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Thiruvananthapuram

2023-10-10T01:24:52Z

Thecherrygarg: Pronunciation respelling guide

{{Short description|Metropolis and capital of Kerala, India}}
{{About|the city|the district|Thiruvananthapuram district|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruvananthapuram
| native_name = 
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = Trivandrum Montage.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| image_caption = Clockwise, from top: Trivandrum City Skyline, [[Kovalam Beach]], [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station]], [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]], [[Kanakakkunnu Palace]], [[East Fort]], [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]]
| image_seal = Seal of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram by dhevilal.svg
| seal_alt =
| nickname = '''Evergreen City of India God's Own Capital'''<ref name="distcourthistory">{{cite web |title=History – Official Website of District Court of India |url=http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=District Courts |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063231/http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q7785507|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Thiruvananthapuram}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)
| coordinates = {{coord|08|29|15|N|76|57|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = Capital of [[Travancore|Thiruvithamkoor]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = [[Arya Rajendran]]<ref name="gulfnews">{{Cite web |title=India: 21-year-old student Arya Rajendran set to become mayor in Kerala |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/offbeat/india-21-year-old-student-arya-rajendran-set-to-become-mayor-in-kerala-1.1608892334881 |access-date=2020-12-25 |website=gulfnews.com |date=25 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]])
| leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name2 = P. K. Raju ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
| leader_title3 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name3 = [[Shashi Tharoor]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title4 = City Police Commissioner
| leader_name4 = Sanjay Kumar Gurudin [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| area_total_km2 = 214
| area_metro_km2 = 311
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |website=demographia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>
| total_type =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rank = 1st
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| population_total = 957,730
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,687,406
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UApop"/>
| population_demonym = Trivandrumite,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramzan turns Kerala into a foodies' paradise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ramzan-turns-kerala-into-a-foodies-paradise/articleshow/59287974.cms |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |date=23 June 2017}}</ref> Trivian
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $2.47 billion<ref name="Kerala_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Product Per Capita |url=http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Percapita]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = $3,323 or ₹2.34 lakh<ref name="Kerala_gdp"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal Index Number
| postal_code = 695 XXX
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)471]]
| registration_plate = *KL-01 Thiruvananthapuram
*KL-15 [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
*KL-16 [[Attingal]]
*KL-19 [[Parassala]]
*KL-20 [[Neyyattinkara]]
*KL-21 [[Nedumangad]]
*KL-22 [[Kazhakootam]]
*KL-74 [[Kattakkada]]
*KL-81 [[Varkala]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| website = {{URL|trivandrum.nic.in}}
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɪ|r|uː|v|ə|ˌ|n|ʌ|n|t|ə|ˈ|p|ʊər|ə|m}} {{respell|TIH|roo|və|NUN|təp|OOR|əm}}; {{IPA-ml|t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm|lang|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), (commonly shortened to '''TVM''') [[List of renamed Indian cities and states|formerly known as]] '''Trivandrum''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɪ|ˈ|v|æ|n|d|r|ə|m}} {{respell|trih|VAN|drəm}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> is the [[Capital city|capital]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The encompassing [[urban agglomeration]] population is around 1.68 million.<ref name="UApop">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[information technology]] hub in [[Kerala]] and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news |url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 |work=Technopark |title=Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow |date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Referred to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "Evergreen city of India",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destination360.com/asia/india/trivandrum |title=Thiruvananthapuram India |publisher=Destination 360 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="distcourthistory"/> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=8177552570 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>

The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]] who were feudatories of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 18th century, the king [[Marthanda varma|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory, founded the princely state of [[Travancore]], and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135356255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book |last1=Shungoony Menon |first1=P. |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higgin Botham & Co. |location=Madras |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog |access-date=5 May 2016 |language=en |format=pdf}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore–Cochin]] state and remained so until the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=The Rough Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843531036 |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the [[University of Kerala]], [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centers such as the [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]], [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] and a campus of the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dqweek.com/thiruvananthapuram-one-of-the-souths-hottest-it-hubs/ |title=Thiruvananthapuram: One of the South's Hottest IT Hubs-DQWeek |website=www.dqweek.com |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> The city is home to media institutions like [[Toonz India Ltd]] and [[Tata Elxsi|Tata Elxsi Ltd]], and is also home to [[Chitranjali Studio|Chitranjali Film Studio]], one of the first film studios in [[Malayalam Cinema]], and [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] at Kazhakoottom, which is India's first Infotainment industrial park.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=With centres nod, foundation stone laid for KINFRA's second phase IT/ ITES Park in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/With-centres-nod-foundation-stone-laid-for-KINFRAs-second-phase-IT/-ITES-Park-in-Thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/55586474.cms |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and hosts the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] headquarters of the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] and the upcoming [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]. Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], the beaches of [[Kovalam]] and [[Varkala]], the backwaters of [[Poovar]] and [[Anchuthengu]] and its [[Western Ghats]] tracts of [[Ponmudi]] and the [[Agastya Mala]]. In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Thiruvananthapuram best Kerala city to live in: Times survey |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-best-Kerala-city-to-live-in-Times-survey/articleshow/11703099.cms |access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref name="India Today survey">{{cite news |title=India's Best Cities: Winners and Why they made it |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-cities-winners-and-why-they-made-it-survey/1/251350.html |access-date=27 March 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the [[Janaagraha]] Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.<ref name="Best Indian City">{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is the best city in India:Survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/mar/02/thiruvananthapuram-is-the-best-city-in-india-survey-1576345.html#:~:text=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM%3A%20Thiruvananthapuram%20retained%20its%20title,on%20a%20scale%20of%2010. |access-date=6 June 2020 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.<ref name="Best Governed City">{{cite news |title=Delhi, Mumbai not the best in urban governance, Thiruvananthapuram first |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-mumbai-not-the-best-in-urban-governance-thiruvananthapuram-ranked-first/story-6zSWlfeb9eE66mOOEgfPwO.html |access-date=17 May 2017 |newspaper=Hindusthan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The city takes its name from [[Malayalam]]/[[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''thiru-anantha-puram'' ({{lang|ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം}} {{IPA-ml|t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm||Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",<ref name="Meaning of name">{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |access-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> referring to the deity of the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as ''Ananthapuri'', derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Syanandurapuram'', meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by [[Swathi Thirunal]], erstwhile Maharaja of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece |title=Swati manuscripts found |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The city was officially referred to as ''Trivandrum'' until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balid |first1=Vivek |last2=Chatterji |first2=Miabi |last3=Reddy |first3=Sujani |last4=Vimalassery |first4=Manu |title=The sun never sets : South Asian migrants in an age of U.S. power |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0814786437 |page=122}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}
[[File:Raja ravivarma painting 50 historic meeting.jpg|thumb|left|Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]] being greeted by [[Visakham Thirunal]], with [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore]] looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880]]
[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world.]]
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Business Directory, Kerala |date=1972 |publisher=National Publishers |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9 |date=1963 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">
{{cite web |publisher=Technopark Kerala |work=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=17 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.

The [[Chera dynasty]] governed the area of [[Malabar Coast]] between [[Alappuzha]] in the south to [[Kasaragod]] in the north. This included [[Palakkad Gap]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills]]. The region around [[Coimbatore]] was ruled by the Cheras during [[Sangam period]] between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the [[Malabar Coast]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Trade">{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S |title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th |archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and [[Alappuzha]]) was under [[Ay dynasty]], who was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref>

The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=George |title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast |date=1967 |publisher=Faber & Faber |page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] |url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood |url-access=registration |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K S |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1351997522 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=K Balachandran |title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature |date=1974 |publisher=Accent Publications |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news |last1=Babu George |first1=Sarath |title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=G |title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2014}}</ref>

After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress |date=1987 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="vizhis3"/> During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news |last1=Haridas |first1=Aathira |title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317321279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=9788126437825 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg|left|thumb|A map of [[Malabar Coast]] drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between [[Kollam]] and [[Kanyakumari]], as shown in the map (Present-day districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of Malabar Coast between [[Kannur]] and [[Kollam]] was under the control of [[Zamorin of Calicut]] then. It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.]]
Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and [[Kanyakumari district]], were parts of the [[Ay dynasty]] during ancient and medieval ages, which was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] kingdom based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in various periods.<ref name="askh"/> Later it became a part of [[Venad]] in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of [[Travancore]] in 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Tamil people|Tamil]]-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of [[Kerala]].<ref name="askh"/>
[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|left|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'' was printed at Kollam, the capital of [[Venad]] in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language ''[[Lingua Malabar Tamul]]'', which was spoken in Southern [[Kerala]] (Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram area) during the medieval period.]]
Modern-day [[List of districts of Kerala|Southern Kerala]] (The districts like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) had been ruled by [[Tamils|Tamil]] dynasties such as the [[Ay kingdom]], the [[Pandya dynasty]],<ref name=":302">Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Pandya dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |language=en |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref> and the [[Chola dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |title=India: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC |year=2011 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |page=215}}</ref><ref name=majumdar407>Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)</ref> for a long time until 16th–17th century CE. The official language of [[Venad]], based at [[Kollam]], was also identified as [[Tamils|Tamil]], by the natives of Venad in those times.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K.N. |date=June 2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |s2cid=145359607 |issn=0376-9836}}</ref> The place names, the dialects of [[Malayalam]] spoken, and the customs that exist in the southern parts of Kerala still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |title=Kerala's Tamil Connection |date=26 June 2010 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Malayalam]] became more prevalent with the expansion of [[Venad]] into [[Travancore]] by annexing the regions up to present-day [[Ernakulam district]].

In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]], and [[Parappanad]] based in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> Then, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013">{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
[[File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg|thumbnail|A language map of India prepared in 1822.]]
As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including ''Koothu'', ''Padhakam'', ''Kathakali'', ''Thullal'', and ''Koodiyattam''. Noted artists such as [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] amongst others served as his court poets.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168">{{cite book |last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi |first=Aswathi Thirunal |title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram |year=1998 |publisher=The State Institute Of Languages |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-81-7638-028-7 |pages=152–168}}</ref> Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162"/>

The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal]]. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the [[Trivandrum Observatory|Observatory]] (1837), the General Hospital (1839), [[the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. [[Sanskrit College]], Ayurveda College, [[Law College]] and a second-grade college for women were started by [[Moolam Thirunal]] (1885–1924).<ref name="History of Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |title=About Corporation |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]], established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Mulam Popular Assembly |url=http://keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html |publisher=Keralaassembly |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Despite not being under the direct control of the [[British Empire]] at any time, the city featured prominently in [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Dr [[Pattabhi Sitaramaiah]] was held here in 1938.
[[File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kowdiar Palace]] built-in 1915 was the official residence of the [[Travancore Royal Family]].<ref name="Kowdiar">{{cite web |title=Kowdiar palace |url=http://www.zonkerala.com/tourism/Kowdiar-Palace-9.html |work=About Kowdiar palace |publisher=Zonkerala |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref>]]
The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the [[Travancore]] region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], who took over in 1931.<ref name="ThiruvananthapuramHistoryIntro">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |work=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Introduction |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Government of Kerala |access-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916043822/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |archive-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "[[Temple Entry Proclamation]]" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the [[Kerala University|University of Travancore]] in 1937, which later became [[Kerala University]].<ref name="University of Kerala History">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the University |url=https://keralauniversity.ac.in/history |publisher=University of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]], the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Criminal Justice India Series: Kerala, 2001 |author=West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences |year=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-391-6 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8cLTkmA8C&pg=PA5}}</ref> The king of [[Travancore]], [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], became the [[Rajpramukh]] of the [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin Union]] from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of [[Kerala]] was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Movement for a United (Aikya) Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |website=State Portal of Kerala |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Kerala State IT Mission (KSITM), Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>

With the establishment of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="VSSC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |title=VSSC Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233653/http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of [[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]]—India's first IT park—in 1995.<ref name="Technopark Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Kerala State IT Mission |url=http://www.keralaitmission.org |title=First IT Park in Kerala |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103110342/http://www.keralaitmission.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,<ref>{{cite book |title=The digital challenge: information technology in the development context |year=2003 |publisher=S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVhMzNSMsLYC&pg=PA350 |isbn=9780754634454}}</ref> employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-29 |title=Technopark bags high CRISIL rating |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/technopark-bags-high-crisil-rating/article32225885.ece |access-date=2020-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
=== Geography ===
{{Main|Geography of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{wide image|Pattom Skyline panoramo 02.jpg|820px|align-cap=center|View of [[Pattom]], the north eastern part of the city. The [[Western Ghats]] mountain range is seen in the background}}
Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to South India |year=2005 |author1=David Abram |author2=Rough Guides (Firm) |author3=Nick Edwards |publisher=Rough Guides |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA306 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref> by the seashore and is at {{Coord|8.5|N|76.9|E|}} on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Thiruvananthapuram.html |title=Thiruvananthapuram, India Page |access-date=19 March 2008}}</ref> The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the [[Laccadive Sea]] to its west and the [[Western Ghats]] to its east. The average elevation of the city is {{cvt|16|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] ([[Pune]]) |url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |title=Rainfall Stations in India |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116190118/http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]] |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |title=Seismic zoning map of India |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004653/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of [[Karamana]] and [[Killi river]]s. [[Vellayani Lake|Vellayani]], Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=9788177552577 |pages=318 |edition=1st}}</ref> The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy [[Laterite|laterite soil]] high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, [[Loam|sandy loam]] soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soil types in Kerala |url=http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |publisher=Kerala Agriculture |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120113114/http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] is spread over {{cvt|214.86|km2|sqmi|2}}.<ref name="citygi"/> The wider [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area]] comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.<ref name="ListofUA">{{cite web |title=List of Urban Agglomerations of 2011 Census |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.<ref name="Air Command">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |publisher=Southern Air Command |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The city has a climate that lies on the border between a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') and a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. The mean maximum temperature is {{cvt|34|C|F}} and the mean minimum temperature is {{cvt|21|C|F}}. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the [[monsoon]] season.<ref name="Thiruvananthapuram Weather">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=017334&refer= |title=Thiruvananthapuram Climate |access-date=25 August 2006}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the [[south-west monsoon]]s and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around {{cvt|1835|mm}} per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was {{cvt|17.8|C|F}} on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|38.2|C|F}} on 21 February 2019.<ref name=IMDextremes/> At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|16.4|C|F}} on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|36.3|C|F}} on 5 May 1998.<ref name=IMDextremes/>
{{Weather box
| location = Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.0
| Feb record high C = 38.2
| Mar record high C = 37.7
| Apr record high C = 38.0
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 35.8
| Jul record high C = 34.0
| Aug record high C = 34.6
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 34.8
| Dec record high C = 35.5
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan avg record high C = 34.4
| Feb avg record high C = 34.8
| Mar avg record high C = 35.4
| Apr avg record high C = 35.1
| May avg record high C = 34.6
| Jun avg record high C = 32.8
| Jul avg record high C = 32.1
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 33.0
| Oct avg record high C = 32.8
| Nov avg record high C = 33.1
| Dec avg record high C = 34.1
| year avg record high C = 35.9
| Jan high C = 32.4
| Feb high C = 32.8
| Mar high C = 33.5
| Apr high C = 33.3
| May high C = 32.6
| Jun high C = 30.4
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 30.3
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 30.9
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan mean C = 27.4
| Feb mean C = 27.8
| Mar mean C = 28.9
| Apr mean C = 29.2
| May mean C = 28.9
| Jun mean C = 27.1
| Jul mean C = 26.7
| Aug mean C = 26.9
| Sep mean C = 27.2
| Oct mean C = 27.2
| Nov mean C = 27.1
| Dec mean C = 27.3
| year mean C = 27.6
| Jan low C = 22.3
| Feb low C = 22.9
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 25.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 23.8
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 23.2
| Dec low C = 22.6
| year low C = 23.6
| Jan avg record low C = 20.2
| Feb avg record low C = 20.9
| Mar avg record low C = 22.1
| Apr avg record low C = 23.0
| May avg record low C = 22.6
| Jun avg record low C = 22.0
| Jul avg record low C = 21.7
| Aug avg record low C = 21.8
| Sep avg record low C = 22.1
| Oct avg record low C = 22.1
| Nov avg record low C = 21.6
| Dec avg record low C = 20.3
| year avg record low C = 19.7
| Jan record low C = 17.8
| Feb record low C = 18.1
| Mar record low C = 20.2
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.1
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 20.2
| Aug record low C = 18.2
| Sep record low C = 20.8
| Oct record low C = 20.1
| Nov record low C = 18.9
| Dec record low C = 18.2
| year record low C = 17.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.9
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 30.6
| Apr rain mm = 122.3
| May rain mm = 213.8
| Jun rain mm = 307.8
| Jul rain mm = 185.2
| Aug rain mm = 161.0
| Sep rain mm = 196.7
| Oct rain mm = 297.2
| Nov rain mm = 212.8
| Dec rain mm = 68.4
| year rain mm = 1835.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 6.9
| May rain days = 9.1
| Jun rain days = 16.0
| Jul rain days = 13.3
| Aug rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 10.4
| Oct rain days = 13.0
| Nov rain days = 9.8
| Dec rain days = 4.0
| year rain days = 96.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 66
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 75
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 73
| Jan sun = 260.4
| Feb sun = 248.6
| Mar sun = 254.2
| Apr sun = 201.0
| May sun = 192.2
| Jun sun = 129.0
| Jul sun = 136.4
| Aug sun = 164.3
| Sep sun = 180.0
| Oct sun = 173.6
| Nov sun = 165.0
| Dec sun = 217.0
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 8.4
| Febd sun = 8.8
| Mard sun = 8.2
| Aprd sun = 6.7
| Mayd sun = 6.2
| Jund sun = 4.3
| Juld sun = 4.4
| Augd sun = 5.3
| Sepd sun = 6.0
| Octd sun = 5.6
| Novd sun = 5.5
| Decd sun = 7.0
| yeard sun = 6.4
| Jan uv = 11
| Feb uv = 12
| Mar uv = 12
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 12
| Oct uv = 12
| Nov uv = 11
| Dec uv = 10
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Thiruvananthapuram Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=739–740 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M1110 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/thiruvananthapuram/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)<ref name=TCC>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229204353/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43371 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43371 |title=Normals Data: Thiruvananthapuram – India Latitude: 8.48°N Longitude: 76.95°E Height: 59 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/thiruvananthapuram-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Thiruvananthapuram, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 21
| Feb dew point C = 22
| Mar dew point C = 23
| Apr dew point C = 24
| May dew point C = 24
| Jun dew point C = 24
| Jul dew point C = 24
| Aug dew point C = 24
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 24
| Nov dew point C = 24
| Dec dew point C = 23
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by Religious Community |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|16.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.77}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|black|0.85}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.09}}
Others include [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] & Other religions (0.06%)
}}

According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of {{cvt|214|sqkm|sqmi}}, had a population of 957,730.<ref name="citygi" /> The city's population density was {{cvt|4454|/sqkm|/sqmi}}.<ref name="citygi" /> The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.<ref name="UApop"/> The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.<ref name="citygi"/> Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%<ref name="Citycenpop">{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> exceeds the all-India average of 74%.<ref name="censusindliter">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in |title=Population census 2011 |publisher=Census of India 2011, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

[[Malayali|Malayalees]] form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. Thiruvananthapuram's smaller communities are the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and North Indians. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is [[Hinduism|Hindu]], 16.7% [[Christianity|Christian]] and 13.7% [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref name="CityCensus">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/462-thiruvananthapuram.html |website=Census2011 |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> The remainder of the community includes [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Jews]], [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the census.<ref name="CityCensus" />

[[Malayalam]], the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City: English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] has the most speakers after [[Malayalam]]. The city also has a few [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Kannada, Konkani]], [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the [[Below Poverty Line (India)|poverty line]] in the city was 11,667.<ref name="Urban poor in Thiruvananthapuram">{{Cite report |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |title=Study of urban poor in TMC area |work=JNNURM |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127220331/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]], and Eastern India, mainly [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], and from neighbouring countries like [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Migrants assured of safety |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/collector-assures-migrants-of-camaraderie/article19840707.ece |access-date=5 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Trivandrum district}}
[[File:Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Building]]
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram]] or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.<ref name="citad">{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Each ward elects a councillor to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.<ref name="orgst">{{cite web |title=Institutional Setup of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the councillors. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees.<ref name="orgst" /> The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the [[Government of Kerala|government]], who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.<ref name="orgstruc">{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124171252/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, [[Nemom]], [[Ulloor]], Attipra, Thiruvallom, [[Kazhakkuttom]], [[Sreekaryam]], [[Kudappanakunnu]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]] and [[Vizhinjam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Operations |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The [[Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority]] is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|greater Thiruvananthapuram]] region.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |url=http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |website=Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

As the seat of the [[Government of Kerala]], Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and the state secretariat, which is housed in the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Kerala Government Secretariat complex]]. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituencies |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |website=Corporation of Trivandrum |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134616/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Kerala Government Secretariat]] is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala]]

===Law and order===
The [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a [[Police commissioner|commissioner of police]].<ref name="poli">{{cite web |title=Governance of District Police, Thiruvananthapuram City |url=http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |website=District Police Office, Thiruvananthapuram City |publisher=State Police Computer Centre |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134455/http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thiruvananthapuram city police]] is a division of the [[Kerala Police]], and the administrative control lies with the Kerala Home Ministry. Thiruvananthapuram city police are the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of ten Circle offices and 21 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.<ref name="kerpol">{{cite web |title=Work study report on Police Department |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |format=PDF |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043540/https://kerala.gov.in//documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Central Prison]] is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of Kerala prisons and correctional services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Headquarters Poojappura |url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=74 |website=Kerala prisons and correctional services |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

===Military and diplomatic establishments===
The [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] is headquartered in the city.<ref name="SAC">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |website=Official Home Page of Indian Air Force |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolchildren get a 'Command'ing view |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/20/schoolchildren-get-a-commanding-view-1759300.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 January 2018}}</ref> There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Police Head Quarter |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/wings/armed-police/armed-police-head-quarter |website=Kerala Police |publisher=State Police Computer Centre, SCRB, Thiruvananthapuram. |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallipuram]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=CRPF religion head count |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725025842/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2012}}</ref> In addition to this, three units of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the Border Security Force (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Up-close look at military weapons |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Up-close-look-at-military-weapons/article14574294.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

In the city there is a Consulate of the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE Consulate Thiruvananthapuram Kerala |url=http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |website=Consulate of United Arab Emirates |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> a Consulate of the [[Maldives]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Maldives |url=https://www.consulateofmaldives.in/ |website=Consulate of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Netindia |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> and Honorary Consulates of [[Sri Lanka]], Russia and Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka |url=http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |website=Consulate of Sri Lanka in Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074607/http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City needs special zone for diplomatic missions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-needs-special-zone-for-diplomatic-missions/article16771608.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

===Utility services===
The [[Kerala Water Authority]] supplies the city with water that is sourced from the [[Karamana River]];<ref name="water">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |website=Thiruvananthapuram Smart City |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007082049/http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |url-status=dead }}</ref> most of it is drawn from the [[Aruvikkara]] and [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary|Peppara]] reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renovation on at KWA pumping stations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/renovation-on-at-kwa-pumping-stations/article5829060.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2014}}</ref> The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wellington Water Works an example of far-sightedness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoWellington-Water-Works-an-example-of-far-sightednessrsquo/article16654463.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2010}}</ref> The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=B. Nair |first1=Rajesh |title=Sludge disposal poses a hurdle at Muttathara sewage treatment plant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/sludge-disposal-poses-a-hurdle-at-muttathara-sewage-treatment-plant/article5078955.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waste water Management |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |website=Smartcity Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120160503/http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sewerage Scheme (Thiruvananthapuram) Phase – I |url=https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%28Traditional+Procurement%29&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=15303&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=%2Fprojects-list-by-sector%3Fp_p_id%3Dprojectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage%3D%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlistbysector%252Fview.jsp%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_hdSubsectorList%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol%3DprojectName%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType%3Dasc%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_delta%3D75 |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Electricity is supplied by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB commissions substation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-commissions-substation/articleshow/59745307.cms |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum to get modern fire fighting equipment for faster aid |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/22/trivandrum-to-get-modern-fire-fighting-equipment-for-faster-aid-1631875.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Panorama
|image = File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg
|height = 230
|alt = View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night.
|caption = <div style="text-align:center">View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.</div>
}}

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys campus.JPG|thumb|A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.]]
Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises [[Information Technology]], education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and [[tourism]].<ref name="sceco">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram economy |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/economy |website=Smart City Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.<ref name="ecrev">{{cite web |title=Kerala Economic Review |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |website=Government of Kerala |publisher=Kerala State Planning Board |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.<ref name="ecrev"/> Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global [[financial services]] firm [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref name="MorStan">{{cite web |title=AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization |page=7 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |publisher=Morgan Stanley |access-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122084247/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.<ref name="ecrev"/>
Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[aerospace]] research centre in India. The [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the most significant and leading centre of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]],<ref name="vssc">{{cite web |title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602202050/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |url-status=dead }}</ref> and several space-related, state-owned [[Indian Space Research Organisation#Organisation structure|ISRO centres]] such as [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]], and [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="isrocen">{{cite web |title=ISRO Centres |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129043646/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BrahMos Aerospace|BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited]] is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.<ref name="brahmos">{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Cynthia |title=Central Industrial Security Force to take over BrahMos security |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/221217/central-industrial-security-force-to-take-over-brahmos-security.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Other enterprises include [[Travancore Titanium Products]], [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]], [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation|MILMA]], [[English Indian Clays]], [[KELTRON|Keltron]], [[Trivandrum Rubber Works]] and [[HLL Lifecare|HLL Lifecare Limited]].
[[File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg|thumbnail|A highway at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[Information Technology|IT]] and [[Information technology enabled services|ITES]] hub in India. The city contributes around 55% of Kerala's total software exports.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 |work=Technopark |title=Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow |date=24 February 2016}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram houses major [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Technology company|Technology companies]] like [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Nissan]], [[Allianz|Allianz Technology]], [[Envestnet]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[Toonz Animation India]], [[UST Global]], [[Ernst & Young]], Flytxt, [[Navigant Consulting|Navigant]], [[Tata Elxsi]], [[McKinsey & Company]], [[RR Donnelly]] and Quest Global.<ref name="techcomp">{{cite web |title=Companies in Technopark |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-a-z-listing |website=Technopark |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.<ref name="techlarge">{{cite news |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=Economic Times |date=17 January 2014}}</ref> It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="techcomp"/> Other IT, media and industrial campuses include [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]], Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and [[Chithranjali Film Complex]].<ref name="kinfra">{{cite web |title=Kinfra Parks |url=http://kinfra.org/parks |website=Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Film city plan on fast track |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-city-plan-on-fast-track/article22526150.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Other major IT, [[biotechnology]] and industrial campuses include [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]], [[Bio 360 Life Sciences Park|Bio 360 Life sciences park]] and [[Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram|Digital Science Park]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Boost for Life Sciences Park development |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/boost-for-life-sciences-park-development/article19988996.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Unnikrishnan |title=Technopark: Riding smoothly into the future |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/feb/01/technopark-riding-smoothly-into-the-future-1766890.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

Tourism is a significant economic sector.<ref name="Tourists Statistics 2007">{{cite report |work=Tourism Department, Kerala |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf |title=Tourism statistics 2007 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S Anil |title=Good news for tourism sector |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/good-news-for-tourism-sector/article22669673.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |work=Kerala Tourism |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf |title=Destination wise foreign tourist visits |access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> The presence of natural attractions like beaches, backwaters, hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, [[Ayurveda]], medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.<ref name="trvtour">{{cite news |title=Brainstorming for sustainable tourism |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/27/brainstorming-for-sustainable-tourism-1663732.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikiran |first1=KP |title=Realty sees a surge in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/realty-sees-a-surge-in-kerala/articleshow/59950656.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2017}}</ref>

Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]] is a [[transshipment port|transhipment port]] under construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vizhinjam International Transhipment Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport |url=http://www.vizhinjamport.in/home.html |website=VIZL |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy [[Persian Gulf]]-[[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] shipping lane.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vallarpadam Port loses out to Colombo on smaller draft, higher charges |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |access-date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News |date=26 February 2018}}</ref> The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge [[container ship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=A Kerala Port with Adani. Why That's a Good Thing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-kerala-port-with-adani-why-thats-a-good-thing-780831 |access-date=1 March 2018 |agency=NDTV |date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Sailing ahead |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/01/sailing-ahead-1611400.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Harverting lotus leafs.jpg|thumb|left|Harvesting lotus leaves from [[Vellayani Lake]].]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.<ref name=tour/> [[Kovalam]] and [[Varkala]] are popular beach towns near the city. Other important beaches include [[Poovar]], [[Shankumugham Beach]], Azhimala Beach, Vizhinjam Beach and Veli Beach. The [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located at the heart of the city is known as the richest place of worship in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/02/temples-riches |title=Temples' riches |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=February 2013 |access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> Other places of interest include [[Agasthyamala]] rain forests, [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kallar, Trivandrum|Kallar]], Braemore, [[Ponmudi]] hills, [[Poovar]], [[Anchuthengu]] backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and [[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]]-[[Edava]] lakes.

The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]] with British and Dravidian influences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeless built heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/timeless-built-heritage/article2094594.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2011}}</ref> [[Napier museum]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|Thiruvanathapuram Zoo]], [[Padmanabha Swamy temple]], [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika palace]], Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.

The main museums include [[Kerala Science and Technology Museum]] (with its attached Priyadarsini [[Planetarium]]), [[Napier Museum]], [[Kerala Soil Museum]] and [[Koyikkal Palace|Koyikkal Palace Museum]]. [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] is listed in [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agasthyamala |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/agasthyamala/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg|thumb|left|Established in 1855, the [[Napier Museum]] contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts]]
[[File:Attukal pongala1.JPG|thumb|Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women]]
Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.<ref name="distcourthistory" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=OLM |title=The Evergreen City of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=Outlook Money |date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in [[South India]] due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Raja Ravi Varma]] hail from the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Monarch musician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-monarch-musician/article5504087.ece |access-date=7 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Raja Ravi Varma: The father of Modern Indian Art |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |access-date=7 December 2017 |magazine=India Today |date=28 April 2017}}</ref> Prominent social reformers such as [[Narayana Guru|Sri Narayana Guru]], [[Chattampi Swamikal]], [[Ayyankali]], [[Vakkom Moulavi]] and [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] also are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Office of the Registrar General |last2=Narayanan |first2=Krishnaswamy |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 9: Kerala, Part 6, Issue 1 |year=1973 |publisher=Manager of Publications – India |location=University of Michigan |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8EXAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Two of the three [[Malayalam triumvirate poets]], [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] and [[Kumaran Asan]] are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Ulloor/Html/Ulloorgraphy.htm |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi website |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=7 December 2017 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India, 2008 |isbn=9780143330134 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az1XFhjzmUwC |year=2008}}</ref> Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Hosts Kovalam Literary Fest |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/kovalam-literary-fest/1869 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the [[State Central Library, Kerala|State Central Library]], one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keralalibrary |title=Kerala's 188 Years Old Library Is All Set To Become Blind-Friendly |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/keralas-188-years-old-library-is-all-set-to-become-blind-friendly/302184 |access-date=12 December 2017 |publisher=Outlook Web Bureau |date=25 September 2017}}</ref> and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the [[Kerala University|Kerala University Library]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Library and Information Science |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/dept/deptHome.php?deptID=105 |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] since the days of [[List of maharajas of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]], [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]].<ref name="classicalmusictvm">{{cite news |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |title=Music and Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-capital-city-as-a-hub-of-classical-music/article7761426.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=K |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=My Odyssey: Memoirs of the Man behind the Mangalyaan Mission |date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385990380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxtwDQAAQBAJ}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> [[Swathi Sangeethotsavam]], Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> The 111-day-long [[Soorya Festival]] is the biggest art and cultural event in [[Kerala]].<ref name="sooryafest">{{cite news |title=Soorya festival set to begin today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Soorya-festival-set-to-begin-today/article14991116.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=111-day Surya festival begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/111-day-surya-festival-begins-today/articleshow/60770870.cms |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.<ref name="sooryafest" />

[[File:Iffk 2011 DSCN4617-crop.jpg|thumb|right|16th [[IFFK]] 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex]]
The [[Malayalam film Industry]] was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, [[Vigathakumaran]] directed by [[J. C. Daniel]] was released in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Manoj |title=Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781946280480 |pages=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18pBDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |title=J C Daniel |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oommen |first1=M. A. |last2=Varkey Joseph |first2=Kumbattu |title=Economics of Indian Cinema |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |location=University of California |isbn=978-81-204-0575-2 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |title=11 Festivals You Will Find Only in Trivandrum! |author=Amal |date=18 February 2016 |work=EnteCity.com |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314185511/http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheerath |first1=Bhawani |title=IFFK 2017: A celebration of cinema from across the globe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffk-2017-a-cinematic-extravaganza/article21288507.ece |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]'s regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, [[Chitranjali Studio]], [[Merryland Studio]], [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Capital of cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-capital-of-cinema/article5401273.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Baiju Chandran |date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A week-long theatre extravaganza in Kerala capital |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/21/a-week-long-theatre-extravaganza-in-kerala-capital-1660772.html |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

Apart from the famous [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], the city's architecture is championed by the [[Napier Museum]] and [[Trivandrum Zoo|Thiruvananthapuram Zoo]], one of the oldest zoos in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |website=Kerala Culture |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Other architectural landmarks include [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika Palace]], [[Kowdiar Palace]], [[Attukal temple]], [[Beemapally|Beemapally Mosque]], [[Connemara Market]], and the [[Mateer Memorial Church]]. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of [[Laurie Baker]]'s architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=A film on the life and work of Laurie Baker |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/film-life-work-laurie-baker/ |website=Architectural Digest |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

Along with the major festivals of [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], [[Deepavali]], and [[Navaratri]], Christian and Islamic festivals like [[Christmas]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Bakrid]] and [[Mawlid|Milad-e-sheriff]], the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like [[Attukal Temple|Attukal Pongala]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aswin J |title=Review meeting of arrangements for Attukal pongala held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/review-meeting-of-arrangements-for-attukal-pongala-held/articleshow/62543741.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018}}</ref> [[Beemapally|Beemapally Uroos]],<ref>{{cite news |title=All set for beemapally uroos |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/feb/20/all-set-for-beemapally-uroos-1572772.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 February 2017}}</ref> [[Mother of God Church, Vettukad|Vettukaad Church Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Vettucaud church festival from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vettucaud-church-festival-from-friday/article7863783.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2015}}</ref> [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu]] and Lakshadeepam festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajai Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple fest begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Sree-Padmanabha-Swamy-temple-fest-begins/articleshow/26096472.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 November 2013}}</ref> During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onam celebration from Sept.12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Onam-celebration-from-Sept.12/article14620306.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Attukal Temple|Attukal Pongala]] festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.<ref name="atkp1">{{cite web |title=Largest gathering of women |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-annual-gathering-of-women/ |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="atkp2">{{cite news |last1=Mary Koshy |first1=Sneha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Janaki |title=In Kerala, a festival that marks the world's largest gathering of women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/in-kerala-a-festival-that-marks-the-worlds-largest-gathering-of-women-514543 |access-date=22 January 2018 |date=26 February 2013}}</ref> Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=FILCA int'l film fest from Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/filca-intl-film-fest-from-friday/articleshow/61730445.cms |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Twice the fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/french-bands-colt-silvers-and-last-train-come-to-town/article21076113.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water Princess' to bring awareness on water conservation |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/26/water-princess-to-bring-awareness-on-water-conservation-1711822.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

The general cuisine of the people is [[Kerala cuisine|Keralite cuisine]], which is generally characterised by an abundance of [[coconut]] and [[spice]]s. Other [[South Indian culture#Cuisine|South India]]n cuisines, as well as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and [[Indian cuisine|North Indian]] cuisines, are popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Authentic Kerala cuisine and ayurvedic massage bowl over Ind and NZ teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/authentic-kerala-cuisine-and-ayurvedic-massage-bowl-over-ind-and-nz-teams/articleshow/61532997.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering [[Arab cuisine|Arabic]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] and [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] cuisines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stott |first1=David |title=Kerala Footprint Focus Guide |date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=9781909268791 |pages=41–43 |edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahadevan |first1=Sajini |title=Meals on wheels |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meals-on-wheels/article18790841.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 June 2017}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Multiple images
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=Tvpmroad.jpg
|caption1=Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace
|image2=Road transport in Trivandrum.jpg
|caption2=Another road in the city
}}
{{Main|Transport in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg|left|thumb|[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]]]

===Public transport===
[[File:Double Decker bus in Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Double-decker bus in the city]]
The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Private bus strike shows signs of failure |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |issue=19 February 2018}}</ref> The city buses operated by [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the [[Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram|Central Bus Station]] in [[Thampanoor]], where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in [[East Fort]], where most city buses ply from.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Anasooya |title=Thampanoor station is now a role model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thampanoor-station-is-now-a-role-model/articleshow/61540168.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S.Anil |title=New bus shelter for East Fort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/New-bus-shelter-for-East-Fort/article14000787.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Three-wheeled, yellow and black [[auto-rickshaws]] and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pre-paid auto drivers oppose fee for parking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pre-paid-auto-drivers-oppose-fee-for-parking/article19290497.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=App-based taxi service at rly station from tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/app-based-taxi-service-at-rly-station-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62013228.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro]] is a fully elevated [[Medium-capacity rail system|metro rail]] – [[rapid transit]] system planned to ease the congestion in the city.<ref name="tvmroad"/><ref name="tvmmetro">{{cite web |title=Trivandrum Metro Features |url=http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |website=Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

===Road===
Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed [[road transport]] infrastructure.<ref name="tvmroad">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=New metro policy to affect Kazhakoootam-Kesavadasapuram stretch |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2017}}</ref> The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and [[Kerala Public Works Department|Kerala PWD]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Minister, prove charges or retract statement: TRDCL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mr-minister-prove-charges-or-retract-statement-trdcl/articleshow/60930916.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |date=4 October 2017}}</ref> TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.<ref name=trcip/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |website=IL&FS |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303183626/https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TRCIP is a [[Public–private partnership|Public-private partnership]] project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.<ref name=trcip>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project to tackle congestion |url=http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |website=World Highways |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.<ref name="roadaward">{{cite web |title=2015 Global Road Achievement Awards Book of Winning Projects |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1341/trdcl_award.pdf |website=IL&FS |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> TCRIP has also been selected by [[United Nations]] as a replicable Public Private Partnership model.<ref name="unroad">{{cite news |title=United Nations finds Kerala's road is a model |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/160516/united-nations-finds-kerala-s-road-is-a-model.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicle |date=16 May 2016}}</ref> It was one of the 12 [[Public–private partnership|Public-private partnership]] project case studies from across the world which fulfil the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of the UN Agenda 2030.<ref name="unroad1">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project – The UN Recognition for achieving sustainable development goals |url=http://www.itnlinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TCRIP-AT-UNECE-GENEVA-n.pdf |website=ITNL International |publisher=TCRIP |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="unroad2">{{cite web |title=Case 25 India Road Sector Thiruvananthapuram City Improvement |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ceci/documents/2016/PPP/Forum_PPP-SDGs/Presentations/Case_25_India_Thiruvananthapuram_City_Improvement.pdf |website=UNECE |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram is served by [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] of India's [[National Highway (India)|National Highways system]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Soil testing for Kazhakuttam flyover begins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/soil-testing-for-kazhakuttam-flyover-begins/article19360441.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2017}}</ref> The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] of the National Highway system at [[Aralvaimozhi]], which is 80 km south of the city.<ref>{{Cite map |date=3 March 2018 |title=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi |map=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi distance |map-url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=osrm_car&route=8.2652%2C77.5580%3B8.4826%2C76.9613#map=11/8.3059/77.3438 |work=OpenStreetMap |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> The [[State Highway 1 (Kerala)|State Highway 1]], which commonly known as the [[Main Central Road]] is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are [[State Highway 2 (Kerala)|State Highway 2]] and [[State Highway 45 (Kerala)|State Highway 45]].<ref name="stateroads">{{cite web |title=State Highways in Kerala |url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |website=Kerala Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Thiruvananthapuram)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] is the main arterial road in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paid parking on M.G. Road from today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/paid-parking-on-mg-road-from-today/article7849208.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Ahead of the times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ywca-trivandrum-celebrates-its-centenary/article19316560.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace.<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Green spaces that are the breathing lungs of Trivandrum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/green-spaces-that-are-the-breathing-lungs-of-trivandrum/articleshow/58516479.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

===Rail===
Thiruvananthapuram is a [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|divisional headquarters]] in the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1370348346435-Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |website=Southern Railway |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Long-distance trains originate from [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Kochuveli Railway Station|Kochuveli railway terminal]]s. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kochuveli railway terminal opened |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Kochuveli-railway-terminal-opened/article20272059.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu Business line |date=30 March 2005}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] is the busiest railway station in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram Central to be made a world-class station |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thiruvananthapuram-Central-to-be-made-a-world-class-station/article14730334.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2016}}</ref> Other railway stations in the city are [[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah]], [[Nemom railway station]], Veli railway station and [[Kazhakoottam railway station]]. Being the southernmost [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Trivandrum Rajdhani Express, [[Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express]] and [[Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express]]. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at [[Nemom railway station]] to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway to give priority to Nemom terminal: Ashwani Lohani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/railway-to-give-priority-to-nemom-terminal-ashwani-lohani/articleshow/61279808.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

===Air===
Thiruvananthapuram is served by the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], located at Chakai, only {{cvt|6.7|km|mi}} from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala celebrates 75th anniversary of civil aviation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-celebrates-75th-anniversary-of-civil-aviation/article15796809.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2010}}</ref> Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. As the city is headquarters of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the [[Indian Air Force]], Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.<ref name="Southern Air Command, Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/southern-air-command |work=Indian Air Force |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the [[Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology]] which carries out pilot-training activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology gets its wings back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/aviation-academy-gets-its-wings-back/articleshow/57638475.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

===Sea===
Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship arrives at Vizhinjam port |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cruise-ship-arrives-at-Vizhinjam-port/article14703558.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2016}}</ref> A [[Ferry terminal|cruise terminal]] is under construction at [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Master plan for Vizhinjam Seaport released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/master-plan-for-vizhinjam-seaport-released/article4766869.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=P |title=Cruise terminal being planned at Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cruise-terminal-being-planned-at-vizhinjam/article3595756.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Immigration check-post facility for Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/immigration-check-post-facility-for-vizhinjam/article20554516.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=19 November 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|Schools in Thiruvananthapuram|Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Model School Thiruvananthapuram.JPG|left|thumb|[[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Model School]] Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anilkumar |first1=B S |title=A model for generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/a-model-for-generations/articleshow/60934565.cms |access-date=8 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2017}}</ref>|200px]]
[[File:Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower at the [[University of Kerala]]|200px]]
[[File:Medical college Gate Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|left|Main gate of [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical college]]|200px]]
[[File:Observatory at IIST.jpg|thumb|Observatory in [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]|200px]]

===Primary and secondary education===
Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=No PSC postings in aided schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/no-psc-postings-in-aided-schools/articleshow/57421702.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="scllist">{{cite web |title=List of Schools |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=460&Itemid=143 |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The government schools are run directly by the [[Kerala State Education Board]] and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.<ref name=syllabus>{{cite web |title=Selected Educational Statistics |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/selected%20educational%20statistics%202010-11.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The aided schools also follow the [[Kerala State Education Board|state syllabus]]. [[Malayalam]] and English are the primary languages of instruction; [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] are also used.<ref name=syllabus/> The schools are affiliated with [[Kerala State Education Board|The State Council of Educational Research and Training]] (SCERT), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Achievement Survey |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/NAS/NAS.html |website=National Council of Educational Research and Training |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="ncertsurv">{{cite news |title=NCERT survey: Gaping holes visible in Kerala education system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ncert-survey-gaping-holes-visible-in-kerala-education-system/articleshow/63122119.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

The notable schools in the city include [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School (Thiruvananthapuram)|St. Mary's Higher Secondary School]], which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pradeep Kumar |first1=Kaavya |title='Twin' fete at school to mark Kerala Piravi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/twin-fete-at-school-to-mark-kerala-piravi/article6555133.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A song for a better earth by 12,000 children |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-song-for-a-better-earth-by-12000-children/article6086390.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 May 2016}}</ref> [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]], [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls]], [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]], [[SMV High School, Thiruvananthapuram|SMV School]], [[Trivandrum International School]], [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram|Loyola School]], [[Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Trivandrum|Sarvodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School]], [[Arya Central School]], Jyothi Nilayam School, [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School]], [[St. Thomas Residential School]], [[The Oxford School, Trivandrum|The Oxford School]] and [[VSSC Central School]].<ref name="highscllist">{{cite web |title=List of High schools in Thiruvananthapuram District |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/hs/tvm.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

===Higher education and research===
Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of [[space science]], [[information technology]], [[Outline of physical science|physical science]], [[bio-technology|biotechnology]], [[engineering]] and [[medicine]]. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two [[State university (India)|state universities]] and one [[deemed university]]. The state universities are the [[University of Kerala]] and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]. [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Institute |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) |publisher=Department of Space, Govt. of India |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer [[Academic degree|graduate courses]] and [[research]] in space sciences, space technology and space applications.<ref name="iist">{{cite web |url=http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |title=About IIST |access-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814133048/http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |archive-date=14 August 2011 |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}}</ref> The city also houses two [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institutes of National Importance]]; [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER).<ref name="inilist">{{cite web |title=Institutions of National Importance |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |website=Department of Higher Education |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Trivandrum Regional Centre |url=http://rctrivandrum.ignou.ac.in/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Open University Website |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University. |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] is the first and a premier [[medical school]] in Kerala, founded in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Medical College |url=http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |website=Trivandrum Medical College |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Other notable medical schools apart from [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology|SCTIMST]] (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes [[SUT Academy of Medical Sciences]], Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.<ref name="procollist">{{cite web |title=Professional College list |url=https://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |website=Office of the commissioner for entrance examinations |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705153420/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city houses several prominent [[Law school|legal education]] institutions. The [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College]], formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://glctvpm.com/college/college_about.shtml |website=Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=GLCT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Kerala Law Academy Law College|Kerala Law Academy]] is another major legal education institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Kerala Law Academy |url=https://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |website=Kerala Law Academy Website |publisher=Kerala Law Academy |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The major [[Business school]]s include [[Asian School of Business]], [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum#Masters of Business Administration|CET School of Management]] and [[Institute of Management in Kerala]] (IMK).<ref>{{cite web |title=CET School of Management |url=http://www.mba.cet.ac.in/ |website=CET Management school |publisher=Department of Business Administration, Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.asb.ac.in/about-us |website=Asian School of Business |publisher=ASB |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMK |url=http://www.imk.ac.in/abtus.htm |website=Institute of Management in Kerala |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> There are over 23 [[engineering education]] institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="engcollist">{{cite web |title=Kerala Technological University List of Affiliated Courses 2015–16 |url=https://ktu.edu.in/data/Affiliated%20courses-WEBSITE%2027%20JULY%202015.pdf |website=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Apart from [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|IISER]], the other major engineering education institutions include [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET), which is the first engineering college in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About CET |url=http://www.cet.ac.in/ |website=College of Engineering, Trivandrum |publisher=CET |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> [[Government Engineering College, Trivandrum|Government Engineering College BartonHill]] (GEC), [[Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering]] (SCT), [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram#ER & DCI Institute of Technology|ER & DCI Institute of Technology]], [[University College of Engineering, Kariavattom|University College of Engineering]], Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and [[Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="engcollist"/> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] established in 1866 and [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women]] established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/ |website=University College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. College for Women, Our History |url=http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |website=Government college for Women, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

Other prominent [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] colleges include the [[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Arts College]], [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Sanskrit College]], [[Loyola College of Social Sciences]], [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba|St. Xavier's College]] and [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram|All Saints College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/downloads/list_of_affiliated_colleges.pdf |website=Kerala University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Major [[fine art]]s colleges are [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], which is the first music academy in Kerala<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/rel_akademi.htm |website=Swathi Thirunal College of Music |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> and [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=Carving space through art |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/carving-space-through-art/article22678712.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] is one of the two [[physical education]] academic institutes of the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Centres |url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |website=Sports Authority of India |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala]] (IIITMK),<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management – Kerala (IIITM-K) |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-details?id=9948 |website=Technopark |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[National Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (NISH),<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.nish.ac.in/about-us |website=National Institute of Speech and Hearing |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=RGCB Profile |url=http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |website=Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-Dit),<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.cdit.org/about-us |website=Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT) |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS),<ref>{{cite web |title=An Overview |url=http://www.cds.edu/about-cds/an-overview/ |website=Centre for Development Studies (CDS) |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Experts brainstorm over ways to tackle viruses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-science-congress-concludes/article22594529.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (NCESS),<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Directory |url=http://www.ncess.gov.in/contact-us/contact-directory.html |website=National Centre for Earth Science Studies |publisher=Earth System Science OrganizationMinistry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=CorporateProfile |website=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Science festival at Kerala varsity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/varsity-to-open-its-doors-to-public/article22747411.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Kerala University]] is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]]'s [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF).<ref>{{cite web |title=University Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/UniversityRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overall Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> In engineering, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]] is listed as the best college in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/CollegeRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=University College joins the big league |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/university-college-joins-the-big-league/article23809815.ece |access-date=25 May 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Thiruvananthapuram}}
Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in [[Media in Kerala|Kerala]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, [[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan Malayalam]] began broadcasting from the city in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Kendra, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |website=Doordarshan Kendra Trivandrum |publisher=Prasar Bharathi, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohandas |first1=Vandana |title=The world's his oyster |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/141117/the-worlds-his-oyster.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicles |date=14 November 2017}}</ref> The other [[List of Malayalam-language television channels|Malayalam channels]] based in the city include [[Asianet News]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Kappa TV]], [[Kairali TV]], [[WE TV|Kairali We]], [[Mathrubhumi News]], [[Kaumudy TV]], [[JaiHind TV]], [[News18|News18 Kerala]] and People TV.<ref name="medialist">{{cite web |title=Media in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/a676e856-d611-4b3f-b164-3036916fb740 |website=Official Kerala Government website |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> All major Malayalam channels, including [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[Janam TV]], [[Jeevan TV]], [[MediaOne TV]] and [[Manorama News]] have production facilities or offices in the city.<ref name="medialist"/> TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[Direct-broadcast satellite|direct-broadcast satellite services]], or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Competition Commission orders probe against Star India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/competition-commission-orders-probe-against-star-india/article22331327.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Anil |title=DDK Trivandrum ends analogue terrestrial TV transmission |url=https://keralaitnews.com/6385/ddk-trivandrum-ends-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmission-goes-digital |access-date=9 March 2018 |agency=Kerala IT News |date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BSNL launches IPTV in State |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/BSNL-launches-IPTV-in-State/article16562478.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2010}}</ref> Prominent [[Satellite television|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sun Direct DTH]], [[DD Direct+]], [[Videocon d2h]], [[Dish TV]], [[Reliance Digital TV]], [[Airtel digital TV]] and [[Tata Sky|Tata Play]].

Major [[List of Malayalam-language newspapers|Malayalam newspapers]] available are ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'', ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', [[Madhyamam]], ''[[Janmabhumi]]'', ''[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]'', ''[[Thejas]]'', ''[[Siraj Daily]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'' and ''[[Deepika (newspaper)#Rashtra Deepika|Rashtra Deepika]]''. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="medialist"/>

[[All India Radio]], the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs [[Medium wave]] and [[Shortwave radio]] stations in the city.<ref name="amradio">{{cite web |title=South Zone Region Services |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/South%20Zone%20Regional%20Services%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About All India Radio Trivandrum |url=http://www.airtvm.com/about.pdf |website=All India Radio, Trivandrum |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Vividh Bharati]] of All India Radio also airs an [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] station known as Ananthapuri FM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vividh Bharati FM Service |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/VIVIDH%20BHARTI%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ananthapuri FM looking for anchors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-fm-looking-for-anchors/article17591891.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] 92.7 MHz,<ref name="radiolist">{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Jest for laughs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jest-for-laughs/article6793892.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2015}}</ref> [[Club FM 94.3]] MHz,<ref name="Club FM">{{cite web |title=Club FM |url=http://clubfm.in/ |publisher=Club FM |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz,<ref name="Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Entertainment Network (India) Limited |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Red FM 93.5]] MHz<ref name="radiolist"/> and [[Radio DC]] 90.4 MHz.<ref name="Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://radiodcfm.com/ |publisher=Radio DC |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala 2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|India vs New Zealand T20]]]]
{{Multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=Chandrashekaran nair stadium kerala.jpg
|caption1=A football match in [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium|CSN Stadium]]
|image2=BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg
|caption2=Badminton at TOSS Academy
}}
The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]]. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]] in 1984.<ref name="1stodi">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/06/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-t20-international-cricket-match-1692992.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The city also hosted the first [[Twenty20]] International cricket match in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVPM to host India-NZ T20 on November 7 |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2017/08/03/kerala-thiruvananthapuram-host-india-nz-t20-november.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Kerala Cricket Association]] is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/ |website=Kerala Cricket Association |publisher=KCA |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sanju Samson]], [[Raiphi Gomez]], [[Ryan Ninan]], [[Aneil Nambiar]], [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]], [[Rohan Prem]], [[Udiramala Subramaniam]], [[P. M. K. Mohandas]], [[Bhaskar Pillai]] and [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58479.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> [[St Xavier's College Ground]],<ref>{{cite web |title=St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1053905.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,<ref>{{cite web |title=KCA Cricket Stadium – Mangalapuram |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/kca-cricket-stadium-mangalapuram |website=KCA Website |publisher=Kerala Cricket Association |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Medical College ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical College Ground Profile |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1237.html |website=Cricketarchive |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Vellyani Agricultural College Ground]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellyani Agricultural College Ground |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58481.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> are the main cricket grounds in the city. [[The Sports Hub, Trivandrum]], commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the [[List of stadiums in India|largest cricket and football stadiums in India]].<ref name=grnfld>{{cite news |title=Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jun/12/Greenfield-Stadium-Touching-New-Heights-754477.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the [[2015 SAFF Championship]] at the Greenfield Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanarangan |first1=Vinayakk |title=SAFF Cup final, as it happened: Chhetri the match-winner as India reclaim title from Afghans |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/saff-cup-final-india-vs-afghanistan-live-can-sunil-chhetri-and-co-halt-a-rampaging-afghan-side-2569120.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=3 January 2016}}</ref> [[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|SBI Kerala]], [[Titanium FC]], [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]], Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Titanium football club to turn professional; plans to establish fan club |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/titanium-football-club-to-turn-professional-plans-to-establish-fan-club/article7533034.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Back in the game: Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/back-in-the-game-football-in-kerala/article22716585.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2018}}</ref> Football is usually played in the [[Greenfield International Stadium|Greenfield International Stadium(The Sports Hub)]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chirag United holds Salgaocar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chirag-united-holds-salgaocar/article2684728.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2011}}</ref> Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Jobby Justin]], [[Vinu Jose]], Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan.

The city has facilities to host most types of sports.<ref name=tvmsports>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title=Come and play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the [[2015 National Games of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Venues |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/kerala2015/venues/ |website=2015 National Games of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> Athletic competitions are usually held at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/venues/university-stadium/ |website=National Games Kerala 2015 |publisher=35th National Games – Kerala 2015 |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The Trivandrum Marathon is a [[marathon]] organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V N |first1=Aswin |title=First-ever midnight marathon in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/first-ever-midnight-marathon-in-kerala/article21310110.ece |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 December 2017}}</ref> There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-marathon-on-december-9-midnight/articleshow/61937083.cms |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Run to raise funds for cancer treatment |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/07/run-to-raise-funds-for-cancer-treatment-1747243.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Jimmy George Indoor Stadium]] is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[table tennis]], [[gymnastics]], [[List of water sports|aquatics]] and [[martial arts]].<ref name=tvmsports/> The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astra |url=http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |website=Sports Kerala |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> The major sports training and coaching institutions include the [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.<ref>{{cite news |title=Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/junior-badminton-league-on-july-30-at-greenfield-1633002.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/30/kazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information of NSF |url=http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6 |website=The National Rifle Association of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Surfing]] is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and [[standup paddleboarding]] tournaments are held in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=National surfing contest begins at Kovalam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/national-surfing-contest-begins-at-kovalam/article20611361.ece1 |access-date=27 March 2018 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> The surf competitions are usually held on [[Kovalam Beach]] and [[Varkala Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kovalam Surf Club: No school, no surfing |url=http://www.kovalamsurfclub.com/ |website=Kovalam Surf Club |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Paragliding]] is another [[Extreme sport|adventure sport]] usually seen on Varkala Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/travel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=News 18 |date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club|SAI Trivandrum golf club]], established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.<ref name=saigolf>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |website=SAI Trivandrum Golf Club |publisher=Sports Authority of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> It is leased to the [[Sports Authority of India]].<ref name=saigolf/>

==See also==

*[[List of people from Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2 |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. |page=7063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7063 |isbn=9788177552577}}
*{{cite book |title=Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Gudm1iW78C&q=thiruvananthapuram |access-date=28 March 2018 |year=2008}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ Official District website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102009/http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ |date=15 August 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191835/http://www.tvm.kerala.gov.in/home.htm Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District]

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Kerala}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}

[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
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[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
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Interpol notice

2023-08-31T14:50:11Z

Thecherrygarg: Interpol notice

{{short description|International alert/announcement}}
{{redirect|Red notice||Red Notice (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Interpol notice emblems.svg|right|alt=Notices issued by Interpol.|thumb|Emblems of Interpol notices]]
An '''Interpol notice''' is an international alert circulated by [[Interpol]] to communicate information about crimes, criminals, and threats by police in a member state (or an authorised international entity) to their counterparts around the world. The information disseminated via notices concerns individuals wanted for serious crimes, missing persons, unidentified bodies, possible threats, prison escapes, and criminals' ''[[modus operandi]]''.<ref name="Fact Sheet">{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |title=About Notices |author= |publisher=Interpol |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215023526/https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are eight types of notices, seven of which are colour-coded by their function: red, blue, green, yellow, black, orange, and purple. The best-known notice is the ''red notice'' which is the "closest instrument to an international [[arrest warrant]] in use today".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00611.htm |title=Interpol Red Notices |website=[[United States Attorneys' Manual]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206195827/http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00611.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Orange Notice">{{cite press release |title=INTERPOL creates new international alert notice |date=24 February 2004 |publisher=Interpol |location=[[Lyon]], [[France]] |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2004/INTERPOL-creates-new-international-alert-notice |access-date=1 January 2020 |quote=INTERPOL already issues a series of colour-coded notices, including the famous Red Notice for wanted international fugitives |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101192850/https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2004/INTERPOL-creates-new-international-alert-notice |url-status=live }}</ref> An eighth ''special notice'' is issued at the request of the [[United Nations Security Council]].

Notices published by Interpol are made either on the organisation's own initiative or are based on requests from national central bureaus (NCBs) of member states or authorised international entities such as the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Criminal Court]]. All notices are published on Interpol's secure website. Extracts of notices may also be published on Interpol's public website if the requesting entity agrees.

Interpol may only publish a notice that adheres to all the proper legal conditions. For example, a notice will not be published if it violates Interpol's constitution, which forbids the organisation from undertaking activities of a political, military, religious, or racial character. Interpol may refuse to publish a notice that it considers inadvisable or a potential risk.

Notices may be issued in any of the four official languages of Interpol: [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="Notices">{{cite web |url=http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Notices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220052911/http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Notices |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2019 |title=Notices |author= |publisher=Interpol |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>

==Notice types==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%;"
|-
! width="20%"| Notice type
! Details
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: red; color: white"| '''Red notice'''
| To seek the location/arrest of a person wanted by a judicial jurisdiction or international tribunal with a view to extradition
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: blue; color: white"| '''Blue notice'''
| To locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: green; color: white"| '''Green notice'''
| To warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: yellow; color: black"| '''Yellow notice'''
| To locate a missing person or to identify a person unable to identify themselves
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: black; color: white"| '''Black notice'''
| To seek information on [[unidentified decedent|unidentified bodies]]
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: orange; color: black"| '''Orange notice'''
| To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and danger to persons or property
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: purple; color: white"| '''Purple notice'''
| To provide information on ''modi operandi'', procedures, objects, devices, or hiding places used by criminals
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #4B92DB; color: black"| '''Interpol–United Nations Security Council special notice'''
| To inform Interpol's members that an individual or an entity is subject to UN sanctions
|}

Similar to the notice is another request for cooperation or alert mechanism known as a "diffusion". This is less formal than a notice, but also is used to request the arrest or location of an individual or additional information in relation to a police investigation. A diffusion is circulated directly by a member state or international entity to the countries of their choice, or to the entire Interpol membership and is simultaneously recorded in Interpol's databases.<ref name="Fact Sheet" /><ref name="Notices" />

==History==
{{Missing information|section|recent notice counts|date=February 2023}}

The International notice system was created in 1946 as Interpol re-established itself after [[World War II]] in the [[Paris]]ian suburb of [[Saint-Cloud]]. It initially consisted of six colour-coded notices; Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black, and Purple. In 2004, the seventh colour was added, Orange.<ref name="Orange Notice" />

In 2005, the Interpol-United Nations Security Council special notice was created at the request of the UN Security Council through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1617|Resolution 1617]] to provide better tools to help the Security Council carry out its mandate regarding the freezing of assets, travel bans, and arms embargoes aimed at individuals and entities associated with [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Taliban]] and was adopted by Interpol at its 74th General Assembly in [[Berlin]] in September 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2005/INTERPOL-to-introduce-new-international-notice-to-assist-UN |title=INTERPOL to introduce new international notice to assist UN |date=21 September 2005 |publisher=Interpol |format=PDF |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101192839/https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2005/INTERPOL-to-introduce-new-international-notice-to-assist-UN |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Interpol notices issued since 2011
|-
! Year !! Red !! Blue !! Green !! Yellow !! Black !! Orange !! Purple !! Interpol‑UN !! Diffusions
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/10958/file/Annual%20Report%202011-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2011 |date=2012 |publisher=[[Interpol]] |access-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710170713/https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/10958/file/Annual%20Report%202011-EN.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10}}</ref>||7,678||705||1,132||1,059||104||31||8||30||15,708
|style="text-align:left;"|Interpol published approximately 26,500 notices and diffusions in 2011. There were 40,836 notices and 48,310 diffusions in circulation at the end of 2011, and 7,958 people were arrested on the basis of a notice or diffusion during 2011.
|-
|2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4926/file/Annual%20Report%202012-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2012 |author= |date=2013 |publisher=Interpol |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112171010/http://www.interpol.int/content/download/20552/185413/version/5/file/Annual%20Report%202012_EN_i.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||8,136||1,085||1,477||1,691||141||31||16||78||20,130
|style="text-align:left;"|Interpol published approximately 32,750 notices and diffusions in 2012. There were 46,994 notices and 66,614 diffusions in circulation at the end of 2012.
|-
|2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4989/file/Annual%20Report%202013-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2013 |author= |date=2013 |publisher=Interpol |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921080747/http://www.interpol.int/content/download/25671/352500/version/4/file/INTERPOL%20Annual%20Report%202013_EN_LR.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>||8,857||1,691||1,004||1,889||117||43||102||79||21,183
|style="text-align:left;"|Interpol published approximately 34,820 notices and diffusions in 2013. There were 52,880 notices and 70,159 diffusions in circulation at the end of 2013; 1,749 people were arrested on the basis of a notice during 2013.
|-
|2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4994/file/Annual%20Report%202014-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2014 |author= |date=2015 |publisher=Interpol |access-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710161656/https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4994/file/Annual%20Report%202014-EN.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10 }}</ref>||10,718||2,355||1,216||2,814||153||29||75||72||21,922
|style="text-align:left;"|Interpol published approximately 39,250 notices and diffusions in 2014. There were 60,187 notices and 74,625 diffusions in circulation at the end of 2014; 2,336 people were arrested on the basis of a notice during 2014.
|-
|2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4995/file/Annual%20Report%202015-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2015 |author= |date=2016 |publisher=Interpol |access-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710171202/https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4995/file/Annual%20Report%202015-EN.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10 }}</ref>||11,492||3,913||1,248||2,505||153||36||139||51||22,753
|style="text-align:left;"|Interpol published approximately 42,266 notices and diffusions in 2015. There were 67,491 notices and 78,313 diffusions in circulation at the end of 2015.
|-
|2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4996/file/Annual%20Report%202016-EN.pdf |title=INTERPOL Annual Report 2016 |access-date=2023-02-09 |archive-date=2022-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317162111/https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4996/file/Annual%20Report%202016-EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|12,878
|
|
|2,675
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2017<ref>{{cite web |title=About Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |website=www.interpol.int |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|12,042
|2,508
|4,422
|130
|777
|3
|165
|19
|
|
|-
|2018<ref>{{cite web |title=About Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |website=www.interpol.int |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|13,516
|2,397
|4,139
|134
|827
|52
|97
|28
|
|
|-
|2019<ref>{{cite web |title=About Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |website=www.interpol.int |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|13,410
|3,193
|3,375
|256
|761
|33
|92
|15
|
|
|-
|2020<ref>{{cite web |title=About Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |website=www.interpol.int |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|11,094
|2,554
|3,966
|391
|509
|39
|130
|9
|
|
|-
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=About Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices |website=www.interpol.int |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|10,776
|2,622
|3,604
|118
|1,072
|45
|107
|13
|
|
|}

==Controversy==
===Red notice controversies===
{{further|Interpol#Abusive requests for Interpol arrests}}
In his book ''[[Red Notice (book)|Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man's Fight for Justice]]'', [[Bill Browder]], the CEO of [[Hermitage Capital Management]], describes how the Russian government repeatedly requested that Interpol issue a red notice for his arrest. Interpol refused to do so on the basis that it deemed the request was "predominantly political in nature and therefore contrary to INTERPOL's rules and regulations". Unable to secure his extradition, Browder was subsequently tried and convicted by a Moscow court for tax evasion ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]''.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=INTERPOL cannot be used by the Russian Federation to seek the arrest of Mr William Browder |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2013/INTERPOL-cannot-be-used-by-the-Russian-Federation-to-seek-the-arrest-of-Mr-William-Browder |location=Lyon, France |publisher=Interpol |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=1 January 2020 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101192834/https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2013/INTERPOL-cannot-be-used-by-the-Russian-Federation-to-seek-the-arrest-of-Mr-William-Browder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zug |first=James |author-link=James Zug |date=31 January 2015 |title='Red Notice' by Bill Browder |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2015/01/31/review-red-notice-true-story-high-finance-murder-and-one-man-fight-for-justice-bill-browder/0nyJkdoh2hiwGlOrOF2aAM/story.html |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712035442/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2015/01/31/review-red-notice-true-story-high-finance-murder-and-one-man-fight-for-justice-bill-browder/0nyJkdoh2hiwGlOrOF2aAM/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=31 January 2015 |title=Red sky in the morning |url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21641125-salutary-tale-robbery-and-redress-red-sky-morning |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316003628/https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21641125-salutary-tale-robbery-and-redress-red-sky-morning |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |author-link=William Grimes (journalist) |date=1 February 2015 |title=To Russia, With Capitalist Ambitions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/arts/bill-browders-red-notice-about-his-russian-misadventures.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111084112/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/arts/bill-browders-red-notice-about-his-russian-misadventures.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2017, United Kingdom-based NGO [[Fair Trials]] called on Interpol to introduce more rigorous checks. Fair Trial chief executive Jago Russell stated, "Interpol has been allowing itself to be used by oppressive regimes across the world to export the persecution of human rights defenders, journalists and political opponents". There have been concerns about conflict of interest as well as in March 2017, the UAE donated $54 million to Interpol, which roughly equalled the contributions by all other member states.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE donates $54m to Interpol |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1367033/uae-donates-54m-interpol |df=dmy-all |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2018 |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220080028/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1367033/uae-donates-54m-interpol/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Interpol's secretary-general, Jurgen Stock, stated that Interpol had introduced a task force to review requests "even more intensively".<ref name="AlJazeera">{{cite news|last1=Spiller|first1=Sarah|last2=Macrae|first2=Callum|title=Interpol: Red Alert!|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2017/01/interpol-red-alert-170111133954581.html|access-date=31 July 2017|work=Al Jazeera|df=dmy-all|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101192832/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2017/01/interpol-red-alert-170111133954581.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2020, [[Iran]] issued an arrest warrant for U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] and 35 other U.S. political and military officials for their role in the [[assassination of Qasem Soleimani]] and asked Interpol to issue a red notice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran has issued an arrest warrant for Trump over the killing of Qassem Soleimani, and asked Interpol to help detain him |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-issues-arrest-warrant-donald-trump-killing-qassem-soleimani-interpol-2020-6 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=29 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127071406/https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-issues-arrest-warrant-donald-trump-killing-qassem-soleimani-interpol-2020-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was shown in 2013 that Interpol red notices were sometimes inaccurate and could be politically motivated. [[NGO]]s such as [[Fair Trials International]] have pointed to its limited internal controls to tackle political abuses. Many of its members have poor human rights records and corrupt, undemocratic governments and have been accused of abusing the red notice networks for political purposes.<ref name="factcheck">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/factcheck-are-interpol-red-notices-often-wrong-15377|title=FactCheck: are Interpol red notices often wrong?|last1=Baldino|first1=Daniel|last2=Wardlaw|first2=Grant|date=7 July 2013|publisher=The Conversation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828205406/http://theconversation.com/factcheck-are-interpol-red-notices-often-wrong-15377|archive-date=28 August 2018|access-date=9 February 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Some red notices are controversial and have been used to persecute opponents of regimes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1630.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809111506/http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1630.pdf|url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-08-09|title=Shelter from the storm?|last=Hug |first=Adam |date=April 2014 |publisher=The Foreign Policy Centre |location=London |language=en |access-date=1 January 2020 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> for example the former president of Ukraine, [[Viktor Yanukovych]], whose red notice was removed because it was shown to be a political request.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30777844 |title=Ukraine ex-leader wanted by Interpol |date=2015-01-12 |access-date=2019-08-23 |language=en-GB |df=dmy-all |work=BBC News |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614212517/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30777844 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-no-longer-listed-as-wanted-person-by-interpol-393931.html|title=Yanukovych no longer listed as wanted person by Interpol|date=2015-07-21|website=KyivPost|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=2019-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125044205/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-no-longer-listed-as-wanted-person-by-interpol-393931.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Interpol issued a new refugee policy in 2015, stipulating that a red notice should not be issued against a refugee when it has been requested by the country from which the refugee initially fled.<ref name="Explainer">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-an-interpol-red-notice-and-how-does-it-work-110688|title=Explainer: what is an Interpol red notice and how does it work?|last=Finlay|first=Lorraine|date=30 January 2019 |publisher=The Conversation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206095829/https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-an-interpol-red-notice-and-how-does-it-work-110688 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

In November 2018, [[Bahrain]] issued a red notice for footballer and [[dissident]] [[Hakeem al-Araibi]], who had fled Bahrain in 2014 and been granted [[refugee]] status in Australia some years later. He was arrested on arrival in Thailand with his wife for a [[honeymoon]] in November 2018 by Thai police on the basis of the red notice, despite the red notice being withdrawn a few days later on the basis of illegality. On 11 February, he was released after Thai prosecutors dropped the case, arriving in Australia the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-soccer-hakeem-al-araibi.html|title=Soccer Player Who Faced Extradition From Thailand to Bahrain Is Back in Australia|first=Austin|last=Ramzy|date=11 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019|work=The New York Times|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082127/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/world/asia/thailand-soccer-hakeem-al-araibi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was granted Australian citizenship one month later, on 12 March 2019.

There has been growing concern about refugees being targeted by red notices illegally. Recent examples before al-Araibi's case include the detention of Russian activist Petr Silaev in [[Spain]] and Algerian human rights lawyer [[Rachid Mesli]] in Italy. In al-Araibi's case, despite the red notice being withdrawn only a few days after being issued, Bahrain nonetheless issued an extradition order, and Thailand complied, leading to a trial in which al-Araibi had to defend his opposition to the extradition.<ref name="Explainer" />

China has used red notices to repatriate [[Uyghurs]] around the world{{Cn|date=September 2022}} although one of them has been cancelled upon review.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=David |title=Interpol cancels arrest warrant for Uighur activist Yidiresi Aishan |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/interpol-cancels-arrest-warrant-for-uighur-activist-yidiresi-aishan-vqbld3grd |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=The Times |date=August 25, 2021 |language=English |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825184021/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/interpol-cancels-arrest-warrant-for-uighur-activist-yidiresi-aishan-vqbld3grd |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files==

The Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files (CCF) is an independent monitoring body. It operates in line with a number of official rules and documents and has three main functions:
* Monitoring the application of data protection rules to personal data processed by Interpol
* Advising with regard to any operations or projects concerning the processing of personal information
* Processing requests for access to Interpol's files

In 2008, the Interpol General Assembly voted to amend Interpol's constitution to integrate the CCF into its internal legal structure, thereby guaranteeing its independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Structure-and-governance/Commission-for-the-Control-of-INTERPOL%27s-Files|title=Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files|work=interpol.int|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511115849/https://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Structure-and-governance/Commission-for-the-Control-of-INTERPOL%27s-Files|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The CCF's most notable function, however, is to consider legal petitions submitted by individuals requesting the revocation of red notices. Such petitions, as a rule, only succeed when a red notice is deemed to infringe Interpol's Constitution either because it offends the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] or because it was issued for political, religious, military, or racial reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Legal-materials/The-Constitution|title=The Constitution|work=interpol.int|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412195541/http://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Legal-materials/The-Constitution|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview given to [[Forbes]] Africa Magazine in July 2013, leading international defense attorney [[Nick Kaufman]] observed that it may take months for the CCF to rule on such a petition adding that the review body "doesn't have to give reasons for its decision and there is no right of appeal".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaycaboz.wordpress.com/2013/07/26/publications-july-forbes-africa-magazine/ |title=Publications July Forbes Africa Magazine |date=26 July 2013 |publisher=Jay Caboz |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228133637/https://jaycaboz.wordpress.com/2013/07/26/publications-july-forbes-africa-magazine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==

* In the original 1985 version of the [[Broderbund]] video game ''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1985 video game)|Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?]]'', the first part of the player's objective in each mission is to obtain an Interpol red notice (imprecisely described as a "warrant to arrest") against a member of a fictional [[organized crime|crime syndicate]].{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
* ''[[Black Notice]]'', a crime novel by [[Patricia Cornwell]], was named after the Interpol procedure.
* The films [[Red Notice (film)|''Red Notice'']] and ''[[SAS: Red Notice]]'' were named after the Interpol procedure.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Notices}} of Interpol notices
**[http://www.interpol.int/notice/search/wanted Wanted persons]
**[http://www.interpol.int/notice/search/missing Missing persons]

[[Category:International criminal law]]
[[Category:Interpol]]
[[Category:Legal documents]]
[[Category:Terrorism laws]]
[[Category:Human rights]]

Bagi Kumar Verma

2023-07-18T18:39:14Z

Thecherrygarg: Shared an influential article.

{{Short description|Former minister in Government of Bihar.}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Bagi Kumar Verma
| image = File:Bagi Kumar Verma.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency1= [[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]
|term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 =
|constituency2=[[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2005
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| parents = [[Upendra Nath Verma]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse =
| nationality = Indian
| children =
}}
'''Bagi Kumar Verma''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He has been a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for three terms, two times from [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency]] and once from [[Kurtha Assembly constituency]]. A former minister in [[Government of Bihar]] under [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], Verma has been a member of both [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] at different occasions. In 2020 Bihar Assembly elections, he defeated [[Satyadev Kushwaha]], the two times MLA from Kurtha Assembly to enter in Bihar Assembly for his third term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-nitish-shocks-bagi-kumar-verma-joins-rjd-and-jdu-mla-amarnath-gami-resigns-from-post-19181858.html|title=CM नीतीश को बड़ा झटका: RJD के हुए JDU के बागी, JDU MLA ने दिया इस्‍तीफा|website=jagran.com|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716132507/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-nitish-shocks-bagi-kumar-verma-joins-rjd-and-jdu-mla-amarnath-gami-resigns-from-post-19181858.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/aurangabad/story-former-minister-welcomed-in-amba-7468097.html|website=livehindustan.com|title=Former minister welcomed in Amba - अंबा में पूर्व मंत्री का किया स्वागत|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716132324/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/aurangabad/story-former-minister-welcomed-in-amba-7468097.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Verma is a son of another Bihar politician [[Upendra Nath Verma]]. His wife has served as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] as a candidate of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/gurua/news/socialist-leader-upendra-babu-was-dedicated-to-the-rights-of-the-backwards-manjhi-129616876.html|title=पूर्व केंद्रीय मंत्री उपेंद्र नाथ वर्मा की प्रतिमा का अनावरण:पिछड़ों के अधिकार के लिए समर्पित थे समाजवादी नेता उपेंद्र बाबू : मांझी|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716132347/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/gurua/news/socialist-leader-upendra-babu-was-dedicated-to-the-rights-of-the-backwards-manjhi-129616876.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He contested in 2020 Bihar Assembly elections from Kurtha constituency in [[Arwal district]] and secured 54227 votes, which was far higher than 26417 votes secured by second runner-up, [[Satyadev Kushwaha]], who was elected from this constituency earlier for two terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-kurtha-seat-election-result-satyadeo-singh-bagi-kumar-verma-jdu-rjd-752362|title=Kurtha Chunav Result: कुर्था से RJD के बागी कुमार वर्मा जीते, JDU के सत्यदेव सिंह को हराया|website=India tv|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523164400/https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-kurtha-seat-election-result-satyadeo-singh-bagi-kumar-verma-jdu-rjd-752362|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, Verma contested for 1995 Assembly elections from Makhdumpur constituency of [[Gaya district]] and secured 61,143 votes. In this election, he defeated Ram Jatan Sinha of [[Indian National Congress]], who secured 36,250 votes to come at second position. Verma was a member of [[Janata Dal]] then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1995|website=Elections.in|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521103655/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 Bihar Assembly elections]], he again contested, this time as a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He defeated Ram Jatan Sinha of Congress once again, who was second runner-up in this election too. Verma secured 62,996 votes, while Sinha got 55,626 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2000-election-results.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 2000|website=Elections.in|accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323142855/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2000-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]

Avinash Chate

2023-07-10T14:02:33Z

Thecherrygarg: Added a new release to the platform.

{{orphan}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Avinash Chate
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], Maharashtra, India
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] (Civil engineering) Ajeenkya D Y Patil School of Engineering (Master's degree in Construction management)
| occupation = Entrepreneur and motivational speaker
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|avinashchate.com}}
| footnotes =
| relations =
}}

'''Avinash Chate''' is an Indian entrepreneur, author, motivational speaker and [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneur, author, and TEDx Speaker - Avinash Chate is on roll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2022/mar/09/entrepreneur-author-and-tedx-speaker---avinash-chate-is-on-roll-2427861.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He is the founder and owner of two firms, ABC Trainings and The Future Corporate and Business Coaching.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Avinash Chate’s Journey From Engineer To Entrepreneur, TEDx Speaker To Author |url=https://zeenews.india.com/food-recipes/avinash-chate-s-journey-from-engineer-to-entrepreneur-tedx-speaker-to-author-2606275.htm |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avinash Chate: A young corporate trainer helping the brands boost productivity at various levels |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/avinash-chate-a-young-corporate-trainer-helping-the-brands-boost-productivity-at-various-levels |access-date= |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Chate was born in a Maharashtrian family in [[Aurangabad]] to Bhaskar Chate, a retired government officer and Sunita Chate.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=उद्योजकतेच्या माध्यमातून सक्षमीकरण : लेखक आणि TEDx स्पीकर अविनाश चाटे यांची कथा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/why-skills-help-the-story-of-avinash-chate-author-and-tedx-speaker-a-a681/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

He started his career as a speaker in 2014, conducting seminars for engineering students.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Aniraj |first=Shriti |title=Here is how Avinash Bhaskar Chate helping people reshape their future |url=https://news24online.com/lifestyle/here-is-how-avinash-bhaskar-chate-helping-people-reshape-their-future/90649/ |access-date= |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Avinash Chate’s Journey From Being An Insignificant Lamp To Being A Magnificent Torchlight |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Avinash-Chate-s-Journey-From-Being-An-Insignificant-Lamp-To-Being-A-Magnificent-Torchlight/10-10-2022-449972 |access-date= |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

After completing his [[civil engineering]] degree from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]], Avinash launched his first venture, ABC Trainers & Consultants, focusing on skill development and employment opportunities for Maharashtra's youth.<ref name=":0" />

In 2016, Avinash obtained his [[Master's degree]] in [[Construction management]] from Ajeenkya D Y Patil School of Engineering, Pune. It was during this time that he established his second venture, known as The Future: Corporate & Business Coaching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avinash Chate’s Journey From Engineer To Entrepreneur, TEDx Speaker To Author |url=https://zeenews.india.com/food-recipes/avinash-chate-s-journey-from-engineer-to-entrepreneur-tedx-speaker-to-author-2606275.htm |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

Avinash has authored three educational books: The Winning Edge, The Winning Edge (Marathi Edition), and The Unanswered.<ref name=":1" />

== Books ==
* {{Cite book|title=The Winning Edge (Marathi) |publisher= |language=Marathi| isbn=9354454909}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Winning Edge |publisher= Notion Press|isbn=1648052444}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Unanswered |publisher= The Future Publishing House|isbn=9356365377}}

== Awards ==
* The Star Motivational Speaker by Life Star National Awards in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Avinash Bhaskar Chate, the new-age business consultant, corporate coach and motivational speaker - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/avinash-bhaskar-chate-the-new-age-business-consultant-corporate-coach-and-motivational-speaker/ |access-date= |website=OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Best Motivational and Leadership Coach by Sakal Media Group in 2019<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]

Well of Dina Nath

2023-03-09T14:35:14Z

Thecherrygarg: Created an influential manuscript.

{{Infobox building
| name = Well of Dina Nath {{nq|دینا ناتھ کا کنواں}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Well of Dina Nath.jpg
| image_caption = The Well of Dina Nath
| coordinates = {{coord|31|34|59.7|N|74|19|27.6|E|display=inline}}
| status = Intact
| building_type = Intended to have been a [[water well]]
| architectural_style =
| location= [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| namesake =
| completion_date =Mid 19th century.
| owner =
| material = [[Brick]]
}}

The '''Well of Dina Nath''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|دینا ناتھ کا کنواں}}}}) was intended to be a [[water well]] in the [[Wazir Khan Chowk]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The well's construction by in the 19th century by a Sikh nobleman sparked controversy, given its location in the immediate vicinity of the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]].

==History==
The well was commissioned by [[Raja Dina Nath]] in the mid 19th century under the reign of [[Ranjit Singh]]. The well was not built as an open well, but is instead enclosed within a walled structure.

==Legend==
It is said that Nath wished to build his well near the site of a well dug [[Sufi]] saint Said Soaf despite strong objections from local Muslim leaders who viewed construction of a second well to be antagonistic to the saint's memory. Disregarding their warnings and objections, Dina Nath ordered construction to begin on the site. After 200 metres of digging, labourers could not tap a water source, and refused to dig any further, much to the embarrassment of Dina Nath. The well has remained dry ever since, and remains a local monument.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Qureshi|first1=Tania|title=The walled well of Dina Nath|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/05/01/features/the-walled-well-of-dina-nath/|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Restoration==
The well fell into disrepair, and was eventually surrounded by illegally constructed shops which had encroached upon the [[Wazir Khan Chowk]]. In 2012, the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] and the Government of Punjab launched restoration efforts which have since removed the illegal shops, restoring public access to the well.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raza|first1=Ali|title=Conservation of Wazir Khan Masjid begins|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122188-Conservation-of-Wazir-Khan-Masjid-begins|access-date=26 August 2016|agency=The News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Walled City of Lahore}}
{{Lahore}}

[[Category:Architecture of Lahore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahore]]
[[Category:Walled City of Lahore]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Water wells]]

{{Pakistan-struct-stub}}

2011 Cricket World Cup statistics

2023-01-04T07:09:04Z

Thecherrygarg: De-PROD, revert sockpuppet

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
This is a list of statistics for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. Each list contains at least the top five record

==Team statistics==

===Highest team totals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Score
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| 370/4 (50 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|19}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| 358/6 (50 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|13}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| 351/5 (50 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|3}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| 338 (49.5 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|27}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| 338/8 (50 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|27}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="HighestTotals">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Highest Totals |access-date=2011-03-17|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Largest winning margin===

====By runs====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| 231 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|3}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 215 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|28}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| 210 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium]], [[Hambantota]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|20}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| 206 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|19}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| 205 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium]], [[Hambantota]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|23}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Highest Totals |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====By wickets====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Overs Remaining
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| 10 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 42.0 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|20}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| 10 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 29.1 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|23}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| 10 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 16.3 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|4}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| 10 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 10.3 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|26}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 9 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 37.4 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|4}}
|-
!colspan=6| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====By balls remaining====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| 252 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|20}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 226 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|4}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| 188 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|1}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| 175 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|23}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| 99 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|4}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

===Lowest team totals===
This is a list of completed innings only, low totals in matches with reduced overs are omitted except when the team was all out. Successful run chases in the second innings are not counted.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Score
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 58 (18.5 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|4}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 69 (23.5 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|20}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 78 (28.0 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|19}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 112 (43.3 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|23}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 112 (33.1 overs)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium]], [[Hambantota]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|23}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Lowest Totals">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Lowest Totals |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Smallest winning margin===

====By runs====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| 6 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|6}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| 11 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|26}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| 18 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|17}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 27 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|25}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| 29 runs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|30}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====By wickets====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Overs Remaining
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 2 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 1.0 over
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|11}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| 3 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 0.2 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|12}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|style="text-align:left"| 3 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 0.5 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|2}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| 4 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 9.0 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|AUS}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|19}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| 5 wickets
|style="text-align:left"| 2.1 overs
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|29}}
|-
!colspan=6| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====By balls remaining====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Team
!Margin
!Opponent
!Ground
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| 2 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|12}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|style="text-align:left"| 5 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|2}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| 6 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|11}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| 8 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|22}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| 10 balls
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|4|2}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

==Individual statistics==

===Batting===

====Highest scores====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
! Team
! Score
! Balls
!{{Tooltip|4s|Fours hit}}
!{{Tooltip|6s|Sixes hit}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
! Opponent
|-
|style="text-align:left"| '''[[Virender Sehwag]]'''
|style="text-align:left"| '''{{cr|IND}}'''
| '''175''' || 140 || 14 || 5 || 125.00
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Andrew Strauss]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
| 158 || 145 || 18 || 1 || 108.96
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
| 144 || 131 || 16 || 1 || 109.92
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[AB de Villiers]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
| 134 || 98 || 13 || 4 || 136.73
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Upul Tharanga]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
| 133 || 141 || 17 || 0 || 94.32
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
!colspan=12| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="High scores">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: High scores |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="unsortable" |Player
! Team
! Mat
! Inns
! Runs
! Ave
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]'''
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SRI}}
| 9 || 9 || '''500''' ||62.50
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|IND}}
| 9 || 9 || '''482''' || 53.55
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SRI}}
| 9 || 8 || '''465''' || 93.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Jonathan Trott]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ENG}}
| 7 || 7 || '''422''' || 60.28
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Upul Tharanga]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SRI}}
| 9 || 9 || '''395''' || 56.42
|-
! colspan=6 | Source: Cricinfo <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} ICC Cricket World Cup, 2010/11 {{!}} {{!}} Most runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref>
|}

====Most boundaries====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|-
!class="unsortable" colspan=3|Total Fours
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
! Team
! No. of Fours
|-
|style="text-align:left"| '''[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]'''
|style="text-align:left"| '''{{cr|SRI}}'''
| '''61'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
| 52
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Upul Tharanga]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
| 52
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Virender Sehwag]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
| 49
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
| 44
|-
!colspan=12| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Boundary fours">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;series=4857;template=results;type=batting |title=Cricket World Cup: Boundary fours |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable" colspan=3|Total Sixes
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
! Team
! No. of Sixes
|-
|style="text-align:left"| '''[[Ross Taylor]]'''
|style="text-align:left"| '''{{cr|NZL}}'''
| '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kieron Pollard]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
| 11
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
| 9
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
| 8
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[AB de Villiers]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
| 7
|-
!colspan=12| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most sixes">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Most sixes |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Most ducks====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Tooltip|Ducks}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Shem Ngoche]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|KEN}}'''
|'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Shafiul Islam]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|5||3
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Adeel Raja]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NED}}
|2||2
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Berend Westdijk]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NED}}
|2||2
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Regis Chakabva]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
|5||2
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most ducks">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Most ducks |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Bowling===

====Most wickets====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Tooltip|Wkts|Wickets}}
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|Econ|Economy rate}}
!{{Tooltip|BBI|Best innings bowling }}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Shahid Afridi]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|PAK}}'''
| 8 || 8 || '''21''' || 12.85 || 3.62 || 5/16 || 21.20
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Zaheer Khan]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
| 9 || 9 || '''21''' || 18.76 || 4.83 || 3/20 || 23.20
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tim Southee]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NZL}}
| 8 || 8 || 18 || 17.33 || 4.31 || 3/13 ||24.10
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Robin Peterson]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|RSA}}
| 7 || 7 || 15 || 15.86 || 4.25 || 4/12 || 22.40
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SRI}}
| 9 || 8 || 15 || 19.40 || 4.09 || 4/25 || 28.40
|-
!colspan=9| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most wickets">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Most wickets |access-date=2015-03-12 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808035154/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4857%3Btype%3Dtournament |archive-date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>
|}

====Best bowling figures====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="75%"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!BF|Bowling figures: Wickets-Runs (Overs)
!Opponent
!Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Kemar Roach]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|WIN}}'''
|'''6-27 (8.3)'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|28}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Lasith Malinga]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SRI}}
|6-38 (7.4)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|1}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Shahid Afridi]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|5-16 (8.0)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|23}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Shahid Afridi]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|5-23 (10.0)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|3}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Yuvraj Singh]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|IND}}
|5-31 (10.0)
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|6}}
|-
!colspan=9| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Best bowling figures in an innings">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Best bowling figures in an innings |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Most maidens====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Tooltip|Mdns|Maidens}}
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Tim Southee]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|NZL}}'''
| '''8''' || '''9''' || '''17.33'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AUS}}
| 7 || 7 || 23.10
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
| 6 || 7 || 18.77
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
| 8 || 6 || 32.20
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Brett Lee]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AUS}}
| 7 || 6 || 18.07
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most maidens">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=maidens;series=4857;template=results;type=bowling |title=Cricket World Cup: Most maidens |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Hat-tricks====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="unsortable"|Player
! Team
! Batsmen out
! Opponent
! Date
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kemar Roach]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Pieter Seelaar]] [[Bernard Loots]] [[Berend Westdijk]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|28}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Lasith Malinga]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tanmay Mishra]] [[Peter Ongondo]] [[Shem Ngoche]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|1}}
|-
!colspan=5| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Ned-WI Scorecard">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433569.html |title=Cricket World Cup: Ned-WI scorecard |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="SL-Ken Scorecard">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433571.html |title=Cricket World Cup: SL-Ken scorecard |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Fielding ===

====Most dismissals====
This is a list of wicket-keepers with the most dismissals in the tournament.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="unsortable"|Player !! Team !! Innings !! Dismissals !! Caught !! Stumped
|-
| style="text-align:left"| '''[[Kumar Sangakkara]]''' || style="text-align:left"| '''{{cr|SRI}}''' || 8 || '''14''' || 10 || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Brad Haddin]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|AUS}} || 7 || 13 || 13 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Kamran Akmal]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}} || 8 || 12 || 8 || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Matt Prior]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}} || 7 || 10 || 7 || 3
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Devon Thomas]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}} || 7 || 10 || 7 || 3
|-
!colspan=6| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most dismissals">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Most dismissals |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Most catches====
This is a list of the outfielders who have taken the most catches in the tournament.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="unsortable"|Player !! Team !! Innings !! Catches
|-
| style="text-align:left"| '''[[Mahela Jayawardene]]''' || style="text-align:left"| '''{{cr|SRI}}''' || 8 || 8
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Jacques Kallis]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}} || 7 || 6
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Robin Peterson]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}} || 7 || 6
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Kieron Pollard]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}} || 7 || 6
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] || style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}} || 8 || 6
|-
!colspan=4| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Most catches">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Most catches |access-date=2015-03-12 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219115055/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=4857%3Btype%3Dtournament |archive-date=2015-02-19 }}</ref>
|}

==Other statistics==

===Highest partnerships===
The following tables are lists of the highest partnerships for the tournament.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="85%"
|-
!Wicket
!Runs
!Team
!colspan=2 class="unsortable"|Players
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Date
|-
!colspan="7"|By wicket
|-
|1st
|'''282'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Upul Tharanga]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|10}}
|-
|2nd
|'''134'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Gautam Gambhir]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|27}}
|-
|3rd
|'''221'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Hashim Amla]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[AB de Villiers]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|3}}
|-
|4th
|'''132'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Ashish Bagai]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Jimmy Hansra]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|7}}
|-
|5th
|'''121'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Ryan ten Doeschate]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Peter Borren]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|18}}
|-
|6th
|'''162'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Alex Cusack]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|2}}
|-
|7th
|'''85'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Ross Taylor]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Jacob Oram]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|8}}
|-
|8th
|'''54'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Nathan McCullum]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Daniel Vettori]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|AUS}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|25}}
|-
|9th
|'''66'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Umar Gul]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NZL}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|8}}
|-
|rowspan=2|10th
|'''23'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|KEN}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Nehemiah Odhiambo]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[James Ngoche]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|20}}
|-
|'''23'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Saeed Ajmal]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|30}}
|-
!colspan="7"|By runs
|-
|1st
|'''282'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Upul Tharanga]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|10}}
|-
|1st
|'''231*'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Upul Tharanga]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|26}}
|-
|3rd
|'''221'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|RSA}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Hashim Amla]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[AB de Villiers]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|3}}
|-
|3rd
|'''203'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Virender Sehwag]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Virat Kohli]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|BAN}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|19}}
|-
|1st
|'''183'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|AUS}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Shane Watson]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Brad Haddin]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|16}}
|-
|3rd
|'''181'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ZIM}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Tatenda Taibu]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Craig Ervine]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|28}}
|-
|3rd
|'''179'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|CAN}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|20}}
|-
|1st
|'''177'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[William Porterfield]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Paul Stirling]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|NED}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|18}}
|-
|3rd
|'''170'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Andrew Strauss]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Ian Bell]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|27}}
|-
|3rd
|'''167'''
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|style="text-align:left"| [[Jonathan Trott]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Ian Bell]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IRE}}
||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|2}}
|-
!colspan=7| Source: Cricinfo <ref name="Highest partnerships by wicket">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Highest partnerships by wicket |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Highest partnerships by runs">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=Cricket World Cup: Highest partnerships by runs |access-date=2015-03-12|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Cricket World Cup statistics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107034933/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/events_and_awards/CWC/index.php Official 2011 World Cup site]
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{2011 Cricket World Cup}}

[[Category:2011 Cricket World Cup|Statistics]]
[[Category:Cricket World Cup statistics]]

Insolvency

2022-05-16T19:53:10Z

Thecherrygarg: Article constructed.

{{short description|State of being unable to pay one's debts}}
{{Insolvency}}{{Accounting}}

[[Internet|In]] [[accounting]], '''insolvency''' is the state of being unable to pay the [[debt]]s, by a [[Natural person|person]] or [[company]] ([[debtor]]), at [[Maturity (finance)|maturity]]; those in a state of insolvency are said to be ''insolvent''. There are two forms: [[Cash flow|cash-flow]] insolvency and [[Balance sheet|balance-sheet]] insolvency.

'''Cash-flow insolvency''' is when a person or company has enough [[asset]]s to pay what is owed, but does not have the appropriate form of payment. For example, a person may own a large house and a valuable car, but not have enough [[Market liquidity|liquid]] assets to pay a debt when it falls due. Cash-flow insolvency can usually be resolved by [[negotiation]]. For example, the bill collector may wait until the car is sold and the debtor agrees to pay a penalty.

'''Balance-sheet insolvency''' is when a person or company does not have enough assets to pay all of their debts. The person or company might enter [[bankruptcy]], but not necessarily. Once a loss is accepted by all parties, negotiation is often able to resolve the situation without bankruptcy. A company that is balance-sheet insolvent may still have enough cash to pay its next bill on time. However, most laws will not let the company pay that bill unless it will directly help all their creditors. For example, an insolvent farmer may be allowed to hire people to help harvest the crop, because ''not'' harvesting and selling the crop would be even ''worse'' for his creditors.

It has been suggested that the speaker or writer should either say '''technical insolvency''' or '''actual insolvency''' in order to always be clear{{snd}} where technical insolvency is a [[synonym]] for balance sheet insolvency, which means that [[Current ratio|its liabilities are greater than its assets]], and actual insolvency is a synonym for the first definition of insolvency ("Insolvency is the inability of a debtor to pay their debt.").<ref>{{cite web|author=Graeme Pietersz|title=Moneyterms Investment Definitions|url=http://moneyterms.co.uk/technical-insolvency/|access-date=2013-12-27|archive-date=2017-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705225430/http://moneyterms.co.uk/technical-insolvency/|url-status=live}}</ref> While technical insolvency is a synonym for balance-sheet insolvency, cash-flow insolvency and actual insolvency are not synonyms. The term "cash-flow insolvent" carries a strong (but perhaps not absolute) connotation that the debtor is balance-sheet solvent, whereas the term "actually insolvent" does not.

==Technical definitions==

Cash-flow insolvency involves a lack of [[accounting liquidity|liquidity]] to pay debts as they fall due.

Balance sheet insolvency involves having negative [[net assets]]—where liabilities exceed assets. Insolvency is not a [[synonym]] for [[bankruptcy]], which is a determination of insolvency made by a [[court of law]] with resulting legal orders intended to resolve the insolvency.

[[Accounting liquidity|Accounting insolvency]] happens when total liabilities exceed total assets (negative [[net worth]]).<ref>Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, Ross-Westerfield-Jordan, 10th e, p.549</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Graeme Pietersz|title=Moneyterms Investment Definitions|url=http://moneyterms.co.uk/insolvency/|access-date=2013-12-27|archive-date=2017-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317013717/http://moneyterms.co.uk/insolvency/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Downes, John, and Jordan Elliot. Goodman. ''Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms''. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2003. Print.</ref><ref>UK Insolvency Act 1986, Section 123</ref>

==Consequences==
The principal focus of modern insolvency [[legislation]] and business [[debt restructuring]] practices no longer rests on the [[liquidation]] and elimination of insolvent entities but on the remodeling of the financial and organizational structure of debtors experiencing [[financial distress]] so as to permit the rehabilitation and continuation of their business. This is known as '''business turnaround''' or '''business recovery'''. Implementing a business turnaround may take many forms, including keep and restructure, sale as a going concern, or wind-down and exit. In some jurisdictions, it is an [[offence (law)|offence]] under the insolvency laws for a [[corporation]] to continue in business while insolvent. In others (like the United States with its [[Chapter 11]] provisions), the business may continue under a declared protective arrangement while alternative options to achieve recovery are worked out. Increasingly, legislatures have favored alternatives to winding up companies for good.

It can be, in several jurisdictions, grounds for a civil action or even an offence to continue to pay some [[creditor]]s in preference to other creditors once a state of insolvency is reached.<ref>Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People's Republic of China (August 27, 2006), Chapter 2, Section 2, Article 16.</ref>

==Debt restructuring==
Debt restructurings are typically handled by professional insolvency and restructuring practitioners, and are usually less expensive and a preferable alternative to bankruptcy.

[[Debt restructuring]] is a process that allows a private or public company - or a sovereign entity - facing cash flow problems and financial distress, to reduce and renegotiate its delinquent debts in order to improve or restore liquidity and rehabilitate so that it can continue its operations.

==Government debt==
Although the term "bankrupt" may be used referring to a government, sovereign states do not go bankrupt. This is so because bankruptcy is governed by national law; there exists no entity to take over such a government and distribute assets to creditors. Governments ''can'' be insolvent in terms of not having money to pay obligations when they are due. If a government does not meet an obligation, it is in "[[default (finance)|default]]". As governments are [[sovereignty|sovereign]] entities, creditors who hold debt of the government cannot easily seize the assets of the government to re-pay the debt (though "[[Vulture funds]]" often find ways to do so). The recourse for the creditor is to request to be repaid at least some of what is owed. However, in most cases, debt in default is [[refinancing|refinanced]] by further borrowing or [[monetization|monetized]] by issuing more [[currency]] (which typically results in [[inflation]] or [[hyperinflation]]).{{cn}}

==Law==
Insolvency regimes around the world have evolved in very different ways, with laws focusing on different strategies for dealing with the insolvent. The outcome of an insolvent restructuring can be very different depending on the laws of the state in which the insolvency proceeding is run, and in many cases different [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]] in a company may hold the advantage in different [[jurisdictions]].<ref name="Practitioner">Joseph Swanson and Peter Marshall, [[Houlihan Lokey]] and Lyndon Norley, Kirkland & Ellis International LLP (2008). A Practitioner's Guide to Corporate Restructuring. City & Financial Publishing, 1st edition {{ISBN|978-1-905121-31-1}}</ref>

=== Anguilla ===
{{Main|Anguillan bankruptcy law}}
In [[Anguilla]], the insolvency of individuals is regulated under the Bankruptcy Act (Cap B.15) and corporate insolvency is governed by the Bankruptcy Act (Cap B.15) or the Companies Act (Cap C.65).

===Australia===
{{Main|Australian insolvency law}}
In [[Australia]], corporate insolvency is governed by the [[Corporations Act 2001]] (Cth). Companies can be put into [[Voluntary administration|Voluntary Administration]], Creditors Voluntary Liquidation, and Court Liquidation. Secured creditors with registered charges are able to appoint Receivers and Receivers & Managers depending on their charge.

=== British Virgin Islands ===
{{Main|British Virgin Islands bankruptcy law}}
In the [[British Virgin Islands]], insolvency law is primarily codified in the Insolvency Act, 2003 and the Insolvency Rules, 2005.

===Canada===
{{main|Insolvency law of Canada}}
In [[Canada]], bankruptcy and insolvency are generally regulated by the [[Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act]]. An alternative regime is available to larger companies (or affiliated groups) under the [[Companies' Creditors Arrangements Act]], where total debts exceed $5 million.<ref name = CCCA>{{cite web | url = http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/bsf-osb.nsf/eng/br03125.html | title = Restructure your business through the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act | publisher = Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada | access-date = 11 December 2014 | archive-date = 10 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141210160931/http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/bsf-osb.nsf/eng/br03125.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Germany ===
In [[Germany]], insolvency proceedings, both for companies and for natural persons, are regulated by the Insolvency Act ''(Insolvenzordnung),'' in effect since 1999 but with significant changes in 2012.<ref>[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_inso/ Insolvency Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311192704/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_inso/ }} Bundesamt für Justiz</ref> The goal of insolvency law is the equal and best satisfaction of creditors.

If the interests of creditors are respected, insolvent companies are offered different ways to restructure their businesses, for example by implementing an 'insolvency plan' ''([[:de:Insolvenzplan|Insolvenzplan]])''. While regular insolvency proceedings are led by a court-appointed insolvency administrator, 'debtor-in-possession' proceedings are common since the legislative changes in 2012.

For natural persons, the ''Verbraucherinsolvenzverfahren'' (literally “insolvency proceeding for individual consumers”) allows discharge of all debts after three years, if certain conditions are met.

=== Hong Kong ===
{{main|Hong Kong insolvency law}}
In [[Hong Kong]], insolvency is primarily governed by the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap 32) and the Companies (Winding Up) Rules (Cap 32H).

=== India ===
{{main|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code}}
In [[India]], bankruptcy and insolvency are generally regulated by the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]] 2016. The [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)]] is the [[Regulatory agency|regulator]] for overseeing insolvency ''proceedings'' and entities like Insolvency Professional Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and Information Utilities (IU) in [[India]].

=== Ireland ===
{{main|Bankruptcy Law in the Republic of Ireland|Liquidation in Ireland}}
In [[Ireland]], insolvency is governed by the [[Companies Act 2014]].

=== Russia ===
{{Main|Insolvency law of Russia}}
In Russia, insolvency law is governed by Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" and Federal Law No. 40-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Credit Institutions".

===South Africa===
{{unreferenced section}}
{{main|South African insolvency law}}
In [[South Africa]], owners of businesses that had at any stage traded insolvently (i.e. that had a balance-sheet insolvency) become personally liable for the business's debts. Trading insolvently is often regarded as normal business practice in South Africa, as long as the business is able to fulfill its debt obligations when they fall due.

===Switzerland===
{{main|Insolvency law of Switzerland}}
Under [[Switzerland|Swiss]] law, insolvency or [[foreclosure]] may lead to the seizure and auctioning off of assets (generally in the case of private individuals) or to [[bankruptcy]] proceedings (generally in the case of registered commercial entities).

===Turkey===
Turkish insolvency law is regulated by Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law (Code No: 2004, Original Name: İcra ve İflas Kanunu). The main concept of the insolvency law is very similar to Swiss and German insolvency laws. Enforcement methods are realizing pledged property, seizure of assets and bankruptcy.

===United Kingdom===
{{main|United Kingdom insolvency law}}

====Insolvency Act 1986====
In the [[United Kingdom]], the term [[bankruptcy]] is reserved for individuals. Insolvency is defined both in terms of [[cash flow]] and in terms of [[balance sheet]] in the UK [[Insolvency Act 1986]], Section 123, which reads in part:

{{Quote
|
123.-(1) A company is deemed unable to pay its debts --- (a) if a creditor (by assignment or otherwise) to whom the company is indebted in a sum exceeding £750 then due has served on the company, by leaving it at the company's registered office, a written demand (in the prescribed form) requiring the company to pay the sum so due and the company has for 3 weeks thereafter neglected to pay the sum or to secure or compound for it to the reasonable satisfaction of the creditor,...
(2) A company is also deemed unable to pay its debts if it is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the value of the company's assets is less than the amount of its liabilities, taking into account its contingent and prospective liabilities...
| [[Insolvency Act 1986]], Section 123 (Part IV, Chapter VI), p. 68.
}}

A company which is insolvent may be put into [[liquidation]] (sometimes referred to as winding-up). The directors and [[Shareholders in the United Kingdom|shareholders]] can instigate the liquidation process without court involvement by a shareholder resolution and the appointment of a licensed [[Insolvency Practitioner]] as liquidator. However, the liquidation will not be effective legally without the convening of a meeting of creditors who have the opportunity to appoint a liquidator of their own choice. This process is known as creditors voluntary liquidation (CVL), as opposed to members voluntary liquidation (MVL) which is for solvent companies. Alternatively, a creditor can petition the court for a winding-up order which, if granted, will place the company into what is called compulsory liquidation or winding up by the court. The liquidator realises the assets of the company and distributes funds realised to creditors according to their priorities, after the deduction of costs. In the case of [[Sole Trader Insolvency]], the insolvency options include [[Individual Voluntary Arrangements]] and [[Bankruptcy]].

====Procedures====
It can be a civil and even a criminal offence for directors to allow a company to continue to trade whilst insolvent. However, two new insolvency procedures were introduced by the [[Insolvency Act 1986]] which aim to provide time for the rescue of a company or, at least, its business. These are '''Administration''' and [[Company Voluntary Arrangement]]:

*'''Administration''' is a procedure to protect a company from its creditors in order for it to be able to make significant operational changes or restructuring so that it could continue as a going concern, or at least in order to achieve a better outcome for creditors than via liquidation. In contrast to Chapter 11 in the US where the directors remain in control throughout that restructuring process, in the UK an Administrator is appointed who must be a licensed [[Insolvency Practitioner]] to manage the company's affairs to protect the creditors of the insolvent company and balance their respective interests. Unless the company itself is saved by this process, the company is subsequently put into liquidation to distribute the remaining funds.
*A '''Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA)''' is a legal agreement between the company and its creditors, based on paying a fixed amount lower than the outstanding actual debt. These are normally based on a monthly payment, and at the end of the agreed term the remaining debt is written-off. The CVA is managed by a Supervisor who must be a licensed [[Insolvency Practitioner]]. If the CVA fails, the company is usually put into liquidation.

One particular type of '''Administration''' that is becoming more common is called '''pre pack administration''' (more information under [[administration (law)]]). In this process, immediately after appointment the administrator completes a pre-arranged sale of the company's business, often to its directors or owners. The process can be seen as controversial because the creditors do not have the opportunity to vote against the sale. The rationale behind the device is that the swift sale of the business may be necessary or of benefit to enable a best price to be achieved. If the sale was delayed, creditors would ultimately lose out because the price obtainable for the assets would be reduced.

====Receivership====
In addition to the above-mentioned corporate insolvency procedures, a creditor holding security over an asset of the company may have the power to appoint an insolvency practitioner as administrative receiver or, in [[Scotland]], receiver. The process, latterly known as [[administrative receivership]] or, in Scotland, receivership, has existed for many years and has often resulted in a successful rescue of a company's business via a sale, but not of the company itself. Since the introduction of the collective insolvency procedure of '''Administration''' in 1986, the legislators have decided to set a shelf life on the [[administrative receivership]] or, in Scotland, receivership procedure and it is no longer possible to appoint an administrative receiver or, in Scotland, receiver under security created after 15 September 2003.

In individual cases the bankruptcy estate is dealt by an official receiver, appointed by the court. In some cases the file is transferred to RTLU (OR Regional Trustee Liquidator Unit) that will assess your assets and income to see if you can contribute towards paying costs of bankruptcy or even discharge part of your debts.

===United States===
{{Main|Bankruptcy in the United States}}
Under the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], a person is considered to be insolvent when the party has ceased to pay its debts in the [[ordinary course of business]], or cannot pay its debts as they become due, or is insolvent within the meaning of the [[Bankruptcy in the United States|Bankruptcy Code]]. This is important because certain rights under the code may be invoked against an insolvent party which are otherwise unavailable.

The [[United States]] has established insolvency regimes {{Citation needed}} which aim to protect the insolvent individual or company from the creditors, and balance their respective interests. For example, see [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code]]. However, some state courts have begun to find individual corporate officers and directors liable for driving a company deeper into bankruptcy, under the legal theory of "deepening insolvency".<ref>{{cite journal
|ssrn=1377375
|title=A Critique of 'Deepening Insolvency,' a New Bankruptcy Tort Theory
|last=Thompson
|first=David
|journal=Stanford Journal of Law, Business & Finance
|year=2007
|volume=12
|issue=2
|pages=536
}}</ref>

In determining whether a gift or a payment to a creditor is an unlawful preference, the date of the insolvency, rather than the date of the legally declared bankruptcy, will usually be the primary consideration.

==See also==
* [[Solvency]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|last=Mańko|first=Rafał|title=Cross-border insolvency law in the EU|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130476/LDM_BRI(2013)130476_REV1_EN.pdf|work=Library Briefing|publisher=Library of the European Parliament|access-date=21 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228193157/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130476/LDM_BRI%282013%29130476_REV1_EN.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2013}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Insolvency }}
*[https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/euh/eulerhermes_com/erd/map/insolvency-map/2018/insolvency-risk-q2-2018-map-Jun18.pdf Infographic Insolvency Risk Map Q2 2018 - Euler Hermes forecast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307001612/https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/euh/eulerhermes_com/erd/map/insolvency-map/2018/insolvency-risk-q2-2018-map-Jun18.pdf }}

{{Debt}}

[[Category:Insolvency| ]]
[[Category:Debt]]
[[Category:Bankruptcy law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Insolvency law]]