and Wales]] is for [[coarse fishing|coarse fish]] while in Scotland angling is usually for [[salmon]] and [[trout]].<ref name="Briton2001293" />

=== Visual art and architecture ===
{{Further|Architecture of the United Kingdom|Art of the United Kingdom}}
For centuries, artists and architects in Britain were overwhelmingly influenced by [[Western art history]].<ref name="Else78" /> Amongst the first visual artists credited for developing a distinctly British aesthetic and artistic style is [[William Hogarth]].<ref name="Else78">{{harvnb|Else et al. 2007|p=78}}.</ref> The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the [[British Empire]], led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility in the United Kingdom.<ref name="taste" /> Britons used their art "to illustrate their knowledge and command of the natural world", whilst the permanent settlers in British North America, Australasia, and South Africa "embarked upon a search for distinctive artistic expression appropriate to their sense of national identity".<ref name="taste" /> The empire has been "at the centre, rather than in the margins, of the history of British art", and imperial British visual arts have been fundamental to the construction, celebration and expression of Britishness.{{sfn|Barringer et al. 2007|p=3}}

British attitudes to [[modern art]] were "polarised" at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Whittle5">{{harvnb|Whittle et al. 2005|p=5}}.</ref> Modernist movements were both cherished and vilified by artists and critics; [[Impressionism]] was initially regarded by "many conservative critics" as a "subversive foreign influence", but became "fully assimilated" into British art during the early-20th century.<ref name="Whittle5" /> [[Representation (arts)|Representational art]] was described by [[Herbert Read]] during the [[interwar period]] as "necessarily... revolutionary", and was studied and produced to such an extent that by the 1950s, [[Classicism]] was effectively void in British visual art.<ref name="Whittle5" /> [[Postmodern art|Post-modern]], contemporary British art, particularly that of the [[Young British Artists]], has been pre-occupied with [[postcolonialism]], and "characterised by a fundamental concern with material culture ... perceived as a post-imperial cultural anxiety".{{sfn|Barringer et al. 2007|p=17}}

[[Architecture of the United Kingdom]] is diverse; most influential developments have usually taken place in England, but Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have at various times played leading roles in architectural history.<ref name="BritEncart">{{citation|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633 |title=British Architecture > page 1 |work=[[Encarta]] |publisher=MSN |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQNgfPK?url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633 |archive-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although there are prehistoric and classical structures in the British Isles, British architecture effectively begins with the first Anglo-Saxon Christian churches, built soon after [[Augustine of Canterbury]] arrived in Great Britain in 597.<ref name="BritEncart" /> [[Norman architecture]] was built on a vast scale from the 11th century onwards in the form of castles and churches to help impose Norman authority upon their dominion.<ref name="BritEncart" /> [[English Gothic architecture]], which flourished from 1180 until {{circa|1520}}, was initially imported from France, but quickly developed its own unique qualities.<ref name="BritEncart" /> Secular [[medieval architecture]] throughout Britain has left a legacy of large stone [[castle]]s, with the "finest examples" being found lining both sides of the [[Anglo-Scottish border]], dating from the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] of the 14th century.<ref name="BritEncart2">{{citation|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633&pn=2 |title=British Architecture > page 2 |work=[[Encarta]] |publisher=MSN |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQOJDjl?url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633&pn=2 |archive-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The invention of gunpowder and canons made castles redundant, and the [[English Renaissance]] which followed facilitated the development of new artistic styles for domestic architecture: [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor style]], [[English Baroque]], [[Queen Anne Style architecture|The Queen Anne Style]] and [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]].<ref name="BritEncart2" /> [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] and [[Neoclassical architecture]] advanced after the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. Outside the United Kingdom, the influence of British architecture is particularly strong in [[South India]],<ref name="Sing69">{{harvnb|Singh et al. 2007|p=69}}.</ref> the result of [[British Raj|British rule in India]] in the 19th century. The Indian cities of [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], and [[Mumbai]] each have courts, hotels and [[train station]]s designed in British architectural styles of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revivalism]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]].<ref name="Sing69" />

=== Political culture ===
{{Further|Politics of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Westminster]] is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] which houses the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].]]
British political culture is tied closely with its institutions and [[civics]], and a "subtle fusion of new and old values".<ref name="Craith169" /><ref>{{harvnb|Burch|Moran|1987|p=69}}.</ref> The principle of [[constitutional monarchy]], with its notions of stable [[parliamentary government]] and [[political liberalism]], "have come to dominate British culture".<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldman|1993|p=87}}.</ref> These views have been reinforced by Sir [[Bernard Crick]] who said:<ref name="Brad34">{{Harvnb|Bradley|2007|p=34}}.</ref> {{blockquote|To be British seems to us to mean that we respect the laws, the elected parliamentary and democratic political structures, traditional values of mutual tolerance, respect for equal rights and mutual concern; that we give our allegiance to the state (as commonly symbolised by [[the Crown]]) in return for its protection.}}

British political institutions include the [[Westminster system]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harrison|1996|p=380}}.</ref> Although the Privy Council is primarily a British institution, officials from other Commonwealth realms are also appointed to the body.<ref name="gay-p3">{{Harvnb|Gay|Rees|2005|p=3}}.</ref> The most notable continuing instance is the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], its senior politicians, Chief Justice and Court of Appeal judges are conventionally made Privy Counsellors,<ref name="nz-pc">{{citation | url = http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/honourable_privycouncil.html | title = The title 'The Honourable' and the Privy Council | work = New Zealand Honours | publisher = Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet| access-date = 3 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080703221643/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/honourable_privycouncil.html  | archive-date = 3 July 2008}}</ref> as the prime ministers and chief justices of Canada and Australia used to be.<ref>{{citation | url = https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/362/orderpaper/ord-e | title = Order Paper and Notice Paper, 20 October 2000 | publisher = Senate of Canada | year = 2000 | access-date = 12 September 2008 | archive-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727053729/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/362/orderpaper/ord-e | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/foa-com-judges.htm | title = Commonwealth Judges | work = Forms of address | publisher = Ministry of Justice| year = 2008 | access-date = 12 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829153353/http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/foa-com-judges.htm  | archive-date = 29 August 2008}}</ref> Prime Ministers of Commonwealth countries which retain the [[British monarch]] as their sovereign continue to be sworn as Privy Counsellors.<ref name="gay-p3" />

[[Universal suffrage]] for all males over 21 was granted in 1918 and for adult women in 1928 after the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|Suffragette movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Power|Rae|2006|p=22}}.</ref> Politics in the United Kingdom is [[multi-party system|multi-party]], with three dominant political parties: the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and the [[Scottish National Party]]. The [[social structure of Britain]], specifically [[social class]], has "long been pre-eminent among the factors used to explain party allegiance", and still persists as "the dominant basis" of party political allegiance for Britons.<ref>{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=120}}.</ref> The Conservative Party is descended from the historic [[Tory Party]] (founded in England in 1678), and is a [[centre-right]] [[conservative]] political party,<ref>{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/382412.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | title = Tories secure centre-right deal | date = 30 June 1999 | access-date = 2 January 2010 | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/382412.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> which traditionally draws support from the [[middle class]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=90}}.</ref> The Labour Party (founded by Scotsman [[Keir Hardie]]) grew out of the [[trade union]] movement and [[socialist]] political parties of the 19th century, and continues to describe itself as a "democratic socialist party".<ref name="iqgxtf">{{citation|url=http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies |title=Labour's policies |access-date=21 July 2007 |publisher=labour.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711081023/http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}</ref> Labour states that it stands for the representation of the low-paid [[working class]], who have traditionally been its members and voters.<ref name = "iqgxtf" /> The [[Scottish National Party]] is the third largest political party in the UK in terms of both party membership and representation in parliament, having won 56 out of 59 Scottish seats at the 2015 General Election. The [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] are a [[Liberalism|liberal]] political party, and fourth largest in England in terms of membership and MPs elected. It is descended from the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], a major [[ruling party]] of 19th-century UK through to the First World War, when it was supplanted by the Labour Party.<ref name="Dear102" /> The Liberal Democrats have historically drawn support from wide and "differing social backgrounds".<ref name="Dear102">{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=102}}.</ref> There are over 300 other, smaller [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political parties in the United Kingdom]] registered to the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec={ts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A49%27} | title = Register of political parties | date = 14 May 2009 | publisher = electoralcommission.org.uk | access-date = 13 May 2009 | author = Electoral Commission | author-link = Electoral Commission (United Kingdom) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090618164406/http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec=%7Bts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A49%27%7D | archive-date = 18 June 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec={ts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A15%27} | title = Register of political parties (Northern Ireland) | date = 14 May 2009 | publisher = electoralcommission.org.uk | access-date = 13 May 2009 | author = Electoral Commission | author-link = Electoral Commission (United Kingdom) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163452/http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec=%7Bts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A15%27%7D | archive-date = 18 June 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Classification ==
{{See also|British nationality law|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom Census 2001 Ethnic Codes}}
According to the [[British Social Attitudes Survey]], there are broadly two interpretations of British identity, with ethnic and civic dimensions:

{{blockquote|The first group, which we term the ethnic dimension, contained the items about birthplace, ancestry, living in Britain, and sharing British customs and traditions. The second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship.<ref>{{harvnb|Park|2005|p=153}}.</ref>}}

Of the two perspectives of British identity, the civic definition has become "the dominant idea ... by far",<ref name="Ichijo26" /> and in this capacity, Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching [[Sovereign state|state]] identity.<ref name="Langlands" /><ref name="Ichijo26" /><ref name="Brad34" /> This has been used to explain why first-, second- and third-generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British, rather than English, because it is an "institutional, inclusive" identity, that can be acquired through [[naturalisation]] and [[British nationality law]];<ref name="Ichijo27">{{harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=27}}</ref> the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British.<ref>{{citation | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ethnic-minorities-feel-strong-sense-of-identity-with-britain-report-reveals-578503.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515193209/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ethnic-minorities-feel-strong-sense-of-identity-with-britain-report-reveals-578503.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 May 2011 | work = [[The Independent]]| title = Ethnic minorities feel strong sense of identity with Britain, report reveals | first = Maxine | last = Frith | access-date = 7 July 2009 | date = 8 January 2004 | location=London}}</ref>

However, this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales; "white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second, and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British, but none identified as English, a label they associated exclusively with white people". Contrawise, in Scotland and Wales, [[White British]] and ethnic minority people both identified more strongly with Scotland and Wales than with Britain.<ref>{{harvnb|Commission for Racial Equality|2005|p=35}}</ref>

Studies and surveys have "reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis".<ref name="Ichijo27" /> The [[Commission for Racial Equality]] found that with respect to notions of [[nationality]] in Britain, "the most basic, objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English, the Scots and the Welsh".<ref name="CRE22" /> However, "English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British, while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British".<ref name="CRE22" />

Some persons opted "to combine both identities" as "they felt Scottish or Welsh, but held a [[British passport]] and were therefore British", whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and "felt quite divorced from the British, whom they saw as the English".<ref name="CRE22">{{harvnb|Commission for Racial Equality|2005|p=22}}</ref> Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as "[[nationalism]]", a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as "cultural imperialism imposed" upon the United Kingdom by "English ruling elites",<ref name="Ward2-3">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=2–3}}.</ref> or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word "English" with "British",<ref>{{citation | url = http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/71887/sample/9780521771887ws.pdf | title = The Making of English National Identity | publisher = assets.cambridge.org | first = Krishan | last = Kumar | year = 2003 | access-date = 5 June 2009 | archive-date = 6 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606234823/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/71887/sample/9780521771887ws.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> which has "brought about a desire among Scots, Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity".<ref>{{citation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/255337.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 14 January 1999 | access-date = 5 June 2009 | title = The English: Europe's lost tribe | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729161222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/255337.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[English people]]
*[[Scottish people]]
*[[Welsh people]]
*[[People of Northern Ireland]]
* [[Anti-British sentiment]]
* [[Lists of British people]]
** [[100 Greatest Britons]]

== References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
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== Further reading ==

* {{cite book| title = Political Ideology Today | first = Ian | last = Adams|edition=2nd | publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-7190-3347-6 }}
* {{cite book | title = Iron Age communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest | first = Barry | last = Cunliffe|edition=4th | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-34779-2 }}
* {{cite book| title = The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain | first1 = Julie V. | last1 = Gottlieb | first2 = Thomas P. | last2 = Linehan | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-86064-799-4 }}
* {{cite book| last = McLean | first = Iain | title = Rational Choice and British Politics | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, Oxfordshire | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-829529-4 }}
* {{cite book| title = The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story | first = Stephen | last = Oppenheimer|author-link=Stephen Oppenheimer | publisher = Constable | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84529-158-7}}
* {{cite book| title = Blood of the Isles | first = Bryan | last = Sykes | publisher = Bantam Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-593-05652-3|author-link=Bryan Sykes}}
* {{cite book| title = Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change | first = Jonathan | last = Tonge|edition=2nd | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-582-42400-5}}
* {{cite book| title = Questioning Identity: Gender, Class and Nation | first = Kath | last = Woodward | publisher = Routledge | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-415-22287-7 }}

==External links==

{{British people}}
{{British Isles}}

[[Category:British people| ]]
[[Category:Society of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]]

Brabourne Stadium

2023-09-25T10:29:57Z

ThejasKDas: Typo/general fixes, replaced: ’s → 's, were then were → were then

{{Short description|Cricket ground in Mumbai in Western India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Brabourne Stadium
| image = Brabourne.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = Aerial view of the stadium
| location = [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|55|56|N|72|49|29|E|type:landmark|display=it}}
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/wpl-2023-mumbai-brabourne-stadium-pitch-report-weather-forecast-womens-t20-ipl-records-stats-209669.html?story=3 | title=WPL 2023: Mumbai Brabourne Stadium Pitch Report, Weather Forecast, Women's T20 & IPL Records & Stats | date=March 2023 }}</ref>
| owner = [[Cricket Club of India]]
| embedded = {{Infobox cricket ground|embed=yes
| ground_name = Brabourne Stadium
| establishment = {{start date and age|1937|}}
| tenants = [[Cricket Club of India]] [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai Men's]] [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai Women's]]
| end1 = Pavilion End
| end2 = Church Gate End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 9–13 December
| firsttestyear = 1948
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = West Indies
| lasttestdate = 2–6 December
| lasttestyear = 2009
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = Sri Lanka
| firstodidate = 23 October
| firstodiyear = 1989
| firstodihome = Pakistan
| firstodiaway = Australia
| lastodidate = 29 October
| lastodiyear = 2018
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = West Indies
| onlyt20idate = 20 October
| onlyt20iyear = 2007
| onlyt20ihome = India
| onlyt20iaway = Australia
| firstwodidate = 4 December
| firstwodiyear = 2003
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = New Zealand
| lastwodidate = 17 February
| lastwodiyear = 2013
| lastwodihome = Australia
| lastwodiaway = West Indies
| firstwt20idate = 22 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2018
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = Australia
| lastwt20idate = 20 December
| lastwt20iyear = 2022
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = Australia
| date = 20 December
| year = 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58317.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
}}
The '''Brabourne Stadium''' is an international [[cricket]] stadium in [[Mumbai]] in Western [[India]], built in the [[British Bombay]] era. It is the home ground of the Mumbai men's and [[Mumbai women's cricket team|women's cricket teams]]. It can accommodate 20,000 people for sports matches. The ground is owned by the [[Cricket Club of India]] (CCI). The North Stand of the Brabourne had housed the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) headquarters and the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] trophy until 2006, when both were moved to the newly built ''Cricket Centre'' at the nearby [[Wankhede Stadium]].

The Brabourne Stadium hosted [[Test cricket|Test]] matches from 1948 to 1972 and it was the venue for [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Pentangular]] matches from 1937 until 1946. After disputes over ticketing arrangements with the CCI, the [[Bombay Cricket Association]] (BCA) built the [[Wankhede Stadium]] exactly 700 metres north of Brabourne Stadium. After the [[Wankhede Stadium]] was built, Brabourne was no longer used for Tests, although visiting teams played a few [[First-class cricket|first-class matches]] at the ground. Apart from cricket, the ground has played host to [[tennis]] and [[association football]] matches as well as music shows and concerts.

In recent times{{When|date=June 2023}}, international cricket has returned to the Brabourne; it played host to the [[ICC Champions Trophy]] in [[ICC Champions Trophy 2006|2006]] and it was the venue for the first [[Twenty20 International]] played in India in 2007. Brabourne hosted a Test match in December 2009 after 36 years, thus creating a record for the biggest gap between two Tests at the same ground. The ground was home to the [[Mumbai Indians]]. The opening, Super Six and [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup Final|final]] matches of the [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2013]] were held here. At its AGM in September 2013, the BCCI unanimously decided to allot international matches as per its rotation policy thereby bringing the ground back as a regular international venue. BCCI also used this stadium on 29 May 2014 for the IPL playoff match between the Mumbai Indians and the [[Chennai Super Kings]]. In the [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015 IPL season]], the venue was the secondary home ground of the [[Rajasthan Royals]].

==Founding==
The CCI was incorporated as a company on 8 November 1933, during the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC's]] 1933–34 tour of India, with its registered office in New Delhi. [[R. E. Grant Govan]], the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], became the first President of the club.<ref>
{{cite book
| title=The encyclopaedia of Indian cricket, 1965
| author=L. N. Mathur
| year=1966
| publisher=Rajhans Prakashan
| page=26
}}</ref> [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]], the Secretary of the BCCI from its inception in 1928 until 1937, also served the secretary of CCI from 1933 to 1937.<ref name=wcricketers>
{{cite book
|last=Martin-Jenkins
|first=Christopher
|title=World cricketers: a biographical dictionary
|year=1996
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-210005-X
|page=424
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ
}}</ref> [[Nowroji Saklatwala|Sir Nowroji Saklatwala]] was the first Chairman of club, who served till his death in 1938, who also donated a large sum for construction of pavilion of the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nowroji Saklatwala|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34868.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> Though the CCI was originally based in New Delhi, Bombay (present-day Mumbai) was chosen as the location of its new ground as Bombay was considered the home of cricket in India.<ref name = "TOI3">
{{cite news
|title=Charting the glorious innings of Brabourne
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-05/mumbai/27801616_1_brabourne-stadium-lala-amarnath-cci
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-05/mumbai/27801616_1_brabourne-stadium-lala-amarnath-cci
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 November 2012
|date=5 November 2006
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> Brabourne Stadium was built on 90,000 square yards of reclaimed land<ref name="EP">
{{cite news
| url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19350427.2.177
| title=Bombay's Stadium
| access-date=5 March 2011
| date=27 April 1935
| work=The Evening Post (New Zealand)
|page=22}}</ref> along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]<ref name="toitop10">
{{cite news
| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Top-10-Clubs/articleshow/27074757.cms
| title=Top 10 Clubs
| access-date=10 March 2011
| date=2 November 2002
|work=The Times of India
| first=Anil
| last=Sadarangani
}}</ref> near [[Churchgate railway station]] in [[South Mumbai|South Bombay]]<ref name="docker">
{{cite book
| title=History of Indian cricket
| author=Edward Wybergh Docker
| year=1976
| publisher=Macmillan Co. of India
|pages=94
}}</ref> and was India's first permanent sporting venue.<ref name="SS">
{{cite book
| title=Serious sport: J.A. Mangan's contribution to the history of sport
| author1=J. A. Mangan
| author2=Scott A. G. M. Crawford
| year=2004
| publisher=Routledge
|pages=145
| isbn=0-7146-8451-1
}}</ref><ref name="TIHIC">
{{cite book
| title=The Illustrated History of Indian Cricket
| author1=Boria Majumdar
| author2=Sandipan Deb
| year=2006
| publisher=Tempus
|page=45
| isbn=0-7524-4142-6}}</ref>

The negotiations for the land for the new cricket ground took place between de Mello and the then [[List of Governors of Bombay|Bombay governor]] [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]]. De Mello used the name of [[Antonio Piedade da Cruz]], an artist from Goa who was painting Lord Brabourne at the time, in order to obtain a meeting. The popular story goes that before returning at the end of the meeting, de Mello asked Lord Brabourne : 'Your excellency, which would you prefer to accept from sportsmen, money for your Government, or immortality for yourself?'.<ref name=dna2005>
{{cite news
|title=Another link with the Raj broken
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_another-link-with-the-raj-broken_3273
|access-date=28 March 2011
|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]
|date=25 September 2005
}}</ref> Brabourne chose immortality and the CCI was allotted 90,000 square yards at a price of {{INR}} 13.50 per square yard from land reclaimed in the Backbay reclamation scheme. Messrs. Gregson, Batley and King were appointed the architects of the facility and [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Shapoorji Pallonji & Co.]] were awarded the contract for construction.<ref name="cci">
{{cite book
| title=CCI & the Brabourne Stadium
| author1=Vasant Raiji
| author2=Anandji Dossa
| publisher=Cricket Club of India
|page=14
}}</ref> The intention of the ground design was such that it be the [[Lord's]] of India.<ref name="CI2009">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvsl2009/content/story/437571.html
| title=India go for first rank, SL for first win in India
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=1 December 2009
| publisher=ESPNcricinfo
}}</ref>

The foundation stone was laid by Lord Brabourne on 22 May 1936. The ground was intended to provide covered accommodation for 35,000 spectators and contain pavilions, tennis courts, and a swimming pool. [[Frank Tarrant]] was the first groundsman.<ref name="cci" /> The first match was played on the incomplete ground in October 1937 between the CCI and the Spencer Cup XI. The ground was opened on 7 December 1937 by [[Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|Roger Lumley]], then Governor of Bombay, Lord Brabourne now being the Governor of Bengal. The ground was named after Brabourne at the suggestion of the [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh|Maharaja of Patiala]].<ref name="MBose">
{{cite book
| title=A history of Indian cricket
| last=Mihir
| first=Bose
| year=1990
| publisher=Rupa & Co
|page=117
| isbn=0-233-98563-8
}}</ref> On the same day, the CCI XI met the visiting Lord Tennyson's XI in the inaugural [[First-class cricket|first-class]] match on the ground.

The estimated cost of construction was {{INR}} 1.8 million but the actual costs exceeded this by over a third. It took the efforts of [[Abubhai Jasdenwala]], who had succeeded de Mello as the secretary in 1937, and [[Nowroji Saklatwala|Sir Nowroji Saklatwala]], then Chairman of the [[Tata Group]], among others, for the CCI to cover the costs.<ref name="HIC">
{{cite book
| title=History of Indian cricket
| author=Edward Wybergh Docker
| year=1976
| publisher=Macmillan Co. of India
|page=131
}}</ref> The [[Idar, Gujarat|Maharaja of Idar]] paid for the Governor's pavilion, and the Maharaja of Patiala paid for the pavilion that is his namesake. The remaining deficits were paid off from the sale of debentures and from the income from the [[Bombay Pentangular]] matches.<ref name=SS/>

==Architecture==
[[File:BS Mumbai.jpg|300px|thumb|Inside view of the stadium]]
The Brabourne has been identified as a [[Grade II|Heritage Grade IIB]] structure.<ref name=dnam08>
{{cite news
|title=Dilip Kumar's Pali bungalow delisted
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_dilip-kumars-pali-bungalow-delisted_1167154
|access-date=16 April 2012
|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis
|date=29 May 2008
}}</ref> The stadium has a pavilion and three public stands, namely the West Stand, North Stand and East Stand. The three public stands face the clubhouse from three different sides of the ground and are sheltered by cavernous, overhanging roofs.<ref name="SSO">
{{cite book
| title=Sightlines: a stadium odyssey
| author=Simon Inglis
| year=2000
| publisher=Yellow Jersey
|pages=142–143
| isbn=0-224-05968-8}}</ref>

The pavilion can be divided into the clubhouse in the centre with the Governor's Pavilion and the Maharaja of Patiala Pavilion on either side<ref name = "IE2">{{cite news
|title=Grand Old Lady of Marine Drive, Brabourne is still the best
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=205302
|work=The Indian Express
|date=15 October 2006
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and is a three-story [[art deco]] nautical structure with rounded [[pediments]], flagpoles and [[port-hole]] windows.<ref name=MBose/><ref name="SA">
{{cite book
| title=Lifting the covers: inside South African cricket
| author=Luke Alfred
| year=2001
| publisher=New Africa Books
|pages=81–82
| isbn=0-86486-474-4}}</ref> The pavilion boasts of dark wood wall panelling and decorative marble floors.<ref name=nzh1>
{{cite news
|title=Cricket Compendium: Days of the Raj
|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/cricket/news/article.cfm?c_id=29&objectid=10715254
|access-date=28 March 2011
|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
|date=27 March 2011
}}</ref> The walls of the pavilion are adorned with portraits of past and present cricketers and photographs of famous cricket matches.<ref name= SS/><ref name="Khalid">
{{cite book
| title=Cricket At Fever Pitch
| author=Khalid A-H Ansari
| year=2006
| publisher=Popular Prakashan
|page=284
| isbn=81-7991-257-4}}</ref>

The Brabourne Stadium has drawn praise from various quarters. Australian cricketer [[Keith Miller]] called the ground "the most complete ground in the world",<ref name= SSO/> West Indian legend [[Frank Worrell]] stated that the Brabourne was the only ground in the world where he could be in his dressing gown until he had to pad up, hence he loved playing at the venue.<ref name="mb">
{{cite book
| title=The magic of Indian cricket: cricket and society in India
| url=https://archive.org/details/magicindiancrick00bose
| url-access=limited
| author=Mihir Bose
| year=2006
| publisher=Routledge
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/magicindiancrick00bose/page/n114 102]–103
| isbn=0-415-35691-1
}}</ref> According to Worrell's compatriot, [[Brian Lara]], "It is one of the most beautiful venues across the world. Perfect to host a good cricket match."<ref name = IE2/> Former Indian captain [[Ajit Wadekar]] commented on the eve of the India-Sri Lanka test in 2009, "It is the ultimate dream for any cricketer to play at Lord's; by the same token, every Indian cricketer would like to play at the CCI. It has a lovely atmosphere and that makes you feel different. You also play in front of a knowledgeable crowd."<ref name=dh2009>
{{cite news
|title=Test cricket returns to CCI
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/38727/test-cricket-returns-cci.html
|access-date=15 February 2012
|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]
|date=30 November 2009
}}</ref> Former Indian captain [[M. S. Dhoni]] stated, "... Of course, it is special to play at CCI. ... It has a nice atmosphere."<ref name="tk1">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091202/jsp/sports/story_11809661.jsp
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203154520/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091202/jsp/sports/story_11809661.jsp
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=3 February 2013
| title=Rankings not a concern, says Dhoni
| access-date=14 March 2011
| date=2 December 2009
| work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]
| location=Calcutta, India
}}</ref> Noted Journalist and Chairman of the [[Mid-Day]] group, [[Khalid A. H. Ansari]] wrote in his newspaper, "Having witnessed cricket the world over, I can confidently say that cricket at the alluring Brabourne Stadium is an experience without parallel."<ref name=mdmarch2010>
{{cite news
|title=Unveiling of Raj Singh's portrait at CCI is a minuscule recognition of his services
|url=http://www.mid-day.com/opinion/2010/mar/250310-raj-singh-dungarpur-CCI-portrait-khalidoscope.htm
|access-date=9 April 2011
|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]
|date=25 March 2010
}}</ref>

==Cricket matches==

===First match and Pentangular===
The first first-class match to be played at the ground was between [[Lord Tennyson]]'s XI and a CCI XI in 1937.<ref name="TH4">
{{cite news
|title=Brabourne Stadium set to host Tests after 35 years
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200806141122.htm
|work=The Hindu
|date=14 June 2008
|access-date=10 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004915/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200806141122.htm
|archive-date=29 June 2011
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

With the completion of the ground in 1937, the [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Pentangular]] tournament was moved to the Brabourne from the [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref name=raijidossa>
{{cite book
|last=Anandji Dossa
|first=Vasant Raiji
|title=CCI & the Brabourne Stadium, 1937–1987
|year=1987
|publisher=Cricket Club of India
|pages=29–30
}}</ref> It was in this year that the Rest entered the competition as the fifth team;<ref name=ashak>
{{cite book
|last=Kasbekar
|first=Asha
|title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle
|year=2006
|publisher=ABC-CLIO
|isbn=1-85109-636-1
|page=259}}</ref> Hindus, however, withdrew their team after a dispute over the seating allocation.<ref name=fanja>
{{cite book
|author1=Fan Hong
|author2=J. A. Mangan
|title=Sport in Asian society: past and present
|year=2003
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-7146-5342-X
|page=175}}</ref> The stadium was packed to capacity during all pentangular matches.<ref name=bmajumdar>
{{cite book
|last=Majumdar
|first=Boria
|title=Lost histories of Indian cricket: battles off the pitch
|url=https://archive.org/details/losthistoriesind00maju
|url-access=limited
|year=2006
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-415-35886-8
|page=[https://archive.org/details/losthistoriesind00maju/page/n140 122]
}}</ref> The battle between [[Vijay Merchant]] and [[Vijay Hazare]] in 1943–44 saw the record for the highest individual score being bettered three times in the first week of December, ending with Hazare's 309 run contribution to Rest's total of 387 all out in the final. In the Ranji match against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] that began on the last day of the year, Merchant improved upon it with an innings of 359 not out which still stands as the highest score made on the ground. In the 1944–45 final of the Pentangular, Muslims chased 298 to defeat the Hindus by one wicket. The Pentangular tournament was discontinued after the 1946–47 season.<ref name=raijidossa/>

===Test cricket===

Brabourne hosted 17 Test matches between 1948 and 1973,<ref name=toinov09>
{{cite news
|title=Wadekar bats for regular matches in Brabourne Stadium
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/top-stories/28093547_1_cricket-ground-india-captain-ajit-wadekar-brabourne-stadium
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103121154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/top-stories/28093547_1_cricket-ground-india-captain-ajit-wadekar-brabourne-stadium
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|access-date=14 February 2012
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|date=30 November 2009
}}</ref> starting with two matches against the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] in India's first home series after the [[World War II]] in 1948–49. The first test to produce a result at the Brabourne was the fourth it hosted, when India beat [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in 1952. India won their first ever test series after taking a 2–1 lead on the basis of this victory.<ref name=sharma>
{{cite book
|last=Sharma
|first=Naresh
|title=Match fixing, hang the culprits, Indian cricket: lacklustre performance and lack of a killer instinct
|year=2001
|publisher=Minerva Press
|isbn=81-7662-226-5
|page=60
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-imCAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref><ref name=bb>
{{cite news
|title=Beyond boundaries
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/beyond-boundaries-340
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]
|date=29 March 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401092623/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/beyond-boundaries-340
|archive-date=1 April 2011
|df=dmy
}}</ref><ref name=cricinfotr>
{{cite web
|title=Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / Records / Test matches / Match results
|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1;id=393;type=ground
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=1 April 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220011220/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1%3Bid%3D393%3Btype%3Dground
|archive-date=20 December 2011
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> Vijay Hazare scored a hundred in each of his four test match appearances at the ground, the most by any player.<ref name=dreamcricket>{{cite web
|title=Going around, you will not find a Cricketing Paradise as this
|url=http://www.dreamcricket.com/dreamcricket/news.hspl?nid=13118&ntid=4
|publisher=Dreamcricket.com
|access-date=14 February 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212230935/http://www.dreamcricket.com/dreamcricket/news.hspl?nid=13118&ntid=4
|archive-date=12 February 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Indian batsman [[Abbas Ali Baig]] became the first Indian cricketer to be kissed on a cricket field during the third Test between India and Australia at the Brabourne in 1960. When Baig reached the fifty run mark, a young woman ran onto the ground from the North Stand and kissed him on his cheek in full view of a packed crowd.<ref name=aabkiss>
{{cite news
|title=Misses with kisses
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090823/jsp/calcutta/story_11396536.jsp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203235551/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090823/jsp/calcutta/story_11396536.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|access-date=9 April 2011
|newspaper=The Telegraph
|date=23 August 2009
|location=Calcutta, India
|first1=Malini
|last1=Banerjee
|first2=Priyanka
|last2=Roy
}}</ref><ref name=toi201211>
{{cite news
|title=When an obscure offie surprised Benaud's team
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/india-in-australia/top-stories/When-an-obscure-offie-surprised-Benauds-team/articleshow/11176380.cms
|access-date=20 December 2011
|newspaper=The Times of India
|date=20 December 2011
}}</ref> During a test match in 1964, several members of the visiting [[England cricket team|England]] team faced fitness issues, forcing England to request India to provide a substitute fielder. On successive days, [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] and [[Hanumant Singh]] took the field as substitutes for [[Micky Stewart]].<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Grand Test debut by Chandrasekhar
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640123&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
|access-date=20 February 2012
|newspaper=The Indian Express
|date=23 January 1964
}}</ref>

The one serious instance of crowd trouble at the ground happened in the final session of the fourth day of the Test match between India and Australia in 1969.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30561.html
|title=India v Australia in 1969/70
|publisher=CricketArchive.com
|access-date=5 March 2011
}}</ref> With India in desperate trouble in the second innings, Ajit Wadekar and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]] were involved in a partnership of 25 for the eighth wicket when the latter was declared out caught behind off the bowling of [[Alan Connolly (cricketer)|Alan Connolly]].<ref name=ta1969>
{{cite news
|title=Australia in eight wicket test victory over India
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wxEQAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721,2225542&dq=
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[The Age]]
|date=11 November 1969
}}</ref> The decision was criticised by the [[All India Radio|radio]] commentators, and as Venkat left the wicket after some hesitation, trouble broke out in the East Stand. Bottles were thrown on the ground and chairs were burned while the awnings were set on fire in the North stand. Play continued for an hour in these circumstances.<ref>
{{cite book
| author=Sujit Mukherjee
| title='Bombay Burning', ''An Indian cricket century''
| publisher=Orient Longman
| year=2002
| pages= 97–101
}}</ref>

Until the 1960s, when international matches were played at the Brabourne, the teams would stay at the CCI itself.<ref name=dna2008>
{{cite news
|title=Cricket at the Taj and Oberoi
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/column_cricket-at-the-taj-and-oberoi_1210499
|access-date=9 April 2011
|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis
|date=1 December 2008
}}</ref> In an unusual occurrence, when [[Gundappa Viswanath]] completed a hundred runs for India against [[England cricket team|England]] in a test match in 1973, he was lifted by opposition fielder [[Tony Greig]].<ref name=thnov09>
{{cite news
|title=Brabourne Stadium to host Test after 36 years
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article57644.ece
|access-date=14 February 2012
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date=30 November 2009
|location=Chennai, India
|first=S.
|last=Dinakar
}}</ref>

===Domestic cricket===
Sixteen [[Ranji Trophy]] finals and a [[Ranji Trophy#Format|Plate]] final have been played at the ground between 1938 and 2008. Bombay appeared in fourteen of these and won on each occasion.<ref name=cricketarchive>
{{cite web
|title=First-Class Matches played on Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai (222)
|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1140_f.html
|publisher=CricketArchive.com
|access-date=14 February 2012
}}</ref> Among the notable innings played at the ground are [[Denis Compton]]'s 249 not out for Holkar in the 1944–45 final<ref name=poddar>
{{cite book
|last=Poddar
|first=Jyotsna
|title=Cricketing memories
|year=1987
|publisher=Shradhanjali Trust
|page=32
}}</ref> and [[Ajit Wadekar]]'s triple century in 1966–67 against [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]].<ref name=skagencormack>
{{cite book
|last=Kiki Skagen
|first=Margaret Lawson Cormack
|title=Voices from India
|year=1972
|publisher=Praeger
|page=153
}}</ref> CCI was the first to introduce [[single wicket]] cricket in India. This competition in 1965 was won by [[Vinoo Mankad]]. For three years after the termination of the Pentangular, Brabourne hosted an inter-zonal tournament.<ref name=raijidossa/>

==Decline==
Ever since the Brabourne Stadium was constructed, the CCI had a rough relationship with their tenants{{spaced ndash}}the [[Bombay Cricket Association]] (BCA){{spaced ndash}}owing mostly to the disputes regarding the allotment of seats. In one instance, BCA even threatened to stage a Test at [[Shivaji Park]] with temporary stands.<ref name=dnadecline>
{{cite news
|title=How and why was the Wankhede Stadium born?
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_how-and-why-was-the-wankhede-stadium-born_1317822
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis
|date=29 November 2009
}}</ref>

In 1971, BCA President [[S. K. Wankhede]] was told by the then CCI President, [[Vijay Merchant]] that the BCA would not be allotted any extra seats for the visit of England in 1972. CCI maintained that it spends a large amount in maintaining the ground and any further concessions would lead to substantial loss of revenue to the club. BCA decided to go ahead and construct a new ground of its own. The new [[Wankhede Stadium]] hosted its first Test match early in 1975 during the tour of West Indies.<ref name="Cricbuzz">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/component/latest_cricket_news/Story/16983/more-political-bigwigs-eyeing-cricket-pie/
| title=More political bigwigs eyeing cricket pie
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=12 July 2009
| publisher=Cricbuzz.com}}</ref><ref name=wadhwaney>
{{cite book
|last=Wadhwaney
|first=K.R.
|title=Indian Cricket Controversies
|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd
|isbn=81-288-0113-9
|pages=257–258
}}</ref> Wankhede had superseded Brabourne as the city's international cricket venue.<ref name = "TOI3"/> Since then, except for a few [[First Class Cricket|first class]] matches, Brabourne staged few major games until 2006,<ref name=cricinfoprofile>
{{cite web
|title=Brabourne Stadium {{!}} India {{!}} Cricket Grounds
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58317.html
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=12 February 2012
}}</ref> though international cricket briefly returned to the ground in 1989, when Australia and Pakistan played an ODI against each other.<ref name=toinov06>
{{cite news
|title=Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-11/venues/27795739_1_brabourne-stadium-champions-trophy-wankhede-stadium
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911083210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-11/venues/27795739_1_brabourne-stadium-champions-trophy-wankhede-stadium
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=11 September 2011
|access-date=14 February 2012
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|date=11 November 2006
}}</ref><ref name=outlookm06>
{{cite news
|title=CCI to host Champions Trophy final
|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=371047
|access-date=15 February 2012
|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
|date=18 March 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201162337/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=371047
|archive-date=1 February 2013
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Golden Jubilee Celebrations==
Festival matches were played at the ground to celebrate the golden jubilee of the CCI in 1987–88. Players such as [[Roger Binny]] and [[Mohammed Azharuddin]] played for a CCI XI, [[Wasim Akram]], [[Imran Khan]], [[Rameez Raja]], and [[Mudassar Nazar]], among others, turned out for [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]]. Due to shortage of players for Pakistan, [[Sachin Tendulkar]], then just 14 years old, fielded for Pakistan as a substitute.<ref name="ET1">
{{cite news|title=When Sachin played under Imran |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/when-sachin-played-under-imran/articleshow/7454252.cms |work=The Economic Times |location=India |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=10 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211225748/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/when-sachin-played-under-imran/articleshow/7454252.cms |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name = "TOI1">
{{cite news
|title=Brabourne memories come back for Rusi Surti
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-01/top-stories/28081384_1_brabourne-stadium-fielding-rameez-raja
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-01/top-stories/28081384_1_brabourne-stadium-fielding-rameez-raja
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 November 2012
|date=9 December 2009
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> This was Tendulkar's first exposure to international cricket.<ref name=tdp1>
{{cite news
|title=When Sachin played for Pakistan
|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/322290/When-Sachin-played-for-Pakistan.html
|access-date=28 March 2011
|newspaper=[[The Daily Pioneer]]
|date=28 March 2011}}</ref> CCI rules had to be amended to allow the 14-year-old Sachin Tendulkar into the dressing room. [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]], president of the club for several years, was instrumental in the decision to change this rule.<ref name = "SIFY1">
{{cite news
|title=Raj Singh Dungarpur: A bachelor wedded to cricket
|url=http://www.sify.com/sports/raj-singh-dungarpur-a-bachelor-wedded-to-cricket-news-cricket-jjpuSlbbace.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811105320/http://www.sify.com/sports/raj-singh-dungarpur-a-bachelor-wedded-to-cricket-news-cricket-jjpuSlbbace.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=11 August 2011
|website=[[Sify]]
|date=15 September 2009
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref>

==Return of international cricket==

===One Day Internationals===
International cricket returned to Brabourne in 1989 when [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] played a [[One Day International]] (ODI) against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] during the [[Nehru Cup (cricket)|MRF World Series for the Jawaharlal Nehru Cup]].<ref name= "ESPNCRICINFO">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/65921.html
|title=MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) – 7th match
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=10 January 2011
}}</ref> [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] took on [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in a [[1993 Hero Cup]] ODI game where [[Jonty Rhodes]] took a world record five catches.<ref name = "MD1">
{{cite news
|title=Dave Callaghan recalls Jonty Rhodes' 1993 brilliance
|url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2011/jan/240111-Jonty-Rhodes-Dave-Callaghan-Hero-cup-ODI.htm
|work=[[Mid-Day]]
|date=11 January 2011
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> Rhodes later recollected more than 20,000 people cheering him during this match, something which was rare for him in a foreign country.<ref name="R2004">
{{cite web
| url=http://inhome.rediff.com/cricket/2004/dec/03jonty.htm
| title=I had the right attitude: Rhodes
| access-date=5 March 2011
| date=3 December 2004
| work=Rediff.com
}}</ref>

[[Chris Cairns]], allegedly drunk, jumped into the CCI swimming pool the night before the deciding sixth ODI between [[Indian cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1995. He was dropped by coach [[Glenn Turner]] for the match.<ref name = "R4">
{{cite news
|title=Cairns bats for underprivileged kids
|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/cricket/2006/mar/23cairns.htm
|work=Rediff.com
|date=23 March 2006
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> India won the game and with it the series, with New Zealand scoring their lowest ODI total against India of 126.<ref name= "ESPNCRICINFO1">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64506.html
|title=New Zealand in India ODI Series – 6th ODI
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=10 January 2011
}}
</ref><ref name = "TOI2">
{{cite news
|title=Statistical highlights of India-New Zealand ODI
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/top-stories/28277697_1_gareth-hopkins-kyle-mills-odis
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/top-stories/28277697_1_gareth-hopkins-kyle-mills-odis
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 November 2012
|date=10 August 2010
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref>

===Tour games===
In recent years{{When|date=June 2023}}, a few of the teams visiting India have started their tour with a warm up match at the Brabourne. The match between Australia and [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in 1997–98 was noted for [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s first double hundred in first-class cricket. Mumbai won the game setting the tone for the rest of the tour.<ref name= "R">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1998/feb/26b.htm
|title=Bombay beat Australia by ten wickets
|work=Rediff.com
|access-date=18 June 2009
}}
</ref><ref name=mknox>
{{cite book
|last=Knox
|first=Malcolm
|title=The Greatest: The Players, the Moments, the Matches. 1993–2008
|year=2010
|publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing
|isbn=978-1-74066-998-6
|pages=152–153
}}</ref> In 2000, several Test level Indian players turned out for a Board Presidents XI in a three-day warm up game against the touring [[South Africa cricket team|South Africans]]. The match is remembered for Sachin Tendulkar announcing his resignation from the post of Captain of the Indian team at the press box.<ref name=SA/><ref name="IE2000">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000222/isp22073.html
| title=After Hayward, its Eksteen who has Indians tottering
| access-date=5 March 2011
| date=22 February 2000
|work=The Indian Express
}}</ref> In 2006, the CCI Presidents XI played an unofficial three-day game with the visiting [[English cricket team|England]] team.<ref name = "R5">
{{cite news
|title=Pietersen prefers bald top
|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/cricket/2006/feb/17piet.htm
|work=Rediff.com
|date=17 February 2006
|access-date=13 February 2011
}}</ref><ref name = "TT2">
{{cite news
|title=Easy win for England
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2332552/Easy-win-for-England.html
|work=The Daily Telegraph
|date=17 February 2006
|access-date=13 February 2011
|location=London
}}</ref>
Two one-day games were played here in 2014, one between India A and West Indies, the other against Sri Lanka.
The stadium also hosted a two-day warm-up match between the Board President's XI and the visiting South African team in 2015.
Brabourne Stadium also hosted two One day games between India A and England in early 2017. M.S. Dhoni was the captain of the India A team, the last time he was captaining a team. The stadium was filled to capacity and even though it was a warm up game. England were victorious in the first match while India A won the second game.

===2006 ICC Champions Trophy and first T20I===
[[File:Wankhede Mumbai.jpg|left|240px|thumb|Rain disrupts the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions Trophy]] final under lights at the ground]]
International cricket returned to the ground after an 11-year hiatus in 2006 for which the ground was renovated. Brabourne Stadium hosted five ODI matches including the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]] of the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions trophy]].<ref name = IE2/><ref name= "CRic">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/291569.html
|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2006–07
|date=20 April 2007
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}
</ref> Floodlights were installed at the ground for this tournament.<ref name= "TA">{{cite news
|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,20576731-2722,00.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215200007/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,20576731-2722,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 December 2012
|title=Lights will shine on Mumbai's grand gal
|work=The Australian
|access-date=18 June 2009
|date=14 October 2006
}}</ref> Raj Singh Dungarpur, then president of the CCI, said "... We are turning a page and it was long awaited. It is like getting married again.".<ref name=cricnext>
{{cite web
|title=Glory days back for CCI Mumbai
|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/glory-days-back-for-cci-mumbai/21098-13.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155651/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/glory-days-back-for-cci-mumbai/21098-13.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=5 October 2011
|publisher=Cricketnext.in
|access-date=9 April 2011
}}</ref> West Indian [[Jerome Taylor]] took a hat-trick against Australia in a group match. This was the first by a West Indian in ODIs, and the first in an ICC Champions Trophy.<ref name=ao2011>
{{cite news
|title=Roach does the trick for West Indies – Group B
|url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/?p=55106
|access-date=28 March 2011
|newspaper=[[Antigua Observer]]
|date=1 March 2011
}}</ref><ref name=bbcct>
{{cite news
|title=Nervy Pakistan overcome Windies
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8269403.stm
|access-date=28 March 2011
|work=BBC News
|date=23 September 2009
|first=Jamie
|last=Lillywhite
}}</ref> In the finals, the [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] beat the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] to claim the title for the first time. The game was hampered by rain and was decided by the [[Duckworth-Lewis]] system.<ref name= "TSMH">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html
|title=Aussies claim elusive trophy
|work=Sydney Morning Herald
|access-date=18 June 2009
|date=6 November 2006
}}
</ref> The pitch used for the matches faced criticism for being too slow for one-day cricket.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/263540.html
|title=Pitch for the Champions Trophy draws criticism
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|date=18 October 2006
|access-date=5 March 2011
}}</ref>

Brabourne Stadium hosted the first [[Twenty20 International]] on Indian soil, when India beat Australia in a one-off game in October 2007.<ref name= "TSMH1">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/tourists-felled-as-axemen-cometh/2007/10/21/1192940903086.html
|title=Tourists felled as axemen cometh
|work=Sydney Morning Herald
|access-date=18 June 2009
|date=22 October 2007
}}
</ref>

===Platinum Jubilee Test===
The [[Wankhede Stadium]] underwent renovation between 2008 and Brabourne hosted international and first-class matches in Mumbai during that period.<ref name=ien09>
{{cite news
|title=Focus moves off the pitch
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/focus-moves-off-the-pitch/547495/0
|access-date=17 February 2012
|newspaper=The Indian Express
|date=29 November 2009
}}</ref> It was scheduled to host a Test match (BCCI's and CCI's Platinum Jubilee Test) against England in December 2008 but the match was switched to the [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|PCA Stadium]] in [[Mohali]] following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. Though the Test match took place at Mohali, the Platinum Jubilee celebrations were shelved.<ref name = "TH4"/><ref name= "Red">
{{cite web
|url=http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2008/jun/14brab.htm
|title=Test cricket returns to Brabourne stadium
|work=Rediff.com
|access-date=18 June 2009
}}
</ref><ref name = "DNA4">
{{cite news
|title=No platinum jubilee celebrations in Mohali
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_no-platinum-jubilee-celebrations-in-mohali_1215205
|work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India
|date= 18 December 2008
|access-date=12 February 2011
}}</ref><ref name= "IT">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/other/2008/1208/1228571640103.html
|title=Full England squad to play India Tests
|newspaper=The Irish Times
|access-date=18 June 2009
}}
</ref>

The ground did finally host another Test match in 2009. After a gap of 36 years, 9 months, and 21 days{{spaced ndash}}the longest gap between two successive Tests at any international ground{{spaced ndash}}Brabourne Stadium hosted a Test match between India and Sri Lanka. [[Virender Sehwag]] scored a double century (293), but missed out on becoming the first person to score three triple centuries in Test cricket. India made their highest Test score of 726 for 9 and won the match by an innings. As a result of this win, India topped the [[ICC Test Championship]] for the first time.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvsl2009/content/current/story/438327.html
|title=India go top with thumping victory
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|access-date=6 December 2009
}}
</ref> On the first day of the Test, the then [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Ashok Chavan]] released a book commemorating 75 years of cricket at the CCI.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091203/sports.htm#1
|title=Book on CCI history released
|work=The Tribune |location=India
|access-date=4 March 2011
}}
</ref>

===T20 leagues===
CCI chose not to host the first season of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in 2008 as the IPL authorities wanted the club to hand over the pavilion to them on match days. Members enjoy the privilege of watching all matches from the members only clubhouse free of cost as per their rights enshrined in the club's constitution, something the club was unwilling to let go of and hence chose not to host IPL matches.<ref name = "TH2">
{{cite news
|title=Brabourne not a venue for IPL matches
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/15/stories/2008031557132200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319011442/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/15/stories/2008031557132200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 March 2008
|date= 15 March 2008
|access-date=10 February 2011
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title=Where should Mumbai Indians hold its IPL Matches?
|url=http://www.cricket360.com/1364-where-should-mumbai-indians-hold-its-ipl-matches.html
|work=Cricket 360
|date= 26 February 2009
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref>

As per IPL rules, the winner of the previous competition decides the venue for the finals.<ref name="Jaipur could lose its IPL matches">
{{cite news
|title=Jaipur could lose its IPL matches
|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/391001.html
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo
|date= 16 February 2009
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> In 2009, the reigning Champions, [[Rajasthan Royals]] chose the Brabourne Stadium to host the finals of the second season.<ref name="Jaipur could lose its IPL matches"/> However, the dispute regarding use of the pavilion meant that no IPL matches could be held at the ground. The members were offered free seats in the stands, however the club rejected the offer, stating that members could not be moved out of the pavilion.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=CCI members oppose restricted access proposal
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-15/mumbai/27999294_1_cci-members-ipl-robin-jaisinghani
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-15/mumbai/27999294_1_cci-members-ipl-robin-jaisinghani
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=11 August 2011
|date= 15 February 2009
|access-date=10 February 2011
|first1=Shibu
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|last1=Thomas
}}</ref> In the end, the second season was moved out of India and held in South Africa due to security concerns.<ref name = "BBC3">
{{cite news
|title=IPL confirms South Africa switch
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7958664.stm
|work=BBC News
|date= 24 March 2009
|access-date=11 February 2011
}}</ref>

These issues were sorted out in 2010 and the Brabourne Stadium played host to seven home matches of the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[IPL 2010|third season]].<ref name = "IE3">
{{cite news
|title=IPL matches from March 13, cops finalise security plans
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ipl-matches-from-march-13-cops-finalise-security-plans/588115/
|work=The Indian Express
|date= 8 April 2008
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Police]] charged a then record {{INR}} 9.8 million for providing security for these matches.<ref name=htsecurity>
{{cite news
|title=Police charge Rs 2.65 crore for World Cup security
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Police-charge-Rs-2-65-crore-for-World-Cup-security/Article1-690541.aspx
|access-date=23 May 2011
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=28 April 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430223922/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Police-charge-Rs-2-65-crore-for-World-Cup-security/Article1-690541.aspx
|archive-date=30 April 2011
|df=dmy
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

The ground was also scheduled to host three matches of the [[Champions League Twenty20|Champions League]] in [[2008 Champions League Twenty20|2008]],<ref name=thnov08>
{{cite news
|title=Taufel, Baxter to officiate in Champions League T20 final
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200811221632.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125192840/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200811221632.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 January 2013
|access-date=15 February 2012
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date=22 November 2008
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> however, the tournament was cancelled due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref name=dnafeb09>
{{cite news
|title=Big-time cricket beckons CCI
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_big-time-cricket-beckons-cci_1230314
|access-date=15 February 2012
|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis
|date=13 February 2009
}}</ref>

The stadium successfully hosted the Eliminator of IPL 7, scheduled to be played on 28 May 2014 between reigning IPL Champions [[Mumbai Indians]] and two time IPL winners [[Chennai Super Kings]], in which CSK emerged victorious.

===Eligible unit===

At its AGM in September 2013, the BCCI unanimously decided to allot international matches as per its rotation policy thereby bringing the ground back as a regular international venue. However, soon after the decision, the Mumbai Cricket Association objected to the resolution citing commercial reasons.<ref name="eligible unit mid day">{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Harit|title=Cricket Club of India to host international matches again|url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2013/sep/300913-cricket-club-of-india-to-host-international-matches-again.htm|access-date=3 October 2013|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="eligible unit times">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Gaurav|title=BCCI move for international cricket at CCI irks MCA|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/top-stories/42573670_1_bcci-agm-mca-chief-ravi-savant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/top-stories/42573670_1_bcci-agm-mca-chief-ravi-savant|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=3 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 October 2013}}</ref>

==Other activities==
[[File:Davis Cup 2006.jpg|thumb|The 2006 Davis Cup match in progress]]

===Cricket-related===
The North Stand of the Brabourne housed the BCCI headquarters and the 1983 Cricket World Cup trophy until 2006 when both were moved to the newly built Cricket Centre at the nearby [[Wankhede Stadium]].<ref name="DNA2008">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_kapil-to-hold-it-aloft-again_1172117
| title=Kapil to hold it aloft again
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=19 June 2008
|work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India
}}</ref><ref name="MD2006">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/sep/260908-John-Wright-called-entrance-of-BCCI-office-at-Brabourne-Stadium-the-greatest-camouflage.htm
| title=BOARD IN CONTROL NOW
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=28 September 2006
| work=[[Mid-Day]]
}}</ref> The CCI has played host to BCCI [[Annual General Meeting|AGM]]s<ref name=thsept06>
{{cite news
|title=Team Pawar set to continue
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/27/stories/2006092709022200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013054119/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/27/stories/2006092709022200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 October 2008
|access-date=15 February 2012
|date=27 September 2006
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> as well as [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] meetings.<ref name=tha2004>
{{cite news
|title=ACSU meet from May 9
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/24/stories/2004042404642000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620151542/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/24/stories/2004042404642000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 June 2004
|access-date=15 February 2012
|date=24 April 2004
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>

The ground has staged one under-19 Test match in 1992 when [[India Under-19 cricket team|India]] played [[New Zealand Under-19 cricket team|New Zealand]]<ref name=crarch1>
{{cite web
|title=New Zealand Under-19s in India 1991/92 (2nd Test)
|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55593.html
|publisher=Cricketarchive.com
|access-date=28 March 2011
}}</ref> as well as one [[Women's cricket]] One Day International match, again between [[India national women's cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand national women's cricket team|New Zealand]] in 2003.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/78/78491.html
| title=India Women v New Zealand Women – New Zealand Women in India 2003/04 (1st ODI)
| access-date=11 March 2011
| publisher=Cricketarchive.com
}}</ref> In 1995, it was the venue for the ''Masters cup'' tournament played by veteran cricketers representing India, Sri Lanka, Australia, West Indies, South Africa, and England.<ref name=crarch2>
{{cite web
|title=Masters Cup 1994/95
|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1994-95_IND_Masters_Cup_1994-95.html
|publisher=Cricketarchive.com
|access-date=28 March 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220013233/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1994-95_IND_Masters_Cup_1994-95.html
|archive-date=20 December 2011
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=ti95>
{{cite news
|title=Masters brave the big heat
|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4705511.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125044832/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4705511.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 January 2013
|access-date=14 April 2012
|newspaper=[[The Independent]]
|date=19 March 1995
}}</ref> Although the ground has not hosted a [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] match, it has been used as a practice venue during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name=toisl2011>
{{cite news
|title=Matthews yearns for a much bigger role
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news/28698460_1_kumar-sangakkara-mahela-jayawardene-angelo-matthews
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220014846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news/28698460_1_kumar-sangakkara-mahela-jayawardene-angelo-matthews
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 December 2011
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|date=16 March 2011
}}</ref>

In December 2012 it was announced that Brabourne would be one of the five venues which will host [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]] matches. The final of the tournament was held on 17 February 2013 at Brabourne Stadium where Australia beat West Indies.<ref>{{cite news|title=England Women start defence against Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/content/story/594920.html|access-date=14 December 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=3 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="women final bbc">{{cite news|last=Shemilt|first=Shemilt|title=Women's Cricket World Cup: Australia beat West Indies in final|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/21485520|access-date=3 October 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=17 February 2013}}</ref>

===Concerts and events===

In 1946, the leader of the [[Ismaili Muslim]]s, [[Aga Khan]], was weighed in diamonds at the ground, the diamonds were then donated to charity.<ref name=tth>
{{cite news
|title=Gems worth to charity
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gyVmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1729,3914095&dq=
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[The Telegraph-Herald]]
|date=11 March 1946
}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], addressed a packed Brabourne Stadium during a NUS convention in 1950.<ref name=kamath>
{{cite book
|last=Kamath
|first=M. V.
|title=Gandhi's coolie: life & times of Ramkrishna Bajaj
|year=1988
|publisher=Allied Publishers
|page=108
}}</ref> [[Nikita Khrushchev]], then chief of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], delivered a speech to a crowd of approximately 75,000 to 100,000 people at the ground in 1955.<ref name=tfo>
{{cite news
|title=School Children in India cheer top Red Leaders
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LG05AAAAIBAJ&pg=826,11913824&dq=
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[The Fayetteville Observer]]
|date=24 November 1955
}}</ref> In November 1971 a concert was organised at the stadium by the ''Bangladesh Aid Committee'' in support of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=banglawar>
{{cite book
|last=Kādira
|first=Muhāmmada Nūrula
|title=Independence of Bangladesh in 266 days: history and documentary evidence
|year=2004
|publisher=Mukto Publishers
|isbn=984-32-0858-7
|page=278
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qO5tAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] celebrated its centenary at the ground in 1985.<ref name=pwja>
{{cite book
|last=Phillip Whitehead
|first=Jad Adams
|title=The dynasty: the Nehru-Gandhi story
|year=1997
|publisher=Jad Adams
|isbn=1-57500-056-3
|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781575000565/page/286 286]
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781575000565/page/286
}}</ref> During this event, [[MF Husain]] was commissioned by the Congress to create 22 paintings within five days at Brabourne.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Gayatri|title=The Husain question will linger|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/op-ed/husain-question-will-linger-378|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=10 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906085135/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/op-ed/husain-question-will-linger-378|archive-date=6 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A performance by 700 dancers and thousands of musicians took place at Brabourne in the presence of [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1986. The performance interpreted religious themes through Indian dance.<ref name="Pope">
{{cite book
| title=The Indian review, Volume 64
| year=1965
| publisher=G.A. Natesan & Co.
|page=7
}}</ref>

Brabourne was the venue of the second [[Filmfare Awards]] ceremony in 1955.<ref name="TOIf">
{{cite news
| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/india/27859867_1_filmfare-statuette-bimal-roy-awards
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219224537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/india/27859867_1_filmfare-statuette-bimal-roy-awards
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=19 December 2011
| title=50 years of dreams, disappointments
| access-date=5 March 2011
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| date=25 February 2005
}}</ref> The 26th [[International Film Festival of India]] was held at the Brabourne in 1995.<ref name=pitambar>
{{cite book
|author2=Paresh Saxena
|author1=B.N. Ahuja
|title=Pitambar's Handbook of General Knowledge
|year=2006
|publisher=Pitambar Publishing
|isbn=81-209-0516-4
|page=15
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5tsdiXbwaQC
}}</ref> The ground has played host to a few Music bands. In 1994, [[Bryan Adams]] performed at the Brabourne, which was his first concert in India.<ref name = "R2">
{{cite news
|title=Bryan Adams to perform in WC opening
|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/world-cup-2011-bryan-adams-to-perform-in-opening-ceremony/20110207.htm
|work=Rediff.com
|date= 7 February 2011
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> The [[Zubin Mehta]]–led [[Israel Philharmonic]] orchestra performed four concerts at Brabourne in 1994, each with a capacity crowd of 15,000.<ref name=tnyt>
{{cite news
|title=CHRONICLE
|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60917F63B5C0C748CDDA00894DC494D81
|access-date=1 April 2011
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|date=7 September 1994
|first=Elaine
|last=Louie
}}</ref> [[The Rolling Stones]] performed at the ground during their [[Licks Tour]] on 7 April 2003 to a sold-out crowd of 25,000 people.<ref name = "BBC1">
{{cite news
|title=Stones sell out Bombay
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2924379.stm
|work=BBC News
|date= 7 April 2007
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> [[Plácido Domingo]] performed at the Brabourne in 2008 as part of a concert.<ref name=ieoct08>
{{cite news
|title=Voice is like the most jealous woman in the world
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/voice-is-like-the-most-jealous-woman-in-the-world/371477/0
|access-date=16 February 2012
|newspaper=The Indian Express
|date=9 October 2008
}}</ref> Some Indian artists, such as [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], have also performed at the ground.<ref name= Khalid/><ref name="lata">
{{cite book
| title=In search of Lata Mangeshkar
|author=Harish Bhimani
| author-link=Harish Bhimani
| year=1995
| publisher=Indus
| isbn=81-7223-170-9
|pages=166, 271
}}</ref> [[Awwal Number]], a [[Bollywood]] movie starring [[Aamir Khan]] and directed by [[Dev Anand]], was shot at the ground in the late 1980s.<ref name="Amir">{{cite news
| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-15/top-stories/28102588_1_sachin-tendulkar-indian-team-kapil-dev
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220014840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-15/top-stories/28102588_1_sachin-tendulkar-indian-team-kapil-dev
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=20 December 2011
| title=I love Sachin's intensity: Aamir Khan
| access-date=5 March 2011
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| date=15 November 2009
}}</ref>

===Other sports===

The ground hosted its first international tennis fixture in 1963, a [[Davis Cup]] tie where [[India Davis Cup team|India]] lost to the [[United States Davis Cup team|United States]].<ref name=tdn1963>
{{cite news
|title=U.S. Davis Cup netters sweep India 5–0, Head for Aussie Test (Page 11)
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Aul-kAQHnToC&dat=19631104&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
|access-date=25 May 2011
|newspaper=[[The Deseret News]]
|date=4 November 1963
}}</ref><ref name="rus1">
{{cite web
| url=http://inhome.rediff.com/sports/2006/mar/11davis.htm
| title=Cretois referee for India-Pakistan Davis Cup tie
| access-date=5 March 2011
| date=11 March 2006
| work=Rediff.com
}}</ref><ref name="rus2">
{{cite web
| url=http://inhome.rediff.com/sports/2006/mar/24prakash.htm
| title=Amritrajs going an ace up
| access-date=5 March 2011
| date=27 March 2006
| work=Rediff.com
}}</ref> Brabourne next hosted a Davis Cup match 43 years later in April 2006, an Asia-Oceania second round Group I tennis match where India defeated [[Pakistan Davis Cup team|Pakistan]].<ref name = "R3">
{{cite news
|title=It was all about the mind and the heart
|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/sports/2006/apr/09comments.htm
|work=Rediff.com
|date=9 April 2006
|access-date=10 February 2011
}}</ref> An [[ATP Tour]] tournament, the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], was held at the CCI tennis courts next to the ground in 2006 and 2007.<ref name="UPI">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2008/05/20/UPI-NewsTrack-Sports/UPI-58811211318100/
| title=ATP moves event from Mumbai to Bangalore
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=20 May 2008
| work=United Press International
}}</ref><ref name="THs2007">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092461202000.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113190620/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092461202000.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=13 November 2007
| title=From French toast to French tennis
| access-date=4 March 2011
| date=24 September 2007
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> A [[association football|football]] [[exhibition game]] was held at the ground in 1955 when national champion Bombay played the visiting [[Soviet Union national football team|Soviet Union team]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Soccer Team's Solitary Goal Win Over Bombay XI |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=27 February 1955 |page=18}}</ref> When Brabourne went out of favour for cricket matches in the 1970s, it held dog races and [[Rovers Cup]] football matches.<ref name=rediff07>
{{cite news
|title=Dungarpur quits as CCI president
|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/cricket/2007/aug/04cci.htm
|access-date=11 February 2012
|work=Rediff.com
|date=4 August 2007
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[List of international cricket centuries at Brabourne Stadium]]
* [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Brabourne Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1140.html Score card of matches played at Brabourne stadium.]
* {{cite book |title= CCI and the Brabourne Stadium |last1 = Raiji |first1 = Vasant |author-link1 = Vasant Raiji | last2 = Dossa |first2 = Anandji |author-link2 = Anandji Dossa |year = 1987 |publisher = Cricket Club of India }}
* {{cite book |title= A History of Indian Cricket |last = Bose|first = Mihir |author-link = Mihir Bose |year= 1990 |publisher= Andre Deutsch }}
* {{cite book |title= Twenty two yards to freedom |last = Majumdar |first = Boria |author-link = Boria Majumdar |year= 2004 |publisher= Penguin }}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{2006 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cricket in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1937]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Jagjit Singh Dardi

2023-09-17T14:14:06Z

ThejasKDas: Created page with ''''Jagjit Singh Dardi''' (born 19 January 1949) is a journalist and an educationist from the Indian State of Punjab. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Punjabi language daily newspaper Chardikala, a newspaper that was started in 1977. In 1970 Dardi started a fortnightly Charhdikala Marg, whose Founder Editor was his father G Harnam Singh. This fortnightly paper was converted into a daily newspaper in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chardikla...'

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
'''Jagjit Singh Dardi''' (born 19 January 1949) is an [[India]]n journalist and an educationist from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the [[Punjabi language]] daily newspaper ''Chardikala'', a newspaper that was started in 1977. In 1970 Dardi started a fortnightly Charhdikala Marg, whose Founder Editor was his father G Harnam Singh. This fortnightly paper was converted into a daily newspaper in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chardikla group celebrated Media baron Jagjit Singh Dardi’s birthday |url=https://www.royalpatiala.in/chardikla-group-celebrated-media-baron-jagjit-singh-dardis-birthday/ |website=Royal Patiala |publisher=Royal Patiala |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> He is the Chairman of the Punjabi news channel Chardilkala Time TV. He is also the Chairman of Sri Guru Harkrishan Group of Institutes, a chain of higher education institutes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Exchange4Media Staff |title=Veteran journalist Jagjit Singh Dardi to be conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/veteran-journalist-jagjit-singh-dardi-to-be-conferred-with-padma-shri-118063.html |website=e4m |publisher=exchange4media |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founder of Sri Harkrishan group of Institutes - Jagjit Singh Dardi |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-amritsar/20140613/281719792652662 |website=The Press Reader |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in the year 2022 for his services in national integration, communal harmony, contributions in the field of media, education and promotion of Punjabi language, culture and heritage.In 2022, Department of Public Relations Chandigarh administration announced Dardi as a Chairperson of the Chandigarh Press Accreditation Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.babushahi.com/punjabi/full-news.php?id=185009|title=ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ : ਪ੍ਰੈਸ ਐਕਰੀਡੇਸ਼ਨ ਕਮੇਟੀ ਦਾ ਪੁਨਰਗਠਨ, ਜਗਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਰਦੀ ਚੇਅਰਮੈਨ ਬਣੇ|trans-title=Chandigarh: Reconstitution of Press Accreditation Committee, Jagjit Singh Dardi became Chairman|website=Babushahi.com|date=24 November 2022|access-date=4 September 2023|language=pa}}</ref> Punjabi Media house [[Nirpakh Post]] publish a biography of Dardi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nirpakhpost.com/journalist-jagjit-singh-dardi/|title=‘ਪਦਮ ਸ੍ਰੀ’ ਤੱਕ ਪੁੱਜਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ ‘ਦਰਦੀ’|trans-title=The journalist who reached 'Padma Shri' is 'Dardi'.|date=25 February 2023|language=pa}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions==
*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Jagjit Singh Dardi for his distinguished service in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Veteran Punjabi Media Leader and Educationist, Chairman of Chardikala group".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

Other recognitions conferred on Jagjit Singh Dardi include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Award for Jagjit Singh Dardi |url=https://patialapolitics.com/padma-shri-award-for-s-jagjit-singh-dardi/ |website=Patiala Politics |publisher=Patiala Politics |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

*Shiromani Patarkar Award by President of India in 1998
*Shiromani Sahitkar Award by Govt. of Punjab in 1992
*Honoured by World Punjabi Conferences in 1997 in the US and in Canada in 1989
*Member of Press/ Media Advisory Committees of Lok Sabha in 1997-98 and Rajya Sabha in 2014
*Member of the executive committee of The Newspaper Society (INS) since 1988
*Member of Press Council of India since 2001
*Member of Prime Ministers' media delegation since 1993

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dardi, Jagjit Singh}}
[[Category:Journalists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]

Dhal dynasty

2023-09-17T13:46:03Z

ThejasKDas:

{{Short description|Feudal dynasty in India}}
The '''Dhal dynasty''' was a dynasty that ruled the parts of the present-day [[Indian states]] of [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]], known as the Rajas of [[Dhalbhum]] or [[Ghatshila]]. Their capital was located at [[Ghatshila]] in [[East Singhbhum district]]. Their rule lasted till the British era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J |first=Reid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPk2AQAAMAAJ&dq=dhal+Dynasty&pg=RA1-PA3 |title=Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of Pargana Dhalbhum in the District of Singhbhum, 1906 to 1911 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Revenue |first1=Bihar (India) Board of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWtyw55jMpkC&dq=dhal+raja&pg=PA12 |title=Final Report on the Revisional Survey and Settlement Operations of Pargana Dhalbhum in the District of Singhbhum (1934-38) |last2=Lacey |first2=Walter Graham |publisher=Superintendent, Government Print. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVhQAQAAMAAJ&q=dhalbhum+raja |title=Journal of Historical Research |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en}}</ref>

The rulers played an important role in the early freedom struggles against the British; such as in the [[Chuar rebellion]] (1767–1777) and the [[Bhumij rebellion]] (1832–33). Raja Jagannath Dhal in 1769, along with his fellow sardars Jagannath Singh Patar of Dampara, Subal Singh of Kuilapal and Shyam Gunjam Singh of Dhadka rebelled against the [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gouripada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=Jagannath+dhal&pg=PA15 |title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> The Last ruler Raja Shatrughan Dhabal Deo died without any male issue and gifted Dhalbhum estate to his cousin nephew Raja Jagadish Chandra Dhabal Deo of Jamboni estate in 1905.

== Origin ==
According to [[Edward Tuite Dalton|Colonel Dalton]] and [[H.H. Risley]], the royal family of [[Dhalbhum]] was the members of the primitive [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] race, who was selected by the other Bhumij chiefs as their feudal ruler. The zamindars later became Hinduised, and adopted the title 'Dhal' or 'Dhabal Deo'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7qUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA150&dq=dhalbhum+bhumij&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMgavSoaeBAxUIUGwGHSh-CCEQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=dhalbhum%20bhumij&f=false |title=Census of India, 1901: India (4 v.) |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J |first=Reid |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hPk2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dhalbhum+bhumij&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dhalbhum%20bhumij&f=false |title=Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of Pargana Dhalbhum in the District of Singhbhum, 1906 to 1911 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref>

== Rulers ==
Some of the notable rulers of the dynasty were –

* Raja Jagannath Dhal
* Raja Chitreshwar Dhal
* Raja Baikunth Dhal
* Raja Ramchandra Dhal
* Raja Shatrughan Dhal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Sufi Festival, Maner

2023-09-16T15:05:19Z

ThejasKDas: Wrote an enlightening piece.

'''Sufi Mahotsav''' is an annual Musical event organised at the Chhoti Dargah in [[Maner Sharif]]. It is organised on the death anniversary of Syed Shah Kamaluddin Yahya Maneri every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनेर शरीफ में सूफी महोत्सव का होगा भव्य आयोजन : डॉ चंद्रशेखर |url=https://www.patnanow.com/grand-event-of-sufi-festival-will-be-held-in-maner-sharif-dr-chandrashekhar/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Your Site NAME Goes HERE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 जून को मनेर में होगा सूफी महोत्सव का आयोजन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-sufi-festival-will-be-organized-in-maner-on-12th-june-6522186.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> It is organised by the Dargah Committee and Tourism Department of Government of Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sufi Festival 2023: मनेरशरीफ में सूफी महोत्सव 2023 का आयोजन, बॉलीवुड के सूफी गायकों ने बांधा समां |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/sufi-festival-2023-organized-in-maner-sharif-patna/bh20230605092443310310297 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hindi}}</ref>

== History ==
It is being organised since year 2011, it was organised after the [[Sufi Festival, Kako]]. It is being in inaugurated by Chief Minister of Bihar or by the Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनेर में सूफी महोत्सव का आयोजन, 'छाप तिलक सब छिनी रे' पर झूमे लोग |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-sufi-festival-organised-in-maner-sarif-1020162.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सूफी महोत्सव को लेकर तैयारियों का जायजा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-administration-takes-stock-of-arrangement-regarding-sufi-mahotsav-18076334.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
It was organised in the month of June and was inaugurated by Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Maner Assembly constituency]], [[Bhai Virendra]]. It was participated by the Sufi singer Altamash Faridi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनेर र सूफी महोत्सव चारशरीफ दरगाह |url=https://www.inextlive.com/bihar/patna/maner-sufi-festival-charsharif-dargah-1685732253 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=inextlive |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== 2022 ===
It was organised in the month of June was inaugurated by the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Tarkishore Prasad]]. It was participated by Singer [[Altaf Raja]] and Qawwal Dilshad Irshad Sabri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनेर शरीफ दरगाह में सूफी महोत्सव का आयोजन, सिंगर अल्ताफ राजा ने बांधा समां |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/sufi-festival-organized-at-maner-dargah-in-patna/bh20220613084852157157420 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> It was held after two years due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav planned at different sites in Bihar, celebrations to begin from Sept 17 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-planned-at-different-sites-in-bihar-celebrations-to-begin-from-sept-17-101631339946383.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Music festivals established in 2011]]
[[Category:Hindustani classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Islamic music festivals]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Bihar]]

Rakri

2023-09-07T05:02:15Z

ThejasKDas: Page shaped.

'''Rakri''' may refer to:

* [[Rakri, Madhya Pradesh]], a village in Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh
* [[Rakri, Punjab]], a census town in Hoshiarpur district, Punjab, India
* [[Rakri, Uttar Pradesh]], a village in Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh

== See also ==
* [[Rakari]]

{{place name disambiguation}}

Asianet

2023-07-11T16:40:55Z

ThejasKDas: Shared a valuable publication.

'''Asianet''' may refer to:

==Disney Star channels==
*[[Disney Star Asianet]], an Indian media conglomerate wholly owned by The Walt Disney Company India
**[[Asianet (TV channel)]], a Malayalam language general entertainment channel
**[[Asianet Plus]], a Malayalam language general entertainment channel
**[[Asianet Movies]], a Malayalam language movies channel

== Asianet News Network (ANN) channels ==

*[[Asianet News Network]], an Indian news media company wholly owned by Jupiter Capital
**[[Asianet News]] (formerly Asianet Global), a Malayalam language news channel
**[[Asianet Suvarna News]] (formerly Asianet Suvarna), a Kannada news channel

==Asianet Satellite Communications==
*[[Asianet Satellite Communications]], business name Asianet Digital TV, an Indian cable and media company
**[[Asianet Mobile TV +]], a media platform

{{disambig}}

Ig Nobel Prize

2022-09-28T07:31:58Z

ThejasKDas: Just completed a new creation.

{{short description|Annually awarded parody of the Nobel Prize}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
[[Image:Frog diamagnetic levitation.jpg|thumb|The 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to [[Andre Geim]], [[Radboud University Nijmegen]], and [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]], [[University of Bristol]], UK, for the [[magnetic levitation]] of a live frog. Geim was awarded an actual Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/2010/10/05/geim-becomes-first-nobel-ig-nobel-winner/ |title=Geim becomes first Nobel & Ig Nobel winner |publisher=Improbable.com |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref>]]

The '''Ig Nobel Prize''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|ɡ|n|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɛ|l}} {{respell|IG|noh|BEL|'}}) is a [[satire|satiric]] prize awarded annually since 1991 to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Its aim is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think." The name of the award is a pun on the [[Nobel Prize]], which it parodies, and on the word ''[[wikt:ignoble|ignoble]]'' ("not noble").

Organized by the scientific humor magazine, ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'' (AIR), the Ig Nobel Prizes are presented by [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] in a ceremony at the [[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Sanders Theater]], at [[Harvard University]], and are followed by the winners' public lectures at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/technology/2012/09/ig-nobel-prize-2012-improbable-research-presented-in-sept-20-ceremony-and-this-is-improbable-book.html |title=The Greatest Hits of Weird Science: What the Oscars could learn from the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony |author-link=Marc Abrahams |first=Marc |last=Abrahams |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]] |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
The Ig Nobels were created in 1991 by [[Marc Abrahams]], editor and co-founder of the ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'', a former editor-in-chief of the ''[[Journal of Irreproducible Results]]'', who has been master of ceremonies at all awards ceremonies. Awards were presented at that time for discoveries "that cannot, or should not, be reproduced". Ten prizes are awarded each year in many categories, including the Nobel Prize categories of physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, literature, and peace, but also other categories such as public health, engineering, biology, and interdisciplinary research. The Ig Nobel Prizes recognize genuine achievements, with the exception of three prizes awarded in the first year to fictitious scientists [[Josiah S. Carberry]], Paul DeFanti,<ref>[http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N41/jackso.41o.html "Ig Nobel prizes display wit, fun, drunks"], ''[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]]'', vol. 111, issue 41</ref> and [[Administratium|Thomas Kyle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ig Nobel Prizes Go to Those Likely to Be Overlooked : Lampoon: MIT researchers create the new series of awards, named after the 'inventor of soda pop.' Among the first winners are Vice President Dan Quayle and imprisoned junk-bond king Michael Milken. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-05-mn-3178-story.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The awards are sometimes criticism via satire, as in the two awards given for [[homeopathy]] research, prizes in "science education" to the [[Kansas State Department of Education]] and [[Colorado State Board of Education]] for their [[Kansas evolution hearings|stance]] regarding the [[Creation and evolution in public education|teaching of evolution]], and the prize awarded to ''[[Social Text]]'' after the [[Sokal affair]]. Most often, however, they draw attention to [[scientific articles]] that have some humorous or unexpected aspect. Examples range from the discovery that the presence of humans tends to sexually arouse [[ostrich]]es, to the statement that [[black hole]]s fulfill all the technical requirements for being the location of Hell, to research on the "[[five-second rule]]", a tongue-in-cheek belief that food dropped on the floor will not become contaminated if it is picked up within five seconds.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html| title = Improbable.com Ig Nobel Past Winners| access-date = July 10, 2019| archive-date = September 6, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190906104917/https://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Sir [[Andre Geim]], who had been awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in 2000 for levitating a frog by magnetism, was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 2010 for his work with the electromagnetic properties of [[graphene]]. He is the only individual, as of 2023, to have received both a Nobel and an Ig Nobel.<ref name="Overbye_NYT">{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |author1-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Physics Nobel Honors Work on Ultra-Thin Carbon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/science/06nobel.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 30, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924123720/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/science/06nobel.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=2014-09-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Ceremony ==
The prizes are mostly presented by [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], originally at a ceremony in a lecture hall at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] but since 1994 in the [[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Sanders Theater]] at [[Harvard University]].<ref name=":0" /> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], 2020 and 2021's event was held fully online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Ceremony|url=https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/the-30th-first-annual-ig-nobel-prize-ceremony/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Improbable Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the Ig Nobel Prize and who won it this year?|url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/18/what-is-the-ig-nobel-prize-and-who-won-it-this-year-13289325/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ig Nobel Awards Go Virtual|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/ignobels-2020/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Science Friday|language=en-US}}</ref> The event contains a number of running jokes, including Miss Sweetie Poo, a little girl who repeatedly cries out, "Please stop: I'm bored", in a high-pitched voice if speakers go on too long.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |first=Kees |last=Moeliker |author-link=Kees Moeliker |title=Infinity and so much more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/oct/11/highereducation.research1 |publisher=Education.guardian.co.uk |access-date=November 17, 2018 |location=London}}</ref> The awards ceremony is traditionally closed with the words: "If you didn't win a prize—and especially if you did—better luck next year!"

The ceremony is co-sponsored by the Harvard Computer Society, the [[Harvard–Radcliffe Science Fiction Association]] and the Harvard–Radcliffe Society of Physics Students.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/| title = Improbable.com: "About the Ig Nobel prize"| access-date = July 8, 2019| archive-date = June 4, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604012502/https://www.improbable.com/ig/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Throwing [[paper plane]]s onto the stage is a long-standing tradition. For many years Professor [[Roy J. Glauber]] swept the stage clean of the airplanes as the official "Keeper of the Broom". Glauber could not attend the 2005 awards because he was traveling to Stockholm to claim a genuine [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/2018/12/27/sad-news-roy-glauber-paper-airplane-sweeper-and-physicist-of-light-is-gone/ |work=Improbable.com |title=Roy Glauber, paper airplane sweeper, is gone }}</ref>

The "Parade of Ignitaries" into the hall includes supporting groups. At the 1997 ceremonies, a team of "cryogenic sex researchers" distributed a pamphlet titled "Safe Sex at [[Liquid helium|Four Kelvin]]."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/10/a-gala-night-for-weird-science/ |first=Scott |last=Kirsner |title=A Gala Night for Weird Science |magazine=Wired }}</ref> Delegates from the [[Museum of Bad Art]] are often on hand to display some pieces from their collection.{{citation needed}}

== Outreach ==
The ceremony is recorded and broadcast on [[NPR|National Public Radio]] in the US and is shown live over the Internet. The recording is broadcast each year, on the Friday after US [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], on the public radio program ''[[Science Friday]]''. In recognition of this, the audience chants the name of the radio show's host, [[Ira Flatow]].{{citation needed}}

Two books have been published with write-ups on some winners: ''The Ig Nobel Prize''<ref>2002, US paperback {{ISBN|0-452-28573-9}}, UK paperback {{ISBN|0-7528-4261-7}}</ref> and ''The Ig Nobel Prize 2'',<ref>2005, US hardcover {{ISBN|0-525-94912-7}}, UK hardcover {{ISBN|0-7528-6461-0}}</ref> the latter of which was later retitled ''The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself''.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9780452287723 |title=The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself |first=Marc |last=Abrahams |publisher=Plume |year=2006 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhotriedtoclo0000abra }}</ref>

An Ig Nobel Tour has been an annual part of National Science week in the United Kingdom since 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/navstrip/airshows/info/Ig-Nobel_UK_hosting_info.pdf |title=The Ig Nobel Tour of the UK |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> The tour has also traveled to Australia several times, [[Aarhus University]] in Denmark in April 2009, Italy and The Netherlands.{{citation needed}}

== Reception ==
A September 2009 article in ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'' titled "A noble side to Ig Nobels" says that, although the Ig Nobel Awards are veiled criticism of trivial research, history shows that trivial research sometimes leads to important breakthroughs.<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Matthews |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/science/a-noble-side-to-ig-nobels-1.532698 |title=A Noble Side to Ig Nobels |website=The National |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> For instance, in 2006, a study showing that one of the malaria [[mosquito]]es (''[[Anopheles gambiae]]'') is attracted equally to the smell of [[Limburger|Limburger cheese]] and the smell of human feet<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bart |last=Knols |title=On human odour, malaria mosquitoes, and Limburger cheese |journal=Lancet |volume=348 |issue=9037 |page=1322 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65812-6 |pmid=8909415 |s2cid=12571262 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(05)65812-6.pdf |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology. As a direct result of these findings, traps baited with this cheese have been placed in strategic locations in some parts of Africa to combat the epidemic of malaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2006 |title=The 2006 Ig Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=Improbable.com |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Parasitology Today |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=159–161 |title=Limburger cheese as an attractant for the malaria mosquito ''Anopheles gambiae s.s.'' |first1=Bart |last1=Knols |first2=Ruurd |last2=De Jong |doi=10.1016/0169-4758(96)10002-8 |pmid=15275226 }}</ref> And [[Andre Geim]], before sharing the 2010 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his research on [[graphene]], shared the Physics Ig Nobel in [[List of Ig Nobel Prize winners#2000|2000]] with [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]] for the magnetic levitation of a frog, which by 2022 was reportedly part of the inspiration for China's [[Gravitation of the Moon#Simulating lunar gravity|lunar gravity research]] facility.<ref name=Futurism01a>{{cite web |title=China building "Artificial Moon" that simulates low gravity with magnets|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/china-artificial-moon-magnets|website=Futurism.com|publisher=Recurrent Ventures|access-date=17 January 2022 |quote=Interestingly, the facility was partly inspired by previous research conducted by Russian physicist Andrew Geim in which he floated a frog with a magnet. The experiment earned Geim the Ig Nobel Prize in Physics, a satirical award given to unusual scientific research. It’s cool that a quirky experiment involving floating a frog could lead to something approaching an honest-to-God antigravity chamber.}}</ref><ref name=scmp2022-01-12a>{{cite web |author=Stephen Chen|title=China has built an artificial moon that simulates low-gravity conditions on Earth|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3162972/china-has-built-artificial-moon-simulates-low-gravity-conditions|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=17 January 2022 |quote=It is said to be the first of its kind and could play a key role in the country’s future lunar missions. Landscape is supported by a magnetic field and was inspired by experiments to levitate a frog.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Ig Nobel Prize winners]]
* [[Darwin Awards]] – an award for enriching the human gene pool by idiotic self-destruction
* [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] – awards for bad movies
* [[Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest]] – an award for bad writing
* [[Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year|''Bookseller''/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year]] – a book prize
* [[Pigasus Award]] – exposing parapsychological, paranormal, or psychic frauds
* [[Golden Fleece Award]] – award for waste of government funds; often awarded for government-paid research considered frivolous or wasteful
* [[Foot in Mouth Award]] – an award presented by the [[Plain English Campaign]] for "a baffling comment by a public figure"
* [["British scientists"]] – Russian joke regarding absurd news reports about scientific discoveries

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://improbable.com/ig/about-the-ig-nobel-prizes/}}
* [https://improbable.com/ig/winners/ Index to list of past winners]
* {{cite web |publisher= [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] |first= Marc |last= Abrahams |url= https://www.ted.com/talks/marc_abrahams_a_science_award_that_makes_you_laugh_then_think |title= A science award that makes you laugh, then think }}

[[Category:Ig Nobel Prize| ]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1991]]
[[Category:Harvard University]]
[[Category:Ironic and humorous awards]]
[[Category:Humour in science]]

Heraldry

2022-06-29T21:10:20Z

ThejasKDas: New page content.

{{Short description|Heraldic achievements' design and transmission}}
[[File:Hyghalmen Roll Late 1400s.jpg|thumb|The German ''[[Hyghalmen Roll]]'' was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See [[Roll of arms]]).]]

'''Heraldry''' is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as [[vexillology]], together with the study of [[ceremony]], [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|rank]] and [[genealogy|pedigree]].<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p=1}}; {{harvp|Friar|1987|p=183}}</ref><ref>''[[Webster's 3rd new international|Webster's Third New International Dictionary]]'', [[Merriam-Webster|C. & G. Merriam Company]], Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960).</ref> Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the [[Achievement (heraldry)|heraldic achievement]]. The achievement, or armorial bearings usually includes a [[coat of arms]] on a [[escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]], [[helmet (heraldry)|helmet]] and [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]], together with any accompanying devices, such as [[supporter]]s, [[Heraldic badge|badges]], [[Heraldic flag|heraldic banners]] and [[motto]]es.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=1, 57–59}}</ref>

Although the use of various devices to signify individuals and groups goes back to [[Ancient history|antiquity]], both the form and use of such devices varied widely, as the concept of regular, hereditary designs, constituting the distinguishing feature of heraldry, did not develop until the [[High Middle Ages]].<ref name="CGH 1–18">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=1–18}}</ref> It is often claimed that the use of helmets with face guards during this period made it difficult to recognize one's commanders in the field when large armies gathered together for extended periods, necessitating the development of heraldry as a symbolic language, but there is little support for this view.<ref name="CGH 1–18"/><ref>[[John Brooke-Little]], ''An Heraldic Alphabet'', Macdonald, London (1973), p. 2.</ref>

The perceived beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as "the handmaid of history",<ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=5}}</ref> "the shorthand of history",<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p= v}}</ref> and "the floral border in the garden of history".<ref>[[Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk]] & [[Don Pottinger|Pottinger]], ''Simple Heraldry'', Thomas Nelson (1953).</ref> In modern times, individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, regions, and other entities use heraldry and its conventions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=19–26}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of heraldry}}
===Precursors===
Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years. The earliest representations of distinct persons and regions in [[ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] art show the use of standards topped with the images or symbols of various gods, and the names of kings appear upon emblems known as [[serekh]]s, representing the king's palace, and usually topped with a falcon representing the god [[Horus]], of whom the king was regarded as the earthly incarnation. Similar emblems and devices are found in ancient [[Mesopotamia]]n art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the [[griffin]] can also be found.<ref name="CGH 1–18"/> In the [[Bible]], the [[Book of Numbers]] refers to the standards and ensigns of the [[Israelites|children of Israel]], who were commanded to gather beneath these emblems and declare their pedigrees.<ref>[[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], i. 2, 18, 52; ii. 2, 34; quoted by William Sloane Sloane-Evans, in ''A Grammar of British Heraldry'', John Russell Smith, London (1854), p. ix (quoted by {{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=6}}.</ref> The Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes,<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=6–10}}</ref> and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields.<ref>''Notitia Dignitatum'', Bodleian Library</ref> At least one pre-historic European object, the [[Nebra sky disc]], is also thought to serve as a heraldic precursor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc |url=https://www.academia.edu/43158757 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1, 9 |via=academia.edu}}</ref>

Until the nineteenth century, it was common for heraldic writers to cite examples such as these, and metaphorical symbols such as the "Lion of Judah" or "Eagle of the Caesars" as evidence of the antiquity of heraldry itself; and to infer therefrom that the great figures of ancient history bore arms representing their noble status and descent. The [[Book of Saint Albans]], compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p=6}}</ref> These claims are now regarded as the fantasy of medieval heralds, as there is no evidence of a distinctive symbolic language akin to that of heraldry during this early period; nor do many of the shields described in antiquity bear a close resemblance to those of medieval heraldry; nor is there any evidence that specific symbols or designs were passed down from one generation to the next, representing a particular person or line of descent.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=11–16}}</ref>

The medieval heralds also [[attributed arms|devised arms]] for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to [[Pharamond]], the cross and martlets of [[Edward the Confessor]], and the various arms attributed to the [[Nine Worthies]] and the Knights of the [[Round Table]]. These too are readily dismissed as fanciful inventions, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry.

<gallery class="center">
File:Narmer Palette serpopard side.jpg|Reverse of the [[Narmer Palette]], ''circa'' 3100 BC. The top row depicts four men carrying standards. Directly above them is a serekh containing the name of the king, [[Narmer]].
File:NAMA Mycènes bouclier 2.jpg|Fresco depicting a shield of a type common in Mycenaean Greece.
File:Hoplitodromos Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1471.jpg|Vase with Greek soldiers in armor, ''circa'' 550 BC.
File:RMW - Legionärsschild.jpg|A reconstruction of a shield that would have been carried by a Roman [[Legionary]].
File:Bodl Canon.Misc.378 roll159B frame28.jpg|alt=Shields from the "Magister Militum Praesentalis II". From the Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands.|Shields from the "Magister Militum Praesentalis II". From the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'', a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands. However, it is likely the art on the shields are made to fit the time/age and not from the original.
File:Harold dead bayeux tapestry.png|The death of [[Harold Godwinson|King Harold]], from the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]. The shields look heraldic, but do not seem to have been personal or hereditary emblems.
</gallery>

===Origins of modern heraldry===
{{see also|List of oldest heraldry}}
[[File:Geoffrey of Anjou Monument.jpg|thumb|Enamel from the tomb of [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou]], one of the earliest depictions of modern heraldry.]]
The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to a single individual, time, or place. Although certain designs that are now considered heraldic were evidently in use during the eleventh century, most accounts and depictions of shields up to the beginning of the twelfth century contain little or no evidence of their heraldic character. For example, the [[Bayeux Tapestry]], illustrating the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman invasion]] of England in 1066, and probably commissioned about 1077, when the cathedral of Bayeux was rebuilt,{{efn-lr|This was undertaken by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and half-brother of William I, whose conquest of England is commemorated by the tapestry.}} depicts a number of shields of various shapes and designs, many of which are plain, while others are decorated with dragons, crosses, or other typically heraldic figures. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the same arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|pp=29–31}}</ref><ref name="CGH 14–16">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=14–16}}</ref>

Similarly, an account of the French knights at the court of the Byzantine emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I]] at the beginning of the twelfth century describes their shields of polished metal, devoid of heraldic design. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic.<ref name="ToH 26">{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=26}}</ref> The [[Basilica of St Denis|Abbey of St. Denis]] contained a window commemorating the knights who embarked on the [[Second Crusade]] in 1147, and was probably made soon after the event; but [[Bernard de Montfaucon|Montfaucon's]] illustration of the window before it was destroyed shows no heraldic design on any of the shields.<ref name="CGH 14–16"/><ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=31}}</ref>

In England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. Beginning in the twelfth century, seals assumed a distinctly heraldic character; a number of seals dating from between 1135 and 1155 appear to show the adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=1}}</ref> A notable example of an early armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by [[Philip I, Count of Flanders]], in 1164. Seals from the latter part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism, but by the end of the twelfth century, seals are uniformly heraldic in nature.<ref name="ToH 26"/><ref>{{harvp|Wagner|1946|p=8}}</ref>

One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou]], who died in 1151.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=62}}</ref> An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated with six golden lions rampant.{{efn-lr|Only four lions are visible in this depiction, in which the shield is shown in profile, but judging from their position, there must have been six; the tomb of Geoffrey's grandson, William Longspée, shows him bearing an apparently identical shield, but on this all six lions are at least partly visible.}} He wears a blue helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], in 1128; but this account probably dates to about 1175.<ref>C. A. Stothard, ''Monumental Effigies of Great Britain'' (1817) pl. 2, illus. in {{harvp|Wagner|1946|loc=pl. I}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Pastoureau|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books/about/Discoveries_Heraldry.html?id=hmZ5QgAACAAJ 18]}}</ref>

The earlier heraldic writers attributed the lions of England to [[William the Conqueror]], but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future [[John, King of England|King John]] during the lifetime of his father, [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], who died in 1189.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=32}}</ref><ref name="CGH 173–174">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=173–174}}</ref> Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother, [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]], who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father.<ref>{{harvp|Pastoureau|1997|p=59}}</ref> Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant).<ref name="CGH 173–174"/><ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=37}}</ref>

The origins of heraldry are sometimes associated with the [[Crusades]], a series of military campaigns undertaken by Christian armies from 1096 to 1487, with the goal of reconquering Jerusalem and other former Byzantine territories captured by Muslim forces during the seventh century. While there is no evidence that heraldic art originated in the course of the Crusades, there is no reason to doubt that the gathering of large armies, drawn from across Europe for a united cause, would have encouraged the adoption of armorial bearings as a means of identifying one's commanders in the field, or that it helped disseminate the principles of armory across Europe. At least two distinctive features of heraldry are generally accepted as products of the crusaders: the [[surcoat]], an outer garment worn over the armor to protect the wearer from the heat of the sun, was often decorated with the same devices that appeared on a knight's shield. It is from this garment that the phrase "coat of arms" is derived.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=17–18}}</ref> Also the lambrequin, or mantling, that depends from the helmet and frames the shield in modern heraldry, began as a practical covering for the helmet and the back of the neck during the Crusades, serving much the same function as the surcoat. Its slashed or scalloped edge, today rendered as billowing flourishes, is thought to have originated from hard wearing in the field, or as a means of deadening a sword blow and perhaps entangling the attacker's weapon.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=17–18, 383}}</ref>

===Heralds and heraldic authorities===
The spread of armorial bearings across Europe gave rise to a new occupation: the [[herald]], originally a type of messenger employed by noblemen, assumed the responsibility of learning and knowing the rank, pedigree, and heraldic devices of various knights and lords, as well as the rules governing the design and description, or ''blazoning'' of arms, and the precedence of their bearers.<ref name="CGH 27–29">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=27–29}}</ref> As early as the late thirteenth century, certain heralds in the employ of monarchs were given the title "King of Heralds", which eventually became "[[King of Arms]]."<ref name="CGH 27–29"/>

[[File:Pursuivant.JPG|thumb|Two [[Pursuivant|pursuivants]] wearing [[tabard]]s, [[Windsor Castle]], 2006.]]
In the earliest period, arms were assumed by their bearers without any need for heraldic authority. However, by the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of [[Law of Arms|heraldic jurisprudence]], ''De Insigniis et Armis'', was written about 1350 by [[Bartolus de Saxoferrato]], a professor of law at the [[University of Padua]].<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/bartolo.htm ''De Insigniis et Armis'']</ref><ref>George Squibb, "The Law of Arms in England", in ''The Coat of Arms'' vol. II, no. 15 (Spring 1953), p. 244.</ref> The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry is that of ''[[Scrope v Grosvenor]]'' (1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear ''azure, a bend or''.<ref name="CGH 21–22">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp= 21–22}}</ref> The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown.<ref name="CGH 21–22"/><ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=35–36}}</ref>

Beginning in the reign of [[Henry VIII]] of England, the English Kings of Arms were commanded to make ''[[heraldic visitation|visitations]]'', in which they traveled about the country, recording arms borne under proper authority, and requiring those who bore arms without authority either to obtain authority for them, or cease their use. Arms borne improperly were to be taken down and defaced. The first such visitation began in 1530, and the last was carried out in 1700, although no new commissions to carry out visitations were made after the accession of [[William III of England|William III]] in 1689.<ref name="CGH 21–22"/><ref>Julian Franklyn, ''Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry'', MacGibbon & Kee, London (1960), p. 386.</ref> There is little evidence that Scottish heralds ever went on visitations.

In 1484, during the reign of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into England's [[College of Arms]], through which all new grants of arms would eventually be issued.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p=38}}</ref><ref name="Pastoureau 39–41">{{harvp|Pastoureau|1997|pp=39–41}}</ref> The college currently consists of three Kings of Arms, assisted by six Heralds, and four [[Pursuivants]], or junior officers of arms, all under the authority of the [[Earl Marshal]]; but all of the arms granted by the college are granted by the authority of the crown.<ref name="CoA Official Site">[http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/about-us/heralds-officers College of Arms official website], accessed 3 March 2016.</ref> In Scotland Court of the Lord Lyon King of Arms oversees the heraldry, and holds court sessions which are an official part of Scotland's court system.
Similar bodies regulate the granting of arms in other monarchies and several members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], but in most other countries there is no heraldic authority, and no law preventing anyone from assuming whatever arms they please, provided that they do not infringe upon the arms of another.<ref name="Pastoureau 39–41"/>

===Later uses and developments===
Although heraldry originated from military necessity, it soon found itself at home in the pageantry of the [[tournament (medieval)|medieval tournament]]. The opportunity for knights and lords to display their heraldic bearings in a competitive medium led to further refinements, such as the development of elaborate tournament helms, and further popularized the art of heraldry throughout Europe. Prominent [[Burgher (social class)|burgher]]s and corporations, including many cities and towns, assumed or obtained grants of arms, with only nominal military associations.<ref>{{harvp|Gwynn-Jones|1998|pp=18–20}}</ref> Heraldic devices were depicted in various contexts, such as religious and funerary art, and in using a wide variety of media, including stonework, carved wood, [[vitreous enamel|enamel]], [[stained glass]], and [[embroidery]].<ref>{{harvp|Neubecker|1976|pp=253–258}}</ref>

As the rise of firearms rendered the mounted knight increasingly irrelevant during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the tournament faded into history, the military character of heraldry gave way to its use as a decorative art. Freed from the limitations of actual shields and the need for arms to be easily distinguished in combat, heraldic artists designed increasingly elaborate achievements, culminating in the development of "landscape heraldry", incorporating realistic depictions of landscapes, during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. These fell out of fashion during the mid-nineteenth century, when a renewed interest in the history of armory led to the re-evaluation of earlier designs, and a new appreciation for the medieval origins of the art.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=87–88}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Gwynn-Jones|1998|pp=110–112}}</ref> In particular, a late use of heraldic imagery has been in [[Patriotism|patriotic]] commemorations and [[Nationalism|nationalistic]] [[propaganda]] during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Heraldry on American Patriotic Postcards |url=https://www.academia.edu/38516772 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Heraldry on German Patriotic Postcards |url=https://www.academia.edu/38797971 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Heraldry on German Notgeld |url=https://www.academia.edu/8125755 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=1–3, 12 |via=academia.edu}}</ref> Since the late nineteenth century, heraldry has focused on the use of varied lines of partition and little-used ordinaries to produce new and unique designs.<ref>{{harvp|Gwynn-Jones|1998|pp=113–121}}</ref>

==Heraldic achievement==
{{Main|Achievement (heraldry)}}
===Elements of an achievement===
{{COA elements}}
A heraldic achievement consists of a [[escutcheon (heraldry)|shield of arms]], the coat of arms, or simply coat, together with all of its accompanying elements, such as a [[crest (heraldry)|crest]], [[supporter]]s, and other heraldic embellishments. The term "[[coat of arms]]" technically refers to the shield of arms itself, but the phrase is commonly used to refer to the entire achievement. The one indispensable element of a coat of arms is the shield; many ancient coats of arms consist of nothing else, but no achievement or armorial bearings exists without a coat of arms.<ref name="CGH 57–59">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=57–59}}</ref>

From a very early date, illustrations of arms were frequently embellished with [[helmet (heraldry)|helmets]] placed above the shields. These in turn came to be decorated with fan-shaped or sculptural crests, often incorporating elements from the shield of arms; as well as a wreath or [[torse]], or sometimes a [[coronet]], from which depended the lambrequin or [[mantling]]. To these elements, modern heraldry often adds a [[motto]] displayed on a ribbon, typically below the shield. The helmet is borne of right, and forms no part of a grant of arms; it may be assumed without authority by anyone entitled to bear arms, together with mantling and whatever motto the armiger may desire. The crest, however, together with the torse or coronet from which it arises, must be granted or confirmed by the relevant heraldic authority.<ref name="CGH 57–59"/>

If the bearer is entitled to the ribbon, collar, or badge of a knightly order, it may encircle or depend from the shield. Some arms, particularly those of the nobility, are further embellished with supporters, heraldic figures standing alongside or behind the shield; often these stand on a [[compartment (heraldry)|compartment]], typically a mound of earth and grass, on which other [[heraldic badge|badges]], symbols, or [[heraldic flag|heraldic banners]] may be displayed. The most elaborate achievements sometimes display the entire coat of arms beneath a pavilion, an embellished tent or canopy of the type associated with the medieval tournament,<ref name="CGH 57–59"/> though this is only very rarely found in English or Scots achievements.

====Shield====
{{main|Escutcheon (heraldry)}}
The primary element of a heraldic achievement is the shield, or escutcheon, upon which the coat of arms is depicted.{{efn-lr|The term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.}} All of the other elements of an achievement are designed to decorate and complement these arms, but only the shield of arms is required.<ref name="CGH 57–61">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=57, 60–61}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=6}}</ref><ref>William Whitmore, ''The Elements of Heraldry'', Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9.</ref> The shape of the shield, like many other details, is normally left to the discretion of the heraldic artist,{{efn-lr|There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the [[coat of arms of Nunavut|arms of Nunavut]],<ref>Government of Nunavut. n.d. About the Flag and Coat of Arms. Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at [http://www.gov.nu.ca/Nunavut/English/about/symbols.shtml GOV.nu.ca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427062906/http://www.gov.nu.ca/Nunavut/English/about/symbols.shtml |date=2006-04-27 }}</ref> and the former [[Bophuthatswana|Republic of Bophuthatswana]];<ref>Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at [http://www.ngw.nl/int/zaf/prov/bophutsw.htm NGW.nl]</ref> in the United States, the [[coat of arms of North Dakota|arms of North Dakota]] use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usheraldicregistry.com/pmwiki.php?n=Registrations.20060825L |title=US Heraldic Registry |publisher=US Heraldic Registry |access-date=2012-06-19}}</ref> while the arms of [[Connecticut]] require a [[rococo]] shield;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=State.Connecticut |title=American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut |publisher=Americanheraldry.org |access-date=2012-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722165125/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=State.Connecticut |archive-date=2012-07-22 }}</ref> the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.}} and many different shapes have prevailed during different periods of heraldic design, and in different parts of Europe.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|pp=6–7}}</ref><ref name="Woodward 54–58">{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|pp=54–58}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Neubecker|1976|pp= 72–77}}</ref>

One shape alone is normally reserved for a specific purpose: the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)#Lozenge|lozenge]], a diamond-shaped escutcheon, was traditionally used to display the arms of women, on the grounds that shields, as implements of war, were inappropriate for this purpose.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Slater|2003|p=56}}</ref> This distinction was not always strictly adhered to, and a general exception was usually made for sovereigns, whose arms represented an entire nation. Sometimes an oval shield, or cartouche, was substituted for the lozenge; this shape was also widely used for the arms of clerics in French, Spanish, and Italian heraldry, although it was never reserved for their use.<ref name="CGH 57–61"/><ref name="Woodward 54–58"/> In recent years, the use of the cartouche for women's arms has become general in Scottish heraldry, while both Scottish and Irish authorities have permitted a traditional shield under certain circumstances, and in Canadian heraldry the shield is now regularly granted.<ref>{{harvp|Slater|2003|p=231}}</ref>

The whole surface of the escutcheon is termed the [[field (heraldry)|field]], which may be plain, consisting of a single tincture, or divided into multiple sections of differing tinctures by various lines of partition; and any part of the field may be ''semé'', or powdered with small charges.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=89, 96–98}}</ref> The edges and adjacent parts of the escutcheon are used to identify the placement of various heraldic charges; the upper edge, and the corresponding upper third of the shield, are referred to as the chief; the lower part is the base. The sides of the shield are known as the dexter and sinister flanks, although these terms are based on the point of view of the bearer of the shield, who would be standing behind it; to the observer, and in all heraldic illustration, the dexter is on the left side, and the sinister on the right.<ref name="Boutell 8">{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=8}}</ref><ref name="Woodward 59–60">{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=59–60}}</ref><ref name="CGH 104–105">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=104–105}}</ref>

The placement of various charges may also refer to a number of specific points, nine in number according to some authorities, but eleven according to others. The three most important are ''fess point'', located in the visual center of the shield;{{efn-lr|Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.}} the ''honour point'', located midway between fess point and the chief; and the ''nombril point'', located midway between fess point and the base.<ref name="Boutell 8"/><ref name="Woodward 59–60"/><ref name="CGH 104–105"/> The other points include ''dexter chief'', ''center chief'', and ''sinister chief'', running along the upper part of the shield from left to right, above the honour point; ''dexter flank'' and ''sinister flank'', on the sides approximately level with fess point; and ''dexter base'', ''middle base'', and ''sinister base'' along the lower part of the shield, below the nombril point.<ref name="Boutell 8"/><ref name="Woodward 59–60"/>

====Tinctures====
{{Main|Tincture (heraldry)}}
[[File:tinctures.svg|thumb|Table of the tinctures and furs]]
One of the most distinctive qualities of heraldry is the use of a limited palette of colours and patterns, usually referred to as [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]]. These are divided into three categories, known as ''metals'', ''colours'', and ''furs''.{{efn-lr|Technically, the word ''tincture'' applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three, it is regularly used in this extended sense.}}<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|p=70}}</ref>

The metals are ''or'' and ''argent'', representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white. Five colours are universally recognized: ''gules'', or red; ''sable'', or black; ''azure'', or blue; ''vert'', or green; and ''purpure'', or purple; and most heraldic authorities also admit two additional colours, known as ''sanguine'' or ''murrey'', a dark red or mulberry colour between gules and purpure, and ''tenné'', an orange or dark yellow to brown colour. These last two are quite rare, and are often referred to as ''stains'', from the belief that they were used to represent some dishonourable act, although in fact there is no evidence that this use existed outside of fanciful heraldic writers.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=70–74}}</ref> Perhaps owing to the realization that there is really no such thing as a ''stain'' in genuine heraldry, as well as the desire to create new and unique designs, the use of these colours for general purposes has become accepted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.{{efn-lr|For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: "Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."}}<ref name="CoA Official Site"/> Occasionally one meets with other colours, particularly in continental heraldry, although they are not generally regarded among the standard heraldic colours. Among these are ''cendrée'', or ash-colour; ''brunâtre'', or brown; ''bleu-céleste'' or ''bleu de ciel'', sky blue; ''amaranth'' or ''columbine'', a bright violet-red or pink colour; and ''carnation'', commonly used to represent flesh in French heraldry.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p=61–62}}; {{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=74}}</ref> A more recent addition is the use of ''copper'' as a metal in one or two Canadian coats of arms.

There are two basic types of heraldic fur, known as [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]] and [[vair]], but over the course of centuries each has developed a number of variations. Ermine represents the fur of the [[stoat]], a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. It consists of a white, or occasionally silver field, powdered with black figures known as ''ermine spots'', representing the black tip of the animal's tail. Ermine was traditionally used to line the cloaks and caps of the nobility. The shape of the heraldic ermine spot has varied considerably over time, and nowadays is typically drawn as an arrowhead surmounted by three small dots, but older forms may be employed at the artist's discretion. When the field is sable and the ermine spots argent, the same pattern is termed ''ermines''; when the field is ''or'' rather than argent, the fur is termed ''erminois''; and when the field is sable and the ermine spots ''or'', it is termed ''pean''.<ref>{{harvp|Woodward|Burnett|1892|p= 63}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=77–79}}</ref>

Vair represents the winter coat of the [[red squirrel]], which is blue-grey on top and white underneath. To form the linings of cloaks, the pelts were sewn together, forming an undulating, bell-shaped pattern, with interlocking light and dark rows. The heraldic fur is depicted with interlocking rows of argent and azure, although the shape of the pelts, usually referred to as "vair bells", is usually left to the artist's discretion. In the modern form, the bells are depicted with straight lines and sharp angles, and meet only at points; in the older, undulating pattern, now known as ''vair ondé'' or ''vair ancien'', the bells of each tincture are curved and joined at the base. There is no fixed rule as to whether the argent bells should be at the top or the bottom of each row. At one time vair commonly came in three sizes, and this distinction is sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; if the field contains fewer than four rows, the fur is termed ''gros vair'' or ''beffroi''; if of six or more, it is ''menu-vair'', or miniver.<ref name="CGH 79–83">{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=79–83}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Innes of Learney|1978|p=28}}</ref>

A common variation is ''counter-vair'', in which alternating rows are reversed, so that the bases of the vair bells of each tincture are joined to those of the same tincture in the row above or below. When the rows are arranged so that the bells of each tincture form vertical columns, it is termed ''vair in pale''; in continental heraldry one may encounter ''vair in bend'', which is similar to vair in pale, but diagonal. When alternating rows are reversed as in counter-vair, and then displaced by half the width of one bell, it is termed ''vair in point'', or wave-vair. A form peculiar to German heraldry is ''alternate vair'', in which each vair bell is divided in half vertically, with half argent and half azure.<ref name="CGH 79–83"/> All of these variations can also be depicted in the form known as ''potent'', in which the shape of the vair bell is replaced by a ''T''-shaped figure, known as a potent from its resemblance to a crutch. Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=84–85}}</ref>

When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed ''vairé'' or ''vairy'' of those tinctures, rather than ''vair''; ''potenté'' of other colours may also be found. Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=80–85}}</ref>

Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French and Italian heraldry one meets with ''plumeté'' or ''plumetty'', in which the field appears to be covered with feathers, and ''papelonné'', in which it is decorated with scales. In German heraldry one may encounter ''kursch'', or vair bellies, depicted as brown and furry; all of these probably originated as variations of vair.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=83–85}}</ref>

Considerable latitude is given to the heraldic artist in depicting the heraldic tinctures; there is no fixed shade or hue to any of them.{{efn-lr|"There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."<ref name="CoA Official Site"/>}}

Whenever an object is depicted as it appears in nature, rather than in one or more of the heraldic tinctures, it is termed ''proper'', or the colour of nature. This does not seem to have been done in the earliest heraldry, but examples are known from at least the seventeenth century. While there can be no objection to the occasional depiction of objects in this manner, the overuse of charges in their natural colours is often cited as indicative of bad heraldic practice. The practice of landscape heraldry, which flourished in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, made extensive use of non-heraldic colours.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=75, 87–88}}</ref>

One of the most important conventions of heraldry is the so-called "[[rule of tincture]]". To provide for contrast and visibility, metals should never be placed on metals, and colours should never be placed on colours. This rule does not apply to charges which cross a division of the field, which is partly metal and partly colour; nor, strictly speaking, does it prevent a field from consisting of two metals or two colours, although this is unusual. Furs are considered amphibious, and neither metal nor colour; but in practice ermine and erminois are usually treated as metals, while ermines and pean are treated as colours. This rule is strictly adhered to in British armory, with only rare exceptions; although generally observed in continental heraldry, it is not adhered to quite as strictly. Arms which violate this rule are sometimes known as "puzzle arms", of which the most famous example is the arms of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], consisting of gold crosses on a silver field.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=85–87}}</ref><ref>Bruno Heim, ''Or and Argent'', Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994).</ref>

====Variations of the field====
{{Main|Variation of the field}}
The [[Field (heraldry)|field]] of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colours, or ''variation''. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called ''barry'', while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called ''paly''. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called ''bendy'' or ''bendy sinister'', depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include ''chevrony'', ''gyronny'' and ''chequy''. Wave shaped stripes are termed ''undy''. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of ''barry-bendy'', ''paly-bendy'', ''lozengy'' and ''fusilly''. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field.<ref>{{harvp|Fox-Davies|1909|pp=101}}</ref> The [[Rule of tincture]] applies to all semés and variations of the field.

====Divisions of the field====
{{Main|Division of the field}}
[[File:Varpaisjärvi.vaakuna.svg|thumb|A shield parted per pale and per fir twig fess. Coat of arms of former [[Municipalities of Finland|Finnish municipality]] of [[Varpaisjärvi]].]]
The [[Field (heraldry)|field]] of a [[shield]] in heraldry can be divided into more than one [[Tincture (heraldry)|tincture]], as can the various [[Charge (heraldry)|heraldic charge]]s. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a shield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, [[nebuly]], or made into myriad other forms; see [[Line (heraldry)]].<ref>Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. ''Basic Heraldry''. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.</ref>

====Ordinaries====
{{Main|Ordinary (heraldry)}}
In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry: identification.<ref>{{harvp|von Volborth|1981|page= 18}}</ref> As more complicated shields came into use, these bold shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honourable ordinaries". They act as charges and are always written first in [[blazon]]. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the [[cross]], the [[fess]], the [[pale (heraldry)|pale]], the [[bend (heraldry)|bend]], the [[chevron (insignia)|chevron]], the [[saltire]], and the [[Pall (heraldry)|pall]].<ref>{{harvp|Friar|1987|p=259}}</ref>

There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|inescutcheon]], the [[Orle (heraldry)|orle]], the tressure, the double tressure, the [[bordure]], the [[chief (heraldry)|chief]], the [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]], the [[label (heraldry)|label]], and [[flaunch]]es.<ref>{{harvp|Friar|1987|p=330}}</ref>

Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in English give them different names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn with straight lines, but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=60}}</ref>

====Charges====
{{Main|Charge (heraldry)}}
A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition.<ref>{{harvp|Boutell|1890|p=311}}</ref> Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent charges are the [[cross]] – with its hundreds of variations – and the [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]] and [[Eagle (heraldry)|eagle]]. Other common animals are [[Deer|stags]], [[wild boar]]s, [[martlet]]s, and [[fish]]. [[European dragon|Dragons]], [[bat#The bat in heraldry|bats]], [[unicorn]]s, [[griffin]]s, and other monsters appear as charges and as [[supporters]].

Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or ''[[Attitude (heraldry)|attitudes]]''. [[Quadruped]]s can often be found rampant (standing on the left hind foot). Another frequent position is [[Passant guardant|passant]], or walking, like the lions of the [[coat of arms of England]]. Eagles are almost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed. A pair of wings conjoined is called a [[vol (heraldry)|vol]].

In [[English heraldry]] the [[crescent]], [[mullet (heraldry)|mullet]], [[martlet]], [[annulet (heraldry)|annulet]], [[fleur-de-lis]], and [[rose (heraldry)|rose]] may be added to a shield to distinguish [[cadency|cadet]] branches of a family from the senior line. These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.<ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Iain Moncreiffe |first1=Iain |last1=Moncreiffe |author-link2=Don Pottinger |last2=Pottinger |first2=Don |title=Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |location=London |year=1953 |page=20 |oclc=1119559413}}</ref>

====Marshalling====
{{Merge to|Division of the field#Marshalling|section=yes}}
[[File:Stowe Armorial.jpg|thumb|An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham|Grenville]] [[Roll of arms|Armorial]] at [[Stowe House]]]]
To ''marshal'' two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is [[Impalement (heraldry)|impalement]]: [[division of the field|dividing the field]] ''per pale'' and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier [[dimidiation]] – combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a [[bend (heraldry)|bend]] and a [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]. "Dexter" (from Latin ''dextra'', "right") means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin ''sinistra'', "left") means to the bearer's left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest [[honour]] (see also [[dexter and sinister]]).

A more versatile method is [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartering]], division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain ([[Coat of arms of Castile and León|Castile and León]]) after the 13th century.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=14}}</ref> As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters".

Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered, the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's...mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts.<ref>Edmundas Rimša. ''Heraldry Past to Present''. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.</ref> The Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters as needed.

The third common mode of marshalling is with an [[inescutcheon]], a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (i.e., she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.

In [[German heraldry]], animate [[charge (heraldry)|charge]]s in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.
<gallery>
Dimidiation demo.svg|Dimidiation
Dimidiation, worse case demo.svg|Dimidiation (worse case)
Impalement demo.svg|Impalement
Impalement demo 2.svg|Impalement (worse case)
Escutcheon of pretence demo.svg|Escutcheon of pretence
Quartering demo.svg|Quartering
</gallery>

===Helm and crest===
{{Main|Helmet (heraldry)|Crest (heraldry)}}
[[File:Wappen Deutsches Reich - Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg (Grosses).png|thumb|German heraldry has examples of shields with numerous crests, as this arms of [[Saxe-Altenburg]] featuring a total of seven crests. Some [[thaler]] coins display as many as fifteen.]]
In [[English language|English]] the word "crest" is commonly (but erroneously) used to refer to an entire heraldic achievement of armorial bearings. The technical use of the heraldic term [[crest (heraldry)|crest]] refers to just one component of a complete achievement. The crest rests on top of a [[Helmet (heraldry)|helmet]] which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement: the shield.

The modern crest has grown out of the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as a further means of identification. In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition is being relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall plate of Lady Marion Fraser in the Thistle Chapel in St Giles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet, crest, and motto.

The crest is usually found on a [[torse|wreath]] of twisted cloth and sometimes within a [[coronet]]. Crest-coronets are generally simpler than coronets of rank, but several specialized forms exist; for example, in [[Canada]], descendants of the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s are entitled to use a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others).

When the helm and crest are shown, they are usually accompanied by a [[mantling]]. This was originally a cloth worn over the back of the helmet as partial protection against heating by sunlight. Today it takes the form of a stylized cloak hanging from the helmet.<ref>{{harvp|Gwynn-Jones|1998|p=124}}</ref> Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal colour in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings (Gules doubled Argent - Red/White) regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms. The mantling is sometimes conventionally depicted with a ragged edge, as if damaged in combat, though the edges of most are simply decorated at the emblazoner's discretion.

Clergy often refrain from displaying a helm or crest in their [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|heraldic achievements]]. Members of the clergy may display appropriate headwear. This often takes the form of a small crowned, wide brimmed hat called a [[galero]] with the colours and tassels denoting rank; or, in the case of [[Papal coats of arms]] until the inauguration of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2005, an elaborate triple crown known as a [[tiara]]. Benedict broke with tradition to substitute a [[mitre]] in [[Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI|his arms]]. Orthodox and Presbyterian clergy do sometimes adopt other forms of headgear to ensign their shields. In the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] tradition, clergy members may pass crests on to their offspring, but rarely display them on their own shields.

===Mottoes===
An armorial [[motto]] is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation or intention of the armigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family name as in [[Thomas Nevile]]'s motto ''Ne vile velis''. Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the armorial achievement. Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In [[Scottish heraldry]], where the motto is granted as part of the [[blazon]], it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest, and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in any language.

===Supporters and other insignia===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara.svg|thumb|Flags as supporters and orders in the armory of the [[Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara|Prince of Vergara]].]]
[[Supporters]] are human or animal figures or, very rarely, inanimate objects, usually placed on either side of a coat of arms as though supporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelines for use by certain social classes. On the [[Continental Europe|European continent]], there are often fewer restrictions on the use of supporters.<ref>{{harvp|Neubecker|1976|pp=186}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, only [[Peer of the realm|peers of the realm]], a few baronets, senior members of orders of knighthood, and some corporate bodies are granted supporters. Often, these can have local significance or a historical link to the armiger.

If the armiger has the title of [[baron]], hereditary [[knight]], or higher, he may display a coronet of rank above the shield. In the United Kingdom, this is shown between the shield and helmet, though it is often above the crest in Continental heraldry.

Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms is the insignia of a baronet or of an order of knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or similar band surrounding the shield. When the arms of a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround the husband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by an ornamental garland of leaves for visual balance.<ref>Julian Franklyn. ''Shield and Crest''. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358.</ref>

===Differencing and cadency===
{{Main|Cadency}}
Since arms pass from parents to offspring, and there is frequently more than one child per couple, it is necessary to distinguish the arms of siblings and extended family members from the original arms as passed on from eldest son to eldest son. Over time several schemes have been used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baronage.co.uk/jag-ht/jag008.html |title=Baronage.co.uk |publisher=Baronage.co.uk |access-date=2012-06-19}}</ref>

===Blazon===
{{Main|Blazon}}
To "blazon" arms means to describe them using the formal language of heraldry. This language has its own vocabulary and [[syntax]], or rules governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms. The verb comes from the [[Middle English]] ''blasoun'', itself a derivative of the French ''blason'' meaning "shield". The system of [[blazon]]ing arms used in [[English language|English-speaking]] countries today was developed by heraldic officers in the [[Middle Ages]]. The blazon includes a description of the arms contained within the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] or shield, the [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]], [[supporters (heraldry)|supporters]] where present, [[motto]] and other insignia. Complex rules, such as the [[rule of tincture]], apply to the physical and artistic form of newly created arms, and a thorough understanding of these rules is essential to the art of heraldry. Though heraldic forms initially were broadly similar across Europe, several national styles had developed by the end of the [[Middle Ages]], and artistic and blazoning styles today range from the very simple to extraordinarily complex.

==National styles==
The emergence of heraldry occurred across [[western Europe]] almost simultaneously in the various countries. Originally, heraldic style was very similar from country to country.<ref>Davies, T. R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?". ''The Coat of Arms'' '''NS II''' (97): 16.</ref> Over time, heraldic tradition diverged into four broad styles: German-Nordic, Gallo-British, Latin, and Eastern.<ref>{{harvp|von Warnstedt|1970|p=128}}</ref> In addition, it can be argued that newer national heraldic traditions, such as [[South African heraldry|South African]] and [[Canadian heraldry]], have emerged in the 20th century.<ref>Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway. ''Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry''. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981).</ref>

===German-Nordic heraldry===
{{anchor|Czech heraldry|Danish heraldry|Finnish heraldry|German heraldry|German-Nordic heraldry|Icelandic heraldry|Norwegian heraldry|Liechtenstein heraldry|Swedish heraldry}}
{{Main|Czech heraldry|Danish heraldry|Finnish heraldry|German heraldry|Icelandic heraldry|Liechtenstein heraldry|Norwegian heraldry|Swedish heraldry}}
[[File:Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of [[Mikkeli]], a city of [[South Savonia]], Finland, has been drawn up in honour of the headquarters of the [[Finnish Defence Forces|Finnish Army]] led by [[Marshal of Finland|Marshal]] [[C. G. E. Mannerheim]]; this was stationed in the city during the [[Winter War]], the [[Continuation War]] and the [[Lapland War]]. The coat of arms was originally used without the [[Mannerheim Cross]], and is the third coat of arms affixed to the city.<ref>{{cite book | author=Jussi Iltanen| title=Suomen kuntavaakunat. Kommunvapnen i Finland | publisher=Karttakeskus | location=Helsinki | year=2013 | isbn=978-952-266-092-3 | pages=133–134|language=fi}}</ref>]]
Coats of arms in [[Germany]], the [[Nordic countries]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], the [[Czech lands]] and northern [[Switzerland]] generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs.<ref name="Warnstedt, Christopher 1970">{{harvp|von Warnstedt|1970|p=129}}</ref> One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common.<ref name="OGH-15">{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=15}}</ref> The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family.<ref>{{harvp|Neubecker|1976|p=158}}</ref> [[Torse]] is optional.<ref>{{harvp|Pinches|1994|p= 82}}</ref> Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.<ref>{{harvp|von Volborth|1981|page=88}}</ref>

Coats consisting only of a [[Division of the field|divided field]] are somewhat more frequent in Germany than elsewhere.

====Dutch heraldry====
{{Main|Dutch heraldry|South African heraldry|Belgian heraldry}}
The [[Low Countries]] were great centres of heraldry in medieval times. One of the famous armorials is the [[Gelre Armorial]] or ''Wapenboek'', written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in the [[Netherlands]] were not controlled by an official heraldic system like the two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely by [[Nobility |noble families]]. Any person could develop and use a coat of arms if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else's arms, and historically, this right was enshrined in [[Roman Dutch law]].<ref>{{cite book |first=J. A. |last=de Boo |title=Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie |location=[[The Hague]] |year=1977 |language=nl |oclc= 63382927}}</ref> As a result, many merchant families had coats of arms even though they were not members of the nobility. These are sometimes referred to as ''[[burgher arms]],'' and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a [[Dutch Republic|republic]] (1581–1806).{{citation needed}} This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile [[South African heraldry|Dutch colonies]].<ref name="AHS">{{cite web|url = https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/arms-of-famous-americans/presidents-of-the-united-states/theodore-roosevelt-and-franklin-delano-roosevelt-26th-and-32nd-presidents-of-the-united-states|title = Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States|website = American Heraldry Society|first = Joseph |last = McMillan}}</ref> Dutch heraldry is characterised by its simple and rather sober style, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than the elaborate styles which developed in other heraldic traditions.<ref name="CP">Cornelius Pama ''Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika''. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956).</ref>

===Gallo-British heraldry===
{{anchor|American heraldry|Australian heraldry|Belgian heraldry|British heraldry|Canadian heraldry|Cornish heraldry|Devon heraldry|English heraldry|French heraldry|Irish heraldry|New Zealand heraldry|Northern Irish heraldry|Scottish heraldry|Welsh heraldry}}
{{Main|American heraldry|Australian heraldry|Belgian heraldry|British heraldry|Canadian heraldry|Cornish heraldry|Devon heraldry|English heraldry|French heraldry|Irish heraldry|New Zealand heraldry|Northern Irish heraldry|Scottish heraldry|Welsh heraldry}}
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of [[semy]] fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). Marks of cadency are mandatory in Scotland, where no two persons can own identical arms at a time. It is common to see heraldic furs used.<ref name="Warnstedt, Christopher 1970"/> In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms.<ref>[[Carl-Alexander von Volborth]]. ''Heraldry of the World''. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192.</ref> French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]].<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|p=21}}</ref> English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.<ref name="OGH-15"/>

Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.

In Britain, a distinct category of burgher arms does not exist and heraldry is inherently associated with [[nobility]]. Armigers and their male-line legitimate descendants (i.e. those entitled to a matriculation, in Scotland with mandatory marks of [[cadency]], rather than a grant of new arms) are considered to be, if possessing no higher dignity, members of the [[gentry]] or lower nobility. Men have the rank of [[Gentleman]] in the narrow sense of the word. Depending on interpretation, a grant of arms made by one of Britain's two heraldic officers, [[Garter Principal King of Arms|Garter King of Arms]] or [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], to a British subject, is either a [[Ennoblement|grant]] or a confirmation of hereditary nobility, and recognized as such by [[CILANE]] and the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Order of Malta]]. The majority, though not all, families of the [[Hereditary peer|hereditary Peerage]] and traditional [[Landed gentry|Landed Gentry]], are armigerous, non-armigerous families usually having inherited their titles and/or estates in the female line and failed to apply for a grant of arms.

===Latin heraldry===
{{anchor|Brazilian heraldry|Ecclesiastical heraldry|Mexican heraldry|Monegasque heraldry|Portuguese heraldry|Spanish heraldry|Vatican heraldry}}
{{Main|Brazilian heraldry|Ecclesiastical heraldry|Mexican heraldry|Monegasque heraldry|Portuguese heraldry|Spanish heraldry|Vatican heraldry}}
The heraldry of [[southern France]], [[Andorra]], [[Spain]], and [[Italy]] is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely shaped shields. Portuguese heraldry, however, does use crests.<ref name="Warnstedt, Christopher 1970"/> Portuguese and Spanish heraldry, which together form a larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practice usually avoided in British heraldry. Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.<ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|pp=24-30}}</ref>

Trees are frequent charges in Latin arms. Charged bordures, including bordures inscribed with words, are seen often in Spain.

===Eastern European heraldry===
{{anchor|Belarusian heraldry|Croatian heraldry|Hungarian heraldry|Polish heraldry|Romanian heraldry|Albanian heraldry|Russian heraldry|Serbian heraldry}}
{{Main|Belarusian heraldry|Croatian heraldry|Hungarian heraldry|Albanian heraldry|Polish heraldry|Romanian heraldry|Russian heraldry|Serbian heraldry}}
[[File:Turiec.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of the [[Turiec]] county in [[Slovakia]].]]
Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in [[Albania]], [[Belarus]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Hungary]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Ukraine]]. Eastern coats of arms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial, [[clan]] system – often, entire villages or military groups were granted the same coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the same [[Jastrzębiec coat of arms]]. Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only one charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient [[house mark]]s. At least fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed [[Turk head (heraldry)|Turk's head]], referring to their wars against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{harvp|von Warnstedt|1970|pp=129-30}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Woodcock|Robinson|1988|pp=28-32}}</ref>

==Quasi-heraldic emblems==
True heraldry, as now generally understood, has its roots in medieval Europe. However, there have been other historical cultures which have used symbols and emblems to represent families or individuals, and in some cases these symbols have been adopted into Western heraldry. For example, the [[coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire]] incorporated the royal [[tughra]] as part of its [[crest (heraldry)|crest]], along with such traditional Western heraldic elements as the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] and the [[Compartment (heraldry)|compartment]].

===Greek symbols===
{{Main|Greek heraldry}}
Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior, clan or a state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Claus |first=Patricia |title=Aincent Greek Shields Struck Fear Into Enemy |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/05/06/ancient-greek-shields/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=Greek Reporter |agency=Greek Reporter}}</ref> The first record of a shield blazon is illustrated in [[Aeschylus]]' tragedy ''[[Seven Against Thebes]]''.

===Mon===
{{Main|Mon (emblem)}}
{{nihongo|'''Mon'''|紋}}, also {{nihongo|'''monshō'''|紋章}}, {{nihongo|'''mondokoro'''|紋所}}, and {{nihongo|'''kamon'''|家紋}}, are [[Japan]]ese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While ''mon'' is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, ''kamon'' and ''mondokoro'' refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family.{{Elucidate|reason=This is the same as previously stated, so what is the difference with mon and monshō? }} An authoritative ''mon'' reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of ''mon'' based on structural resemblance (a single ''mon'' may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual ''mon'' (it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure ''mon'' that are not in this compilation).<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:日本の家紋大全 |publisher={{lang|ja|梧桐書院}} |year=2004 |isbn=434003102X}}</ref><ref>Some 6939 ''mon'' are [https://x181.secure.ne.jp/~x181007/kamon/goodslist.cgi listed here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028043638/http://x181.secure.ne.jp/~x181007/kamon/goodslist.cgi }}.</ref>

The devices are similar to the [[Heraldic badge|badges]] and [[Coat of arms|coats of arms]] in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. ''Mon'' are often referred to as [[Crest (heraldry)|crests]] in Western literature, another European heraldic device similar to the ''mon'' in function.

Japanese helmets (''[[kabuto]]'') also incorporated elements similar to crests, called ''[[Kabuto#Parts_of_the_kabuto|datemono]]'', which helped identify the wearer while they were concealed by armour. These devices sometimes incorporated ''mon'', and some figures, like [[Date Masamune]], were well-known for their helmet designs.

===Socialist emblems===
{{Main|Socialist state emblems}}
[[File:State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|thumb|[[State Emblem of the Soviet Union]] (1956-1991 version)]]
[[Communist state]]s often followed a unique style characterized by [[communist symbolism]]. Although commonly called ''[[coat of arms|coats of arms]]'', most such devices are not actually coats of arms in the traditional heraldic sense and should therefore, in a strict sense, not be called arms at all.<ref name="von Volborth">{{harvp|von Volborth|1981|page= 11}}</ref> Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of [[European heraldry]] in order to distance themselves from the [[monarchy|monarchies]] that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs.

The [[Soviet Union]] was the first state to use this type of emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more widespread after [[World War II]], when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because [[Wars of national liberation|communists had helped them to gain independence]]—but also when no apparent connection to a Communist nation exists, such as the [[emblem of Italy]].<ref name="von Volborth"/><ref name="von Volborth 1972">{{cite book |last= von Volborth|first= Carl-Alexander|author-link1= Carl-Alexander von Volborth| date= 1972 | title= Alverdens heraldik i farver | language=da | others=Editor and translator from English to Danish: [[Sven Tito Achen]] | location= Copenhagen | publisher=Politikens Forlag |page= 158|isbn= 87-567-1685-0}}</ref> After the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] and [[Revolutions of 1989|the other communist states in Eastern Europe]] in 1989–1991, this style of heraldry was often abandoned for the old heraldic practices, with many (but not all) of the new governments reinstating the traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

===Tamgas===
{{Main|Tamga}}
A '''tamga''' or '''tamgha''' "stamp, seal" ({{lang-mn|тамга}}, [[turkic languages|Turkic:]] tamga) is an abstract [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] or [[Seal (emblem)|stamp]] used by [[Eurasian nomad]]ic peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including [[Alans]], [[Mongols]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Turkic peoples]]). Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes also adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]],<ref>Ottfried Neubecker. ''Heraldik''. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79.</ref> such as the [[East Slavs]], whose ancient [[Symbols of the Rurikids|royal symbols]] are sometimes referred to as "tamgas" and have similar appearance.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMwmcqwZUGcC&q=rurikid+tamga&pg=PA36|title = Pre-modern Russia and Its World: Essays in Honor of Thomas S. Noonan |isbn = 9783447054256 | access-date = 2016-06-13|last1 = Noonan |first1 = Thomas Schaub |year = 2006 }}</ref>

Unlike European coats of arms, tamgas were not always inherited, and could stand for families or clans (for example, when denoting territory, livestock, or religious items) as well as for specific individuals (such as when used for weapons, or for royal [[seal (emblem)|seals]]). One could also adopt the tamga of one's master or ruler, therefore signifying said master's patronage. Outside of denoting ownership, tamgas also possessed religious significance, and were used as [[talisman]]s to protect one from curses (it was believed that, as symbols of family, tamgas embodied the power of one's heritage). Tamgas depicted geometric shapes, images of animals, items, or [[glyph]]s. As they were usually inscribed using heavy and unwieldy instruments, such as knives or brands, and on different surfaces (meaning that their appearance could vary somewhat), tamgas were always simple and stylised, and needed to be laconic and easily recognisable.<ref>ТАМГА (к функции знака). В.С. Ольховский (Историко-археологический альманах, No 7, Армавир, 2001, стр. 75-86)</ref>

===Tughras===
{{Main|Tughra}}
{{Further|Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire}}
Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from Ottoman Empire the coat of arms to be included in their collection. As the coat of arms had not been previously used in Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this request and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on April 17, 1882. It included two flags: the flag of the Ottoman Dynasty, which had a crescent and a star on red base, and the flag of the Islamic Caliph, which had three crescents on a green base.

==Modern heraldry==
[[File:Stenungsund vapen.svg|thumb|upright|Arms created in 1977, featuring a [[hydrocarbon]] molecule]]
Heraldry flourishes in the modern world; institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms as their pictorial identification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Cigar box heraldry |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013409 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Heraldry on Crate Labels |url=https://www.academia.edu/13367039 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=1–4 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Elvis Presley's Coat of Arms |url=https://www.academia.edu/38516784 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=6 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Postcard from the Supreme Court, London |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013370 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=2–4 |via=academia.edu}}</ref> In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English [[King of Arms|Kings of Arms]], Scotland's [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], and the [[Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland|Chief Herald of Ireland]] continue making grants of arms.<ref>See the [http://college-of-arms.gov.uk/#newsletter College of Arms newsletter] for quarterly samplings of English grants and the [http://www.nli.ie/h_arms1999.htm Chief Herald of Ireland's webpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004045906/http://www.nli.ie/h_arms1999.htm }} for recent Irish grants.</ref> There are heraldic authorities in [[Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada|Canada]],<ref>See the [http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/main.asp?lang=e Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada].</ref> South Africa, Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms. In [[South African heraldry|South Africa]], the right to armorial bearings is also determined by [[Roman Dutch law]], due to its origins as a 17th-century colony of the Netherlands.<ref>Cornelius Pama. ''Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry.'' (Balkema, Cape Town: 1972)</ref>

Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate in the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]], medieval revivals, [[micronation]]s and other related projects. Modern armigers use heraldry to express ancestral and personal heritage as well as professional, academic, civic, and national pride.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Gathering the clans in California |url=https://www.academia.edu/35831716 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |via=academia.edu}}</ref> Little is left of class identification in modern heraldry, where the emphasis is more than ever on expression of identity.<ref>{{harvp|Slater|2003|p=238}}</ref>
[[File:Italian Coat of Arms of Castagneto by Dario Scaricamazza.png|alt=Coat of arms of Castagneto|thumb|Contemporary coat of arms of Castagneto (Teramo, Italy) created in 2022 by the heraldic artist Dario Scaricamazza.]]
Heraldry continues to build on its rich tradition in [[academia]], [[government]], guilds and [[professional associations]], religious institutions, and the military. Nations and their subdivisions – provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. – continue to build on the traditions of civic heraldry. The [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches, and other religious institutions maintain the traditions of [[ecclesiastical heraldry]] for clergy, religious orders, and schools.

[[File:052-ADA-Rgmt-COA.png|thumb|upright|Military coat of arms, depicting a red locomotive.]]
Many of these institutions have begun to employ blazons representing modern objects. For example, some heraldic symbols issued by the [[United States Army Institute of Heraldry]] incorporate symbols such as guns, airplanes, or locomotives. Some scientific institutions incorporate symbols of modern science such as the [[Symbol (chemistry)|atom]] or particular scientific instruments. The arms of the [[United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority]] uses traditional heraldic symbols to depict the harnessing of atomic power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUdMRj7qOr8C&q=atom+symbol+in+heraldry&pg=PA21|title=Heraldic Design: A Handbook for Students|last=Child|first=Heather|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=9780806300719|language=en}}</ref> Locations with strong associations to particular industries may incorporate associated symbols. The coat of arms of [[Stenungsund Municipality]] in Sweden incorporates a hydrocarbon molecule, alluding to the historical significance of the petrochemical industry in the region.

Heraldry in countries with heraldic authorities continues to be regulated generally by [[Law of heraldic arms|laws]] granting rights to arms and recognizing possession of arms as well as protecting against their misuse. Countries without heraldic authorities usually treat coats of arms as creative property in the manner of [[logo]]s, offering protection under [[copyright law]]s. This is the case in [[Nigerian heraldry|Nigeria]], where most of the components of its heraldic system are otherwise unregulated.

==See also==
{{Portal|Heraldry}}
* [[Portal:Heraldry/Web resources|Heraldic societies]], an extended list including non-official heraldic authorities and societies
* [[Totem pole]], a somewhat similar concept in North America
* [[Emblematic]], discipline relating to the design of emblems
* [[Sigillography]], scholarly discipline that studies seals

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist-lr}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Charles Boutell |last=Boutell |first=Charles |year=1890 |url = https://archive.org/details/heraldryancientm00boutrich |editor-first=S. T. |editor-last = Aveling |title = Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry |location=London |publisher=Frederick Warne |oclc = 6102523 |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Bernard Burke |last=Burke |first=Bernard |title=The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time |location=Baltimore |publisher=Genealogical Publishing |year=1967 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Rodney Dennys |last=Dennys |first=Rodney |title=The Heraldic Imagination |location=New York |publisher=Clarkson N. Potter |year=1975 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Mark Elvins |last=Elvins |first=Mark Turnham |title=Cardinals and Heraldry |location=London |publisher=Buckland Publications |year=1988 }}
* {{cite book |last=Fairbairn |first=James |title = Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland |location=New York |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1986 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |title=The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory |url=https://archive.org/details/artofheraldryenc00foxd/ |location=London |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |via=Internet Archive |year=1904 }}
* {{cite book |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |year=1909 |url = https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxdrich |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |location=London |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |lccn=09023803 |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{cite book |last=Franklyn |first=Julian |title=Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/heraldry0000fran |url-access=registration |location=Cranbury, NJ |publisher=A.S. Barnes and Company |year=1968 |isbn=9780498066832 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Friar |title = A Dictionary of Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhera00fria |url-access=registration |publisher=Harmony Books |location=New York |year=1987 |isbn= 9780517566657 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gwynn-Jones |first=Peter |title=The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, and Designs |location=London |publisher=Parkgate Books |year=1998 |isbn=9780760710821 }}
* Hart, Vaughan. 'London’s Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument’, in ''RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics'', vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325-39
* {{cite book |author-link=Cecil Humphery-Smith |last=Humphery-Smith |first=Cecil |title=General Armory Two |location=London |publisher=Tabard Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780806305837 }}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Innes of Learney |editor-last=Innes of Edingight |editor-first=Malcolm |title = Scots Heraldry |edition=3rd |publisher=Johnston & Bacon |isbn=9780717942282 |location=London |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book |last=Le Févre |first=Jean |title=A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century Europe |editor-last1=Pinches |editor-first=Rosemary |editor-first2=Anthony |editor-last2=Wood |location=London |publisher=Heraldry Today |year=1971 |isbn=9780900455131 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |author2-link = Michael Maclagan |first2=Michael |last2=Maclagan |title=Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |location=New York |publisher=Clarkson Potter |year=1981 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mackenzie of Rosehaugh |first=George |title=Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Heir of Andrew Anderson |year=1680 }}
* {{cite book |author1-link=Iain Moncreiffe |last1=Moncreiffe |first1=Iain |first2=Don |last2=Pottinger |title=Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated |location=London and Edinburgh |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons |year=1953 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Ottfried Neubecker |last=Neubecker |first=Ottfried |title = Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning |location=Maidenhead, England |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1976 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nisbet |first=Alexander |title=A system of Heraldry |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T & A Constable |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=James |url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/ |title=A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David & Charles |year=1970 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Michel Pastoureau |last=Pastoureau |first=Michel |title = Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition |series="[[Découvertes Gallimard|Abrams Discoveries]]" series |location=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=1997 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=James Balfour Paul |last=Paul |first=James Balfour |title=An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/ordinaryofarmsco01paul |location=Edinburgh |publisher=W. Green & Sons |year=1903 |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{cite book |last=Pinches |first=J. H. |title=European Nobility and Heraldry |publisher=Heraldry Today |year=1994 |isbn = 0-900455-45-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Reid of Robertland |first1=David |first2=Vivien |last2=Wilson |title=An Ordinary of Arms |volume=Second |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Lyon Office |year=1977 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Johannes Rietstap |last=Rietstap |first=Johannes B. |title=Armorial General |location=Baltimore |publisher=Genealogical Publishing |year=1967 }}
* {{cite book |last=Siebmacher |first=Johann. J. |title=[[Siebmachers Wappenbuch|Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage]] |location=Nürnberg |publisher=Von Bauer & Raspe |year=1890–1901 }}
* {{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Slater |title=The Complete Book of Heraldry |publisher=Hermes House |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn = 9781844772247 }}
* {{cite book |last=von Volborth |first=Carl-Alexander |author-link1=Carl-Alexander von Volborth |year = 1981 |title = Heraldry – Customs, Rules and Styles |location=Ware, Hertfordshire |publisher=Omega Books |isbn = 0-907853-47-1 }}
* {{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Wagner |title=Heraldry in England |publisher=Penguin |year=1946 |oclc = 878505764 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Anthony Wagner |last=Wagner |first=Anthony R |title = Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms |location=London |publisher = [[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |year=1967 }}
* {{cite journal |last=von Warnstedt |first=Christopher |title = The Heraldic Provinces of Europe |journal=The Coat of Arms |volume=XI |issue=84 }}
* {{cite book |author1-link = Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms) |last1 = Woodcock |first1 = Thomas |author2-link = John Martin Robinson |first2=John Martin |last2=Robinson |title=The Oxford Guide to Heraldry |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=John |first2=George |last2=Burnett |orig-year=1884 |url = https://archive.org/details/treatiseonherald00wooduoft |title = Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries |year=1892 |location=Edinburgh |publisher = W. & A. B. Johnson |isbn = 0-7153-4464-1 |lccn = 02020303 |via=Internet Archive }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.europeanheraldry.org/ EuropeanHeraldry.org] catalogues a large number of European noble titles and heraldry.
* [http://www.lyczkowski.net/en/belarusian-gentry-coa/preface.html Heraldry of Greatlitvan Nobility]
* [http://www.ngw.nl/ Heraldry of the World (civic heraldry)], an overview of thousands of coats of arms of towns and countries
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Heraldry |volume=13 |pages=311–330 |first=Oswald |last=Barron |author-link=Oswald Barron |short=1}}
* [http://www.internationalheraldry.com/ International heraldry] Introduction and examples
* [http://www.heraldik.org/ Heraldisk Selskab] The Scandinavian Heraldry Society (one of the oldest and largest societies dedicated to heraldic research)
* [http://www.heraldryforkids.com/ Heraldry for Kids] Introducing Heraldry for Kids with free heraldry activity sheets
* [http://www.heraldica.org/ Heraldica] The history of heraldry, knighthood and chivalry, glossary of the blazon, themes, coats of arms, etc.
* [https://www.heraldic-arts.com/ Heraldic Arts] Founded in 1987, the Society of Heraldic Arts was the first organisation of its kind in the world.

{{heraldry|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Heraldry| ]]