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Alappuzha Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:00:58Z

Thefacecentre: Added Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alappuzha
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 104
| map_image = Alappuzha Bypass Aerial View 1.jpg
| map_caption = [[Alappuzha Bypass]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,93,532 (2016)
| mla = [[A.D. Thomas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
}}

'''Alappuzha State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies
|website = alappuzha.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala
|access-date = 11 March 2020
}}</ref> The current MLA is [[A.D. Thomas]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Alappuzha Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District
|access-date = 2021-03-13
|archive-date = 2011-03-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313040130/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| Parts of [[Alappuzha]]
| Municipality
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Aryad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Mannancherry]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha]]
|-
| [[Mararikulam North]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Ambalappuzha|Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Mararikulam South]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala|Ambalappuzha]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|T. V. Thomas
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|A. Nafeesath Beevi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |T. V. Thomas
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|K. P. Ramachandran Nair
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Party (Kerala)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[Rosamma Punnoose|Rosamma Punnose]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|K. P. Ramachandran Nair
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Party (Kerala)}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. C. Venugopal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2009
|-
|2009*
|12th
|A. A. Shukoor
|2009 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|rowspan='2'|[[T. M. Thomas Isaac]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|A. D. Thomas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|2026 incumbent
|-
|}
{{notelist}}*by-election

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. D. Thomas|votes=81,065|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]|votes=60,050|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=M. J. Job|votes=15,375|percentage|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 21015
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=157661|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,54,149 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]|votes=73,412|percentage=46.33|change={{decrease}}6.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dr. K. S. Manoj]]|votes=61,768|percentage=38.98|change={{increase}}5.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sandeep Vachaspathi|votes=21,650|percentage=13.66|change={{increase}}2.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=NOTA|votes=1,089|percentage=0.69|change={{up}}0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. C. Subeendran|votes=207|percentage=0.13|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. A. Vinod|votes=205|percentage=0.13|change={{down}}0.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BDP|candidate=Shylendran|votes=115|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,644|percentage=7.35|change={{decrease}}0.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,446|percentage=78.44|change={{down}}2.24}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}6.96}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,41,243 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[T. M. Thomas Isaac]]|votes=83,211|percentage=53.29|change={{decrease}}0.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Laly Vincent|votes=52,179|percentage=33.42|change={{decrease}}8.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ranjith Sreenivas|votes=18,214|percentage=11.66|change={{increase}}9.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=856|percentage=0.55|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. A. Sulaiman|votes=703|percentage=0.45|change={{decrease}}0.37}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=K. Mujeeb|votes=481|percentage=0.31|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. A. Vinod|votes=244|percentage=0.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Premji K. P.|votes=149|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Prasanth|votes=113|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=31,032|percentage=19.87|change={{increase}}8.30}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,56,150|percentage=80.68|change={{decrease}}0.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}0.42}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,93,532 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party =Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate=[[T. M. Thomas Issac]]| votes=75,857|percentage=53.71|change={{up}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Adv. P. J. Mathew|votes= 59,515|percentage=42.14|change={{down}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kottaram Unnikrishnan|votes=3,450|percentage=2.51|change={{down}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=T. M. Samad|votes=1,158|percentage=0.82|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sebastian|votes=646|percentage=0.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=C. P. Thilakan|votes=527|percentage=0.37|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,342|percentage=11.57|change={{up}}6.03 }}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,243|percentage=81.20|change= }}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner= CPI(M)|loser= Indian National Congress|swing={{up}}9.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
There is a bye election will be conducted in Alappuzha assembly constituency at 2009 due to the resignation of sitting MLA [[K.C. Venugopal]].

{{Election box begin | title=2009 bye-election: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. A. Shukoor
|votes = 42,774
|percentage = 49.96
|change = {{down}}8.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = G. Krishnaprasad
|votes = 38,029
|percentage = 44.42
|change = {{up}}5.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = K. Babu
|votes = 2,247
|percentage = 2.62
|change = {{up}}1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = Adv. K. A. Hassan
|votes = 1,804
|percentage = 2.10
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shukkoor
|votes = 405
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muralidharan
|votes = 110
|percentage = 0.12
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishnakumar
|votes = 83
|percentage = 0.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. Vijayan Pillai
|votes = 81
|percentage = 0.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. George Joseph Themplangadu
|votes = 46
|percentage = 0.05
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Noushad Shahul Hameed
|votes = 31
|percentage = 0.03
|change = -
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,745
|percentage = 5.54
|change = {{down}}14.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,610
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{down}}8.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,14,200 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K.C. Venugopal]]
|votes = 49,721
|percentage = 58.59
|change = {{up}}0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[T. J. Anjalose]]
|votes = 32,788
|percentage = 38.64
|change = {{up}}1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Parayil Radhakrishnan
|votes = 1,118
|percentage = 1.32
|change = {{down}}1.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. C. Venugopal
|votes = 489
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = A. P. Abrahimkutty
|votes = 241
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = M. A. Bindu
|votes = 227
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anjalose
|votes = 192
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajan Kochi
|votes = 81
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Invalid
|candidate = Invalidated Votes
|votes = 14
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 16,933
|percentage = 19.95
|change = {{down}}1.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 84,871
|percentage = 74.32
|change = {{up}}9.24
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}}0.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,38,117 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K.C. Venugopal]]
|votes = 52,203
|percentage = 58.09
|change = {{up}}7.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = A. M. Abdul Raheem
|votes = 33,050
|percentage = 36.78
|change = {{down}}5.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = D. Krishnan
|votes = 2,815
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdul Raheem
|votes = 1,176
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = S. Radhamony
|votes = 623
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Invalid
|candidate = Invalidated Votes
|votes = 29
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 19,153
|percentage = 21.30
|change = {{up}}12.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,896
|percentage = 65.08
|change = {{down}}6.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}}7.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
There were 1,26,537 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K.C. Venugopal]]
|votes = 45,104
|percentage = 50.9
|change = {{up}}2.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P. S. Somasekharan
|votes = 37,568
|percentage = 42.4
|change = {{down}}5.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = P. M. Hussain
|votes = 3,847
|percentage = 4.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. R. Rajappan
|votes = 1,190
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = S. Seethilal
|votes = 365
|percentage = 0.4
|change = {{down}}0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Cherian Jacob
|votes = 243
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muraleedharan
|votes = 143
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Fasy
|votes = 103
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,536
|percentage = 8.4
|change = {{up}}7.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 90,104
|percentage = 71.2
|change = {{down}}0.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing = {{up}}2.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
There were 1,24,595 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Alappuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = National Democratic Party (Kerala)
|candidate = K. P. Ramachandran Nair
|votes = 42,269
|percentage = 48.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P. S. Somasekharan
|votes = 41,519
|percentage = 47.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Arumughan Pillai
|votes = 2,513
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = S. Seethilal
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Vijayam Nelu
|votes = 336
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Usman Mohammed Yousuf
|votes = 201
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 750
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,632
|percentage = 71.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = National Democratic Party (Kerala)
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Alappuzha]]
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|9.51|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Alappuzha]]

Rajpal Kashyap

2026-05-03T15:13:11Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajpal Kashyap
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 27 May 2016
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|12|20}}
| parents =
| constituency = Nominated
| office1 = State President of Backward Cell of [[Samajwadi Party]]
| term_start1 = August 2020
| preceded1 =
| office2 = President of [[Lucknow University]] Students' Union
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2005
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy]])
| profession = Agriculturalist
}}

'''Rajpal Kashyap'''<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Rajpal Kashyap in U P Vidhan Parishad |url=https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in/members/viewprofile/?profileID=NjI= |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in}}</ref> (born 20 December 1976) is an Indian politician who is serving as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2016 representing the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=राजपाल कश्यप सहित 3 बने MLC, राज्यपाल ने लगाई मोहर - mobile |url=http://up.punjabkesari.in/uttar-pradesh/news/3-including-rajpal-kashyap-became-the-mlc-the-governor-made-a-stamp-477363 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एमएलसी राजपाल कश्यप का स्वागत किया |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/mlc-welcomed-rajpal-kashyap |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=पिछड़ी जातियों पर अन्याय बर्दास्त नहीं करेगी सपा -राजपाल कश्यप |url=https://www.uttarpradesh.org/uttar-pradesh/mathura/mathura-rajpal-kashyap-will-not-tolerate-injustice-on-backward-castes-267807-2/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Uttar Pradesh News, UP News, Hindi News Portal ,यूपी की ताजा खबरें |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सपा MLC राजपाल कश्यप बोले- एमएलसी चुनाव में सपा प्रत्याशियों के छीने गए पर्चे, BJP लोकतंत्र की हत्या करना चाहती है |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/sp-mlc-rajpal-kashyap-says-bjp-people-snatched-pamphlets-of-sp-candidates-in-mlc-elections-2022-spup/1130513 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 April 2016 |title=UP Governor approves MLC nominations filed by state govt |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/up-governor-approves-mlc-nominations-filed-by-state-govt-116042901519_1.html |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अरविंद सिंह, संजय लाठर और राजपाल कश्यप एमएलसी बने |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/uttarpradesh/article1-arvind-sanjay-and-rajpal-nominated-mlc-536058.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> He was President of [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University Students' Union]] in year 2003–2004 and President in year 2004–2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=20 December 2006 |title=Not many UP student union leaders enter 'real politics' |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/20/not-many-up-student-union-leaders-enter-real-politics-1166623024.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लखनऊ विवि में छात्रसंघ बहाली का रास्ता साफ |url=http://www.uttamhindu.com/National/126033/paving-way-for-students-union-restoration-in-lucknow-university |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Www.uttamhindu.com |language=hi}}</ref> He is State President of Backward Cell of Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजपाल कश्यप बने पिछड़ा वर्ग के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/political-hardoi-news-knp578599532 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajpal Kashyap was born to Siyaram Kashyap and Shreemati Kamla on 20 December 1976 in [[Hardoi district]]. He received his [[Master of Philosophy|M. Phil]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degrees from the [[University of Lucknow]]. Kashyap is married and is an agriculturalist by profession.<ref name="Profile"/>

Rajpal Kashyap is a Gold Medalist in [[Lucknow University]] for Good Educational character and best behaviour, helpful nature and social work in year 2004–2005.<ref name="Profile" />

== Posts held ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | office
! scope="col" | Year
|-
| [[Hardoi district]] General Secretary, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha ||1995–1996
|-
| Vice President of Lucknow University Students' Union ||2003–2004
|-
| President of Lucknow University Students' Union ||2004–2005
|-
| National vice president of Samajwadi Chhatra Sabha || 2005–2008
|-
| National General Secretary Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha|| 2008–2011
|-
| State President of Samajwadi Chhatra Sabha, Uttar Pradesh ||2011–unknown
|-
| Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] || 2016–Incumbent
|-
| Member of National Working Committee of [[Samajwadi Party]] || 2017–Incumbent
|-
| State President of Backward Cell of Samajwadi Party ||2020–Incumbent
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Citron

2026-05-03T11:30:30Z

Thefacecentre: started new post

{{short description|Species of citrus plant}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Citroën}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Chinesische Zedrat Zitrone.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref>Plummer, J. 2021. Citrus medica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T62041221A62041228. Downloaded on 6 September 2021.</ref>
|genus = Citrus
|species = medica
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms = 
* ''Citrus alata'' ([[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]]) Tanaka
* ''Citrus bicolor'' [[Pierre Antoine Poiteau|Poit.]] & [[Pierre Jean François Turpin|Turpin]]
* ''Citrus cedra'' Link
* ''Citrus fragrans'' [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]
* ''Citrus limonimedica'' ([[Alfred Wyndham Lushington|Lush.]])
* ''Citrus odorata'' (Wester) Tanaka
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite book |chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon |editor-first1=Manuel |editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco |editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Fred G Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2020 |pages=57–81 |isbn=9780128121634 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8 |s2cid=242819146 }}</ref><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000608140#synonyms |title=''Citrus medica'' L. Sp. Pl. : 782 (1753) |date=2022 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=11 December 2022 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211131721/http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000608140#synonyms |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The '''citron''' ('''''Citrus medica''''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Cedrate |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cedrate |website=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430124554/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cedrate |url-status=live }}</ref> is a large fragrant [[citrus]] fruit with a thick, coarse [[Peel (fruit)|rind]]. It resembles a [[lemon]], but is larger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Food |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014 |editor=Tom Jaine |others=Illustrated by Soun Vannithone |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=890807357 |page=191 }}</ref> It is one of the [[Citrus taxonomy#Citrons|original citrus fruits]] from which all other citrus types developed through natural [[hybrid speciation]] or artificial [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Klein, J. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East |chapter=Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region |publisher=Springer Netherlands |editor1=Z. Yaniv |editor2=N. Dudai |pages=199–214 |volume=2 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10 |series=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World |isbn=978-94-017-9275-2 }}</ref> Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used in Asian and Mediterranean cuisine, traditional medicines, perfume, and religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially more prominent, most notably lemons and many [[Lime (fruit)|limes]], which were created using citrons.

== Etymology ==
The fruit's name is derived from the Latin ''citrus'', which is also the origin of the genus name. The binomial name ''Citrus medica'' derives from [[Median kingdom|Media]], the kingdom of the Medes, where it was believed to originate (but see "Origin and distribution" below).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Attlee |first=Helena |title=The land where lemons grow: the story of Italy and its citrus fruit |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-95257-3 |location=London |pages=201 }}</ref>

=== Other languages ===
A source of confusion is that ''[[:wikt:citron|<nowiki/>'citron]]''<nowiki/>' in French and English are [[false friend]]s, as the French word ''<nowiki/>'citron'<nowiki/>'' refers to what in English is a lemon; whereas the French word for the citron is ''<nowiki/>'cédrat'''. Into the 16th century, the English term ''citron'' included the lemon and perhaps the lime as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=oed.com |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2024|reason=link to home page instead of entry. Cannot find similar statement on other online dictionaries.}} Other languages that use variants of ''citron'' to refer to the lemon include Armenian, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, German, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Esperanto, Polish and the Scandinavian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Lemon" in European languages |url=https://jakubmarian.com/lemon-in-european-languages/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012357/https://jakubmarian.com/lemon-in-european-languages/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Italian it is known as {{lang|it|cedro}}, the same name used also to indicate the coniferous tree [[cedrus|cedar]]. Similarly, in Latin, citrus, or [[thyine wood]] referred to the wood of a North African cypress, ''[[Tetraclinis articulata]]''.
In [[Indo-Iranian languages]], it is called {{Transliteration|fa|toranj}}, as against {{Transliteration|fa|naranj}} ('bitter orange'). Both names were borrowed into [[Arabic]] and introduced into Spain and Portugal after their occupation by [[Muslims]] in AD 711, whence the latter became the source of the name ''orange'' through [[rebracketing]] (and the former of 'toronja' and 'toranja', which today describe the [[grapefruit]] in Spanish and Portuguese respectively).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantlives.com/docs/C/Citrus_medica.pdf |title=''Citrus medica'' |date=2 October 2021 |publisher=plantlives.com |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421102229/http://www.plantlives.com/docs/C/Citrus_medica.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Dutch merchants seasonally import [[Succade]] for baked goods; a thick, light green colored commercially candied half peeling from Indonesia and other countries ({{lang|id|sukade}} – Indonesian word for love, ''Citrus médica'' variety 'Macrocárpa'), which can reach 2.5 kilograms in mass. A bitter taste is removed by salt treatment before processing into confectionery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hvass |first=Else |title=Nuttige Planten In Kleur |date=1965 |publisher=Mousault |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9789022610220 |pages=76, 161 |edition=nedersland |url=https://www.deslegte.com/nuttige-planten-in-kleur-118498/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091837/https://www.deslegte.com/nuttige-planten-in-kleur-118498/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Hebrew it is called an ''[[Etrog]]'' ({{lang|he|אתרוג}}); in Yiddish, it is pronounced ''"esrog"'' or "''esreg''". The citron plays an important role in the harvest holiday of [[Sukkot]] paired with ''[[lulav]]im'' (fronds of the [[date palm]]).

== Origin and distribution ==
[[File:Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa (Fuller et al., 2017).png|thumb|Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main ''Citrus'' cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa<ref name="fuller">{{cite book |first1=Dorian Q. |last1=Fuller |first2=Cristina |last2=Castillo |first3=Eleanor |last3=Kingwell-Banham |first4=Ling |last4=Qin |first5=Alison |last5=Weisskopf |editor1-first=Véronique |editor1-last=Zech-Matterne |editor2-first=Girolamo |editor2-last=Fiorentino |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean |chapter=Charred pomelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early ''Citrus'' cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |year=2017 |pages=29–48 |isbn=9782918887775 |doi=10.4000/books.pcjb.2107 |hdl=11573/1077421 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03501166/file/2017-Ruas-etal-Citrus.pdf |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173?lang=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821061319/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03501166/file/2017-Ruas-etal-Citrus.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The citron is an old and original citrus species.<ref name=Chambers>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=William and Robert |title=Chambers's Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People |year=1862 |publisher=W. and R. Chambers |location=London |page=55, vol. 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gTj2h8cFM4C&dq=oil+of+cedrate&pg=PA55 }}</ref>

There is molecular evidence that most cultivated citrus species arose by [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridization]] of a small number of ancestral types: the citron, [[pomelo]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Papeda (citrus)|papedas]] and [[kumquat]]. The citron is usually [[fertilized]] by [[self-pollination]], which results in their displaying a high degree of genetic [[zygosity|homozygosity]]. It is the male parent of any citrus hybrid rather than a female one.<ref name="HortScience 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nicolosi|last2=Deng|last3=Gentile|last4=La Malfa|last5=Continella|last6=Tribulato|title=Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|date=June 2000|volume=100|issue=8|pages=1155–1166|doi=10.1007/s001220051419|s2cid=24057066|first=E.|first6=E.|first5=G.|first4=S.|first3=A.|first2=Z. N.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barkley|last2=Roose|last3=Krueger|last4=Federici|title=Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a ''Citrus'' germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs)|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|date=May 2006|volume=112|issue=8|pages=1519–1531|doi=10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9|pmid=16699791|s2cid=7667126|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=11065&content=PDF|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064039/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=11065&content=PDF|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription|first=Noelle A.|first4=Claire T.|first3=Robert R.|first2=Mikeal L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Abkenar|last2=Isshiki|last3=Tashiro|title=Phylogenetic relationships in the 'true citrus fruit trees' revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA|journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=102|issue=2|date=1 November 2004|pages=233–242|doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2004.01.003|bibcode=2004ScHor.102..233A|first=Asad Asadi|first3=Yosuke|first2=Shiro}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Krug|title=Chromosome Numbers in the Subfamily Aurantioideae with Special Reference to the Genus ''Citrus''|journal=Botanical Gazette|volume=104|number=4|date=June 1943|pages=602–611|jstor=2472147|doi=10.1086/335173|bibcode=1943BoGaz.104..602K|s2cid=84015769|first=C. A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Carvalho|last2=Filho|last3=Brasileiro-Vidal|last4=Guerra|title=The relationships among lemons, limes and citron: a chromosomal comparison|journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research|volume=109|issue=1–3|date=March 2005|doi=10.1159/000082410|pages=276–282|pmid=15753587|s2cid=26046238|first=R.|first4=M.|first3=A. C.|first2=W. S. Soares}}</ref><ref name="Talon">{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Archaeological evidence for citrus fruits has been limited, as neither seeds nor pollen are likely to be routinely recovered in archaeology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |last2=Castillo |first2=Cristina |last3=Kingwell-Banham |first3=Eleanor |last4=Qin |first4=Ling |last5=Weisskopf |first5=Alison |chapter=Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: Approaches to framing the historical context of early ''Citrus'' cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173?lang=en#ftn2 |title=AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean : Acclimatization, diversifications, uses |publisher=Publications du Centre Jean Bérard |language=en |date=15 January 2018 |isbn=9782918887775 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928014252/https://books.openedition.org/pcjb/2173?lang=en#ftn2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The citron is thought to have been native to the southeast foothills of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="Talon"/> Despite its scientific designation, which is an adaptation of the old name in classical Greek sources “Median pome”, this fruit was not indigenous to Media or ancient Media;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/citrus-fruits- |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430053629/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/citrus-fruits- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''Inquiry into Plants'' 4.iv.2.</ref> it was mostly cultivated on shores of the [[Caspian Sea]] (north of Mazandarn and Gilan) on its way to the [[Mediterranean basin]], where it was cultivated during the later centuries in different areas as described by Erich Isaac.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Isaac|title=The Citron in the Mediterranean: a study in religious influences|journal=Economic Geography|volume=35|issue=1|date=January 1959|pages=71–78|doi=10.2307/142080|jstor=142080|first=Erich}}</ref> Many mention the role of [[Alexander the Great]] and his armies as they attacked [[Achaemenid Empire|Iran]] and what is today Pakistan, as being responsible for the spread of the citron westward, reaching the European countries such as Greece and Italy.<ref name="Purdue Citron"/><ref name="Simoons p.200">{{cite book |last=Simoons|title=Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry|publisher=CRC Press|year=1990|isbn=9780849388040|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&q=alexander+the+great+citron&pg=PA200|page=200|first=Frederick J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html |title=ethrog |publisher=University of California, Riverside |access-date=4 May 2008 |archive-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608215246/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ensminger|last2=Ensminger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&q=Alexander+the+great+citron&pg=PA424|title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia|edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=CRC Press|year=1993|isbn=9780849389818|page=424|first=Marion Eugene|first2=Audrey H.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Calabrese|chapter=Origin and history|editor=Giovanni Dugo|editor2=Angelo Di Giacomo|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC&q=alexander+the+great+citron&pg=PA4|title=''Citrus'': The Citrus Genus|publisher=CRC Press|date=2003|page=4|isbn=9780203216613|first=Francesco}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC&dq=alexander+the+great+citron&pg=PA7 Biology of Citrus]{{dead link|date=November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP3ohzxbRxgC&q=alexander+the+great+citron&pg=PA59|title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture|publisher=Read Books|year=2007|isbn=9781406781564|page=59|first=H. Harold}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bonavia|author-link=Emmanuel Bonavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsNBAAAAIAAJ&q=alexander%20the%20great%20citron&pg=PA255|title=The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, Etc. of India and Ceylon|publisher=W. H. Allen|year=1888|page=255|first=Emmanuel}}</ref>

=== Antiquity ===
{{See also|Etrog#Historic cultivation areas}}
Leviticus mentions the "fruit of the beautiful ('hadar') tree" as being required for ritual use during the [[Feast of Tabernacles]] ([http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm Lev. 23:40]). According to Jewish Rabbinical tradition, the "fruit of the tree hadar" refers to the citron. [[Sukkah (Talmud)|Mishna Sukkah]], {{Circa|2nd century AD}}, deals with [[halakhic]] aspects of the citron.

[[file: Segment_of_synagogue_mosaic_floor_from_Tiberias_at_Eretz_Israel_Museum_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg|thumb|upright|Ancient mosaic of Tiberian Synagogue depicting citrons]]

The [[Egyptologist]] and [[archaeologist]] [[Victor Loret]] said he had identified it depicted on the walls of the [[Botanical garden of Thutmosis III|botanical garden]] at the [[Karnak Temple]], which dates back to the time of [[Thutmosis III]], approximately 3,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scientific Committee, March 28, 1893: The Antiquity of the Citron in Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21oCAAAAYAAJ&q=citron+persian+gulf&pg=RA3-PR20 |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |volume=16 |year=1894 }}</ref> Citron was also cultivated in [[Sumer]] as early as the 3rd millennium BC.

The citron has been cultivated since ancient times, predating the cultivation of other ''Citrus'' [[species]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramón-Laca |first=L. |title=The Introduction of Cultivated Citrus to Europe via northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula |journal=Economic Botany |date=Winter 2003 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=502–514 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0502:tiocct]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=33447866 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Theophrastus ===

[[File:A species of citrus fruit (Citrus sarcodactylis Hort. Bog.); Wellcome V0042687.jpg|thumb|[[Fingered citron]] with the leaves and thorns that are common to all varieties of citron. Chromolithograph by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885, after B. Hoola van Nooten. ]]

The following description on citron was given by [[Theophrastus]]<ref>''Historia plantarum'' 4.4.2–3 (''exc.'' Athenaeus ''Deipnosophistae'' 3.83.d-f); cf. Vergil ''Georgics'' 2.126-135; Pliny ''Naturalis historia'' 12.15,16.</ref>

<blockquote>In the east and south there are special plants ... i.e. in Media and Persia there are many types of fruit, between them there is a fruit called Median or Persian Apple. The tree has a leaf similar to and almost identical with that of the ''andrachn'' (''[[Arbutus andrachne]]'' L.), but has [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]] like those of the ''[[apios]]'' (the wild pear, ''Pyrus amygdaliformis'' Vill.) or the [[firethorn]] (''Cotoneaster pyracantha'' Spach.), except that they are white, smooth, sharp and strong. The fruit is not eaten, but is very fragrant, as is also the [[leaf]] of the tree; and the fruit is put among [[clothes]], it keeps them from being [[moth]]-eaten. It is also useful when one has drunk deadly poison, for when it is administered in wine; it upsets the [[stomach]] and brings up the poison. It is also useful to improve the [[breath]], for if one boils the inner part of the fruit in a dish or squeezes it into the mouth in some other medium, it makes the breath more pleasant.

The seed is removed from the fruit and sown in the spring in carefully tilled beds, and it is watered every fourth or fifth day. As soon the plant is strong it is [[Transplanting|transplanted]], also in the spring, to a soft, well watered site, where the soil is not very fine, for it prefers such places.

And it bears its fruit at all seasons, for when some have gathered, the flower of the others is on the tree and is ripening others. Of the [[flower]]s I have said<ref>''Historia plantarum'' 1.13.4.</ref> those that have a sort of distaff [meaning the [[carpel|pistil]]] projecting from the middle are fertile, while those that do not have this are sterile. It is also sown, like [[date palm]]s, in pots punctured with holes.

This tree, as has been remarked, grows in Media and Persia.</blockquote>

=== Pliny the Elder ===

[[File:Citron (Citrus medica L.); flowering and fruiting stem. Colo Wellcome V0043083.jpg|thumb|Citron (''Citrus medica '' L.); flowering and fruiting stem. Coloured aquatint by G. Geri, c. 1825, after D. Serantoni. ]]

The citron was described by [[Pliny the Elder]], who called it ''nata Assyria malus''. The following is from his book ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'':

<blockquote>There is another tree also with the same name of "citrus", and bears a fruit that is held by some persons in particular dislike for its smell and remarkable bitterness; while, on the other hand, there are some who esteem it very highly. This tree is used as an ornament to houses; it requires, however, no further description.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chap. 31.—The Citron-Tree |work=Perseus Digital Library |publisher=Tufts University |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D31 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126195642/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D31 |url-status=live }} excerpting from {{cite book |title=The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. |editor1=John Bostock |editor2=H. T. Riley |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1855 }}</ref>

The citron tree, called the Assyrian, and by some the Median or Persian apple, is an antidote against poisons. The leaf is similar to that of the [[Arbutus|arbute]], except that it has small prickles running across it. As to the fruit, it is never eaten, but it is remarkable for its extremely powerful smell, which is the case, also, with the leaves; indeed, the odour is so strong, that it will penetrate clothes, when they are once impregnated with it, and hence it is very useful in repelling the attacks of noxious insects.

The tree bears fruit at all seasons of the year; while some is falling off, other fruit is ripening, and other, again, just bursting into birth. Various nations have attempted to naturalize this tree among them, for the sake of its medica or Persian properties, by planting it in pots of clay, with holes drilled in them, for the purpose of introducing the air to the roots; and I would here remark, once for all, that it is as well to remember that the best plan is to pack all slips of trees that have to be carried to any distance, as close together as they can possibly be placed.

It has been found, however, that this tree will grow nowhere except in Persia. It is this fruit, the pips of which, as we have already mentioned, the [[Parthia]]n grandees employ in seasoning their [[ragout]]s, as being peculiarly conducive to the sweetening of the breath. We find no other tree very highly commended that is produced in Media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D7 |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XII. The Natural History of Trees, Chap. 7. (3.)—How the Citron Is Planted. |publisher=Tufts University |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925023827/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Citrons, either the pulp of them or the pips, are taken in wine as an antidote to poisons. A decoction of citrons, or the juice extracted from them, is used as a gargle to impart sweetness to the breath. The pips of this fruit are recommended for pregnant women to chew when affected with [[qualmishness]]. Citrons are good, also, for a weak stomach, but it is not easy to eat them except with vinegar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D23%3Achapter%3D56 |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXIII. The Remedies Derived from the Cultivated Trees., Chap. 56.—Citrons: Five Observations upon Them. |publisher=Tufts University |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727034110/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D23%3Achapter%3D56 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Medieval authors ===
[[Ibn al-'Awwam]]'s 12th-century agricultural encyclopedia, ''Book on Agriculture'', contains an article on citron tree cultivation in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn al-'Awwam |first=Yaḥyá |author-link=Ibn al-'Awwam |title=Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) |year=1864 |location=Paris |publisher=A. Franck |translator=J.-J. Clement-Mullet |pages=292–297 (ch. 7 - Article 29) |url=https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n14/mode/2up |language=fr |oclc=780050566}} (pp. [https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n400/mode/2up 292]–297 (Article XXIX)</ref>

== Description and variation ==
[[File:Zitronatszitrone.jpg|thumb|A citron or [[citrus hybrid|citron-like hybrid]] of Italian origin, showing the thick rind]]

=== Fruit ===
The citron fruit is usually [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]] or oblong, narrowing towards the [[Etrog#Pitom|stylar]] end. However, the citron's fruit shape is highly variable, due to the large quantity of [[Mesocarp#Mesocarp|albedo]], which forms independently according to the fruits' position on the tree, twig orientation, and many other factors. The rind is leathery, furrowed, and adherent. The inner portion is thick, white and hard; the outer is uniformly thin and very fragrant. The pulp is usually acidic, but also can be sweet, and some varieties are entirely pulpless.

Most citron varieties contain a large number of [[monoembryonic]] seeds. The seeds are white with dark inner coats and red-purplish [[chalazal spot]]s for the acidic varieties, and colorless for the sweet ones. Some citron varieties have persistent [[carpel|styles]] which do not fall off after fecundation. Those are usually preferred for ritual ''[[etrog]]'' use in Judaism.

Some citrons have medium-sized oil bubbles at the outer surface, medially distant to each other. Some varieties are ribbed and faintly warted on the outer surface. A fingered citron variety is commonly called [[Buddha's hand]].

The color varies from green, when unripe, to a yellow-orange when overripe. The citron does not fall off the tree and can reach {{Convert|8-10|lb}} if not picked before fully mature.<ref>''Un curieux Cedrat marocain'', Chapot 1950.</ref><ref name="HortScience 2005">{{Cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/Research/PubMed_Dietary_Supplement_Subset.aspx?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=796030 |title=The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; ''HortScience'' '''40'''(7):1963–1968. 2005 |access-date=28 June 2025 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810164631/http://ods.od.nih.gov/Research/PubMed_Dietary_Supplement_Subset.aspx?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=796030 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, they should be picked before the winter, as the branches might bend or break to the ground, and may cause numerous fungal diseases for the tree.

Despite the wide variety of forms taken on by the fruit, citrons are all closely related genetically, representing a single species.<ref name="Talon"/><ref name="Ramadugu">{{cite journal |last1=Ramadugu |first1=Chandrika |last2=Keremane |first2=Manjunath L |last3=Hu |first3=Xulan |last4=Karp |first4=David |last5=Frederici |first5=Claire T |last6=Kahn |first6=Tracy |last7=Roose |first7=Mikeal L |last8=Lee |first8=Richard F. |title=Genetic analysis of citron (''Citrus medica'' L.) using simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |volume=195 |pages=124–137 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.004 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015ScHor.195..124R }}</ref> Genetic analysis divides the known cultivars into three clusters: a Mediterranean cluster thought to have originated in India, and two clusters predominantly found in China, one representing the fingered citrons, and another consisting of non-fingered varieties.<ref name="Ramadugu"/>

=== Plant ===
[[File:Citron Balady Etrog Simanim.jpg|thumb|A pure citron of any kind has a large portion of [[Fruit anatomy#Mesocarp|albedo]], which is important for the production of [[succade]].]]

''Citrus medica'' is a slow-growing [[shrub]] or small tree that reaches a height of about {{convert|8|to|15|ft|m|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=off}}. It has irregular straggling branches and stiff twigs and long [[spine (botany)|spines]] at the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s. The evergreen leaves are green and lemon-scented with slightly serrate edges, ovate-lanceolate or ovate elliptic {{convert|2+1/2|to(-)|7|in|mm|-1|order=flip}} long. [[Petiole (botany)|Petioles]] are usually wingless or with minor wings. The clustered flowers of the acidic varieties are purplish tinted from outside, but the sweet ones are white-yellowish.
{{Citron varieties}}

The citron tree is very vigorous with almost no dormancy, blooming several times a year, and is therefore fragile and extremely sensitive to frost.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |title=Website Disabled |publisher=University of California, Riverside |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005736/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |archive-date=8 March 2008 }}</ref>

=== Varieties and hybrids ===
The [[acid]]ic varieties include the [[Florentine citron|Florentine]] and [[Diamante citron]] from Italy, the [[Greek citron]] and the [[Balady citron]] from Israel.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234002705 |title=A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses |last1=Meena, Ajay Kumar |last2=Kandale, Ajit |last3=Rao, M. M. |last4=Panda, P. |last5=Reddy, Govind |journal=The Journal of Pharmacy |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=14–20 |year=2011 }}</ref> The sweet varieties include the [[Corsican citron|Corsican]] and [[Moroccan citron]]s. The pulpless varieties also include some [[Fingered citron|fingered]] varieties and the [[Yemenite citron]].

There are also a number of citron [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]; for example, [[ponderosa lemon]], the [[lumia (citrus)|lumia]] and [[rhobs el Arsa]] are known citron hybrids. Some claim<ref>{{Cite web |title=ponderosa |url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ponderosa.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=citrusvariety.ucr.edu |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303043405/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ponderosa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that even the [[Florentine citron]] is not pure citron, but a citron hybrid.

== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
{{Main|Succade}}

While the lemon and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] are primarily peeled to consume their pulpy and [[juice|juicy]] [[flavedo|segments]], the citron's pulp is dry, containing a small quantity of juice, if any. The main content of a citron fruit is its thick white rind, which adheres to the segments and cannot easily be separated from them. The citron gets halved and depulped, then its rind (the thicker the better) is cut into pieces. Those are cooked in sugar syrup and used as a [[spoon sweet]] known in Greek as "kítro glykó" (κίτρο γλυκό), or diced and candied with sugar and used as a confection in cakes. In Italy, a soft drink called "Cedrata" is made from the fruit<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parla |first=Katie |date=10 May 2009 |title=Cedrata, A Strange and Refreshing Beverage |url=https://katieparla.com/cedrata-a-strange-and-refreshing-beverage/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Katie Parla |language=en-US |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422040730/https://katieparla.com/cedrata-a-strange-and-refreshing-beverage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as a dense and powerful citron liqueur called “cedro” or “cedrello”.<ref name=":0"/>

In Samoa a refreshing drink called "vai tipolo" is made from squeezed juice. It is also added to a raw fish dish called "oka" and to a variation of palusami or luáu.

Citron is a regularly used item in Asian cuisine.

Today the citron is also used for the [[fragrance]] or [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]] of its [[flavedo]], but the most important part is still the inner rind (known as [[pith]] or ''[[Fruit anatomy#Mesocarp|albedo]]''), which is a fairly important article in [[international trade]] and is widely employed in the food industry as [[succade]],<ref name="Purdue Citron">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html |title=Citron: ''Citrus medica'' Linn. |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=20 August 2007 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320081540/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as it is known when it is candied in sugar.

The dozens of varieties of citron are collectively known as ''Lebu'' in [[Bengali cuisine|Bangladesh, West Bengal]], where it is the primary citrus fruit.

In Iran the citron's thick white rind is used to make jam; in Pakistan the fruit is used to make jam but is also pickled; in [[South Indian cuisine]], some varieties of citron (collectively referred to as "Narthangai" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and "Heralikayi" in [[Kannada]]) are widely used in pickles and preserves. In [[Karnataka]], heralikayi (citron) is used to make lemon rice. In [[Kutch]], Gujarat, it is used to make pickle, wherein entire slices of fruits are salted, dried and mixed with [[jaggery]] and spices to make sweet spicy pickle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bijora Pickle |url=http://www.jainworld.com/jainfoodrecipes/pic_bijora.asp |publisher=Jain World |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073239/http://www.jainworld.com/jainfoodrecipes/pic_bijora.asp |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the United States, citron is an important ingredient in holiday [[fruitcakes]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Halv sukat.JPG|A citron halved and depulped, cooked in sugar
File:Bicchiere di tassoni1.jpg|''Cedrata'', a citron soft drink from Italy
File:Citron cake.jpg|Citron torte
</gallery>

===Medicine ===
From [[ancient]] through [[medieval]] times, the citron was used mainly for [[traditional medicine|supposed medical purposes]] to combat [[seasickness]], [[scurvy]] and other disorders. Pietro Andrea [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli|Mattioli]]'s ''Commentaries'' (1544) recommended using the essential oil of citrons to preserve dead bodies and suggested using it as a contraceptive.<ref name=":0"/>

Citron and its bioactive [[phytochemical]]s have demonstrated activity against various pathogenic microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dahan |first1=Arik |last2=Yarmolinsky |first2=Ludmila |last3=Nakonechny |first3=Faina |last4=Semenova |first4=Olga |last5=Khalfin |first5=Boris |last6=Ben-Shabat |first6=Shimon |date=9 June 2025 |title=Etrog Citron (''Citrus medica'') as a Novel Source of Antimicrobial Agents: Overview of Its Bioactive Phytochemicals and Delivery Approaches |journal=Pharmaceutics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=761 |doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics17060761 |doi-access=free |issn=1999-4923 |pmc=12196015 |pmid=40574073 }}</ref> The juice of the citron has a high content of [[vitamin C]] and [[dietary fiber]] ([[pectin]]) which can be extracted from the thick [[flavedo|albedo]] of the citron.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hardy|title=The Extraction of Pectin from the Fruit Rind of the Lime (''Citrus medica acida'')|journal=Biochemical Journal|volume=18|issue=2|year=1924|pages=283–290|pmc=1259415|pmid=16743304|doi=10.1042/bj0180283|first=Frederick}}
</ref>

=== Religious ===
==== In Judaism ====
{{Main|Etrog}}
The citron (the word for which in Hebrew is ''[[etrog]]'') is used by Jews for a religious [[ritual]] during the Jewish harvest holiday of [[Sukkot]], the [[Feast of Tabernacles]]; therefore, it is considered to be a Jewish symbol, one found on various Hebrew antiques and archaeological findings.<ref>See [[Etrog]]</ref> the Indian Bene Israel jews call it 'Mahalum' Matulunga, known botanically as Citrus medica and commonly as citron or, in Marathi/Hindi, Mahalung/Beejora-nimbu, is a large, aromatic citrus fruit in the Rutaceae family.

==== In Buddhism ====
{{Main|Buddha's hand}}
A variety of citron native to China has sections that separate into finger-like parts and is used as an [[offering (Buddhism)|offering]] in [[Buddhist]] temples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=buddha |url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/buddha.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=citrusvariety.ucr.edu |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208152714/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/buddha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Buddhahand2.jpg|thumb|[[Fingered citron]]]]
==== In Hinduism ====
In Nepal, the citron ({{Langx|ne|बिमिरो|translit=bimiro}}) is worshipped during the [[Bhai Tika]] ceremony during [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिमिरो पूजासँगै खाउँ पनि! |url=https://shikshakmasik.com/3599/esewa.com.np |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=shikshakmasik.com |language=ne |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026122647/https://shikshakmasik.com/3599/esewa.com.np |url-status=live }}</ref> The worship is thought to stem from the belief that it is a favorite of [[Yama]], Hindu god of death, and his sister [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yami]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasana |date=29 October 2016 |title=Decoding Bhai Tika symbols |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/lifestyle/decoding-bhai-tika-symbols-tihar-festival |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922082629/https://thehimalayantimes.com/lifestyle/decoding-bhai-tika-symbols-tihar-festival |url-status=live }}</ref>
Goddess Mahalakshmi in one of her four hands carry matulunga fruit, known botanically as Citrus medica and commonly as Citron, in Marathi/Hindi, Mahalung/Beejora-nimbu.

=== Perfumery ===
For many centuries, citron's fragrant essential oil ('''oil of cedrate''') has been used in perfumery, the same oil that was used medicinally for its antibiotic properties. Its major constituent is [[limonene]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inouye, S. |last2=Takizawa, T. |last3=Yamaguchi, H. |year=2001 |title=Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=565–573 |doi=10.1093/jac/47.5.565 |pmid=11328766 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights="120" mode="packed-hover">
File:Cedri BMK.jpg|In a German market, for culinary use
File:4642 - Cedri al mercato di Ortigia, Siracusa - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 20 marzo 2014.jpg|In fruit market of Italy
File:Citrons leaves.jpg|[[Naxos]] citrons and leaf
File:Lipari-Citrons (3).jpg|Citron or [[citrus hybrid|hybrid]] in Sicily
File:മാതളനാരകം.JPG|A wild citron in India
File:Cidra flor.JPG|Citron flowers
File:Citrus 3859.JPG|Unknown citron type in pot
File:Cédrat.jpg|A [[Corsican citron]]
File:Bijora.jpg|Bijora - Citron fruit for sale at Bhujpur, [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], India
File:Galgal Lemon.jpg|Citron growing in [[Uttarakhand]],
</gallery>

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* H. Harold Hume, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6c4AAAAMAAJ&dq=greek+citron&pg=PA59 Citrus Fruits and Their Culture]''
* Frederick J. Simoons, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&dq=citron+mesopotamia&pg=PA200 Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry]''
* Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Eliezer E. Goldschmidt, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S0-h00_-3CUC&pg=PA4 Biology of Citrus]''
* Alphonse de Candolle, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcMAAAAYAAJ&dq=citrus+medica+mesopotamia&pg=PA178 Origin of Cultivated Plants]''

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Citrus medica}}
{{Commons category multi|Citrus medica|Citrons (Citrus medica)}}
* [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10745 USDA Plants Profile – ''Citrus medica''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133703/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10745 |date=24 September 2015 }}
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html "Citron"] Purdue University
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822234415/http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/people/?Roose#CitrusDiversity University of California- "Citrus Diversity"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041237/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=162 Buddha's Hand citron] by [[David Karp (pomologist)]]

{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q150064}}

[[Category:Citron| ]]
[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:False friends]]
[[Category:Four species (Sukkot)]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Perfumes]]
[[Category:Sukkot]]

Kumari (2022 film)

2026-05-01T19:41:07Z

Thefacecentre: Put Up A Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian fantasy horror film directed by Nirmal Sahadev}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kumari
| image = Kumari-2022.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nirmal Sahadev]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Giju John|[[Nirmal Sahadev]]|Sreejith Sarang|[[Jakes Bejoy]]|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]}}
| writer = {{ubl|Nirmal Sahadev|Fazal Hameed}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]|[[Shine Tom Chacko]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jakes Bejoy]] Manikandan Ayyappa '''Score:''' Jakes Bejoy
| narrator = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| cinematography = Abraham Joseph
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| studio = The Fresh Lime Sodas
| distributor = [[Magic Frames]] [[Prithviraj Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|10|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kumari''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy horror]] film written, directed, and co-produced by [[Nirmal Sahadev]]. It stars [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] in title role, with [[Shine Tom Chacko]] and [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kumari-teaser-aishwarya-lekshmi-starrer-unfolds-the-world-of-kumari/articleshow/94433651.cms |date=22 September 2022 |title=Kumari' teaser: Aishwarya Lekshmi starrer unfolds the world of Kumari |website=The Times of India|access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref> The film is produced by Giju John, Nirmal Sahadev, Sreejith Sarang and [[Jakes Bejoy]] under the banner of The Fresh Lime Sodas. Abraham Joseph is the cinematographer of the film, while Jakes Bejoy composed the soundtrack. ''Kumari'' was co-produced by [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], Priyanka Joseph and Mridhula Pinapala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-s-kumari-promises-a-fantasy-thriller-watch-teaser-1.7902394 |date=22 September 2022 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi's 'Kumari' promises a fantasy thriller, watch teaser |website=Mathrubhoomi|access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie starts with a grandmother narrating to her grandchild a story about a goddess that had visited the earth. Becoming fascinated by the beauty of planet, she did not return to her abode, and married a mortal man and had two children named Chathan and Gari Devan, who neither looked like gods nor humans and possessed enormous powers. They fought amongst themselves and destroyed the planet forcing the goddess to restrain Chathan to the mountains and Gari Devan under the land, before returning to her abode. Human beings then start worshipping them, knowing that they are very powerful and can be used for the betterment of mankind.

The movie then shifts to a village, where the conservative landlord Thuppan undervalues people from low-caste and was known to be very cruel. Chokkan was a young [[orphan]], who unbeknownst to everyone often met Chathan and gave him food in exchange for gems. Thuppan's generous wife Nangakutty was fond of Chokkan and often conversed with him. One day, while Chokkan was conversing with Nangakutty, he forgets the [[Mango|mangoes]] that he fetched and Nangakutty, unbeknownst to anyone, eats the mangoes which was considered a sin by the landlord as he considers them outcasts. Later, while Nangakutty was serving food to Thuppan, he notices the smell of mangoes coming from Nangakutty and realizes she ate mangoes from the forest and that she had used them to cook food which she had given to Thuppan. The agitated Thuppan who was feeling impure, went to have a bath in the family pond to purify himself. Finding Chokkan having a bath at the pond, a furious Thuppan admonished him and eventually killed him using a rock. Angered, Chathan cursed the village causing a rain of rocks and deadly disease, with which Thuppan got infected. To get rid of the curse and protect his clan and people, Thuppan decided to invite Gari Devan.

After twelve generations, Kumari, an orphan raised by her uncles and her brother Jayan, marries Dhruvan, a [[mentally ill]] person and Thuppan's descendant despite receiving opposition from Jayan, for her uncles. Kumari is attracted towards the forest by Chokkan but she is desisted by her co-sister Lakshmi, Dhruvan's brother Achyuthan's wife, who discloses that their family is not supposed to enter the forest, having earned the wrath of Chathan. She also reveals that Thuppan had sought the protection of Gari Devan against the curse imposed on the family by Chathan. Later, Kumari confronts Dhruvan when she witnessed his uncle Velyachan and brother Achyuthan mistreat him and he reveals that he was ignored in favor of his brother, causing him to be his own companion and people started to believe that he was mentally unwell. He also revealed that he killed his teacher for beating him mercilessly with a cane for watching a dance performance by skipping his lessons. Kumari realizes that what Dhruvan needs is love and affection and begins to care for him. Achyuthan meanwhile engages in an [[extra-marital affair]] with a woman named Parijatham, who provokes him to seek authority over the village.

Kumari, chasing Chokkan who fascinated her, enters the forest and meets a woman called Muthamma who tells Kumari that the latter is carrying a child, who would be in danger because of Dhruvan and asks her to come meet her across the river and that she would take her to Chathan, who would protect the child. Kumari, horrified returns home and later, her pregnancy is confirmed. Kumari gets stressed over the fact that no one in the family except for Dhruvan seem happy about her pregnancy. Dhruvan begins to hold desires for power over the village as its lord and Kumari catches him cutting his two fingers to resemble Gari Devan. Achyuthan mocks him over it and a fight erupts between them but Velyachan intervenes and declares that Dhruvan would be the next landlord as he is the first one of the next generation delivering an heir. Lakshmi later divulges to Kumari that she intentionally didn't bear children for a reason. Twelve generations ago, after Thuppan invites Gary Devan, the former had sacrificed his own son to Gari Devan for appeasing him despite Nangakutty's protests which caused her to commit suicide. The sacrifice of Thuppan's son and Gari Devan's protection for the family only lasts for twelve generations and it was Dhruvan's turn as the lord of the twelfth generation to sacrifice his child which is why the women were not happy over Kumari's pregnancy. Terrified, Kumari expresses to Lakshmi that Dhruvan would never do such a thing but Lakshmi tells her that the family's men would go to any extent to uphold their power and traditions. Lakshmi also reveals to Kumari that Thuppan has been alive for the last twelve generations rotting in the attic for his sins. Velyachan witnesses Lakshmi telling everything to Kumari. The next morning, Lakshmi is found dead in the well, indicating that Velyachan killed her.

Devastated, Kumari crosses the river and visits Muthamma's community that pray to Chathan and Muthamma takes her to Chathan, who promises to protect Kumari's child. She is given a small thing to be buried in her house and a few incantations to be read. Velyachan begins to train Dhruvan for engaging in the next sacrifice while Parijatham instigates Achyuthan to visit Chathan and seek power but he gets killed by Chathan. At the same time, Velyachan also dies due to a snake bite and Dhruvan takes his position as the next lord. Chathan's curse begins to haunt the village for the second time, repeating the history. After a fire erupts in their house, Dhruvan gets convinced that someone is conspiring against him and has taken Chathan's side and goes into the forest along with his henchmen. He beats up Chathan's worshippers but is forced by his henchmen to return when Chathan's arrival is signalled by the nature. Angered by his violence and concerned for her people, Muthamma reveals that Kumari is the one conspiring against him to protect her child. Dhruvan confronts Kumari and justifies that it would be his responsibility to kill his child for the village and confines her to a room. Kumari's brother Jayan visits her to take her away and assaults Dhruvan in the fields for mistreating Kumari but Dhruvan murders him leaving Kumari distraught. With no other option, Kumari meets Thuppan, who blames himself for all the miseries that he has caused and asks her to pray to the goddess, previously worshipped by Nangakutty, whom he had ignored for approaching Gari Devan. She finds the idol of the goddess along with a dagger that she had seen previously in her nightmares.

Kumari eventually gives birth to a healthy boy and tries to escape with her baby but Dhruvan ambushes her and takes the child for sacrifice. He calls Gari Devan to accept the sacrifice but Kumari comes back and fights Dhruvan and Gari Devan with the dagger from the goddess idol. On the other side, in the forest, Muthamma and her people invoke Chathan with their loud prayers. In response to all this, Chathan arrives and fights against Gari Devan to uphold his promise to Kumari and finish the fight that he had started long ago. Chathan cuts off Gari Devan's tongue while Kumari reluctantly kills Dhruvan and saves her baby. One is still unsure whether Gari Devan is alive (being a demi-god) or dead.

A few years later, Kumari is now looking over the village as the landlady. Unlike the men in her family, she is more humane and understanding. Kumari's son finds Chokkan standing in the forest and tries to go to him, indicating that he will be Chathan's next friend.

==Cast==
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Kumari
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Kaanhirangat Dhruvan Thampuran
*[[Swasika]] as Lakshmi
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Muthamma
*[[Spadikam George]] as Kaanhirangaat Vellyachan Thampuran
*[[Shivajith]] as Kaanchirangat Thuppan Thampuran
*[[Giju John]] as Kaanhirangaat Achuthan
*[[Tanvi Ram]] as Nangakutty Amma
*[[Shruthy Menon]] as Parijatham
*[[Rahul Madhav]] as Jayan Devan
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Kunjamma

== Release ==
The film opened in theaters in [[Kerala]] on 28 October 2022 and was released on [[Netflix]] on 18 November 2022.

== Reception ==
''[[Cinema Express]]'' writes ''Kumari'' is powered by a heavily folklore-influenced narrative that bears elements of a gothic horror story or a monster feature, ''Kumari'' is one of those films with all its departments well-balanced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/oct/28/kumari-movie-review-an-impressively-mounted-creature-feature-36054.html |title=Kumari Movie Review: An impressively mounted creature feature |date=28 October 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' writes the most impressive aspect of ''Kumari'' is its visual texture heavy with ominous foreboding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/29/kumari-movie-review-an-impressively-mounted-creature-feature-2512889.html |title=Kumari Movie Review |date=28 October 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Director Nirmal Sahadev, who debuted with Ranam, an action drama set in Detroit, has improved his game marginally, but a shallow script pulls ''Kumari'' down".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kumari-movie-review-immersive-fantasy-horror-drama-pulled-down-by-a-shallow-script/article66064518.ece |title='Kumari' movie review: Immersive fantasy-horror drama pulled down by a shallow script |first=S. r |last=Praveen |date=28 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Malayala Manorama|onManorama]]'' said that "The plot, however, is stuck in a rulebook of the genre, if there is one. The characters' tension doesn't convey to the audience. The narrative flows in a rather predictable manner, leaving little moments of thrill and fear".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/10/28/kumari-aishwarya-lekshmi-shine-tom-chacko.html |title=Kumari Review | Aishwarya Lekshmi-starrer loses its way in a supernatural world |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/oct/28/kumari-movie-review-an-impressively-mounted-creature-feature-36054.html |title=Kumari Movie Review: An impressively mounted creature feature |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=28 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Music==

The music was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] and one song composed by Manikandan Ayyappa who also co-composed the [[background score]] with Jakes.

{{tracklist
| headline = Kumari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://srsmusiq.com/category/malayalam/films/kumari-2022/ |title=Kumari (2022) |website=Swara Raga Sangeetham|date=20 November 2022 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 15:47
| title1 = Mandarappoove
| lyrics1 = [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]]
| extra1 = Aavani Malhar
| music1 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| length1 = 03:59
| title2 = Shilakal
| lyrics2 = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| extra2 = Akhil J Chand, Vaiga Nambiar
| music2 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| length2 = 02:56
| title3 = Sita Kalyana
| lyrics3 = Jyothish Kassi
| extra3 = Akhil J Chand, [[Akhila Anand]]
| music3 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| length3 = 02:15
| title4 = Nizhaladum
| lyrics4 = Jyothish Kassi
| extra4 = Manikandan Ayyappa
| music4 = Manikandan Ayyappa
| length4 = 02:29
| title5 = Pattuduthu Vannathum
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]], Athul Narukara, Srihari Tharayil
| extra5 = [[Arivu]], Athul Narukara, [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| music5 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| length5 = 04:08
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13531020}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]

Dildarnagar

2026-04-26T06:33:42Z

Thefacecentre: started post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{distinguish|Dildarnagar (village)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dildarnagar
| image_skyline = Dildarnagar Road.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Image of market road in the town of Dildarnagar in 2015
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dildarnagar in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.430871|83.666527|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19.9595
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_total = 29,242
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Dildarnagri, Kamsari
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official Language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Languages in India|Hindi, Urdu & Farsi , Arabic]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| registration_plate = UP-61
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = male 52% female 48% [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| footnotes = Market hub Of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]], Agricultural hub of [[Ghazipur]]
| official_name =
| established_date = 16 July 1698
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| founder = Raja Muhammad Deendar Khan
| area_total_acre =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name = Deendarnagar 
Fatehpur
| area_total_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| nickname = The Fun Town<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kamsar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093927/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kamsar |archive-date=2022-03-16 |access-date=|website=|last1=Ansari|first1=Saiyad Hasan|year=1986}}</ref>
| pushpin_relief =
| population_est = 42121
| established_date1 = 1 January 1879
| established_title1 = [[Municipality|Incorporated]]
| imagesize = 285px
| government_type = [[Mayor|Chairman]]
| governing_body = [[Nagar Palika Parishad]]
| pop_est_as_of = 2021
| website = https://dildarnagar.co.in/
| area_land_km2 = 19.628
| area_water_km2 = 0.3315
}}
'''Dildarnagar''' is a [[Nagar panchayat]] in [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsaar]] of [[Ghazipur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Dildarnagar is a fast-developing town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title="2011 census of India"|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|url-status=live|archive-date=2006-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510061218/http://www.censusindia.gov.in:80/}}</ref> It is located 34 [[Kilometre|km]] from [[Ghazipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Distance between Ghazipur and Dildarnagar|url=https://www.yatra.com/distance-between/distance-from-gazipur-to-dildar-nagar.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417151701/https://www.yatra.com/distance-between/distance-from-gazipur-to-dildar-nagar.html |archive-date=2021-04-17 }}</ref> The sacred '''Shayar Mata Temple''' of Dildarnagar is very famous in whole India . The total area of Dildarnagar includes [[Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar|Fatehpur Bazar]], [[Dildarnagar Gao]], [[Tajpur, Dildarnagar|Tajpur]], and [[Nirahukapura, Dildarnagar|Nirahukapura]]. These four neighbourhoods form the town of Dildarnagar. As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Dildarnagar was 28,913 and the town had an area of 1,995.95 hectares. Dildarnagar is on the road from [[Varanasi]] to [[Buxar]]. It was also the capital of [[Dildarnagar estate|Dildarnagar Estate]]. It comes under Zamania constituency. [[Avinash Jaiswal]] is currently serving as the Chairman of the Dildarnagar Nagarpanchayat. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh/Localities/Dildarnagar/|title=Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar, at Curlie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Panchayat, Dildarnagar|url=https://ghazipur.nic.in/public-utility/nagar-panchayat-dildarnagar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126111520/https://ghazipur.nic.in/public-utility/nagar-panchayat-dildarnagar/ |archive-date=2021-01-26 }}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient period===
Between the town and the station lies a mound known as Akhandha, believed to have been the seat of the legendary Raja Naal. To the west stands a large tank named Rani Sagar, associated with his famed queen, [[Damayanti]]. The tank was reconstructed in 1710 by Raja Deendar Khan.

===Medieval period===
[[File:Dildarnagar Masjid.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|[[Jama Mosque, Dildar Nagar|Jama Masjid]] build by Raja Deendar Khan in 1700]]
The land where the present town of Dildarnagar exists belonged to the Zamindars of Bahuara and Kusi, and was called village [[Akhanda]]. Dildarnagar was founded on 16 July 1698 by a [[Kunwar]] Naval Singh who adopted [[Islam]] and kept his name Raja Deendar Khan in 1674. Deendar Khan kept the name as Deendarnagar, but because of wrong pronunciation during the [[British Raj|British rule]] over [[India]], the name of was changed to Dildarnagar in 1839. Kunwar Naval Singh used to live in the village named Samohta located in [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]] [[tehsil]] of [[Bihar]], India. One day the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], [[Aurangzeb]] passed to the village and, being influenced by Naval Singh's brother, he adopted the aforementioned brother in 1674. He named his brother Miya Danish Khan. Aurangzeb also made Danish Khan the [[jagir]]dar of a place near [[Delhi]] in 1680s and gave him the title of [[Raja]]. After that, the whole family of Naval Singh shifted to [[Lahore]] and adopted [[Islam]] in 1660s. Kunwar Naval Singh was named Raja Muhammad Deendar Khan. Deedar Khan was a descendant of the family of [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]] in [[Kaimur district|Kaimur Bihar]]. Deendar Khan came to [[Ghazipur district]] and bought the village named Akhanda with 592 coins used during the [[Aurangzeb]] Empire in 1698 and started living there. He was made the [[Jagirdar]] of [[pargana]] [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]], [[Zamania]] and [[Chausa]]. Dildarnagar also saw a battle at Dildarnagar . Raja Deendar Khan Build an [[Eidgah|Eid Gah]] in the village between 1699 and 1705 CE and a Mosque called Shahi masjid. During [[Mughal Empire|Mughals empire]], [[Zamania]], [[Usia, Dildarnagar|Usia]] and [[Dewaitha]] were the main market centers of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]] . But Dildarnagar was also a large market area during the 1700s.

Seorai, located near Dildarnagar of [[Ghazipur]], witnessed a tragic historical event during the reign of [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]. On 16th Muharram (Tuesday, 1710-11 CE), Kunwar Dheer Singh (Muhammad Bahrmand Khan), the [[faujdar]] of [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]] and the son of zamindar Muhammad Deendar Khan of Dildarnagar, was [[martyr]]ed while defending the region against a rebellious former [[faujdar]] of [[Chausa]]. The attack was orchestrated due to animosity from Moatsim Khan, the [[faujdar]] of [[Ghazipur]].

The rebels looted villages like Seorai, Bareji, [[Gorasara]], and [[Mania, Dildarnagar|Maniya]], destroying property and desecrating Seorai's old mosque. Bahrmand Khan and his companions, including Sheikh Dayanatullah, Muhammad Hamza, and Muhammad Sultan, sacrificed their lives to protect the region.

The event deeply grieved Muhammad Dindar Khan, who documented the incident in a [[Persian language|Persian]] "Mahzarnama" addressed to the emperor. Today, the Deendar Shamsi Museum and Library preserves this document, along with the legacy of Bahrmand Khan's bravery, as reflected in the five graves at Seorai's Kuttul Khan Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Saiyad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kamsar |title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer being Vol. XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201224151/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Infotech |first=Sysmarche |title=Khabre Aaj Bhi मौज़ा सेवराई बचाने में हो गये थे सात लोग शहीद |url=https://khabreaajbhi.com/news_details.php?id=3904&fbclid=IwY2xjawHX5M5leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHWm1CMVuqc4x2PU5-a4D0kiPZGYGo3PiWV-LM7Pq8d0YRTGuKQXNsFmaCg_aem_ha1zr2Pg9ULqUYr6lI6h0Q |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=khabreaajbhi.com |language=en}}</ref>

===British period===
Dildarnagar's original name was '''Akhandha''', but in medieval period named changed to Deendarnagar, later regional pronunciations led in 1838 to a British officer writing the name as Dildarnagar. Dildarnagar was made a town in 1879, after [[Dildarnagar Junction railway station|Dildarnagar Junction Railway Station]] was built by the [[Company rule in India|British Government]] in 1862. Fatehpur Bazaar was originally a market of [[Usia]] village but in the 1890s it was added to Dildarnagar. [[Yadav's]] has a very stronghold in Fatehpur Bazaar. Till 2007, Dildarnagar was used to be Vidhansabha Constituency but later is shifted to [[Zamania.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Dildarnagar|url-status=live|last1 = Ansari|first1 = Saiyad Hasan|year = 1986|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417150156/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Dildarnagar |archive-date=2021-04-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Dildarnagar|date=17 October 2017 |url=https://m.patrika.com/ghazipur-news/history-of-dildarnagar-in-ghazipur-1915024/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010103419/https://m.patrika.com/ghazipur-news/history-of-dildarnagar-in-ghazipur-1915024/ |archive-date=2019-10-10 }}</ref>

'''Shayar Mata Temple'''

Shayar Mata Temple is a local shrine situated between Platforms 3 and 4 of Dildarnagar Railway Station in Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The temple is associated with a popular local legend dating back to the British colonial period. According to local tradition, during the construction of the railway line, workers discovered a clay idol beneath a neem tree at the site. When attempts were made to cut the tree, several unexplained incidents reportedly occurred, which were interpreted by locals as divine intervention. It is believed that these events led railway authorities to alter the alignment of the track near the site. Over time, a temple was constructed there, and it has since become a place of local religious significance. Currently this temple is managed by descendants of [[Prem Singh Yadav]]

==Demographics==
The town is home to about 28,913, among them 15,034 (52%) are male and 13,879 (48%) are female. 97% of the whole population are from [[Forward caste|general caste]], 3% are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|schedule caste]] and 0% are [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|schedule tribes]]. The child (under 6 years old) population of Dildarnagar is 12%, among them 53% are boys and 47% are girls. There are 4,200 households in the city and an average of 7 people live in every family. Currently [[Baniya's]] has the highest population in Dildarnagar. In the [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]], the total population here were about 25 thousand. Female population growth rate of the city is 14.4% which is -0.8% lower than male population growth rate of 15.2%. General caste population has increased by 19%; Schedule caste population has decreased by -43.8% and child population has decreased by -14.8% in the city since the last census. Dildarnagar has 22% (6,426) population engaged in either main or marginal works. 34% of the male and 8% of the female population are [[Workforce|working population]]. 24% of the total male population are main (full time) workers and 10% are marginal (part time) workers. For women, 6% of the total female population are main and 2% are [[marginal workers]].<ref name=":0" />
{{historical populations|13=1853|14=1900|15=1865|16=2315|17=1872|18=2542|19=1881|20=2306|21=1891|22=2797|23=1901|24=2827|25=1911|26=2968|27=1921|28=3265|29=1931|30=3428|31=1941|32=3600|33=1951|34=4320|35=1961|36=11231|37=1971|38=16987|39=1981|40=19374|41=1991|42=21310|43=2001|44=25292|45=2011|46=28913|47=2021 (estimate)|48=42121|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

===Religion===
{{bar box|title=Religions in Dildarnagar|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|Orange|60}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|Green|38}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Other religions or not stated|grew|1.5}}
}}
[[Hindus]] contribute 60% of the total population and are the largest religious community in the city followed by [[Muslims]] which contribute 38% of the total population and not stated are the third largest religious community here with 1.5% population. [[Christians]] here are 0.5%. Female Sex ratio per 1,000 male in Hindus are 896 in Muslims are 940 and in Not stated are 1,250.<ref name=":0" /> As per the old Census during 1850–1870, very fewer [[Hindus]] lived in Dildarnagar and [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsar]]. Other than [[Hindus]] there were also a small population of [[Sikhs]] who are believed to be settled here during 1700s. Later, in 1870s most of the [[Sikhs]] converted to [[Hinduism|Hindusium]] or [[Islam]] or left the place. Because of this, the Population of [[Sikhs|Sikh]] has declined in the region. As per the old census of 1820-1880s, it is observed that Dildarnagar and Kamsar was a Muslims majority place. But as of now, in this region most population is of Hindus.

==Agriculture==
===Agriculture===
[[File:Dildarnagar farms.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|Image of green farms in Dildarnagar]]
Dildarnagar has a humid [[Subtropics|Subtropical climate]] with large variations between summer and winter temperatures. The average annual rainfall is 1,155 mm. Fog is common in the winters, while hot dry winds, called loo, blow in the summer. As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] report, the [[Geographic coordinate system|geographical area]] of the town is 4,931.1 acres but the total crop producing area of the town is nearly 4,000 acres. All crops grow in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar|Eastern Bihar]] are grown in the town. The soil of the town is rich in [[mineral]]s and resources. The water level of the town is not more than 30 meters deep and towns have many ponds which cover more than 50 acres of land. The town of Dildarnagar is well connected to roads so it is easy to export crops and bring machinery to the town. Dildar nagar is also denoted as the agricultural hub of [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur District]]. All the materials and machines like [[Tractor]]s, [[Combine harvester|Combine Harvesters]], [[Baler]]s etc., that are used in agricultural activities are easily available in the town as farming is done with modern machinery. [[Zamania Canal]] passes almost through the middle of the town and contributes in making irrigation easier.<ref name="Viewweather.com, Dildarnagar">{{Cite web|title=Viewweather.com, Dildarnagar|url=http://www.viewweather.com/w2583755-weather-forecast-for-dildarnagar-state_of_bihar.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111247/http://www.viewweather.com/w2583755-weather-forecast-for-dildarnagar-state_of_bihar.html |archive-date=2014-02-02 }}</ref><ref name="Dildarnagar">{{Cite web|title="Dildarnagar"|url=https://geoiq.io/places/232326---Dildarnagar/UvVdCoNs3t|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418180730/https://geoiq.io/places/232326---Dildarnagar/UvVdCoNs3t/ |archive-date=2021-04-18 }}</ref><ref name="Bhulekh">{{Cite web|title="Bhulekh"|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041339/http://www.upbhulekh.gov.in:80/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp |archive-date=2016-05-06 }}</ref><ref name="Yahoo weather for Dildarnagar">{{Cite web|title=Yahoo weather for Dildarnagar|url=http://weather.yahoo.com/india/uttar-pradesh/dildar-nagar-29128524/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200921/http://weather.yahoo.com/india/uttar-pradesh/dildar-nagar-29128524/ |archive-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref>

===Economy===
[[File:Dildarnagarsteet,Canal.jpeg|thumb|260px|left|Image of a road throw which [[Zamania Canal]] flows]]
Businesses like [[Brickworks|brick-making]], fertilizer, pesticide manufacturing, [[Cattle|cattle-rearing]], [[poultry farming]], and [[fish farming]] are done in the town. The town also has personally owned [[oil mill]]s, [[Flower|flower mills]], [[rice mill]]s, dall mills, and [[Sugarcane mill|sugar mills]]. The town has many shops, including one shopping mall and some [[Megamarketing|mega markets]]. The economy of Dildarnagar is well maintained by trader/baniya community. Many fancy new Malls & Restaurants are opened too here. The town also has one railway station, eighteen [[English-medium schools in Bangladesh|English medium schools]], two [[Government School Teachers Association GSTA Delhi|government schools]], and three [[Postgraduate education|Degree Colleges]]. There are six banks in the town and more than ten ATMs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bankifsccode.com/ALLAHABAD_BANK/UTTAR_PRADESH/GHAZIPUR_/DILDARNAGAR|title=ALLAHABAD BANK, Dildarnagar Branch, Ghazipur , Uttar Pradesh, BankIFSCcode.com|website=bankifsccode.com}}</ref> The town also has [[temople]]s, a [[mosque]], a [[gurudwara]] and an [[ashram]]. There were two playgrounds in the Dildarnagar as of 2011. The town of Dildarnagar also has one movie theatre which was established in 1962 by [[Nazir Hussain]] when he started Kamsar Films. Petrol pumps are easily available in and in close proximity of the town. Rest facilities are also available here. Dildarnagar is the main center of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]]. The main market of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]], named [[Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar|Fatehpur Bazaar]], is here. As of the census of 2011, Dildarnagar has an area of 883 acres and has a population of 4,293 households. On average, each house in Dildarnagar has an area of 8,960 sqft. The town also has a large fishery that spreads over 66 acres and is one of the main [[Fisheries management|fisheries]] of the region.<ref name="Viewweather.com, Dildarnagar"/><ref name="Dildarnagar"/><ref name="Bhulekh"/><ref name="Yahoo weather for Dildarnagar"/>

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Dildarnagar view.jpeg|thumb|260px|left|Image some houses near a [[pond]] in Dildarnagar]]

===Education===
There are more than fifty educational institutes in Dildarnagar, and many of them have been serving education for more than fifty years. The number of schools in Dildarnagar have increased a lot during 1950-1990s. During older days the number of schools were less because of which the people had to go to the city of [[Ghazipur]] for better education. After [[Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar]] and [[Dildarnagar Junction railway station]] was established, a large number of schools were built and the town grew up very quickly. There were also very few [[English language|English medium]] [[school]]s during 1930s and 1940s. Some of the notable schools, colleges, and [[institution]]s in the town include Adarsh Vidyalaya Inter College, Crescent Convent School, New Shah Faiz Public School, Saraswati Sishu Mandir, [[St. Fransis Academy, Dildarnagar|St. Fransis Academy]], Noble Senior Secondary School, St. Xavier's School, [[SKBM Degree College]], Government Girls Inter College, Delhi Public School and [http://shahzadaiti.in/ Shahzada Industrial Training Institute]. The town has three [[Undergraduate education|degree colleges]] . There is also an [[ashram]] located near the town which was established in the 1970s. There are also some [[Primary school|government schools]] in the town. A [[Institute of technology|technical institute]] and a [[Medical college in India|medical college]] are under construction.

==Transport==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Dildarnagar pic2.jpg|thumb|240px|left|A view of Dildarnagar Junction Railway Station]]
Dildarnagar is located almost 34 km from the main [[city]] of [[Ghazipur]]. Dildarnagar is located on the road from [[Varanasi|Varansi]] to [[Buxar]]. The [[Dildarnagar Junction railway station]] is one of the busiest railway stations in [[Ghazipur]], with almost 10,000 daily passengers. Dildarnagar Junction railway station was built in 1862, connected to the Mughalsarai line. It was connected to [[Medinipur, Ghazipur|Tarighat]] in 1880.And it have 11 railway stations. The nearest international airport is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Lal Bahadur Shahtri Airport]], located in [[Varanasi]]. Other than international airports, [[Azamgarh Airport]] is the nearest national airport to Dildarnagar.

==Health==
[[File:MS Memorial Dildarnagar.jpeg|thumb|220px|left|Image of MS Memorial Eye Hospital. As of 2015 it is the only eye hospital in Dildarnagar.]]
There are many hospitals and clinics located in Dildarnagar. The condition of Dildarnagar in terms of health is good. Some of the most notable hospitals located in the town of Dildarnagar are Bindeshwari Memorial Hospital, NN Tiwari Hospital, SBM Hospital, Government Hospital, Dr. Dilip Kumar Sharma Hospital, Madeeha Hospital, Life Care Hospital, Shahwat Hospital, Fatima Hospital, Asha Ashvi Hospital, Shivam Hospital, and MS Memorial Eye Hospital. Other than these hospitals, there are also many clinics in Dildarnagar.

===Neighborhoods===
[[Dildarnagar Gao]], [[Dildarnagar Fatehpur Bazar|Fatehpur Bazar]], Dildarnagar Gao Bazaar, Palia, [[Nirahukapura, Dildarnagar|Nirahukapura]], Tajpur, Hussainabad, Ramnagar Dildarnagar, Shakuntala Nagar Dildarnagar, Railway Station Thana Road

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dildarnagar| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1698]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ghazipur district]]

Yuri Alemao

2026-04-23T01:15:03Z

Thefacecentre: creating!

{{Short description|Indian politician and businessman (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yuri Alemao
| birth_name = Yuri Lenon Elias Alemao
| caption = Alemao in 2022
| image = Yuri Alemao during Chieftains Martyrs Day at Cuncolim.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Goa Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition of]] [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 30 September 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cuncolim-mla-yuri-alemao-new-leader-of-opposition-in-goa-assembly/articleshow/94566533.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16646348112585&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |title=Cuncolim MLA Yuri Alemao new leader of opposition in Goa assembly | Goa News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]
| leader = Parmod Sawant
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Clafasio Dias]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Indian National Congress|Leader of the Congress Legislature Party]]
| constituency2 =
| term2 = 20 September 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Fatima Alemao
| children = 1
| education = [[Secondary School Certificate]] (S.S.C.)
| profession = Businessman
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Joaquim Alemao]] (father)
* [[Churchill Alemao]] (uncle)}}
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Yuri Lenon Elias Alemao''' (born 16 November 1984)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?dflag=OPOS |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician and businessman who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency]]. Alemao emerged victorious via [[Indian National Congress]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Yuri Alemao, INC MLA from Cuncolim – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/yuri-alemao/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He defeated former MLA [[Clafasio Dias]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 6,632 votes.<ref name=":0" /> On 20 September 2022, he was appointed the Congress Legislature party leader in Goa Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Congress appoints Yuri Alemao as legislature party leader in Goa Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-yuri-alemao-legislature-party-leader-goa-assembly-8161505/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Yuri Lenon Alemao was born to [[Joaquim Alemao]], the former Urban development minister and MLA of [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency]], in [[Margao, Goa]], India. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from Goa and has a [[commercial pilot licence]] from Basair Aviation College, [[New South Wales]], [[Sydney]], Australia from 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alemao Yuri(Indian National Congress(INC)): Constituency- Cuncolim (South Goa) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=243 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Alemao is married to Fatima Fernandes Alemao ([[née]] Fernandes). The couple have a son together.<ref>{{cite web |last=24x7 |first=In Goa |date=14 September 2022 |title=Not for sale |url=https://twitter.com/ingoa24x7/status/1570035364466946049 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> He currently resides in [[Cuncolim]], Goa.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alemao, Yuri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Goa]]

{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Pauri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:44Z

Thefacecentre: Made first stub basic info...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttarakhand State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pauri
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = Pauri Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Rajkumar Pori]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = {{formatnum:93158}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
}}
'''Pauri''' is one of the 70 constituencies in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state of [[India]]. [[Pauri]] is also part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="elections">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/pauri.html|website=elections.in|title=Pauri Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|accessdate=2020-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Shiva Nand Nautiyal || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Bhagwati Charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Bhagwati Charan Nirmohi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Narendra Singh Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Pushkar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Narendra Singh Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] ||rowspan="2" |[[Harak Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Mohan Singh Rawat]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|'''Formation of Uttarakhand State''' ''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Narendra Singh Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Yashpal Benam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Mukesh Singh Koli]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Rajkumar Pori]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pauri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Pori]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,865 |percentage=52.60% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naval Kishor |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,127 |percentage=40.93% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=736 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=675 |percentage=1.37% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=458 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chandar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=423 |percentage=0.86% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poonam Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=358 |percentage=0.73% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Uttarakhand Janekta Party |votes=343 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,738 |percentage=11.67% |change= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,174 |percentage=51.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,590 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pauri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukesh Singh Koli]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,469 |percentage=53.95% |change={{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naval Kishor |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,439 |percentage=39.62% |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=693 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=364 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Pratap Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=323 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devaki Nandan Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,030 |percentage=14.33% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,062 |percentage=52.26% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,874 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pauri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,389 |percentage=42.57% |change={{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghananand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,483 |percentage=36.19% |change={{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=6,685 |percentage=14.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh Tamta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,102 |percentage=2.42% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Singh Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=816 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,906 |percentage=6.38% |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,549 |percentage=53.47% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,182 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pauri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Benam |party=Independent politician |votes=10,936 |percentage=31.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tirath Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,925 |percentage=31.33% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Singh Bhandari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,439 |percentage=24.20% |change={{decrease}}16.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarsan Singh Negi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,982 |percentage=5.68% |change={{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagpal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=886 |percentage=2.54% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh Negi |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=582 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=304 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yuvraj Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=291 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11 |percentage=0.03% |change= {{decrease}}9.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,869 |percentage=56.55% |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,939 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pauri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Singh Bhandari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,996 |percentage=40.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tirath Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,091 |percentage=31.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarshan Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,563 |percentage=12.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Khugshal Gani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahadev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Laxmi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=413 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Istwal Advocate |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=335 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Thapliyal |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Singh Negi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=293 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Singh Aswal Alias Kamaleswar Singh Aswal |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=248 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,905 |percentage=9.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,281 |percentage=47.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,541 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pauri]]
* [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|30.14|78.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Nithya Sre Sivan

2026-04-13T20:01:08Z

Thefacecentre: Made the entry and citations

{{short description|Indian para badminton player (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Nithya Sre Sivan
| native_name = நித்ய ஸ்ரீ சிவன்
| image = Nithya Sre Sivan in January 2025.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sivan in January 2025
| nickname =
| birth_name = Nithya Sre Sumathy Sivan
| country =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|2005|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Karur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height =
| weight =
| years_active =
| retired =
| handedness =
| coach =
| event = Women's singles and doubles SH6
| highest_ranking = 1 (WS, 22 November 2022) 2 (WD with [[Rachana Patel]], 18 May 2024) 1 (XD with [[Krishna Nagar (para-badminton)|Krishna Nagar]], 8 September 2025)
| current_ranking = 1 (WS) 4 (WD with [[Rachana Patel|Patel]]) 1 (XD with [[Krishna Nagar (para-badminton)|Nagar]])
| current_ranking_date = 20 January 2026
| medals =
{{Medal|Sport|[[Para badminton]]}}
{{Medal|Country|the {{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Summer Paralympic Games|Paralympic Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Paralympic Games|2024 Paris]]|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SH6|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024 Pattaya]]|Women's doubles}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2026 Manama]] | Women's singles}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022 Tokyo]]|Women's singles}}
{{MedalBronze|2022 Tokyo|Women's doubles}}
{{MedalBronze|2022 Tokyo|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalBronze|2024 Pattaya|Women's singles}}
{{Medal|Bronze | [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2026 Manama]] | Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Asian Para Games|Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|Women's singles}}
{{MedalBronze|2022 Hangzhou|Women's doubles}}
{{MedalBronze|2022 Hangzhou|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para-Badminton Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Nakhon Ratchasima|Women's singles}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Nakhon Ratchasima|Women's doubles}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Nakhon Ratchasima|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Youth Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Asian Youth Para Games|2021 Manama]]|[[Badminton at the 2021 Asian Youth Para Games|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Youth Para Games|2025 Dubai]]|[[Para Badminton at the 2025 Asian Youth Para Games|Women's singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2021 Manama|[[Badminton at the 2021 Asian Youth Para Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2025 Dubai|[[Para Badminton at the 2025 Asian Youth Para Games|Open doubles]]}}
}}

'''Nithya Sre Sumathy Sivan''' (born 7 January 2005) is an [[India|Indian]] [[para-badminton]] player from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She plays in the SH6 category (athletes having [[achondroplasia]] and [[short stature]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Nithya Sre Sivan? All you need to know about Indian para-badminton athlete competing Paris 2024 Paralympics |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/summer-olympics/news-who-nithya-sre-sivan-all-need-know-indian-para-badminton-athlete-competing-paris-2024-paralympics |date=2024-10-31 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |language=en}}</ref> She represented [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|India]] at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]], where she won the bronze medal in the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SH6|women's singles SH6 event]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paralympics: India's Nithya Sre Sivan bags bronze in badminton SH6 category |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paralympics-nithya-sre-sivan-bags-bronze-badminton-2592554-2024-09-03 |date=2024-09-03 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Sivan has also won medals in the [[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|Para World Championships]], the [[Asian Para-Badminton Championships|Asian Para Championships]], and the [[Asian Para Games]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Nithya Sre Sivan in Badminton Women's Singles SH6 event in Asian Para Games 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1971259 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sivan is from [[Karur]], Tamil Nadu. She was born on 7 January 2005. She started playing badminton with the able-bodied sportspersons in 2016 for fun and recreation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-04-17 |title=Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton Intl |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-intl/article66748924.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later in 2019, she learnt about the para games and shifted her focus to competitive badminton and started training under coach Gaurav Khanna in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Deepanshu |date=2023-12-10 |title='Chinese legend Lin Dan is my idol,' says world no.3 Nithya Sre Sivan |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/lin-dan-is-my-idol-says-world-3-nithya-sre-sivan-45129 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In October 2023, she won two bronze medals at the Asian Para Games. In April 2023, she won two gold medals at the [[Brazil]] Para Badminton International meet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton International |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-international/articleshow/99554395.cms |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In May 2022, the Asian Youth Para Games winner also won a gold medal at the 1st Bahrain Para Badminton International Championships in Manama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-22 |title=Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-contingent-finish-with-23-medals-at-bahrain-para-badminton/articleshow/91727287.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In December 2022, she bagged a gold in the women's singles SH6 finals defeating Worlds silver medallist at the Peru Para Badminton International in Lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-12-06 |title=Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/peru-para-badminton-mandeep-shocks-world-champion-nehal-bags-2-gold/article66231165.ece |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== Paralympic Games ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's singles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's singles SH6|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Adidas Arena|Porte de La Chapelle Arena]], [[Paris]], France
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rina Marlina]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{bronze3}} '''Bronze'''
|}

=== World Championships ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's singles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rina Marlina]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–12, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{bronze medal}}'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], [[Thailand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Fengmei]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{bronze medal}}'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rachana Patel]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|PER}} [[Rubí Fernández]] {{flagicon|PER}} [[Giuliana Póveda]]
| align="left" | 7–21, 3r–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{bronze medal}}'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], [[Thailand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rachana Patel]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Fengmei]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Shuangbao]]
| align="left" | 5r–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{silver medal}}'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Mixed doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Nagar (para-badminton)|Krishna Nagar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|PER}} [[Nilton Quispe]] {{flagicon|PER}} [[Giuliana Póveda]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{bronze medal}}'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2026]]
| align="left" | Isa Sports City, [[Manama]], Bahrain
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Nagar
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Naili]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Fengmei]]
| align="left" | 9–21, 21–18, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |'''{{bronze medal}}'''
|}

=== Asian Para Games ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's singles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Women's singles SH6|2023]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rina Marlina]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{bronze medal}}'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! W–L
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Women's singles SH6|2023]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rachana Patel]]
| align="left" | Various
| align="left" | 1–2
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{bronze medal}}'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Mixed doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Women's singles SH6|2023]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sivarajan Solaimalai]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zeng Qingtao]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Shuangbao]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{bronze medal}}'''
|}

=== Asian Para-Badminton Championships ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's singles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8D8D8"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | Spadt Convention Center, [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], [[Thailand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Fengmei]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 16–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{silver medal}}'''
|}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Women's doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! W–L
! Result
|- style="background:#D8D8D8"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | Spadt Convention Center, [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], [[Thailand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rachana Patel]]
| align="left" | Various
| align="left" | 2–1
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{silver medal}}'''
|}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Mixed doubles SH6
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8D8D8"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | Spadt Convention Center, [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], [[Thailand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rachana Patel]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Naili]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Fengmei]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 21–19, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{silver medal}}'''
|}

== Awards ==
* Arjuna Award (Para badminton 2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Himanshu |date=2 January 2025 |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Announces National Sports Awards 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089557&fbclid=IwY2xjawHySKJleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHWuYS2_ezXPxOXw7-BgzoRwswAX4rVwoJ0JBmOxNYQg2gTklS8Bz9opkjA_aem_TArcZ1KVcBvZTaNTllGWaw |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=PIB Delhi |pages=Page 2}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWF2}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivan, Nithya Sre}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian female para-badminton players]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Aditya Ganpule

2026-04-11T10:49:31Z

Thefacecentre: Added Article.

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Aditya Prashant Ganpule''' (born 2004) is an Indian kho kho player from Maharashtra. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an allrounder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> He was part of the Indian men’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He plays for [[Telugu Yoddhas]] in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Ganpule Profile 408 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/aditya-ganpule-profile-408 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ganpule's father used to sell newspapers. But he is now running a shop. He is working with Western Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of newspaper seller, Aditya Ganpule eyes spot in inaugural Kho Kho World Cup in India |url=https://khelnow.com/kho-kho/kho-kho-world-cup-aditya-ganpule-interaction-202412 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Railway recruitment cell – Western railway - Western railway parcel depot, Alibhai Premji Marg, grant road (east), Mumbai | url=https://www.rrc-wr.com/rrwc/Files/1498.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423073600/https://rrc-wr.com/rrwc/Files/1498.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>

== Career ==
In January 2025, he was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=India edge closer to Kho Kho World Cup knockouts after outclassing Brazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-outclass-brazil-kho-kho-world-cup-edge-closer-to-knockouts-2664829-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62-42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119081952/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 54-36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganpule, Aditya}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]

Trinamool Student Congress

2026-04-07T00:17:01Z

Thefacecentre: stub

{{Afd-merge to|All India Trinamool Congress|discuss=Trinamool Student Congress|date=3 April 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian political student organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
| colorcode = Meta
|president = * Trinankur Bhattacharya {{small|(West Bengal)}}
| chairperson =
| co-chairperson =
| vice-chairperson =
| spokesperson =
| treasurer =
| founded =
| membership =
| merger of =
| split from =
| preceded by =
| dissolved =
| merged into =
| succeeded by =
| headquarters =30B, Harish Chatterjee Street, Kolkata-700 026, [[West Bengal]]
| international =
| regional1_type =
| regional1_name =
| regional2_type =
| regional2_name =
| website = {{URL|http://aitcofficial.org/trinamool-youth-congress/|TMCP}}
}}

'''Trinamool Chhatra Parishad''' (abbreviated '''TMCP''', WBTMCP or '''West Bengal Trinamool Chhatra Parishad''') popularly known as or "TMCP" is the student wing of [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. It was formed in 1998 after the formation of Trinamool Congress, splitting from Congress.<ref name="Trinamool Chhatra Parishad">{{cite web|title= All India Trinamool Yuva Congress- Trinamool Chhatra Parishad of West Bengal|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/chhatra-parishad|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2023}}

== Notable student leaders ==
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]], General Secretary AITC
* [[Trinankur Bhattacharjee]], President WBTMCP

==See also==
* [[Mamata Banerjee]]
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
* [[All India Trinamool Congress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Trinamool Congress]]
[[Category:Student wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Youth wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Companies (2nd Amendment) Act 2017

2026-04-01T17:52:52Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|Indian parliamentary act for companies}}
The Companies (Amendment) Act of 2017 modifies the [[Companies Act, 2013]], realigning sections to improve corporate governance and convenience of doing business in India while maintaining compliance and investor protection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Highlights_of_Companies_(A)_Act_2017.pdf|url=https://www.icsi.edu/media/webmodules/Highlights_of_Companies_(A)_Act_2017.pdf}}</ref>

The introduction of the Companies Act, 2013, which replaced the previous [[Companies Act, 1956]], was one of the most important legal reforms in recent years (1956 Act). Though the 2013 act was a start in the right way by introducing important improvements in areas like disclosures, investor protection, corporate governance, and so on, there were several instances of conflict and overreach within the legislation that made implementation challenges. In reality, more than 100 revisions to the 2013 Act have been made since its enactment.

As a result, in June 2015, the Companies Law Committee (CLC) was formed to present suggestions to remedy concerns resulting from the implementation of the 2013 Act. Based on the recommendations in the CLC report, the government tabled the Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2016 (Bill) in the [[Lok Sabha]] on March 16, 2016, which was passed by the Lok Sabha on July 27, 2017, and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on December 19, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Notes Companies (Amendment) Act 2017 received Presidential assent|url=https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2018/01/firstnotes-companies-amendment.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==
The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017, which was passed by the Lok Sabha on July 27, 2017, and the Rajya Sabha on December 19, 2017, gained the [[President of India]] assent on January 3, 2018, and was then published in the [[The Gazette of India|Indian Gazette]].

The amending Act had taken effect on the date set by the Central Government in a notification published in the Official Gazette, with separate dates set for different parts of the Act.

The Amendment Act, which proposes a raft of amendments, aimed to realign various rules to make corporate governance and conducting business in India easier while maintaining compliance and investor protection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Companies (Amendment) Act 2017 - Key Changes|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/corporate-and-company-law/670216/companies-amendment-act-2017--key-changes}}</ref>

== Key Changes ==

* '''Expansion of the term 'related party':''' The Amendment Act expands the definition of a related party to include "an investment company or enterprise of a company". This means that any company that receives investment from a corporate body will become an associate of that body corporate.
* '''Definition of a subsidiary company:''' The subsidiary will be determined on the basis of total voting power and not on the basis of total share capital. The holding company must control the composition of the board of directors or control more than half of the total voting power in the subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Briefing|first=India|date=2018-02-01|title=The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017 – Key Changes for Corporate Governance in India|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/companies-amendment-act-2017-key-changes-corporate-governance-india-16068.html/|access-date=2021-11-09|website=India Briefing News|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Rationalisation of penalties:''' One of the most acclaimed amendments made in the Amendment Act – the quantum of penalty will now be levied keeping in view the size of the company, nature of business, injury to public interest, nature and severity of default, repetition of default, etc.
* '''Management compensation:''' The Amendment Act eliminates the requirement for top management to obtain government approval for remuneration (exceeding 11 percent of profits). Instead, the matter must now be resolved by the company & shareholders.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Companies of India]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian law]]

Meri Hanikarak Biwi

2026-03-29T10:47:10Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meri Hanikarak Biwi.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Sonali Jaffar
| director = Sanjay Satavase
| creative_director = Yakshi Burathoki Ajay Bhardwaj
| starring = [[Karan Suchak]] [[Jiya Shankar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 524
| producer = Sonali Jaffer
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 21 Minutes
| company = Full House Media
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2017|12|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2019|12|13}}
| network = [[&TV]]
}}

'''''Meri Hanikarak Biwi''''' ({{langx|en|My Toxic Wife}}) is an Indian drama series that aired on [[&TV]] from 2017 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/meri-hanikarak-biwi-replace-waris-tv/|title='Meri Hanikarak Biwi' to replace 'Waaris' on &TV|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2017-11-22|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Launch Of New TV Show Meri Hanikarak Biwi|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/launch-of-new-tv-show-meri-hanikarak-biwi-472912|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> The show is about Akhilesh ([[Karan Suchak]]), a village simpleton whose world turns upside-down when his doctor fiancée ([[Jiya Shankar]]) accidentally performs a [[vasectomy]] on him before their wedding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/859130/a-snip-in-the-wrong-place-wrecks-a-marriage-in-tv-comedy-meri-hanikarak-biwi|title=A snip in the wrong place wrecks a marriage in TV comedy ‘Meri Hanikarak Biwi’|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|publisher=The Reel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/television/new-show-meri-hanikarak-biwi-is-all-set-with-a-new-plot-for-indian-television/507382/|title=मेरी हानिकारक बीवी: आज से शुरू होगा ये नया धारावाहिक, जरा हटकर है कहानी का प्लॉट|website=Jansatta}}</ref> The show completed 100 episodes in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-hanikarak-biwi-completes-100-episodes-cast-celebrates-with-a-cake/articleshow/63878346.cms|title=Meri Hanikarak Biwi completes 100 episodes; cast celebrates with a cake}}</ref>

==Plot==
This show revolves around the life of two completely different individuals, Akilesh Pandey ([[Karan Suchak]]) and Iravati aka ''Ira'' Desai ([[Jiya Shankar]]). Akilesh is a village simpleton and an ardent follower of Bajrang Bali (''[[Lord Hanuman]]''). He is illiterate, but a great wrestler, while Ira is an aspiring medical student. Destiny had meant these two individuals to meet and unite. They meet in Akilesh's hometown [[Banaras]]; but things go astray when Ira unknowingly performs a [[vasectomy]] on Akilesh. Akilesh and his mother Pushpa Pandey ([[Sucheta Khanna]]) are devastated after this great loss. Their situation worsens when Akilesh's stepmother Devina Pandey ([[Anjali Mukhi]]) and his stepsiblings Bhoomi, Aditya and Siddhi spread the news of Akilesh's vasectomy operation everywhere. Pushpa is heartbroken as she desperately wanted him to get married and have a family of his own. Ira, after being guilt-ridden over the disaster she brought into Akilesh and Puspha's lives, decides to marry Akilesh to relieve Puspha. They plan to divorce each other once Ira arranges for Akhilesh's vasectomy reversal surgery. After their marriage, Akilesh and Ira are slowly drawn to each other as each of them helps the other exit difficult situations and slowly fall in love. Pushpa soon learns that it was Ira who had performed Akilesh's vasectomy but forgives her, hoping that Akilesh will soon be blessed with children when his operation is reversed. However, Ira discovers that Akilesh's case of vasectomy is so complicated that it can be never reversed, but there is a ray of hope when she learns that Akilesh's semen sample was preserved. Ira soon undergoes [[artificial insemination]] and waits for positive results. At that moment, Pushpa falls miserably sick due to an evil ploy manipulated by Devina and her son Aditya. When the doctors are unable to improve Puspha's condition, Akilesh decides to take her to the local village baba, while Ira learns that she is pregnant. The baba saves Pushpa's life and in return he asks for Akilesh's child. Akilesh, thinking that he can never become a father, promises to give his child to baba. Ira becomes sad as she does not want to separate from her child. She leaves Akilesh and the bus in which she was travelling meets with an accident, the whole family believes Ira to be dead.

===5 years later===
Akilesh, after being separated from Ira, becomes a rough and tough person. He is well educated now and a successful businessman. On the other hand, Ira is a village doctor living with her and Akilesh's daughter Mishri (Vaishnavi Prajapati). After many trials and tribulations (Kunika, Mirchi), Akilesh and Ira are united with Mishri. But unfortunately, a terrorist lookalike of Ira appears. Akilesh, while trying to save everyone, shoots her. Mishri and Akhilesh are heartbroken thinking Ira to be dead. Pushpa's mental state also is disrupted due to this shock, and she becomes mentally unstable.

===3 months later===
The Panday house has the entry of a new villain, Kabir. He wants to destroy Akilesh and, in an attempt, to do so, he forces Akilesh to marry his sister Mira (Shruti Kanwar). However, Kabir has other ulterior motives, his actual target is Mishri whose heart matches with the heart of his daughter who needs a heart transplant. Ira, now disguised as Amaya (Kabir's wife), soon learns about Kabir's evil ploys and foils all his plans with the help of Akilesh. Akilesh, Ira and Mishri are united once again. Then Akilesh and Ira discover about Chuttan (Gauransh Sharma) lives; Chuttan is Akilesh and Ira's son and Mishri's twin brother, separated from Ira at birth. They find out Chuttan's whereabouts and bring him home, since Chuttan is unable to forget his adoptive parents, they allow him to stay with them. After Chuttan's departure, Ira performs Akilesh's ''reverse [[vasectomy]]''. After, the surgery, Akhilesh's [[libido]] hormones increase leading to his attractions to the opposite sex. However, with the help of Akilesh's ardent belief in [[Lord Hanuman]], he overcomes the attractions due to the side effects of ''reverse[[vasectomy]]''. After, overcoming innumerable hurdles in Mumbai, Akilesh decides to shift to his home village [[Banaras]] to lead a serene and tranquil life. So, the show ends on a happy note with Akhilesh and his complete family returning to [[Banaras]].

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Karan Suchak]] as Akhilesh Pandey – Pushpa and Brijesh's son; Devina's stepson; Adi, Siddhi and Bhoomi's half-brother; Ira's husband; Mira's former husband; Chuttan and Mishri's father (2017–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andtv.zee5.com/meri-hanikarak-biwis-karan-suchak-rocks-the-bald-look-like-a-boss-pictureoftheday/|title=Meri Hanikarak Biwi’s Karan Suchak Rocks The Bald Look Like A Boss! #PictureOfTheDay|date=2019-08-27|website=&TV|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/karan-suchak-talks-about-salman-khan-and-his-role-in-new-and-tv-show-meri-hanikarak-biwi-18187|title=When I was offered the role, I immediately thought of Salman's Bajrangi Bhaijaan: Karan Suchak|website=Mumbai Live|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
* [[Jiya Shankar]] as Dr. Iravati "Ira" Desai Pandey – Ballabh's daughter; Bhavik's sister; Akhilesh's first wife; Chuttan and Mishri's mother (2017–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jia-shankar-playing-a-mother-is-something-i-didnt-expect/articleshow/67115413.cms|title=Jia Shankar: Playing a mother is something I didn’t expect - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*Nasirr Khan as Brijesh Pandey – Pushpa and Devina's husband; Akhilesh, Adi, Siddhi and Bhoomi's father; Chuttan, Vansh and Mishri's grandfather (2017–2018)
* Ashish Kapoor as Dr. Rajat Sareen (cameo) (2018) (episode 146-168)
* Vaishnavi Prajapati as Mishri Pandey – Akhilesh and Ira's daughter; Chuttan's twin sister (2018–2019)
*[[Sucheta Khanna]] as Pushpa Dwivedi Pandey – Brijesh's first wife; Akhilesh's mother; Chuttan and Mishri's grandmother (2017–2019)
*[[Anjali Mukhi]] as Devina Kaul Pandey – Brijesh's second wife; Akhilesh's stepmother; Adi, Siddhi and Bhoomi's mother (2017–2019)
* Kunal Sheth as Chandu - Pushpa's nephew; Akhilesh's cousin
* Gauransh Sharma as Chuttan Pandey – Akhilesh and Ira's son; Mishri's twin brother; Chanda's adopted son (2019)
*Rajeshwari Datta as Chanda – Chuttan's adoptive mother (2019)
* Ashish Kapoor as Dr. Rajat Sareen (cameo) (2018) (episode 146-168)
*Mamta Kapoor as Kamla Rane (2019)
* Shruti Kanwar as Mira Sisodia Pandey – Kabir's sister; Akhilesh's third wife (2019)
*Rahulram Manchanda as Kabir Singh Sisodia – Mira's brother; Ira's former fiancé (2019)
*[[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Kunika Khanna Pandey – Akhilesh's business partner/second wife (2018–2019)
*[[Praneet Bhat]] as Aghori Baba (2018)
* [[Palak Purswani]]/Anuradha Khaira as Bhoomi Pandey Desai – Devina and Brijesh's daughter; Bhavik's wife; Adi and Siddhi's sister; Akhilesh's half-sister (2017–2019)
*Lakshay Khurana as Aditya "Adi" Pandey – Devina and Brijesh's son; Siddhi and Bhoomi's brother; Akhilesh's half-brother (2017–2019)
*Sonal Bhojwani as Siddhi Pandey – Devina and Brijesh's daughter; Adi and Bhoomi's sister; Akhilesh's half-sister; Vansh's mother (2017–2019)
*[[Raju Shrestha]] as Ballabh Desai – Bhavik and Ira's father; Chuttan and Mishri's maternal grandfather (2017–2018)
*Hetal Puniwala as Lakhan Dwivedi – Pushpa's brother (2017–2018)
*Mohit Nain as Karan (2019)
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Neerja Srivastava – Gulki's sister; Akhilesh's college teacher (cameo) (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sayantani-ghosh-brings-with-her-a-new-twist-in-meri-hanikarak-biwi/articleshow/63895387.cms|title=Sayantani Ghosh brings with her a new twist in 'Meri Hanikarak Biwi' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Gulki Srivastava – Neerja's sister (cameo) (2018)
* [[Arshi Khan]] (cameo) (2018)
* Anoop Kumar Rungta as Advocate Shivesh Sarna (cameo) (2018)
* Roslyn D'Souza (cameo) (2018)
* Samreen Wazeer as Superna (cameo) (2018)
* Dipali Sharma as Sanaya Singhania, Aditya's girlfriend (2018)
* Sid Mahajan as Bhavik Desai – Ira's brother, Bhoomi's husband
* Suman Rana as Tanya Pandey – Aditya's wife, Devina's daughter-in-law (2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=8983290}}

{{&TV Programmes}}

[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]

Pratapgarh

2026-03-28T18:25:48Z

Thefacecentre: Adding First Article Basic Info!

'''Pratapgarh''' or '''Partabgarh''' may refer to the following places in India:

{{TOC right}}
==States, cities and towns==
* [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan]], formerly eponymous capital of
** [[Pratapgarh State]], a Rajputana princely state
* [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], city
* [[Pratapgarh, Tripura]]
* [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]], a medieval kingdom in what is now north-east India and Bangladesh

==Constituencies==
* [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], a parliamentary constituency in Uttar Pradesh
===State Assembly constituencies===
* [[Pratapgarh (Assembly constituency)]] of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Pratapgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] of Tripura
* [[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]] of Rajasthan

==Districts==
* [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]]
* [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

==Other places==
* [[Pratapgad]], a fort in Satara district, Maharashtra
* [[Pratapgarh Estate]], Taluqdari Estate in Oudh

==Other uses==
* [[Battle of Pratapgarh]]

== See also ==
* [[Bela Pratapgarh]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Pratapgarh Assembly constituency (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Kaadhal

2026-03-25T08:00:41Z

Thefacecentre: fix details and improved wording as per guidelines

{{About||the 1952 Tamil film|Kaadhal (1952 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaadhal poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balaji Sakthivel]]
| writer = Balaji Sakthivel
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] [[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]]
| producer = [[S Shankar]]
| distributor = [[S Pictures]]
| music = [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Milton]]
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kaadhal''''' ({{translation|Love}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=S |date=2 June 2005 |title=Politics, Tamil Cinema Eshtyle By |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/arts-anand020605.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119075107/https://www.countercurrents.org/arts-anand020605.htm |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |via=countercurrents.org}}</ref> is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film based on a true story, directed by [[Balaji Sakthivel]], starring [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]]. It was produced by [[S. Shankar]] and featured music composed by [[Joshua Sridhar]]. The film opened on 17 December 2004 to critical acclaim and was a high commercial success. It was Bharath's first successful film as a main lead actor. The film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Premisthe'' in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review – Premiste |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premiste.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120103518/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premiste.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]'' in 2007, in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2014 |title=Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chirodini-tumi-je-amar-2/articleshow/33776024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819130522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chirodini-tumi-je-amar-2/articleshow/33776024.cms |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> in [[Bangladesh]] as ''Nogor Mastan'' in 2015, in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Ved Laavi Jeeva'' in 2010, in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] as ''[[Manjari (film)|Manjari]]'' in 2013 and in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as ''[[Ramta Jogi]]'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-02 |title='Chirodini Tumi Je Amaar' shines with audience |url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/news.php?id=30583&cat=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916085849/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/news.php?id=30583&cat=6 |archive-date=16 September 2008 |access-date=2012-07-14 |website=Bharatstudent.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Murugan is a diligent scooter mechanic in [[Madurai]], leading a simple and peaceful life—until Aishwarya, a wealthy student and the daughter of a local goon and bar owner, takes an interest in him. Her infatuation turns dangerous when she persuades Murugan to help her escape the constraints imposed by her family, who have other plans for her future. At first, Murugan hesitates to pursue a relationship, worried about the differences in their social status and caste. But he eventually recognizes her genuine love and reciprocates her feelings. Aware that Aishwarya's family will never approve of their marriage, the couple decides to elope to Chennai. With the help of Murugan's friend Stephen during this critical time, they manage to marry. However, Aishwarya's family, who dotes on her, is far from willing to let them go easily.

The family tracks down the couple and reaches Chennai to confront them. However, they pretend to accept the wedding and persuade Murugan and Aishwarya to return to Madurai with them. On the way back, the family takes the couple to their farmland, where Aishwarya's relatives have gathered. There, they brutally beat Murugan, and Aishwarya's father demands that she remove the mangalyam tied by Murugan. Fearing that Murugan's life is in danger if she disobeys, Aishwarya reluctantly agrees to marry another man to save him. Murugan is left beaten and abandoned at the farmland.

Years later, while traveling with her husband and child, Aishwarya unexpectedly comes across Murugan—now a mentally deranged beggar wandering near a traffic signal. Shocked, she faints and is admitted to a nearby hospital. That night, she runs from the hospital back to the signal and finds Murugan sitting there. Overcome with guilt and sorrow, she cries, feeling responsible for his tragic condition. Her husband arrives at the scene, understands the situation, and ensures Murugan receives proper care by admitting him to a mental health center and looking after him.

The movie concludes with title cards revealing that the story is based on a true incident, narrated to the director by the girl's husband during a train journey, which inspired the film.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as S. Murugan
* [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] as R. Aishwarya
* [[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]] as Stephen
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani|Dhandapani]] as Rajendran
* S. Krishna Murthy as Aishwarya's uncle
* Arun Kumar as Murugan's assistant
* Saravanan as aspiring director Bhagya
* [[Saranya Nag|Saranya]] as Sathya
* Pallu Babu as Viruchagakanth
* Muthuraman as Dhanasekaran
* Sivakumar as Aishwarya's husband
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] special appearance in the song "Pura Koondu"
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Mansion mate (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
After the average response of his directorial debut film ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' (2002), Balaji Sakthivel was supposed to direct again Vikram in a new venture which was later shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinebits |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522103318/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=Nilacharal}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |last=Poornima |date=2004-12-20 |title=Bharath as hero in ''Kaathal'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/20spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/20spice.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> When Balaji was preparing a script for Vikram, he saw a school girl and a mechanic together which "hit my mind that they won’t end up with each other due to their societal and economic differences" and wrote a script on them while the film's ending was inspired from a true event happened in Madurai which he came to know after his interaction with a passenger during train journey. After many producers refused to do the film due to its "hard-hitting climax",<ref name="bs">{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=25 September 2019 |title=Sense of a scene: Kaadhal climax, love in the times of caste |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/Sep/25/sense-of-a-scene-kaadhal-climax-love-in-the-times-of-caste-2038671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006034510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/25/sense-of-a-scene-kaadhal-climax-love-in-the-times-of-caste-2038671.html |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Balaji narrated it to Shankar during the shoot of ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005), who agreed to produce the film after hearing the script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2005-09-23 |title=Another new venture |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301540100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127020151/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301540100.htm |archive-date=27 November 2007 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The film was initially turned down by actors [[Dhanush]] and [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], before Balaji Sakthivel consulted Shankar's advice for the lead role. Telugu actor [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]] also auditioned for the lead role but was unsuccessful. After considering both [[Manikandan]] and [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] from the cast of ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003), Shankar chose the latter to star in his production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2016 |title=In search of a hit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-search-of-a-hit/article14555209.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111074732/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-search-of-a-hit/article14555209.ece |archive-date=2023-01-11 |access-date=2023-01-11 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For the female lead, the makers held discussions with [[Ileana D'Cruz]] and then [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], but the latter's father [[R. Sarathkumar]] was reluctant to let her become an actress at the time. The team then picked Saranya Nag, then a Class IX student, when cinematographer Vijay Milton referred her on to Balaji Sakthivel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Samurai, Vikram was ready to give me his dates |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/balaji-sakthivel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103102752/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/balaji-sakthivel.html |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Ganesh |date=May 22, 2023 |title=வரலட்சுமியை ஷங்கர் படத்தில் நடிக்க அனுமதிக்காத சரத்குமார் - அப்பாவின் கண்டிஷனால் பறிபோன 3 பிளாக்பஸ்டர் படங்கள் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-miss-boys-kadhal-and-saroja-movie-chance-rv1krq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522053001/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-miss-boys-kadhal-and-saroja-movie-chance-rv1krq |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> She was initially considered to play the heroine in the film, but the role was later handed to Sandhya, after the director felt Saranya looked too young, Saranya later was chosen for the character of Sandhya's friend.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 March 2012 |title=Awaiting the monsoon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3266069.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019130255/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3266069.ece |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Dhandapani from Madurai was selected to play Sandhya's father. He became popular with this film and adopted the film's title as Kaadhal Dhandapani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2014 |title=Tamil actor Dhandapani dies due to Cardiac Arrest |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/tamil-actor-dhandapani-dies-due-to-cardiac-arrest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170637/https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/tamil-actor-dhandapani-dies-due-to-cardiac-arrest/ |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Biharprabha News |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

Though the story was shown to have taken place in Madurai, shooting was done in [[Dindigul]] and Madurai. The school where Sandhya studies is St. Joseph's Girls Higher Secondary School, Dindigul. The first schedule was completed in 20 days and rest of the scenes were shot at locations in Chennai, Chalakudy and Munnar.<ref name="co">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=12 August 2004 |title=Kadhal |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/kadhal01.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218005942/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/kadhal01.asp |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film has eight songs composed by [[Joshua Sridhar]] making his debut.<ref name="Suganth2011b">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 January 2011 |title=I don't believe in comebacks: Joshua |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-dont-believe-in-comebacks-Joshua/articleshow/7333854.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816004044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-dont-believe-in-comebacks-Joshua/articleshow/7333854.cms |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=11 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Haricharan]] made his singing debut with this film when he was 17, and went on to record three songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Lalithaa |date=3 June 2006 |title=Successful note |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/03/stories/2006060300280100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209125227/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/03/stories/2006060300280100.htm |archive-date=9 December 2007 |access-date=11 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track list<ref>{{Cite web |title=காதல் (2004) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-songs-T0000650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109131616/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-songs-T0000650 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Raaga |language=ta}}</ref>
| total_length = 37:26
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title1 = Poovum Pudikkudhu
| extra1 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Ivanthan
| extra2 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length2 = 2:09
| title3 = Thandattikarupaiyee
| extra3 = Pop Shalini, Vidhya, Malar, Maalaiamma
| length3 = 5:45
| title4 = Thottu Thottu
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], Harini Sudhakar
| length4 = 5:41
| title5 = Pura Koondu
| extra5 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], Tippu, [[Premji Amaren|Premji]], [[Karunas]], Nagoor E.M. Haneefa
| length5 = 5:31
| title6 = Kiru Kiru
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Pop Shalini
| length6 = 4:32
| title7 = Unakkena Iruppaen
| extra7 = Haricharan
| length7 = 6:16
| title8 = Kaadhal
| extra8 = Haricharan
| length8 = 4:03
}}

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu track list<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premisthe songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/premisthe/2Tj-KsIuq0g_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109135641/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/premisthe/2Tj-KsIuq0g_ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| total_length = 34:55
| all_lyrics = [[Veturi]]
| title1 = Moolasandhu
| extra1 = Karthik, Tippu, Srivardhini
| length1 = 6:03
| title2 = Thandana Dappulatho
| extra2 = Pop Shalini, Malathi Sharma, Srivardhini
| length2 = 5:40
| title3 = Ithade
| extra3 = Sunitha Sarathy
| length3 = 2:08
| title4 = Mattilanti Nannu
| extra4 = Haricharan, Harini Sudhakar
| length4 = 6:16
| title5 = Puvvu Nachenu
| extra5 = Karthik, Pop Shalini, Tippu
| length5 = 3:30
| title6 = Janma Needele
| extra6 = Haricharan
| length6 = 6:16
| title7 = Gira Gira
| extra7 = Karthik, Pop Shalini
| length7 = 5:02
}}

== Reception ==
Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for its realism and the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=2 January 2005 |title=காதல் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-01-02/page/4/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230317092807/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-01-02/page/4/mode/2up |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Kadhal [..] apart, from the otherwise run of the mill story of calf love, elopement and the consequences thereof. Balaji Saktivel (story, screenplay, dialogue and direction) deserves full credit for the differently conceived drama in the end, where very little is actually said — the body language conveys it all" while praising the film's performances of cast and director's treatment of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarayan |first=Malathi |date=24 December 2004 |title=Kaadhal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120090332/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850300.htm |archive-date=20 November 2006 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "A short simple tale, an equally simple narrative style, an unassuming lead pair with their people next-door looks, and some well coordinated performances all make for some fairly engaging viewing in ‘Kadhal’."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 December 2004 |title=Kadhal |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/12kadhal.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015005751/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/12kadhal.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> G Ulaganathan from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "There are a few minor flaws in the movie, like the climax when the lover boy suddenly becomes mad and the girl’s husband tries to give him treatment in a mental asylum".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2005 |title=Kaadhal|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr5.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404081347/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr5.asp |archive-date=4 April 2005 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Produced on a budget of {{INR}} 1.25 crore, the film was a sleeper hit, recovering almost its entire budget from Chennai distribution territory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2004-12-31 |title=Year 2004 — a flashback |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404070908/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |archive-date=2005-04-04 |access-date=2012-07-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 25, 2005 |title=Chennai weekend box-office (Jan21-23) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-weekend-box-office-jan21-23-news-boxoffice-kkfv96jajhgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054818/http://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-weekend-box-office-jan21-23-news-boxoffice-kkfv96jajhgsi.html |archive-date=18 May 2018 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The Telugu dubbed version, ''Premisthe'', was also a success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=5 November 2005 |title=Dubbed films, a hit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/11/05/stories/2005110500860303.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141028133150/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/11/05/stories/2005110500860303.htm |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
St. Joseph Girl's Higher Secondary School, Madurai filed a case against the filmmakers for portraying their school in a negative light.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2005 |title=Case Filed against the film 'Kadhal' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/16022005-1.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305132434/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/16022005-1.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film's success catapulted Bharath to fame.<ref name="rediff2005">{{Cite web |last=Poornima |date=2 March 2005 |title=Prabhu Deva, hot hot! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/02ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/02ss.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It's screenplay was released in the form of a book in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2005 |title=Kaadhal screenplay in book form |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News26/10-8-05e/tamil-movies-news-kaadhal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110074144/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News26/10-8-05e/tamil-movies-news-kaadhal.html |archive-date=10 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Behindwooods}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. Shankar}}
{{Balaji Sakthivel}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balaji Sakthivel]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joshua Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Romantic drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Shankar IPS

2026-03-23T13:30:39Z

Thefacecentre: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shankar IPS
| image = Shankar_IPS.jpg
| caption =
| director = M. S. Ramesh
| writer = M. S. Ramesh
| based_on =
| producer = K. Manju
| starring = [[Duniya Vijay]] [[Catherine Tresa]] [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Dasari Srinivasa Rao
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Bindushree Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|5|21}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Shankar IPS''''' is a [[Kannada films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[Kannada language]] action - crime film written and directed by M. S. Ramesh and produced by K. Manju. The film stars [[Duniya Vijay]] along with [[Catherine Tresa]], a model making her debut, and [[Ragini Dwivedi]] in the lead roles. The film deals with the social issues such as acid attacks on women, the plight of women call centers employees and others. The film was also dubbed in Hindi with the same title name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fridaycinemas.com/ViewMovie.aspx?mno=7939|title=Shankar IPS (2010) - Hindi Dubbed Movie|publisher=Friday Cinemas|date=2010}}</ref>

The film released on 21 May 2010, rated U/A across Karnataka and set high expectations for its storyline and toned body of the lead actor. However, upon release, the film generally met with negative reviews from the critics and audience.

==Plot==
Shankar Prasad (Vijay) is a tough police officer on a mission to eradicate all the social evils around him. His unique style is to kill his enemies out rightly in encounters which irks most of the corrupt politicians and cops. He gets dismissed and transferred several times but does not get deterred in the completion of his mission. Shilpa (Catherine) is a wannabe beauty contestant winner who dreams of winning the Miss India title. She comes across with the top business tycoon Saklej's son, who assaults her and even makes an acid attack on her. Shankar is on a mission to hunt this criminal even as he develops a love feeling towards her.

== Cast ==
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Shankar Prasad, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Shilpa
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Ashwini
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Saklej
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]
* Sunil
* [[Shobaraj]]
* Kashi

==Production==
Director M. S. Ramesh teamed up with popular producer K. Manju for his second directorial venture and named it Shankar IPS. He was on the hunt for a well built actor who would require to do some heavy action sequences for the film and play a cop. For this role, he opted [[Duniya Vijay]] again after his first film ''Thaakath''. Vijay was required to build a six-pack abs for his role of a tough cop, and the director teamed up with ace body builder Kitty to train to build up Vijay's physiques. Bangalore based model, [[Catherine Tresa]] was roped in to play the female lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.com/topic/3290-duniya-vijay-catherine-tresa-shankar-ips/|title=Duniya Vijay + Catherine Tresa = Shankar IPS.|work=Sandalwood King|date=2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195639/http://www.sandalwoodking.com/topic/3290-duniya-vijay-catherine-tresa-shankar-ips/|archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> Another actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] was cast to play the second lead role.

The filming took place for 65 days at a stretch and was shot primarily in locales of [[Mysore]]. Some song sequences were shot at [[Bangkok]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shankar IPS
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 May 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All the songs are composed by [[Gurukiran]] teaming up with the director M. S. Ramesh yet again. The audio launch was much amidst the fanfare held at [[Mysore]] with actor [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]] being the special invitee. The event was held at a hotel on 11 May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-ips-audio-release-news-kannada-kkfq8vfcdif.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140524074814/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-ips-audio-release-news-kannada-kkfq8vfcdif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2014|title=Shankar IPS audio release|website=[[Sify]]|date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/Events/22088.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429031628/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/events/22088.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2013|title=Shankar IPS audio launch|work=Indiaglitz|date=11 May 2010}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Gurukiran]]
| lyrics = yes
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sale Sale
| extra1 = [[Raghu Dixit]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| lyrics1= [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Win Agona
| extra2 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| lyrics2= Santhosh Naik
| length2 =
| title3 = Chandra
| extra3 = Apoorva Sridhar
| lyrics3= [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length3=
| title4 = Shankar IPS
| extra4 = [[Gurukiran]]
| lyrics4= Gurukiran
| length4 =
| title5 = Chumbaka
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics5= [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Hats off to Vijay for his brilliance in action sequences. Rangayana Raghu, Avinash excel. Ragini Dwivedi and Catherine are okay. While Gurukiran's music is average, Dasari Srinivasarao has done a good job as cinematographer".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shankar-ips/movie-review/11927071.cms?from=mdr|title=SHANKAR IPS MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2010}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The climax gets a little preachy and the length could have definitely been shorter. But if you are a Vijay fan, then you won't mind this one bit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-review-shankar-ips/20100521.htm|title=Shankar IPS is an out and out Vijay film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "As far as Vijay’s performance is concerned, he is at his best in the action scenes. He has also improved a lot in dialogue delivery. But had he made a little bit effort to pronounce the dialogues clearly, it would be better. The police station scene where Vijay is seen in tears looks incongruous".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2010/may/22/shankar-ips-158417.html|title=Shankar IPS|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 May 2010}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Apart from stilted dialogue delivery, the Black Cobra’s preparations are underutilised. Ravi Varma’s action is good. Playing an able adversary is Rangayana Raghu, whose recent choice of roles has changed for the better. Newcomer model Catherine Treasa is good. Ragini is a fast learner and a looker in a sari as well! Gurukiran fails to impress. Though a tad lengthy, “Shankar IPS” doesn't disappoint".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/70808/lawkeepers-must-responsible-too.html|title=Lawkeepers must be responsible too|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The film is a reminder of films with Saikumar as a cop. It is fun to imagine him delivering these kind of dialogues in his exaggerated style. Vijay is partly convincing in this role. Newcomer Catherine shows potential and sings of growing as an actress. A tedious film to watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/shankar-ips-this-cop-is-no-different/articleshow/21867304.cms|title=Shankar IPS: This cop is no different|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt4529422}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar IPS}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2010 crime action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering

2026-03-21T17:14:09Z

Thefacecentre: post!

{{Short description|College in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering
| established = 1997
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| principal = B. Sadashive Gowda
| president = Gundappa Gowda
| city = [[Mysuru, Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3366|N|76.6187|E|region:IN}}
| undergrad = {{circa|1600}}
| postgrad = c. 280
| total_staff = c. 250
| campus = Urban, {{convert|23|acre|m2}}
| campus_size = {{convert|23|acre|m2}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University|VTU]]
| accreditation = [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] and [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] with 'A' Grade
| other_name = VVCE
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free =
| website = {{URL|vvce.ac.in}}
}}

'''Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering''' (VVCE) is a premier autonomous institute under [[VTU]] situated in Gokulam, [[Mysuru, Karnataka]], [[India]]. As an autonomous institution, it follows the guidelines set by [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]. It offers courses on [[Computer science]], [[Information science]], [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]], [[Electronics and Communication]], [[Electrical and Electronics]], [[Civil engineering]], [[Mechanical engineering]].

== Description ==
[[File:VVCE main block.jpg|thumb|Main administrative block]]
Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering is recognized by the [[Government of Karnataka|Government]] of [[Karnataka]] and the [[All India Council for Technical Education]]. Programs of study offered include [[Bachelor degree|bachelor's degrees]] in [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[electronics]], [[computer science]], [[information science]]s, [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] engineering. Six programs, [https://vvce.ac.in/department/information-science-engineering/ IS&E], [https://vvce.ac.in/department/electrical-electronics-engineering/ E&EE], [https://vvce.ac.in/department/computer-science-engineering/ CS&E], [https://vvce.ac.in/department/electronics-communication-engineering/ E&CE], [https://vvce.ac.in/department/mechanical-engineering/ ME] and [https://vvce.ac.in/department/civil-engineering/ CV] of VVCE have been accredited by [[National Board of Accreditation]] for three years i.e. academic years 2020–2021 to 2022-2023 of date up to 30 June 2023. The college is also accredited with 'A' Grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) for five Years from the year 2018. The college was founded by the [[Vidyavardhaka Sangha Mysuru|Vidyavardhaka Sangha]] in 1997.

The college is located in Gokulam, a residential suburb, {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the central bus station and {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysuru railway station]].

== Academic programs ==
[[File:VVCE C block.jpg|thumb|C block]]
Courses offered:

'''Undergraduate programs'''
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department-of-ai-ml/ Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/civil-engineering/ Civil Engineering]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/computer-science-engineering/ Computer Science & Engineering]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/electrical-electronics-engineering/ Electrical & Electronics Engineering]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/electronics-communication-engineering/ Electronics & Communication Engineering]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/information-science-engineering/ Information Science & Engineering]
* [https://vvce.ac.in/department/mechanical-engineering/ Mechanical Engineering]

'''Postgraduate programs'''
* Master of Business Administration
* [[M.Tech]]
** Machine Design
** Computer Science & Engineering

== Campus ==
The campus is designed with the main preference to the Computer Science and Electrical Engineering departments, both of which are close to the main gate of the building. The mechanical department is offset for some distance from the main building.

It has a basketball court, Indoor sports complex and large ground which acts as a stadium for cricket, football and concerts. Concerts for various college festivals are held in the same ground.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.vvce.ac.in/ Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering Website]
*

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]

Nasir-ud-Daulah

2026-03-16T08:22:49Z

Thefacecentre: Created A Info - done

{{short description|Nizam of Hyderabad from 1829 to 1857}}
{{distinguish|Nasir al-Dawla|Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Farqunda Ali Khan
| title = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]
| image = File:Nasir_ud-Daula.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt = Nasir-ud-Daulah
| caption = Portrait of Nasir-ud-Daulah
| succession = [[Nizam_of_Hyderabad#List_of_Nizams_of_Hyderabad_(1724–1948)| 4th Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State]]
| reign = 24 May 1829 – 16 May 1857
| predecessor = [[Sikandar Jah]]
| successor = [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]]
| birth_name = Mir Farqunda Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1794|4|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bidar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1857|5|16|1794|4|25|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_place = [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad]]
| spouse = Dilawar-un-Nisa Begum<ref name="p955">{{cite book | last=Bilgrami | first=S.A.A. | title=Landmarks of the Deccan: A Comprehensive Guide to the Archaeological Remains of the City and Suburbs of Hyderabad | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-206-0543-5 | page=36}}</ref>
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Afzal-ud-Daulah]]
*Roshan-ud-Daulah
}}
| house = [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi]]
| father = [[Sikandar Jah]]
| mother = Fazilat-un-Nisa Begum
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Mir Farqunda Ali Khan''' (25 April 1794 – 16 May 1857) commonly known as '''Nasir-ud-Daulah''', was fourth [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], a [[princely state]] of British India, from 24 May 1829 until his death in 1857.

Born as Farqunda Ali Khan to Nizam [[Sikandar Jah]] and Fazilatunnisa Begum, Nasir-ud-Daulah ascended the throne in 1829. He inherited a financially weak kingdom. On his request, [[Lord William Bentinck]] withdrew all of the European superintendents of civil departments and followed a policy of non-intervention in the Nizam's affairs. The Nizam founded the [[Osmania Medical College|Hyderabad Medical School]] in 1846; he also owed large debts to the [[Arabs]], the [[Rohilla]]s and the British, and in 1853 he signed a treaty with the British during the reign of [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Earl of Dalhousie]]. The British agreed to liquidate all of his debts in return for ceding part of his territory to the British.

==Early life==
Nasir-ud-Daulah was born as Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan in [[Bidar]], at present-day [[Karnataka]], India, on 25 April 1794. He was the eldest son of Nizam [[Sikandar Jah]]. Nasir-ud-Daulah's mother was Fazilat-un-Nisa Begum, the favourite wife of his father.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=104}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Prema Kasturi |author2=Chitra Madhavan |title=South India heritage: An introduction |date=2007 |publisher=East West Books |isbn=9788188661640 |page=163| quote=Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan (1829-1857) Mir Farkhanda Ali Khan Nusir-ud-Daulu was born in Bidar on 25th April 1794. He was the eldest son of Sikander Jah and after his father's death he succeeded him on 23rd May 1829. During the reign of his father, a number of British officers were employed in several civil services. He continued in the footsteps of his father.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandraiah |first1=K. |title=Hyderabad, 400 Glorious Years |date=1998 |publisher=K. Chandraiah Memorial Trust |page=233 |quote=The Nizam permits Chandini Begum entitled Fazilat-unnisa Begum, the mother of Mubarizuddaula to visit the Golkonda Fort}}</ref> The Nizams were the erstwhile ruler of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], the largest princely state of British India.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Prabash K. Dutta |title=Beyond Yogi-Owaisi debate: The story of Nizam and Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/yogi-adityanath-asaduddin-owaisi-nizam-hyderabad-1401223-2018-12-03 |publisher=[[India Today]] |accessdate=31 July 2019 |date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

==Reign==
Nasir-ud-Daulah's father Nizam Sikandar Jah died on 21 May 1829.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=100}} On 24 May, he ascended to the throne of Hyderabad.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=104}} He inherited a financially troubled state because of the irregularities of the assistant revenue minister [[Maharaja Chandu Lal]].<ref name="Outlook">{{cite web |title=A brief history of the Nizams of Hyderabad |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/ |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |accessdate=2 April 2019 |date=5 August 2017}}</ref>

Upon ascending the throne, possibly on the advice of Maharaja Chandu Lal, Nasir-ud-Daulah asked [[Lord William Bentinck]], the [[Governor-General of India]], to have [[Resident (title)#Residents in Asia|Resident of Hyderabad]] [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe]] stop interfering in matters of civil interest. The governor-general responded affirmatively and the European superintendents of civil departments were removed.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|pp=96, 105, 307}} Throughout his reign, Bentinck followed a policy of non-intervention in the affairs of the state.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=106}}

Because of the state's financial difficulties, Nasir-ud-Daulah found it difficult to pay his army. The state was becoming more and more indebted to the British.{{sfn|Kate|1987|p=35}} He mortgaged parts of his kingdom to the [[Arabs]] and the [[Rohilla]]s. Smaller ''[[jagirdar]]s'' (feudal landholders) also mortgaged their estates and as a result, these moneylenders controlled significant parts of the kingdom, including extensive parts of [[Bhir district|Bhir]] and [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]] districts. This made the ''[[zamindar]]s'' (aristocrats) and the large ''jagirdars'' more arrogant. In [[Hingoli district]], the Resident was forced to send troops to put down a rebellion.{{sfn|Kate|1987|p=36}}

According to contemporaneous records, highway robbery, looting, murders and [[land-grabbing]] increased during Nasir-ud-Daulah's reign, and bribery and corruption became commonplace. The ''zamindars'' exploited the labourers.{{sfn|Kate|1987|p=36}} Fathulla Khan, a minister of the Nizam, said these activities occurred because of the withdrawal of British officers.{{sfn|Kate|1987|p=37}}

In 1835, the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] revolted and wrote to the British government that there was a breakdown of law and order in the state of Hyderabad and that they could not ignore the misrule. In response, Nasir-ud-Daulah appointed some government workers as confidential servants to various districts of the state to monitor the activities of revenue officers, to suppress any oppression and to administer justice. The servants, however, were illiterate ''[[mansabdar]]s'' (military officers) of low rank, and this system failed. These servants instead became agents of the ''[[taluqdar]]s'' (landed gentry), who misused them to extort money from private individuals.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=106}}{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=107}} Four years later, the Court of Directors wrote a similar letter.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=108}}

Nasir-ud-Daulah's younger brother, Prince [[Mubarez-ud-Daulah]] was inspired by the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]] in India and had become fiercely opposed to the continued presence of the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent, allegedly formulating plans to overthrown both them and the Nizam. He struck a deal with Rasool Khan, the Nawab of [[Kurnool]]. With the help of his agents, the Resident of Hyderabad [[James Stuart Fraser]] intercepted their plans, then accused Mubarez-ud-Daulah of planning a conspiracy against Nasir-ud-Daulah. On 15 June 1839, Nasir-ud-Daulah ordered an attack on the palace of Mubarez-ud-Daulah, so that Mubarez-ud-Daulah could be arrested and held at [[Golconda Fort]]. Mubarez was successfully imprisoned, he remained so until his death in 1854.{{sfn|Mallampalli|2017|p=66}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seshan |first1=KSS |title=Mubarez-ud-Daulah's era: Of passion, rebellion and conspiracy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/mubarez-ud-daulahs-era-of-passion-rebellion-and-conspiracy/article18955189.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2 April 2019 |date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

Under the guidance of Prime Minister Siraj-ul-Mulk (until his death in 1853) and the next Prime Minister [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]], Nasir-ud-Daulah established a modern revenue administration system.<ref name="Outlook"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gribble |first1=J. D. E. |title=History of the Deccan: Volume Two |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=India |pages=234–235}}</ref> The kingdom was divided into 16 districts, each of which was administered by a ''taluqdar'' who was responsible for its judicial and civil administration.<ref name="Outlook"/> In 1846, Nasir-ud-Daulah founded the [[Osmania Medical College|Hyderabad Medical School]], which is now known as Osmania Medical College. He was interested in recruiting both men and women for the medical field.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Jovita Aranha |title=This Forgotten Hyderabad Woman Was The World's First Female Anaesthesiologist! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/174072/hyderabad-rupa-bai-furdoonji-first-female-anesthesiologist-india/ |work=[[The Better India]] |accessdate=2 April 2019 |date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

By 31 December 1850, Nasir-ud-Daulah's debts to the British had reached {{INR convert|7|m|lk=on|year=1850}}. By mid-1852, he found it difficult to pay his own officers.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=113}} In 1853, he signed a treaty with the British government, during the rule of Governor-General [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Earl of Dalhousie]]. According to this treaty, the British agreed to liquidate his debts in return for the Nizam ceding the [[Berar Province]] to the British.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=114}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pesticide poisoning continues to claim farmers' lives in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/when-every-breath-kills/article21337426.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 July 2019 |date=9 December 2017}}</ref> In return, the British paid the Nizam's officers.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=114}}

==Death==
[[File:Mecca Masjid - Hyderabad 01.JPG|thumb|[[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad]], where Nasir-ud-Daulah is buried]]
On 16 May 1857, Nasir-ud-Daulah died. He was buried at the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] mosque.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sarojini Regani |title=Nizam-British Relations, 1724–1857 |date=1988|page=300|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho0000430s6u00007000.html |publisher=British Library |accessdate=19 April 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108092809/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho0000430s6u00007000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Afzal-ud-Daulah]] as the eight Nizam of Hyderabad.{{sfn|Kate|1987|p=38}}

==Personal life==
Nasir-ud-Daulah had two [[marriage in Islam|nikkah wives]]. His first wife was Dilawar-un-Nisa Begum, the daughter of an unranked officer in his court. His second wife was the daughter of an officer of a lower rank who worked at his palace. He fathered two sons - one from each wife. [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]], born in October 1827, was his son from Dilwar-un-Nisa Begum. Roshan-ud-Daulah, born March 1828, was his second son and was from his second wife.{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=114}}

==Titular Name==
Upon ascending the throne, Nasir-ud-Daulah took the following titular name: ''Asaf Jah, Muzaffar-ul-Mumamlik, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Nizam-ul-Daulah, Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Bahadur, Fateh Jung, Sipah Salar, Ayn Waffadar, Rustam-i-Dauran, Arastu-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan, Muhammad Akbar Shah, Padshah-i-Ghazi''.

In English, it translates to "Asaf Jah, (equal to [[Asif ibn Barkhiya]] the minister of [[King Solomon]]), in dignity, the conqueror of dominions, the regulator of the kingdom, the administrator of the state, Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Bahadur, the victor in battles, the leader of armies, the faithful friend, the Rustam of age, the [[Aristotle]] of present time, the slave of King Solomon who rules the realms, Muhammad Akbar Shah, the victorious king".{{sfn|Briggs|2007|p=104}}

==See also==
* [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Nizam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|title=The Nizam – His History And Relations With The British Government |volume=1|first=Henry George|last=Briggs|isbn=9781406710946|publisher=Read Books|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXxDAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948|first=P. V.|last=Kate|isbn= 9788170990178|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=1987}}
*{{citation|title=A Muslim Conspiracy in British India?|first=Chandra|last=Mallampalli|isbn=9781107196254|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2017}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7S1wASsTwY&list=PLA531FC1B6BE51FAD&index=5 Times of Nasir ud daula]
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Asaf Jahi dynasty|1794||1857}}
{{succession box | before=[[Asaf Jah III|Mir Akbar Ali Khan Siddiqi Asaf Jah III]] | title=[[Nizam of Hyderabad]] | after=[[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V]] | years=1829–1857}}1829 - 1857 H.H. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar
{{s-end}}
{{Hyderabad state}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasir-Ud-Dawlah, Asaf Jah Iv}}
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bidar]]
[[Category:Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]

Tughlaqabad Fort

2026-03-15T14:42:41Z

Thefacecentre: cleaned up content for consistency and improved wording

{{short description|Fort in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Tughlaqabad Fort
| native_name =
| partof = [[Delhi]]
| location = [[Delhi]], India
| image = Tuglagbad Fort Panorama.jpg
| caption = Panoramic view of the massive bastions of Tughluqabad Fort
| map_type =
| map_size = 285
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| type = [[Ruins|Ruined Fort]]
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| built = {{start date and age|1321}}
| builder = [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]
| materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and [[lime mortar]]
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| demolished =
| condition = [[Ruins]]
| open_to_public =
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'''Tughluqabad Fort''' is a ruined [[fort]] in [[Delhi]], India. [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq]], the founder of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], constructed it in 1321 when he established the third historic city of Delhi. However, it was later abandoned in 1327.

The fort lends its name to the nearby Tughluqabad residential-commercial area as well as the Tughluqabad Institutional Area. Ghiyasuddin Tughluq also built the [[Qutub]]-[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] Road, which connected the new city to the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The road is now known as [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|chapter=33. Badarpur|author=Y. D. Sharma|publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |year=1974|page=[https://archive.org/details/delhiitsneighbou00shar/page/105 105] |url=https://archive.org/details/delhiitsneighbou00shar}}</ref>

Its environs are an important [[biodiversity]] area within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi. Historical places around the sanctuary are [[Badkhal Lake]], {{cvt|6|km}} northeast, the tenth century ancient [[Surajkund]] reservoir and [[Anangpur Dam]], [[Damdama Lake]], Tughlaqabad Fort and [[Jahanpanah#Adilabad|Adilabad ruins]] (both in Delhi).<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi">[http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola Asola Bhatti Wild Life Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |date=16 August 2011 }}, Department of Forest, Delhi Government</ref> It is contiguous to the seasonal [[Pali village#Pali jharna|waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad]],<ref name=sura>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/dam-will-be-maked-on-the-hills-of-pali-village/articleshow/70320771.cms|title=पाली गांव की पहाड़ियों पर बनेगा डैम, रोका जाएगा झरनों का पानी|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=12 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722053248/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/dam-will-be-maked-on-the-hills-of-pali-village/articleshow/70320771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the sacred [[Mangar Bani]] and the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in the forested hilly area of Delhi Ridge.

== History ==
[[File:Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud-din’s tomb in the background 1949.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud-din's tomb in the background, 1949]]
Ghazi Malik was a [[feudatory]] of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] rulers of Delhi, India. The Khaliji dynasty is a [[Turkic people|Turco]]-[[Afghans|Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en |access-date=6 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |url-status=live }}</ref> dynasty that ruled India. Once, while on a walk with his Khalji master, Ghazi Malik suggested that the king build a [[fort]] on a hillock in the southern portion of [[Delhi]]. The king jokingly told Ghazi Malik to build the fort himself when he would become king.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, commencing the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. He promptly ordered the construction of his legendary city, envisioning it as a beautiful yet impregnable fortress that would ward off Mongol marauders. However, destiny would not be as he would have liked.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

=== The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya ===
During the construction of [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] in 1321, [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]] encountered a conflict with the revered Sufi saint [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya]]. While the ruler sought to mobilise all labourers for his fort's construction, many were also working on a stepwell (baoli) in nighttime for Nizamuddin at his residence. In an effort to compel the workers to abandon the baoli project, Tughlaq banned the sale of [[kerosene]], aiming to prevent them from lighting lamps at night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikita |date=2020-01-04 |title=Tughlaqabad Fort: a monumental example of a curse realised |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/Jan/04/tughlaqabad-fort-a-monumental-example-of-a-curse-realised-2084921.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Angered by the ruler's actions, Nizamuddin Auliya pronounced a curse: "''Ya rahe ujjar, ya base Gujjar''," meaning "Either it remains a ruin or may the nomadic and peasant [[Gurjars|Gujjars]] live there."<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिये इस किले के रहस्य को, जिसे मिला था श्राप- ‘या रहे उजाड़ या बसे गुर्जर’ - ncr Read about Ghiyasuddin Tughlaqs dynasty Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-read-about-ghiyasuddin-tughlaqs-dynasty-jagran-special-18622626.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

During a military campaign in [[Bengal]], Tughlaq learned that laborers at his newly constructed Fort were defying his orders by working on the (baoli). He vowed to punish the saint upon his return to Delhi. In response, Nizamuddin Auliya remarked, "''Hunuz Dilli dur ast''," meaning "Delhi is still far off," suggesting that the Sultan's plans would be thwarted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Swapnajit |date=2024-06-13 |title=Tughlaqabad Fort: Know about the lesser-known historical monument in Delhi which was once cursed |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/tughlaqabad-fort-the-lesser-known-historical-monument-in-delhi-which-was-once-cursed-2575474 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

As the curse began to take effect, Tughlaq and his younger son met a tragic fate on their journey back. A pavilion, erected to celebrate the Sultan's military success, collapsed, resulting in their deaths. This incident underscored the belief that Nizamuddin's curse had manifested, leading to the eventual abandonment of Tughlaqabad Fort shortly after its completion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tughlaqabad: A Cursed Fort |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/tughlaqabad-cursed-fort |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218122630/https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/tughlaqabad-cursed-fort |archive-date=2024-12-18 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

=== The death of the ruler ===
Another of the saint's curses was "[[Dilli Door Hai|Hunuz Dilli door ast]]" (Delhi is still far away). The Emperor was engrossed in a campaign in [[Bengal]] at this time. He was successful and was on his way to Delhi. However, his son, [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], met him at [[Kara (Kaushambi)|Kara]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Allegedly at the prince's orders, a ''Shamiana'' ([[Tent]]) was made to fall on the Emperor, who was crushed to death (1324).

== Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq ==
[[File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb.JPG|thumb|199x199px|right| ''Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq'' at [[Tughluqabad]], also showing a side tomb.]]
The 'Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification. This elevated causeway {{convert|600|ft|disp=flip}} in length, supported by 27 arches, leads across a former artificial lake. However, sometime around the twentieth century, a portion of the causeway was pierced by the [[Mehrauli]]-[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] road.<ref>{{cite web| title = Modernity pierces fort link| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Modernity-pierces-fort-link/Article1-926849.aspx| date = 9 September 2012| access-date = 2013-09-23| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Modernity-pierces-fort-link/Article1-926849.aspx| archive-date = 31 October 2013}}</ref> After passing an old [[Pipal tree]], the complex of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq's tomb is entered by a high gateway made up of red [[sandstone]] with a flight of steps.<ref name=fort/>

The actual mausoleum is made up of a single-domed square [[tomb]] about {{convert|8|x|8|m}} with sloping walls crowned by [[parapet]]s. In contrast to the walls of the fortification made up of granite, the sides of the mausoleum are faced by smooth red sandstone and inlaid with inscribed panels and arch borders from [[marble]]. The edifice is topped by an elegant [[dome]] resting on an octagonal drum that is covered with white slabs of marble and slate.<ref name=fort/>

[[File:GHIYĀTHU’D-DĪN TUGHLUQ’S TOMB 04.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Graves inside the Mausoleum]]
Inside the mausoleum reside three graves: the central one belongs to [[Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq]], whereas the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son (and successor) [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. In the north-western [[bastion]] of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another [[octagon]]al tomb in a similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over its arched doors. According to an [[inscription]] over its southern entrance, this tomb houses the remains of [[Zafar Khan (general)|Zafar Khan]]. His grave was at the site prior to the construction of the outpost and was consciously integrated into the design of the mausoleum by Ghiyath al-Din himself.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Graves of Ghiyas Ud Din, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Ghiyas Ud Din's Grave inside the Mausoleum]]

== Architecture ==
[[File:Vijay mandal 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruins of the Bijai-Mandal]]Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable, massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city. The sloping rubble-filled city walls, a characteristic endemic to monuments of the [[Tughluq dynasty]], are between {{convert|10|and|15|m}} high, topped by battlemented [[parapet]]s and strengthened by circular [[bastion]]s of up to two stories height. The city is supposed to once have had as many as 52 gates, of which only 13 remain standing today. The fortified city contained seven rainwater tanks. The fort is a half hexagon in shape with a base of {{cvt|1.5|mi|km|disp=flip}}, and a whole circuit of about {{cvt|4|mi|km|disp=flip}}.<ref name=fort>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=6–7|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref>

Tughluqabad is trifurcated into the following sections:
# the wider city area with houses built along a rectangular grid between its gates
# the citadel with a tower at its highest point known as '''Bijai-Mandal''', and the remains of several halls and a long underground passage
# the adjacent palace area containing the royal residences; a long underground passage below the tower still remains
[[File:Underground passage of Tuglaqabad fort.jpg|thumb|199x199px|Underground passage of Tughlaqabad fort]]
[[File:Meena Bazar in the Basement.jpg|thumb|Meena Bazar in the basement]]
Today, the vast majority of the city is inaccessible owing to dense thorny vegetation and neglect. An ever increasing part of the former city area is occupied by a burgeoning modern illegal settlement, especially in the vicinity of its lakes.

South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial [[reservoir (water)|water reservoir]] within the fortified outpost of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb]]. This well-preserved [[mausoleum]] remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today.

Visible to the southeast are the remains of the Fortress of Adilabad, built years later by Ghiyath al-Din's successor, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (1325–1351). It shares the main construction characteristics with the Tughlaqabad Fort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tughlaqabad Fort {{!}} Fort Trek|url=https://www.forttrek.com/tughlaqabad-fort/|access-date=2021-01-23|language=en-US|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134620/https://www.forttrek.com/tughlaqabad-fort/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Ruined fort of Tughlaqabad.jpg|A view of ruined fort of Tughlaqabad during sunset
File:Tughluqabad encroaching settlements.JPG|Modern settlement activity spreading in the area of the old city just below the citadel
File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb from tughluqabad.JPG|Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb as seen from Tughluqabad
File:Tughlaqabad massive fort wall.jpg|Tughlaqabad massive fort wall
File:South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort.jpg|South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort
File:Entrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg|Entrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
File:Tughlaq Tomb.jpg|Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his son Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
File:Well inside Tughlaqabad.jpg|A well inside Tughlaqabad Fort
File:Tughlaqabad Fort Architecture.jpg|Tughlaqabad Fort Architecture
</gallery>

== See also ==
* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
** [[Purana Qila]], earliest Hindu rulers
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire
** [[Anangpur]], by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736–1152 CE)
** [[Qila Rai Pithora]]
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152–1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty
** [[Siri Fort]], by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
** Tughlaqabad Fort, by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320–25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351–88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** [[Salimgarh Fort]], in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545–54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri
** [[Red fort]], built in 1639–48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi
** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912–29 by colonial British raj
* [[History of Delhi]]
** [[Anangpur#Paleo|Paleolithic sites in & around Tughlaqabad Fort]]
** [[Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells|Stepwells of Delhi]]

== References ==
{{commons category|Tughlaqabad Fort}}
{{reflist}}

{{Forts in India}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{coord|28|30|43|N|77|15|39|E|source:frwiki_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1321]]
[[Category:Forts in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Bondina Elangbam

2026-03-15T09:35:28Z

Thefacecentre: started stub

{{Short description|Indian Manipuri writer, poet, and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

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'''Bondina Elangbam''' is an Indian writer, poet and artist. She is from [[Manipur]]. Among her comprehensive comparative analytical works, ''"Is the Homosexual an Invisible Being? 'Comrade Love' in the Select Fiction of the Rohinton Mistry and Amitav Ghosh"'' is a notable one.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp_WCgAAQBAJ&dq=bondina+elangbam&pg=PA8|title=Gendering the Narrative: Indian English Fiction and Gender Discourse|last=Mukherjee|first=Nibedita|date=2015-10-13|isbn=978-1-4438-8467-9|pages=A|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp_WCgAAQBAJ&dq=bondina+elangbam&pg=PA8|title=Gendering the Narrative: Indian English Fiction and Gender Discourse|last=Mukherjee|first=Nibedita|date=2015-10-13|isbn=978-1-4438-8467-9|pages=B|language=en}}</ref> Besides herself being a writer, she is becoming a matter of inspiration to many other artists and writers, including Bollywood actress [[Kangana Ranaut]] as well as Dr. Joshiya Kh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmEMEAAAQBAJ&dq=bondina+elangbam&pg=PA132|title=LIFE AN INEFFABLE JOURNEY|last=GUPTA|first=MONIKA|date=2020-11-10|isbn=978-81-947397-7-7|language=en}}</ref> Currently, she is pursuing her specialization studies in the United States of America.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Early life and career ==
Bondina Elangbam was born in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. She grew up inheriting both the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and Mao cultural heritages from her two parents. Her cross cultural bondings are seen to be reflected in her poetic works. Since childhood, Bondina has a passion for painting, writing short stories and poems. Her first publication of poetry is the "Between the Poet and Her Pencil" in [[Mumbai]] on 19 December 2016. The forwarding of the poetry was done by Bollywood actress [[Kangana Ranaut]], who is her childhood school friend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between the Poet and Her Pencil: Bondina Elangbam|url=https://morungexpress.com/between-poet-and-her-pencil-bondina-elangbam|access-date=2022-07-08|website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-21|title=Manipur: Kangana Ranaut unveils childhood friend Bondina Elangbam's book!|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipur-kangana-ranaut-unveils-childhood-friend-bondina/cid2552951.htm|access-date=2022-07-08|website=thenortheasttoday.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-20|title=Gulzar is an all-time great, says Kangana Ranaut|url=https://www.radiocity.in/entertainment/news/gulzar-is-an-all-time-great--says-kangana-ranaut-5297|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2016-12-20|title=Gulzar is an all-time great, says Kangana Ranaut|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gulzar-is-an-all-time-great-says-kangana-ranaut-116122000493_1.html|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – Manipur News|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2016/12/20/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kapoor|first=Neha|date=2016-12-21|title=Kangana Ranaut Spotted at Book Launch Looking Elegant!|url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/84965/kangana-ranaut-spotted-book-launch-event-childhood-friend/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

Bondina Elangbam's book ''Between the Poet and Her Pencil'' was released at the "Manipur Press Club" on 9 January 2017 by ABOK Publishing House.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book launch ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=http://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=Snipp4..110117.jan17&sNStart=%3C!EpnSnipp4%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnSnipp4End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnSnippHeading4%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnSnippHeading4End%3E|access-date=2022-07-08|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In an exclusive interview with Bondina Elangbam by ''The Morung Express'', when asked how she connected the two fields of being a poet and a painter, she said,
<blockquote>"See, my poems are about life and the various occurrence one experiences in life. My painting again is about the varied elements in life, the different emotions and various other aspects of life. Life in its essence connects the two and in one or the other way it is intertwined."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between the Poet and Her Pencil: Bondina Elangbam|url=https://morungexpress.com/between-poet-and-her-pencil-bondina-elangbam|access-date=2022-07-08|website=MorungExpress}}</ref></blockquote>

== Life with Kangana Ranaut ==
Bondina Elangbam and [[Kangana Ranaut]] were classmates as well as hostel roommates in their school life at [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|DAV]] School sector 15 in [[Chandigarh]]. Bondina was studying in the [[Fine Arts]] stream while Kangana in the [[Science]] stream.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kangana's School Friend Reveals The Actor's True Side In A Letter....|url=https://www.theindusparent.com/kanganas-school-friend-reveals-the-actors-true-side/amp|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-13|title=This old letter penned by Kangana Ranaut's school friend reveals a lot about her personality|url=https://www.inuth.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-old-letter-penned-by-kangana-ranaut-school-friend-reveals-a-lot-about-her-personality/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to a forwarding by Kangana Ranaut about Bondina Elangbam, she described Bondina was a dainty, waif- like vision with thick long blue-black hair hanging below her waist when seen for the first time in her life. Kangana said Bondina's work was true to her inherent impulses and instincts. She pointed out the most beguiling aspect of Bondina's personality as the fact that Bondina never ceases to surprise anyone as she had either brood or laugh uncontrollably, avoided eye contact or had fierce glances, slept endlessly or worked relentlessly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

Since childhood, Kangana was intensely fond of [[Shayari|Hindi-Urdu poetry]]. Her area of interests was found to be weird for others (friends) except for Bondina Elangbam. Kangana used to translate the poems ([[Shayari|shaayaris]]) for Bondina. Though many words and complex thoughts were often diluted or lost in translations, both Kangana and Bondina had a particular relationship with poetry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

When Kangana and Bondina were very close to each other, Kangana noticed about the crucial differences between their educational choices, science and arts. Later, Kangana found out that she was probably not on the right career path.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

In her forewordings, Kangana exposed that Bondina had seduced the closet artist in her and Bondina played a very important role in influencing her future career decisions and she continued to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-18|title=In this heartwarming foreword, Kangana talks about her younger years and how they shaped her career choices|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708094510/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/368814/exclusive-heartwarming-foreword-kangana-talks-about-her-younger-years-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Kangana Ranaut launches book Between the Poet and Her Pencil – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/kangana-ranaut-launches-book-between-the-poet-and-her-pencil/|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

After their school life, they drifted away and met each other again when Kangana Ranaut was promoting ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'' in [[Chandigarh]]. The two met at their school. It was when Kangana Ranaut got to know that Bondina was pursuing arts, poetry and writing. Bondina sent Kangana some of her works. Then, Kangana offered to write a foreword for Bondina's book.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulzar is an all-time great, says Kangana Ranaut|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/161220-gulzar-all-time-great-says-kangana-ranaut|access-date=2022-07-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-20|title=Gulzar is an all-time great, says Kangana Ranaut|url=https://www.radiocity.in/entertainment/news/gulzar-is-an-all-time-great--says-kangana-ranaut-5297|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-21|title=Manipur: Kangana Ranaut unveils childhood friend Bondina Elangbam's book!|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipur-kangana-ranaut-unveils-childhood-friend-bondina/cid2552951.htm|access-date=2022-07-08|website=thenortheasttoday.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2016-12-20|title=Gulzar is an all-time great, says Kangana Ranaut|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gulzar-is-an-all-time-great-says-kangana-ranaut-116122000493_1.html|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* In the year 2010, Bondina Elangbam's poem, "My Fear" won the "Winner’s title in the Varsity Week" of the [[North-Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU), [[Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between the Poet and Her Pencil: Bondina Elangbam|url=https://morungexpress.com/between-poet-and-her-pencil-bondina-elangbam|access-date=2022-07-08|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>
* Bondina Elangbam was awarded the Doctorate degree in [[English literature]] from the [[North-Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU), Shillong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between the Poet and Her Pencil: Bondina Elangbam|url=https://morungexpress.com/between-poet-and-her-pencil-bondina-elangbam|access-date=2022-07-08|website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Abenao Elangbam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elangbam, Bondina}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Poets from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Prithveesh K. Bhat

2026-03-14T19:56:45Z

Thefacecentre: Made initial data more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Rubik's Cube speedcuber and artist (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithveesh K. Bhat
| image = Prithveesh K. Bhat Photo.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|23|df=yes}}<ref name=":2"/>
| birth_place = [[Cherkady]],<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/In-the-record-book-for-training-500-students-in-solving-Rubik%E2%80%99s-Cube-in-a-year/article14390668.ece |title=In the record book for training 500 students in solving Rubik's Cube in a year |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202082744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/In-the-record-book-for-training-500-students-in-solving-Rubik%E2%80%99s-Cube-in-a-year/article14390668.ece |archive-date=2 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Udupi district]], Karnataka, India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2013 - present<ref name=":2"/>
| known_for = Rubik's Cube solving and mosaic design
| notable_works = ''Rubik Magic'' (book)<ref name=":2"/>
| website = {{URL|http://prithvimosaics.com/}}
}}
'''Prithveesh K. Bhat''' or '''Prathvish K. Bhat''' (born 23 December 1995) is an Indian [[Rubik's Cube]] [[Speedcubing|speedcuber]] and [[mosaic]] artist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Students-eye-world-record-with-4000-Rubiks-Cubes/articleshow/54476281.cms |title=Students eye world record with 4,000 Rubik's Cubes |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 September 2016 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420111602/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Students-eye-world-record-with-4000-Rubiks-Cubes/articleshow/54476281.cms |archive-date=2017-04-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/guinness-recognises-efforts-by-sdmit-cubers-for-largest-dual-side-rubiks-cube-mosaic/articleshow/57236803.cms |title=Guinness recognises efforts by SDMIT Cubers for largest dual side Rubik's cube mosaic |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2017 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129095144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/guinness-recognises-efforts-by-sdmit-cubers-for-largest-dual-side-rubiks-cube-mosaic/articleshow/57236803.cms |archive-date=2018-11-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has set several Rubik's Cube records, including two [[Guinness Book of World Records|Guinness World Record]]s namely ''′Largest Dual Sided Rubik’s Cube Mosaic′'', leading a team of 20 members<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/chaplin-mr-beans-rubiks-cube-mosaic-creates-record/articleshow/57259451.cms |title=Chaplin, Mr Beans' Rubik's cube mosaic creates record |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2017 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/chaplin-mr-beans-rubiks-cube-mosaic-creates-record/articleshow/57259451.cms |archive-date=2017-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/guinness-record-holder-prithvish-k-creates-worlds-1st-rubik-cube-ganesh-idol/ |title=Guinness Record Holder Prithvish K Creates World's 1st Rubik Cube 'Ganesh Idol' |website=mangalorean.com |publisher=Mangalorean |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422185236/http://www.mangalorean.com/guinness-record-holder-prithvish-k-creates-worlds-1st-rubik-cube-ganesh-idol |archive-date=2018-04-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''′Most contributions to a Rubik's cube mosaic′'', leading a team of 293 people.<ref name="GWR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/429429-most-contributions-to-a-rubiks-cube-mosaic |title=Most contributions to a Rubik's cube mosaic |website=Guinness World Records |location=Great Britain |access-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223436/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/429429-most-contributions-to-a-rubiks-cube-mosaic |archive-date=2016-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He started pixel painting works to represent the same pixels over the graph sheet to create portraits which could be framed permanently.<ref name="DH1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/portraits-rubik-s-cubes-717700.html |title=Portraits from Rubik's cubes |author=Rakshitha M N, DH News Service, Bengaluru |date=10 February 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |location=Bangalore, Karnataka, India |language=en |access-date=2019-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011315/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/portraits-rubik-s-cubes-717700.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He has trained more than 500 students on the basics of the Rubik Cube, and has conducted free workshops at eight educational institutions.<ref name=":3"/> In 2015, he wrote a book named ''′Rubik Magic′'', which consisted of a set of easy memorizing formulas for children to solve the Rubik Cube. It was released by [[Veerendra Heggade|D. Veerendra Heggade]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Engg-student-trains-over-500-kids-to-solve-Rubik-Cube-enters-record-book/articleshow/52666428.cms |title=Engg student trains over 500 kids to solve Rubik Cube, enter record book |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610010112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Engg-student-trains-over-500-kids-to-solve-Rubik-Cube-enters-record-book/articleshow/52666428.cms |archive-date=2016-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has been featured in [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Kannada]] - RCB Insider Show for making mosaic of [[Virat Kohli]] using 700 Rubik's cubes, while his brother Pradheesh K had dedicated an artwork of [[AB de Villiers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Record holder Prithveesh K Bhat talks about his journey in History TV 18's season 8 of OMG India. |url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/brand-media/article/guinness-world-record-holder-prithveesh-k-bhat-talks-about-his-journey-in-history-tv-18s-season-8-of-omg-india-23223547 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> He was featured in [[History TV18]]'s show OMG! Yeh Mera India - Season 8, for creating artworks of [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Neeraj Chopra]] and [[The Joker]]. The show was hosted by [[Krushna Abhishek]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Meet the Unique Artist from Karnataka, Who is Creating One-of-its-kind Art, Only on HistoryTV18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/meet-the-unique-artist-from-karnataka-who-is-creating-one-of-its-kind-art-only-on-historytv18-4903343.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Prithveesh K. Bhat was born on 23 December 1995 to K. Shyam Prasad and Prasanna Prasad, both residents of Pethri, [[Udupi]].<ref name=":2"/> He has a younger brother named Pradheesh K. Prithveesh is currently studying [[Master of Engineering]] in [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education#Organisation|School of Information Sciences, Manipal]].<ref name=":2"/>

==Achievements==
[[File:Prithveesh K. Bhat with Guinness World Records Certificates.jpeg|left|thumb|250px|Prithveesh with his Guinness World Records certificates]]
On 2 October 2016 at Indraprastha Indoor stadium, [[Ujire]], he and his team ''′SDMIT Cubers′'' of 20 members created a vertical Rubik's cube mosaic wall, which on one side portrayed the picture of [[Mr. Bean]] at yellow face and [[Charlie Chaplin]] on white face. It was made using white stickered cubes.
.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> The mosaic wall consisted of 4500 3x3x3 cubes, measured 14.981 sqm, stood approx. 15 feet tall and 10 feet wide, and was built in 7 hours. The expenses were entirely funded by Veerendra Heggade. It was listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] as ''′Largest Dual Sided Rubik’s Cube Mosaic′''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Guinness-record-for-SDMIT%E2%80%99s-Rubik%E2%80%99s-Cube-mosaic-builders/article17348876.ece |title=Guinness record for SDMIT's Rubik's Cube mosaic builders |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2017 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202082744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Guinness-record-for-SDMIT%E2%80%99s-Rubik%E2%80%99s-Cube-mosaic-builders/article17348876.ece |archive-date=2 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 5 May 2019, at Gopalan Innovation Mall, Bannerghatta road, Bangalore, Prithveesh lead a team of 293 people to create a portrait of a tiger, consisting of 1200 Rubik's cubes, to support the cause of tiger conservation in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-puzzle-and-a-message/article27043122.ece |title=A puzzle and a message |date=2019-05-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Andhra Pradesh, India |access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/rubik-s-cube-tiger-portrait-a-world-record-732389.html |title=Rubik's Cube tiger portrait a world record |date=2019-05-06 |website=Deccan Herald |location=Karnataka |access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kpepaper.asianetnews.com/2141603/Bengaluru/06052019#page/3/1 |title=Kannada Prabha Bengaluru epaper dated Mon, 6 May 19 |website=kpepaper.asianetnews.com |publisher=[[Kannada Prabha]], [[Asianet News]] |location=Bangalore, Karnataka, India |access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d14nckxhjt6h6p.cloudfront.net/Uv/2019/05/06/MAN/Manipal/MEDN/5_05/87b750585844d44b_05_hr.jpg |title=Udayavani / ePaper / Manipal edition / 6 May 2019 |website=epaper.udayavani.com |publisher=[[Udayavani]] |location=Manipal, Karnataka }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/293-cubers-from-karnataka-all-set-to-enter-guinness-record/articleshow/69293464.cms |title=293 cubers from Karnataka all set to enter Guinness Record |date=12 May 2019|author=Vinobha K. T.|newspaper=The Times of India |location=India |access-date=2019-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/guinness-attempt-awaits-the-final-approval/articleshow/69298274.cms |title=Guinness World Record authorities attempt awaits the final approval /Mangaluru News - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-18 }}</ref> It was listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] as ''′Most contributions to a Rubik's cube mosaic′''.<ref name="GWR"/>

Prithveesh holds a world record for ''′Dual-sided Rubik's Cube′'' listed in [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&q=prithveesh+k&pg=PT61 |title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best |date=5 May 2018 |publisher=[[Limca Book of Records]] |isbn=9789351952404 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128211123/https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61&dq=prithveesh+k&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvg4OHtvfeAhUBNo8KHeZJCA4Q6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=prithveesh%20k&f=false |archive-date=2018-11-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also holds a ''Assist World Record'', for creating a portrait of [[Abdul Kalam]] using 540 cubes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-burial-site-agog-with-activities/article14512686.ece |title=Kalam's burial site agog with activities |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202082744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-burial-site-agog-with-activities/article14512686.ece |archive-date=2 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He ranked 3rd in state-level Rubik's Cube solving competition (non-[[World Cube Association|WCA]] event) held in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/youth-keen-to-popularise-rubiks-cube-in-rural-areas/article7472628.ece |title=Youth keen to popularise Rubik's Cube in rural areas |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2015 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202082744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/youth-keen-to-popularise-rubiks-cube-in-rural-areas/article7472628.ece |archive-date=2 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He has made over 200 portraits including those of Veerendra Heggade, [[Narendra Modi]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], Mohan Alva, [[Ambareesh]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Sudeep]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Sridevi]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Mary Kom]], [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], and [[Yogaraj Bhat]] on various occasions in several locations in Karnataka and also in Hyderabad, Chennai and Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="DH1"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name="VK"/><ref name="DH">{{Cite web |url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/kannada/balkani+news-epaper-balnews/rubiks+kyubnalli+aralitu+vikatakavi+yogaraaj+bhat+bhaavachitra-newsid-110630400?ss=wsp&s=pa |title=ರೂಬಿಕ್ಸ್ ಕ್ಯುಬ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅರಳಿತು ವಿಕಟಕವಿ ಯೋಗರಾಜ್ ಭಟ್ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರ - Balkani News |date=8 March 2019 |website=Dailyhunt |location=Karnataka, India |language=kn |access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

==Events==
*First [[Lord Ganesha]] [[Cult image|idol]] made out of Rubik Cubes, at the ''″My Friend Ganesha″'' ''(Idol making contest)'' held at Bharath Mall, [[Mangalore]] on 27 August 2017<ref name=":2"/>
*Created a 8×10 feet mosaic image of the [[Parliament of India]] using 1,950 Rubik's Cubes in seven hours,<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/26/now-mosaic-magic-with-rubiks-cube-1763870.html |title=Now, mosaic magic with rubik's cube |website=newindianexpress.com |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2018 |access-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128211057/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/26/now-mosaic-magic-with-rubiks-cube-1763870.html |archive-date=2018-11-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> on 26 January 2018.
*Created a 2×3 feet mosaic portrait of Anand C. Kunder using 540 cubes during event ''′Thangali-2′'', held at [[Shivarama Karantha]] Theme Park, [[Kota, Karnataka|Kota]], on 30 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/archive_2019-1-1_18_18_1_1_a.html |website=vijaykarnatakaepaper.com |title=Vijay Karnataka ''Namma Karavali'' |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=1 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161243/http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/archive_2019-1-1_18_18_1_1_a.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*Participated and performed in [[India's Got Talent (season 8)]].<ref name="DH1"/>
*Participated in [[Maruti Suzuki]] ''Colors of Youth'' (Season 7) in 2018.<ref name="VK">{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/district/udupi/natasarvabhouma-movie-promo-rubiks-cube-prepared-by-pruthvish/articleshow/67913591.cms |title=ನಟ ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮನಿಗೆ ರೂಬಿಕ್ಸ್ ಕ್ಯೂಬ್ ಪ್ರೊಮೊ |date=2019-02-09 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |location=Bangalore, Karnataka |language=kn |access-date=2019-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011826/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/district/udupi/natasarvabhouma-movie-promo-rubiks-cube-prepared-by-pruthvish/articleshow/67913591.cms |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Performed with his brother, in two episodes of [[SAB TV]]'s reality show ''[[India Ke Mast Kalandar]]'', which aired on 18 August<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/details/clips/5823808485001/-Twist-The-Rubix---India-Ke-Mast-Kalandar |title=Twist The Rubix - India Ke Mast Kalandar |year=2018 |website=www.sonyliv.com |publisher=[[Sony Liv]] |location=India |orig-year=2018 |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref> and 16 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/details/clips/5835516934001/Joining-The-Pieces---India-Ke-Mast-Kalandar |title=Joining The Pieces - India Ke Mast Kalandar |year=2018 |website=www.sonyliv.com |publisher=[[Sony LIV]] |location=India |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235028/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/clips/5835516934001/Joining-The-Pieces---India-Ke-Mast-Kalandar |archive-date=2019-01-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Performed with his brother, in an episode of [[Colors Super]]'s reality show ''Majaa Bharatha'', which aired on 21 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/majaa-bharatha/1/475898/a-stand-up-special-by-mithra-and-roopika/483390 |title=Majaa Bharatha, A stand-up special by Mithra and Roopika, Episode 20 |last=TV |first=Colors |year=2017 |website=www.voot.com |publisher=[[Voot]], [[Colors Super]] |location=India |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>
*Created Rubik's cube portrait of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], before the release of the movie [[Natasaarvabhowma]], on 5 February 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-shares-portrait-made-out-of-rubiks-cubes/articleshow/67848867.cms |title=Puneeth Rajkumar shares portrait made out of Rubik's Cubes - Times of India |year=2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en-IN |publication-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209183235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-shares-portrait-made-out-of-rubiks-cubes/articleshow/67848867.cms |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The actor himself posted it in his [[Instagram]] profile, thanking the efforts of Prithveesh.<ref name=":6"/>
*Created Rubik's cube portrait of [[Yogaraj Bhat]] for his 2019 film [[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]. Bhat thanked the efforts of Prithveesh in his Instagram profile, on 8 March 2019.<ref name="DH"/>
*Created mosaic art for Hindustan [[Coca-Cola]] Beverages Private Limited, out of 7,400 mini Rubik's Cubes, in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/2417011/Edex-Karnataka/18-NOV-2019#page/6/2 |title=Express Publications Edex Karnataka dated Mon, 18 Nov 19 |website=epaper.newindianexpress.com |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>
*Created artwork of [[Dinesh Karthik]] using 600 Rubik's cubes. The cricketer thanks with [[retweet]] by mentioning 'Highly impressive' in his official [[Twitter]] profile on 4 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Fan Makes Portrait Of Dinesh Karthik With Rubik's Cube, Gets A Shoutout From Cricketer |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/watch-fan-makes-portrait-of-dinesh-karthik-with-rubiks-cube-gets-a-shoutout-from-cricketer-3129083 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Fan makes portrait of Dinesh Karthik using 600 Rubik's Cubes. Cricketer reacts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/fan-makes-portrait-of-dinesh-karthik-using-600-rubik-s-cubes-cricketer-reacts-101657011923256.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Watch: Fan makes cricketer Dinesh Karthik's portrait with Rubik's Cubes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/fan-makes-dinesh-karthiks-portrait-with-rubiks-cubes-8009671/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral video: Fan makes Dinesh Karthik's portrait with 600 Rubik's cubes, cricketer reacts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/viral-videos/viral-video-fan-makes-dinesh-karthiks-portrait-with-600-rubiks-cubes-cricketer-reacts-video-92691750 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://prithvimosaics.com/ Official website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rubik's Cube}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K. Bhat, Prithveesh}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian speedcubers]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Game players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Karnataka]]

Haldibari railway station

2026-03-13T10:51:35Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|Railway station in Cooch Behar district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Haldibari
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Haldibari, [[Cooch Behar]], West Bengal, PIN 735122
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.3360|88.7828|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|76|m|ft}}
| line = [[Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line]] 
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5 With 2 Sidings Line
| parking = Available
| opened = 1878
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2021
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HDB
| zone = NFR
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway Zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Bengal Assam Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
}}
{{New Jalpaiguri–Haldibari line|collapse=y}}
'''Haldibari Railway Station''' serves [[Haldibari, West Bengal|Haldibari]] town in [[Cooch Behar district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the Oldest Railway Station In [[North Bengal]] as well as [[North-East India]]. Moreover It is an active railway transit point on the [[Bangladesh–India border]]. This is a terminating and as well as originating station.

'''MAJOR TRAINS :'''

• 55749/50 New Jalpaiguri-Haldibari Passenger.

• 55751/52 Haldibari-New Jalpaiguri Passenger.

• [[Darjeeling Mail|12344/43 Haldibari-Sealdah Superfast Darjeeling Mail.]]

•75722/21 Haldibari-Siliguri Junction DEMU Passenger.

• [[Kolkata–Haldibari Triweekly Intercity Superfast Express|12364/63 Haldibari - Kolkata Triweekly Intercity Superfast Express]].

• [[Balurghat–Haldibari Intercity Express|15463/64 Haldibari - Balurghat Intercity Express.]]

• [[Bamanhat-Haldibari Intercity Express|15467/68 Haldibari - Bamanhat Intercity Express]]

==History==
During the British period all connections from southern parts of Bengal to North Bengal were through the eastern part of Bengal. From 1878, the railway route from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, was in two laps. The first lap was a 185 km journey along the Eastern Bengal State Railway from Calcutta Station (later renamed Sealdah) to Damookdeah Ghat on the southern bank of the [[Padma River]], then across the river in a ferry and the second lap of the journey. A 336 km metre-gauge line of the North Bengal Railway linked Saraghat on the northern bank of the Padma to Siliguri.<ref name="njp">{{cite web|others=Alastair Boobyer|title=India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html|access-date=2013-03-04|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>

The 1.8 km long [[Hardinge Bridge]] across the Padma came up in 1912. In 1926 the metre-gauge section north of the bridge was converted to broad gauge, and so the entire Calcutta – Siliguri route became broad-gauge.<ref name=njp/> The route thus ran: [[Sealdah]]–[[Ranaghat]]–[[Bheramara Upazila|Bheramara]]–[[Hardinge Bridge]]–[[Iswardi]]–[[Santahar]]–{{stnlnk|Hili}}–[[Parbatipur Junction|Parabtipur]]–[[Nilphamari Sadar Upazila|Nilphamari]]-Haldibari-[[Jalpaiguri]]–[[Siliguri Town railway station|Siliguri]].

With the [[partition of India]], this track got trisected. The through route was formally closed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|India–Pakistan War in 1965]].<ref name=priyo>{{cite web |url= http://news.priyo.com/politics/2011/11/27/new-rail-transit-route-thru-in-43288.html |title= New rail transit route thru India gets govt nod |publisher= Priyo Internet Life |access-date= 2013-03-04 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608063635/http://news.priyo.com/politics/2011/11/27/new-rail-transit-route-thru-in-43288.html |archive-date= 8 June 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

The Siliguri–Haldibari, part of the original broad gauge Calcutta–Siliguri track via Hardinge Bridge, got delinked from the trunk route in 1947. As all the other tracks in the area were metre gauge, it was converted from broad gauge to metre gauge in the late forties. When New Jalpaiguri railway station came up, the line was extended to New Jalpaiguri. When broad-gauge lines were laid in the area, it was reconverted to broad gauge and now functions as the [[Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref name=njp/>

==Haldibari–Chilahati==
There were proposals to reoperationalise the Haldibari–Chilahati section. Bangladesh Railway had to construct 7.5 kilometres of new rail tracks from {{stnlnk|Chilahati}} to reach the border while the Indian authorities had to set up 4.5 kilometres of tracks from its border to Haldibari railway station.<ref name=priyo/>

In the joint statement issued on the occasion of the visit of the Prime Minister of India to Bangladesh, on 7 September 2011, it was stated: "Bangladesh Prime Minister expressed her appreciation to the Indian Prime Minister for amendment of the MoU between the Bangladesh and Indian Railways allowing Rohanpur-Singabad as an additional route for both bulk and container cargo for Nepalese rail transit traffic. Bangladesh side also appreciated the assistance from India for the movement of fertilizers from Bangladesh to Nepal by rail route. They also agreed to re-establish rail connections between Chilahati–Haldibari and Kulaura–Mahishashan in the spirit of encouraging revival of old linkages and transport routes between the two countries."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5147/Joint+Statement+on+the+occassion+of+the+visit+of+the+PM+of+India+to+Bangladesh |title = Joint Statement on the occasion of the visit of the PM of India to Bangladesh, 7 September 2011| work = Item No. 40 | publisher = Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | access-date = 2013-03-04}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/communication/2018/09/18/new-project-to-revamp-bangladesh-s-rail-link-with-darjeeling New project to revamp Bangladesh's rail link with Darjeeling], ''Dhaka Tribune'', September 18, 2018, accessed October 3, 2019</ref>

The Haldibari-Chilahati link was relaunched with freight operations on 1 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indbiz.gov.in/relaunching-of-indo-bangladesh-train-link-to-further-connectivity-and-cross-border-trade/ | title = Relaunching of Indo-Bangladesh train link to further connectivity and cross-border trade| publisher = Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date= 24 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2021|title=Starting of freight trains via restored Haldibari (India) – Chilahati (Bangladesh) rail link|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1741647|access-date=2022-01-22|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links ==
*[[Departures from Haldibari Railway Station]]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Kashiabari|right=|type=[[Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line]]}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{India–Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1878]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

Nandyal district

2026-03-07T12:14:48Z

Thefacecentre: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandyal district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Lower Ahobilam temple view.jpg
|photo1b = 12-BelumTheFirstStep 01.jpg
|photo2a = 15th century Yaganti Umamahesvara temple, Andhra Pradesh India - 138.jpg
|photo2b = 7th century Sivanandisvara temple, Kadamala kalva, Andhra Pradesh India - 12.jpg
|photo3a = Srisailam Tiger Reserve Area 20150314 115117 Richtone(HDR).jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Lower temple, [[Ahobilam]], [[Belum Caves]], [[Yaganti temple|Yaganti Umamaheshwara Temple]], Shivanandishwara Temple in Kadamala Kalva, [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam Reservoir]]
| image_map = Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption = Location of Nandyal district in Andhra Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Ind}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[list of regions in India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nandyal]]
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|4 revenue divisions]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|29 Mandals]]
| 449 [[villages]]
}}
| native_name = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector]]
| leader_name =Rajakumari Ganiya, I.A.S.<ref>{{Cite web | title=District Nandyal, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Sacred District-Nandi Alayalu {{!}} India | url=https://nandyal.ap.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-08-30 | website=nandyal.ap.gov.in}}</ref>
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 9681
| area_footnotes ={{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 17,81,777
| population_footnotes ={{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://nandyal.ap.gov.in/}}
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.5|78.5|display=title,inline}}
}}
'''Nandyal district''' is a [[district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] with [[Nandyal]] as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022 to become one of the resultant [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|26 districts]]. It is part of the [[Rayalaseema]] region. The district consists of [[Nandyal revenue division]] and a newly formed [[Dhone revenue division]], [[Banaganapalle revenue division]] and [[Atmakur revenue division, Nandyal district|Atmakur revenue division]] from [[Kurnool district]].

== Etymology ==
The district derived its name from its headquarters [[Nandyal]].

==History==
[[Belum Caves]] are geologically and historically important caves in the district. There are indications that Jain and Buddhist monks were occupying these caves centuries ago. Many Buddhists relics were found inside the caves. These relics are now housed in Museum at [[Anantapur]]. Archaeological survey of India (ASI) found remnants of vessels and other artifacts of pre-Buddhist era and has dated the remnants of vessels found in the caves to 4500 BC.<ref name="show">[http://www.showcaves.com/english/in/showcaves/Belum.html] Show Caves of India: Belum Caves</ref>
Earlier in the 14th century there was a king named Nandanamaharaju. This place got the name "Nandi Temple" after that king built the Nava Nandula around it. In time, this place got the name "Nandyala".

== Geography ==
This district is bounded on the north by [[Krishna]] rivers as well as [[Mahabubnagar district]] of [[Telangana]] State, on the south by [[Kadapa district]] and [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] Districts on the west by the [[Kurnool district]] and on the east by [[Markapuram district]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}

Nallamala and Erramala are the two major mountain ranges which run in parallel from north to south of the district running in parallel from north to south. The Erramalas divide the district into two parts.The eastern part of the district lies between Erramalas and Nallamalas. It has mainly black cotton soil. Krishna and Kunderu are the main rivers. Kunderu also known as Kumudvathi originates on the western side of Erramala hills. It flows towards south through Midthur, Gadivemula, Nandyal, Gospadu, Koilakuntla, Dornipadu and Chagalamarri mandals before entering [[YSR district|YSR District]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}

Forest of the district covers an area of 3,08,607 hectares. It is about 32% of the district. It is confined to hilly areas of Nallamala and Erramala and part of Velikonda hills. Tamarind and Beedi leaves are forest's minor produce. Tigers and panthers are the main wild animals. Partridges, peacocks, red jungle foul are some of the birds in the forest. Nagarjuna Sagar – Srisailam wildlife Sanctuary with an area of 46.815 hectares is created in the north of Nallamalas to protect wildlife. Project Tiger was started near Srisailam with an area of 3,568 sq.km. As per 2003 census, there were 64 Tigers and 78 Panthers.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}

Rollapadu village of Midthur mandal is famous for the spotting of the great Indian Bustard (Batta Meka) an endangered bird. A bird sanctuary with an area of 1,600 hectares was established to protect this species.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nandyal district based on 2011 Census<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|18.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.80}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
Based on the 2011 census Nandyal district had a population of 1,781,777, of which 385,185 (21.62%) live in urban areas. Nandyal district has a sex ratio of 985 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 322,825 (18.12%) and 52,784 (2.96%) of the population respectively.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Kurnool |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/152/download/258/DH_2011_2821_PART_A_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|77–81}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Nandyal district based on 2011 Census<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 81.08 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 17.25 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.67 |color3 = grey
}}

Based on the 2011 census, 81.08% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 17.25% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Nandyal District Revenue Divisions.png|alt=Nandyal district revenue divisions|thumb|269x269px|Nandyal district revenue divisions]]
The district has four revenue divisions, namely Atmakur, Banaganapalle, Nandyal and Dhone, each headed by a sub collector. These revenue divisions are divided into 29 [[Tehsil|mandals]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XVII}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=New districts to come into force on April 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]]|language=te}}</ref>

=== Mandals ===
There are 10 mandals in Atmakur division,5 mandals in Banaganapalle division, 3 mandals in Dhone division and 12 mandals in Nandyal division.
{{Div col|colwidth=14em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
# [[Atmakur revenue division, Nandyal district|Atmakur revenue division]]
## [[Atmakur, Nandyal district|Atmakur]]
## [[Bandi Atmakur mandal|Bandi Atmakur]]
## [[Jupadu Bunglow mandal|Jupadu Bunglow]]
## [[Kothapalle mandal|Kothapalle]]
## [[Miduthuru mandal|Miduthuru]]
## [[Nandikotkur mandal|Nandikotkur]]
## [[Pagidyala mandal|Pagidyala]]
## [[Pamulapadu mandal|Pamulapadu]]
## [[Srisailam mandal|Srisailam]]
## [[Velugodu mandal|Velugodu]]
# [[Banaganapalle revenue division]]
## [[Banaganapalli mandal|Banaganapalli]]
## [[Kolimigundla mandal|Kolimigundla]]
## [[Koilkuntla mandal|Koilkuntla]]
## [[Owk mandal|Owk]]
## [[Sanjamala mandal|Sanjamala]]
# [[Dhone revenue division]]
## [[Bethamcherla]]
## [[Dhone mandal|Dhone]]
## [[Peapully mandal|Peapully]]
# [[Nandyal revenue division]]
## [[Allagadda mandal|Allagadda]]
## [[Chagalamarri mandal|Chagalamarri]]
## [[Dornipadu mandal|Dornipadu]]
## [[Gadivemula mandal|Gadivemula]]
## [[Gospadu mandal|Gospadu]]
## [[Mahanandi mandal|Mahanandi]]
## [[Nandyal Urban mandal|Nandyal Urban]]
## [[Nandyal Rural mandal|Nandyal Rural]]
## [[Panyam mandal|Panyam]]
## [[Rudravaram mandal|Rudravaram]]
## Sirivella
## [[Uyyalawada mandal|Uyyalawada]]
{{Div end}}

==Cities and towns ==
The district has of 6 municipalities namely [[Nandyal]], [[Dhone]], Atmakur, Allagadda, Bethamcherla and [[Nandikotkur]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XVII}}
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+Cities and towns in Nandyal district
!City / Town
!Civic status of city/town
!Revenue Division
!2011 Census
population
|-
|[[Nandyal]]
|Special Grade Municipality
|Nandyal
|211,424
|-
|[[Dhone]]
|Grade - 2 Municipality
|Dhone
|59,272
|-
|[[Nandikotkur]]
|Grade - 2 Municipality
|Atmakur
|46,593
|-
|[[Atmakur, Kurnool district|Atmakur]]
|Grade - 3 Municipality
|Atmakur
|45,703
|-
|[[Allagadda]]
|Grade - 2 Municipality
|Nandyal
|42,545
|-
|[[Bethamcherla]]
|Nagar Panchayat
|Dhone
|38,994
|-
|[[Banaganapalle]]
|Major Grama Panchayat
|Banaganapalle
|36,056
|-
|[[Koilakuntla]]
|Major Grama Panchayat
|Banaganapalle
|36,105
|-
|[[Srisailam]]
|Grama Panchayat
|Atmakur
|23,257
|}

== Politics ==

There are one parliamentary and six assembly constituencies in Nandyal district. The parliamentary constituencies are
[[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]].
Until 2008 Koilakuntla was Headquarter of Koilakuntla Assembly Constituency after 2009 elections Banaganapalle became new Assembly Constituency in the place of Koilakuntla.
The assembly constituencies are given below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|134
|[[Allagadda (Assembly constituency)|Allagadda]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
|-
|135
|[[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)|Srisailam]]
|None
|-
|136
|[[Nandikotkur (Assembly constituency)|Nandikotkur]]
|[[Dalit|SC]]
|-
|139
|[[Nandyal (Assembly constituency)|Nandyal]]
|None
|-
|140
|[[Banaganapalle (Assembly constituency)|Banaganapalle]]
|None
|-
|141
|[[Dhone (Assembly constituency)|Dhone]]
|None
|-
|138
|[[Panyam (Assembly constituency)|Panyam]] (partially)
|None
|}

==Tourism==
[[File:Srisailam.jpg|thumb|Srisailam]]
[[File:15th century Yaganti Umamahesvara temple, Andhra Pradesh India - 117.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yaganti temple|Yaganti]] Nandi]]
1) [[Srisailam]] is the abode of [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Brahmaramba Mallikarjuna Swamy]]. The deity is in natural stone formation in the shape of ''lingam''. It is one of the twelve ''Jyotirlingams'' in the country. The temple was built in 14th century.

[[Mahanandi|2) Mahanandiswara temple]] dates back to the 7th century. Nearby pushkarani has crystal clear water.

3) [[Ahobilam]] Sri Navanarasimha Swami Temple (Nine Forms of Lord Narasimha) is in upper [[Ahobilam]]. The temple of Prahladavarada is in lower Ahobilam. It is one of the 108 Vaishnava Divya deshams in Andhra Pradesh After Tirumala Sri Venkateshwara Swami Temple.

4)[[Yaganti temple|Yaganti]] is the home of Uma Maheswara Swamy. There is a huge Nandi statue with size of 15’ X 10’ X 8’.

5) [[Nandavaram]] Sri Chowdeswari devi temple is there in Nandavaram village.

6)[[Belum caves]] discovered in 1982 are the second largest natural caves in India after Meghalaya caves. These caves have 3 well like cavities. These are longer than Borra Caves in Vizag district. These have long passages, spacious chambers and fresh water siphons.

7) [[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]] is of interest for bird watchers.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III-VIII}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=AP Tourism E-Brochure Nandyal district |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/39-10a4458b472ed3c796fd09024ce115630432e371.pdf|access-date=2023-06-28 |year=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nandyal.ap.gov.in/places-of-interest/ |title=Places of interest - Nandyal district |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Nandyal district}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
#[[Potuluri Veerabrahmam]] Swami was a 16th century saint and guruvu, he had written kalagnanam(future predictions book)at Ravvalakonda near [[Banaganapalli]] and he told in his kalagnanam that [[Yaganti]] Monolithik Nandi statue is growing day by day and one day it kicks up its leg and do sounds loudly, then kaliyugam will end.
#[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]], who served as central minister and governor was born at Sanjamala, He won 6 times as a Member of parliament from Nandyal lok sabha constituency, who had contested for MLA from [[Koilakuntla]] Assembly constituency but didn't won, before he become as Member of parliament.
# [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]], who fought the British for the first time, was born in Nandyal District Rupanagudi village of Uyyalawada mandal, of [[Koilakuntla]] Taluka in 19th century, and he has executed hanging by Britishers at jurreru river near [[Koilakuntla]] town.
#[[SPY Reddy]] who contested as an MP and won 3 times, did good to Nandyala.
#[[Bhuma Nagireddy]] garu and Shri Bhuma Shobhanagireddy garu did good to Nandyala and Allagadda.
#[[Buggana Rajendranath Reddy]] garu has won as MLA from [[Dhone]] assembly constituency for two times, and worked as Finance minister of Andhra Pradesh, he has done many development works for [[Bethamcherla]] mandal of [[Nandyala district]].
#[[B.V.Subbareddy]] who was born at [[koilakuntla]], served First Deputy CM of Andhra Pradesh And Second Speaker of Assembly, He won as MLA from [[Koilakuntla]] Assembly constituency many times from Madras presidency time.
#Sri[[Budda Vengal Reddy]] who also Known as kaliyuga Dhanakarna won gold medal from Victoria queen.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s319b650660b253761af189682e03501dd/uploads/2022/04/2022040474.pdf|title=District Hand Book of Statistics – 2020, Nandyal district (Compiled as per the new district boundary)|year=2022|author=CPO}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Nandyal district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714861}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://overpass-turbo.eu/map.html?Q=%2F*%0AShow%20Mandals%20with%20English%20labels%20for%20Andhra%20Pradesh%0A*%2F%0A%5Bout%3Ajson%5D%5Btimeout%3A25%5D%3B%0Aarea%5Bname%3D%22Andhra%20Pradesh%22%5D-%3E.b%3B%0Arel(area.b)%5Bname%3D%22Nandyal%22%5D%3B%0Amap_to_area%20-%3E%20.searchArea%3B%0A(%0A%20%20relation%5B%22admin_level%22%3D%226%22%5D(area.searchArea)%3B%0A)%3B%0A%2F%2F%20print%20results%0Aout%20body%20geom%3B%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%7B%7Bstyle%3A%20%0A%20%20node%2Cway%2Crelation%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20text%3Aeval(%27tag(%22name%22)%27)%3B%0A%7D%0A%20%7D%7D Mandals of Nandyal district - an interactive overpass-turbo OSM map]
{{clear}}
{{Nandyal district}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Nandyal district
|North = [[Nagarkurnool district]], [[Telangana]]
|East = [[Markapuram district]]
|Southeast = [[Kadapa district]]
|South = [[Anantapur district]]
|West = [[Kurnool district]]
}}
{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nandyal district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Lakshminath Bezbarua

2026-03-06T01:58:04Z

Thefacecentre:

{{short description|Indian poet, novelist and playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshminath Bezbarua
| image = Laksminath Bezbaruah.jpg
| native_name =
| birth_date = 14 October
1868
| birth_place = Aahatguri, [[Nagaon]], [[Colonial Assam|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| parents = Dinanath Bezbaruah (father)
| relatives = [[Anupama Bhattacharjya]] (niece)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1938|3|26|1864|10|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dibrugarh]], Assam, India
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[Novelist]], [[Dramatist]], [[Poet]], [[Editor]], [[Satirist]], Timber-trading
| spouse = [[Pragyasundari Devi]]
}}
'''Lakshminath Bezbarua''' ({{IPA|as|lɔkʰminatʰ bɛzbɔɹuwa|lang}}; 14 October 1864 – 26 March 1938) was an Indian poet, novelist and playwright of modern [[Assamese literature]]. Commonly known as the father of the Assamese [[Short story|short story]]. He was one of the literary stalwarts of the [[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki Era]], the age of romanticism in [[Assamese literature]]; with his essays, plays, fiction, poetry and satires, he gave a new impetus to the then stagnating Assamese literary caravan.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA417 |access-date=24 April 2013|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=417–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628025902/http://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA417|archive-date=28 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

He responded to the prevailing social environment through his satirical works to bring and sustain positive changes to the former. His literature reflected the deeper urges of the [[people of Assam]].<ref name="Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India">{{cite book|title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2dtxgZba6MC&pg=PA147|access-date=25 April 2013|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5049-1|pages=147–}}</ref>

==Confusion regarding date of birth==
There is confusion regarding the date of birth of Bezbaroa and also a story behind it as told by Bezbaroa himself. In the first line of the first paragraph of the first chapter of his auto-biography ''Mor Jiban Xuworon'', Bezbaroa confirms outright his inability to remember his exact date of birth that his parents used to tell him. But later when he grew young and required to put his date of birth for essential records, he invented a date for the purpose viz."1868 AD, November", but was born in 1864. He writes that he would like to offer this piece of information to anyone interested in knowing about his date of birth, although he is unsure whether that information would in any way affect the [[Balance sheet|balance-sheet]] of anyone's life. In the next line he explicitly writes that approximately translates into <blockquote>"I am not convinced that on hearing, knowing or composing the news of my incarnation to destroy the "Annasur" (Food Devil) in that given year, perhaps two or four years earlier or later for that matter, the mankind shall be at any loss or profit or concede any damage."</blockquote>

In the very next paragraph, he went on describing in detail how and why the ''Bundle of [[Birth chart|Birth-Charts]]'', kept religiously and secretly away from the kids by his parents, which contained his one he knew for certain during his childhood, was lost.

Bezbaroa has however confirmed in his auto-biography that he was born in the autumn on a full-moon night, on which "''Lakhmi Puja''" ( A Hindu festival of worship of [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakhmi]]) is celebrated in India, and to mark the coincidence, he was named by his parents as "''Lakshminath''" ( A name for [[Vishnu]], the Hindu God and husband of Goddess Lakhmi). This autumn-festival celebrated in the full-moon of [[Ashvin]] usually falls in the month of October in any year. As per a NASA website data, there was only one full-moon day in the month of November 1868 and that was on 30th<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases1801.html |title=NASA – Moon Phases: 1801 to 1900 |publisher=Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075511/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases1801.html |archive-date=5 April 2010 }}</ref> but that was not the day of celebration of ''Lakshmi puja'' in that year. Presently, the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]] has settled on a date – 14 October 1864, that was a full-moon night of Lakshmi Puja in India, for his date of birth.<ref name="assam1">{{cite web |url=http://www.assam.org/node/2367 |title=Lakshminath Bezbaroa | Assam Portal |publisher=Assam.org |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015213607/http://www.assam.org/node/2367 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
Bezbaroa received his early education at Sibsagar Govt. High School at Sibsagar. Thereafter he studied for his F.A. from the [[City College, Kolkata|City College]] and subsequently graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from the [[Scottish Church College|General Assembly's Institution]] in [[Calcutta]]. Then he took his admission in [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] degrees from the [[University of Calcutta]], but he couldn't complete either.<ref>{{cite web |author=Biography |url=http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/biography/biography-of-lakshminath-Bezbaroa.html |title=Biography of Lakshminath Bezbaroa | Biography | Knowledge Hub |publisher=Publishyourarticles.net |date=26 March 1938 |access-date=24 April 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bezbaroa married [[Pragyasundari Devi]], a niece of the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He presided over the All-Assam students' conference at Guwahati in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/laxminath_bezbarua.htm |title=Kamat Research Database – Laxminath Bezbaroa |publisher=Kamat.com |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319041759/http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/laxminath_bezbarua.htm |archive-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Honours==
Bezbaroa was honoured by a unique title on 29 December 1931 as ''Roxoraj'' by [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] at its Sibsagar session. In the felicitation letter by Asam Sahitya Sabha, the word ''Sahityarathi'' was used for the first time for Bezbaroa. ''Roxoraj'' meaning 'The King of Humour' in Assamese literature for his ever-popular satirical writings under the pen-name "Kripaabor Borbaruah", a pseudo-personality that he created and portrayed as the lead character in such works. He is also known in Assamese literary society as the '''Sahityarathi''' which means "Charioteer of Literature" for his expertise in all branches of literature.<ref name="sahityarathi">{{cite web | url=http://www.sahityarathi.com/life-&-works.php | title=Life & Works | publisher=sahityarathi.com | access-date=19 May 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630063455/http://www.sahityarathi.com/life-&-works.php | archive-date=30 June 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was the founding president of the ''Asom Chattra Sanmilan'' (All-Assam Students' Conference) at Latasil, [[Guwahati]] in 1916.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Print%20Size/2.98%20x%202.5/LAKSHMINATH%20BEZBARUAH |title=Lakshminath Bezbaroa |publisher=Indianpost.com |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404025531/http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Print%20Size/2.98%20x%202.5/LAKSHMINATH%20BEZBARUAH |archive-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He presided over the 7th annual session of Asam Sahitya Sabha held at Guwahati in 1924.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/lakshminath_bezbaruah.htm |title=Lakshminath Bezbaroa |publisher=Vedanti.com |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032934/http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/lakshminath_bezbaruah.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He died in [[Dibrugarh]] on 26 March at the age of seventy-four only a few months after he went back to live in Assam permanently. The Assam Sahitya Sabha annually observes this day as '''Sahitya Divas'''.<ref name="assam1"/>

Pragya Sundari Devi was the second daughter of Maharshi [[Debendranath Tagore]]'s third son [[Hemendranath Tagore]] (1845–1885). Pragya Sundari was the first to write a cookbook in Bangla named 'Aamish O Niramish Aahar' in three volumes which became immensely popular. She also used to edit a magazine named 'Punya'. Pragya Sundari and Laxminath's granddaughter, Rita Devi, was a famous [[Odissi]] dancer.

==Literary career==
Bezbaroa started his literary career with a farce, "Litikai" serialised from the first issue of Jonaki magazine. He wrote 8 plays, 4 farces, 3 historical works, 1 act drama, 3 biographies and 2 autobiographies. He also wrote for the children. He collected and compiled folk tales of Assam (''Xadhukotha'') and added on his own to the basket, quite a few new tales to the benefit of nurturing parents and babysitters. Bezbaroa was the pioneer short story writer in Assam.<ref name="Datta1987"/> His short stories covered the different features from the Assamese society but with humorous sentiment. Rasaraj Bezbaroa was earmarked as a patriotic playwright while he composed three historical plays, namely- Chakradhaj Singha, Joymoti Konwori and Belimaar.

''[[O Mur Apunar Dekh]]'', a patriotic song composed by him, is the state anthem of Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121231/jsp/northeast/story_16381824.jsp#.UXg0S0poxnU |title=Roy interacts with readers |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132128/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121231/jsp/northeast/story_16381824.jsp#.UXg0S0poxnU |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Literary works==
[[File:Lakhminath Bezbarua.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]
[[File:Laxminath Bezbaruah-house-(inside view).jpg|thumb|Lakshminath Bezbaruah was residing with his parents in the house located near Mandela Chowck, Sambalpur, Odisha from 1878 to 1938. Odisha Government is planning this house to his museum.]]
Poetry Collection:<ref name="sahityarathi"/>
* ''Kodom Koli'' (কদম কলি) (1913)
* ''Podum Koli'' (পদুম কলি) (1968)

Novel:
*''Podum Kunwori'' (পদুম কুৱঁৰী)

Short Story Collection:
*''Surobhi'' (সুৰভি) (Short Stories, 1909)
*''Xadhukothaar Kuki'' (সাধুকথাৰ কুঁকি) (Short Stories, 1912)
*''Junbiri'' (জোনবিৰি) (Short Stories, 1913)
*''Kehukoli'' (কেহোঁকলি)

Children's literature:
*''Junuka'' (জুনুকা) (Folk tales, 1910)
*''[[Burhi Aai'r Xadhu|Burhi aair xadhu]]'' (বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধু) (Folk tales, 1911)
*''Kokadeuta aaru nati lora'' ("Grandfather and Grandsons") (ককাদেউতা আৰু নাতি-ল'ৰা) (Folk tales, 1912)
*''Baakhor'' (বাখৰ)

Collection of satire essays:<ref name="sahityarathi"/>
*''Kripabor Barbaruar Kaakotor Tupula'' (কৃপাবৰ বৰবৰুৱাৰ কাকতৰ টোপোলা) (1904)
*''Kripabor Barbaruar Ubhutoni'' (কৃপাবৰ বৰবৰুৱাৰ ওভোতনি) (1909)
*''Barbaruar Bhabor Burburoni '' (বৰবৰুৱাৰ ভাবৰ বুৰবুৰণি)
*''Barbaruar Buloni'' (বৰবৰুৱাৰ বুলনি)

Comic Plays:
*''Litikai'' (লিটিকাই)
*''Nomal'' (নোমল)
*''Paachani'' (পাচনি)
*''Chikarpati Nikarpati'' (চিকৰপতি নিকৰপতি)

Plays:
* ''Joymoti Kunwari'' (জয়মতী কুঁৱৰী) (1915)
* ''Chakradhwaj Singha'' (চক্ৰধ্বজ সিংহ) (1915)
* ''Belimaar '' (বেলিমাৰ) (1915)
* ''Litikai'' (লিটিকাই) (1890)
* ''Chikarpati-Nikarpati'' (চিকৰপতি-নিকৰপতি) (1913)
* ''Nomal'' (নোমল) (1913)
* ''Pachoni'' (পাচনি) (1913)

Biographies:
*''Dinanath Bejbaruar Xankhipto Jibon Charit'' (দীননাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱন চৰিত)
*''Sri Sri Shankardev'' (শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱ)
*''Mahapurush Sri Sankardev Aru Sri Madhabdev'' (মহাপুৰুষ শ্রীশংকৰদেৱ আৰু শ্রীমাধৱদেৱ)

Autobiographical:
*''Mor Jiban Sowaran'' (মোৰ জীৱন সোঁৱৰণ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/literature/mur-jiwon-xuoron.html |title=Mur Jiwon Xuworon – Autobiography of Lakshminath Bezbaroah |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714065659/http://onlinesivasagar.com/literature/mur-jiwon-xuoron.html |archive-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Patralekha, Dinalekha '' (পত্ৰলেখা, দিনলেখা)

English Books:
* ''History of Vaishnavism in India''
* ''Rasalila of Sri Krishna'' (The Baroda Lectures, 1934)
* ''The Religion of Love and Devotion'' (1968), including the Boroda lectures and two other essays.

Others:
*''Kaamat Kritatwa Labhibar Xanket'' (কামত কৃতিত্ব লভিবৰ সংকেত)
*''Bhagawat Katha'' (ভাগৱত কথা)
*''Bharatbarshar Buranji'' (ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ বুৰঞ্জী)
*''Tatwa Katha'' (তত্ত্ব কথা)
*''Sri Krishnakatha'' (শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণকথা)
*''Axomiya Bhaxa Aru Xahitya'' (অসমীয়া ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্য)

Editor:
*''Baahi'' (বাঁহী)

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[O Mur Apunar Dekh]]
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[Jonaki (magazine)]]
* [[Assamese Language Movement]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Maheswar Neog|title=Lakshminath Bezbaroa: the Sāhityarathī of Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGRYAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Dept. of Publication; Gauhati University}}
* {{cite book |first=Emilie |last=Arrago-Boruah |chapter=Bezbarua Lakshminath, 1864-1938 |title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des littératures de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud |editor1=Anne Castaing |editor2=Nicolas Dejenne |editor3=Claudine Le Blanc |location=Paris |publisher=Classiques Garnier |date=2025 |pages=153-154 |lang=French |doi=10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-18294-8.p.0407}} ⟨hal-05415149⟩

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক:লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা}}
{{Commons category|Lakshminath Bezbaroa}}
* {{Official website|http://www.sahityarathi.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160527103129/http://www.tezu.ernet.in/casms/LNBezbaroadiaries.html Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa Diaries] at Tezu.ernet.in.
* [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/literature/lakshminath.htm Lakshminath Bezbaroa] at OnlineSivasagar.com.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913112527/http://indianreview.in/authors/lakshminath-bezbarua/ Lakshminath Bezbaroa's writing], at indianreview.in website.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qOqEsStmcQQC&q=Lakshminath+&pg=PA161 Among the Luminaries in Assam: A Study of Assamese Biography] By Anjali Sarma.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150609084337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110405/jsp/orissa/story_13809319.jsp Sambalpur may get a language research centre – Asam Sahitya Sabha members visit poet Lakshminath Bezbaroa's house, plan to turn it into a memorial], SUBRAT MOHANTY, [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]], Published on 5 April 2011.
* [http://www.xophura.net/tag/laxminath-bezbarua Few poems in Assamese] at xophura.net website.
* [http://jogenbayan.com/site/wp-content/uploads/984.pdf Chakradhaj Singha]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a play by Lakshminath Bezbaroa.
* [http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/History_of_Vaisnavism.pdf HISTORY OF VAISHNAVISM IN INDIA], an article by Lakshminath Bezbaroa.
* [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0054?rskey=LoHBlj&result=54&q= Biography of Lakshminath Bezbaroa] at oxfordreference.com.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163910/http://www.assamkart.com/ ebooks of Lakshminath Bezbarua] Assamese ebooks of Lakshminath Bezbaroa.

{{Tagore family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bezbaroa, Lakshminath}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Assamese-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Biographers from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Indian satirical columnists]]

Plato

2026-03-04T14:36:05Z

Thefacecentre: page updated

{{Short description|Greek philosopher}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Plato
| era = [[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
| image = Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.png
| caption = Roman copy of a portrait [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] {{circa|370 BC}}
| birth_date = 428/427 or 424/423 BC
| birth_place = [[Classical Athens|Athens]]
| death_date = 348/347 BC (aged 75-80)
| death_place = Athens
| school_tradition =
| notable_students = [[Aristotle]]
| main_interests =
[[Platonic epistemology|Epistemology]], [[Metaphysics]] 
[[Plato's political philosophy|Political philosophy]], [[Ethics]]
| notable_works =
{{Flatlist}}
* ''[[Euthyphro]]''
* ''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]''
* ''[[Crito]]''
* ''[[Phaedo]]''
* ''[[Meno]]''
* ''[[Protagoras (dialogue)|Protagoras]]''
* ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]''
* ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]''
* ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]''
* ''[[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]]''
* ''[[Theaetetus (dialogue)|Theaetetus]]''
* ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]''
* ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''
* ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]''
{{Endflatlist}}
| notable_ideas =
{{Flatlist}}
*[[Allegory of the cave]]
*[[Cardinal virtues]]
*[[Form of the Good]]
*[[Theory of forms]]
*[[Plato's theory of soul|Divisions of the soul]]
*[[Platonic love]]
*[[Platonic solids]]
{{Endflatlist}}
}}
'''Plato''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|l|eɪ|t|oʊ}} {{respell|PLAY|toe}}; [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Πλάτων}}, {{tlit|grc|Plátōn}}; born {{Circa|428–423}} BC, died 348/347 BC) was an [[ancient Greek philosopher]] of [[Classical Athens]] who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the [[Western philosophy|Western philosophical tradition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Socrates (469—399 B.C.E.) |url=https://iep.utm.edu/socrates/ |publisher=Internet encyclopedia of philosophy |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> An innovator of the [[Socratic dialogue|literary dialogue]] and [[dialectic]] forms, Plato influenced all the major areas of [[theoretical philosophy]] and [[practical philosophy]], and was the founder of the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]], a philosophical school in [[History of Athens|Athens]] where Plato taught the collection of [[philosophical theories]] that would later become known as [[Platonism]].

Plato's most famous contribution is his [[theory of forms|Theory of Forms (or Ideas)]], which aims to solve what is now known as the [[problem of universals]]. He was influenced by the [[pre-Socratic]] thinkers [[Pythagoras]], [[Heraclitus]], and [[Parmenides]], although much of what is known about them is derived from Plato himself.

Along with his teacher [[Socrates]], and his student [[Aristotle]], Plato is a central figure in the history of [[Western philosophy]]. Plato's complete works are believed to have survived for over 2,400 years{{Emdash}}unlike that of nearly all of his contemporaries.{{sfn|Cooper|1997|loc=introduction}} Although their popularity has fluctuated, they have consistently been read and studied through the ages.{{sfn|Cooper|1997|p=vii}} Through [[Platonism]]'s outgrowth [[Neoplatonism]], he also influenced [[Christian philosophy]], and both [[Jewish philosophy|Jewish]] and [[Islamic philosophy]]. In modern times, [[Alfred North Whitehead]] said: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]] to Plato."{{sfn|Whitehead|1978|p=39}}

== Life ==
{{anchor|Life}}
Plato was born between 428 and 423 BC{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=246}}{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}} into an [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] and influential [[Ancient Athens|Athenian]] family;{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=53}} through his mother, [[Perictione]], he was a descendant of [[Solon]], a statesman credited with laying the foundations of [[Athenian democracy]].<ref>Stanton, G. R. ''Athenian Politics c. 800–500 BC: A Sourcebook'', Routledge, London (1990), p. 76.</ref> [[Diogenes Laertius]] asserts that Plato is a nickname that alludes to his robust figure,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diogenes Laërtius |title=Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book III |at=Book III, paragraph 4 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_III |quote=he received the name of Plato on account of his robust figure, in place of his original name which was Aristocles, after his grandfather}}</ref> and that his birth name was ''Aristocles'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀριστοκλῆς}}), meaning 'best reputation', but this is widely regarded as false by modern scholarship.{{sfn|Notopoulos|1939|pp=135–145}}{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=243}}{{sfn|Guthrie|1986|loc=p. 12 (footnote)}}{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}} Plato had two brothers, [[Glaucon]] and [[Adeimantus of Collytus|Adeimantus]], both of whom appear in the ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', and also a sister, Potone, and a half brother, [[Antiphon (brother of Plato)|Antiphon]].{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}}

During Plato's childhood, Athens was involved in the [[Peloponnesian War]] against Sparta. His older brothers, [[Adeimantus of Collytus|Adeimantus]] and [[Glaucon]], distinguished themselves at the battle of Megara in 409 BC.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=2}} Despite the war, Plato and his brothers, like all male citizens of Athens, received a traditional education in [[gymnastics]] and [[music]].{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|pp=14-19}} According to the ancient writers, there was a tradition that Plato's favorite employment in his youthful years was [[poetry]]: he wrote poems, [[dithyramb]]s at first, and afterwards [[lyric poem]]s and tragedies (a [[tetralogy]]), but abandoned his early passion and burnt his poems when he met Socrates and turned to philosophy.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|pp=20-21}} There are also some epigrams attributed to Plato, but these are now thought by some scholars to be spurious.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|pp=21-24}}

=== Socrates ===
[[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|Plato was one of the devoted young followers of Socrates, whose bust is pictured above.]]
In his youth, Plato first encountered [[Socrates]], who would become his teacher and greatest source of inspiration, initially in the company of other Athenian boys in the [[Palaestra]], such as is depicted with [[Lysis (dialogue)#Characters|Lysis]] and [[Menexenus]], who discuss philosophy with Socrates in the ''[[Lysis (dialogue)|Lysis]]'',{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=2}} but he soon would become a member of Socrates' inner circle, meeting with Socrates and his other followers. Socrates, along with the [[sophist]]s of his day, challenged the prevailing focus of [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Early Greek philosophy]] on Natural philosophy, and investigated questions of ethics and politics, examining the ideas of his interlocutors with a series of questioning called the [[Socratic method]].{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|pp=40-42}}

Socrates' immense influence on Plato is clearly borne out in Plato's dialogues: Plato never speaks in his own voice in [[Socratic dialogues|his dialogues]]; every dialogue except the ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' features Socrates, although many dialogues, including the ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' and ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]'', feature him speaking only rarely. [[Leo Strauss]] notes that Socrates' reputation for [[irony]] casts doubt on whether Plato's Socrates is expressing sincere beliefs.{{sfn|Strauss|1964|pp=50–51}} [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia]]'' and [[Aristophanes]]'s ''[[The Clouds]]'' seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one Plato paints. Aristotle attributes a different doctrine with respect to Forms to Plato and Socrates.<ref>''Metaphysics'' 987b1–11</ref> Aristotle suggests that Socrates' idea of forms can be discovered through investigation of the natural world, unlike Plato's Forms that exist beyond and outside the ordinary range of human understanding.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Religion of Socrates |last=McPherran |first=M.L. |publisher=Penn State Press |year=1998 |page=268}}</ref> The [[Socratic problem]] concerns how to reconcile these various accounts. The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.{{sfn|Vlastos|1991}}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}

===Thirty tyrants and Trial of Socrates===
{{see also|Thirty tyrants|Trial of Socrates}}
According to the [[Seventh Letter]], whose authenticity has been disputed, as Plato came of age, he imagined for himself a life in public affairs.<ref>Plato (?), ''Seventh Letter'', 324c</ref> In 404, Sparta defeated Athens at the conclusion of the Peloponessian war, leading to the election of the [[Thirty Tyrants]], which included two of Plato's relatives, Critias and Charmides.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=2-3}} Plato himself was invited to join the administration, but declined, and quickly became disillusioned by the atrocities committed by the Thirty, especially when they tried to implicate Socrates in their seizure of the democratic general [[Leon of Salamis]] for [[summary execution]].{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=65-66}}

In 403 BC, the democracy was restored after the regrouping of the democrats in exile, who entered the city through the [[Piraeus]] and met the forces of the Thirty at the [[Battle of Munychia]], where both Critias and Charmides were killed. In 401 BC the restored democrats raided [[Eleusis]] and killed the remaining oligarchic supporters, suspecting them of hiring mercenaries.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=4}}

As depicted in the many dialogues that are set between 401 and 399 BC, life largely returned to normal in Athens. However, [[Trial of Socrates|the prosecution of Socrates]] by Anytus put an end to Plato's plans for a political career.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=66}}

===Later philosophical development===
After the death of Socrates, Plato remained in Athens for roughly three years.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=71}}

==== Heraclitus and Parmenides ====
{{main|Heraclitus|Parmenides}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| width =

| image1 = Hendrik ter Brugghen - Heraclitus.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ''Heraclitus'' (1628) by [[Hendrick ter Brugghen]]. Heraclitus saw a world in [[flux]], with everything always in conflict, constantly changing.

| image2 = Busto di Parmenide (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Bust of Parmenides from [[Velia]]. Parmenides saw the world as [[Eternity of the world|eternal]] and unchanging, that all change was an illusion.
}}
In Athens, Plato studied with [[Cratylus]], a philosopher who followed the early Greek philosopher [[Heraclitus]], and also [[Hermogenes (philosopher)|Hermogenes]], an [[Eleatic]] philosopher in the tradition of [[Parmenides]].{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} Heraclitus viewed all things as [[Impermanence|continuously changing]], that one cannot "step into the same river twice" due to the ever-changing waters flowing through it, and all things exist as a contraposition of opposites, while Parmenides adopted an altogether contrary vision, arguing for the idea of a changeless, eternal universe and the view that change is an illusion. Heraclitus's views are expounded by Cratylus himself in Plato's dialogue ''[[Cratylus]]'' and deconstructed in the ''[[Theaetetus (dialogue)|Theaetetus]]'' by Socrates. Plato would go on to depict both Parmenides and Parmenides' student [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]] in the ''Parmenides'', and an "Eleatic Stranger" also appears in the ''[[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]]'' and ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]''.

In roughly 396 BC, Plato left Athens and studied in [[Megara]] with [[Euclid of Megara]], founder of the Megarian school of philosophy, and other Socratics.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=72}}

==== Mathematics ====
Around 394 BC or earlier, he returned to Athens, where, as an Athenian male of military age he would have needed to be available to serve in the [[Corinthian war]], which Athens participated in from 395 to 386 BC.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=73}} Other than potential military service, Plato spent his time studying mathematics with [[Archytas of Tarentum]], [[Theaetetus (mathematician)|Theaetetus]], [[Leodamas of Thasos]], and [[Neocleides]] in the grove of [[Hecademus]],{{sfn|Nails|2006|pp=5-6}} named after an [[Attica|Attic]] hero in [[Greek mythology]], northwest of the city of [[Athens]], where he would later found his Academy.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}} During this time, Plato likely began work on some of his earliest works; including the ''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]'', possibly early drafts of the ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]'' and ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' Book I, and an early form of the ''Republic'' books II-IV, in the form of a speech rather than a dialogue, which was ridiculed by Aristophanes in the ''[[Ecclesiazusae]]'' in 391 BC.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=6}} [[Speusippus]], the son of Plato's sister Potone, who took over the academy after Plato's death, joined the group in about 390 BC, and [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]], another early mathematician, arrived around 385 BC.{{sfn|Nails|2006|pp=5-6}}

==== Pythagoreanism ====
{{main|Pythagoreanism}}
[[File:Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg|right|upright|thumb|The mathematical and mystical teachings of the followers of Pythagoras, pictured above, exerted a strong influence on Plato.]]
After the conclusion of the [[Corinthian War]], Plato travelled to southern Italy to study with [[Archytas]] and other Pythagoreans.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=112}} The influence of these Pythagoreans appears to have been significant. According to [[R. M. Hare]], this influence consists of three points:
# The platonic Republic might be related to the idea of "a tightly organized community of like-minded thinkers", like the one established by Pythagoras in Croton.
# The idea that mathematics and, generally speaking, abstract thinking is a secure basis for philosophical thinking as well as "for substantial theses in [[science]] and [[morals]]".
# They shared a "mystical approach to the soul and its place in the material world".<ref>R.M. Hare, Plato in C.C.W. Taylor, R.M. Hare and Jonathan Barnes, Greek Philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1982), 103–189, here 117–119.</ref>

Pythagoras held that all things are number, and the cosmos comes from numerical principles. He introduced the concept of form as distinct from matter, and that the physical world is an imitation of an eternal mathematical world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calian |first=Florin George |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004467224/BP000010.xml |title=Numbers, Ontologically Speaking: Plato on Numerosity |year=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-46722-4 |language=en |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507230433/https://brill.com/display/book/9789004467224/BP000010.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later years: Syracuse and the Academy ===
====First trip to Syracuse====
When Plato was about 40 years old, he visited Syracuse. Many ancient sources, including the collection of ''[[Epistles (Plato)|Letters]]'' attributed to Plato, tell how he became entangled with the politics of the city of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]. Plato initially visited Syracuse while it was under the rule of [[Dionysius I of Syracuse|Dionysius]], in roughly 385 BC.{{sfn|Riginos|1976|p=73}} During this first trip Dionysius's brother-in-law, [[Dion of Syracuse]], became one of Plato's disciples, but the tyrant himself turned against Plato.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}}

====Foundation of the Academy====
[[File:MANNapoli_124545_plato's_academy_mosaic.jpg|thumb|[[Plato's Academy mosaic]] in the villa of T. Siminius Stephanus in [[Pompeii]], around 100 BC to 100 CE]]
{{main|Platonic Academy}}
After his return from Syracuse, Plato founded his philosophical school, the Academy, near the sacred olive grove of [[Hecademus]], in roughly 383 BC.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} At first, the property consisted of only a house with a garden, and during his lifetime, the work of the Academy itself likely took part in an open area for study of philosophy and mathematics.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} From 383 BC until about 366 BC, Plato primarily spent his time at the Academy, writing the majority of the dialogues during this time.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=7}} Much like Socrates and his students had been parodied in [[Aristophanes]]' plays [[The Clouds]] and [[The Birds (play)|The Birds]], the students at the Academy seem to have been the target of their contemporaries in [[Middle Comedy]].{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} A fragment from a lost play of [[Epicrates of Ambracia|Epicrates]] depicts two students of the Academy engaged in a fierce debate over the [[genus]] of a [[pumpkin]], in a parody of the Platonic conception of [[diairesis]].{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} [[Aristotle of Stagira]], who would go on to become a philosopher as famous as Plato in his own right,{{sfn|Dillon|2003|pp=1–3}} arrived in 367 BC, shortly before Plato departed again for Syracuse.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=7}}

====Second and third trips to Syracuse====
After Dionysius I's death in 367 BC, Plato returned to Syracuse, likely early in 366 BC, at the request of Dion, in order to tutor [[Dionysius II of Syracuse|Dionysius II]] and guide him to become a [[philosopher king]]. Dionysius II seemed to accept Plato's teachings, but he became suspicious of Dion, his uncle. Dionysius expelled Dion, and Plato, after trying repeatedly to reconcile the two, gave up and returned to Athens.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}}

Plato returned to Syracuse a third time in 361 BC, likely staying over the winter until 360 BC.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} Dionysius kept Plato against his will, forcing Plato to appeal to his friend [[Archytas]] to intercede, at which point he returned to Athens.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} Dion would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a short time from 357 BC up until 354 BC,{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=248}} when he was usurped by [[Calippus of Syracuse|Calippus]], an Athenian who Plato insists, in the Seventh Letter, had no connection with the Academy.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=10}}

==== Final years and death ====
After 360 BC, Plato returned to Athens, where he spent the remainder of his life.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023}}

At this point, he wrote or revised some of his final works, possibly including the ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'', ''[[Critias]]'', ''[[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]]'', ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]'', ''[[Philebus]]'', and his longest work, the ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'', all of which exhibit similarity of language, philosophical themes, and style that indicate they were intentionally published together to present a unified viewpoint.{{sfn|Waterfield|2023|p=87}} At the time of his death, however, the ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' was still unfinished; this work was edited by a student at the Academy, [[Philip of Opus]], who is also generally believed to have written the ''[[Epinomis]]'', an appendix to the ''Laws''.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=11}}

In 348/347 BC, Plato died and was buried in his garden in the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] in Athens.{{sfn| Nails| 2002| p=249}} At the time of his death, Plato seems to have been self-sufficient, but not wealthy.{{sfn| Nails| 2002| pp=249-250}} A will preserved by one of the ancient biographers of Plato, which discusses his estate, does not mention the Academy, which suggests that he left a separate provision for it or possibly established an endowment.{{sfn|Nails|2002|p=249-250}} He was succeeded as the head of the Academy by [[Speusippus]], his nephew.{{sfn|Nails|2006|p=11}}

== Philosophy ==
{{main|Platonism}}
{{Platonism}}
In Plato's dialogues, Socrates and his company of disputants had something to say on many subjects, including several aspects of [[metaphysics]]. These include religion and science, human nature, love, and sexuality. More than one dialogue contrasts perception and [[reality]], [[nature]] and custom, and body and soul. [[F. M. Cornford|Francis Cornford]] identified the "twin pillars of Platonism" as the theory of Forms, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the doctrine of immortality of the soul.<ref>Francis Cornford, 1941. ''The Republic of Plato''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xxv.</ref>

=== The Forms ===
{{See also|Theory of forms|l1=Plato's theory of Forms}}
In the dialogues Socrates regularly asks for the meaning of a general term (e. g. justice, truth, beauty), and criticizes those who instead give him particular examples, rather than the quality shared by all examples. "Platonism" and its theory of Forms (also known as 'theory of Ideas') denies the reality of the material world, considering it only an image or copy of the real world. According to this theory of Forms, there are these two kinds of things: the apparent world of material objects grasped by the senses, which constantly changes,<ref>Kidder, D. S. and Oppenheim, N. D. (2006), The Intellectual Devotional, p. 27, Borders Group, Inc, Ann Arbor, {{ISBN|978-1-60961-205-4}}.</ref> and an unchanging and unseen world of Forms, grasped by reason. Plato's Forms represent [[Type (metaphysics)|types]] of things, as well as [[property (metaphysics)|properties]], patterns, and [[Relations (philosophy)|relations]], which are referred to as objects. Just as individual tables, chairs, and cars refer to objects in this world, 'tableness', 'chairness', and 'carness', as well as e.g. [[justice]], [[truth]], and [[beauty]] refer to objects in another world. One of Plato's most cited examples for the Forms were the truths of [[geometry]], such as the [[Pythagorean theorem]]. The theory of Forms is first introduced in the ''[[Phaedo]]'' dialogue (also known as ''On the Soul''), wherein Socrates disputes the [[Pluralism (philosophy)|pluralism]] of [[Anaxagoras]], then the most popular response to Heraclitus and Parmenides.

=== The Soul ===
{{See also|Plato's theory of soul}}
For Plato, as was characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy, the soul was that which gave life. Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the [[afterlife]]. In ''the Republic'' (IV), the soul consists of three parts, which are located in different regions of the body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‪Plato’s Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency‬ |url=https://scholar.google.de/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=de&user=eywnpDEAAAAJ&citation_for_view=eywnpDEAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C |access-date= |website=scholar.google.de}}</ref> Also in the ''Timaeus'', Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the [[torso]], and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the [[navel]].{{sfn|Dorter|2006|p=360}}

Furthermore, Plato evinces a belief in the theory of [[reincarnation]] in multiple dialogues (such as the ''Phaedo'' and ''Timaeus''). Scholars debate whether he intends the theory to be literally true, however.{{sfn|Jorgenson|2018}} He uses this idea of reincarnation to introduce the concept that knowledge is a matter of [[Anamnesis (philosophy)|recollection]] of things acquainted with before one is born, and not of observation or study.{{sfn|Baird & Kaufmann|2008}} Keeping with the theme of admitting his own ignorance, Socrates regularly complains of his forgetfulness. In the ''Meno'', Socrates uses a geometrical example to expound Plato's view that knowledge in this latter sense is acquired by recollection. Socrates elicits a fact concerning a geometrical construction from a slave boy, who could not have otherwise known the fact (due to the slave boy's lack of education). The knowledge must be of, Socrates concludes, an eternal, non-perceptible Form.

=== Epistemology ===
{{main|Platonic epistemology}}

Plato also discusses several aspects of [[epistemology]]. In several dialogues, Socrates inverts the common man's intuition about what is knowable and what is real. Reality is unavailable to those who use their senses. Socrates says that he who sees with his eyes is blind. While most people take the objects of their senses to be real if anything is, Socrates is contemptuous of people who think that something has to be graspable in the hands to be real. In other words, such people are willingly ignorant, living without divine inspiration and access to higher insights about reality. Although Plato has occasionally been presented as having been the first to write that [[knowledge]] is [[justified true belief]] in the ''Theaetetus'',{{sfn|Fine|2003|p=5}} Plato also identified problems with this same ''justified true belief'' definition in that same work, concluding that justification (or an "account") would require knowledge of ''difference'', meaning that the [[definition of knowledge]] is [[circular reasoning|circular]].{{sfn|McDowell|1973|p=256}}

In the ''Sophist'', ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]'', ''Republic'', ''Timaeus'', and the ''Parmenides'', Plato associates knowledge with the apprehension of unchanging Forms and their relationships to one another (which he calls "expertise" in dialectic), including through the processes of ''collection'' and ''division''.{{sfn|Taylor|2011|pp=176–187}} More explicitly, Plato himself argues in the ''Timaeus'' that knowledge is always proportionate to the realm from which it is gained. In other words, if one derives one's account of something experientially, because the world of sense is in flux, the views therein attained will be mere opinions. Meanwhile, opinions are characterized by a lack of necessity and stability. On the other hand, if one derives one's account of something by way of the non-sensible Forms, because these Forms are unchanging, so too is the account derived from them. That apprehension of Forms is required for knowledge may be taken to cohere with Plato's theory in the ''Theaetetus'' and ''Meno''.{{sfn|Lee|2011|p=432}} Indeed, the apprehension of Forms may be at the base of the account required for justification, in that it offers [[Foundationalism|foundational]] knowledge which itself needs no account, thereby avoiding an [[infinite regression]].{{sfn|Taylor|2011|p=189}}

[[File:Temida, Gdansk Court.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|"What is justice?" forms one of the core quandaries of the ''Republic''.]]

=== Ethics ===
{{see also|Form of the Good}}
Several dialogues discuss [[ethics]] including virtue and vice, pleasure and pain, crime and punishment, and justice and medicine. Socrates presents the famous [[Euthyphro dilemma]] in the [[Euthyphro|dialogue]] of the same name: "Is the [[piety|pious]] ([[:wikt:ὅσιος|τὸ ὅσιον]]) loved by the [[deity|gods]] because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" ([[Stephanus pagination|10a]]) In the ''Protagoras'' dialogue it is argued through Socrates that virtue is innate and cannot be learned, that no one does bad on purpose, and to know what is good results in doing what is good; that knowledge is virtue. In the ''Republic'', Plato poses the question, "What is justice?" and by examining both individual justice and the justice that informs societies, Plato is able not only to inform metaphysics, but also ethics and politics with the question: "What is the basis of moral and social obligation?" Plato's well-known answer rests upon the fundamental responsibility to seek wisdom, wisdom which leads to an understanding of the Form of the Good. Plato views "The Good" as the supreme Form, somehow existing even "beyond being". In this manner, justice is obtained when knowledge of how to fulfill one's moral and political function in society is put into practice.

=== Politics ===
{{main|Plato's political philosophy}}

[[File:POxy3679 Parts Plato Republic.jpg|thumb|Papyrus from [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|Oxyrhynchus]], with fragment of Plato's ''Republic'']]
The dialogues also discuss politics. Some of Plato's most famous doctrines are contained in the ''Republic'' as well as in the ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' and the ''Statesman''. Because these opinions are not spoken directly by Plato and vary between dialogues, they cannot be straightforwardly assumed as representing Plato's own views.

Socrates asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure corresponding to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the individual soul. The appetite/spirit/reason are analogous to the castes of society.{{sfn|Blössner|2007|pp=345–349}}
* ''Productive'' (Workers) – the labourers, carpenters, plumbers, masons, merchants, farmers, ranchers, etc. These correspond to the "appetite" part of the soul.
* ''Protective'' (Warriors or Guardians) – those who are adventurous, strong and brave; in the armed forces. These correspond to the "spirit" part of the soul.
* ''Governing'' (Rulers or Philosopher Kings) – those who are intelligent, rational, self-controlled, in love with wisdom, well suited to make decisions for the community. These correspond to the "reason" part of the soul and are very few.

According to Socrates, a state made up of different kinds of souls will, overall, decline from an aristocracy (rule by the best) to a [[timocracy]] (rule by the honourable), then to an oligarchy (rule by the few), then to a [[democracy]] (rule by the people), and finally to [[tyranny]] (rule by one person, rule by a tyrant).{{sfn|Blössner|2007|p=350}}

=== Rhetoric and poetry ===
Several dialogues tackle questions about art, including rhetoric and rhapsody. Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the [[muses]], and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of [[divine madness]] (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the ''Phaedrus'',<ref>''Phaedrus ''(265a–c)</ref> and yet in the ''Republic'' wants to outlaw Homer's great poetry, and laughter as well. Scholars often view Plato's philosophy as at odds with rhetoric due to his criticisms of rhetoric in the ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]'' and his ambivalence toward rhetoric expressed in the ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]''. But other contemporary researchers contest the idea that Plato despised rhetoric and instead view his dialogues as a dramatization of complex rhetorical principles.{{sfn|Kastely|2015}} Plato made abundant use of mythological narratives in his own work; it is generally agreed that the main purpose for Plato in using myths was didactic.{{sfn|Jorgenson|2018|p=199}} He considered that only a few people were capable or interested in following a reasoned philosophical discourse, but men in general are attracted by stories and tales. Consequently, then, he used the myth to convey the conclusions of the philosophical reasoning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Partenie |first1=Catalin |title=Plato's Myths |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-myths/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527053738/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-myths/|archive-date=27 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable examples include the story of [[Atlantis]], the [[Myth of Er]], and the [[Allegory of the Cave]].

=== Unwritten doctrines ===
{{Main|Plato's unwritten doctrines|Allegorical interpretations of Plato}}

Plato's unwritten doctrines are,{{sfn|Reale|1990|p=14f}} according to some ancient sources, the most fundamental metaphysical teaching of Plato, which he disclosed only orally, and some say only to his most trusted fellows, and which he may have kept secret from the public, although some scholars doubt these claims.<ref>Hans Joachim Krämer and John R. Catan, ''Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics: A Work on the Theory of the Principles and Unwritten Doctrines of Plato with a Collection of the Fundamental Documents'' (SUNY Press, 1990).</ref> It is, however, said that Plato once disclosed this knowledge to the public in his lecture ''On the Good'' ({{lang|grc|Περὶ τἀγαθοῦ}}), in which the Good ({{lang|grc|τὸ ἀγαθόν}}) is identified with the One (the Unity, {{lang|grc|τὸ ἕν}}), the fundamental ontological principle. The most important aspect of this interpretation of Plato's metaphysics is the continuity between his teaching and the Neoplatonic interpretation of [[Plotinus]]. All the sources related to the {{lang|grc|ἄγραφα δόγματα}} have been collected by Konrad Gaiser and published as ''Testimonia Platonica''.{{sfn|Gaiser|1998}}

== Works ==
{{anchor|Dialogues}}
=== Themes ===
[[File:Anselm Feuerbach - Das Gastmahl. Nach Platon (zweite Fassung) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Painting of a scene from Plato's ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' ([[Anselm Feuerbach]], 1873)]]
{{See also|List of speakers in Plato's dialogues}}
Plato never presents himself as a participant in any of the dialogues, and with the exception of the ''Apology'', there is no suggestion that he heard any of the dialogues firsthand. Some dialogues have no narrator but have a pure "dramatic" form, some dialogues are narrated by Socrates himself, who speaks in the first person. The ''Symposium'' is narrated by Apollodorus, a Socratic disciple, apparently to Glaucon. Apollodorus assures his listener that he is recounting the story, which took place when he himself was an infant, not from his own memory, but as remembered by Aristodemus, who told him the story years ago. In most of the dialogues, the primary speaker is Socrates, who employs a [[Socratic method|method]] of questioning which proceeds by a dialogue form.

=== Textual sources and history ===
[[File:Timaeus stephanus pages 32 33.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Volume 3, pp. 32–33, of the 1578 Stephanus edition of Plato, showing a passage of ''Timaeus'' with the Latin translation and notes of [[Jean de Serres]]]]
{{See also|List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues}}
During the early Renaissance, the Greek language and, along with it, Plato's texts were reintroduced to Western Europe by Byzantine scholars. Some 250 known Byzantine manuscripts of Plato survive.{{sfn|Brumbaugh|Wells|1989}} In September or October 1484 [[Filippo Valori]] and [[Francesco Berlinghieri]] printed 1025 copies of [[Marsilio Ficino|Ficino's]] translation.{{sfn|Allen|1975|p=12}} The 1578 edition of Plato's complete works published by Henricus Stephanus ([[Henri Estienne]]) in [[Geneva]] also included parallel Latin translation and running commentary by Joannes Serranus ([[Jean de Serres]]). It was this edition which established standard [[Stephanus pagination]], still in use today. The text of Plato as received today apparently represents the complete written philosophical work of Plato, based on the first century AD arrangement of [[Thrasyllus of Mendes]].{{sfn|Cooper|1997|pp=viii–xii}} Since the beginning of the 20th century, many papyri from the [[Hellenistic period]] through the third century AD containing text from Plato's dialogues have also been recovered from Egypt, which provide important early witnesses to the text.{{sfn|Brumbaugh|Wells|1989}} The modern standard complete English edition is the 1997 [[Hackett Publishing Company|Hackett]] ''Plato: Complete Works'', edited by John M. Cooper.{{sfn|Cooper|1997}}{{sfn|Fine|1999a|p=482}}

=== Authenticity ===
{{further|Pseudo-Platonica}}
Thirty-five dialogues and thirteen letters (the [[Epistles (Plato)|''Epistles'']]) have traditionally been ascribed to Plato, though modern scholarship doubts the authenticity of at least some of these. There is a broad consensus among scholars to doubt the authenticity of ''[[Second Alcibiades|Alcibiades II]]'', ''[[Epinomis]]'', ''[[Hipparchus (dialogue)|Hipparchus]]'', ''[[Minos (dialogue)|Minos]]'', ''[[Rival Lovers|Lovers]]'', and ''[[Theages]]'', while opinions on ''[[First Alcibiades|Alcibiades I]]'', ''[[Clitophon (dialogue)|Clitophon]]'', ''[[Epistles (Plato)|Letters]]'', and ''[[Menexenus (dialogue)|Menexenus]]'' are more divided.{{sfn|Cooper|1997|pp=v–vi}} The following works were transmitted under Plato's name in antiquity, but were already considered spurious by the 1st century AD: ''[[Axiochus (dialogue)|Axiochus]]'', ''[[Definitions (Plato)|Definitions]]'', ''[[Demodocus (dialogue)|Demodocus]]'', ''[[Epigrams (Plato)|Epigrams]]'', ''[[Eryxias (dialogue)|Eryxias]]'', ''[[Halcyon (dialogue)|Halcyon]]'', ''[[On Justice]]'', ''[[On Virtue]]'', ''[[Sisyphus (dialogue)|Sisyphus]]''.{{sfn|Cooper|1997}}

=== Chronology ===
No one knows the exact order Plato's dialogues were written in, nor the extent to which some might have been later revised and rewritten. The works are usually grouped into ''Early'', ''Middle'', and ''Late'' period; The following represents one relatively common division amongst developmentalist scholars.{{sfn|Fine|1999b}}
* Early: ''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]'', ''[[Charmides (dialogue)|Charmides]]'', ''[[Crito]]'', ''[[Euthyphro]]'', ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]'', ''[[Hippias Minor]]'', ''[[Hippias Major]]'', ''[[Ion (dialogue)|Ion]]'', ''[[Laches (dialogue)|Laches]]'', ''[[Lysis (dialogue)|Lysis]]'', ''[[Protagoras (dialogue)|Protagoras]]''
* Middle: ''[[Cratylus (dialogue)|Cratylus]]'', ''[[Euthydemus (dialogue)|Euthydemus]]'', ''[[Meno]]'', ''[[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]]'', ''[[Phaedo]]'', ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'', ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'', ''[[Theaetetus (dialogue)|Theatetus]]''
* Late: ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', ''[[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]]'', ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]'', ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'', ''[[Philebus]]'', ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]].''

Whereas those classified as "early dialogues" often conclude in [[aporia]], the so-called "middle dialogues" provide more clearly stated positive teachings that are often ascribed to Plato such as the theory of Forms. The remaining dialogues are classified as "late" and are generally agreed to be difficult and challenging pieces of philosophy.{{sfn|Cooper|1997|p=xiv}} It should, however, be kept in mind that many of the positions in the ordering are still highly disputed, and also that the very notion that Plato's dialogues can or should be "ordered" is by no means universally accepted.{{sfn|Cooper|1997}} In the most recent Plato scholarship, writers are increasingly skeptical of the notion that the order of Plato's writings can be established with any precision,{{sfn|Kraut|2013}} though Plato's works are still often characterized as falling at least roughly into three groups stylistically.

== Legacy ==
===Medieval era===
During the Islamic Golden ages, Neoplatonism was revived from its founding father, Plotinus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willinsky |first=John |title=The Intellectual Properties of Learning: A Prehistory from Saint Jerome to John Locke |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0226487922 |edition=1st |location=Chicago |publication-date=2 January 2018 |pages=Chapter 6}}</ref> Neoplatonism, a philosophical current that permeated Islamic scholarship, accentuated one facet of the Qur’anic conception of God—the transcendent—while seemingly neglecting another—the creative. This philosophical tradition, introduced by [[Al-Farabi]] and subsequently elaborated upon by figures such as [[Avicenna]], postulated that all phenomena emanated from the divine source.{{sfn|Aminrazavi|2021}} It functioned as a conduit, bridging the transcendental nature of the divine with the tangible reality of creation. In the Islamic context, Neoplatonism facilitated the integration of Platonic philosophy with mystical Islamic thought, fostering a synthesis of ancient philosophical wisdom and religious insight.{{sfn|Aminrazavi|2021}} Inspired by Plato's Republic, Al-Farabi extended his inquiry beyond mere political theory, proposing an ideal city governed by [[Philosopher king|philosopher-kings]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stefaniuk |first=Tomasz |date=5 December 2022 |title=Man in Early Islamic Philosophy – Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi |journal=Ruch Filozoficzny |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=65–84 |doi=10.12775/RF.2022.023 |issn=2545-3173|doi-access=free }}</ref> Plato is also referenced by Jewish philosopher and Talmudic scholar [[Maimonides]] in his ''[[Guide for the Perplexed]]''.
[[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|''[[The School of Athens]]'' [[fresco]] features Plato (left), holding his ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' while he gestures to the heavens. Aristotle (right) gestures to the earth while holding a copy of ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]''.]]
Many of these commentaries on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin, in which form they influenced medieval scholastics.{{sfn|Burrell|1998}}{{sfn|Hasse|2002|pp=33–45}} Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, [[Aristotle]], whose reputation during the Western [[Middle Ages]] so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". The only Platonic work known to western scholarship was ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'', until translations into Latin were made beginning in the 12th century. However, the study of Plato continued in the [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Islamic Golden Age|the Caliphates during the Islamic Golden Age]], and [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Spain during the Golden age of Jewish culture]].

===Modern===
{{see also|Transmission of the Greek Classics}}
During the [[Renaissance]], [[Gemistos Plethon]] brought Plato's original writings to Florence from Constantinople in the century of its [[Fall of Constantinople|fall]]. Many of the greatest early modern scientists and artists who broke with [[Scholasticism]], with the support of the Plato-inspired [[Lorenzo de' Medici|Lorenzo]] (grandson of Cosimo), saw Plato's philosophy as the basis for progress in the arts and sciences. The 17th century [[Cambridge Platonists]] sought to reconcile Plato's more problematic beliefs, such as [[metempsychosis]] and [[polyamory]], with Christianity.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Carrigan |first=Henry L. Jr. |title=Cambridge Platonists |year=2012 |orig-date=2011 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization |location=[[Chichester, West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |doi=10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0219 |isbn=978-1405157629}}</ref> By the 19th century, Plato's reputation was restored, and at least on par with Aristotle's. Plato's influence has been especially strong in mathematics and the sciences. Plato's resurgence further inspired some of the greatest advances in logic since Aristotle, primarily through [[Gottlob Frege]]. [[Albert Einstein]] suggested that the scientist who takes philosophy seriously would have to avoid systematization and take on many different roles, and possibly appear as a Platonist or Pythagorean, in that such a one would have "the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research."{{sfn|Einstein|1949|pp=683–684}} British philosopher [[Alfred North Whitehead]] said: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]] to Plato."{{sfn|Whitehead|1978|p=39}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.N Whitehead on Plato |url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/whitehead-plato |access-date= |website=Columbia College |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153617/https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/whitehead-plato |url-status=live }}</ref> Adapting examples from Plato's ''[[Theaetetus (dialogue)|Theaetetus]]'', [[Edmund Gettier]] famously demonstrated the [[Gettier problem]] for the "justified true belief account" of knowledge, challenging the prevalent notion in Analytic philosophy at the time that had been popularized by [[A. J. Ayer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gettier |first1=E. L. |title=Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? |journal=Analysis |date=1 June 1963 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.1093/analys/23.6.121}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Vlastos |title=Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher |url=https://archive.org/details/socratesironistm00vlas_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 }}
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* {{cite book |first=Alfred North |last=Whitehead |title=Process and Reality |url=https://archive.org/details/processrealitygi00alfr |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=The Free Press |year=1978 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q859|n=no|c=Category:Plato|s=Author:Plato|v=Socrates, Plato and Aristotle}}
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Pasavalai

2026-03-04T04:58:29Z

Thefacecentre: Made the info and citations

{{Short description|1956 Indian Tamil-Language film}}
{{no plot|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pasavalai
| image = Pasavalai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. S. Nagarajan
| writer = Pa. Kannan (dialogues)
| screenplay = A. S. Nagarajan
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] [[G. Varalakshmi]] [[M. N. Rajam]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subbha Rao
| editing = L. Balu
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1956|11|1}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pasavalai''''' ({{Translation|Net of Love}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical fantasy]] film, directed by A. S. Nagarajan produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] of [[Modern Theatres]], and written by Pa. Kannan. The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. It stars [[M. K. Radha]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], [[G. Varalakshmi]], [[M. N. Rajam]] and Kumari Rajamani, with [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] and [[A. Karunanidhi]] providing comic relief.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 June 2012 |title=Paasavalai 1956 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/paasavalai-1956/article3562528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174908/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/paasavalai-1956/article3562528.ece |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1956 – பாசவலை – மாடர்ன் தியேட்டர்ஸ். |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails19.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012075334/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails19.asp |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1956 |title=Pasavalai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19561101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a moderate success at the box office.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
; Male cast
* [[M. K. Radha]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[A. Karunanidhi]]
* S. M. Thirupathisami
* M. N. Krishnan
* [[M. R. Santhanam]]
* K. Natarajan
* Sairam
* Master Bhaji
* Master Venkatesh
* Sundararajan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
; Female cast
* [[G. Varalakshmi]]
* [[M. N. Rajam]]
* Kumari Rajamani
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
* Bhagyam
* T. K. Rajeswari
* Tiger (Dog)
;Dance
* [[E. V. Saroja]]
{{Col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paasa Valai |url=https://gaana.com/album/paasa-valai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204827/https://gaana.com/album/paasa-valai |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paasa Valai |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/paasa-valai_16013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174347/https://www.saregama.com/album/paasa-valai_16013 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=111 |language=Tamil}}</ref> Many songs become popular, such as "Anbinaal... Paasavalai", sung by [[C. S. Jayaraman]] and "Lol Lol Machchaan Unna Parthu", sung by [[Jikki]].<ref name="thehindu" />
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Machchan Unna Parthu" (Lol Lol Lol) || [[Jikki]] || rowspan=5|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 04:48
|-
| "Anbinale Undaagum Inbanilai" 1 || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || 03:15
|-
| "Idhuthaan Ulagamadaa Manidhaa" || C. S. Jayaraman || 03:24
|-
| "Intha Aattukkum Namma Naatukkum" || C. S. Jayaraman || 03:44
|-
| "Anbinale Undaagum Inbanilai" 2 || C. S. Jayaraman || 04:32
|-
| "Aiyaiya Neenga Ambalaiyaanga" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || rowspan=4|A. Maruthakasi || 03:22
|-
| "Chinna Ponnu Singaari Naan" || [[P. Suseela]] || 03:17
|-
| "Mathippu Ketta Maamaa Nee Vaalai Aatalaamaa" || P. Suseela || 02:43
|-
| "Yaarukku Theengu Seithen.... Kannil Illaiyo Manam Illaiyo" || C. S. Jayaraman || 03:53
|-
| "Kutti Aadu Thappivandhaal....Unakedhu Sondham" || C. S. Jayaraman || Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram || 03:33
|-
| "Malarodu Vishanaagam.... Needhi Idhuthaanaa" || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || || 02:45
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Modern Theatres}}

[[Category:1950s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 fantasy films]]

Dost (1989 film)

2026-03-03T23:49:28Z

Thefacecentre: correct article for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
: ''For other films, see [[Dost (disambiguation)|Dost]]''
{{Infobox film
| name = Dost
| image = Dost 1989 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[K. Murali Mohana Rao]]
| producer = A. Suryanarayana Bhanodaya Productions
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = M. D. Sunder
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[K S R Swamy|V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = J. Narasimha Rao
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|08|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref>[https://archive.today/20120719044009/http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/dost-v426378 Dost on Rovi]</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Dost''' ({{translation|Friend}}) is a 1989 Hindi film directed by [[K. Murali Mohana Rao]] and produced by A. Suryanarayana under Bhanodaya Productions banner. [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] played the lead pair of this family drama. The lyrics were written by [[Indeevar]] with music composed by [[R. D. Burman]].

==Plot==
Sher Singh (Amjad Khan) and his son Nagender (Kiran Kumar) are involved in poaching, cutting trees and smuggle them out of the Jungle. They murder forest officer Anthony (Dalip Tahil) and Raja (Mithun Chakravarty) takes charge in his place. Elephant Ram, Monkey Bansi & Parrot Mithu are Raja's friends in the Jungle. They help each other in the time of distress. Once Raja rescues Ram from the clutches of a crocodile. Raja warns Sher Singh and Nagender to stop the smuggling, resulting in enmity between them. Sher Singh wants to marry his unworthy son Nagender with Pooja (Amala), the daughter of a millionaire Brijmohan (Sujit Kumar). Bharti (Shobha Khote), Sher Singh's wife, on the other hand wants that Pooja be married to her innocent nephew Buddhi Ram Aval Chand Dimagwala (Kader Khan), as she is the daughter of the friend of Buddhi's deceased father. But Pooja wants to marry Raja as he saved her from the clutches of the Nagender's lusty eyes when she went out for hunting. Pooja marries Raja against her father's wishes. Raja's well wisher and tribal leader Mangola (Sharad Saxena) performs the rites on behalf of Pooja's father. To avenge this, Nagender attempts to molest Pooja and beat Raja. Ram and Bansi come in and avert this attempt. Raja catches Sher Singh and Nagender red-handed while sending the smuggled articles out of the Jungle. Judge awards them six years rigorous imprisonment. After release from the jail, Sher Singh & Nagender find Raja and Pooja have a son Ravi (Antriksh), and trouble them a lot. The extent of Nagender's meanness crosses the boundaries with the intoxication of Ram. Ram goes berserk, destroys property, attacks Raja's family, grievously injuring Ravi. Pooja mistakes Ram, quarrels with her husband, leaves the house in sheer anger with Ravi & reaches her father's place. One day, Raja's servant Sukhiya (Asrani) comes to Brijmohan's house to convey Ram's message to Ravi. The content of Ram's message to Ravi, clearance of misunderstanding between Raja and Pooja, the fate of Sher Singh and Nagender, and Buddhi Ram's role in this, forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Forest Officer Raja
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Pooja
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Naagendra Singh
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Brijmohan
*[[Kader Khan]] as Buddhiram
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Sher Singh
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Bharti Singh
*[[Asrani]] as Sukhiya
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Forest Officer Balwant Khanna
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Mohan , Raja's boss
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Forest Officer Anthony
*[[Bandini Mishra]] as Gilli
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Mangola
*[[Bob Christo]] as Jackson
*Master Antriksh as Ravi (Raja & Pooja's Son)

==Crew==
*''Director'' – K. Murali Mohan Rao
*''Screenplay'' – M. D. Sunder
*''Dialogue'' – [[Kader Khan]]
*''Producer'' – A. Suryanarayana
*''Production Company'' – Bhanodaya Productions
*''Editor'' – J. Narasimha Rao
*''Cinematographer'' – [[K S R Swamy|V. S. R. Swamy]]
*''Music Director'' – [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
*''Lyricist'' – [[Indeevar]]
*''Playback Singers'' – [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Alka Yagnik]]

==Soundtrack==
Music of this film is by [[R. D. Burman]] with lyrics by [[Indeevar]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hirni Jaisi"
| [[Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Tu Hi Heera"
| [[Amit Kumar]], '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Step By Step"
| [[Amit Kumar]], '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Dil To Chahe Yeh"
| [[Amit Kumar]], '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Chhota Sa Parivar"
| [[Amit Kumar]], '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Haathi Raja"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0373801|title=Dost}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

Umarlai Khalsa

2026-02-28T01:54:00Z

Thefacecentre: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umarlai Khalsa
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|25.86|N|72.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Government of Rajasthan
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Shravan Kumar
| area_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 106
| population_total = 2307
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 344027
| area_code = 02988
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ 39
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[marwari language|Marwadi]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Umarlai Khalsa''' is a village in [[Barmer District]] of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[India]]. It is about 100 km from [[Jodhpur]]. The town is famous for farming, Mata Nagnechiyaa Temple and Akhada, The town is well connected with Jodhpur by buses at frequent intervals. From Umarlai Khalsa towards [[Jalore]] there is India's Third Brahma Temple in the village of [[Asotra]]. From Umarlai Khalsa towards [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] there is Ancient Temple of Lord Shri Vishnu named as Shri Ranchore Ray (first ranchore ray mandir of world), Khed Mandir in the village of [[Khed, Rajasthan|Khed]] The name Umarlai Khalsa derived from all the religious people of this village. About 13 km from Balotra is located the famous [[Jain]] Temple [[Nakoda, Rajasthan|Nakoda]]. The place receives religious devotees from across India. The town is located near on the coast of the river [[Luni River|Luni]].
The village of Umarlai Khalsa is mainly popular for housing the famous Ancient Temples of Lord Shiva. It is one of the most revered pilgrimage destinations for the Hindu community. The temple is an excellent example of fine architecture and many sculptures are carved inside the temple. Apart from this temple, a number of other temples are located in the town which include the Pabuji Rathord Mandir, Jog Maya Matha Mandir, Gogaji Mandir, Bhomiyaji Mandir, Hanuman Mandir and more.

The village of Umarlai Khalsa is well connected with all the major cities of India through road transportation. The nearest airport is located in Jodhpur which is just 100 km from here.

== Geography ==
Balotra is located at {{Coord|25.86|N|72.39|E|}}<ref>[https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/umarlai-khalsa/3068949/weather-forecast/3068949 Weather forecast Umarlai Khalsa, Rajasthan] accuweather.com</ref> It has an average elevation of 105 metres (345 feet).

Umarlai Khalsa is situated near to Pakistan border in the district of Barmer. It is also near the famous city ofJodhpur.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> Umarlai Khalsa had a population of 2,307. Males constitute 50.97% of the population and females 49.02%. Umarlai Khalsa has an average literacy rate of 45.3%.
{| class="wikitable"
! Census Parameter
! Census Data
|-
|Total Population
|2,307
|-
|Total No of Houses
|409
|-
|Female Population %
|49.0 % (1131)
|-
|Total Literacy rate %
|45.4 % (1047)
|-
|Female Literacy rate
|16.3 % (377)
|-
|Scheduled Tribes Population %
|10.4 % (241)
|-
|Scheduled Caste Population %
|13.3 % (307)
|-
|Working Population %
|47.1 %
|-
|Child(0 -6) Population by 2011
|444
|-
|Girl Child(0 -6) Population % by 2011
|42.8 % (190)
|}

== Temples ==

* Dangi's Kuldevi Temple
* Ramdev Ji Temple
* Pabuji Rathore Ka Mandir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pabuji+Rathore+Ka+Mandir/@25.893757,72.4159211,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3943dcacc1426a73:0xdfeab627047b923b!8m2!3d25.893757!4d72.4181098?shorturl=1|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
* Shiv Temple
* Hanuman Ji Temple
* Bayosaa Temple
* Sati Mata

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://umarlaikhalsa.rameshkumarp.in/ Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621063357/https://umarlaikhalsa.rameshkumarp.in/ |date=21 June 2020 }}

{{Barmer district}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

Jiangam Kamei

2026-02-24T06:27:54Z

Thefacecentre: slightly expanded intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}

'''Guru Jianngam Kamei''' (1963–2016) was a noted music director, lyricist, and singer from [[Manipur]], India.
He was conferred the title "Guru Shiksha Parampara Award" by Ministry of Art and Culture, [[Government of India]] for his contribution to the field of music in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/36306/zyf-mourns-jiangam-kameis-demise/|title=Zeliangrong youth mourn Jiangam death|publisher=Imphal free press|access-date=30 September 2019|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930091234/http://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/36306/zyf-mourns-jiangam-kameis-demise/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
Jiangam Kamei was a Rongmei Naga belonging to the [[Zeliangrong]] Naga community. He was born on 9 February 1963 at Canchipur, Imphal. He started singing and writing songs as early as 1985 in both [[Rongmei language|Ruanglat]] and [[Meiteilon]]. He was also an approved artiste of [[All India Radio]], Imphal and had served as president of Zeliangrong Artists Forum, Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/jianngam-kamei-a-talented-singer-music-director-song-composer-and-actor-passed-away/|title=Jianngam Kamei, a talented Singer, Music Director, Song Composer and Actor passed away|date=16 December 2016|publisher=KanglaOnline|accessdate=24 October 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102125912/http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/jianngam-kamei-a-talented-singer-music-director-song-composer-and-actor-passed-away/|url-status=dead}}yvvyb ubb hyvuyvhn uyvh huvyv8hb byv8yvyvf>{{cite web |last1=Laishram |first1=Jyaneswar |title=Jangled all the way with Jiangam |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Jangled_all_the_way_with_Jiangam_By_Jyaneswar_Laishram |website=epao |accessdate=18 May 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

C.M. Anglo Bengali College

2026-02-22T03:46:04Z

Thefacecentre: started new biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = C.M. Anglo Bengali College
| image = Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158284 - Anglo Bengali Inter College Allahabad.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Truth, Service
| location = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.302083|82.998844|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|1898|04|01}}
| opened =
| closed =
| type = [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|Intermediate College]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| grades = [[Percentage|Percentage System]]
| superintendent =
| principal = Anurag Mishra
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|anglobengali.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''C.M. Anglo Bengali College''' also known as C.M. Anglo Bengali Inter College or as '''Anglo Bengali College''' is a boys' school in [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]], Varanasi, India. It was established in 1898 by [[Chintamani Mukherjee]].<ref name="About">{{cite news|title=About|publisher=Official website|access-date=14 May 2015|url=http://www.anglobengali.com/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231063146/http://anglobengali.com/index.html#|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Location">{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=Latlong.net|access-date=14 May 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
C.M. Anglo Bengali College was established by Chintamani Mukherjee in the year 1898. The intermediate college is affiliated with [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|U.P. Board]] and offers education under the [[10+2]] education system. School campus is situated in [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]], a southern suburb of Varanasi.<ref name="About"/><ref name="Anglo Bengali">{{cite news|title=Anglo Bengali|publisher=Varanasi city website|access-date=14 May 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/cm-anglobengali-college}}</ref>

==Noted alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2018}}
* [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]]: Singer, composer / music director and film producer
* [[Jotin Bhattacharya]]: [[Sarod]] Player
* [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]: Ex. Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Subrata Roy]]: Indian businessman and the founder and chairman of Indian conglomerate [[Sahara India]]
*[[Nivaan Sen]]: An Indian Actor and Producer [[Actor]]

==See also==
*[[List of educational institutions in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varanasi}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Intermediate colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in India]]

Karan Aujla

2026-02-20T00:13:16Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|Indian singer and rapper (born 1997)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Karan Aujla
| alias = Geeta Di Machine
| image = Karan Aujla 2020.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = Karan Aujla
| caption = Aujla in 2020
| native_name_lang = punjabi
| birth_name = Jaskaran Singh Aujla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|1|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Pop music|Pop]]
* [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]
* [[pop rap]]
* [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* singer
* songwriter
}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| label = *Rehaan Records
* [[Warner Music]] (Canada & India)
*Geet MP3
*Speed Records ([[Times Music]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Palak Aujla|2023}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.karanaujlamusic.com/ }}
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}
'''Jaskaran Singh Aujla''' (born 18 January 1997) is an Indian{{efn|Aujla holds a Canadian permanent residency,<ref name=":1"/> which is different from Canadian citizenship. Canadian PR holders are still citizens of the country from where they emigrated, such as India in this case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Major |first1=Rebecca |title=3 Differences Between a Canadian Permanent Resident vs Citizen |url=https://www.canadim.com/blog/canadian-citizenship-permanent-residence-differences/ |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=Canadim |date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113142001/https://www.canadim.com/blog/canadian-citizenship-permanent-residence-differences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} singer, rapper and songwriter based in Canada who is primarily associated with [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]]. He is known for his numerous tracks which have charted on the UK Asian chart published by the [[Official Charts Company]], while seven have charted on the Global [[YouTube]] music chart. His debut album ''[[Bacthafucup]]'' peaked at number 20 on [[Canadian Albums Chart|Billboard Canadian Albums]] chart and 34th on the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|New Zealand albums]] chart, earning him the title of the Largest Digital Artist 2021 on [[Spotify]] and had been listed in their Most Popular Artists in [[Punjabi Music|Punjabi Music Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi Wave: How Diasporic Canadian Artists Are Redefining Global Music {{!}} Billboard Canada |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/punjabi-music |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=ca.billboard.com |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102040205/https://ca.billboard.com/music/punjabi-music |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi Wave: Karan Aujla Is Aiming for the Number One Spot {{!}} Billboard Canada |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/karan-aujla-2665794724 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=ca.billboard.com |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113134208/https://ca.billboard.com/music/karan-aujla-2665794724 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Decter |first=Rosie Long |date=17 July 2024 |title=Karan Aujla's Bollywood Single 'Tauba Tauba' Arrives At No. 25 On The Billboard Canadian Hot 100 |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/karan-aujla-tauba-tauba-bad-newz |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723062532/https://ca.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/karan-aujla-tauba-tauba-bad-newz |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aujla started as a songwriter for [[Jassi Gill]]'s "Range", from his album ''Replay''. He worked as a songwriter for various other artists including [[Deep Jandu]] and Elly Mangat. In 2016, he released his debut song "Property of Punjab" as a lead artist, and started featuring as guest artist in songs. He came into limelight with his tracks like "Yaarian Ch Fikk", "Unity", "Alcohol 2", and "Lafaafe"; subsequently he achieved mainstream popularity in 2018 with "Don't Worry", his first song to enter [[Official Charts Company|UK Asian]] chart. In 2020, his singles "[[Jhanjar]]", "Red Eyes" and "Kya Baat Aa" entered top 10 in the chart, while "So Far" entered top 5.

== Early life ==
Jaskaran Singh Aujla was born on 18 January 1997 in the Ghurala village of [[Ludhiana district]] in [[Punjab, India]], to Balwinder Singh Aujla and Rajinder Kaur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karan Aujla on Instagram: "HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO ME 🎂 NO NEED 26 JANUARY 🙏🏻 #NONEED #26january #rmg #rehaanrecords" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BswilwdAWmU/ |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BswilwdAWmU |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Red Eyes (News) {{!}} Karan Aujla Ft Gurlej Akhtar {{!}} Jeona & Jogi {{!}} Latest Punjabi Teasers 2020 |date=21 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlBmBTk2rn0 |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228062604/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlBmBTk2rn0&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=28 February 2020 |url-status=live |publisher=Speed Records |quote=Watch at 0:36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Aujla on Instagram: "Happy birthday father saab ❤️ s:Balwinder Singh Aujla ❤️ #rip 🌹" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BfwECKCnZ1c/ |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BfwECKCnZ1c |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=Instagram |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Aujla on Instagram: "New one ❤️ another one dedicated to bebe & bapu ! Late s.balwinder Singh Aujla & sardarni .rajinder Kaur Aujla ❤️ thanks to the one who…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/7bg-OBFvq7/ |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/7bg-OBFvq7 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=Instagram |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> His father died in a bike accident when he was 9 and his mother died from cancer when he was 14, and he was raised by his sisters and uncle.<ref name="PTC_Mar2020">{{Cite web |last=Shaminder |date=19 March 2020 |title=ਕਰਣ ਔਜਲਾ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਪਿਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਕੀਤਾ ਯਾਦ, ਆਪਣੇ ਪਾਲਣਹਾਰ ਦਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਸ਼ੁਕਰੀਆ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/singer-karan-aujla-shared-pic-with-his-uncle-see-pics/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=pa |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145113/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/singer-karan-aujla-shared-pic-with-his-uncle-see-pics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="INT" /> While studying in 9th standard, Aujla met [[Jassi Gill]] in a wedding ceremony and offered him the lyrics of the song ''Range'', which Gill sang and became popular locally. In 2014, Aujla moved to Canada, where he lived with his sister in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Aujla |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karan-aujla |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref> and attended [[Burnaby South Secondary School]] in [[Burnaby]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2015 |title=Indo-Canadian Teen Karan Aujla Making Waves In Punjabi Music World |url=http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=43706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104025844/http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=43706 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=[[The Link (newspaper)|Link Newspaper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Aujla worked part-time as a [[longshoreman]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].<ref name="INT">{{Citation |last=Devinder S. Benipal |title=Karan Aujla: A journey from a songwriter to singer |date=27 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXmVjpCac7c |publisher=[[Prime Asia Television|Prime Asia TV Canada]] |language=pa |quote=Part time job: watch at 18:20, "Cell Phone": watch at 4:10, Deep Jandu: watch at 5:00 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301054559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXmVjpCac7c |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2014–2017: Early career ===
[[File:Karan Aujla Chandigarh.png|thumb|left|Aujla performing live at [[Chandigarh]] in 2019]]

His debut song "Cell Phone" with Mac Benipal was released in 2014, it was a commercial failure, and had just a few thousand views, Aujla started to attended studio sessions with [[Deep Jandu]] and Elly Mangat in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]].<ref name="INT" /> He started to work as a songwriter for artists including Gill, Mangat, Gagan Kokri, [[Jazzy B]], [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]] and [[Sukh-E]]. One of his songs "Blessings of Bapu", sung by Kokri was well received by audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title=Karan Aujla's New Song Baapu Goes Through The Roof |url=http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=46777 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=[[The Link (newspaper)|Link Newspaper]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413203346/http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=46777 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in 2016, he released his debut song "Property of Punjab" as a lead artist;{{efn|Although his debut song as a lead artist was "Cell Phone" released in 2014, but the song wasn't released by himself or any major record label.}} started featuring and performing raps in the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Lajwinder |date=28 April 2020 |title=ਫੈਨ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਤੋਹਫ਼ੇ ਨੂੰ ਸਿਰ ਮੱਥੇ ਲਗਾ ਕੇ ਕਰਨ ਔਜਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਬੂਲ, ਦੇਖੋ ਵਾਇਰਲ ਵੀਡੀਓ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/watch-old-video-when-fan-gifts-photo-frame-to-karan-aujla/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=pa |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809021546/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/watch-old-video-when-fan-gifts-photo-frame-to-karan-aujla/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, he released tracks as a lead artist. His recordings include "Alcohol 2", "Yaarian Ch Fikk", "Shit Talk", "Up & Down", and "Lafaafe".

=== 2018–2019: Rise to fame ===
Aujla got his breakthrough with the song "Don't Worry", featuring Gurlez Akhtar. The song's music video has been viewed over hundred million times on [[YouTube]], and became Aujla's first song to enter [[Official Charts Company|UK Asian]] music chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20181102/asian/ |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717081216/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20181102/asian/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song was followed by other successes "Rim vs Jhanjhar", "Na Na Na", and "No Need". "Rim vs Jhanjhar" was included in [[Apple Music]] 2010s Punjabi essentials playlist.<ref>{{Cite web |title='10s Punjabi Essentials |url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/10s-punjabi-essentials/pl.0129bded871b44b79c679a3962713b4d |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200106013427/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/10s-punjabi-essentials/pl.0129bded871b44b79c679a3962713b4d |archive-date=6 January 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> His song "Don't Look" remained in Asian Music Chart for more than twenty-four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/ |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=www.officialcharts.com |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127193449/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song also appeared in 2019 Apple Music India charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Songs of 2019: India |url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-songs-of-2019-india/pl.bd84436418654c3f86ad5f99700d4738 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222070807/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-songs-of-2019-india/pl.bd84436418654c3f86ad5f99700d4738 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> Also, his songs "Don't Worry", "Hair", "2AM", and "Hint" have been ranked on the chart. In July 2019, Aujla released a title track for the film ''[[Sikander 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikander 2: Karan Aujla croons the title track for the movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sikander-2-karan-aujla-croons-the-title-track-for-the-movie/articleshow/70466293.cms |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110085209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sikander-2-karan-aujla-croons-the-title-track-for-the-movie/articleshow/70466293.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His song "Hint" trended for over five days on YouTube in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Punjabi Song: पंजाबी सिंगर Karan Aujla के नए सॉन्ग 'हिंट' का YouTube पर तूफान, खूब देखा जा रहा Video |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/punjabi-movies/latest-punjabi-song-karan-aujla-hint-video-trending-on-youtube-rupan-bal-jay-trak-2130262 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=NDTVIndia |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115093353/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/punjabi-movies/latest-punjabi-song-karan-aujla-hint-video-trending-on-youtube-rupan-bal-jay-trak-2130262 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also the song was ranked various charts. The song was debuted at No. 13 on Asian music chart<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/ |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127193449/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while at number 75 on Global,<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031173028/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global |url-status=live }}</ref> 27 in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129125319/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in |url-status=live }}</ref> 9 in Canada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129093529/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/ca |url-status=live }}</ref> 14 in Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129093525/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/au |url-status=live }}</ref> and 5 in New Zealand on YouTube charts respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129093527/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/nz |url-status=live }}</ref> Aujla also become the most-listened artist in [[Punjab, India]] in December 2019 on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts - Punjab |url=https://charts.youtube.com/location/0x391964aa569e7355:0x8fbd263103a38861 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222065914/https://charts.youtube.com/location/0x391964aa569e7355:0x8fbd263103a38861 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> His next "[[Chitta Kurta]]" was also peaked at number 35 and 9 on Global and Indian YouTube charts respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191206-20191212 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228012412/http://charts.youtube.com/web/20200103045057/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191206-20191212 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20191206-20191212 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223002732/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20191206-20191212 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, [[Spotify]] included Aujla in the list of the most popular artists in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=17 December 2019 |title=Spotify reveals Delhi's music trends for 2019 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/spotify-reveals-delhis-music-trends-for-2019/1687489 |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231751/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/spotify-reveals-delhis-music-trends-for-2019/1687489 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, he was nominated for Best Singer - Punjabi category at [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] User's Choice Icons award.<ref name="Gana">{{Cite tweet |number=1211247994206425089 |user=Gaana |title='Lehanga','Yaari' to 'Legend' are the essentials on every Punjabi playlist. Vote for your favourite singer male now, the nominees for #GaanaUsersChoiceIcons are: @jassmanakk @SidhuMooseWala #KaranAujla #Nikkpic.twitter.com/CwHpADHZ8C |author-link=Gaana (music streaming service) |date=29 December 2019 |access-date=5 May 2020 |language=en |last=gaana}}</ref>

=== 2020–present: Established artist ===
[[File:Karan Aujla 2020.jpg|thumb|upright|Aujla in 2020]]
In January 2020, the music video for his song "[[Jhanjar]]" was viewed over five million times within 24 hours on YouTube,<ref>{{Citation |title=Jhanjar (Full Video) Karan Aujla {{!}} Desi Crew {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2020 | date=18 January 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnGMxARIxoY |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200119121000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnGMxARIxoY&feature=youtu.be |language=en |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> and topped the trending lists in Australia, Canada, and India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Latest Punjabi Song 2020: करण औजला का नया गाना 'झांझर' हुआ रिलीज, खूब मचा रहा है धूम |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/songs/video/latest-new-punjabi-song-jhanjar-by-karan-aujla-released-watch-video/277405 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129093035/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/songs/video/latest-new-punjabi-song-jhanjar-by-karan-aujla-released-watch-video/277405 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song debuted at number 26 on Global and number 8 on India YouTube Music charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031173028/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129125319/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, it entered top 10 on UK Asian music chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200207/asian/ |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220015133/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200207/asian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His next "[[Red Eyes (song)|Red Eyes]]" peaked at number 8 on UK Asian and also appeared on other YouTube charts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 |work=[[Official Charts Company]] |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200306/asian/ |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321073920/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200306/asian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, his [[mixtape]] titled ''Geetan Di Machine'' was released unofficially on various music platforms, which consists of his unreleased and leaked songs, and the album was later removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetan Di Machine by Karan Aujla |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/geetan-di-machine/1509510419 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502130436/https://music.apple.com/in/album/geetan-di-machine/1509510419 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> In April 2020, his song [[Sheikh (song)|"Sheikh"]] along with an accompanying music video was [[Internet leak|leaked]]. Within the few hours of leak, Aujla announced the official release of the original audio and music video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Aujla on Instagram: "Yaar menu laggey koi shreek hogea, Kyoke Mai v zindgi ch theek hogea, Aujla ni aujla aje ni dabda, Fer ki hoya j gaana leak hogea 🙏…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B_GtZP-no24/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200418031417/https://www.instagram.com/p/B_GtZP-no24/?igshid=irkne7j4fb2p |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref> In May 2020, his four singles "Red Eyes", "Sheikh", "Chitta Kurta", and "Jhanjar" appeared simultaneously on UK Asian chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20200501/asian/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809021612/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=criteoPrebidAdapter&topUrl=www.officialcharts.com&us_privacy=1---&gpp= |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, Aujla on his [[Instagram]] live stated that he is working on his debut album.<ref>{{Citation |last=Doaba TV |title=Karan Aujla Reveals His First Album Date & Don't Look 2 Song |date=21 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcf9TtqP0FA |work=[[YouTube]] |language=pa |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521041748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcf9TtqP0FA |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2020, his "Let 'em Play" peaked at number 14 on Apple Music chart, and debuted at number 15 on UK Asian chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100: India |url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-india/pl.c0e98d2423e54c39b3df955c24df3cc5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603130358/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-india/pl.c0e98d2423e54c39b3df955c24df3cc5 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> In July 2020, "So Far" became his first track to enter top 5 on UK Asian chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200703/asian/ |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711190146/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200703/asian/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His "Haan Haige Aa" was viewed around eleven million times in twenty-four hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Records |first=Rehaan |date=26 July 2020 |title=Haan Haige aa (FULL VIDEO) KARAN AUJLA ft. Gurlez Akhtar I Rupan Bal I Avvy Sra I Latest Song 2020 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQysG_I0i0k&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727085946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQysG_I0i0k&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In the same month, his written "G.O.A.T." from [[Diljit Dosanjh]]'s [[G.O.A.T. (Diljit Dosanjh album)|album of the same name]] was released, it became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Diljit Dosanjh drops title track from music album G.O.A.T, featuring model Elwa Saleh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh-drops-title-track-from-music-album-g-o-a-t-featuring-model-elwa-saleh-8655611.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053921/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh-drops-title-track-from-music-album-g-o-a-t-featuring-model-elwa-saleh-8655611.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiksha |first=Shruti |date=29 July 2020 |title=Diljit Dosanjh's new song 'G.O.A.T' sends internet into meltdown, swag level off the charts |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/diljit-dosanjhs-new-song-g-o-a-t-sends-internet-into-meltdown-swag-level-off-the-charts-2299359.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802080210/https://zeenews.india.com/music/diljit-dosanjhs-new-song-g-o-a-t-sends-internet-into-meltdown-swag-level-off-the-charts-2299359.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, the song debuted at number 13 on New Zealand Hot Singles by ''[[Recorded Music NZ]]'', and topped UK Asian, UK Punjabi, and Top Triller Global chart by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', and became his first song to appear on any New Zealand and ''Billboard'' official chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607131810/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HOT 40 SINGLES |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2018-07-27 |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506102711/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Top Triller Global Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/top-triller-global/2020-08-22 |access-date=22 August 2020 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807190205/https://www.billboard.com/charts/top-triller-global/2020-08-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It debuted at number one on Apple Music chart in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100: India |url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-india/pl.c0e98d2423e54c39b3df955c24df3cc5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731093906/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-india/pl.c0e98d2423e54c39b3df955c24df3cc5 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> In August 2020, "Kya Baat Aa" starring [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]] in its music video, was released with no prior announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2020 |title=Karan Aujla ft. Tania's 'Kya Baat Aa' is sure to bring tears to your eyes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/karan-aujla-ft-tanias-kya-baat-aa-is-sure-to-bring-tears-to-your-eyes/articleshow/77483182.cms |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925192325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/karan-aujla-ft-tanias-kya-baat-aa-is-sure-to-bring-tears-to-your-eyes/articleshow/77483182.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The song peaked at number one on Spotify chart in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spotify Charts: India Top 200 |url=https://spotifycharts.com/regional/in/daily/latest |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=www.spotifycharts.com |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610194141/https://spotifycharts.com/regional/in/daily/latest |url-status=live }}</ref> His next song "Adhiya" released on YouTube in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Check Out New Punjabi Trending Song Music Video - 'Adhiya' Sung By Karan Aujla |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-new-punjabi-trending-song-music-video-adhiya-sung-by-karan-aujla/videoshow/78888706.cms |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218104522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-new-punjabi-trending-song-music-video-adhiya-sung-by-karan-aujla/videoshow/78888706.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His song "Chithiyan", launched 10 November 2020 by Speed Records, gathered 32 million views within a fortnight of being released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KARAN AUJLA {{!}} Chithiyaan (Official Video) {{!}} Desi Crew {{!}} Rupan Bal {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4DwGuTINsc |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=YouTube | date=10 November 2020 |publisher=Speed Records |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118075614/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4DwGuTINsc |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, he collaborated with [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] and J. Hind, for a single "Ek Din".<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOHEMIA, The GAME, J.Hind & Karan Aujla: Collab of the Year! |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/bohemia-the-game-jhindamp-karan-aujla-collab-of-the-year20201207133423/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210083420/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/bohemia-the-game-jhindamp-karan-aujla-collab-of-the-year20201207133423 |url-status=live }}</ref> He released his single, "Hukam", on 4 February 2021 on YouTube through Rehaan Records.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hukam (Full Video) Karan Aujla I Latest Punjabi Songs 2021 I Rehaan Records | date=4 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhwRbwUHrCM |language=en |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010240/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhwRbwUHrCM |url-status=live }}</ref> He went on to collaborate with Dilpreet Dhillon for the fifth time for the latter's song "Jatt Te Jawani" released on 23 April 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jatt Te Jawani {{!}} Dilpreet Dhillon ft Karan Aujla {{!}} Sara Gurpal {{!}} Desi Crew {{!}} New Punjabi Songs 2021 | date=23 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBK_VpGdPWs |language=en |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515070147/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBK_VpGdPWs |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later in 2021, he announced his debut album named ''[[Bacthafucup]]'' (''B.T.F.U.'') produced by [[Tru Skool]]. In June he released "Intro", which was followed by the release of "Chu Gon Do", the album's first single, in the following month. He released the full album on 15 September 2021. The album reached the Trending chart and peaked on many mainstream charts on [[Apple Music]], [[iTunes]] and [[Spotify]].

On 16 September 2021, Karan Aujla became India's Biggest Digital Artist with a world ranking of 38.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Karan Aujla Becomes India's Biggest Digital Artist, Following The Success Of Debut Album BTFU |url=https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-becomes-indias-biggest-digital-artist-following-the-success-of-debut-album-btfu/ |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916171035/https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-becomes-indias-biggest-digital-artist-following-the-success-of-debut-album-btfu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His debut album charted at No. 6 on [[Spotify|Spotify Global Debut Album]] chart and on No. 19 on [[Billboard Canadian Albums|Billboard Canadian Album charts]].

In January 2022, he released his collaboration "YKWIM" with rapper [[Krsna (rapper)|KR$NA]] and announced his debut EP ''Way Ahead'' at the end of song, which released in May.<ref>{{Citation |title=Way Ahead- Karan Aujla Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CZgHu2QFe18/ |language=en |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055159/https://www.instagram.com/p/CZgHu2QFe18/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This EP was followed by his EPs ''Four You'', which released in the following year and ''Four Me'', which released in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four You – EP by Karan Aujla & Ikky |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/four-you-ep/1668647118 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

In 2023, he released his sophomore studio album [[Making Memories (album)|''Making Memories'']], which debuted on No. 5 on the [[Billboard Canadian Albums|Billboard Canadian Album charts]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Long Decter |first=Rosie |date=February 27, 2024 |title=Karan Aujla & DIVINE Debut in Top 25 on Billboard Canadian Albums Chart |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/karan-aujla-divine-street-dreams |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=Billboard Canada}}</ref> The album featured a collection of contemporary Punjabi-pop tracks featuring summery motifs and a fusion of traditional folk elements with modern synth and guitar arrangements.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arora |first=Arihant |date=21 September 2023 |title='Making Memories': Karan Aujla And Ikky Are Reviving Summer With Their Latest Album |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/making-memories-karan-aujla-and-ikky-are-reviving-summer-with-their-latest-ep/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Indian Music Diaries}}</ref> It received widespread acclaim for its production quality, catchy hooks, and Aujla’s songwriting, leading to an acoustic reinterpretation of three songs from the album titled ''Making Memories (Unplugged),'' which released in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alper |first=Eric |date=26 January 2024 |title=Karan Aujla Releases "Making Memories (Unplugged)," Acoustic Offering Following Acclaimed Studio Album |url=https://www.thatericalper.com/2024/01/26/karan-aujla-releases-making-memories-unplugged-acoustic-offering-following-acclaimed-studio-album/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=That Eric Alper}}</ref>

In February 2024, he collaborated with Mumbai rapper [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] on the album ''Street Dreams'', which fused harder hip-hop and smooth R&B pop and debuted on No. 22 on [[Billboard Canadian Albums|Billboard Canadian Album charts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=March 6, 2024 |title=DIVINE, Karan Aujla's latest album 'Street Dreams' reflects on life and moving on |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/divine-karan-aujlas-latest-album-street-dreams-reflects-on-life-and-moving-on-2511294-2024-03-06 |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In 2025, Aujla announced his third studio album, ''P-Pop Culture,'' during his concert in Montreal, Canada on July 26, which was followed by a teaser release on YouTube, ahead of the release of the album's lead single, "MF Gabhru", on August 1.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hirwani, Peony |date=July 27, 2025 |title=Karan Aujla Announces New Album 'P-Pop Culture' at Montreal Show |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/music-news/karan-aujla-announces-new-album-p-pop-culture-at-montreal-show |access-date=August 22, 2025 |work=[[Billboard Canada]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Karan Aujla On What 'P-Pop' Means: 'I Named My Genre Of Music After Punjabi Pop-Culture' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/karan-aujla-on-what-p-pop-means-i-named-my-genre-of-music-after-punjabi-pop-culture/amp |access-date=August 22, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Karan Aujla drops his new single ‘MF Gabhru’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/karan-aujla-drops-his-new-single-mf-gabhru/ |access-date=August 22, 2025 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> The album released as a [[double album]] on August 22, 2025, comprising five tracks on the first disc and six tracks on the second.

==Personal life==
In 2019, Aujla got a tattoo of his mother's face on his right arm. He also has a tattoo of his father on the same arm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lajwinder Kaur |date=27 March 2019 |title=ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਗੂੜੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਨੂੰ ਕਰਨ ਔਜਲਾ ਨੇ ਟੈਟੂ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਬਿਆਨ, ਦੇਖੋ ਵੀਡੀਓ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-got-a-tattoo-of-his-mothers-face-on-his-arm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331125116/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-got-a-tattoo-of-his-mothers-face-on-his-arm/ |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=pa}}</ref> In March 2020, he got tattoos of Indian freedom fighters [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Udham Singh]] on his left arm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kaur |first=Lajwinder |date=17 March 2020 |title=ਕਰਨ ਔਜਲਾ ਨੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਊਧਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਤੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੇ ਗੁੰਦਵਾਏ ਟੈਟੂ, ਦੇਖੋ ਵੀਡੀਓ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-make-tattoo-of-shaheed-udham-singh-and-bhagat-singh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725085741/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-make-tattoo-of-shaheed-udham-singh-and-bhagat-singh |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=pa}}</ref>

Aujla married his long-term girlfriend, Palak, in 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Punjabi singer Karan Aujla gets married to girlfriend Palak! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi-singer-karan-aujla-gets-married-to-girlfriend-palak-298619.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035151/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi-singer-karan-aujla-gets-married-to-girlfriend-palak-298619.htm |archive-date=16 February 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=in.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Shubhi |title=Punjabi singer Karan Aujla is married! See his dreamy post on Instagram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/punjabi-singer-karan-aujla-is-married-see-his-dreamy-post-on-instagram-2342877-2023-03-05 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618125522/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/punjabi-singer-karan-aujla-is-married-see-his-dreamy-post-on-instagram-2342877-2023-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aujla possesses a [[Canada permanent resident card|Canadian Permanent Residency Card]].

Aujla has expressed his willingness to collaborate with rappers [[50 Cent]] and [[Drake (musician)|Drake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=9x Tashan Lockdown Special Podcast: Ep 3: 9x Tashan Lockdown Special ft. KARAN AUJLA |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/in/podcast/ep-3-9x-tashan-lockdown-special-ft-karan-aujla/id1508843203?i=1000472469481 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Apple Podcasts]] |language=en-gb}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Gang attack incident===
In June 2019, reports speculated that Aujla was attacked in Surrey, British Columbia on 8 June 2019. A Punjab-based gang took responsibility of the attack, but later retracted their involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi singer and rapper Karan Aujla attacked in Canada – details inside {{!}} Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/punjabi-singer-and-rapper-karan-aujla-attacked-in-canada-details-inside/434053 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027093728/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/punjabi-singer-and-rapper-karan-aujla-attacked-in-canada-details-inside/434053 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=10 June 2019 |title=Singer attacked in Canada, gang says did it, then says didn't |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/singer-attacked-in-canada-gangs-says-did-it-then-says-didnt/articleshow/69717920.cms |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125221023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/singer-attacked-in-canada-gangs-says-did-it-then-says-didnt/articleshow/69717920.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Aujla wrote that the incident was a rumor. In November 2019, the leader of the Punjab-based gang, Sukhpreet Budda, was arrested by [[Interpol]] in Armenia for relations to the gang attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2019 |title=Punjab Police secures extradition of gangster Budda |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-police-secures-extradition-of-gangster-budda/article30054740.ece |access-date=23 November 2019 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-police-secures-extradition-of-gangster-budda/article30054740.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Feuds ===
Aujla had a well-known public rivalry with fellow rapper [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]. Both had been taking shots at each other via their songs<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jasmine |date=31 July 2018 |title=Song that says it all |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/song-that-says-it-all/629245.html |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530135131/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/song-that-says-it-all-629245 |url-status=live }}</ref> and both the artists have been criticised for songs promoting violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=When violence is the object, not subject |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/when-violence-is-the-object-not-subject-42368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216093759/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/when-violence-is-the-object-not-subject-42368 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> Elly Mangat, who had previously worked with both the artists, disclosed in an interview that the dispute began when Sidhu's video targeting Aujla in his song was leaked to Aujla's management, and they threatened to attack Sidhu. Following the incident, both started targeting each other on social media.<ref>{{Citation |last=Doaba TV |title=ਗਰਮ ਮੁੱਦਾ - Sidhu Moose Wala ਦੇ ਗੋਲੀ ਮਾਰਨ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਸੀ ਧਮਕੀ Elly Mangat Karan Aujla |date=5 March 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=matNGKZ0IRE |work=[[YouTube]] |language=pa |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530135126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=matNGKZ0IRE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=Fascination for guns set to backfire on Moose Wala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/fascination-for-guns-set-to-backfire-on-moose-wala/story-6WOps6YcRdAKixO0CbgMQL.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520143309/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/fascination-for-guns-set-to-backfire-on-moose-wala/story-6WOps6YcRdAKixO0CbgMQL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The rivalry was resolved temporarily until Karan Aujla released a track called "Lafaafe" with Sanam Bhullar. Followed by this, Moose Wala released his diss track "Warning Shots" featuring [[Sunny Malton]], claiming Aujla's song was about him. Subsequently, Aujla stated in an interview that he didn't write the track "Lafaafe", and refused to comment further regarding their rivalry.<ref name="INT" /> In 2022, after Moose Wala's death, Aujla paid tribute with the song "Maa".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhabra |first1=Bhavya |title=Maa Boldi Aa: Karan Aujla's Song On Sidhu Moosewala's Parents Get Leaked |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/381430-Maa-Boldi-Aa-Karan-Aujlas-Song-On-Sidhu-Moosewalas-Parents-Get-Leaked |work=5 Dariya News |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053429/https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/381430-Maa-Boldi-Aa-Karan-Aujlas-Song-On-Sidhu-Moosewalas-Parents-Get-Leaked |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Complaints in India ===
On numerous occasions while performing in India, Aujla has received complaints by locals and authorities regarding his lyrics and stage demeanor.

In February 2020, [[Chandigarh Police]] advised him not to sing any of his songs promoting violence, guns or drugs during his concert at [[DAV College, Chandigarh]]. Aujla complied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Punjabi singer advised to refrain from songs glorifying violence, drugs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabi-singer-advised-for-refrain-from-songs-glorifying-violence-drugs-6279154/ |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222140046/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabi-singer-advised-for-refrain-from-songs-glorifying-violence-drugs-6279154/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2021, after the release of his debut album [[Bacthafucup|''Bacthafucup'' (''B.T.F.U.'')]], a complaint was filed by the [[Punjab State Commission For Women]] over the song "Sharab", against himself, [[Harjit Harman]] and the record label, Speed Records for comparing women to alcohol, drugs and guns in the song. Later the issue was resolved through communication with the complainant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Karan Aujla And Harjit Harman Summoned For Making Offensive Remarks Against Women In Their Song 'Sharab' |url=https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-and-harjit-harman-summoned-for-making-offensive-remarks-against-women-in-their-song-sharab/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124153158/https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-and-harjit-harman-summoned-for-making-offensive-remarks-against-women-in-their-song-sharab/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 December 2024, ahead of his show in Chandigarh, [[Pandit Rao Dharennavar]], a resident of Chandigarh, filed a police complaint against Karan Aujla, accusing him of promoting harmful content and encouraging alcohol, drugs, and violence through his songs. He asked him to refrain from performing tracks like "Chitta Kurta," "Adhia," "Few Days," "Alcohol 2," "Gangsta," and "Bandook" during his Chandigarh show.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalash |date=2 December 2024 |title=एक बार फिर सुर्खियों में आए सिंगर Karan Aujla, जानें अब किस बात को लेकर गर्माया विवाद - mobile |url=https://punjab.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/singer-karan-aujla-in-controversy-2069516 |work=[[Punjab Kesari]] |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

==Other ventures ==
=== Hukam clothing ===
Aujla launched his own clothing brand named "Hukam Clothing" on 25 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Karan Aujla Announces His Merchandise Hukam Clothing, To Launch On 25 November |url=https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-announces-his-merchandise-hukam-clothing-to-launch-on-25-november/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122061042/https://kiddaan.com/karan-aujla-announces-his-merchandise-hukam-clothing-to-launch-on-25-november/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Apple Music Up Next Program===

Karan Aujla produced a short film as a part of the global initiative [[Apple Music Up Next]]. It was released through [[Apple Music]] alongside his [[Extended play|EP]] 'Four Me' in 2024.<ref name="Billboard_Jun2024"/>

==Discography==
{{main|Karan Aujla discography}}

'''Studio albums'''
* ''[[Bacthafucup]]'' (2021)
* [[Making Memories (album)|''Making Memories'']] (2023)
* ''[[P-Pop Culture]]'' (2025)

'''Collaborative albums'''

* ''Street Dreams'' (with [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]) (2024)

'''EPs'''

* ''Way Ahead'' (2022)
* ''Four You'' (2023)

* ''Four Me'' (2024)

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] User's Choice Icons
| 2019
| Karan Aujla
| Best Singer - Male
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="Gana" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[PTC Punjabi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| 2020
| rowspan="2"| "Don't Look"
| Most Popular Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2020: Nominations |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006024223/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/ |archive-date=6 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[PTC Punjabi]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2020 honours best of the icons of Punjabi music at biggest musical night of 2020 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/releases/ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2020-honours-best-icons-punjabi-music-biggest-musical-night-2020/2020/11/03 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020130/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/releases/ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2020-honours-best-icons-punjabi-music-biggest-musical-night-2020/2020/11/03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best New Age Sensation
| {{won}}
|-
| Karan Aujla and Gurlez Akhtar (for "[[Chitta Kurta]]")
| Best Duet Vocalists
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |Gaana User's Choice Icons
| Karan Aujla
| Best Lyricist - Punjabi
| {{pending}}
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1342341803836661761 |user=Gaana |title=Words and these men go hand in hand 🤝Tag the Best Punjabi Lyricist of 2020 in the comments to pick the #GaanaUsersChoiceIcons. @ijassmanak1 @iSidhuMooseWala #KaranAujla #Nikk @iambohemia |author-link=Gaana (music streaming service) |date=25 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=en |last=gaana}}</ref>
|-
| Karan Aujla
| Best Male Voice - Punjabi
| {{pending}}
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1342794789599682560 |user=Gaana |title=When our Punjabi Munde sang in 2020, nobody could hit pause 😎 Tag the your favourite artist for #GaanaUsersChoiceIcons in the comments. @ijassmanak1 @iSidhuMooseWala #KaranAujla @HARRDYSANDHU @diljitdosanjh |author-link=Gaana (music streaming service) |date=26 December 2020 |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en |last=gaana}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Juno Awards of 2024|Juno Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| Karan Aujla
| [[Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Breakthrough Artist of the Year]]
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Trapunksi |first=Richard |date=24 March 2024 |title=Charlotte Cardin, Karan Aujla Win Big at the 2024 Juno Awards: Full Winners List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/charlotte-cardin-karan-aujla-2024-juno-awards-winners-list-1235639341/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325030534/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/charlotte-cardin-karan-aujla-2024-juno-awards-winners-list-1235639341/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Billboard_Jun2024">{{Cite magazine |last=Decter |first=Rosie Long |date=27 June 2024 |title=Karan Aujla Becomes the First Punjabi Artist Featured In Apple Music's Up Next Program |url=https://ca.billboard.com/music/music-news/karan-aujla-apple-music |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803100204/https://ca.billboard.com/music/music-news/karan-aujla-apple-music |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Karan Aujla
| [[Juno Fan Choice Award|Fan Choice Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Karan Aujla discography]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10389987}}
* {{Instagram|karanaujla}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Canada|Music}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Karan Aujla}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aujla, Karan}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi rappers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian rappers]]
[[Category:Desi musicians]]
[[Category:Canadian musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian hip-hop singers]]
[[Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Juno Fan Choice Award winners]]

K. N. Srivastava

2026-02-14T10:56:16Z

Thefacecentre: rework page based on references and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service.Officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kailash Nath Shrivastava
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|01|1}}
| birth_place = Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh
| nationality = Indian
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Director, [[India International Centre]]
| termend1 =
| termstart1 = 1 January 2019
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = Secretary, [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| termend2 = 31 December 2013
| termstart2 = 1 August 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi]]
| successor2 =
| occupation = [[civil servant]]
| spouse =
}}

'''K. N. Shrivastava''' (born 1 January 1954) is an official of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. He served as the Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] from January 2009 to January 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASI team visits ancient Vikramshila varsity site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ASI-team-visits-ancient-Vikramshila-varisty-site/articleshow/5111022.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-11/patna/28080024_1_excavation-site-asi-ancient-university |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> Prior to that, he was the Joint Secretary in the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt makes changes in aviation ministry bureaucracy |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Top-changes-take-wing-in-aviation-min/articleshow/4484308.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 May 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=biodata>{{cite web |url=http://www.performance.gov.in/sites/default/files/departments/civil-aviation/Secy-civil-K%20N%20Srivastava.pdf |title=K. N. Srivastava: Biodata |publisher=Department of Civil Aviation |accessdate=2015-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234243/http://www.performance.gov.in/sites/default/files/departments/civil-aviation/Secy-civil-K%20N%20Srivastava.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=K N Srivastava new secy in Civil Aviation Ministry|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/k-n-srivastava-new-secy-in-civil-aviation-ministry_789931.html|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[ZEE News]]|date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Mathew Samuel|title=Tehelka Jetgate Expose: These VVIPs Received Favours From Jet Airways|url=http://www.tehelka.com/tehelka-jetgate-expose-vvips-who-received-favors-from-jet-airways/|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=6 December 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129215503/http://www.tehelka.com/tehelka-jetgate-expose-vvips-who-received-favors-from-jet-airways/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sujoy Mehdudia|title=Srivastava to be new Civil Aviation Secretary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/srivastava-to-be-new-civil-aviation-secretary/article3687021.ece|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Officials dismiss allegations of free tickets for VIPs made by well-known magazine|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-officials-dismiss-allegations-of-free-tickets-for-vips-made-by-well-known-magazine-2039343|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Tarun Shukla|title=Mumbai, Pune, Goa and Patna should get new airports: Srivastava|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/511aga73MVVsHUtIPZ4RgP/Mumbai-Pune-Goa-and-Patna-should-get-new-airports-Srivast.html|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ashok Lavasa appointed civil aviation secretary|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ashok-lavasa-appointed-civil-aviation-secretary-1308363.html|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=26 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sujoy Mehdudia|title=New Civil Aviation Secretary, DGCA soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/new-civil-aviation-secretary-dgca-soon/article3690088.ece|accessdate=12 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[C. Babu Rajeev]]|after=[[Gautam Sengupta]]|years=2009-2010}}
{{s-end}}

{{Archaeological Survey of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, K. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Allahdadpur

2026-02-13T03:19:48Z

Thefacecentre: Added New Info.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Allahdadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Allahdadpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Allahdadpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.01348|N|78.47718|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.418
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 322803
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Allahdadpur''' is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]] and about 2 km east of the bank of the [[Yamuna]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,003, in 568 households.

== Geography ==
Allahdadpur is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. There is a prominent ravine just to the south of Allahdadpur, running from east to west and eventually reaching the [[Yamuna]] about 2 km west of the village. Several patches of relatively dense forest, with [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]] as the main tree, exist to the south, southwest, and west of the village, especially in the ravines along the east bank of the Yamuna. To the north, Allahdadpur is surrounded by flat farmland. Nearby villages include [[Sikahra Hardaspur]] to the northwest and [[Nargapur]] to the northeast.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Allahdadpur had a population of 4,003, in 568 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 54.3% male (2,172) and 45.7% female (1,831). The 0–6 age group numbered 668 (349 male and 319 female), making up 16.7% of the total population. 288 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 7.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Allahdadpur as having a population of 2,114 people (1,152 male and 962 female), in 325 households and 323 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Allahdadpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,616 people (874 male and 742 female), in 262 households and 184 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,138 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Allahdadpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Satyajit Ray filmography

2026-02-12T21:39:46Z

Thefacecentre: stub

{{Short description|none}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|thumb|right|A portrait of Satyajit Ray|alt=A portrait of Satyajit Ray wearing a white Kurta and right-hand kept on his chin]]

[[Satyajit Ray]] ({{Audio|SatyajitRay2.ogg|listen}}; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian filmmaker who worked prominently in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and who has often been regarded as one of the greatest and most influential directors in the [[History of cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053015/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=A Slanted Canon |author=Kevin Lee |publisher=Asian American Film Commentary |date=5 September 2002 |url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/684ysTg3l?url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}
* {{cite web |title=Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419012235/http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Greatest Directors Ever by ''Total Film'' Magazine |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215114/http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> Ray was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) to a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family and started his career as a [[Visualizer (advertising)|junior visualiser]].{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=56–58}} His meeting with French film director [[Jean Renoir]], who had come to Calcutta in 1949 to shoot his film ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]'' (1951), and his 1950 visit to London, where he saw [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s ''Ladri di biciclette'' (''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'') (1948), inspired Ray to become a film-maker.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=42–44}}{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=48}} Ray made his directorial debut in 1955 with ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' and directed 36 films, comprising 29 feature films, five documentaries, and two short films.

Although Ray's work generally received critical acclaim,<ref name="malcom">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1|author=Malcolm, Derek|author-link=Derek Malcolm|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=The universe in his backyard|location=London|date=2 May 2002|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115230831/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1|archive-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/anartweddedtotruth|author=Swagrow, Michael|author-link=Michael Sragow|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|title=An art wedded to truth|date=28 September 1994|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531150336/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/anartweddedtotruth|archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> his film ''Pather Panchali'' and ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (1973) were criticised for "exporting poverty" and "distorting India's image abroad".<ref name="malcom"/>{{sfn|Ganguly|2010|pp=6–7}} His ''[[The Apu Trilogy|Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959) appeared in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'s}} [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 Movies]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/the-apu-trilogy-1955-1956-1959/|title=Time 100: The Apu Trilogy|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Schickel, Richard|author-link=Richard Schickel|date=12 February 2005|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020152934/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/the-apu-trilogy-1955-1956-1959/|archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Aside from directing, Ray composed music and wrote screenplays for films, both his own and those by other directors.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=352–364}} Often credited as a fiction writer, illustrator, and calligrapher; Ray authored several short stories and novels in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], most of which were aimed at children and adolescents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/booksandvideo/books_by_ray.htm|title=Books written by Satyajit Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=4 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330095223/http://www.satyajitray.org/booksandvideo/books_by_ray.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=296–305}} Some of his short stories have been adapted into films by other directors, including his only son, [[Sandip Ray]]. Considered a cultural icon in India and acknowledged for his contribution to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm|title=Returning to the classics of Ray|author=Tankha, Madhur|date=1 December 2007|access-date=3 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201006/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm|archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Ray has influenced several filmmakers around the world, including [[Wes Anderson]], [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/scorseses-secret-inspiration|title=Scorsese's secret inspiration|work=ShortList Magazine |publisher=[[ShortList (magazine)|ShortList]]|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310011439/http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/scorseses-secret-inspiration|archive-date=10 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gwhatchet.com/2002/03/04/martin-scorsese-hits-dc-hangs-with-the-hachet/|title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet|newspaper=[[The GW Hatchet]]|date=4 March 2002|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060503/http://www.gwhatchet.com/2002/03/04/martin-scorsese-hits-dc-hangs-with-the-hachet/|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[James Ivory (director)|James Ivory]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html|title=Ivory, James (1928–)|publisher=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230165100/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html|archive-date=30 December 2006}}</ref> [[François Truffaut]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937|title=The 'World' of Satyajit Ray legacy of India's premier film maker on display|newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)]]|date=5 May 1995|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221143856/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> [[Carlos Saura]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html|title=Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=11 March 2008|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707181226/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Christopher Nolan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2018 |title=Christopher Nolan: I think Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali is an extraordinary piece of work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/christopher-nolan-indian-cinema-5118655/ |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Ray intended to make various other films, including ''[[The Alien (1960s film)|The Alien]],'' whose early script is sometimes said to have inspired [[Steven Spielberg]]'s 1982 film ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]]'';{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=287–295}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42443247.cms |title=Close encounters with native E.T. finally real |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |date=5 April 2003 |access-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42443247.cms |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}
* {{cite web |title=Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard Grant and Lecture Endowment |date=18 September 2001 |publisher=[[University of California]] |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3572 |access-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013192057/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3572 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Ray-influenced-ET-says-Martin-Scorsese/articleshow/5944881.cms |title=Ray influenced E.T says Martin Scorsese |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2010 |access-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327045014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Ray-influenced-ET-says-Martin-Scorsese/articleshow/5944881.cms |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> a documentary on Indian [[sitar]] player [[Ravi Shankar]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/satyajit-had-planned-documentary-on-pandit-ravi-shankar/article4192839.ece|author=Dutta, Indrani|title=Satyajit had planned documentary on Pandit Ravi Shankar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2012|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218101303/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/satyajit-had-planned-documentary-on-pandit-ravi-shankar/article4192839.ece|archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> an adaptation of the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]], the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''; and an adaptation of [[E. M. Forster]]'s 1924 novel, ''[[A Passage to India]]''. However, none had been started when he died in 1992.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=284–286}}

Ray received [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|numerous awards]] at international film festivals and elsewhere, including several Indian [[National Film Awards]] and an [[Academy Honorary Award|honorary Academy Award]] at the [[64th Academy Awards]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th.html|title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992)|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|date=30 March 1992|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923074139/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th.html|archive-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> Ray was awarded India's highest award in cinema, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], in 1984 and India's highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]], [[Bharat Ratna]], in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award past recipients|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526044918/http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of recipients of Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

==Key==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#CEE8F0"|{{dagger}}
|Indicates a documentary
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#FFECC8"|{{double-dagger}}
|Indicates a short film
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1"|{{small|§}}
|Indicates a television film/series
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E9D4C9"|{{Hash}}
|Indicates an advertisement film
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ List of films directed by Satyajit Ray<ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrorg">Satyajit Ray filmography @ satyajitray.org
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_directed.htm|title=Films directed by Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133728/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_directed.htm|archive-date=26 July 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_contribution.htm|title=Contributions by Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109023118/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_contribution.htm|archive-date=9 January 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_aboutRay.htm|title=Documentaries and TV shows about Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107022721/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_aboutRay.htm|archive-date=7 January 2013}}
</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrucsc">{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|publisher=satyajitray.ucsc.edu|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072738/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography|archive-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrorguk">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/content/view/3/19/|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|publisher=satyajitray.org.uk|access-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330100349/http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/content/view/3/19/|archive-date=30 March 2013}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyallmovie">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/satyajit-ray-p107687|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129142159/http://www.allmovie.com/artist/satyajit-ray-p107687|archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrworld">Satyajit Ray filmography @ satyajitrayworld.com
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_films.php|title=Filmography|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231060001/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_films.php|archive-date=31 December 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_contributions.php|title=Contributions by Ray|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203222249/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_contributions.php|archive-date=3 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_unmaderay.php|title=Unmade Ray|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315162912/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_unmaderay.php|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyny">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/107687/Satyajit-Ray/filmography|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531150534/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/107687/Satyajit-Ray/filmography|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015|archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyrt">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/satyajit_ray/|title=Satyajit Ray > Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120123930/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/satyajit_ray/|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyyahoo">{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/satyajit-ray/filmography.html|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|access-date=2 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313142253/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/satyajit-ray/filmography.html|archive-date=13 March 2016}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Original title
! scope="col" | International release title
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Producer
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Music
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | [[Screenwriter|Screenplay]]
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Writer
! scope="col" | Other
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1955
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
''(The Apu Trilogy)''
| ''A Song of the Little Road''
| rowspan="7" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1956
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
''(The Apu Trilogy)''
| ''The Unvanquished''
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1958
! scope="row" | ''[[Parash Pathar]]''
| ''The Philosopher's Stone''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
| [[Dialogue]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jalsaghar]]''
| ''The Music Room''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
''(The Apu Trilogy)''
| ''The World of Apu''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" | [[Devi (1960 film)|''Devi'']]
| ''The Goddess''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1961
! scope="row" | ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' {{•}}''[[Teen Kanya#1. The Postmaster|The Postmaster]]'' {{•}}''[[Teen Kanya#2.Monihara (The Lost Jewels)|Monihara]]'' {{•}}''[[Teen Kanya#3. Samapti (The Conclusion)|Samapti]]''
|'' Three Daughters / Two Daughters''{{efn-ua|The title of the film ''Teen Kanya'' means three daughters (or girls), however the international version of the film is titled ''Two Daughters''. Though the feature film has three different stories, only two of them were included for the international release—''The Postmaster'' and ''Samapti''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm|title=Teen Kanya (Three Daughters / Two Daughters)|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=4 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105050916/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm|archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref>}} {{•}}''The Postmaster'' {{•}}''The Lost Jewels'' {{•}}''The Conclusion''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Rabindranath Tagore''
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Narrator
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanchenjungha]]''
| ''Kanchanjangha''
| rowspan="4" | Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]''
| ''The Expedition''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1963
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahanagar]]''
| ''The Big City''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1964
! scope="row" | ''[[Charulata]]''
| ''The Lonely Wife''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#FFECC8;" | ''[[Two (1964 film)|Two]]'' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| ''Two''
| No spoken language
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
! scope="row" | ''Kapurush-O-Mahapurush'' {{•}}''[[Kapurush]]'' {{•}}''[[Mahapurush]]''
| {{•}}''The Coward'' {{•}}''The Holy Man''
| rowspan="7" | Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1966
! scope="row" | ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''
| ''The Hero''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" | ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''
| ''The Zoo''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Lyricist
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1969
! scope="row" | ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| ''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{•}}[[Costume designer]] {{•}}Lyricist
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1970
! scope="row" | ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]''
| ''Days and Nights in the Forest''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
''(The Calcutta Trilogy)''
| ''The Adversary''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! scope="row" | ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
''(The Calcutta Trilogy)''
| ''Company Limited''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''[[Sikkim (film)|Sikkim]]'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Sikkim''
| English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{•}}Narrator {{•}}[[Sound design]]er
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''[[The Inner Eye]]'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''The Inner Eye''
| rowspan="4" | Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{•}}Narrator {{•}}[[Sound design]]er
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Ashani Sanket]]''
| ''Distant Thunder''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Sonar Kella]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''Sonar Kella'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Fortress''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Jana Aranya]]''
''(The Calcutta Trilogy)''
| ''The Middleman''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''[[Bala (1976 film)|Bala]]'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Bala''
| English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Narrator
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1977
! scope="row" | ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''
| ''The Chess Players''
|{{•}}[[Hindi]] {{•}}[[Urdu]] {{•}}English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| [[Dialogue]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1979
! scope="row" | ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (novel)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Elephant God''
| rowspan="3" | Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]''
| ''The Kingdom of Diamonds''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{•}}[[Art director]] {{•}}[[Costume designer]] {{•}}Lyricist
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''[[Pikoo (film)|Pikoo]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Pikoor Diary (Pikoo's Diary)'', written by Ray for one of his books, ''Pikoor Diary O Onyanyo (Pikoo's Diary and Other Stories)''.}} {{sup|§}}
| ''Pikoo's Day''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadgati]]''
| ''Deliverance''
| Hindi
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
| [[Dialogue]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| ''The Home and The World''
| rowspan="5" | Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1987
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''[[Sukumar Ray (film)|Sukumar Ray]]'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Sukumar Ray''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1990
! scope="row" | ''[[Ganashatru]]''
| ''An Enemy of the People''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shakha Proshakha]]''
| ''The Branches of the Tree''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Distributor
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Agantuk]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Atithi (The Guest)'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Stranger''
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

==Contributed to by Ray==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ List of films contributed to by Satyajit Ray<ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrorg"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrucsc"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrorguk"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyallmovie"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographysrworld"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyny"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyrt"/><ref group=lower-roman name="SRfilmographyyahoo"/>
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Original title
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Composer
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Screenplay
! scope="col" style="width:85px;" | Writer
! scope="col" | Other
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1948
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''A Perfect Day'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Harisadhan|Dasgupta}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Documentary film
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1951

! scope="row" | ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]''

|{{•}}Bengali {{•}}English

| {{sortname|Jean|Renoir}}

|

|

|
| [[Assistant director]] (Uncredited){{efn-ua|Unaccredited role{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=68}}}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''Our Children will Know Each Other Better'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Harisadhan|Dasgupta}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | ''The Tidal Bore'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Vijaya|Mulay}}
|
|
|
| Narrator
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1961
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9"| ''The Story of Tata Steel'' {{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Harisadhan|Dasgupta}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1963
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0" | ''Creative Artists of India: Satyajit Ray'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|B.D.|Garga}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
| Narrator
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
! scope="row" | ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]''
| English
| {{sortname|James|Ivory|dab=director}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" | ''Glimpses of West Bengal''
| English
| {{sortname|Bansi|Chandragupta}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9"| ''Quest for Health'' {{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Harisadhan|Dasgupta}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1969
! scope="row" | ''House that Never Dies''
| English
| {{sortname|Tony|Meyer|nolink=1}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1970
! scope="row" | ''[[Baksa Badal]]''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Nityananda|Datta}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1970
! scope="row" | ''Gangasagar Mela''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Bansi|Chandragupta}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! scope="row" | ''Max Mueller''
| English
| {{sortname|Jorn|Thiel}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
| Narrator
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! scope="row" | ''Darjeeling: Himalayan Fantasy''
| English
| {{sortname|Bansi|Chandragupta}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1978
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0" | ''The Brave Do Not Die'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Harisadhan|Dasgupta}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Phatik Chand (film)|Phatik Chand]]''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1983
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0" | ''The Music of Satyajit Ray'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| {{sortname|Utpalendu|Chakrabarty}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|Illustrator
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1985–86
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Satyajit Ray Presents I'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1986–87
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Satyajit Ray Presents II''{{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1986
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''[[Kissa Kathmandu Ka]]''{{sfn|Ray|2004|p=x}} {{sup|§}}
| Hindi
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|Lyricist
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
! scope="row" | ''[[The Broken Journey|Uttoran]]''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
! scope="row" | ''[[Target (1995 film)|Target]]''
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996–97
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Feluda 30'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998
! scope="row" | ''Parvaz-e zanbur''
| Tajik
|{{•}}Boung-hun Min {{•}}[[Jamshed Usmonov]]
|{{Yes}}{{efn-ua|Featured music}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Satyajiter Gappo'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Dr. Munshir Diary'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Satyajiter Priyo Galpo'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | ''Eker Pithe Dui'' {{sup|§}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel named ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (novel)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[The Alien (1960s film)|Bankubabur Bandhu]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a science fiction short story named ''Bankubabur Bandhu'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Kaushik|Sen}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]''
| English
| {{sortname|Wes|Anderson}}
|{{Yes}}{{efn-ua| Reused five of Ray's previous compositions from the films; ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (1961), ''[[Charulata]]'' (1964), ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965), ''Baksa Badal'' (1970) and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1979)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/darjeeling-limited-original/id264322244|title=The Darjeeling Limited Soundtrack|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|date=25 September 2007|access-date=4 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622111723/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/darjeeling-limited-original/id264322244|archive-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (novel)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (novel)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" style="background-color:#FFECC8;" | ''Some Maana''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/chinwag-with-abhishek-iyengar/articleshow/21363110.cms|title=Chinwag with...Abhishek Iyengar|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=15 June 2012|access-date=23 March 2013|author=Thimmaiah, Bhavya|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref> {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| Kannada
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Iyengar}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]''{{efn-ua|Based on two short stories named ''Brown Saheber Bari'' and ''Anath Babur Bhoy'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Patol Babu, Film Star'' by Ray.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dibakar-Banerjee-to-make-a-film-on-Rays-short-story/articleshow/18328765.cms|title=Dibakar Banerjee to make a film on Ray's short story|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=4 February 2013|access-date=4 February 2013|author=Banerjee, Soumyadipta|location=[[Mumbai]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204095342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dibakar-Banerjee-to-make-a-film-on-Rays-short-story/articleshow/18328765.cms|archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
| Hindi
| {{sortname|Dibakar|Banerjee}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Gopi-Gawaiya-Bagha-Bajaiya-inaugural-film-of-18th-ICFFI/articleshow/25714920.cms|title='Gopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya' inaugural film of 18th ICFFI|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2013|access-date=15 March 2014|author=Rao, Ch Sushil|location=[[Hyderabad]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114075840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Gopi-Gawaiya-Bagha-Bajaiya-inaugural-film-of-18th-ICFFI/articleshow/25714920.cms|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>
| Hindi
| {{sortname|Shilpa|Ranade}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Chaar (film)|Chaar]]''{{efn-ua|Based on two short stories named ''Kagtarua'' and ''Dui Bondhu'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a novel: ''[[Badshahi Angti (novel)|Badshahi Angti]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Double Feluda]]''{{efn-ua|Based on two stories: ''[[Samaddarer Chabi]]'' and ''[[Golokdham Rahasya]]'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017
! scope="row" style="background-color:#FFECC8;" | ''[[Anukul]]''{{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sujoy|Ghosh}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a story ''Nakur Babu O El Dorado'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Sandip|Ray}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Feluda Pherot]]''{{efn-ua|Based on a story ''Chinnomostar Obishaap'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| {{sortname|Srijit|Mukherjee}}
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

==See also==

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

* [[Satyajit Ray]]
* [[Feluda]]
* [[Professor Shonku]]
* [[Bengali Science Fiction]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Filmography, contributions and credits

{{reflist|group=lower-roman|2}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|author-link=Satyajit Ray|title=Complete Adventures of Feluda|volume=I|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-303277-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|author-link=W. Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|year=1989|isbn=1-86064-965-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Keya|title=Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-26216-4|year=2010|chapter=Introduction: The Light of the New Moon|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOSyjLc4L8C&pg=PA1}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}}
* [http://www.satyajitray.org/ SatyajitRay.org]
* [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center: University of California – Santa Cruz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313215233/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ |date=13 March 2007 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130817061804/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/index.php Satyajit Ray society]}}

{{Satyajit Ray}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Satyajit}}
[[Category:Director filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]

Pan Nalin

2026-02-09T06:03:16Z

Thefacecentre: enhance lead based on references and added references

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pan Nalin
| image = File:Pan Nalin on Set7.jpg
| caption = Pan Nalin in 2014 on the set of ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' Film in [[Goa]]
| birth_name = Nalinkumar Ramniklal Pandya
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Adtala]], [[Amreli district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Film producer|Screenwriter|Production designer|Editor}}
| years_active = 1990–present
| style = Drama, Action, Western, Comedy, Spiritual
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Nalin Kumar Pandya''', popularly known as '''Pan Nalin''', is an Indian filmmaker, best known for directing award-winning movies like ''[[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]]'' (2001), ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]'' (2006), ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' (2015) and the semi-autobiographical ''[[Chhello Show]]'' (translation: ''Last Film Show'') (2021). His debut feature ''Samsara'' (Miramax) was worldwide critical and commercial triumph and went on to win awards like Best First Feature Film at [[Durban International Film Festival]],<ref name='N24'>{{cite web |title=Film festival to showcase Africa |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/film-festival-to-showcase-africa-20031013 |website=News24}}</ref> "Grand Jury Prize – Special Mention" at [[AFI Fest]],<ref>{{cite web |title=AFI FEST 2020 - Film Results |url=https://fest.afi.com/film-results/ |website=AFI FEST |language=en}}</ref> Special Jury Award at [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] and "Most Popular Feature Film" at [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] in 2002. Since then Nalin has been actively making fiction and non-fiction movies which have been coproduced with countries like India, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA. Nalin's movies have been distributed worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walia |first1=Shelly |title=Bollywood just won't back movies on women, says director of Angry Indian Goddesses |url=https://qz.com/india/507582/bollywood-just-wont-back-movies-on-women-says-director-of-angry-indian-goddesses/ |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nalin, a self-taught filmmaker, was born in a remote village of [[Adtala]] in [[Amreli district]], [[Gujarat]], India. Nalin, until the age of 12, helped his father sell tea on a railway platform [[Khijadiya Junction Railway Station]]. His parents gave him spiritual upbringing. As a child, Nalin disliked schools; instead he used to paint and draw. He also actively staged mythological dramas and folk plays.<ref name='toi'>{{cite web |last1=Dave |first1=Nayan |title=From a tea stall in Amreli to Hollywood {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/from-a-tea-stall-in-amreli-to-hollywood/articleshow/3030685.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Nalin left his family in young age in pursuit of cinema. He studied Fine Arts at the [[M.S. University]], Baroda for one year. It is also in Vadodara that Nalin discovered Hollywood movies and World Cinema.<ref name='toi'/> A year later Nalin went to study design at the NID ([[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]). While at NID, he wrote about movies and managed the Film Club by programming films from around the world.<ref name='HT'>{{cite web |title='Angry Indian Goddesses is not a feminist film,' says director Pan Nalin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/angry-indian-goddesses-is-not-a-feminist-film-says-director-pan-nalin/story-vhHXm1T8l6sfOw4FWqufRK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=19 November 2015}}</ref> Nalin made some fifty wedding videos to finance his education and filmmaking. From Ahmedabad's famous Sunday Flea Market Nalin found the old film cameras. He made four animations and twenty short silent films using these cameras. However having no means to finance the editing, sound and lab work, those films remained incomplete, some disappeared all together. After graduating from NID, Nalin traveled widely all over India for the next two years.<ref name='dna'>{{cite web |last1=Shetty-Saha |first1=Shubha |title='I was born with nothing' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-was-born-with-nothing-1035703 |website=DNA India |language=en |date=15 June 2006}}</ref>

==Career==

===1990 to 2000===

Nalin finally moved to Mumbai, and got a break as a production runner at Durga Khote Productions. In no time the producers recognized Nalin's talent and offered him a chance to direct commercials and corporate films.<ref name='toi'/> In 1988, Nalin conceived a unique comedy TV series of [[Doordarshan]] in collaboration with famous cartoonist [[R. K. Laxman]]; the series was later sold and became a major hit under the title of [[Wagle Ki Duniya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I've always had strong female characters in my films: Pan Nalin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ive-always-had-strong-female-characters-in-my-films-pan-nalin/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

Nalin traveled and lived in USA and UK for about a year and then six months in Europe. He soon returned to India and started writing screenplays and making documentaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayurveda: Art of Being |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/131078/ |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref> Nalin made several of them with [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]], [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal Plus]], [[BBC]] and other leading international TV networks. Nalin also made short documentaries for [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal Plus]] on Indian superstars [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Sridevi]]. The subjects of his documentaries ranged from modern India to deep interiors of Nagaland to High Tibetan plateau of the Himalayas. Nalin's independent moviemaking spirit attracted French documentary filmmaker [[Yolande Zauberman]]’s attention; so while she was making her feature documentary Born Criminal in India, Nalin shifted his career gears by becoming co-producer on the movie because he was highly impressed by Zauberman’s style of moviemaking. "Born Criminal" became Official Selection of [[Cannes Film Festival]] where Nalin got invited.<ref name='toi'/>

Nalin started 'Monsoon Films', his own production company in Delhi, which was later, moved to Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Ashoke |title=Mumbai Mantra to screen 10 films in a yr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mumbai-mantra-to-screen-10-films-in-a-yr/articleshow/3553770.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=My roots are Indian but I can spread: Pan Nalin - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/my-roots-are-indian-but-i-can-spread-pan-nalin/articleshow/1210890.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===2000s: Breakthrough===

Nalin got a breakthrough with [[Cinematheque]] in Paris, where his documentary "Sacred Courtesan Devadasi" and his short fiction "Khajuraho" was being showcased, in the audience was Europe's prolific producer [[Karl Baumgartner]].

After 170 rejection letters and emails for Samsara, Nalin met Baumgartner who came on board as main producer and mounted Samsara in co-production with Germany, France, Italy and India. In the year 2000, Samsara was done in 4 months long pre-production, followed by three months long filming. There were 14 nationalities in Samsara's cast and crew. Samsara got invited to [[Toronto International Film Festival]] to make the world premiere, [[Miramax]] and fifty other distributors acquired the movie for the distribution. The film won Jury and audience award at [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsara Woos Santa Barbara Jury and Audience |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/isamsarai_woos_santa_barbara_jury_and_audience |website=filmfestivals.com |language=en}}</ref> Pan Nalin came into global limelight; SAMSARA became a massive commercial and critical success worldwide and won him many international awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=By censoring, we're only highlighting those issues: Pan Nalin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/by-censoring-certain-things-we-re-only-highlighting-those-issues-says-pan-nalin/story-b2vexpmJajOfV2K4TKcKWO.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=12 December 2015}}</ref>

==2001-2020: Established auteur==
[[File:PanNalin onSet5.jpg|thumb|Pan Nalin in 2017 on the set of "Beyond The Known World" in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], India]]
Following theatrical success of "Samsara", Nalin traveled 15000 km by road to meet with traditional masters of Indian medicine. The result was a documentary "AYURVEDA: ART OF BEING". It was theatrically released worldwide with major success. "AYURVEDA: ART OF BEING" celebrated a yearlong theatrical run in Spain and record-breaking two-year long run in France. The film met with similar success in USA, Canada, Germany and Holland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayurveda – The Art Of Being {{!}} IFFLA |url=https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/ayurveda-the-art-of-being/ |website=.indianfilmfestival.org |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200714/https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/ayurveda-the-art-of-being/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehr |first1=Dave |title=FILM REVIEW; Rapt Look At a Holistic Medical Art From India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/movies/film-review-rapt-look-at-a-holistic-medical-art-from-india.html |website=The New York Times |date=17 July 2002}}</ref>

In 2006, Nalin's Hindi and Japanese language second feature, [[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]] was pre-sold to nearly 35 countries and considered a major underground hit. The [[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]] was filmed in remote, high altitude Himalayas and in Japan. The film won the best picture at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]], and four nominations at [[Indo-American Arts Council|IAAC]] New York, including The Best Picture and The Best Director.<ref name='SD'>{{cite web |title=Valley Of Flowers wins top prize at LA Indian Film Fest |url=https://www.screendaily.com/valley-of-flowers-wins-top-prize-at-la-indian-film-fest/4032026.article |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Valley of Flowers |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/51715/ |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref>

For his next documentary Nalin traveled to [[Kumbh Mela]] in 2013, one of the world's most extraordinary religious events. There, he directed ''Faith Connections''. This film was an official selection at Toronto (2013), won the Audience Choice Award at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] (2014) and it has been theatrically released worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela documentary makes waves in Toronto |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24125635 |website=BBC News |date=20 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="FAITH CONNECTIONS {{!}} IFFLA">{{cite web |title=FAITH CONNECTIONS {{!}} IFFLA |url=https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/faith-connections/ |website=indianfilmfestival.org |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200718/https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/faith-connections/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIFF Red Carpet Diary: "Faith Connections" with director Pan Nalin |url=https://www.thestar.com/sponsored_sections/2013/09/14/tiff_red_carpet_diary_faith_connections_with_director_pan_nalin.html |website=thestar.com |language=en |date=14 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Pan Nalin made India's first female buddy Film, ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]''. The film became a hit. The film won Audience Choice Award First-Runner-up at the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Angry Indian Goddesses' to be screened at Toronto International Film Festival - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/angry-indian-goddesses-to-be-screened-at-toronto-international-film-festival/articleshow/48677794.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film also won Audience Award at the Rome Film Festival<ref>{{cite web |title=Angry Indian Goddesses wins accolades at Rome Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/angry-indian-goddesses-wins-accolades-at-rome-film-festival/article7827491.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=31 October 2015}}</ref> and nominated for [[All Lights India International Film Festival]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=ALIIFF 2016 |url=https://aliiff.com/files/Downloads/Show%20Directory_%202016.pdf |website=aliiff.com |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227201541/https://aliiff.com/files/Downloads/Show%20Directory_%202016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was followed up by another In 2017 it launched on streaming platform [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marshall |first1=Alex |title=Netflix Expands Into a World Full of Censors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/arts/television/netflix-censorship-turkey-india.html|url-access=subscription |work=The New York Times |date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

==2021-==
[[File:Pan Nalin on the shoot of 'The Last Film Show'.jpg|thumb|Pan Nalin in 2019 on the shoot of ''[[Chhello Show]]'' in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India]]
In 2021, Nalin wrote, directed, and produced the semi-autobiographical [[Chhello Show]] (Last Film Show), a [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]]. The film premiered at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Pan Nalin's 'The Last Film Show' Marks Return to Big-Screen Experience at Tribeca Festival (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/last-film-show-tribeca-festival-spotlight-pan-nalin-1234957622/ |website=Variety |date=22 April 2021}}</ref> Where it went on to win Audience Award First Runner-Up. The film also won the Best Picture, Golden Spike Award, at the [[Valladolid International Film Festival|Seminci 66th Valladolid International Film Festival]] 2021 in Spain,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pan Nalin's 'Chhello Show' wins big at the 66th Valladolid International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/pan-nalins-chhello-show-wins-big-at-the-66th-valladolid-international-film-festival/articleshow/87487725.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> won Audience Favorite Award at the [[Mill Valley Film Festival]] 2021,<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=India Wins Best Picture Award With Gujarati Film Chhellow Show (Last Film Show) By Pan Nalin |url=https://menafn.com/1103094240/India-Wins-Best-Picture-Award-With-Gujarati-Film-Chhellow-Show-Last-Film-Show-By-Pan-Nalin |website=menafn}}</ref> and was nominated for Best Picture at [[8th Beijing International Film Festival|Tiantan Award]] 2021 in China. The last Film Show will be released worldwide in theaters in 2022.<ref name="SD2">{{cite web |last1=SHACKLETON |first1=LIZ |title=Beijing film festival unveils line-up for 2021 physical edition |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/beijing-film-festival-unveils-line-up-for-2021-physical-edition/5161799.article |publisher=[[Screen International]]}}</ref>
The Last Film Show was selected as India's official entry to the 2023 Oscars on 20 September 2022.

==Artistic style and themes==
The spiritual longing of Tarkovsky movies, high voltage actions of Kurosawa, and versatile styling of Kubrick and Sergio Leone were some of the early influences on Pan Nalin's work. He believed that each story or screenplay is born with its own natural cinematic style, and Stanley Kubrick and Sergio Leone proved it with each and every movie they made.<ref>{{cite web |title=Panorama! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/panorama/cid/971184 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pan Nalin On Premiering His Film At The 20th Tribeca Festival, Doffing His Hat To The Lumiere Brothers And Shooting In Gir And Kathiawad In A Pandemic Year |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features-2/art-can-heal-some-part-of-your-loss-and-make-you-appreciate-life-anew-filmmaker-pan-nalin-6895861.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Nalin finds the story, looks for its natural and organic cinematic style. For example, [[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]] and [[Angry Indian Goddesses]] are totally opposite in cinematic styling. Samsara was conceived with almost every frame storyboarded and composed by Nalin, actors were restricted to respect that and were not allowed even the slightest of improvisation. Nalin made a small book for the cast and crew, “Notes on Zenematography.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsara |url=https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=43169.html |website=allocine.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Angry Indian Goddesses is the opposite with its handheld cinematography actors were given the freedom to improve and go in and out of frame as they please. Not only that, Angry Indian Goddesses was a scriptless production.<ref name='HT'/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitchell |first1=Wendy |title=Pan Nalin, 'Angry Indian Goddesses' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/interviews/pan-nalin-angry-indian-goddesses/5091869.article |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>

Visual and sound design play a big role in Nalin's movies, and he often spends months doing sound ‘recce.’ Nalin created a distinct style in Samsara with the use of specially designed color palettes and camera moves. In the film [[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]], There are no greens or chirping birds. Mainly barren landscapes with cold wind and fluttering prayer flags. Tashi only sees one single green leaf when he steps out of the cave after three years of meditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What 'Samsara' Means. |url=https://moviechat.org/tt0196069/Samsara/58c7b395f9fcca09a0d3f3ed/What-Samsara-Means |website=moviechat.org |language=en}}</ref>

With Valley of Flowers Nalin made an attempt to create an authentic Asian love story, free of western influences. A timeless and spiritual love epic inspired by Buddhist mythology and Tantric traditions. [[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]] story commences in the early 19th century in high-altitude [[Himalayas]] and ends in modern-day [[Tokyo]]. A kind of Western but for Nalin, it would be an ‘Eastern.’ Once again, Nalin created a unique visual and sound design for this romantic epic, and it has a different perspective on the topic of “true love conquers all” from the rationale of a different culture.<ref name='dna'/><ref>{{cite web |title=Valley of flowers (2006) |url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/25568/valley-of-flowers |website=en.unifrance.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2021 [[Valladolid International Film Festival]] Won, Golden Spike Best Film for Last Film Show<ref name="TOI"/>
*2021 [[Mill Valley Film Festival]] Won, Audience Award World Cinema for Last Film Show<ref name="TOI"/>
*2021 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] 2nd place, Audience Award Narrative for Last Film Show<ref>{{cite web |title=LAST FILM SHOW |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/last-film-show-2021v |publisher=[[Tribeca Film Festival]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[11th Beijing International Film Festival|2021 Beijing International Film Festival]] Nominated, Tiantian Award Best Film for Last Film Show<ref name="SD"/>
*2016 Audience Award [[Inside Out Film and Video Festival]] (Won) for Best Feature for [[Angry Indian Goddesses]] (2015)
*2015 BNL People's Choice Award at [[Rome Film Festival]] (Won) for Best Film [[Angry Indian Goddesses]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rome Film Fest: 'Angry Indian Goddesses' Wins People's Choice Award |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rome-film-fest-angry-indian-834481 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en |date=25 October 2015}}</ref>
*2015 People's Choice Award at [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (Won)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pan Nalin's Angry Indian Goddesses wins big at TIFF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/pan-nalin-s-angry-indian-goddesses-wins-big-at-tiff/story-8JVng0cA56HiU26hEGBauL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |date=21 September 2015}}</ref>
*2014 Audience Award at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] (Won) for Best Documentary for "Faith Connections (2013)"<ref name="FAITH CONNECTIONS {{!}} IFFLA"/>
*2007 Jury Award at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] (Won) for Best Feature for [[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]] 2006<ref name='SD'/>
*2003 [[Durban International Film Festival]] (Won), Best First Feature Film [[Samsara (2001 film)]]<ref name='N24'/>
*2003 [[Galway Film Fleadh]] (Nominated) for Best Feature for [[Samsara (2001 film)]]
*2003 [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] (Won), Audience Award for Best Documentary for Ayurveda: Art of Being (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayurveda: The Art of Being (DVD) {{!}} Pan Nalin |url=http://www.indiepixfilms.com/film/1479#.YI_QTUNMTIU |website=www.indiepixfilms.com |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122316/http://www.indiepixfilms.com/film/1479#.YI_QTUNMTIU |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2003 [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] (Won), Special Jury Award for [[Samsara (2001 film)]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Karl |last2=Nalin |first2=Pan |last3=Ku |first3=Shawn |last4=Chung |first4=Christy |last5=Chung |first5=Christy |title=Samsara |publisher=Madman Entertainment|oclc=973519434 }}</ref>
*2002 [[Galway Film Fleadh]] (Won), for [[Samsara (2001 film)]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheehy |first1=Ted |title=Ireland's Film Fleadh shows international flair |url=https://www.screendaily.com/irelands-film-fleadh-shows-international-flair/409525.article |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>
*2002 [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] (Won), Most Popular Feature Film [[Samsara (2001 film)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Film Show {{!}} 2021 Tribeca Festival |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/last-film-show-2021 |website=Tribeca}}</ref>
*2002 [[São Paulo International Film Festival]] (Nominated), Jury Award for Best Feature Film [[Samsara (2001 film)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsara |url=https://mubi.com/films/samsara |website=Mubi.com}}</ref>
*In 2023, The Nalin received [[69th National Film Awards]] for his film [[Chhello Show]] in the category 'Best Gujarati film'.<ref>{{cite web |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 - Winners announced |url=https://www.brutimes.com/2023/08/69th-National-Film-Awards-2023-Winners-announced.html |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==

* 1991 ''The Khajuraho'' ([[short film|short]])
* 1992 ''Born Criminal (Caste Criminelle)'', a film by Yolande Zauberman (Coproducer)
* 1993 ''The Tulkus'' (documentary)
* 1994 ''The Nagas'' (documentary)
* 1995 ''The Doubt'' (short)
* 1996 ''Kaal'', a film by Natasha De Betak (as Producer)
* 1997 ''The Devadasi'' (documentary)
* 1997 ''Dance of the Wind'', a film by Rajan Khosa (as Co-producer)
* 1997 ''Eiffel Tower Trilogy: Height, Weight & Gravity'' (short)
* 1999 ''Amazing World India'' (documentary)
* 2001 ''[[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]]''
* 2001 ''Ayurveda: Art of Being'' (documentary) <ref>{{cite news |title=FILM REVIEW; Rapt Look at a Holistic Medical Art From India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/movies/17AYUR.html |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=17 July 2002 |first=Dave |last=Kehr}}</ref>
* 2004 ''Speaking Tree'', a film by Natasha De Betak (as Producer)
* 2006 ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]''
* 2009 ''Echo of Eco'' (short)
* 2013 ''Faith Connections'' (documentary)
* 2015 [[Angry Indian Goddesses]]
* 2016 ''2183 DAYS'', a film by Natasha De Betak (as Producer)
* 2017 ''Beyond The Known World (The Disappearance of Eva Hansen)''
* 2020 ''The Tiniest Invisible Piece of Shit'' (Short)
* 2021 ''[[Last Film Show]]'' (''[[Chhello Show]]'')

==See also==
*[[Parallel Cinema]]

{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.speakbindas.com/interview-pan-nalin/ Video interview]
*{{IMDb name|0659023}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalin, Pan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:National Institute of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Krishnapatnam Port

2026-02-08T07:39:00Z

Thefacecentre: further improved section based on references and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Coord|14|15|N|80|08|E|display=title}}
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| name = '''Krishnapatnam Port Company Limited (KPCL)'''
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| image = Krishnapatnam_port_cranes_unloadng_a_ship.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption =
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| location = [[Krishnapatnam]]
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| opened = 2008
| operated = [[Adani Ports & SEZ]]
| owner = Adani Group
| type =
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| containervolume =8.5 million TEU (2022-23) <ref name= d>{{cite news | url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/adani-ports-moves-more-than-8-5-million-teu/ | title=Adani Ports moves more than 8.5 million TEU | date=6 April 2023 | newspaper=Port Technology | accessdate=19 May 2023 }}</ref>
| cargo value =
| passenger traffic =
| cargotonnage = 6.4 crore tonnes (64 mtpa) (2020-21)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/apr/06/adani-group-takesfull-control-of-krishnapatnam-port-in-andhra-pradesh-2286279.html | title=Adani group takes full control of Krishnapatnam port in Andhra Pradesh | date=6 April 2021 }}</ref>
| revenue = {{INR}} 1,940.23 crores (2022-23)
| website = {{url|https://www.krishnapatnamport.com/|krishnapatnamport.com}} 
{{url|https://adaniports.com|adaniports.com}}
}}
'''Krishnapatnam Port''' popularly known as KPCL is a privately built and owned all weather, [[deep water port]] on the east coast of [[India]], located in the [[Nellore District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located about 190 km north of the [[Chennai Port]] and 18 km east of the city of [[Nellore]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Chennai port loses out to new facility|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/chennai-port-loses-out-to-new-facility/article3512758.ece|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=FOCUS: NELLORE DISTRICT|journal=Frontline|date=9–22 February 2013|volume=30|issue=3|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/stories/20130222300310400.htm|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> The port was owned and operated by the Krishnapatnam Port Company Limited (KPCL) which was 92% owned by [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]-based CVR Group. The [[London]]-based equity firm [[3i]] owned the remaining 8% equity in KPCL.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/VdsFrYdVXQEE8EjB3Nbu6J/New-port-plan-raises-viability-concerns-for-Krishnapatnam-Po.html | title=New port plan raises viability concerns for Krishnapatnam | date=20 November 2012 | accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref>

In October 2020, [[Adani Ports & SEZ]] acquired 75% stake in the port, which increased to 100% in April 2021 with [[Adani Group]] buying the residual 25% stake.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Ports increases its ownership from 75% to 100% in Krishnapatnam Port by acquiring Vishwasamudra Holdings' 25% stake for Rs. 2,800 Crs.|url=https://www.adaniports.com/Newsroom/Media-Releases/Adani-Ports-increases-its-ownership-from-75-to-100-in-Krishnapatnam-Port|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.adaniports.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani group takes full control of Krishnapatnam port in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/apr/06/adani-group-takesfull-control-of-krishnapatnam-port-in-andhra-pradesh-2286279.html|access-date=2021-04-12|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Ports acquires residual 25% stake in Krishnapatnam Port for Rs 2,800 crore|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/adani-ports-acquires-residual-25-stake-in-krishnapatnam-port-for-rs-2800-crore/741191|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Ports to acquire 25% of Vishwasamudra Holdings' stake in Krishnapatnam Port|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/adani-ports-acquire-25-of-vishwasamudra-holdings-stake-in-krishnapatnam-port|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kolos Krishnapatnam.jpg|thumb|right|260px|KPCL breakwater with [[KOLOS]] armour units]]

== Etymology ==
The port has its history back to [[Vijayanagar Emperor]], when [[Sri Krishnadevaraya]] used to operate it. So, the name was given to it as ''Krishnapatnam Port''.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=About The Port|url=http://www.kpcl.com/about_port.html|publisher=Krishnapatnam Port|accessdate=8 June 2015|archive-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207083320/http://kpcl.com/about_port.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also known as KPCL.

== Establishment and promoters ==
[[File:Krishnapatnam port.JPG|thumbnail|Krishnapatnam Port (KPCL)]]

It was inaugurated on 17 July 2008 by the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra to get new port in Krishnapatnam|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-11/news/27736625_1_krishnapatnam-port-navayuga-group-land-acquisition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141704/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-11/news/27736625_1_krishnapatnam-port-navayuga-group-land-acquisition|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=Economic Times|date=11 July 2008}}</ref> The port was built by the [[Navayuga Engineering Company Limited]], the flagship concern of the CVR Group, under a build-operate-share-transfer (BOST) agreement with the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The port covers an area of 4,553 acres.<ref name="livemint_a" /> The BOST agreement, valid for 30 years and further extendable to 50 years, requires the promoters to pay 2.6% of the port's gross revenue to the Government of Andhra Pradesh for the first 30 years. From the 30th year, that share increases to 5.4% and from the 40th year to 10.8%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishnapatnam Port plans to set up car terminal by Jun 2013|date=20 November 2012 |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/krishnapatnam-port-plans-to-setcar-terminal-by-jun-2013_785133.html|accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref> The agreement also requires them to develop the port in three phases with the first phase being completed by January 2008, the second phase by 2012 and the final by 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishnapatnam port to give fillip to ore exports|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-17/news/27471908_1_ore-krishnapatnam-first-phase|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035540/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-17/news/27471908_1_ore-krishnapatnam-first-phase|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 October 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=3i Fund picks up stake in Krishnapatnam Port for $161 mn|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-24/news/28445642_1_port-sector-landlord-port-model-krishnapatnam-port|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107092219/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-24/news/28445642_1_port-sector-landlord-port-model-krishnapatnam-port|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2014|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 February 2009}}</ref>

== Connectivity and hinterland ==
As of 2015, KPCL is capable of handling 7.5 [[crore]] (75 million) tonnes (mt) of cargo per annum and is the second deepest port of India with a draft of 18 metres .<ref name="livemint" /> The hinterland of the port includes southern and central [[Andhra Pradesh]], eastern [[Karnataka]], northern [[Tamil Nadu]] and Eastern [[Maharashtra]]. The port is linked to the [[Chennai]]–[[Kolkata]] rail line through a 19 km long line and is also connected with the [[National Highway 16 (India)]] which is being upgraded from a four-lane to a six-lane highway.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Phases of development ==
The first phase of development of the port involved an expenditure of {{INR}}1,400 crores and was completed in 2009. In this phase the Port developed an annual cargo handling capacity of 2.5 crore tonnes (25 mt).<ref name="livemint_a">{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hHCz1aVX5qggS96BX9XElI/Krishnapatnam-Port-gets-Rs4000-cr-for-next-phase.html | title=Krishnapatnam Port gets Rs4,000 cr for next phase | date=18 March 2009 | accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref> Two mechanised Iron Ore Berths, a mechanised Coal Berth and a mechanised General Cargo Berth were set up in this phase. The second phase of the Port's development entails an investment of $2 billion and the enhancement of cargo handling capacity by 4 crore tonnes (40 mt). By 2017, when the Port is fully developed, it is expected to handle 20 crore tonnes (200 mt) of cargo annually. The second phase of expansion will increase the total berths to twelve of which half will handle coal with the rest handling general, bulk and container cargo. The draft of the port is also to be enhanced from the present 18 metres to 21 metres.<ref name="livemint_a" /><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news/34127483_1_krishnapatnam-port-cvr-group-teus | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001060244/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news/34127483_1_krishnapatnam-port-cvr-group-teus | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2012 | title=Krishnapatnam Port begins operations; to invest $2 billion in 2nd phase | date=27 September 2012 | accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref>

== Container terminal ==
In September 2012, the KPCL inaugurated its [[container terminal]] capable of handling 12 [[lakh]] standard containers a year. This terminal is equipped with 5 [[Panamax]] [[gantry crane]]s, and 9 RTGC [[rubber tyre gantry cranes]] overall two berths length of 725 metres and a channel depth of 13.5m allowing large vessels carrying up to 8,000 containers to dock. The second phase of its development will involve the investment of {{INR}}11,000 crores and the expansion of capacity by another 48 lakh tonnes (4.8 mt). KPCL has entered into an agreement with [[Container Corporation of India|Container Corporation of India (CONCOR)]] to develop a container freight station at the port and inland container depots in the hinterland to facilitate trade through the port.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishnapatnam Port ties up with CONCOR|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article2161737.ece|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/krishnapatnam-to-singapore-feeder-service-begins/article3942009.ece | title=Krishnapatnam to Singapore feeder service begins | date=27 September 2012 | accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/pBxv8LwuJF4RmhXZsOpbiP/Krishnapatnam-Port-starts-operating-container-terminal.html | title=Krishnapatnam Port starts operating container terminal | date=27 September 2012 | accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref>

Krishnapatnam port terminal set to emerge as a major trans-shipment hub on the East Coast following dynamic initiatives being taken up by some international shipping container liners.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/krishnapatnam-port-terminal-set-to-emerge-as-a-hub/article17415937.ece | title=Krishnapatnam port terminal set to emerge as a hub | date=6 March 2017| accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref>

== Cargo handled ==
When the port was inaugurated in 2008, iron ore constituted its most important cargo which peaked at 10.5 million tonnes in 2009-'10. Since the ban on export of iron ore from the [[Bellary]]-[[Hospet]] region of Karnataka, its shipments have dwindled forcing the port to diversify its portfolio. Coal is now the primary commodity handled by the port, its volume having expanded from less than 1,00,000 tonnes in 2008-09 to 1.13 crore tonnes (11.3 mt) in 2011-12.

The port now also plans to handle [[liquefied natural gas]] cargo, cars meant for exports, edible oils and fertilisers.<ref name="livemint" /> During 2012-13, the port handled 2.12 crore tonnes (21.2 mt) of cargo, of which three-fourths comprised imported coal. The Port handled 25.16 MT during the year 2013-14 against the target of 28 MT. The port registers very impressive growth of 60% for the year 2014-15 and ended up handling total cargo of ~4.1 crore tonnes (40.72 mt) up from 2.5 crore tonnes (25.16 MT) in the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/chennai-port-on-revival-path/article7061866.ece|title=Chennai Port Trust revival path profit|author=N. Anand|work=The Hindu|date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

== Special economic zone ==
A 12,000 acre [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) is being set up in the vicinity of the port by the Krishnapatnam Infratech Private Limited, a special purpose vehicle set up by KPCL. The SEZ entails an investment of {{INR}}6,000 crores and is expected to create 30,000 direct employments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishnapatnam Port plans SEZ|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/krishnapatnam-port-plans-sez/387203/|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 March 2010}}</ref> The SEZ is being designed by Mahindra Engineering and is to be a multi-product SEZ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishnapatnam Infratech Private Limited|url=http://www.kpil.in/|accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Adani Ports & SEZ]]
* [[Adani Group]]
* [[KOLOS]]
* [[Navayuga Engineering Company Limited]]
* [[ Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.kpil.in/ Krishnapatnam Infratech Private Limited]
* [http://www.kpcl.com Krishnapatnam Port Company Limited - KPCL]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{commons category}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{Ports in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Transport in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Navayuga Group]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Adani Ports]]

Mudassar Khan

2026-02-04T21:14:47Z

Thefacecentre: Created Info

{{short description|Indian choreographer (born 1987)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mudassar Khan
| image = Mudassar Khan grace the Zee Rishtey Awards 2018.jpg
| caption = Khan at the Zee Rishtey Awards 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Choreographer]]|dancer}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Riya Kishanchandani|3 December 2023}}
| years active = 2010 – Present
}}
'''Mudassar Khan''' (born 20 October 1987)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Mudassar Khan (Dancer) हाइट, Weight, उम्र, Affairs, Biography in Hindi - बायोग्राफी |url=https://newshindu.news/biography/mudassar-khan-119639/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian dancer and film choreographer. He was a dance teacher in [[Thakur Public School]] [[Kandivali]] from 2001 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/interviews/Salman-Khan-changed-my-life-Mudassar-Khan/articleshow/27241982.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215135328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-13/interviews/45124027_1_salman-khan-prabhu-dheva-terence-lewis |archive-date=2013-12-15 |title=Salman Khan changed my life: Mudassar Khan - Times Of India|work=The Times of India |url-status=live |date=December 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/blog/being-ganapati_4.html|title=Being Ganapati|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-is-easy-to-make-salman-khan-dance-says-mudassar-khan/429578-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023232022/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-is-easy-to-make-salman-khan-dance-says-mudassar-khan/429578-8-66.html |archive-date=2013-10-23 |title=It is easy to make Salman Khan dance, says Mudassar Khan|work=IBNLive |date=October 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.trendtoday.in/mudassar-khan-wiki-biography/ Mudassar Khan – DID 4 New Judge and Choreographer]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-this-season-dance-india-dance-will-touch-new-level-mudassar-khan-1911940|title=This season, 'Dance India Dance' will touch new level: Mudassar Khan|website=DNA India}}</ref> He is a judge in the [[dance]] [[reality television]] series ''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 4|season 4]], [[Dance India Dance season 5|season 5]] & [[Dance India Dance#Season 6|season 6]])''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/New-judges-on-Dance-India-Dance/articleshow/24666886.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030150545/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-25/news/43393856_1_dance-india-dance-new-judges-mudassar-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-10-30 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=New judges on Dance India Dance |access-date=2013-12-26}}. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2013-10-25). Retrieved on 2013-12-26.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-01/news/43591812_1_feroz-khan-dance-india-dance-choreographer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104034214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-01/news/43591812_1_feroz-khan-dance-india-dance-choreographer |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=This season, 'DID' will touch new level: Mudassar Khan |accessdate=2013-12-26}}. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2013-11-01). Retrieved on 2013-12-26.</ref>

== Television ==
*''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 4|season 4]], [[Dance India Dance season 5|season 5]] & [[Dance India Dance#Season 6|season 6]])''<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/madhuri-dixit-on-dance-india-dance-slaps-the-hosts-and-judges-127104.html Madhuri Dixit On The Sets Of Dance India Dance, Slaps The Host]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-05/news/44805862_1_sonakshi-sinha-mudassar-khan-dabangg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209192751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-05/news/44805862_1_sonakshi-sinha-mudassar-khan-dabangg |archive-date=2013-12-09 |title=Shahid-Sonakshi-Prabhu Deva visit DID sets - Times Of India|work=The Times Of India |date=December 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/dance-india-dance-4-to-have-new-judges-430105 |title=Dance India Dance 4 to have new judges | work=NDTV Movies.com |accessdate=2013-12-26}}. Movies.ndtv.com (2013-10-09). Retrieved on 2013-12-26.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/dance-reality-shows-what-we-love-and-what-we-don-t/article1-1164761.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223090817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/dance-reality-shows-what-we-love-and-what-we-don-t/article1-1164761.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-23 |title=Dance reality shows: what we love and what we don't - Hindustan Times|date=December 23, 2013}}</ref> as a mentor and judge.
*Dance India Dance Li'L champs season 3 as a judge

=== Choreographer ===
Mudassar Khan has done choreography for films such as<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://passionconnect.in/$OG_URL|title=$OG_TITLE|website=passionconnect.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Movie / Album
! Song
! Year / Date
|-
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|Humka Peeni Hai
|2010
|-
|[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|''Bodyguard'']]
|Desi Beat
|2011
|-
|[[Ready (2011 film)|''Ready'']]
|Dhinka Chika & Character Dheela Hai
|2011
|-
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|Pandey Ji Seeti
|2012
|-
|[[Fugly (film)|''Fugly'']]
|Fugly
|2014
|-
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|Prem Leela
|2015
|-
|''[[Mastizaade]]''
|Mera Rom Rom Romantic
|2016
|-
|''[[Mitron]]''
|Kamariya
|2018
|-
|''Choodiyan-Single''
|Choodiyan
|2019
|-
|''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]''
|Gud Naal Ishq Mitha
|2019
|-
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
|Radhe title track
|2021
|-
|''ANTIM: The Final Truth''
|Bhai Ka Birthday
|2021
|}

== Personal life ==
He married long time girlfriend Riya Kishanchandani on 30 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Splitsvilla 13 and Mika Di Vhoti fame Riya Kishanchandani gets hitched to Dance India Dance judge Mudassar Khan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-13-and-mika-di-vhoti-fame-riya-kishanchandani-gets-hitched-to-dance-india-dance-judge-mudassar-khan/articleshow/105706310.cms |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=The Times of India|date=3 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Splitsvilla's Riya Kishanchandani and Mudassar Khan serve minimal wedding aesthetics in white-golden outfits|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/splitsvillas-riya-kishanchandani-and-mudassar-khan-serve-minimal-wedding-aesthetics-in-white-golden-outfits-1262900|access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Pinkvilla|date=3 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Choreographer Mudassar Khan and his wife, Riya Kishanchandani, have welcomed a baby girl in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-23 |title=Choreographer Mudassar Khan welcomes a baby girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/choreographer-mudassar-khan-welcomes-a-baby-girl/articleshow/116601901.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |auto=yes}}
{{Dance India Dance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mudassar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]

Giri River

2026-01-25T19:51:55Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|River in India}}
[[File:Giri Camp.jpg|thumb|Giri River passing through [[Sirmaur district]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Giri River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Yamuna river]] that flows in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=n6Qa0OrXstAC Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]," Manoj Jreat, Pg 23, Indus Publishing Company, 2004, ISBN 9788173871573, ''"... Giri river rises in Kotkhai hills and flows through Sirmaur district ultimately merging with Yamuna near Paonta ..."''</ref>

==Dams==
The '''Renuka Ji Dam''' Hydroelectricity Power Project is a 40 MW, Rs. 6,947 crore (Rs. 69,470,000,000) project of which 90% is funded by the Central Government, is an under-construction 148-metre-high gravity dam with 24 km lake holding 498 million cubic metres of water. The 148-metre-high dam will create a reservoir spanning 24 km and store 498 million cubic metres of water. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, and Delhi are the stakeholder states. After much delays, it was expedited in 2021 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with an expected completion date of 2030.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/renuka-ji-dam-project-back-on-track-after-years-of-delays/ Renuka Ji Dam project back on track after years of delays], The Tribune, 16 Dec 2024.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Yamuna#Dams|Dams on Yamuna river]]
** [[Lakhwar dam|Lakhwar-Vyasi project]], under-construction
** [[Kishau Dam]], under-construction on Tons river tributary of Yamuna with 2028 expected completion

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30|27|N|77|40|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]

Premer Phande

2026-01-22T03:15:18Z

Thefacecentre: Made a details basic info...

{{short description|Indian Bengali television serial}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Premer Phaande.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Comedy]]
| creator = [[Ravi Ojha Productions]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = [[Mitali Bhattacharya]] '''Dialogues''' [[Sharmila Chowdhury]]
| director = [[Gopal Chakraborty]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Mishmee Das]] [[Rajib Basu]] [[Tanima Sen]] [[Kanchana Moitra]]
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Kalyan Sen Barat]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ravi Ojha]] [[Mitali Bhattacharya]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Ravi Ojha Productions]]
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 140
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|04|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|09|04}}
| related =
}}

'''''Premer Phande''''' ({{langx|bn|প্রেমের ফাঁদে}}); was a popular romantic comedy [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television [[Soap opera]] that premiered on April 18, 2016, and airs on [[Zee Bangla]], produced by [[Ravi Ojha Productions]] and starred [[Mishmee Das]] as main female protagonist and [[Rajib Basu]] as main male protagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/arrest-and-divorce-drama-zee-banglas-premer-phande-160821?fromNewsdog=1|title=Arrest and divorce drama in Zee Bangla's Premer Phande|website=Tellychakkar|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/drama-around-misunderstandings-zee-banglas-premer-phande-160524|title=Drama around 'misunderstandings' in Zee Bangla's Premer Phande|website=Tellychakkar|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://serialzone.in/bengali/zee-bangla/6061-premer-phande-serial|title=Premer Phande Serial|website=Serial Zone.in|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-wanted-come-back-movie-rajib-basu-171025|title=I wanted to come back with a movie: Rajib Basu|website=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rishi-express-his-love-mohor-zee-banglas-premer-phande-160607|title= Rishi to express his love to Mohor in Zee Bangla's Premer Phande|website=Tellychakkar.in|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/drama-galore-zee-banglas-premer-phande-160730|title= Drama galore in Zee Bangla's Premer Phande|website=Tellychakkar.in|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The story revolves around the lives of Mohor and Rishi. Rishi belongs to a joint family and works for a matrimonial company. Rishi's family is very supportive. He is a young lad and being the elder among two brothers, he is loved and pampered by everyone in the family. On the other hand, Mohor is a mature orphan girl. Mohor comes to Kolkata for her job. One fine day, much to his disgust, Mohor joins the matrimonial company as Rishi's boss. Mohor, who is new in the city, ends up becoming a tenant at Rishi's house. Rishi's family likes Mohor very much and his grandmother wants that Rishi should fall in love with Mohor. From here, starts the sweet fun chemistry of Rishi and Mohor, who being the boss troubles Rishi at work and Rishi, being the landlord irritates Mohor at home. This creates a hilarious ruckus due to the unconventional role reversal of Mohor and Rishi. Will this unique chemistry give rise to a sweet love story?

==Casts==
* [[Mishmee Das]] as Mohor Roy / Priyanka Majumdar <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/its-very-difficult-and-awkward-romance-your-buddy-mishmee-says-about-ravi-180222|title=It's very difficult and awkward to romance your buddy, Mishmee says about Ravi|website=Tellychakkar|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/i-was-told-i-look-too-modern-bengali-television-mishmee-das-161220|title=I was told that I look too modern for Bengali television: Mishmee Das|website=Tellychakkar|access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref>
* Rajib Basu as Rishi Ganguly
* [[Tanima Sen]] as Rishi's Grandmother
* Anirban Guha as Rishi's Father
* Chaitali Dutta Burman as Srimoyee Ganguly
* [[Kanchana Moitra]] as Shiuli Ganguly
* Abhijit Deb Roy as Rishi's Uncle
* Aniket Chakraborty as Jeet Ganguly
* Partha Sarathi Deb as Mishra Ji
* Sujoy Saha as Bijit
* Misty Das as Mili Ganguly
* Piyali Mukherjee as Tithi Ganguly
* Arnab Banerjee as Jayanta Ganguly
* Koushik Chakraborty as Barin Majumdar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dittotv.com/]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premer Phaande}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

S. S. Balan

2026-01-11T10:08:18Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Short description|Indian journalist, filmmaker, and analyst (1935–2014)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{multiple issues|{{sources|date=December 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = S. Balasubramanian
| image = S. BALASUBRAMANIYAN (S.S.BALAN)- OIL PAINTING BY RAJASEKHARAN.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Oil painting of S. S. Balan.
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = S. Balasubramanian
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|12|19|1935|12|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Journalist, filmmaker & political analyst
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}

'''S. Balasubramanian''' (28 December 1935 – 19 December 2014), better known as '''S. S. Balan''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[journalist]], [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]], [[Political science|political analyst]], and media executive. He was also involved in [[aviculture]] and [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ss Balan: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/ss-balan |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Balan had a six-decade-long career in Indian media as the editor of the [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] magazine, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]],'' based in [[Chennai|Chennai, India]], and as managing director of [[Gemini Studios]], starting in 1956.<ref name=":2" /> He later served as chairman emeritus of the Vikatan Group, after retiring from active involvement.

Balan died on 19 December 2014 in Chennai, India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vikatans Balasubramaniam dies at 78 {{!}} PrintWeekIndia |url=https://www.printweek.in/news/vikatans-balasubramaniam-dies-12643 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=PrintWeek |language=en}}</ref>
[[Category:Indian media executives]]

== Early life and education ==
Balan was born on 28 December 1935 in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) to [[S. S. Vasan]] and Pattammal Vasan (d. 1996). He was the second child and only son, with an elder sister named Lakshmi Narayani. The family resided in their ancestral Edward Elliots Road home (later renamed Radhakrishnan Salai).<ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2004 |title=A look at Gemini House's legacy |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/12/20/stories/2004122010580200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811162153/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/12/20/stories/2004122010580200.htm |archive-date=11 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The house was later converted into an office building.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2004 |title=Giving way to modernity |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/12/09/stories/2004120902041700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813191717/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/12/09/stories/2004120902041700.htm |archive-date=2014-08-13 |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref>

Balan studied at [[St. Ann's Presentation Convent High School, Rawalpindi|Presentation Convent]], Church Park, and P. S. High School, and went on to earn a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com.]] degree from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-22 |title=Vikatan group chief S. Balasubramanian passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/vikatan-group-chief-s-balasubramanian-passes-away-on-december-19-2014-232305-2014-12-22 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Magazine career ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', the flagship weekly magazine of Vikatan Publications, was founded in 1926 and acquired by Balan's father, [[S. S. Vasan]] in 1928. It is one of the longest-running [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language publications.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2005 |title=Ananda Vikatan, largest-selling Tamil weekly |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/25/stories/2005032503341200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426075428/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/25/stories/2005032503341200.htm |archive-date=26 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Under family ownership, ''Vikatan'' grew in readership and influence within [[Tamil language|Tamil]] media, literature, and the arts.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2011 |title=Celebrating a multifaceted talent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article1704739.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Balan joined ''Ananda Vikatan'' as joint managing director and chief editor on 26 August 1956 at 19. He became managing director on 26 August 1969, following the death of his father, Vasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Bala Subramyan - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/s-bala-subramyan/IEIN019861 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref> His concurrent leadership of ''Ananda Vikatan'' and [[Gemini Studios]] led to his being colloquially referred to as "M.D." in [[Chennai]] media circles during the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.S. Balan {{!}} Dirección, Producción |url=https://www.imdb.com/es/name/nm0049416/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=IMDb |language=es-MX}}</ref>

In 1987, Balan was involved in a [[Freedom of speech|freedom of the press]] controversy when the Privileges Committee of the [[Tamil Nadu]] Legislative Assembly sentenced him to three months in prison over a cartoon satire published on the cover of ''Ananda Vikatan''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=T. S. |first=Subramanian |date=5 December 2003 |title=The media and the state government |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2024/stories/20031205004912400.htm |journal=Frontline |volume=20 |issue=24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=8 December 2008 |title=Media under fire in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/08/media-under-fire-tamil-nadu-br |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017091406/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/08/media-under-fire-tamil-nadu-br |archive-date=17 October 2013 |newspaper=Asian Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 1987 |title=Indian Editor Sentenced to Hard Labor for Lampooning Politicians |url=https://apnews.com/0e9e5344a2bd3ad2bf1e38eff6c9e8af |newspaper=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Namboodiri |first=Udayan |date=7 May 2012 |title=Hollywood of the ugly |url=http://archive.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/51600-hollywood-of-the-ugly.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811162256/http://archive.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/51600-hollywood-of-the-ugly.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |newspaper=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDmn6LI_ZDEC&q=s+balasubramanian+vikatan&pg=PA226 |title=Media Credibility |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=81-7099-1579 |location=New Delhi |pages=224–226}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Warrier |first=Shoba |date=19 November 2003 |title=The whole Constitution goes for a six |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/19inter.htm |newspaper=Rediff.com}}</ref> Following public backlash, he was released after two days. In 1994, the [[Madras High Court]] ruled in his favor, awarding him ₹1,000 in compensation, which he reportedly framed and displayed in his office.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=K |first=Ramachandran |date=16 November 2003 |title=A trophy to remember |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/16/stories/2003111602121000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101101139/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/16/stories/2003111602121000.htm |archive-date=1 January 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Balan introduced a mentorship program for student journalists, contributing to the development of many Tamil media professionals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananda Vikatan, the Tamil weekly, gets a new editor |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?News_id=16808 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813170045/https://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?News_id=16808 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=Exchange4media.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rangan |first=Bharadhwaj |date=25 February 2010 |title=Thamarai: Interview |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2010/02/25/interview-thamarai/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=V |first=Jagannathan |date=30 April 2012 |title=Abducted Sukma collector Alex Paul Menon used to be a student journalist |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Causes/1103/Friend-in-need.html |journal=The Weekend Leader |volume=3 |issue=17}}</ref> He supported the careers of several editors, journalists and writers. He was credited for helping [[Cho Ramaswamy]] launch ''[[Thuglak]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news |last=B |first=Subajayanthi |date=27 March 2004 |title=Face with Many Masks |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/03/27/stories/2004032700510300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031314/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/03/27/stories/2004032700510300.htm |archive-date=14 September 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Writers who credited Balan with mentorship include [[Manian]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Balakumaran]], [[Crazy Mohan]], [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhan no more holds position in 'Ananda Vikatan' magazine |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-madhan-ananda-vikatan-18-05-122171.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916051013/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-madhan-ananda-vikatan-18-05-122171.htm |archive-date=16 September 2012 |publisher=tamilstar.com}}</ref> and [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2010 |title=A writer eyeing the Guinness |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/09/stories/2010080950460200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106205203/http://hindu.com/2010/08/09/stories/2010080950460200.htm |archive-date=6 November 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=L.R. |first=Jagadeesan |date=11 January 1999 |title=Social work has been a mission since the age of 14 for this retired librarian |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19990111-social-work-has-been-a-mission-since-the-age-of-14-for-this-retired-librarian-779851-1999-01-10 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref> ''Vikatan'' expanded its operations to include the publication of multiple Tamil magazines and books. It was among the early Indian publishers to adopt computerized typesetting and launch digital platforms. One of its noted projects was publishing a Tamil edition of the ''Concise'' [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2007 |title=Karunanidhi releases Encyclopædia Britannica in Tamil |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/29/stories/2007042902840300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501075657/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/29/stories/2007042902840300.htm |archive-date=1 May 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> After Balan stepped down from his editorial role at age 70, changes in editorial direction drew criticism from some readers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kaarthik |date=22 September 2009 |title=Vikatan Becomes Sleazy |url=http://chummaaorublog.wordpress.com/2009/09/22/vikatan-becomes-sleazy/}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Films
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1961
|''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|Tamil
|
|-
|1967
|[[Aurat (1967 film)|''Aurat'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1968
|''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Oli Vilakku|Oli]]'' ''[[Oli Vilakku|Vilakku]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Tamil
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Shatranj (1969 film)|Shatranj]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Lakhon Me Ek|Lakhon Mein Ek]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1972
|''[[Sanjog (1971 film)|Sanjog]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974
|''[[Sirithu Vazha Vendum|Siriththu Vaazha Vendum]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Kannavaari Kalalu''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Telugu
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Ellorum Nallavare]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Tamil
|Also released in Hindi as ''Ek Gaon Ki Kahani''
|-
|1976
|''[[Maa Daivam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Telugu
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Nishan (1978 film)|Nishan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Bengali
|
|}

== Personal life ==
Balan died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on 19 December 2014 in Chennai, nine days before his 79th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-24 |title=Chairman of Vikatan Group of Publications Passes Away - The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Chairman-of-Vikatan-Group-of-Publications-Passes-Away/2014/12/19/article2579362.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224130524/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Chairman-of-Vikatan-Group-of-Publications-Passes-Away/2014/12/19/article2579362.ece |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=2025-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaToday.in |date=2014-12-22 |title=Vikatan group chief S. Balasubramanian passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/vikatan-group-chief-s-balasubramanian-passes-away-on-december-19-2014-232305-2014-12-22 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balan, S. S.}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Shubha Satheesh

2026-01-10T08:01:55Z

Thefacecentre: info!

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shubha Satheesh
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Shubha Satheesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|7|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| international = true
| internationalspan =2023 - present
| country = India

| testdebutdate = 14 December
| testdebutyear = 2023
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 92
| lasttestdate = 28 June
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| T20Idebutdate =
| T20Idebutyear =
| T20Idebutagainst =
| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
| lastT20Iyear =
| lastT20Iagainst =

| club1 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2012/13–2022/23}}
| club2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2023/24–present}}

| columns = 4

| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 69
| bat avg1 = 69.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 69
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[First-class cricket|WFC]]
| matches2 = 3
| runs2 = 90
| bat avg2 = 18.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 69
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches3 = 52
| runs3 = 1,275
| bat avg3 = 28.97
| 100s/50s3 = 0/10
| top score3 = 85
| deliveries3 = 296
| wickets3 = 7
| bowl avg3 = 27.71
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/11
| catches/stumpings3 = 22/–

| column4 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches4 = 41
| runs4 = 665
| bat avg4 = 20.78
| 100s/50s4 = 0/3
| top score4 = 61[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 72
| wickets4 = 3
| bowl avg4 = 21.00
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 2/24
| catches/stumpings4 = 22/–

| date = 18 December 2023
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1172/1172173/1172173.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Shubha Satheesh''' (born 13 July 1999) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. She plays as a left-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]] and right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]]. She has previously played for [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/satheesh-shubha-1255499 |title=Player Profile: Satheesh Shubha |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="CricketArchive">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1172/1172173/1172173.html |title=Player Profile: Satish Shubha |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

She made her international debut in December 2023, in a [[Women's Test cricket|Test match]] for [[India women's national cricket team|India]] against [[England women's cricket team|England]].<ref name="testdebut">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-only-test-1406076/full-scorecard |title=Only Test, DY Patil, December 14-17 2023, England Women tour of India: India Women v England Women |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shubha was born on 13 July 1999 in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="CricketArchive"/>

==Domestic career==
Shubha made her debut for [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] in November 2012, against [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/460/460017.html |title=Andhra Women v Karnataka Women, 12 November 2012 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> She scored her maiden [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] half-century in January 2017, with 61[[not out|*]] against [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]], and her maiden [[List A cricket|List A]] half-century in December 2018, with 72 against [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1021/1021766.html |title=Karnataka Women v Saurashtra Women, 11 January 2017 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1021/1021766.html |title=Karnataka Women v Tamil Nadu Women, 8 December 2018 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> She was the fourth-highest run-scorer in the [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy]], with 346 runs including four half-centuries.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13900;type=tournament | title=Records/Women's Senior One Day Trophy, 2020/21/Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> She moved to [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] ahead of the 2023–24 season.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-only-test-1406076/match-report |title=Batters give India opening-day honours against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-womens-test-jemimah-rodrigues-shubha-satheesh-partnership-highlight-9068648/ |title=India vs England One-Off Test: In Jemimah Rodrigues-Shubha Satheesh century partnership on debut, a study in contrast |work=The Indian Express |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

She played two matches for [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] in the [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1172/1172173/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First Class Matches Played by Satish Shubha |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, she was signed by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for the second season of the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/karnataka-s-shubha-makes-seamless-transition-from-domestic-to-international-cricket-4673857 |title=Karnataka's Shubha Satheesh Makes Seamless Transition From Domestic to International Cricket |work=NDTV Sports |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

==International career==
In December 2023, Shubha earned her first call-up to the [[India women's national cricket team|India]] squad for the side's Test matches against [[English women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|England]] and [[Australia women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/renuka-singh-returns-from-injury-saika-ishaque-and-shreyanka-patil-get-maiden-call-ups-for-england-t20is-1411320 |title=Renuka returns from injury, Ishaque and Patil get maiden call-up for England T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> She made her international debut in the Test match against [[England women's cricket team|England]], scoring 69 in the first innings.<ref name="testdebut"/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-womens-test-satheesh-shubha-and-jemimah-rodrigues-give-the-silent-treatment-to-england-1412833 |title=Shubha and Rodrigues give the silent treatment to England |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> That has been her only Test, as she was ruled out of the Test match against Australia due to injury.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-in-india-2023-24-1406065/india-women-vs-australia-women-only-test-1406077/match-report-1 |title=Debuts for Richa, Cheatle as Australia bat in only Test against India |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1255499}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=1172173}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satheesh, Shubha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]

Mena Gurjari

2025-12-29T01:37:26Z

Thefacecentre: Created New Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mena Gurjari
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dinesh Raval<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name="Handbook of Indian Cinemas">{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781136772849 |edition= |pages=94}}</ref>
| writer =
| based_on =
| producer = Punambhai C Patel<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mallika Sarabhai]]
* Rajeev
* Champshibhai Nagda
* Manjari
* [[Pranlal Kharsani|P. Kharsani]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* Manjari Desai
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Dilip Dholakia]]<ref name=":0" />
| studio = Lakshmi Film Laboratory and Studios Pvt. Ltd., [[Vadodara]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975}}
| runtime = 137 Minute<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mena Gurjari''''' ({{Langx|gu|મેના ગુર્જરી}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film directed by Dinesh Raval.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=}}</ref> It was produced by Punambhai Patel under banner of Lakshmi Film Laboratory and Studios Pvt. Ltd.. The soundtrack was composed by [[Dilip Dholakia]].<ref name=":RH1995"/>

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on folklore.<ref name=":0"/> Born to Merubha, Mena is brave since childhood. She has been vocal in raising her voice against atrocities on women. She teaches a lesson to [[Mukhi]]'s lustful son and to the robber who casts a bad eye on the Mukhiya's daughter. She is married to Kunwar Chandaji Thakor (Rajeev) of Gokulgarh. Once Chandaji reach out for help to the sultan in the battle with the enemies. Mena visits sultan's camp with some of her friends to meet Chandaji. There, the sultan's eyes fall on Mena and he gets attracted to her. The king, wounded by Mena's taunts, imprisons her. In the end, Chandaji frees Mena from the king's captivity with his cleverness and bravery.<ref name=":0"/>

==Cast==
The principal cast is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=મેના ગુર્જરી (1975) |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/મેના-ગુર્જરી/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref><ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=94-95 |edition=First}}</ref>
* [[Mallika Sarabhai]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=મલ્લિકા સારાભાઈ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/મલ્લિકા-સારાભાઈ/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mallika Sarabhai |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mallika-Sarabhai |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> as ''Mena''
* Rajeev as ''Chandaji Thakor''
* Champashibhai Nagda
* Manjari Desai
* Chandrakant Pandya
* [[Pranlal Kharsani|P. Kharsani]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Arvind Pandya]]

Supporting cast include:
* Indumati Rajda
* Devyani
* Dr. Arun Desai
* Lakshmi Patel
* Jogenkumar (as guest actor)

==Soundtrack==
[[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Dilip Dholakia]], [[Dilraj Kaur]], A. R. Oza, Usha Rege, Anandkumar C. are the playback singars.<ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name=":0" />

The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995"/>
{{Infobox album
| name = Mena Gurjari
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Dilip Dholakia]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1975
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics =
| total_length =
| all_music= [[Dilip Dholakia]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| all_lyrics= Ramesh Gupta, Bhaskar Vora<ref name=":RH1995"/>

| title1 = ''Ranchandi Durga Chamunda''
| extra1 = Anandkumar C.
| lyrics1 = Ramesh Gupta
| length1 =

| title2 = ''Sathiya Puravo Dvare''
| extra2 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]], Anandkumar C.
| lyrics2 = Ramesh Gupta
| length2 = 4:45

| title3 = ''Jay Jay Madi Jagdambe Mahakali''
| extra3 = Chorus
| lyrics3 = Ramesh Gupta
| length3 = 1:46

| title4 = ''Ardhi Ratladie, Mane Re Jagadi, Chhanchhedi Man Vinana Tar''
| extra4 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Dilip Dholakia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ardhi Raataldiye... |url=https://gaana.com/song/ardhi-raataldiye-mane-jagadi |website=gaana.com |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
| lyrics4 = Ramesh Gupta
| length4 = 3:14

| title5 = ''Chundadi Odhhadi Mane Jashodana Kan ten, Gheli Kari''
| extra5 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics5 = Ramesh Gupta
| length5 = 3:23

| title6 = ''Itna Gussa Kahe Gori, Hu to Prem Diwano.. Matakina Mool''
| extra6 = Anandkumar C., Pushpa Shah, Usha Rege
| lyrics6 = Bhaskar Vora
| length6 = 6:41

| title7 = ''Goras Lyo Koi, Goras Lyo... Hu To Mahiyaran Aavi''
| extra7 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics7 = Ramesh Gupta
| length7 = 3:20

| title8 = Tari Ne Mari Jodi, Dhanna Dhatudi Patudi
| extra8 = [[Dilraj Kaur]], A. R. Oza
| lyrics8 = Ramesh Gupta
| length8 = 3:01
}}

==Reception==
The film was commercially successful and celebrated its silver jubilee (25 weeks).<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=રાવળ, દિનેશ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/રાવળ-દિનેશ/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref> It was awarded by the [[Government of Gujarat]] for the year 1975-76 in the categories of Best Playback Singer ([[Usha Mangeshkar]]) and Best Art Director (Rafiqbhai Patel).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=351 |edition=First}}</ref> The song "Sathiya Puravo Madi, Divda Pragtavo Raj" became a hit.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{Internet Archive|mena-gurjari-1975}}

[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1970s Gujarati-language films]]

Ozhur

2025-12-19T04:43:50Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ozhur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|57|15|N|75|55|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29836
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6XXXXX
| registration_plate = KL-55
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Ozhur ''' is a village in the [[Malappuram district]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The village was a part of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettattnad) in medieval times.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001|alt=As of the 2011 India [[census]]}}, Ozhur had a population of 34,016 with 15,807 males and 18,209 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ozhur Village Population - Tirur - Malappuram, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627513-ozhur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia"/> The Entire village consists of the entire panchayat by the same name Ozhur Panchayat. It consists of 18 wards .
{| class="wikitable"
|Ward No.
|Ward Name
|-
|1
|ONAKKAD
|-
|2
|ERANELLUR
|-
|3
|KURUVATTISSERY
|-
|4
|KORAD
|-
|5
|OMACHAPPUZHA
|-
|6
|VARIKKOTTUTHARA
|-
|7
|MANALIPPUZHA
|-
|8
|ESTATEPADI
|-
|9
|KARINGAPPARA
|-
|10
|PARAMMAL
|-
|11
|PERINCHERY
|-
|12
|MELMURI
|-
|13
|AYYAYA SOUTH
|-
|14
|AYYAYA NORTH
|-
|15
|THALAKKATTUR
|-
|16
|OZHUR
|-
|17
|KATHIRKULANGARA
|-
|18
|VETTUKULAM
|}

==Transportation==
Ozhur village connects to other parts of India through [[Tirur]] town. National highway No.66 passes through [[Tirur]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. Highway No.966 goes to [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur]].

* '''Railway Station:''' [[Tirur railway station]] is one of the major railway stations in the Malabar region. Almost every train stops here, connecting the Malappuram district to the rest of the country.
* '''Nearest Airport:''' [[Calicut International Airport]] is approximately 35 kilometres away.

== Educational institutions ==
The following are the main educational institutions in Ozhur Panchayath.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Type
!Sector
|-
|AMUP School, Ayyaya, Ozhur
|UP School
|Aided
|-
|C P Pocker Haji Memorial Higher Secondary School
|Higher Secondary
|Aided
|-
|GLP School, Ozhur
|LP School
|Govt
|-
|Veda Vyasa Vidyanikethan, Ozhur
|UP School
|Private
|-
|Ayyaya Aided Muslim LP School
|LP School
|Aided
|-
|Down AMLP School, Pakara
|LP School
|Private
|}
Aided Mappila LP school, Thalakkattur
|LP School
|Aided
|-

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Malappuram district}}

<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/973 | title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department }}</ref>

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Tirur area]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

Rock bush quail

2025-12-11T09:24:10Z

Thefacecentre: Made first post with sources

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Rock bush quail
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Perdicula argoondah'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22679002A92797941 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679002A92797941.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Rock Bush-Quail in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg
| image_caption = ''Perdicula argoondah'' male in [[Bhigwan]], Maharashtra, India.
| image2 = Rock Bush Quail.JPG
| image2_caption = Family
| taxon = Perdicula argoondah
| authority = ([[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1832)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Range of rock bush quail
}}

The '''rock bush quail''' ('''''Perdicula argoondah'''''){{efn|Note: the name ''"argoondah"'' follows ''"goondri"'', the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] name for the [[Manipur bush quail]] (''Perdicula manipurensis''). {{cite journal |title=A dictionary of scientific bird names originating from the Indian region |first=Aasheesh |last=Pittie |journal=Buceros |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=2004 |pages=1–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/BirdNamesIndia |access-date=19 January 2021}}}} is a species of [[quail]] found in parts of peninsular [[India]]. It is a common species with a wide range and the [[IUCN]] has rated it as being of "[[Least-concern species|least concern]]".

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
There are three recognised subspecies:

* ''P. a. argoondah'' found from [[Madhya Pradesh]] southwards to [[Tamil Nadu]]
* ''P. a. meinertzhageni'' found in northwestern India
* ''P. a. salimalii'' found in South India in parts of [[Karnataka]].

==Description==
The rock bush quail is very similar to and overlaps in range with the [[jungle bush quail]] (''Perdicula asiatica''). These birds are found in small [[covey]]s and are often detected only when they suddenly burst out into flight en masse from under vegetation. It is {{convert|6.7|-|7.25|in|cm|abbr=on}} in length and weighs {{convert|2.25|-|3|oz|g|abbr=on}}. It is some shade of brown barred and mottled with darker colour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hume|first1=A.O. |last2=Marshall |first2=C.H.T. |title=Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon |year=1880 |publisher=A.O. Hume and C.H.T. Marshall|location=Calcutta|volume=II|page=122}}</ref> A diagnostic feature is that the outermost primary feather is longer than the innermost, and the inner web of the primaries is barred or speckled with buff. The voice is a trill followed by a series of piping notes which start quiet and grow louder.<ref name=HBW>McGowan, P.J.K.; Boesman, P. (1994). Rock Bush-quail (''Perdicula argoondah''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Retrieved 2 August 2015</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Male Rock Bush Quail.jpg|thumb|Male at [[Rajkot]]]]
[[File:Flock of Rock Bush Quails.jpg|thumb|Flock at Rajkot]]
The rock bush quail is native to the western half of India and is believed to be a non-migratory species. It occurs in arid areas with scrubby grassland and thorny bushes and is seldom found above about {{convert|600|m|ft|-2}}.<ref name=HBW/>

==Status==
[[File:Rock_Bush_Quail_Perdicula_argoondah_Pair_Amravati_%285%29._Maharashtra,_India.jpg|thumb|left|Rock bush quail]]
The rock bush quail has a very wide range and is common in many parts of that range. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] has rated its conservation status as being of "[[Least-concern species|least concern]]". Although the population has not been quantified, it is probably declining slowly, as the bird is subject to hunting pressure and destruction of its habitat. The rate of decline in population is insufficient to warrant listing the species in a more threatened category.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1273414}}

[[Category:Perdicula|rock bush quail]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1832|rock bush quail]]
[[Category:Quails]]

IRS-1C

2025-12-09T19:20:26Z

Thefacecentre: further updated section for consistency and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = IRS-1C
| names_list = Indian Remote Sensing satellite-1C
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 1995-072A
| SATCAT = 23751
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/
| mission_duration = 3 years (planned) 10 years (achieved)

| spacecraft = IRS-1C
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = [[IRS-1A]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|1250|kg}}
| dry_mass = {{cvt|1150|kg}}
| dimensions = 1.93 m x 1.70 m x 1.65 m
| power = 809 [[watt]]s

| launch_date = 28 December 1995 06:45:18 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Molniya-M]] (s/n V15000-040)
| launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|Site 31]]
| launch_contractor = [[Progress Rocket Space Centre|TsSKB]]

| entered_service = First week of January 1996<ref name="Argentina"/>
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 21 September 2005<ref name="WMO"/>
| last_contact =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1995-072A|title=Trajectory: IRS-1C 1995-072A |publisher=NASA|date=27 April 2021|access-date=13 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|816|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|818|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 98.69°
| orbit_period = 101.2 minutes
| apsis = gee

| instruments = Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor-3 (LISS-3) Panchromatic Camera (PAN) Wide-Field Sensor (WiFS)

| programme = [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]]
| previous_mission = [[IRS-P2]]
| next_mission = [[IRS-P3]]
}}

'''IRS-1C''' was the fifth remote sensing Indian satellite built, and designed by [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO). IRS-1C is first second-generation operational Remote Sensing Satellite. The satellite carries payloads with enhanced capabilities like better [[spatial resolution]] additional [[spectral bands]], improved repeatability and augment the [[Remote sensing|remote sensing capability]] of the existing [[IRS-1A]] and [[IRS-1B]].

== Objective ==
The primary objective of IRS-1C was to provide systematic and repetitive acquisition of data of the [[Earth]]'s surface under nearly constant illumination conditions.<ref name="Argentina">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/catedras/geofoto/geo_html/informacion/pdf/Euroimage/irs.pdf|title=IRS-1C / 1D|publisher=National University of Argentina - Eurimage|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207183906/https://www.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/catedras/geofoto/geo_html/informacion/pdf/Euroimage/irs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Satellite ==
IRS-1C was the fifth of the Indian natural resource imaging satellites and was launched by a [[Molniya-M]] [[launch vehicle]] from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]. The {{cvt|1250|kg}} satellite carried three instruments. Images from regions other than [[India]] will be downlinked and distributed through a commercial entity in the [[United States]]. IRS-1C used [[S band|S-band]] for broadcasting and [[X band|X-band]] for uplinking of data. The satellite was equipped with onboard tape recorder with storage capacity of 62 [[Gigabit]]s.

== Instruments ==
IRS-1C was equipped with three instruments:
* Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor-3 (LISS-3) of {{cvt|23.5|m}} resolution in ([[Visible spectrum|VIS]] / [[Infrared|NIR]], {{cvt|70.5|m}} resolution in [[Infrared|short-wave infrared]] (SWIR), for high-resolution land and vegetation observation
* Panchromatic Camera (PAN) of {{cvt|5.8|m}} resolution, for very-high-resolution land imagery
* Wide-Field Sensor (WiFS) of {{cvt|190|m}} resolution, for land and vegetation observation<ref name="Display">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1995-072A |title=Display: IRS-1C 1995-072|publisher=NASA|date=27 April 2021|access-date=13 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The images was marketed through a private company in the [[United States]].<ref name="Display"/> The data transmitted from the satellite was gathered from [[National Remote Sensing Centre]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Earth observation satellite|EOSAT]], a partnership of [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aircraft]] and [[RCA Corporation|RCA]].<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/india/earth/irs.htm|title=IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Programme)|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref>

IRS-1C completed its services on 21 September 2005 after serving for 10 years.<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/irs_1c|title=Satellite: IRS-1C|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=28 July 2015|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Indian Remote Sensing]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125200120/http://isro.org/satellites/irs-1c.aspx ISRO IRS-1C link]

{{IRS satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1995}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 in India]]

Sabbavaram mandal

2025-12-03T06:53:26Z

Thefacecentre: Made first details with sources

{{more footnotes|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sabbavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = Devipuram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Devipuram temple near Sabbavaram
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|17.790|N|83.123|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 186.02
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 20
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 531035
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Sabbavaram mandal''' is a mandal in [[Anakapalli district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

There are three universities in the mandal
* [[Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy]]
* [[Indian Maritime University|Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam]]

Sabbavaram has an average elevation of {{convert|20|m|ft}}.

== List of villages in sabbavaram mandal ==

* Amruthapuram
* Antakapalle
* [[Aripaka]]
* Asakapalle
* Ayyannapalem
* [[Bangarammapalem]]
* Batajangalapalem
* Boduvalasa
* [[Chintalagraharam|Chintala agraharam]]
* Dongala marri sitarampuram
* Elluppi
* [[Erukunaidupalem]]
* Gali Bhimavaram
* Gangavaram
* [[Gotiwada]]
* Gullepalle
* Iruvada
* [[Lagisettipalem]]
* [[Mogalipuram]]
* [[Nallaregupalem]]
* Narapadu
* Pydivada
* Pydivada Agraharam
* Rayapura Agraharam
* Sabbavaram-Gollalapalem
* Sabbavaram Agraharam-Sabbavaram
* [[Tekkalipalem]]
* [[Vangali]]
* [[Vedullanarava]]
* Vippaka Agaraharam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Sabbavaram Mandal of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4861-sabbavaram-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anakapalli district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Deccan Gymkhana metro station

2025-11-22T21:42:28Z

Thefacecentre: brief expand formatting further and added references based on references

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Deccan Gymkhana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Work in progress of Deccan Gymkhana metro station on the banks on Mutha River, Pune.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Pulachi Wadi, [[Deccan Gymkhana]], Pune, Maharashtra 411004
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.51631|73.84447|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = DGK
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|08|01}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|left=Garware College|right=Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan|to-right=Ramwadi}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Deccan Gymkhana''' is an elevated metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 1 August 2023 as an extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM to flag off metro trains marking inauguration of completed sections of Pune Metro |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1944115 |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-08-04 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Aqua Line operates between Vanaz and Ramwadi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-04 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Located on the banks of [[Mutha River]], the station is 26m high, 28m wide and 140m long. Its design is inspired by the ''[[Mavala]]'' ''[[Pagri (turban)|Pagadi]]'' (turban) of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan and Deccan metro stations to open soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/deccan-and-chhatrapati-sambhaji-udyan-metro-stations-in-pune-to-open-soon-designed-after-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-s-mawla-pagadi-a-symbol-of-maratha-pride-101680806691322.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A skywalk from [[Deccan Gymkhana]] [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] bus stop on J. M. Road has been built to reach the station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=2023-05-24 |title=Garware College, Ruby Hall stations ready for inspection |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/garware-college-ruby-hall-stations-ready-for-inspection/articleshow/100459174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the future, the station will be connected with another skywalk from Good Luck Chowk on F. C. Road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-03 |title=Skywalk between JM Road and Good Luck chowk on cards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/skywalk-between-jm-road-good-luck-chowk-on-cards/articleshow/67356127.cms |access-date=2023-09-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Deccan Gymkhana track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Garware College}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] '''Next Station:''' [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan metro station|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[Garware College metro station|Garware College]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Rajabazar, Kolkata

2025-09-21T05:01:24Z

Thefacecentre:

{{Other uses|Raja Bazar (disambiguation){{!}}Raja Bazar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Rajabazar 
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = File:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road - Kolkata 7361.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]], Rajabazar
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] and [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]]
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =
|subdivision_type6 =
|subdivision_name6 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|28]], [[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|36]], [[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]], [[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|38]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22.574252|N|88.375013|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700009
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Beleghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beleghata]], [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.574252|88.374913}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Rajabazar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.574252|88.375013}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}
'''Rajabazar''' is a locality of Central-North [[Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

== History Raja Ramlochun Ray Kolkata ==
The bazaar was established in about 1842 AD on the land owned by Raja Ramlochun Ray, a small land owner, by Muslim merchants, businessmen, butchers and cattle traders from [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], who had immigrated to [[Calcutta]] due to the poor economic condition of Muslims in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, following the [[Sepoy Mutiny]]. However, Rajabazar area was settled by Urdu-speaking Muslims from 1880 onwards. The market-place colony was established around the same time as the Harrison Road (now called [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|MG Road]]) was being built in Calcutta, connecting [[Sealdah Station]] to Howrah Station.

A mosque was built which still exists today known as the Rajabazar Barri Masjid and there is another larger mosque being renovated which is Jama Masjid Darur-Salaam on Narkeldanga Main Road. Several residential quarters were established around that area. A police station ([[Narkeldanga]] Police Station) was established in 1915 near the canal, on Canal West road. The area is known as "Khalpul" due to the bridge over the canal that connects Rajabazar to [[Narkeldanga]]. Before the building of the bridge in 1910, there was a bamboo-stilt bridge over the canal. Boat ferries were also used to transport people and supplies across the canal. Over the decades, further population growth and immigration resulted in the growth and extension of the original settlement further, up to [[Narkeldanga]] and [[Phoolbagan]] in the east, [[Sealdah]] to the south, Mechua and Kalabagan to the west and further north. Today, the area is densely populated and crowded, with alleys and lanes established. After the riots of 1947 (during the [[Partition of India]]), many Muslims from other parts, like [[Sealdah]], [[Manicktala]] and [[Beliaghata]] moved to Rajabazar.

During the Hindu-Muslim riots in Calcutta in 1964, Mr. Skaikh Mahmood helped Muslims living in areas like [[Maniktala]], [[Sealdah]], [[Beliaghata]] and throughout Calcutta, flock to Rajabazar. Over time, it got transformed into a ghetto. After the [[Bombay riots|1992-93 Hindu-Muslim riots in Calcutta]], more Muslims moved to Rajabazar, as a result of which, today, Rajabazar boasts of having the second largest Muslim population in Calcutta after [[Metiabruz]].

There is a shrine (''mazaar'') of a Muslim Sufi saint in Rajabazar. The area spans the canal, and crosses over the bridge. There are 9 Mosques located at Rajabazar. The bazaar is famous for its jewellery, bangles, kites, sweetmeats and mutton and beef shops. Rajabazaar is a major cattle and goat trading center in [[West Bengal]] called Bakrichar. A movie hall, "Tasveer Mahal", is also located at Rajabazar.

==Demographics==
Majority of the population of Rajabazar is [[Sunni Muslim]], mostly [[Urdu]]-speaking, descended from immigrants from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Mostly [[Deobandi]] theology is practised here, and [[Bareilvi]] theology population also co-exists peacefully. There are also many [[shia]] families. Many Hindus also live at Rajabazaar. Most of the population is middle-class and lower-middle class, but many rich, educated Muslims also live here in high-rises. More or less there are a total of 12 mosques in the area, 9 managed by the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] (Deobandi), 2 mosques are managed by the [[Sunni]] [[Bareilvi]] sect and 1 mosque is managed by Ahle Hadees Ahle Sunnat wal jammat.

==Amenities and transport==
[[File:Out Patient Department Entrance - ESI Hospital - Sealdah - 301-3A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road - Kolkata 2015-02-07 2048.JPG|thumb|Sealdah ESI Hospital, near Rajabazar]]
B.C. Roy Memorial Hospital and Sealdah ESI Hospital are located at a stone's throw distance from Rajabazar and [[Calcutta Medical College|Calcutta Medical College and Hospital]] is located just 5 km away, on [[College Street, Kolkata|College Street]]. [[Narkeldanga]] Police Station is located right in the heart and center of Rajabazar. [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]] is the artery of Rajabazar. Surya Sen Street and Narkeldanga Main Road (Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Sarani) are also connected to [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]] in Rajabazar.<ref>Google maps</ref> [[Sealdah Railway Station]] and Rajabazar CTC (WBTC) Depot provide ample transport opportunities.

[[File:CTC Rajabazar Depot - APC Road - Kolkata 2017-05-13 8086.JPG|thumb|CTC (WBTC) Depot, Rajabazar]]
WBTC buses C11, S3B, T8, EB1A; Private buses 3C/1, 3D, 3D/1, 12C/2, 30B, 30C/1, 30D, 34C, 44, 44A, 46B, 47/1, 79D, 202, 206, 217, 227, 230, 234, 235, KB17, KB21, K4; few minibuses and [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tram]] route no. 18 ply by Rajabazar. WBTC buses C24, MIDI1, S3A, T10; Private buses 12, 12/1, 13, 21, 21/1, 71 and Malipanchghara-Rajabazar minibus start from Rajabazar CTC (WBTC) Depot. Private buses 204/1, 213A, K6 and Ranihati-Rajabazar minibus, Fatikgachi-Rajabazar minibus, [[Behala]]-Rajabazar minibus, [[Thakurpukur]]-Rajabazar minibus start from Rajabazar Science College. The Mechua-Kadapara auto route plies through Rajabazar. [[Kolkata Metro Green Line]] passes through [[Sealdah]] and [[Phoolbagan]], which are very near to Rajabazar.

For a long time Rajabazar was notorious as being one of the worst areas in [[Kolkata]] in terms of sanitation, cleanliness and amenities. However, from the late 1990s onwards, the pace has been slowly picked up on development, mainly through the efforts of local leaders.

==Business==

Small Scale Industry like Punching, Offset printing, Card Board Box , multi store and restaurant Making are common in this area. One of the biggest Paper Market of Asia is also located here by the name of Patwar Bagan.

==Kolkata Municipal Corporation==
The area of Rajabazar is composed of Wards 28, 36, 37 and 38 of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]. These wards were created in 1909. Presently, the KMC maintains health centres and free malaria check-up centres in these wards. The elected Councillor of Ward 28 is Mr Md iqbal ([[Trinamool Congress]]). Mr. Prakash Upadhyay & Mousumi Ghosh are also popular Councillors. [[Somendra Nath Mitra]] (Somen Mitra) and Dr Subhodh Kr De are the veteran politicians of this area.

Rajabazar is part of [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] and [[Beliaghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. It is a part of the [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Previously it was a part of [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Education==
[[File:Rashbehari Siksha Prangan - Kolkata 7365.JPG|thumb|[[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]] (Rashbehari Siksha Prangan)]]
[[File:Momin Higher Secondary School Narkeldanga.jpg|thumb|[[Momin High School]]]]

* [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture]], a university campus of science and technology under [[Calcutta University]].
* "Azad National Day & Night School" in ward no 36 started as a private scholl but was later transferred to the government.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* [[Momin High School]], a Government-aided co-educational Urdu-medium school affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Higher Secondary Education. It was founded in 1945 by the Momin Education Board.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

* [[Baitulmal Girls High School]], is a well stablished girls school.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* [[Rajabazar Boys & Girls' School]], a co-educational English-medium school for minority and low earning peoples this land space was under Mr Shaik Mahmood he donated and Hindustan health club's all tools instruments to grow the school in early 1970 he expired 1976.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
* [[TAKI High School]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Alagapuri, Ariyalur

2025-09-20T20:24:59Z

Thefacecentre: Added New Article.

{{Coord|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alagapuri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Alagapuri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Udayarpalayam taluk]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5105
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 608901
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alagapuri''' is a village in the [[Udayarpalayam taluk]] of [[Ariyalur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is also Known as alagapuram

== Demographics ==

As per the 2001 census, Alagapuri had a total population of 5105 with 2539 males and 2566 females.<ref>[http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx Primary Census Abstract, Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416170048/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ariyalur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ariyalur district]]

{{Ariyalur-geo-stub}}

Tso Lhamo Lake

2025-08-24T12:21:22Z

Thefacecentre: small update references for consistency and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Lake in Sikkim, India}}
{{Redirect|Tso Lhamo|the ''Oracle Lake'' near [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]|Lhamo La-tso}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Tso Lhamo Lake
| image = Hooker_Himalayan.jpg
| caption = Tibet and Tso Lhamo Lake from the summit of the [[Dongkha La]], looking northwest
| alt = Tibet and Tso Lhamo Lake from the summit of the Dongkha La Pass
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lhamo Lake
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[North Sikkim]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|28.0091|88.7553|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow = Glacial
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| designation = Restricted area
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth = {{cvt|5.5|m}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{cvt|5100|m}}
| islands =
| cities =
}}

'''Tso Lhamo lake''' is one of the highest lakes in the world, located at an elevation of {{cvt|5100|m}}.<ref name="National Wetland Atlas">{{cite report |author=Romshoo, S. |author2=Panigrahy, S. |author3=Patel, J. G. |author4=Parihar, J. S. |year=2012 |title=National Wetland Atlas : High Altitude Lakes of India |publisher=Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Government of India |place=Ahmedabad |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277143410}}</ref> It is situated in [[Mangan district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]], about {{cvt|4|km}} southwest of the international border with China. It is fed by waters from [[Zemu glacier]], Kangtse glacier or Pauhunri glacier, and is the source of the [[Teesta River]].

[[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] referred to the lake as '''Cholamoo lake'''.<ref name="Hooker">{{cite book|title=Himalayan journals: or, Notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains etc.|last=Hooker|first=Joseph Dalton|author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker|year=1854|publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street|location=London |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref> Its name is also spelled '''Chho Lhamo'''<ref name="Das">{{cite book |title= Sikkim : A Traveller's Guide |last=Das|first=S. |author2=Roy, A. |date=2002 |publisher=Sangam Books Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7824-008-4 |page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC&pg=PA38}}</ref> and '''Cholamu lake'''.<ref name="Bisht">{{cite book|title=International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas (5 Vols.) |last=Bisht|first=R. C. |date=2008 |publisher=Mittal Publication |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8324-265-3|page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHnK8W5FwYoC&pg=PA18}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tso Lhamo Lake is a glacial, fresh-water lake located northeast of the [[Kangchenjunga]] range in a high plateau area connected with the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name="Negi">{{cite book|title=Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers|last=Negi|first=S.S.|date=1 April 2002|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|location=New Delhi, [[India]]|isbn= 978-81-85182-61-2|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA156|access-date=2009-11-27}}</ref><ref name="Choudhury">{{cite book|title=Sikkim: Geographical Perspectives|last=Choudhury|first=Maitreyee|year=2006|publisher= Mittal Publication|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-8324-158-8|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9EwNfXkxZwC|access-date=2009-11-27}}</ref> 

The [[Gurudongmar Lake]] lies some {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}} to the west.

==See also==
* [[Tilicho lake]]
* [[Lake Tsongmo]]
* [[Khecheopalri Lake]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Lakes of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Mangan district]]

Palliveettil Chandy

2025-07-27T18:05:33Z

Thefacecentre: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|17th century Saint Thomas Christian bishop}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = Parambil Chandy
| honorific-suffix =
| bishop_of = Metropolitan and Gate of All India.
| image = Alexander de Campo1.jpg
| imagesize = 230 px
| diocese = [[Archdiocese of Cranganore]]
| ordination = 31 January 1663
| enthroned = 31 January 1663
| ended = 2 January 1687
| successor = [[Kariattil Mar Ousep|Kariattil Ousep]]
| birth_name = Chandy
| birth_date = 1615
| birth_place = [[Muttuchira]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1687|1|2|1615|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kuravilangad]]
| buried = [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church Kuravilangad]]
| nationality = Indian
| signature =
| see = Kodungallur ([[Muziris]]) of the [[St. Thomas Christians|Marthoma Nazrenes]].
| predecessor = [[Abraham of Angamaly]]
}}

'''Parambil Chandy''' (''Alexandre de Campo'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]; 1615 – 2 January 1687) was an [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]] from 1663 to 1687.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004221750/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the first known native [[Indian people|Indian]] bishop.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/kerala-district-gazetteers-ernakulam|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam|publisher=The Superintendent of Government Presses, Government Press|year=1965|location=Trivandrum|pages=186|quote=Alexander de Campo was the first Indian Bishop not only in Malabar but in whole of India.|author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon}}</ref>

As archbishop, Chandy headed the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] faction known as the ''[[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Paḻayakūṟ]]'', or "Old Allegiance", after the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653 brought secession from the Portuguese ''[[Padroado]]''. The faction soon returned to full communion with the [[Holy See]] as [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] and would later become known as the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Church]]. Chandy, whose efforts to reconcile the other dissident Indian factions ultimately failed, died in 1687 and his tomb is at the [[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad|Marth Mariam Church in Kuravilangad]].

==Background==
[[File:Tomb of Palliveettil Mar Chandy Metropolitan and Gate of All India.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Parambil Mar Chandy, Metropolitan and Gate of All India, inside the Madbaha of Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad.]]
[[File:Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Archdeacon Church, Kuravilangad.jpg|thumb|Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad.]]
Historically [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were part of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Church. They came into direct communion with the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]] through the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]] [[Patriarchate]] with the arrival of Metropolitan Mar [[Joseph Sulaqa]] and patriarchal delegate Mar Elias in AD 1554.<ref>{{citation|authorlink=Father Placid J Podipara|last=Podipara|first=Dr.Placid|date= 1938|title=The Syrian Church of Malabar}}</ref> Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India'.<ref>{{citation|first=Placid|last= Podipara|authorlink=Father Placid J Podipara|title= The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church: chapter IV in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I|publisher= San Jose Publications|location=Mannanam| pages= 666–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|author=Istvan Perczel|author-link=Istvan Perczel|title=The Saint Thomas Christians in India from 52 to 1687 AD|website=www.srite.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215032305/http://srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>

After the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, the Church of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] became subjected to [[Latin Church]] bishops. The Latin missionaries broke the historic connection of Thomas Christians with the [[List of patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarch of Babylon]] and downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the archdiocese of Goa of the Latin Church. Later, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and the Archdiocese of Angamaly was renamed as the Archdiocese of Kodungalloor and its seat moved to Kodungalloor with Latin prelates.<ref>{{citation|first=Joseph|last=Thekkedathu|title= History of Christianity in India, Vol II| page=75}}</ref>

Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin Church prelates in the hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the archdeacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The missionaries began to impose Latinisations in their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Archdeaconate and thereby dishonour the status of their [[Syro-Malabar Church|ancient Church of Malabar]]. The community secretly tried to get prelates from the Patriarchate of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldeans]] and the Patriarchate of the [[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrians]].

The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported [[Ahatalla]], a bishop of West Syriac Rite arrived in [[Mylapore|Mailappore]].<ref>{{citation|first=Joseph |last=Thekkedathu|title=opus cit|pages=94–5}}</ref> Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated (invalidly) the Archdeacon [[Parambil Thoma]] as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics.

A protest took place in 1653 with the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|first=Stephen |last=Neill|pages= 319–20}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Eugene Cardinal|last= Tisserant| title=Eastern Christianity in India}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Malabar manual, Volume 1|first=William |last=Logan|page=206}}</ref> There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]]<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|date=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111|quote=There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome }}</ref> However, after this oath, Saint Thomas Christians elevated Archdeacon Thomas to Metropolitan by the laying on of hands by twelve kattanars and he took the title [[Thoma I|Mar Thoma I]].

[[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad]]
At this point of time, Rome intervened and Carmelite missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was claimed to be invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any bishop, but by twelve priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries and later, due to political reasons.

==Early life and ordination==
[[File:Kuravilangad Cheria Palli .jpg|thumb|right|250px|Church of St. Sebastian, built by Chandy when he was vicar of Kuravilangad parish]]
He belonged to the Parambil house of [[Pakalomattam]] family at [[Muttuchira]]. Parambil Kuriakose married into Kudukkasserry and the son born to the couple later became the Bishop. "Alexander De Campo" is a Portuguese designation translated as "Alexander of the field" originating from "''Parambil Chandy''" in vernacular [[Malayalam]]. He was vicar of Kuravilangad Parish and later had Kuravilangad as his headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakalomattamfamily.org/bishop.asp |title=:: Pakalomattamfamily :: - History |accessdate=2012-01-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108064513/http://www.pakalomattamfamily.org/bishop.asp |archivedate=8 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was a native of Muttuchira parish, in the present central Kerala. As a priest his original name was Father Parambil Chandy. He was consecrated Titular Bishop of [[Megara]] in [[Achala]] and [[Vicar Apostolic]] and Administrator of the Archbishopric of [[Cranganore]] on 31 January 1663, at [[Kaduthuruthy]]. He celebrated his first pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church.<ref name="J. P. M. van der Ploeg">J. P. M. van der Ploeg, The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac manuscripts page 30</ref> His appointment followed representations for the appointment of native Indians as bishops following the split in the church on account of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. His official title was Metropolitan and Gate of All India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR8YAAAAYAAJ|first=Wilhelm |last=Germann|publisher=C. Bertelsmann|year=1877|title=Die Kirche der Thomaschristen: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen|author-link=Wilhelm Germann|page=494}}</ref>

==Episcopacy==

Parambil Chandy was appointed as a bishop when the community was divided under the [[Padroado|Portuguese Padroado]] and his cousin, [[Thoma I]], who was the then leader of the ''[[Malankara Church|Puthenkūttukar]]''. At first, Chandy was the counsellor of Thoma I. He had an instrumental role in the episcopal ascension of Thoma I.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JmFetR5Wqd8C&dq=Kadavil+Chandy+Anjilimoottil&pg=PT737 The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, John Anthony McGuckin]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Mathew N. M. ''History of the Marthoma Church'', Vol. I. Page 183.</ref> According to Portuguese and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] reports, Chandy had defected with Thoma I against Francis Garcia, the [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]].<ref name="Eugene Tisserant">{{citation|title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|first=Eugene|last= Tisserant |pages= }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

There was a plan to appoint Archdeacon [[Giwargis of Christ]] by [[Abraham of Angamaly]] (1568–1597) as Metropolitan of India. Thus Giwargis should have become, according to the plans of Abraham and supported by the [[Jesuits]], the first indigenous Chaldaean [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the Saint Thomas Christians. However, from the last letter of Abraham, where he requests the Pope to confirm the archdeacon's election as Bishop of Palayur and his successor, is dated 13 January 1584, while from another letter of the same Abraham we learn that the would-be archdeacon died before his consecration.<ref>{{citation|first1=Ernst|last1= Bremer|first2= Susanne|last2=Röhl|title=Language of religion, language of the people: medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam|page= 401}}</ref>

Chandy had an instrumental role in claiming eighty-four churches onto the Catholic side after the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].<ref name="Stephen Neill">{{citation|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|first=Stephen|last= Neill |pages= 326–7}}</ref> After his death from 1678 till 1783 there were no native bishops in the Catholic faction of Saint Thomas Christians known as the ''[[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Pazhayakūr]]''. In 1665, [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], said to be a delegate of the Patriarch of Antioch (of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]), regularized the consecration of Thoma, who would form the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] oriented [[Malankara Church]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alexander Toepel|author-link= |url=https://www.academia.edu/10859397|title=A letter from Alexander Kadavil to the Congregation of St. Thomas at Edapally|publisher=Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies|editor1=Timothy B Sailors|editor3=Emmanouela Grypeou|editor2=Alexander Toepel|editor4=Dmitrij Bumazhnov|journal=Bibel, Byzanz und Christlicher Orient: Festschrift für Stephen Gerö zum 65. Geburtstag (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 187; Leuven: Peeters)|page=388|year=2011|isbn=9789042921771|issn=0777-978X}}</ref><ref name="Stephen Neill"/>

===Later years and death===
In 1674, Chandy requested Rome to elect a coadjutor and proposed his nephew, Mathew Kunnel for the position. [[Carmelites]] arrived in India in 1676 with special Dutch passports (as the Dutch wouldn't allow any other European to work in their areas), and they were asked by Rome to elect an Indian.

They elected Raphael Figueredo in 1677, who was born as an Indian in the sense that he was a half-caste Portuguese. This election shook the confidence the Roman faction had in the Carmelites and quarrels started to arise.

Chandy died in 1687 and was buried at [[Kuravilangad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/|title=Kerala Syrian Christian, Thomas the Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostles, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper - Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People|date=13 February 2007|website=Nasranis|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kadavil Chandy Kathanar]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
* [[Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christians]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tisserant, Eugène|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/2383390|title=Eastern Christianity in India : a history of the Syro-Malabar Church from the earliest time to the present day.|date=1957|publisher=Orient Longmans|oclc=2383390}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110411230832/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/parambil.html Mar Chandy Parambil]
* St Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India - Edited by George Menachery (1998).
* History of Christianity in India - Mundadan, A. Mathias (1984).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parambil Chandy}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]]
[[Category:1687 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:1615 births]]