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45 (2025 film)

2026-05-04T18:34:07Z

TheHH:

{{Short description|2025 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 45 (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arjun Janya]]
| writer = Arjun Janya Anil Kumar (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[M. Ramesh Reddy]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
*[[Raj B. Shetty]]
*Kaustubha Mani
}}
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]
| editing = [[K m prakash|K. M. Prakash]]
| music = Arjun Janya
| studio = Suraj Productions
| released = {{film date|2025|12|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2025 |title=''45'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/45-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdq4mtkx |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 21 crore <ref>https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/december-lucky-devil-mark-45-movies-80-crore-earnings-shutter-dvp-ws-l-2268915.html</ref>
}}

'''''45''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[ fantasy action film]] marking the directorial debut of music composer [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>
*{{Cite news |date=2022-07-12 |title=Shivarajkumar's next titled '45'; Akkineni Nagarjuna releases title poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shivarajkumars-next-titled-45-akkineni-nagarjuna-releases-title-poster/articleshow/92818637.cms |access-date=2024-07-15 |newspaper=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}
*{{Cite web |title=45 - Official Hindi Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/45-official-hindi-teaser/videoshow/125972954.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿಕಲ್ ಎಂಟರ್‌ಟೇನರ್ '45' ಸಿನಿಮಾ; ಶಿವಣ್ಣ, ಉಪ್ಪಿ, ರಾಜ್ ಬಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಜುನ್ ಜನ್ಯ ಡೈರೆಕ್ಷನ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dr-shiva-rajkumar-arjun-janya-raj-b-shetty-45-movie-pressmeet/articleshow/99844415.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715053422/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dr-shiva-rajkumar-arjun-janya-raj-b-shetty-45-movie-pressmeet/articleshow/99844415.cms |archive-date=2024-07-15 |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> Produced by [[M. Ramesh Reddy]] under the Suraj Productions banner, the film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], and Kaustubha Mani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-07-11 |title=Shivarajkumar and Arjun Janya's film titled '45', says source |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jul/11/shivarajkumar-and-arjun-janyas-film-titled-45-says-source-2475063.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715053421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jul/11/shivarajkumar-and-arjun-janyas-film-titled-45-says-source-2475063.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides direction and music, Janya has co-written the film alongside Anil Kumar (dialogues). Cinematography is handled by [[Satya Hegde]], with editing by [[K m prakash|K. M. Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-04-27 |title=Arjun Janya’s directorial debut ‘45’, starring Shivarajkumar, Upendra, and Raj B Shetty, goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-janyas-directorial-debut-45-starring-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-goes-on-floors/article66785420.ece |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Filming took place over approximately 80 days, primarily in [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mysore]]. The production is noted for its extensive use of visual effects with CGI works done by [[Canada]] based MARZ Studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/07/arjun-janyas-45-partners-with-marz-for-cg-work|title=Arjun Janya’s '45' partners with MARZ for CG work|work=The New Indian Express|date=7 December 2024}}</ref> The official trailer premiered on 16 December 2025 during a high‑profile launch at Kempegowda Ground in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/16/45-trailer-reveals-a-moral-world-where-every-action-is-counted|title=45 trailer reveals a moral world where every action is counted|work=Cinema Express|date=16 December 2025}}</ref>

''45'' was theatrically released on 25 December 2025, and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ಡೆಸ್ಕ್‌ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ವೆಬ್‌ |title=ಕೆನಡಾದಲ್ಲಿ ‘45’ ಟಿಕೆಟ್‌ ಸೋಲ್ಡ್ ಔಟ್: ಎರಡು ದಿನಗಳ ಮೊದಲೇ ಚಿತ್ರ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/forty-five-movie-canada-tickets-sold-out-early-release-3686688 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-23 |title=Pan-India film 45 set for grand Christmas release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/23/kannadanews2025aug21pan-india-film-45-set-for-grand-christmas-release |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vinay (Raj B. Shetty) is a carefree software engineer living a content, middle-class life with his loving mother and girlfriend Meghana (Kaustubha Mani). One day, he rides his two-wheeler without a helmet while talking on his phone and accidentally runs over a black dog named Rosie, owned by local don Rayappa (Upendra).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review45-exploring-fear-faith-and-redemption-in-45/articleshow/126163538.cms|title=Kannada Movie Review–45: Exploring fear, faith and redemption in 45|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 December 2025}}</ref>

Rayappa, grief-stricken and enraged, confronts Vinay and condemns him for killing Rosie who he considered a mother figure. Instead of executing him immediately, Rayappa gives Vinay 45 days to reflect on his actions and relive life, invoking a concept from the Garuda Purana about the soul’s journey. Frightened and desperate, Vinay seeks refuge. His girlfriend Meghana approaches Muthu, another gangster, for protection. During this turmoil, Vinay meets Shivanna (Shiva Rajkumar), a humble and philanthropic figure who owns a residential colony called Kasturi Nivasa. Meanwhile, Vinay begins experiencing a vivid dream: he watches himself die in a road accident and then sees a sequence of events that eerily come true, including the fatal encounter with the dog. His growing awareness of these supernatural patterns deepens his fear and sense of impending doom.

Shivanna plays mentor and protector, guiding Vinay spiritually and practically as he tries to avoid Rayappa’s wrath. Rayappa is later revealed to symbolize Yamaraja (the Hindu god of death), pursuing Vinay to settle karmic scores. As the 45-day deadline ticks down, Vinay confronts his remorse, reconciles with his past mistakes, and struggles to outwit Rayappa. Shivanna, whose character unfolds more deeply, becomes Vinay’s shield and spiritual guide. Their bond strengthens as they navigate moral, emotional, and metaphysical challenges.

In the gripping climax, Vinay must face Rayappa in an ultimate confrontation. He draws upon the lessons he has learned to seek redemption, overcome fear, and defy his fate. Shivanna stands with him as they confront cosmic justice, culminating in a resolution that fuses philosophy with action, life with death, and the consequences of one man’s choices.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Shivanna
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Rayappa
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Vinay
* [[Rajendran]] as Muthu
* Kaustubha Mani as Meghana
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]]
* [[Sudha Rani]] in a special appearance
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
* [[Pramod Shetty]]
* Manasi Sudheer
* Ramesh Pandit
* Arasu
* Jafar Sadiq
* Mimicry Gopi
* Manju Pavagada
* Surya Praveen
* Nanda Kishore
* Malya Bagalakote
* Priya Savadi
* Jeethu Santhosh
* Aadi Madhugiri
* Shiva Balaji
* Ghanashyam Sankla
* Imran
* Rana Gowda
* Ranjith
* Thrivedi Nag
* Janardhan
* Baby Lekhana
* Master Arya Swaroop
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In July 2022, the film was announced, marking Arjun Janya's directorial debut following a successful career as a music composer. The project was conceived as an entertainer with philosophical themes and significant use of visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-16 |title=Fear, Devotion in 45 Felt Like Debut Film: Shiva Rajkumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/shiva-rajkumars-45-trailer-out-now-1924226 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Over 80 days, [[principal photography]] took place in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysuru]]. The film's cinematography was handled by [[Satya Hegde]], editing by K. M. Prakash, art direction by Mohan Pandith,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-04-28 |title=45 will be a thought-provoking entertainer: Shivarajkumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Apr/28/45-will-be-a-thought-provoking-entertainer-shivarajkumar-42821.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715053421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Apr/28/45-will-be-a-thought-provoking-entertainer-shivarajkumar-42821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> stunt were coordinated by Dr. K. Ravivarma, Jolly Bastian, Different Danny, and Chethan D’Souza; while dance sequences were choreographed by [[Chinni Prakash]] and B. Dhananjay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-16 |title=Karunada Chakravarthy Shiva Rajkumar, Real Star Upendra, Versatile Star Raj B Shetty’s ‘45: The Movie’ Crazy Trailer Unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/karunada-chakravarthy-shiva-rajkumar-real-star-upendra-versatile-star-raj-b-shettys-45-the-movie-crazy-trailer-unveiled-1031588 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Over 40% of the film features visual effects, handled by Monsters Aliens Robots Zombies (MARZ) Studio, a Canadian company known for Hollywood-grade VFX. This marks MARZ’s first collaboration with a Kannada film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-21 |title=Pan-India film 45 set for grand Christmas release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/21/pan-india-film-45-set-for-grand-christmas-release |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=VFX delay for 45 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/vfx-delay-for-45/articleshow/123414921.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
In January 2025, the first motion poster was unveiled, followed by teasers featuring Shiva Rajkumar in an intense avatar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada actors Shiva Rajkumar, Upendra, Raj B Shetty's 45 to release in August |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shiva-rajkumar-upendra-raj-b-shetty-45-to-release-in-august-2665122-2025-01-15 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Film '45': Trailer Launched with Shivarajkumar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/trailer-of-kannada-film-45-launched-3833377 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Promotional material highlighted the film’s scale, VFX quality, and ensemble cast. The makers have positioned 45 for a nationwide release in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Hindi, with Mythri Movie Makers reportedly interested in distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Janya's '45 The Movie,' Starring Shivarajkumar, Upendra And Raj B. Shetty, Set To Release This Independence Day |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/arjun-janya-s-45-the-movie-starring-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-set-to-release-this-independence-day-article-117239619|access-date=2025-01-14 |website=TimesNow News|date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Arjun Janya]] has composed the soundtrack and background score for the film. The soundtrack consists of three songs and three instrumental theme music.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Kannada track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Afro Tapaang
| extra1 = MC Bijju, Nishan Rai
| length1 = 3:21
| lyrics1 = MC Bijju
| title2 = Shivam Shivam Sanaatanam
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| title3 = 45 The Arrival
| extra3 = Rahul Dit-O, Roousic, Nishan Rai
| length3 = 2:39
| lyrics3 = Rahul Dit-O
}}

== Release ==
''45'' was theatrically released on 25 December 2025, coinciding with [[Christmas]].<ref name=":0"/> Initially, the film was scheduled release on 15 August 2025, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|India Independence Day]], but it was postponed due to unfinished production work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharath Anjanappa |date= 20 August 2025 |title=VFX Delays Release of Pan-India Kannada Film "45" |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/vfx-delays-release-of-pan-india-kannada-film-45-998673 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The satellite and digital streaming rights for the movie were acquired by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-16 |title=45 locks satellite and digital rights in record-breaking deal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/16/45-locks-satellite-and-digital-rights-in-record-breaking-deal |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-14 |title=45 OTT release: Where to watch Shivarajkumar, Upendra and Raj B Shetty's Kannada upcoming movie after its theatrical run? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/45-ott-release-where-to-watch-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shettys-kannada-upcoming-movie-after-its-theatrical-run/articleshow/125956809.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The official trailer premiered on 16 December 2025 during a high‑profile launch at Kempegowda Ground in Bengaluru, with simultaneous teaser events in [[Hubballi]], [[Mysuru]], [[Tumakuru]], and [[Udupi]]. It garnered attention particularly for featuring Shiva Rajkumar in a woman’s avatar, praised by Upendra and Raj B. Shetty for its graphic quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=45 Movie Trailer Release: ಚೆಲುವೆಯ ನೋಟ ಚೆನ್ನ..ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನೋಡಲೇಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಸೈಕ್‌ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿವು! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/sandalwood/actor-shiva-rajkumar-upendra-look-in-arjun-janya-45-kannada-movie-trailer-9ggonk6 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='45' Trailer: Shiva Rajkumar, Upendra, and Raj B Shetty In A Moralistic Action Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/45-trailer-shiva-rajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-in-a-moralistic-action-drama |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sanjay Ponnappa of [[India Today]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "45 is a concept-driven multi-starrer that warrants a theatrical watch – for its ambition, its ideas, and for the coming together of Shiva Rajkumar, Upendra, and Raj B Shetty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-12-24 |title=45 review: An entertaining blend between metaphysical and physical worlds |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/45-review-garuda-purana-inspired-45-film-arjun-janya-shiva-rajkumar-upendra-raj-b-shetty-2840803-2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of [[OTT Play]] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "A film – good or bad – has to evoke some emotion. Despite a lighter vein treatment to a heavy subject, there was a numbness that enveloped, a feeling that, in today’s jargon, is best described as ‘meh’. It’s not a rousing spectacle, neither is it underwhelming, but it’s also not one of those that leaves one wanting for more. That said, if the subject of 45 is a topic of interest, it would make for an interesting one-time watch. For me, this one didn’t quite cut it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=45 movie review: Shivarajkumar, Upendra, Raj B Shetty make merry in preachy tale |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/45-movie-review-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-make-merry-in-preachy-tale-of-life-and-death/f8e416f9b8840 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Pranati S of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "‘45’ is billed as a visually rich film with VFX ‘amplified by an Oscar-winning team from Hollywood’. Unfortunately, the visual effects are underwhelming, and, in several places, outright shabby. The background score is excessively loud for most of the runtime, and the songs are just passable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘45’ Movie Review: Big Stars, Weak Storytelling |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/45-movie-review-intriguing-premise-shaky-narrative-in-arjun-janyas-ambitious-multistarrer-3841863 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Vivek MV of [[The Hindu]] wrote "While Arjun Janya’s ‘45’ dives into themes about life and death through a modern lens, it gets lost in its own complexity, leaving its lead actors Shivarajkumar, Upendra and Raj B Shetty to save the ambitious movie."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2025-12-25 |title=‘45’ movie review: Star power salvages Arjun Janya’s uneven magnum opus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/45-movie-review-shivarajkumar-upendra-raj-b-shetty-arjun-janya-45-kannada-movie-star-power-salvages-uneven-movie/article70435076.ece |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A Shraddha of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "45 is clearly a fantasy, and yet, it examines human mortality and the soul's journey."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-25 |title=45 Movie Review: An intense meditation on karma, devotion, and life’s fragility |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Dec/25/kannadareview2025dec2445-movie-review-an-intense-meditation-on-karma-devotion-and-lifes-fragility |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Fiction about brain–computer interface]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Science fiction musical films]]

Barjora (community development block)

2026-05-02T14:25:07Z

TheHH: small correct citations per standard format additionally and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barjora
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_map = File:Barjora in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.43|N|87.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_name =
| nickname =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 393.23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 71
| population_total = 202,049
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722202 (Barjora) 722203 (Beliatore) 722208 (Pakhanna) 722168 (Ghutgoria) 722142 (Maliara)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, WB=68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 71.67%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjora]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Barjora''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Barjora is located at {{coord|23.43|N|87.28|E|format=dms|}}.

Barjora CD block is located in the northern part of the district. It belongs to the uneven lands/ hard ring rock area. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood. There are coal mines in Saltora, Mejia and Barjora.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref>

Barjora CD block is bounded by the [[Faridpur-Durgapur (community development block)|Faridpur-Durgapur]] CD block, in Bardhaman district across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], on the north, [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD block on the east, [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] and [[Bankura II]] CD blocks on the south and [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] and [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html| title = Bardhaman Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Barjora CD block has an area of 393.23 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 157 gram sansads (village councils), 199 [[mouza]]s, 182 inhabited villages and 3 [[census town]]s. [[Barjora#Police stations|Barjora]] and [[Beliatore#Police stations|Beliatore]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Barjora.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Barjora block/ panchayat samiti are: Barjora, [[Beliatore]], Brindabanpur, Chhandar, Ghutghoria, Godardihi, Hat Asuria, Khanrari, [[Maliara]], [[Pakhanna]] and Sharjora.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Barjora CD block had a total population of 202,049, of which 176,263 were rural and 25786 were urban. There were 103,769 (51%) males and 98,280 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 22,827. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 68,365 (33.85%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,322 (1.64%).
<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Barjora block had a total population of 178,976, out of which 92,330 were males and 86,646 were females. Barjora block registered a population growth of 12.52 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 15.15 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Barjora CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Barjora]] (14,012), [[Ghutgarya]] (5,311) and [[Beliatore]] (6,443).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Barjora CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Maliara]] (7,918), Paharpur (4,450), Krishna Nagar (5,201) and Hatashuria (4,505)<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Barjora CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Chhandar (1,776), [[Pakhanna]] (3,588), Sharjora (3,862), Khanrari (2,052), Chhandar (1,776) and Brindabanpur (1,031)<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Barjora CD block was 128,443 (71.67% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,551 (81.01% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 53,892 (61.81%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.20%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Barjora CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|6.69}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 188,340 and formed 93.22% of the population in Barjora CD block. Muslims numbered 13,515 and formed 6.69% of the population. Christians numbered 29 and formed 0.01% of the population. Others numbered 165 and formed 0.08% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 93.12% and Muslims 6.46% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barjora CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.41 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 1.24 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.35 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.41% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.24% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Barjora CD block 43.89% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Barjora CD block'''
|value1 = 19.26
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 36.25
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.96
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 40.53
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Barjora CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 15,235 and formed 19.26%, agricultural labourers numbered 28,677 and formed 36.25%, household industry workers numbered 3,135 and formed 3.96% and other workers numbered 32,060 and formed 40.53%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 79,107 and formed 39.15% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 122,942 and formed 60.85% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 182 inhabited villages in the Barjora CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 22 villages (12.09%) have post offices. 158 villages (86.81%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 39 villages (29.43%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 75 villages (45.21%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (7.14%) have agricultural credit societies and 10 villages (5.49%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Coal===
Coal in Barakar formation is found in Barjora CD block. In Barjora coalfield a major part of the coal seams are covered with alluvium and laterite up to 35 m thick. As per the Geological Survey of India, proved reserve is 12 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/natural.htm |title = Natural Resources at Bankura |work = Minerals – coal | publisher= Bankura district authority| access-date = 25 August 2016}}</ref>

===Industries===
Govinda Impex Pvt. Ltd. at Barjora produces sponge iron, mild steel billets and ferro alloys. It employs 400 people. Rishab Sponge Pvt. Ltd. produces sponge iron and employs 400 people.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbidc.com/overview/bankura_district.htm | title = Bankura district | publisher = West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation | access-date = 25 August 2016 | archive-date = 15 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160915230917/http://www.wbidc.com/overview/bankura_district.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Durgapur Barrage===
The 88 km long west bank canal from [[Durgapur Barrage]] passes through Barjora, Sonamukhi, Patrasayer and Indas police station areas. With the passage of time the canal system has lost much of its efficiency.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 44-45 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 9 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
in 2013-14. There were 75 fertiliser depots, 16 seed stores and 58 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Barjora CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 9.17%, patta (document) holders 17.57%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 8.52%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 22.36% and agricultural labourers 42.39%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Barjora CD Block was 19,806 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 6,025 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Barjora CD block was 8,247 hectares, out of which 3,043 hectares was by canal water, 660 hectares by tank water, 1,320 hectares by river lift irrigation, 224 hectares by deep tubewells, 2,089 hectares by shallow tubewell, 112 hectares by open dug wells and 799 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Barjora CD block produced 44,594 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 16,611 hectares, 853 tonnes of Aus paddy from 300 hectares, 414 tonnes of Boro paddy from 122 hectares, 345 tonnes of wheat from 195 hectares and 69,208,000 tonnes of potatoes from 2,135 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Barjora CD block had 256 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 160 families were involved in Barjora CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Barjora CD block had offices of 13 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Bankura-Masagram line|collapse=y}}

In 2013-14, Barjora CD block had 8 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Diesel multiple unit#Diesel-electric|DEMU]] services are available between Bankura and Masagram on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bankura-masagram-demu-78056/67667/955/8691 | title = 78056 Bankura-Masagram DEMU| publisher = India Rail Info |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref> There are stations at Chander and [[Beliatore]].<ref>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 487: Map of Barjora CD block and alphabetical list of villages| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations 2011 |access-date = 21 January 2019}}</ref>

[[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) and [[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)]] running from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) pass through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Barjora CD block had 193 primary schools with 11,957 students, 31 middle schools with 3,628 students, 11 high schools with 7,920 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 11,375 students. Barjora CD block had 2 general colleges with 2,889 students, 2 professional/ technical institution with 116 students and 290 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,390 students. Barjora CD block had 9 mass literacy centres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4, 4.6 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Barjora CD block, among the 182 inhabited villages, 32 villages did not have a school, 39 villages had two or more primary schools, 48 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Barjora College]] at [[Barjora]] was established in 1985.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://barjoracollege.org/(S(3njoamyvvkicyjfcegcmir3z))/default.aspx | title = Barjora College | publisher = Barjora College | access-date = 14 December 2016 | archive-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161208013404/http://barjoracollege.org/(S(iqbqbyvvyqrlhcv0kkfrd155))/Default.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Jamini Roy College was established at [[Beliatore]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jaminiroycollege.org/jrc/ |title = Jamini Roy College | publisher= JRC | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/JaminiRayCollege/Jamini_Ray_College.shtml | title = Jamini Roy College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 16 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Barjora CD block had 1 rural hospital, 4 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 63 beds and 7 doctors. It had 36 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 4,909 patients were treated indoor and 126,570 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Barjora Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Barjora]], is the major government medical facility in the Barjora CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Beliatore]] (with 10 beds), Chhandar (with 4 beds), Godardihi ([[Jagannathpur, Bankura|Jagannathpur]]) (with 4 beds) and [[Pakhanna]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Prraneeth Vuppala

2026-05-01T11:59:28Z

TheHH:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2007)}}
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|title=[[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2023)
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|birth_place=Alagadapa, [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]], India
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|peakrating=2523 (April 2026)
}}
'''Prraneeth Vuppala''' (born 2 January 2007) is an Indian [[chess]] player.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2023-05-14 |title=Prraneeth is India's 82nd Grandmaster |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/prraneeth-is-indias-82nd-grandmaster/article66849646.ece |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prraneeth Vuppala |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/46622373 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Title Application |url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main228245.pdf |website=FIDE}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
He was born in the Alagadapa village in [[Nalgonda district]] of Telangana.<ref name=":2" /> He studied at the David Memorial High School.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2018-06-10 |title=Class 7 Telangana chess whiz is now World No. 1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/class-7-telangana-chess-whiz-is-now-world-no-1/article24131036.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2018, he achieved the world no. 1 ranking in the under-11 category.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gundra |first=Shiva Krishna |date=2022-03-18 |title=New IM Prraneeth targets GM title by August |url=https://telanganatoday.com/new-im-prraneeth-targets-gm-title-by-august |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2022, he earned the [[International master|International Master]] title by drawing the game with V. S. Rathanvel at the [[First Saturday (chess)|First Saturday]] tournament in Budapest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2022-03-16 |title="My next goal is to become a GM and then chase bigger targets like becoming a World champion" |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/prraneeth-sets-his-targets-high/article65230875.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also earned his first grandmaster norm at the same event.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2022-07-22 |title=Prraneeth earns second GM norm |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/v-prraneeth/article65671660.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, he achieved his final grandmaster norm, and became the 82nd grandmaster from India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-15 |title=Telangana's Prraneeth is India's 82nd Grandmaster |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telanganas-prraneeth-is-indias-82nd-grandmaster/articleshow/100237956.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Baku Open 2023: Prraneeth Vuppala beats Hans Niemann, becomes India's 82nd Grandmaster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/baku-open-2023-prraneeth-vuppala-beats-hans-niemann-becomes-indias-82nd-grandmaster-8608538/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He used to train under Rama Raju between 2015 and 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Now he is coached by Israeli grandmaster [[Victor Mikhalevski]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gundra |first=Shiva Krishna |date=2023-05-15 |title=Telangana's Prraneeth Vuppala becomes 82nd Grandmaster of India |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telanganas-prraneeth-vuppala-becomes-82nd-grandmaster-of-india |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vuppala, Prraneeth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Game players from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Gautam Sharma "Vyathit"

2026-04-24T07:56:01Z

TheHH: Started Biography

{{Short description|Indian folklorist, playwright, and poet (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautam Chand Sharma
| honorific_suffix = Vyathit
| image = Gautam Vyathit.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|8|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Nerti
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = Professor, folklorist, playwright, poet, linguist
| organization = Kangra Lok Sahitya Parishad
| known_for = Preservation of Kangri folk arts and knowledge Revival of Jhamakra dance
| notable_works = Kangri Lok Geet (1973) Dholru: Himachal ki lok gathae (1973) Kāṅgaṛā ke lokagīta, sāhityika viśleshaṇa evaṃ mūlyāṅkana (1984) Bharatiya sahitya ke nirmata: Baba Kanshi Ram (2000) Folklore of Himachal Pradesh (2006)
| children = 1
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2007)
}}

'''Gautam Sharma "Vyathit"''' (born on 15 August 1938; born Gautam Chand Sharma), is a folklorist, playwright, and poet from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He is also known as '''Gautam Chand Sharma "Vyathit"''' or just '''Gautam Vyathit.''' He is noted for his literary works in [[Kangri language|Kangri]] and [[Hindi]], as well as for his various efforts to preserve and nurture the endangered folk arts of Himachal Pradesh, especially those of the [[Kangra district|Kangra]] region. Vyathit was the joint recipient of the 2007 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Bhasha Samman) for his contributions to Himachali languages and literature. 'Vyathit', Gautam Sharma's pen-name in [[Hindi]], means 'pained', or 'distressed'.

== Personal life ==
Vyathit was born to Faquir Chand and Sheela Devi on 15 August 1938, at village Nerti in the [[Kangra district]] of erstwhile [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Nerti is now located in Kangra district, [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. Vyathit did his primary schooling from Nerti, matriculation from the nearby village of [[Rait, Himachal Pradesh|Rait]] (1957), and B.A. (1965), B.Ed., and M.A. in Hindi (1968) from [[Punjab University (Chandigarh)|Panjab University]]. He ultimately earned a PhD in 1974, from the [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. His doctoral thesis was titled ''Literary evaluation and critical analysis of Kangri folk songs''. He began his teaching career as a primary school teacher and proceeded to teach Hindi at Government College, [[Dharamshala]] for many years. Vyathit continues to live in Nerti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sriniwas |date=12 April 2015 |title=Dr Vyathit is Dr Modest |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/dr-vyathit-is-dr-modest-66498 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Atma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht455xqIGBsC&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA82 |title=Morality in Tess and Other Essays: In Honour of Mulk Raj Anand |date=1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-610-1 |pages=81–83 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Vyathit's son Durgesh Nandan, a poet and a writer, has been an active collaborator for several decades in his father's endeavours to preserve and articulate the endangered [[Kangri language|Kangri]] folk arts and disappearing ways of life.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Siddharth |date=12 January 2025 |title=Heart of the village - a painting, a temple, and a father-son duo |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/heart-of-the-village/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Kangra Lok Sahitya Parishad ===
Vyathit has been the founder-director of the NGO 'Kangra Lok Sahitya Parishad' (translated as ''Kangra folk literature council''), established at Nerti in 1973.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> This NGO works for documenting and promoting the endangered folk arts of Himachal Pradesh. Its activities have included surveying and documenting these arts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=पारंपरिक विवाह व रीति-रिवाज के गीत सहेजेगी कांगड़ा लोक साहित्‍य परिषद Kangra News |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-kangra-lok-sahitya-parishad-started-the-work-of-saving-folk-songs-of-marriage-customs-21550993.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2016 |title=पारंपरिक लोक वाद्य एवं वादक विलुप्तता की कगार पर |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/picture-news/news-traditional-folk-instruments-and-musicians-alist-extinction-1-135591-KKN.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=khas khabar |language=hi}}</ref> and organising cultural events including poetry recitals,<ref>{{Cite web |title=त्रिगर्त उत्सव {{!}} जिला काँगड़ा, हिमाचल प्रदेश सरकार {{!}} भारत |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/hi/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b5/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कांगड़ा की संस्कृति से रूबरू होंगे देश-विदेश के निवेशक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/investor-meet-in-dharamshala-and-trigrat-festival-in-kangra-decision-by-dc-rakesh-prajapati |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> folk theatre,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Folk Theatre of Kangra |url=http://www.123himachal.com/kangra/links/folk.htm |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=www.123himachal.com}}</ref> folk dances,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=ChandraKanta |title=Jhamakada Folk Dance Of Kangra झमाकड़ा - काँगड़ा का लोक नृत्य |url=https://gajagamini.in/jhamakada-folk-dance-of-kangra/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=गजगामिनी |language=en-GB}}</ref> festivals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeratha |first=Aśoka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&dq=Kangra+Lok+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PA47 |title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-082-8 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> and publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phull |first=Sushil Kumar |date=1978 |title=Hindi Short Story in Himachal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23333170 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |jstor=23333170 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9pwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kangra+Lok+Sahitya+Parishad&pg=PA821 |title=The Gujjars -Vol 04 (Gujjars History & Culture) by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |language=en}}</ref> Vyathit has also developed an open-air theatre in Nerti, where the Parishad often hosts its activities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Works on Kangri folk arts ===
Vyathit's documentation and analyses of Kangra's folklore have been considered significant by scholars of disciplines including literature, anthropology, and folklore studies. These include [[Kirin Narayan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayan |first=Kirin |date=1995 |title=The Practice of Oral Literary Criticism: Women's Songs in Kangra, India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/541878 |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=108 |issue=429 |pages=243–264 |doi=10.2307/541878 |jstor=541878 |issn=0021-8715|hdl=1885/100198 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Kirin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGah0Si-4s4C&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA232 |title=Mondays on the Dark Night of the Moon: Himalayan Foothill Folktales |last2=Sood |first2=Urmila Devi |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510348-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Kirin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bs_DQAAQBAJ&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA51 |title=Everyday Creativity: Singing Goddesses in the Himalayan Foothills |date=22 November 2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-40756-2 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Alan Dundes]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundes |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZlZAAAAMAAJ&q=gautam+vyathit |title=The Walled-up Wife: A Casebook |date=1996 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-15070-9 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref> besides others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA702 |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |date=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |pages=702 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lavie |first1=Smadar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRWbDwAAQBAJ&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PT242 |title=Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity |last2=Swedenburg |first2=Ted |date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7957-7 |language=en}}</ref> Since the early 1970s, Vyathit has been known for re-choreographing Kangra's Jhamakara folk-dance, which earlier used to be performed by women during marriage festivities only behind closed doors, and promoting this dance as a public art form.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Vyathit is known for revitalising Kangra's traditional folk-theatre, infusing it with current themes and challenging traditional norms of participation in these plays.<ref name=":3" />

=== Poetry ===
Vyathit is widely considered a prominent poet from Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA103 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=gautam+vyathit&pg=PA1601 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1601 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1OAAAAYAAJ&q=gautam+vyathit |title=Who's who of Indian Writers: 1999 : In 2 Vol. Vol. 1 A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |pages=1193 |language=en}}</ref> He writes in [[Kangri language|Kangri]] and Hindi. His poems revolve around rural life and nature in Kangra. Atma Ram notes that Vyathit expresses the 'vyatha' (suffering; from which the pen-name 'vyathit' is derived) of the common person in rural Kangra.<ref name=":4" />

=== Linguistics ===
Vyathit contributed the sections on [[Kangri language|Kangri]] and [[Hindi]] for the Himachal Pradesh volume of the [[People's Linguistic Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PLSI Contributors |url=https://bhasha.frappe.cloud/plsi/contributors |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=bhasha.frappe.cloud |language=en}}</ref>

=== Others ===

* Vyathit has been a patron of [[Kangra painting]] revival since the 1970s.<ref name=":6" />
* Vyathit is a member of the Himachal Pradesh Brahmin Kalyan Board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Members of H.P. Brahmin Kalyan Board |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/21_l892s/1440233315.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM announces Makar Sakranti of Brijeshwari Dham as District Level Festival |url=http://www.himachalpr.gov.in/%28X%281%29%29/OnePressRelease.aspx?Language=1&ID=15730}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Some among the numerous awards received by Vyathit are the following:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
* In 2007, Vyathit shared the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Bhasha Samman) with Pratyush Guleri for his contributions to the Himachali language and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Academy - List of Bhasha Samman Awardees |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/Bhasha-Samman_Suchi.pdf}}</ref>
* In 2014, Vyathit received the ''Shan-e-Himachal Award'' from [[Virbhadra Singh]], then Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":6" />
* In 2016, Vyathit received the ''Himachal Shiromani Samman'' from the Himachal Sanskritik Shodh Sansthan evam Natya Rangmandal.<ref name=":6" />
* In 2022, Vyathit received the ''Himachal Gaurav Puraskar'' (Pride of Himachal Award) of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], from [[Jai Ram Thakur]], then Chief Minister of the state.<ref name=":6" />

== Select Bibliography ==

* (1973) ''Kangri Lok Geet''. Palampur: Sheela Prakashan
* (1973) ''Dholru:'' ''Himachal ki lok gathae.''
* (1984) ''Kāṅgaṛā ke lokagīta, sāhityika viśleshaṇa evaṃ mūlyāṅkana''. Jayaśrī prakāśana
* (2000) ''Bharatiya sahitya ke nirmata: Baba Kanshi Ram''.
* (2006) ''Folklore of Himachal Pradesh''. Delhi: National Book Trust.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam Sharma Vyathit}}
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-song collectors]]
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:51:12Z

TheHH: started new stub from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Nandyala
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Nandyal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]] [[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]] [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]] [[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]] [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]] [[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]] [[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
| electors = 15,76,945
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Byreddy Shabari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Pocha Brahmananda Reddy|P. Brahmananda Reddy]]
}}

'''Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Nandyal district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

This seat has been represented in Lok Sabha by [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], just before he became president in 1977, and by [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]], just after he became Prime Minister in 1991.

==Assembly segments==
Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|134
|[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|rowspan="7"| [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
|[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|135
|[[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
|[[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|-
|136
|[[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]](SC)
|[[Githa Jayasurya]]
|-
|138
|[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
|[[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|-
|139
|[[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[N. M. D. Farooq]]
|-
|140
|[[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]]
|[[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]]
|-
|141
|[[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Rayasam Seshagiri Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan=4 |[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|1977^
|rowspan=2 |[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Maddur Subba Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Bojja Venkata Reddy|B. Venkata Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Gangula Prathapa Reddy]]
|-
|1991^
|Prime Minister [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[P.V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|1996^
|rowspan=3 |[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=3 |[[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Pocha Brahmananda Reddy|P. Bramhananda Reddy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Byreddy Shabari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Bojja Venkata Reddy]]
| votes = 370,097
| percentage = 53.63
| change = +8.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Madduru Subba Reddy]]
| votes = 313,835
| percentage = 45.48
| change = -8.66
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 56,262
| percentage = 8.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 690,103
| percentage = 68.93
| change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Gangula Prathapa Reddy]]
| votes = 377,556
| percentage = 60.10
| change = +6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Challa Rama Krishna Reddy]]
| votes = 190,790
| percentage = 30.37
| change = -15.08
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 186,766
| percentage = 29.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 628,186
| percentage = 62.53
| change = -6.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye-Election 1991====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-Election 1991: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| votes = 6,26,241
| percentage = 89.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bangaru Laxman]]
| votes = 45,944
| percentage = 6.56
| change
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M. Subba Reddy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 20,398
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,524
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Krishnamurthy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,684
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,80,297
| percentage = 82.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 6,99,846
| percentage = 69.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| votes = 366,431
| percentage = 50.42
| change = -9.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| votes = 267,901
| percentage = 36.86
| change = +6,49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Byreddy Seshasayana Reddy]]
| votes = 74,078
| percentage = 10.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 98,530
| percentage = 13.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 726,726
| percentage = 64.70
| change = +2.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye-Election 1996====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-Election 1996: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|votes = 5,67,042
|percentage = 80.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. V. Rangayya Naidu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,26,892
|percentage = 18.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Bhupal Reddy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,585
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kaka Joginder Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,506
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Madagunda Anasuyamma
|party = BRP
|votes = 1,475
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,40,150
|percentage = 62.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,00,579
|percentage = 62.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| votes = 338,100
| percentage = 48.47
| change = +11.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Gangula Prathapa Reddy]]
| votes = 333,450
| percentage = 47.80
| change = -2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Syed Jaffar Ali Khan]]
| votes = 18,841
| percentage = 2.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,650
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 697,579
| percentage = 63.26
| change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| votes = 391,655
| percentage = 53.68
| change = +5.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Gangula Prathapa Reddy]]
| votes = 319,046
| percentage = 43.73
| change = -4.07
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 72,609
| percentage = 9.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 729,632
| percentage = 65.35
| change = +2.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
| votes = 458,526
| percentage = 55.25
| change = +11.52
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| votes = 346,847
| percentage = 41.79
| change = -11.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Laku Obulesu
| votes = 7,662
| percentage = 0.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[A. C V. Subbaiah]]
| votes = 7,468
| percentage = 0.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[S Vasudev Prasad]]
| votes = 2,682
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 111,679
| percentage = 13.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 829,976
| percentage = 70.20
| change = +4.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
| votes = 400,023
| percentage = 40.21
| change = -15.04
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| votes = 309,176
| percentage = 31.08
| change = -10.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| votes = 220,829
| percentage = 22.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = S. Mohammed Ismail
| votes = 7,611
| percentage = 0.77
| change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 90,847
| percentage = 9.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 994,826
| percentage = 73.22
| change = +3.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nandyal]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSRCP
| candidate = [[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
| votes = 622,411
| percentage = 51.65
| change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| votes = 516,645
| percentage = 42.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = B. Y. Ramaiah
| votes = 16,378
| percentage = 1.36
| change = -38.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Obulesu Thudum
| votes = 11,784
| percentage = 0.98
| change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
| candidate = Nossam Mallikarjuna Reddy
| votes = 7,189
| percentage = 0.60
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = P. V. N. Reddy
| votes = 5,598
| percentage = 0.46
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Ullagi David Jaya Kumar
| votes = 2,499
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 7,155
| percentage = 0.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 105,766
| percentage = 9.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,89,659
| percentage = 76.71
| change = +3.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nandyal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pocha Brahmananda Reddy]]|votes=720,888|percentage=55.49|change=+3.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Mandra Sivananda Reddy|votes=4,70,769|percentage=36.24|change=-6.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jana Sena Party|candidate=[[S. P. Y. Reddy]]|votes=38,871|percentage=2.99|change=+2.99}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,50,119|percentage=19.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,99,785|percentage=81.07|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,03,220
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nandyal]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Byreddy Shabari]]
|votes = 700,013
|percentage = 49.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Pocha Brahmananda Reddy]]
|votes = 5,89,156
|percentage = 41.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = J. Lakshmi Narasimha Yadav
|votes = 56,204
|percentage = 4.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 10,697
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,11,975
|percentage = 7.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 14,10,776
|percentage = 81.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/nandyal/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Nandyal lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1991-1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}}
{{end}}

{{Nandyal district}}{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|15.5|78.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

IITTM

2026-04-22T22:56:05Z

TheHH:

#redirect [[Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management]]
{{R from initials}}

Vilambaram (1987 film)

2026-04-22T14:22:13Z

TheHH: creating post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vilambaram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| producer = K. G. Rajagopal
| writer = Balachandra Menon
| screenplay = Balachandra Menon
| starring =Balachandra Menon [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Saritha]] [[Sukumari]] [[Thilakan]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = GR International
| distributor = GR International
| released = {{Film date|1987|2|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Vilambaram''''' is a 1987 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Balachandra Menon]] and produced by K. G. Rajagopal. The film stars [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Saritha]], [[Sukumari]], [[Thilakan]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] and [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] and lyrics by P. Bhaskaran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2036|title=Vilambaram|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4705|title=Vilambaram|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=.malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100202/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4705|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vilambaram-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091134/http://spicyonion.com/title/vilambaram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Vilambaram|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Balachandra Menon]] as Advocate P. K. Namboothiri
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Sheela
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Balagopalan
*[[Saritha]] as Sunanda Balagopalan
*[[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Valsala
*[[Sukumari]] as Mary
*[[Thilakan]] as James
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Basheer
*[[Sankaradi]] as Judge
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Hotel Boy
*[[Jalaja]] as Razeena
{{colend}}

==Plot==
Balagopalan (Soman) is a wealthy entrepreneur whose wife Sunanda (Saritha), is a wheelchair bound paraplegic.

He is a profligate spender and drunken womanizer who sleeps with prostitutes procured by his friend James (Thilakan),and he lies to Sunanda about his whereabouts. Balagopalan's chauffeur, Bashir (Ashokan), advises him to not be so profligate and receives a slap from Balagopalan for his trouble. The next night, Balagopalan offers money to Bashir to compensate him for the slap, which Bashir graciously refuses.

Sunanda finds a new young stenographer Valsala (Shari) for her husband. Balagopalan finds Valsala attractive and looks to proposition her. Sunanda appoints Valsala as her house companion relieving her of her steno duties.

Valsala and Bashir grow fond of each other, but Balagopalan makes a pass at Valsala in the house that she resists. Sunanda becomes aware of this, and is heartbroken but offers out of shame of her own disabled condition to convince Valsala to sleep with Balagopalan just as long as it's not in their home.

Valsala refuses. She loses her job. And then she is found dead after committing suicide.

Bashir who loved her, becomes suspicious that Balagopalan may have raped her. He gets fired. He approaches Sheela (Ambika), a prominent Police prosecutor to bring a case.

Valsala's exhumed body shows signs of sexual penetration and resistance and the case is brought against Balagopalan for rape.

Despite some initially great headway, Sheela meets strong resistance in court from the tricky Advocate Namboothiri (Balachandra Menon) who extracts large sums from Balagopalan for his services.
It comes out in Court that Balagopalan had raped Sheela in the past.

Adv Namboothiri is attracted to Sheela. Through his schemes he gets evidence that James had raped Valsala and thus exonerates Balagopalan.

Balagopalan breaks his friendship with James and Bashir murders James and confesses to it.

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Enthaanandam" || [[G. Venugopal]], Janakidevi || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 2 || "Thaarakale Ambiliye" || Janakidevi, Sindhu Premkumar, Kala || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0241033}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balachandra Menon]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

1991 Indian general election

2026-04-22T08:46:30Z

TheHH: updated details per sources and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1989 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election
| next_year = 1996
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033347/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} 19 February 1992 (Punjab)
| seats_for_election = 537 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 269
| registered = 498,363,801
| turnout = 56.73% ({{decrease}} 5.22[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| last_election1 = 39.53%, 197 seats
| seats1 = '''244'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 47
| popular_vote1 = '''101,285,692'''
| percentage1 = '''36.26%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.27[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lal Krishna Advani 2009.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election2 = 11.36%, 85 seats
| seats2 = 120
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 35
| popular_vote2 = 55,843,074
| percentage2 = 20.11%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 8.75[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=5}}
| leader4 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| party4 = Janata Dal
| last_election4 = 17.79%, 143 seats
| seats4 = 59
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 84
| popular_vote4 = 32,628,400
| percentage4 = 11.84%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 5.95[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election5 = 6.55%, 33 seats
| seats5 = 35
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote5 = 16,954,797
| percentage5 = 6.16%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.39 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party
| after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha
| alliance4 = [[National Front (India)|NF]]
| alliance5 = [[National Front (India)|NF]]| 1blank = Alliance seats | 1data1 = '''248''' | 1data2 = 124 | 1data4 = 128
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the [[10th Lok Sabha]], although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] forming a [[minority government]] under new Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] with the support of other parties. The government survived 28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the [[Janata Dal]] and the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 | title=Narashima Rao becomes butt of 'suitcase' and 'crore' jokes among Congressmen, Opposition | publisher=India Today | date=15 August 1993 | accessdate=27 April 2023 | archive-date=16 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016023014/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm |title=JMM MP turns approver in bribery case against Rao |work=www.rediff.com |date= |accessdate=16 March 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160700/http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], nor for two seats in [[Bihar]] and one in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Similarly, elections were also delayed in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|access-date=2020-09-06|website=archive.ipu.org|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
In the [[1989 Indian general election|previous elections]] held 16 months before, the Janata Dal came into power with outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party, however the BJP withdrew it's support from the government after its [[Ram Rath Yatra|Ram Rathyatra]] was stopped at [[Samastipur]] in [[Bihar]], a state ruled by the Janata Dal, whose Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had the BJP president [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] arrested on spot. Following the resignation of V. P. Singh, the main opposition party, the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] provided outside support to a small breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] headed by [[Chandra Shekhar]] for a time, but soon withdrew its support. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=INKredible India: The story of 1991 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062610/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the [[Mandal Commission]] fallout and the [[Ayodhya dispute|Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid issue]].

===Mandal-Mandir Issue===
While the [[Mandal Commission]] report released by the VP Singh government suggested giving 27 per cent [[Reservation in India|reservation]] to the [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Castes]] (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students from the [[Forward caste|Forward Caste]] groups in and around the capital city of [[Delhi]] even setting themselves on fire in opposition to increase in reservations. Violence also erupted between [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] groups, who opposed increasing reservation for other communities & OBC groups, who supported reservation for their own community. 'Mandir' represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over construction of [[Ram Mandir]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed]] site of the [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] which the [[Hindutva|Hindu right]] wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using as its major election manifesto. To counter the intense religious polarisation unleashed due to the Ram mandir movement, the ruling Janata Dal heavily campaigned on implementing the Mandal Commission report, which the BJP alleged was a ploy to undermine Hindu unity.

The Mandir-Mandal issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the Janata Dal beginning to [[List of Janata Dal breakaway parties|fall apart into different splinter groups]] each supporting a particular caste in a specific state, the Congress (I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-06|title=History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027162506/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rajiv Gandhi assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated]] while campaigning for [[Margatham Chandrasekar]] in [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperembudur]]. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.

Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. After the assassination, voter sentiment shifted dramatically, many undecided and regional voters moved toward INC for stability.<ref name=":0" /> [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]] retained strong regional dominance in parts of India that voted in the first polling phase, and although Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination affected public sentiment, it did not result in a national seat sweep in later phases,which included major states where BJP and Janata Dal won a large share of seats.<ref>The congress party had a strike rate of 38% in the first phase which got bumped up to 45% in phases 2&3. States such as Maharashtra and Karnataka went to polls in Phase 1 and were swept by the INC. Notably Uttar Pradesh and Bihar which mainly polled in the later phases were swept by BJP and JD respectively which shows that there wasn't simply a sympathy wave which caused INC to win.</ref> The result was a Congress (I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal and led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in a [[by-election]] in [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] which he won by a record five lakh votes.

=== Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab ===
76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence since the 1980s. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1991-06-17|title=Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213617/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in Kashmir]] also saw the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|mass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] from the [[Kashmir Valley]] under threats from [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan-sponsored]] Muslim militants. Due to these insurgencies, no elections were held in [[Indian general election, 1991 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/|title=Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991)|date=21 March 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en-US|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183800/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/|url-status=live}}</ref> Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ramesh|last=Vinayak|title=With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24|orig-date=February 29, 1992|date=September 3, 2013|access-date=2020-09-06|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144601/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref> where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,<ref>{{Cite web|title=1992 India General Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-06|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921124538/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.{{Politics of India}}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1991.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=99799403|seats1=232|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=55345075|seats2=120|sc2=
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=32589180|seats3=59|sc3=
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=16954797|seats4=35|sc4=
|party5=[[Janata Party]]|votes5=9267096|seats5=5|sc5=
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=8223271|seats6=13|sc6=
|party7=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes7=6851114|seats7=14|sc7=
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=5741910|seats8=0|sc8=
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=4470542|seats9=11|sc9=
|party10=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes10=4420719|seats10=2|sc10=
|party11=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes11=2208712|seats11=4|sc11=
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1749730|seats12=4|sc12=
|party13=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes13=1489898|seats13=1|sc13=
|party14=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes14=1481900|seats14=6|sc14=
|party15=[[Janata Dal (Gujarat)]]|votes15=1399702|seats15=1|sc15=
|party16=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes16=1283065|seats16=0|sc16=
|party17=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes17=1145015|seats17=3|sc17=
|party18=[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]|votes18=982954|seats18=1|sc18=
|party19=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes19=845418|seats19=2|sc19=
|party20=[[Indian Peoples Front]]|votes20=644891|seats20=0|sc20=
|party21=[[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes21=494628|seats21=0|sc21=
|party22=Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha|votes22=490275|seats22=0|sc22=
|party23=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes23=466869|seats23=0|sc23=
|party24=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes24=456900|seats24=1|sc24=
|party25=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes25=384255|seats25=1|sc25=
|party26=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes26=350699|seats26=0|sc26=
|party27=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes27=331794|seats27=1|sc27=
|party28=[[Naga People's Front|Nagaland People's Council]]|votes28=328015|seats28=1|sc28=
|party29=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes29=327941|seats29=0|sc29=
|party30=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes30=319933|seats30=0|sc30=
|party31=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes31=295402|seats31=0|sc31=
|party32=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes32=206737|seats32=0|sc32=
|party33=[[Lokdal]]|votes33=173884|seats33=0|sc33=
|party34=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes34=171767|seats34=0|sc34=
|party35=United Reservation Movement Council of Assam|votes35=170376|seats35=0|sc35=
|party36=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes36=169692|seats36=1|sc36=
|party37=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes37=139785|seats37=1|sc37=
|party38=Sanjukta Loka Parishad|votes38=125738|seats38=0|sc38=
|party39=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes39=106247|seats39=1|sc39=
|party40=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes40=91557|seats40=0|sc40=
|party41=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes41=88084|seats41=0|sc41=
|party42=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes42=87387|seats42=0|sc42=
|party43=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes43=82019|seats43=0|sc43=
|party44=Sarv Jati Janata Parishad|votes44=70368|seats44=0|sc44=
|party45=[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes45=67495|seats45=0|sc45=
|party46=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes46=64752|seats46=0|sc46=
|party47=Tharasu Makkal Mandram|votes47=55165|seats47=0|sc47=
|party48=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes48=47369|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes49=43085|seats49=0|sc49=
|party50=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes50=42504|seats50=0|sc50=
|party51=Jan Parishad|votes51=37725|seats51=0|sc51=
|party52=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes52=36541|seats52=0|sc52=
|party53=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes53=35186|seats53=0|sc53=
|party54=Indian Union Muslim League (IML)|votes54=31387|seats54=0|sc54=
|party55=Sampooran Kranti Das|votes55=29647|seats55=0|sc55=
|party56=Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das|votes56=28528|seats56=0|sc56=
|party57=Uttar Pradesh Republican Party|votes57=28379|seats57=0|sc57=
|party58=Yuva Vikas Party|votes58=28159|seats58=0|sc58=
|party59=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]|votes59=27730|seats59=0|sc59=
|party60=Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes60=23929|seats60=0|sc60=
|party61=Proutist Bloc of India|votes61=22734|seats61=0|sc61=
|party62=Soshit Samaj Dal|votes62=19925|seats62=0|sc62=
|party63=Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh|votes63=19243|seats63=0|sc63=
|party64=Orissa Vikas Parishad|votes64=15893|seats64=0|sc64=
|party65=[[Hul Jharkhand Party]]|votes65=15406|seats65=0|sc65=
|party66=Socialist Party of India (Lohia)|votes66=12928|seats66=0|sc66=
|party67=Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party|votes67=12820|seats67=0|sc67=
|party68=Dalit Panthers Party|votes68=11967|seats68=0|sc68=
|party69=Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal|votes69=10837|seats69=0|sc69=
|party70=Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal|votes70=8825|seats70=0|sc70=
|party71=Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi|votes71=8810|seats71=0|sc71=
|party72=Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal|votes72=8519|seats72=0|sc72=
|party73=[[Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam]]|votes73=8252|seats73=0|sc73=
|party74=Asom Jatiya Parishad|votes74=8047|seats74=0|sc74=
|party75=Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey)|votes75=7104|seats75=0|sc75=
|party76=Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party|votes76=6897|seats76=0|sc76=
|party77=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|votes77=5888|seats77=0|sc77=
|party78=Vidarbha Praja Party|votes78=5597|seats78=0|sc78=
|party79=Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad|votes79=5521|seats79=0|sc79=
|party80=Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal|votes80=5436|seats80=0|sc80=
|party81=Hindu Swaraj Sangathan|votes81=5325|seats81=0|sc81=
|party82=Republican Presidium Party of India|votes82=4967|seats82=0|sc82=
|party83=Surajya Party|votes83=4705|seats83=0|sc83=
|party84=Sarvodaya Party|votes84=4642|seats84=0|sc84=
|party85=Janata Dal (Samajwadi)|votes85=4548|seats85=0|sc85=
|party86=Deseeya Karshaka Party|votes86=4508|seats86=0|sc86=
|party87=Gondwana Party|votes87=3605|seats87=0|sc87=
|party88=Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya)|votes88=3543|seats88=0|sc88=
|party89=Samdarshi Party|votes89=2921|seats89=0|sc89=
|party90=Lok Party|votes90=2873|seats90=0|sc90=
|party91=Socialist League of India|votes91=2852|seats91=0|sc91=
|party92=All India Urdu Morcha|votes92=2655|seats92=0|sc92=
|party93=Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul)|votes93=2519|seats93=0|sc93=
|party94=All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha|votes94=2311|seats94=0|sc94=
|party95=Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani|votes95=2259|seats95=0|sc95=
|party96=Pandav Dal|votes96=2213|seats96=0|sc96=
|party97=[[Internationalist Democratic Party]]|votes97=2078|seats97=0|sc97=
|party98=Gomant Lok Party|votes98=1983|seats98=0|sc98=
|party99=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes99=1792|seats99=0|sc99=
|party100=[[Workers Party of India]]|votes100=1781|seats100=0|sc100=
|party101=[[Nationalist Party (India)|Nationalist Party]]|votes101=1768|seats101=0|sc101=
|party102=Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association|votes102=1692|seats102=0|sc102=
|party103=Nagaland Peoples Party|votes103=1572|seats103=0|sc103=
|party104=Adarsh Lok Dal|votes104=1544|seats104=0|sc104=
|party105=Desh Bhakt Party|votes105=1521|seats105=0|sc105=
|party106=Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party|votes106=1466|seats106=0|sc106=
|party107=[[Republican Party of India (Kamble)]]|votes107=1300|seats107=0|sc107=
|party108=Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party|votes108=1245|seats108=0|sc108=
|party109=Mukt Bharat|votes109=1191|seats109=0|sc109=
|party110=Rashtriya Krantikari Dal|votes110=1125|seats110=0|sc110=
|party111=Sampooran Rashtriya Sena|votes111=1040|seats111=0|sc111=
|party112=Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam|votes112=1030|seats112=0|sc112=
|party113=Navbharat Party|votes113=787|seats113=0|sc113=
|party114=Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)|votes114=684|seats114=0|sc114=
|party115=Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam|votes115=665|seats115=0|sc115=
|party116=Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress|votes116=605|seats116=0|sc116=
|party117=Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party|votes117=587|seats117=0|sc117=
|party118=Kannada Paksha|votes118=576|seats118=0|sc118=
|party119=Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal|votes119=573|seats119=0|sc119=
|party120=Socialist Revolutionary Party|votes120=571|seats120=0|sc120=
|party121=Lokhit Morcha|votes121=532|seats121=0|sc121=
|party122=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes122=521|seats122=0|sc122=
|party123=Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee)|votes123=434|seats123=0|sc123=
|party124=Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party|votes124=408|seats124=0|sc124=
|party125=Cheluva Kannad Nadu|votes125=383|seats125=0|sc125=
|party126=Azad Party|votes126=372|seats126=0|sc126=
|party127=Democratic Party of India|votes127=359|seats127=0|sc127=
|party128=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes128=329|seats128=0|sc128=
|party129=Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt)|votes129=325|seats129=0|sc129=
|party130=Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das|votes130=316|seats130=0|sc130=
|party131=Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad|votes131=314|seats131=0|sc131=
|party132=Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha|votes132=257|seats132=0|sc132=
|party133=Sr. Citizens National Party of India|votes133=250|seats133=0|sc133=
|party134=Socialist Labour League|votes134=246|seats134=0|sc134=
|party135=M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam|votes135=228|seats135=0|sc135=
|party136=Mahabharat People's Party|votes136=225|seats136=0|sc136=
|party137=Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha|votes137=194|seats137=0|sc137=
|party138=Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal|votes138=193|seats138=0|sc138=
|party139=Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party|votes139=166|seats139=0|sc139=
|party140=Kannada Desh Party|votes140=164|seats140=0|sc140=
|party141=Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party|votes141=142|seats141=0|sc141=
|party142=Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti|votes142=138|seats142=0|sc142=
|party143=Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party|votes143=120|seats143=0|sc143=
|party144=Vishal Bharat Party|votes144=56|seats144=0|sc144=
|party145=Jan Ekata Morcha|votes145=34|seats145=0|sc145=
|party146=Independents|votes146=11441688|seats146=1|sc146=
|row147=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats147=2
|invalid=7493952
|electorate=498363801
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9764&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
}}

===Delayed elections in Punjab===
{{Election results
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=1486289|seats1=12
|party2=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes2=594628|seats2=1
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=497999|seats3=0
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=119902|seats4=0
|party5=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes5=77970|seats5=0
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=47226|seats6=0
|party7=[[Janata Dal]]|votes7=39220|seats7=0
|party8=[[Janata Party]]|votes8=27966|seats8=0
|party9=[[Lokdal]]|votes9=2839|seats9=0
|party10=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes10=1349|seats10=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=121009|seats11=0
|invalid=139126
|electorate=13169797
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4122-general-election-1992-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9767&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72 ECI]
}}
==State Wise Results==
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
!rowspan="2"|Seats
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Janata Dal|JD]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
!OTH
|-
!Andaman and Nicobar Islands
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Andhra Pradesh
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|25
|1
|0
|2
|14
|-
!Arunachal Pradesh
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Assam
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|8
|2
|0
|1
|3
|-
!Bihar
!52
|1
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|31
|9
|6
|-
!Chandigarh
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Dadra and Nagar Haveli
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Daman and Diu
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Goa
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Gujarat
!26
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|20
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Haryana
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|9
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Himachal Pradesh
!4
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Karnataka
!28
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|23
|4
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Kerala
!20
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|0
|0
|3
|4
|-
!Lakshadweep
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Madhya Pradesh
!40
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|27
|12
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Maharashtra
!48
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|38
|5
|0
|1
|4
|-
!Manipur
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Meghalaya
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Mizoram
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Nagaland
!1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
!NCT Delhi
!7
|2
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|5
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Odisha
!21
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|0
|6
|2
|0
|-
!Puducherry
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Punjab
!13
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|12
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Rajasthan
!25
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|13
|12
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Sikkim
!1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
!Tamil Nadu
!39
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|28
|0
|0
|0
|11
|-
!Tripura
!2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Uttar Pradesh
!84
|5
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|51
|22
|1
|5
|-
!West Bengal
!42
|5
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|37
|0
|-
!Total
!534
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|'''244'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|'''120'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|'''59'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|'''56'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|'''55'''
|}

==Aftermath==
[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Congress(I)]] was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:<ref name=eighteen>{{cite news |date=18 June 1991 |title=Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510082015/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]'' [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''Former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]'' [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]].<ref name=eighteen />
*''Former [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]], and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]]'' [[N. D. Tiwari]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 1991 |title=A meeting of hearts |url=https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080503/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the suggestion of Rajiv's wife
Sonia, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] was chosen as the prime-ministerial candidate of Congress (Indira). Rao, who got himself by-elected from [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]], secured the outside support of the Janata Dal & Jharkhand Mukti Morcha under controversial circumstances. After [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] and the second Congress Prime Minister to head a [[minority government]] that completed full 5-year term ([[Indira Gandhi]] also headed a minority government from 1969 to 1971 following the 1969 split of the Congress party into [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress(O)]] & [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress(R)]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms|access-date=19 April 2018|work=The Times of India|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420151053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1991 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
*[[1992 Indian general election in Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1991 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:May 1991 in India|General]]
[[Category:June 1991 in India|General]]
[[Category:1991 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Rambhual Nishad

2026-04-20T09:31:35Z

TheHH: adding some stub needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rambhual Nishad
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|02|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Barahalganj, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| office2 = Member of 14th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| constituency2 = Kauriram
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2007
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Mira Devi
| parents = Jagdish Nishad, Gulabi Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5786?from=members
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Rambhual Nishad''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 {{!}} Rahul set to win Rae Bareli, Maneka trailing in Sultanpur |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-rahul-set-to-win-rae-bareli-maneka-trailing-in-sultanpur-3051895 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Nishad has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates: Rambhual Nishad of SP Holds Top Position Following 9 Hours of Counting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/sultanpur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548015-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sultanpur Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Samajwadi Party's Rambhual Nishad is Leading This Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/sultanpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Maneka Gandhi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Maneka Sanjay Gandhi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Leading, Trailing |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/maneka-sanjay-gandhi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-leading-trailing-8918707.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Winners' List: From Narendra Modi to Rahul Gandhi, Check Names of Winning MPs |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/election-results-winners-list-lok-sabha-election-2024-bharatiya-janata-party-congress-india-alliance-8920579.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishad, Rambhual}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:06:21Z

TheHH: started some data nd citations

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Gujrat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandvi
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Gujarat
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Mandvi''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was a part of Bombay presidency till 1960, and later a part of Gujarat state. This constituency defunct in 2008, as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies. The seat was reserved for the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of Parliament==
*1952-61: ''Constituency does not exist''
*1962: [[C. M. Kedaria]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967: [[C. M. Kedaria]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1971: Amarsinh Zinabhai Chaudhary, [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2054.htm|title=Members Bioprofile}}</ref>
*1977: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1980: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1984: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1991: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1996: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1998: [[Chhitubhai Gamit]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1999: [[Mansinh Patel]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
*2004: [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]],<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]]
*2008 onwards: ''Constituency does not exist- New seat- [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli Lok Sabha]]''

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22.8|69.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Gujarat-geo-stub}}

Durga Prasan Nayak

2026-04-19T06:23:25Z

TheHH: Started Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durga Prasan Nayak
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Durga Prasan Nayak''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Prasan Nayak Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1125 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahakalapada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Durga Prasan Nayak of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mahakalapada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917046.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha: Newcomers taste victory in polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/05/odisha-newcomers-taste-victory-in-polls |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Durga Prasan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chiru people

2026-04-10T02:16:17Z

TheHH: Started New Data

{{Short description|Zo ethnic group found in northeast India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Original research|date=June 2025}}}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Chiru Chiru people
|image = "Chiru" written in Meitei script.jpg
|caption = ''Chiru'' written in [[Manipuri script]] ([[Meitei script]])
|population = 8,599 approx,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India 2011|publisher=MHA, Govt of India}}</ref> Manipur
|languages = [[Chiru language]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web |title=Meitei |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref>
|religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]
|related = [[Meitei people]], [[Chin-Kuki-Mizo people]], [[Hmars]], [[Naga people]]
|footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Chiru people''' are a [[Naga people|Naga]] [[ethnic group]]{{cn|date=July 2025}} belonging to an ancestral kindred of the Rem Naga family or kinship of five tribes (Aimol, Kharam, Purum, Chiru, Koren) in the context of the [[Kangleipak Kingdom]] (Manipur Hills).{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

They are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]], in accordance with the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] Orders Act 1950 of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1 The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm |archive-date=2017-09-20 |access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref>

== Ethnonym and kinship ==
The five tribes of [[Aimol Naga]], [[Chiru Naga]], [[Kharam people|Kharam Naga]], [[Purum Naga]], [[Koireng Naga]] remain distinctively a family under Rem kinship and nomenclature.

This Rem (alternative spellings: ''Reem'', ''Hriem'', ''Riem'') kinship precedes any other identity until in the 18th century, when the British brought the expression ''Naga'' into mainstream usage.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The Chiru Rem Naga tribe mostly reside in [[Manipur]] and parts of [[Assam]], [[India]].

The term ''Chiru Rem'' emphasizes the Rem identity as used by the Chiru Rem Baptist Churches Association (CRBCA). In that context, it does not include the other fellow Rem tribe's Churches. The kindred term "Rem" never applied to the Thadou-Zo-Chin tribes.

== History ==
Their status quo as an indigenous Naga tribe of Manipur was recorded by the ''Royal Chronicles of Manipur'' or [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] as early as the 11th Century AD. Earliest official records of the Manipuri King Loiyamba (1074-1122 AD)

In the 18–19th century, [[Western world|western]] [[Anthropologist|anthropologists]], researchers, and writers gained limited access to the Chiru Rem tribes.{{Clarify|date=June 2025}} Photographic and limited research conducted by [[Ursula Graham Bower]], J.P Hutton, [[T.C. Hodson]] and J. Shakespear, are the only corroborative evidence of their ancient way of life and existence, social, cultural and traditional set-up.{{Clarify|date=June 2025}}

Most recent research of the 20th century by professor [[Gangmumei Kamei|Gangmumei Kabui]], a Rongmei Naga historian and scholar, utilised academic liberty and research [[hypothesis]] identifying the Chiru Tribe as ''buffer tribes'' between the migratory history of the Nagas & Kukis, thereby substantiating the chronology of the term Old Kuki-Chin-Zo-Burmese linguistic belt.

Since the onset of the 21st century, the Chiru Union, North-East India (formerly Chiru Tribal Union) has largely begun to encourage credible research and scholarly incursion into the Chiru Rem moorings & bearings, with gradual accomplishments.{{Which|date=June 2025}}

== Culture ==
All Chiru Naga customs, cultures, and traditions are in tandem with Naga tribes as a whole,{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} starting from the tradition of Male Youth Dormitory (''seer-inn'') and short haircut (''Saamren'') and ''rokor vit'' (ear-piercing with increasing size of piercings until old age). The last of the elders with almost hanging earlobes with old metal coins, decorative, smaller animal horns as earrings, were seen until the end of the 20th century.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Religion ==
The term ''lu-tu'', or head severers/head hunters was completely denounced{{By whom|date=July 2025}} as a satanic or devilish cultural tradition after the early 20th century evangelization; early [[Christians|Christian]] leaders succeeded in complete eradication of its usage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Rongmei Naga evangelists from Senpang Naga Baptist Church in Tamenglong District, baptised the first Christian converts as early as 1936 from Lamdangmei Chiru village (now Noney District).{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Language ==
The same Chiru Rem lingua franca (Rem Chawng), customs and traditions (Thoina-keina) are shared even with the Chirus of Assam ''(Budon Chirupunjee)'' despite centuries of separation.

They also use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref name="Ethnologue"/>

==Population==
According to the 2011 census, the population of the Chiru tribe in Manipur was 8,599.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://planningmanipur.gov.in/pdf/MSDR/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf Manipur: Population & Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001144759/http://planningmanipur.gov.in/pdf/MSDR/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf |date=2020-10-01}}
{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Indo-Abrahamic Alliance

2026-04-04T13:39:35Z

TheHH: made post

{{Short description|Proposed regional bloc in the Middle East}}
{{Notability|date=March 2026}}
{{Over-quotation|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

The '''Indo-Abrahamic Alliance''' or '''Indo-Abrahamic Block''' is a geostrategic term coined by the foreign policy thinker and grand strategist Mohammed Soliman in use for a long essay for the [[Middle East Institute]]. The Indo-Abrahamic term refers to the growing convergence of geopolitical interests among [[India]], [[Israel]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]], which will create a regional bloc that would include [[Egypt]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] and eventually fill in the gap left by a future US withdrawal from the Middle East, representing a counterbalance to [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Soliman |first=Mohammed |date=2021-07-28 |title=An Indo-Abrahamic alliance on the rise: How India, Israel, and the UAE are creating a new transregional order |url=http://www.mei.edu/publications/indo-abrahamic-alliance-rise-how-india-israel-and-uae-are-creating-new-transregional |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Middle East Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Payyalil |first=Karthik |date=2022-06-01 |title=Camp David to Indo-Abrahamic alliance- "half right and still waiting" |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/06/01/camp-david-to-indo-abrahamic-alliance-half-right-and-still-waiting/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Modern Diplomacy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Taneja |first=Kabir |date=2021-10-19 |title=Middle Eastern Quad? How Abraham Accords opened West Asia for India |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/middle-eastern-quad/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ORF}}</ref> The Biden Administration later adopted Soliman's Indo-Abrahamic concept by launching the [[I2U2 Group]] in October 2021, which was followed by a leaders-level summit in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The US and the I2U2: Cross-Bracing Partnerships Across the Indo-Pacific |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/us-and-i2u2-cross-bracing-partnerships-across-indo-pacific |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Soliman argues that regional peace and stability in West Asia are not guaranteed through the military presence of the United States but through a balance of power that will eventually moderate the ambitions of rising states in the region, namely Iran and Turkey. His concept fundamentally alters the Middle East's geography, moving away from the Arab World as a synonym for the Middle East to West Asian geography stretching from Egypt to India. Soliman's concept builds on the normalization of Israel's relations with the UAE and Bahrain under the Washington-sponsored [[Abraham Accords]] and a perceived rise of an “Indo-Abrahamic“ transregional order.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Mohan |first=Chilamkuri Raja |author-link=Raja Mohan |date=2021-08-03 |title=Making a case for Indo-Abrahamic accord; The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-middle-east-relations-israel-uae-abraham-accords-7435298/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> Four months after Soliman's essay, [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[Antony Blinken]] held a first-of-its-kind summit with his counterparts from the UAE, India, and Israel to deepen their four-way connections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-of-state-antony-j-blinkens-meeting-with-emirati-foreign-minister-sheikh-abdullah-bin-zayed-indian-external-affairs-minister-dr-subrahmanyam-jaishankar-and-israeli-foreign-minist/ |title=Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken's Meeting with Emirati Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed, Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, and Israeli Foreign Minister and Alternate Prime Minister Yair Lapid; United States Department of State|website= state.gov/|date=2021-10-18|access-date=2022-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mohan |first=Chilamkuri Raja |author-link=Raja Mohan |date=2022-10-20 |title=India and the new 'Quad' in West Asia; Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-and-the-new-quad-in-west-asia-7578842/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mohan |first=Chilamkuri Raja |author-link=Raja Mohan |date=2022-10-29 |title=New India Finds an Old Role in a Changing Middle East |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/29/india-modi-middle-east-quad-israel-uae-geopolitics/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> One year after Soliman's proposal, the White House stated that President Biden will attend a virtual summit with the leaders of India, Israel, and the UAE in June 2022, while in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawler |first=Dave |last2=Ravid |first2=Barak |date=2021-06-14 |title=White House announces Biden will visit Saudi Arabia, expects to meet crown prince; Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/14/biden-meet-saudi-crown-prince-mbs |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=www.axios.com}}</ref>

==The role of the United States==
In his 2021 essay for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Soliman concludes that: <blockquote>Unlike [[NATO]] in Europe or the Quad in the Indo-Pacific, there is no security architecture in the Middle East that could collectively address the challenges facing the region, in the absence of Washington, which has always been the primary security guarantor and regional convener. Now, the broader Middle East is facing a new reality, a different one where Washington is pivoting away— for real this time— from the Middle East and wants to focus its limited resources and political will on another strategic theater— the Indo-Pacific, where China is Washington’s biggest threat. Whether this pivot succeeds is partly dependent on building a regional security architecture for the Middle East that tackles the region’s challenges without the need for a unilateral U.S. military presence. The UAE and Israel are capitalizing on India’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific strategy and Washington’s traditional convener role in the Middle East to build closer ties with both countries.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Soliman |first=Mohammed |date=2021-10-18 |title=A new overarching Asian order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-new-overarching-asian-order-101635339818144.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref></blockquote>

Soliman argues that the Abraham Accords allows regional actors to better respond to events such as the rise of [[China]]. The Indo-Abrahamic block will allow Washington to do less in the Middle East, while still keeping the focus on the Indo-Pacific. Soliman also predicts that in the future, the new Indo-Abrahamic format could empower regional powers to coordinate among themselves on common threats and challenges— from cyber to 5G, from missile defense to maritime security.<ref>{{cite web |last=Karam |first=Joyce |date=2021-10-18 |title=UAE, US, Israel and India meet to boost four-way co-operation |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2021/10/18/uae-us-israel-and-india-meet-to-boost-four-way-co-operation/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The National}}</ref>

==Formalizing the Indo-Abrahamic==
Soliman advocated for building the Indo-Abrahamic alliance from the bottom-up.

<blockquote>The Indo-Abrahamic bloc can be built from the bottom-up through issue-based working groups focused on critical areas such as space, drones, data security, 5G, cybersecurity, missile defense, and maritime security in the Indian Ocean, the Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea. The US could also utilize its status as a global power to bring Arab, Asian, and European allies into these working groups. Due to their security capabilities and strategic interests in West Asia and the Indo-Pacific, [[Egypt]], [[France]], [[Japan]], and [[South Korea|Korea]] are the most suitable among US partners to join the working groups. The aim of working groups— and the inclusion of multi-theatre US allies — is to synchronize the work streams among American allies and partners in the region, and eventually, a test run for a Washington-backed bottom-up internationalized security architecture in the region.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

==Other proposed Indo-Abrahamic states==
===Egypt===
In his review of Soliman's Indo-Abrahamic concept, [[Raja Mohan]] argued for the inclusion of Egypt in the Indo-Abrahamic because of its location "at the cusp of the Mediterranean - Europe, Africa, and Asia, Egypt is the center and heart of the Greater Middle East.”<ref name=":1" /> In a follow-up essay, Soliman also argued for the necessity of Egypt to be included.<ref name=":0" />

===Saudi Arabia===
In his essay for [[Middle East Institute]], Soliman posed the question of Saudi Arabia's possible participation in the Indo-Abrahamic Alliance: <blockquote>Another critical challenge for the Indo-Abrahamic alliance is where Saudi Arabia — the heartland of [[Islam]] and the biggest Arab economy — stands in relation to the emerging geopolitical bloc. Riyadh has nurtured good relations with Tel Aviv and New Delhi and may look to this grouping as a strategic opportunity in the long run.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

===Japan===
Soliman furthered his Indo-Abrahamic construct in an essay for ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' by advocating for an active Japanese role in the broader Middle East region. <blockquote>During this next phase of its Middle East engagement, Japan has a direct stake in—and is uniquely suited for—helping the region adapt to its changing geopolitical landscape. Multilateral, issue-based working groups, such as one focused on open RAN technologies, could facilitate a broader transregional strategic dialogue that harnesses the Middle East’s access to capital alongside the Indo-Pacific’s innovative potential to usher in a new era of stability and prosperity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Soliman |first=Mohammed |last2=Silverberg |first2=Elliot |date=2021-09-14 |title=Japan Is the Middle East's Most Credible Player; Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/14/japan-middle-east-credible-player/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Israel|United Arab Emirates|United States|Politics}}
* [[I2U2 Group]]
* [[Abraham Accords]]
* [[Alliance of the periphery]]
* [[Arab–Israeli alliance]]
* [[Major non-NATO ally]]
* [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]
* [[2+2 Ministerial Dialogue]]
* [[C5+1]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India–United States relations}}
{{Israel–United States relations}}
{{United Arab Emirates–United States relations}}

[[Category:2021 in international relations]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Israel]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:2021 essays]]
[[Category:Politics of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences]]
[[Category:International relations terminology]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Israel]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:India–Israel relations]]
[[Category:India–United Arab Emirates relations]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Israel–United Arab Emirates relations]]
[[Category:Israel–United States relations]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirates–United States relations]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Israel]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations]]

Jagjivanpur

2026-03-30T20:52:25Z

TheHH: made new article

{{short description|Archaeological site in Malda, West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox ancient site
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|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
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|type = Archaeological site
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|built = 9th century AD
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|excavations = 1992, 1994–95
|archaeologists = Sudhin De, Amal Ray
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|ownership = Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of West Bengal
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'''Jagajjibanpur''' or '''Jagajivanpur''' (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: জগজ্জীবনপুর) is an archaeological site in Habibpur block of [[Malda district]] in [[West Bengal]] state in eastern [[India]]. This site is located at a distance of 41 km east from [[English Bazar]] town. The most significant findings from this site include a copper-plate inscription of [[Pala empire|Pala emperor]] [[Mahendrapala]]deva and the structural remains of a 9th-century Buddhist [[Vihara]]: ''[[Nandadirghi Mahavihara|Nandadirghika-Udranga Mahavihara]]''.<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=The story of a ninth-century Buddhist ‘vihara’ in Malda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/a-history-lesson-at-the-pala-dynastys-ninth-century-buddhist-complex-of-nandadirghi-vihara-in-malda-that-was-discovered-thanks-to-a-copper-plate/cid/1857983 |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=My Kolkata |agency=The Telegraph |date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="ica">{{cite web|url=http://www.tathyabangla.org.in/public/i_cadeprt/archeology/arch3.asp|title=Jagjivanpur, A newly discovered Buddhist site in west Bengal|publisher=Information & Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal website|access-date=2009-10-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66sZ2wzrt?url=http://ww1.tathyabangla.org.in/public/i_cadeprt/archeology/arch3.asp|archive-date=2012-04-12}}</ref>

The importance of this site was first indicated by the chance discovery of a copper plate inscription of the Pala emperor Mahendrapala on 13 March 1987 who was not known from any other sources till the date of this discovery. Later, the excavation by a team of the Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, West Bengal Government led by Sudhin De began in 1992 at ''Tulabhita'' mound, followed by an extensive excavation at the same site in 1995-96 under the direction of Amal Ray of the same directorate.<ref name=c>Chakrabarti, D. K. (2001). ''Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: the Lower and the Middle Ganga'', New Delhi: Permanent Black, {{ISBN|81-7824-016-5}}, pp. 75-6</ref> The excavations resulted in discovery of a part of the brick built [[Vihara]], stupas, cells with corbelled niches, verandah and many antiquities, which include terracotta plaques, terracotta seals and sealings, an inscribed potsherd, beads and other objects for daily use.<ref name="ica"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
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|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
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|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
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|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Araidanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|6|N|87|50|35|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Daulatnagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
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|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
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===Site===
The site comprises a number of mounds, most impressive of them is the 5 m high ''Tulabhita'' or ''Salaidanga''. other significant mounds are: ''Akhridanga'', ''Nimdanga'', ''Rajar Mayer Dhipi'' and ''Nandagarh''. Another significant feature of the site is a large tank, ''Nandadighi'' (Nandadirghika of Maehndrapala's inscription) which still covers a large area. Tulabhita mound covers an area of 9432 m2. Total 262 trenches ( 6 m x 6 m) were laid, of which 78 trenches have been excavated so far.<ref name="Datta"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Nandadirghi Vihar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/next-weekend-you-can-be-at-nandadirghi-vihar/cid/1007939 |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=The Telegraph |issue=Kolkata |date=15 July 2007}}</ref>

==Excavations and findings==
{{History of Bengal}}
The excavation has revealed six distinct layers of deposit, of which second to fourth are the most significant in terms of activities. Two phases of construction work can be identified. The first phase was probably abandoned due to the flood, the second period of construction started over it without any substantial chronological gap.

The excavation at the central part of the ''Tulabhita'' mound has revealed the eastern part of a burnt brick-built Vihara. A number of sizes of bricks (32 cm x 18 cm x 6 cm, 28 cm x 26 cm x 5 cm, 23 cm x 17 cm x 8 cm, 28 cm x 15 cm x 6 cm and 17 cm x 6 cm x 6 cm) and mud morter were used to construct the 1 m wide wall of the Vihara. The northeast and the southwest corners of the Vihara have been exposed. The exposed 1.7 m wide inner courtyard of the Vihara is made of rammed bricks with a tiled pathway. The post-holes have been traced along the pathway at a regular distance of 2.5 m. It probably indicates the existence of a shed over the pathway for [[circumambulation]] during the rainy season. A 3 m wide staircase with three steps at the eastern part of the courtyard attached to the [[verandah]] has been exposed. A brick stupa, having a circumference of 6 m and diameter of 2.25 m has also been identified. A part of the eastern verandah with rammed-floor of the Vihara has also been found.<ref name="ica"/>

The excavation at the southeast corner of the ''Tulabhita'' mound has exposed two monastic cells of 2.6 m x 2.6 m dimension with corbelled 1.05 m high niches on the southern wall of each cell. The height of the cells is 3 m. from the floor level. Originally an opening of 130 m x 1.28 m was provided on the partition wall between the cells, which was blocked later. Four distinct layers of deposit were excavated to reach the floor level of these cells.<ref name="ica"/>

A huge brick-built stupta along with a wall adjacent to its southern part has been exposed at the northwestern corner of the mound. Most probably this stupta is hollow inside. The excavation, which was carried out up to the depth of 1.5 m has exposed a niche on the southern side with a blocked opening indicative of the activities during the second phase. A few fragmentary gray colored potsherds were discovered at the core of the stupa. The extant height of this stupa is about 3.5 m and its circumference is 19.63 m.<ref name="ica"/>

==Artifacts==
[[File:Nandadirghi 2.jpg|200 px|thumb|Nandadirghi Vihar]]
A significant number of artifacts were found from the site, which include the copper plate inscription of Mahendrapala (presently preserved in the Malda Museum), a 175 cm high bronze image of [[Marichi]], more than a hundred terracotta seals and sealings, many terracotta plaques and decorated bricks. Before the commencement of the excavations, a small bronze seated image of Buddha in ''bhumisparshamudra'' (earth-touching gesture) was found from a local resident. Most of this artifacts are preserved at present in the Jagjivanpur gallery of the State Archaeological Museum at [[Behala]], [[Kolkata]] along with a scaled model of the site.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070708/asp/calcutta/story_8026106.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109150029/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070708/asp/calcutta/story_8026106.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2009|title=Showcase of Bengal past |last=Das|first=Soumitra|date=July 8, 2007|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2009-10-10}}</ref>

===The copper plate inscription of Mahendrapala===
The copper plate is inscribed on both sides (40 lines on the obverse and 32 lines on the reverse) in ''Siddhamatrika'' script prevalent in the 9th century in Sanskrit language. A royal seal is attached to the top of the plate, which comprises within a lotus, a dharmachakra at the centre, flanked by deer on either side and the legend ''Shri Mahendrapaladeva'' below. The weight of the copper plate is 11.85 kg and it measures 52 cm x 37.5 cm. The copper plate was issued by the emperor Mahendrapala on the 2nd day of [[Vaisakha]] month of his seventh regnal year (854) from Kuddalakhataka ''jayaskandhavara'' (camp of victory) in the ''Pundravardhana'' ''bhukti''. It states that the emperor Mahendrapala, the son and successor of [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]], announced before the body of the officers and other persons assembled on the occasion of a land grant ceremony that his ''mahasenapati'' (general) Vajradeva had intended to donate the land adjacent to the ''Nandadirghika Udranga Mahavihara'', erected by him for attainment of religious merits for his parents and all people on earth for the worship of the Buddhist deities and maintenance and performance of religious rites which include copying (manuscripts) by the monks residing in the Vihara.<ref name="ica"/>

===The terracotta seals===
The terracotta seals found from the site are circular in shape and inscribed with legends, varying from one to three lines. Most of these seals and sealings are monastic, though some of these are personal and votive in nature. Most notable discovery was a monastic seal depicting the dharmachakra and deer motif, which bears the name of the Vihara in two lines. Inscribed in ''Siddhamatrika'' script in Sanskrit language, the seal reads (as read by Debala Mitra): ''Shri Vajradeva Karita Nanda Dirghi Vihariya Arya Bhikshu Sam(ghasya)'' (of the venerable community of monks residing in the Nanda Dirghi Vihara which was caused to be built by Shri Vajradeva).<ref name="ica"/>

===The terracotta plaques===
More than 250 terracotta plaques have been discovered during the excavations from the collapsed debris of the stupa complex at the northwestern corner of the mound. Made of fine, levigated clay, often with a micaceous compound, the plaques are normally red in colour and rectangular in shape. These plaques were probably used to decorate the outer surface of the stupa as at [[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]] and [[Mainamati]]. The plaques are of different sizes, the most common size is 28 cm x 24 cm x 7 cm.<ref name=c/> Some of these are intact and in good state of preservation. These plaques depict Shiva, Surya, Avalokiteshvara, Vidyadharas, Gandharvas, Garuda, Kinnaras and Kinnaris, warriors, man with parasol, a devotee, boar, lion, deer, peacock and swan. A unique plaque depicts a sacred manuscript (most probably the [[prajnaparamita]]) on a lotus and a kneeling devotee.<ref name="ica"/>

===The decorated bricks and other artifacts===
A number of decorated tiled-bricks have been found from the site of sizes 28 cm x 23 cm x 8 cm, 32 cm x 24 cm x 6 cm and 33.5 cm x 23 cm x 6 cm. These bricks depict various motifs like scroll motif, lotus petal motif and diamond shaped chain motif. Some of these also depict mat design and geometrical shapes. The excavations also yielded beads of semi-precious stones of varying sizes, terracotta lamps, bangles of iron and terracotta, a small terracotta elephant, and many red and gray potshreds.<ref name="ica"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Ancient-Medieval sites in Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Malda district]]

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

2026-03-30T02:45:38Z

TheHH: small changes

{{Short description|Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
| former name = Atomic Energy Establishment, bombay
| native_name = {{lang|hi|भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान केंद्र}}
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| formation = {{Start date and age|1954|01|03}}<ref name=barc-about/>
| status =
| fields = {{plainlist|
* [[Nuclear research]]
* [[Nuclear fuel cycle]]
* [[Nuclear reactor technology]]
* [[Nuclear chemistry]]
* [[Radiation monitoring|Environmental and Radiation Monitoring]]
* [[Nuclear medicine]]
* [[Materials science and engineering]]
* [[Instrumentation and control engineering]]
* [[National security]]
* [[Nuclear weapons]]
}}
| headquarters = [[Trombay]], [[Mumbai]]
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| coords = {{coord|19.017|72.925|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:2000|display=inline, title}}
| addnl_location_city = [[Kalpakkam]]
| addnl_location_country =
| addnl_location_city2 = [[Challakere]]
| addnl_location_country2 =
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Vivek Bhasin
| budget = {{INRConvert|4086|c}} (2020–21)
| parent_organisation = [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
| abbreviation = BARC
| website = {{URL|barc.gov.in}}
| founder = [[Homi J. Bhabha]]
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Details of budgetory allocation of BARC|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/rti/budget.html|website=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)}}</ref>
}}
The '''Bhabha Atomic Research Centre''' ('''BARC''') is India's premier [[nuclear research]] facility, headquartered in [[Trombay]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was founded by [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]] as the '''Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay''' ('''AEET''') in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program.

It operates under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), which is directly overseen by the [[Prime Minister of India]].

BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of [[nuclear science]], [[chemical engineering]], [[material sciences]] and [[metallurgy]], [[electronic instrumentation]], biology and medicine, [[supercomputing]], [[high-energy physics]] and [[plasma physics]] and associated research for [[Indian nuclear programme]] and related areas.

BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of [[nuclear power|nuclear energy]]. It manages all facets of [[nuclear power generation]], from the theoretical design of reactors to, computer modeling and simulation, [[risk analysis]], development and testing of new reactor fuel, materials, etc. It also researches spent fuel processing and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for [[isotopes]] in industries, [[radiation]] technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, [[Particle accelerator|accelerator]] and [[laser]] technology, [[electronics]], [[instrumentation]] and reactor control and [[material science]], [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[radiation monitoring]] etc. BARC operates a number of [[research reactor]]s across the country.<ref name="barc-milestones">{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/mile.htm|title=Milestones|publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207170320/http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/mile.htm|archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>

Its primary facilities are located in [[Trombay]], with new facilities also located in [[Challakere]] in [[Chitradurga]] district of [[Karnataka]]. A new Special Mineral Enrichment Facility which focuses on enrichment of uranium fuel is under construction{{when|date=October 2022}} in [[Atchutapuram]] near [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], for supporting India's [[nuclear submarine]] program and produce high specific activity radioisotopes for extensive research.

==History==
[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|India's first reactor and a plutonium reprocessing facility, [[Mumbai]], as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]]
When Homi Jehangir Bhabha was working at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in [[nuclear physics]], [[cosmic rays]], [[high energy physics]], and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in March 1944 to the Sir [[Dorabji Tata]] Trust for establishing "a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics".{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Atoms for Peace (01280007) (7254400208).jpg|thumb|Bhabha (right) at the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland, 20 August 1955]]
When Bhabha realised that technology development for the atomic energy programme could no longer be carried out within [[TIFR]] he proposed to the government to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to this purpose. For this purpose, 1200 acres of land was acquired at Trombay from the [[Government of Maharashtra|Bombay Government]]. Thus the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) started functioning in 1954. The same year the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) was also established.

Bhabha established the BARC Training School to cater to the manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and development program. Bhabha emphasized self-reliance in all fields of nuclear science and engineering.

The Government of India created the '''Atomic Energy Establishment, [[Trombay]]''' (AEET) with Bhabha as the founding director on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activities for nuclear reactors and technology under the Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, [[instrumentation]], [[metallurgy]], and [[material science]], etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Bhabha's death in 1966, the centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967.<ref name=barc-about>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/|title=Heritage|publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207171051/http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/|archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>

The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]] were from the United States.

The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that the reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] when he likened the blue [[Cerenkov radiation]] to the beauty of the [[Apsaras]]), [[CIRUS]] (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from the US), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), [[Dhruva reactor|Dhruva]] (1985), Purnima III (1990), and [[KAMINI]].

Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of [[isotopes]], basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a [[plutonium oxide]] fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of [[plutonium-239]] powered [[nuclear weapons]].

On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, [[P. K. Iyengar]], reflected on the reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of [[plutonium]]. The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate the time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated".{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} It was decommissioned in 1973.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
[[Image:BARC nuclear reactor.JPG|right|thumb|Digitally altered image of BARC (view from [[Arabian sea|seaside]])]]
Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974 the head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, [[Raja Ramanna]]. The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower was developed by BARC. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research but also the capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons.

BARC was also involved in the [[Pokhran-II]] series of five nuclear test conducted at [[Pokhran Test Range]] in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted after Smiling Buddha by India. The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and [[thermonuclear weapons]]([[Hydrogen bomb]]/fusion bomb) with yields up to 200 Kilotons. The then Chairman of the Indian [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1601/16010840.htm|title=Latest Volume16-Issue01 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume16-Issue01|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028030113/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1601/16010840.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC, the [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]] (AMDER), and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly, layout, detonation and data collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|title = Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests}}</ref>

On 3 June 1998 BARC was hacked by [[hacktivist]] group [[milw0rm]], consisting of hackers from the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand. They downloaded classified information, defaced the website and deleted data from servers.

BARC also designed a class of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor [[IPHWR]] (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor), the baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the Canadian [[CANDU reactor]]. The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs.

The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) was the first in class series of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Currently there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started around 1984 under the aegis of BARC in partnership with NPCIL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=not found |url=http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=barc.gov.in |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522215947/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in the year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve [[fuel efficiency]] and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate Generation III+ features. Almost 100% of the parts of these indigenously designed reactors are manufactured by Indian industry.

BARC designed and built India's first [[pressurised water reactor]] at [[Kalpakkam]], a 80MW land based prototype of [[INS Arihant]]'s nuclear power unit,<ref name=telegraph-elder>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806172239/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2009 |title=Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother |work=The Telegraph|date=3 August 2009 |access-date=2011-01-24}}</ref> as well as the Arihant's main propulsion reactor. Three other submarine vessels of the class([[Arihant class]]) including the upcoming{{when|date=October 2022}} [[INS Arighat|INS arighat]], S4 and S4* will also get the same class of reactors as there primary propulsion.<ref name=hindu-indiandesign>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819135707/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm|archive-date=19 August 2009|title=INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar|date=16 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-01-08}}</ref><ref name=hindu-pwr>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |title=PWR building shows indigenous capability, says Kakodkar |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=2011-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043941/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 August 2009}}</ref>

BARC also developed stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Units for India's multirole fighter [[HAL Tejas]] and contributed to [[Chandrayaan-I]] and [[Mangalyaan]] missions. BARC has contributed for collaboration with various mega science projects of National and International repute viz. [[CERN]] ([[LHC]]), [[India-based Neutrino Observatory]] (INO), [[ITER]], Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator ([[LEHIPA]]), [[Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research]] (FAIR), [[Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope]] (MACE), etc.<ref name="barc.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/eic.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Electronics Instrumentation & Computers in BARC}}</ref>

In 2012 it was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in [[Atchutapuram]], near [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and in [[Challakere]] in Chitradurga district in Karnataka. BARC would be setting 30 MW special research reactor using an enriched uranium fuel at Visakhapatnam to meet the demand for high specific activity radio isotopes and carry out extensive research and development in nuclear sector. The site would also support the [[nuclear submarine]] program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/barcs-second-campus-to-come-up-at-atchyutapuram/article2923837.ece|title=BARC's second campus to come up at Atchyutapuram|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/barc-to-set-up-research-reactor-at-visakhapatnam/article9578092.ece|title=BARC to set up research reactor at Visakhapatnam|first=Venkatesan|last=R|date=9 March 2017|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

==Description==
BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas.

BARC is a premier nuclear and multi-disciplinary research organisation though founded primarily to serve India's nuclear program and its peaceful applications of nuclear energy does an extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, [[chemical engineering]], [[radiology]] and their application to health, food, medicine, agriculture and environment, [[Particle accelerator|accelerator]] and laser technology, electronics, [[High Performance Computing|high performance computing]], [[instrumentation]] and reactor control, [[materials science]] and [[radiation]] monitoring, [[high-energy physics]] and [[plasma physics]] among others.

==Organisation and governance==
BARC is an agency of the Department of Atomic Energy.<ref name=nrb>{{cite web | title=Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) |website=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre | url=https://barc.gov.in/nrb/ | access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> It is divided into a number of Groups, each under a director, and many more Divisions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Organisational Chart | website=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre | date=12 March 2019 | url=https://barc.gov.in/about/organ.html | access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

===Nuclear Recycle Board===

BARC's Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) was formed in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title=Organisational Chart:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC), Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India | website=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre | date=16 March 2012 | url=https://barc.gov.in/group/51.html | access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> It is located in three cities – Mumbai, Tarapur, and [[Kalpakkam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=BARC NRB Recruitment 2022: Application window open for 89 posts | website=The Economic Times | date=5 July 2022 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/barc-nrb-recruitment-2022-application-window-open-for-89-posts/articleshow/92673847.cms | access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

== Areas of research ==
BARC conducts extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronics instrumentation, biology and medicine, advance computing, high-energy plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear program and related areas. The few are:

=== Thorium fuel cycle ===
India has a unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of [[uranium]] but a large resource of [[thorium]]. The beach sands of [[Kerala]] and [[Orissa]] have rich reserves of [[monazite]], which contains about 8–10% thorium.

Studies have been carried out on all aspects of [[thorium fuel cycle]] - [[mining]] and [[Extraction (chemistry)|extraction]], fuel fabrication, utilisation in different reactor systems, evaluation of its various properties and irradiation behaviour, [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] and [[recycling]]. Some of the important milestones achieved / technological progress made in these are as follows:

The process of producing thoria from monazite is well established. [[IREL]] has produced several tonnes of [[nuclear grade]] thoria powder
The fabrication of thoria based fuel by powder-pellet method is well established. Few tonnes of thoria fuel have been fabricated at BARC and NFC for various irradiations in research and power reactors.
Studies have been carried out regarding use of thorium in different types of reactors with respect to fuel management, reactor control and fuel utilisation.
A Critical Facility has been constructed and is being used for carrying out experiments with thoria based fuels.
Thoria based fuel irradiations have been carried out in our research and power reactors.
Thoria fuel rods in the reflector region of research reactor CIRUS.
Thoria fuel assemblies as reactivity load in research reactor Dhruva.
Thoria fuel bundles for flux flattening in the Initial Core of PHWRs.
Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR.
(Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva.

Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on the irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins.
Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the thoria based fuels.
Thoria fuel rods irradiated in CIRUS have been reprocessed at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF) BARC. The recovered 233U has been fabricated as fuel for KAMINI reactor.
Thoria blanket assemblies irradiated in [[FBTR]] have been reprocessed at [[IGCAR]]. The recovered 233U has been used for experimental irradiation of [[PFBR]] type [[fuel assembly]] in FBTR.
Thoria fuel bundles irradiated in PHWRs will be reprocessed in Power Reactor Thorium Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF). The recovered 233U will be used for reactor physics experiments in AHWR-Critical Facility.

Advanced reactors [[AHWR]] and AHWR300-LEU have been designed at BARC to provide impetus to the large-scale utilisation of thorium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/tfc.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Thorium Fule Cycle, BARC}}</ref>

=== Reprocessing and nuclear waste management ===
After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that [[Nuclear fission|fission]] chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as [[spent nuclear fuel]] (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in the year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of [[Uranium]] based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved [[PUREX]] based reprocessing [[flow sheet]] involving recovery of SNM.

Implementation of [[thorium fuel cycle]] requires extraction of 233U from [[irradiated]] thorium fuel and its re-insertion into the fuel cycle. Based on indigenous efforts, a flow sheet for reprocessing of spent thoria rods was developed and demonstrated at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF), Trombay. After gaining successful experience at UTSF, Power Reactor Thoria Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF) has been set up employing advanced laser based technology for dismantling of thoria bundle and single pin mechanical chopper for cutting of fuel pins. Thoria irradiated fuel bundles from PHWR were reprocessed using TBP as extractant to recover 233U.

High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of the [[radioactivity]] generated in entire [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. The HLLW is immobilised into an inert [[Sodium]] Boro-[[Silicate]] [[glass]] matrix through a process, called [[vitrification]]. The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an air cooled vault to facilitate the dissipation of heat generated during [[radioactive decay]]. Prior to its eventual disposal in [[geological disposal facility]]. Vitrification of HLLW is a complex process and poses challenges in view of high temperature operations in presence of high amount of [[radioactivity]]. As a result, very few countries in world could master the technology of vitrification of HLLW and India is among them. Three melter technologies, Induction Heated Metallic Melter (IHMM), Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) and Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM), have been indigenously developed for vitrification of HLLW. HLLW vitrification plants, based on IHMM or JHCM technologies, have been constructed and successfully operated at [[Trombay]], [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]] and [[Kalpakkam]] sites of India.

Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in the field of partitioning of Minor [[Actinides]] from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived [[radioactive waste]] constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long lived radio-contaminants is planned to be burnt in [[Fast reactor]] or Accelerator Driven Sub Critical systems to get converted into short- lived species. This will reduce the need of long term isolation of [[radionuclide]] from environment by multifold. R&D is also directed towards management of Hulls, contaminated left over pieces of [[zirconium]] clad tube after dissolution of fuel, and Geological Disposal Facility for safe disposal of vitrified HLLW and long lived waste with objective to long term isolation of radionuclide from the human [[Natural environment|environment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/rwm.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Reprocessing and Nuclear Waste Management in BARC}}</ref>

====[[Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility]]====

The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a [[MOX fuel]] fabrication facility,<ref>{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Dr.Srikumar | title=BARC Press Release: Founder's Day Address 2005: Chairman's Speech | website=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ), Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India | date=30 October 2006 | url=https://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/fddir06.html | access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=H.S. |last=Kamath |journal=Energy Procedia |issue=7 |date= 2011|pages= 110–119| title= Recycle Fuel Fabrication for Closed Fuel Cycle in India|volume=7 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011EnPro...7..110K }}</ref> is part of the Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB),<ref>{{cite web | last1=Bhatt | first1=R.B. | last2=Singh | first2=G. | last3=Kelkar | first3=A.G. | last4=Behere | first4=P.G. | last5=Shinde | first5=A.M. | title=Mixed oxide fuel fabrication at AFFF: operational and regulatory perspectives | website=INIS | date=22 July 2017 | url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:48089806 | access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> and located at the [[Tarapur, Maharashtra]]. Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabricated MOX fuels on experimental basis for BWR, PHWR, FBTR and research reactors. It makes plutonium-based MOX fuel for the stage 2 of Indian Nuclear Program. The unit has successfully fabricated more than 1 lakh PFBR fuel elements for the Kalpakam based Bhavini's PFBR. AFFF is presently engaged in the fabrication of PFBR fuel elements for reloads of PFBR.

AFFF also is involved in AHWR(Thorium MOX Fuel) MOX fuel fabrication for the third stage of Indian nuclear program and is experimenting with different fabrication techniques. | <ref> url=https://www.barc.gov.in/barc_nl/2018/spl2018.pdf </ref>

MOX fuel fabrication at AFFF follows Powder Oxide Pelletisation (POP) Method. Major operations are mixing and milling, pre-compaction, granulation, Final compaction, Sintering, centreless grinding, degassing, endplug welding, decontamination of fuel elements and wire wrapping. AFFF also does the recycling of the rejects based on either thermal pulverisation or microwave based oxidation and reduction. AFFF uses Laser welding for encapsulation of fuel elements along with GTAW.

=== Basic and applied physics ===
The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, [[ion]] and [[electron]] accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include the Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS [[synchrotron]], [[RRCAT]]-Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging [[Camera]] (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at the National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai.

BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of [[detectors]], [[sensors]], [[mass spectrometer]], [[imaging technique]] and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh, a time-of-flight [[neutron spectrometer]] at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), [[protein crystallography]], [[Infrared spectroscopy]], Extended [[X-ray absorption fine structure]] (EXAFS), [[Photoelectron spectroscopy]] (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility, the Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the [[Digital holographic microscopy]] for [[biological cell]] imaging at Vizag.

The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, [[radio-frequency quadrupole]] (RFQ) and a 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump.

[[Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope]] (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near [[Hanle (village)|Hanle]], [[Ladakh]], India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by [[Electronics Corporation of India]], Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and was assembled at the campus of [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]] at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of [[astrophysics]], [[fundamental physics]], and [[particle acceleration]] mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter [[High Energy Stereoscopic System]] (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia.

Ongoing basic and applied research encompasses a broad spectrum covering [[condensed matter physics]], nuclear physics, [[astrophysical sciences]] and [[Atomic spectroscopy|atomic]] and [[molecular spectroscopy]]. Important research areas include advanced [[magnetism]], soft and nano structured materials, energy materials, thin film and multi-layers, accelerator/reactor based fusion-fission studies, nuclear-astrophysics, nuclear data management, reactor based [[neutrino]] physics, very high-energy astrophysics and astro-particle physics.

Some of the important ongoing developmental activities are: Indian Scintillat or Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos (ISMRAN), neutron guides, [[polarizers]] and [[Neutron supermirror]], Nb-based [[superconducting]] RF cavities, high purity [[Germanium detector]], 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free [[superconducting magnets]], electromagnetic separator for radio-isotopes, nuclear batteries and [[radioisotope thermoelectric generators]] (RTG) power source and [[liquid Hydrogen]] cold [[neutron]] source. Other activities include research and developmental towards [[India-based Neutrino Observatory]] (INO) and [[quantum computing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barc.gov.in/randd/physical_sc.html|title=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ): Physical Sciences|website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref>

=== High-performance computing ===
{{Main|Anupam (supercomputer)}}
BARC designed and developed a series of [[supercomputer]]s for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, [[reactor physics]], [[theoretical physics]], [[computational chemistry]], [[computational fluid dynamics]], and [[finite element analysis]].

The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=65th Republic Day Speech by Director, BARC |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/20140126.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref> BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed [[parallel computing|parallel processing]] as the underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the [[core architecture]]. BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation.
To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in the areas of [[system integration]], [[system engineering]], system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users.

The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in the series of supercomputers is Anupam-Aganya with processing power of 270 TFLOPS and PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained [[LINPACK]] performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems.<ref name="barc.gov.in"/>

=== Electronics instrumentation and computers ===
BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in the development of various indigenous technologies.

In the fields of nuclear energy, many Control and Instrumentation systems including In Service Inspection Systems were designed, developed and deployed for Nuclear Reactors ranging from [[PHWR]], [[AHWR]], [[LWR]], [[PFBR]], to new generation Research Reactors and C&I for reprocessing facilities. Development of simulators for [[Nuclear Power Plant]] are immense as they provide the best training facilities for the reactor personal and also for licensing of reactor operators.

Core competencies cover a wide spectrum and include Process Sensors, [[Radiation Detector]], Nuclear Instruments, [[Microelectronics]], [[MEMS]], Embedded Real Time Systems, Modelling and Simulation, [[Computer Network]], High Integrity [[Software Engineering]], High performance DAQ systems, High Voltage Supplies, [[Digital Signal Processing]], [[Image Processing]], [[Deep Learning]], [[Motion control]], Security Electronics, [[Medical Electronics]] etc.

Development of stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Platform Unit for LCA [[HAL Tejas]] multi-mode Radar, [[Servo system]] for [[Indian Deep Space Network]] IDSN32- 32 meter antenna which tracked [[Chandrayaan-I]] and [[Mangalyaan]], Instrumented PIG for Oil Pipe line inspection, Servo control and camera electronics for MACE telescope, [[Radiometry]] and Radiation Monitoring Systems etc.

Various technology spin-offs include products developed for industrial, medical, transportation, security, aero-space and defense applications.

Generic electronic products like Qualified [[Programmable Logic Controller]] platform (TPLC-32), suitable for deployment in safety critical applications, [[Reactivity meters]], Machinery Protection systems, Security Gadgets for Physical Protection, [[Access Control Systems]], Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems, [[CCTV]] and [[Video surveillance]] Systems, [[Scanning Electron Microscope]], [[VHF]] [[Communication Systems]] have been developed as part of the indigenization process.<ref name="barc.gov.in"/>

=== Material Sciences and Engineering ===
[[Materials Science]] and [[Engineering]] plays an important role in all aspects including sustaining and providing support for Indian nuclear program and also developing advanced technologies. The minerals containing elements of interest to DAE e.g. Uranium, [[Rare-earth elements]] are taken up for developing beneficiation techniques/flow sheets to improve the metal value for its extraction. The metallic Uranium required for research reactors is produced. Improvement of process efficiency for operating uranium mills is done and inputs for implemented at plants by [[Uranium Corporation of India]]. The process [[flow sheet]] to separate individual rare earth oxide from different resources (including from secondary sources e.g. scrap/used products) are developed, demonstrated and technology is transferred to [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL) for production at its plants.

All the requirements of refractory materials for DAE applications including neutron absorber applications are being met by research, development and production in Materials Group. Materials Group works for development of flow sheets/processes for the materials required for DAE plants/applications e.g. Ti sponge, advanced alloys, coatings using various processes including pack cementation, chemical vapour, physical vapour, [[Electroplating]]/[[Electroless plating]]. Recovery of high purity [[Cobalt]] from various wastes/scrap material has also been demonstrated and technologies transferred for productionization.

Research aimed at advanced materials technologies using [[Thermodynamics]], [[Mechanics]], [[Simulation]] and [[Mathematical model|Modelling]], characterisation and performance evaluation is done. Studies aimed at understanding radiation damage in materials are undertaken using advanced characterization techniques to help in alloy development and material degradation assessment activities. Generation of thermo-physical and defect property database of nuclear materials e.g., [[Thoria]]-based [[Mixed oxide]] and metallic fuels; studies on Fe-Zr alloys and natural and synthetic minerals as hosts for metallic waste immobilization through modelling and simulations is being pursued.

Development of novel solvents to extract selected elements from the nuclear waste for medical applications and specific metallic values from [[E-waste]] is being done. Technologies such as Large-scale synthesis of [[carbon nanotube]] (CNT), low-carbon ferro-alloys ([[ferro-vanadium|FeV]], [[ferro-molybdenum|FeMo]], [[ferro-niobium|FeNb]], FeW, FeTi and FeC), Production of tungsten metal powder and fabrication of [[tungsten]] (W) and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) and Production of [[zirconium diboride]] (ZrB2) powder and Fabrication of high density ZrB2 shapes etc., have been realised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/mse.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Material Sciences & Engineering, BARC}}</ref>

=== Chemical Engineering and Sciences ===
The key features underlying the development effort are self-reliance, achieving products with very high purity specifications, working with separation processes characterized by low separation factors, aiming high recoveries, optimal utilization of scarce resources, environmental benignity, high [[energy conversion efficiency|energy efficiency]] and stable continuous operation. Non-power application of nuclear energy has been demonstrated in the area of water desalination using the technologies such as Multi Stage Flash Distillation and Multi Effect Distillation with Thermo Vapor Compression (MED-TVC). Membrane technologies have been deployed not only for nuclear waste treatment but for society at large in line with the [[Jal Jeevan Mission]] of [[Government of India]] to provide safe drinking water at the household level.

Development and demonstration of fluidized bed technology for applications in nuclear fuel cycle; synthesis and evaluation of novel extractants; synthesis of TBM materials (synthesis of [[lithium titanate]] pebbles); molecular modeling for various phenomena (such as permeation of hydrogen and its isotopes through different metals, desalination using [[carbon nanotubes]], effect of composition of glass on properties relevant for [[vitrification]], design of solvents and metal organic frameworks); applications of [[microreactors]] for intensification of specific processes; development of low temperature freeze desalination process; environment-friendly integrated zero liquid discharge based desalination systems; treatment of industrial effluents; new generation membranes (such as high performance [[graphene]]-based [[nanocomposite]] membranes, membranes for [[haemodialysis]], [[forward osmosis]] and metallic membranes); hydrogen generation and storage by various processes (electrochemical water splitting, iodine-sulphur thermochemical, copper-chlorinehybrid thermochemical cycles); development of adsorptive gel materials for specific separations; [[heavy water]] upgradation; metal coatings for various applications (such as membrane permeator, [[neutron generator]] and special applications);fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition; and chemical process applications of Ultrasound Technology (UT).

A pre-cooled modified Claude cycle based 50 L/hr capacity helium liquefier (LHP50) has been developed and commissioned by BARC at Trombay.
Major component technologies involved in LHP50 include ultra-high speed gas bearing supported miniature turboexpanders and compact plate fin [[heat exchangers]] along with [[cryogenic]] piping and long-stem valves all housed inside the LHP50 Cold Box. Other major equipment include a coaxial helium transfer line and a liquid helium receiver vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/cet.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Chemical Engineering & Technology, BARC}}</ref>

=== Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science ===
BARC also monitors Environmental impact and dose / risk assessment for radiological and chemical contaminants, Environmental surveillance and radiation protection for the entire nuclear fuel cycle facilities, Meteorological and hydro-geological investigations for DAE sites. Modelling of contaminant transport and dispersion in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Radiological impact assessment of waste management and disposal practices, Development of Environmental Radiation Monitoring systems and Establishment of country wide radiation monitoring network, establishment of benchmarks for assessing the radiological impact of the nuclear power activities on the marine environment.

The highlights of these programs are Positron and positronium chemistry, Actinide chemistry and spectroscopy, Isotope hydrology for water resource management, Radiotracer for Industrial Applications, separation and purification of new, radionuclides for medical applications, advance fuel development by sol gel method, chemical quality control of nuclear fuels, complexation and speciation of actinides, Separation method development for back end fuel cycle processes.

The other major research projects are thermo-physical property evaluation of molten salt breeder reactor (MSBR) systems, development of core-catcher materials, hydrogen mitigation, catalysts for [[hydrogen production]], hydrogen storage materials, nanotherapeutics and bio-sensors, decontamination of reactor components, [[biofouling]] control and thermal ecology studies, supramolecular chemistry, environmental and interfacial chemistry, ultrafast reaction dynamics, single molecule spectroscopy, synthesis and applications of nanomaterials, cold plasma applications, luminescent materials for bio-imaging, materials for light emitting devices and security applications etc.

=== Health, Food and agriculture ===
Development of new elite crop varieties including oil seeds and pulses. Using radiation-induced mutagenesis, hybridization, and tissue culture techniques 49 crop varieties have been developed, released and Gazette-notified for commercial cultivation. Development of molecular markers, transgenics, biosensors, fertilizer formulations with improved nutrient use efficiency. Understanding DNA damage repair, replication, redox biology and autophagy process and development of radio-sensitizers, chemo-sensitizers for cancer therapy. Design and synthesis of organo-fluorophores and organic electronic molecules, relevant to nuclear sciences and societal benefits (advanced technology and health). Design and synthesis of organo-fluorophores and organic electronic molecules, relevant to nuclear sciences and societal benefits (advanced technology and health).<ref name=":0" />

Synthesis and development of nuclear medicine ligands for diagnosis and therapy of cancer and other diseases. Asymmetric total synthesis and organocatalytic methods (green chemistry approach) for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. R&D activities in the frontier areas of radiation biology for understanding the effect of low- and high LET radiations, chronic and acute radiation exposure, high background radiation, and radionuclide exposure on mammalian cells, cancer cells, experimental rodents and human health.<ref name=":0" />

Preclinical and translational research is aimed at development of new drugs and therapeutics for prevention and mitigation of radiation injury, de-corporation of heavy metals and treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancers.

Studying macromolecular structures and protein-ligand interactions using biophysical techniques like X-ray crystallography, neutron-scattering, circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation, with an aim for ab-initio design of therapeutic molecules. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of stress response in bacteria, plants and animals. Understanding the extraordinary resistance to DNA damage and oxidative stress tolerance in bacteria, and epigenetic regulation of alternate splicing in plants and mammalian cells.<ref name=":0" />

Development of CRISPR-Cas mediated genome editing technologies in both basic and applied research and is engaged in the development of gene technologies and products for bio-medical applications. Studies on uranium sequestration by Nostoc and bacteria isolated from uranium mines.
Research and development of novel radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.<ref name=":0" />

Synthesis of substrates from suitable precursors for use in radio-labeling with diagnostic (99mTc) and therapeutic (177Lu, 153Sm, 166Ho, 186/188Re, 109Pd, 90Y, 175Yb, 170Tm) radioisotopes in the preparation of agents intended for use as radiopharmaceuticals.

Custom preparation of special sources to suit the requirements of the Defense Research Organization of India (DRDO) and National Research Laboratories such as National Physics Research Laboratory, ISRO etc.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/hfa.html|title = Research & Development Activities – Health, Food and Agriculture, BARC}}</ref>

== India's three-stage nuclear power programme ==
{{Main|India's three-stage nuclear power programme}}

India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country's long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements. Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as it has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 25% of the world's known thorium reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=A future energy giant? India's thorium-based nuclear plans |url=https://phys.org/news/2010-10-future-energy-giant-india-thorium-based.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor ===
In the first stage of the programme, natural uranium fueled pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR) produce electricity while generating plutonium-239 as by-product. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first stage because it had the most efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilisation, and the existing Indian infrastructure in the 1960s allowed for quick adoption of the PHWR technology. Natural uranium contains only 0.7% of the fissile isotope uranium-235. Most of the remaining 99.3% is uranium-238 which is not fissile but can be converted in a reactor to the fissile isotope plutonium-239. Heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) is used as moderator and coolant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ): About us |url=https://www.barc.gov.in/about/#:~:text=Indigenously%20built%20Pressurised%20Heavy%20Water,as%20moderator%20and%20primary%20coolant. |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor ===
In the second stage, fast breeder reactors (FBRs) would use a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel made from plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the mixed oxide fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-239. Thus, the Stage II FBRs are designed to "breed" more fuel than they consume. Once the inventory of plutonium-239 is built up thorium can be introduced as a blanket material in the reactor and transmuted to uranium-233 for use in the third stage
The surplus plutonium bred in each fast reactor can be used to set up more such reactors, and might thus grow the Indian civil nuclear power capacity till the point where the third stage reactors using thorium as fuel can be brought online. The design of the country's first fast breeder, called Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), was done by [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-26 |title=80% of work on fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam over |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/80-of-work-on-fast-breeder-reactor-at-kalpakkam-over/article2663329.ece |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Doubling time ====
Doubling time refers to the time required to extract as output, double the amount of fissile fuel, which was fed as input into the breeder reactors. This metric is critical for understanding the time durations that are unavoidable while transitioning from the second stage to the third stage of Bhabha's plan, because building up a sufficiently large fissile stock is essential to the large deployment of the third stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=India to get fast breeder reactor in September |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-get-fast-breeder-reactor-2173627 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors ===
[[File:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|Monazite powder, a rare earth and thorium phosphate mineral, is the primary source of the world's thorium.]]
A Stage III reactor or an Advanced nuclear power system involves a self-sustaining series of thorium-232–uranium-233 fuelled reactors. This would be a thermal breeder reactor, which in principle can be refueled – after its initial fuel charge – using only naturally occurring thorium. According to the three-stage programme, Indian nuclear energy could grow to about 10 GW through PHWRs fueled by domestic uranium, and the growth above that would have to come from FBRs till about 50GW.[b] The third stage is to be deployed only after this capacity has been achieved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-16 |title=India designs new version of AHWR for thorium use |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-designs-new-version-of-ahwr-for-thorium-use_564047.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Maseeh |date=2011-11-01 |title=India plans 'safer' nuclear plant powered by thorium |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/01/india-thorium-nuclear-plant |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Parallel approaches ====
As there is a long delay before direct thorium utilisation in the three-stage programme, the country is looking at reactor designs that allow more direct use of thorium in parallel with the sequential three-stage programme. Three options under consideration are the Indian Accelerator Driven Systems (IADS), [[Advanced Heavy Water Reactor]] (AHWR) and Compact High Temperature Reactor. [[Molten Salt Reactor]] is also under development.

India's Department of Atomic Energy and US's [[Fermilab]] are designing unique first-of-its-kind accelerator driven systems. No country has yet built an Accelerator Driven System for power generation. Anil Kakodkar, former chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] called this a mega science project and a "necessity" for humankind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/interview-with-fermilab-director-nigel-lockyer-an-indo-us-facility-that-can-make-designer-humans-2945570/|title = An Indo-US facility that can make designer humans?|date = 31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-indias-project-x-a-power-plant-safer-than-nuclear-reactors-1431193|title = A New US, India Project: A Power Plant Safer Than Nuclear Reactors}}</ref>

== Reactor design ==

BARC has developed a wide array of nuclear reactor designs for nuclear research, production of radioisotopes, naval propulsion and electricity generation

===Research reactors and production of radioisotopes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Reactor
!Purpose and History<ref name="barc_newsletter_202102_research">{{cite journal |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Kunal |last2=Karhadkar |first2=C.G. |title=Research Reactors in BARC: History, Development & Utilization |journal=BARC Newsletter |volume=376 |issue=Jan-Feb 2021 |page=27 |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/barc_nl/2021/2021010205.pdf |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''APSARA'''
|Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated [[Swimming pool reactor|swimming pool type]] [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] that went critical on 4 August 1956 and is suitable for production of isotopes, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''APSARA-U'''
|Apsara-U or Apsara-Upgraded is a replacement for APSARA. It is 2 MWTh light water cooled and moderated [[Swimming pool reactor|swimming pool type]] [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] fuelled with uranium silicide. It went critical on September 10, 2018, and is suitable for production of isotopes, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis and testing of neutron detectors.
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''ZERLINA'''
|ZERLINA was a Heavy water cooled and moderated [[Swimming pool reactor|vertical tank type]] [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] built to conduct reactor lattice studies that first went critical on 14 January 1961. It was decommissioned in 1983.
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''Dhruva'''
|[[Dhruva reactor|Dhruva]] is a 100 MWth [[heavy water]] moderated and cooled vertical tank type thermal reactor primarily used for production of radioisotopes and weapons grade plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons and was successor to the Canadian built [[CIRUS reactor]] at BARC. It first went critical on August 8, 1985, and was later upgraded in the late 2010s.<ref name="perkovich">{{cite book|last1=Perkovich|first1=George|title=India's nuclear bomb: The impact on global proliferation|date=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520232105|page=201}}</ref>
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''Purnima-I'''
|Purnima-I is a Plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh [[Fast-neutron reactor|pulsed-fast reactor]] that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of Plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons.<ref name="perkovich" /> On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, [[P. K. Iyengar]], reflected on the reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of plutonium. The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate the time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated".<ref name="perkovich" /> It was decommissioned in 1973.
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''Purnima-II'''
|Purnima-II is Uranium-233 fuelled 100 mW [[Swimming pool reactor|vertical tank type]] [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] built to support Uranium-233 fuel studies and was decommissioned in 1986.
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''Purnima-III'''
|Purnima-III Uranium-233 fuelled 1 WTh [[Swimming pool reactor|vertical tank type]] [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] built to conduct mockup studies for the [[KAMINI]] reactor built at IGCAR, Kalpakkam. It was decommissioned in 1996.
|-
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|'''FBTR'''
|The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a breeder reactor located at Kalpakkam, India. The Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) jointly designed, constructed, and operate the reactor. The reactor was designed to produce 40 MW of thermal power and 13.2 MW of electrical power. The initial nuclear fuel core used in the FBTR consisted of approximately 50 kg of weapons-grade plutonium. The reactor uses a plutonium-uranium mixed carbide fuel and liquid sodium as a coolant. The fuel is an indigenous mix of 70 percent plutonium carbide and 30 percent uranium carbide. Plutonium for the fuel is extracted from irradiated fuel in the Madras power reactors and reprocessed in Tarapur.
Some of the uranium is created from the transmutation of thorium bundles that are also placed in the core. Using the experience gained from the operation of the FBTR, a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is in advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam.
|}

===Commercial reactors and power generation===

====Pressurized heavy-water reactors====
{{Main|IPHWR}}

BARC has developed various sizes of [[IPHWR]] class of pressurized heavy-water reactors powered by Natural Uranium for the first-stage [[India's three-stage nuclear power programme|Three-stage nuclear power programme]] which produce electricity and [[plutonium-239]] to power the [[Fast breeder reactor|fast-breeder reactors]] being developed by [[IGCAR]] for the second stage of the program.

The IPHWR class was developed from the [[CANDU]] reactors built at [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station|RAPS]] in Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. As of 2020, three successively larger designs [[IPHWR-220]], [[IPHWR#IPHWR-540|IPHWR-540]] and [[IPHWR-700]] of electricity generation capacity of 220 MWe, 540 MWe and 700 MWe respectively have been developed.

====Advanced heavy-water reactor====
{{Main|Advanced heavy-water reactor}}

BARC is developing a 300 MWe [[advanced heavy-water reactor]] design that is powered by [[Thorium|thorium-232]] and [[uranium-233]] to power the third stage of [[India's three-stage nuclear power programme]]. The AHWR at standard is set to be a closed nuclear fuel cycle. AHWR-300 is expected to have design life close to 100 years and will utilise Uranium-233 produced in the fast-breeder reactors being developed by [[IGCAR]].

====Bharat small modular reactor====

The Bharat small modular reactor (BSMR) is a reactor design under development at the BARC. It is a joint project with the NPCIL. It is a 220MWe small reactor being developed for captive use. A 55MWe SMR and a 5MWth [[High temperature gas cooled reactor]] are also in the design stage.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-working-on-3-types-of-small-modular-reactors-union-minister-125032701426_1.html</ref>

====Indian molten salt breeder reactor====

The Indian molten salt breeder reactor (IMSBR) is the platform to burn thorium as part of 3rd stage of Indian nuclear power programme. The fuel in IMSBR is in the form of a continuously circulating molten fluoride salt which flows through heat exchangers for ultimately transferring heat for power production to Super-critical {{CO2}} based Brayton cycle (SCBC) so as to have larger energy conversion ratio as compared to existing power-conversion cycle. Because of the fluid fuel, online reprocessing is possible, extracting the 233Pa (formed in conversion chain of 232Th to 233U) and allowing it to decay to 233U outside the core, thus making it possible to breed even in thermal neutron spectrum. Hence IMSBR can operate in self-sustaining 233U-Th fuel cycle. Additionally, being a thermal reactor, the 233U requirement is lower (as compared to fast spectrum), thus allowing higher deployment potential.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barc.gov.in/randd/artnp.html|title=BARC activities for Indian Nuclear Power Program|website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref>

====Light-water reactors====
{{Main|IPWR-900}}

BARC with experience gained from the development of the [[light-water reactor]] for the [[Arihant-class submarine]] is developing a large 900 MWe [[pressurized water reactor]] design known as [[IPWR-900]]. The design will include Generation III+ safety features like Passive Decay Heat Removal System, Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS), Corium Retention and Core Catcher System.

=== Marine propulsion for naval application===

BARC has developed multiple designs of [[light-water reactor]] designs suitable for [[nuclear marine propulsion]] for [[Indian Navy]] submarines beginning with the CLWR-B1 reactor design for the [[Arihant-class submarine]].Total four submarine will be built for this class.

== India and the NPT ==
India is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT), citing concerns that it unfairly favours the established nuclear powers, and provides no provision for complete nuclear disarmament. Indian officials argued that India's refusal to sign the treaty stemmed from its fundamentally discriminatory character; the treaty places restrictions on the non-nuclear weapons states but does little to curb the modernisation and expansion of the nuclear arsenals of the nuclear weapons states.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2029293.stm|title=A-bomb victims warn of nuclear horror|date=2002-06-06|newspaper=BBC|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/news/3/15197 |title=India seeks Japan's support, calls NPT 'flawed' |date=2012-01-12 |access-date=2016-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112151514/http://www.whereincity.com/news/3/15197 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

More recently, India and the United States signed an agreement to enhance nuclear cooperation between the two countries, and for India to participate in an international consortium on fusion research, [[ITER]] (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).<ref>{{cite news
| title = Bending over Backwards
| author = Bharat Karnad
| publisher = [[The New Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/Bending-over-Backwards/2015/01/23/article2631850.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150129131756/http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/Bending-over-Backwards/2015/01/23/article2631850.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 January 2015
| date = 23 January 2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Modi prepares to fast track NSG issues
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-prepares-to-fast-track-nuclear-supplier-groups-issues/article6242556.ece
| date = 23 July 2014
}}</ref>

== Civilian research ==
The BARC also researches [[biotechnology]] at the Gamma Gardens and has developed numerous disease-resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, particularly groundnuts. It also conducts research in Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for power generation.

On 4 June 2005, intending to encourage research in basic sciences, BARC started the [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]]. Research institutions affiliated to BARC(Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) include IGCAR ([[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]]), RRCAT ([[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]]), and VECC ([[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]]).

Power projects that have benefited from BARC expertise but which fall under the NPCIL ([[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]]) are KAPP ([[Kakrapar Atomic Power Project]]), RAPP ([[Rajasthan Atomic Power Project]]), and TAPP ([[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur Atomic Power Project]]).

The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in addition to its nuclear research mandate also conducts research in other high technology areas like accelerators, micro electron beams, materials design, supercomputers, and computer vision among the few. The BARC has dedicated departments for these specialized fields. BARC has designed and developed, for its own use an infrastructure of supercomputers, [[Anupam (supercomputer)|Anupam]] using state of the art technology.

== See also ==
* [[IPHWR]], class of PHWR electricity generation reactors designed by BARC
* [[AHWR]], thorium fuelled reactor being designed by BARC
* [[Milw0rm#BARC attack]]
* [[Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]]
* [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]]
* [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]]
* [[Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (disambiguation)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1954 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1954]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1954]]
[[Category:Energy research]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]

Sivatirtha Matha, Old Town

2026-03-28T23:52:56Z

TheHH: adjust information for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sivatirtha Matha
| image =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|20|14|21.69|N|85|50|3.03|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district =
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| deity =
| festivals=
| architecture = Kalingan Style ([[Kalinga Architecture]])
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =

}}
'''Sivatirtha Matha''' a [[Hindu]] [[Matha]] (monastery) in the outskirts of old town of [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India, and is known for ''Chandan Yatra'' and ''Dola purnima''. ''Dola Purnima'' is celebrated in the belief that [[Lingaraj temple|Lord Lingaraja]] arrives to this ''[[Matha]]'' to take ''pankti bhogo'' (community lunch) on ''Dola Purnima''.

== Location ==
The ''[[matha]]'' faces east and is located in the Rathagada Chowk, Old Town, [[Bhubaneswar]]. One can approach this monastery on the right side of the Ratha road leading from [[Lingaraj temple]] to Mausima temple at a distance of 30 meters from the northern gateway of Lingaraja. The Endowment Commission took over the ''[[matha]]'' in 1970. The ''[[Matha]]'' belonged to ''[[Sankaracharya]]'' Sampradaya. The wooden logs used for preparing the chariot of Lord Lingaraj are consecrated here in the monastery before used by the carpenters.

==Burial temples of Sivatirtha matha==

The temples are located within the Matha precinct in the eastern end. The matha is situated in front of the northern entrance of [[Lingaraj temple]] across the Ratha road. There are thirteen burial temples arranged in one and half rows. In the rear row there are nine temples, of which four temples from the northern side have been encroached upon by a private compound wall. The temples on the south are partially buried. Of the four temples in the front row three are buried up to the ''gandi'' while the fourth one is buried up to the ''bada''. The burial temples are square on plan. On elevation these temples are of pidha order having ''bada'', ''gandi'' and ''mastaka''. The gandi of these temples have three receding tiers.

==See also==
* [[List of temples in Bhubaneswar]]

== Bibliography ==
* Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ({{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}})

==External links==
* http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/75_The_Role_of_Mathas.pdf

{{Temples in Bhubaneswar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]

{{Odisha-hindu-temple-stub}}

Pune

2026-03-28T22:33:11Z

TheHH: basic enhance references per sources also and added references for clarity

{{Short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}
{{About|the city in India|its namesake district|Pune district|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Poona}}
{{distinguish|Puno}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pune
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| native_name = {{nativename|mr-Latn|Puṇē}}
| native_name_lang =
| official_name = 
| other_name = Poona
| nicknames = Oxford of the East, The Queen of [[Deccan]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhuri |first1=Debjani Pal |title=Community Planning for Intervention for Victims of Domestic Violence |publisher=Kassel University Press |isbn=978-3-89958-346-5 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G29VhoiOjmsC&q=pune+queen+of+deccan&pg=PA35 |year=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diddee |first1=Jaymala |title=Pune: Queen of the Deccan |publisher=Elephant Design Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-8187693000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfVAAAACAAJ&q=pune+queen+of+deccan |year=2000 }}</ref> Detroit of the East<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bora |first1=Garima |date=18 October 2024 |title=How the city of Pune became the 'Detroit of the East' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/how-the-city-of-pune-became-the-detroit-of-the-east/articleshow/114338222.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=25 March 2025 }}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Pune West skyline - March 2017.jpg{{!}}The inner suburbs of West Pune, including Baner, Balewadi, Wakad and Hinjewadi.
| caption1 = Skyline of [[Balewadi|Pune West]]
| image2 = Dagadusheth Halwai Ganpati Temple illuminated 2.jpg{{!}}Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple
| caption2 = [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple|Dagdusheth Ganapati Temple]]
| image3 = Shanivar Wada,Pune.jpg{{!}}Front view of Shaniwar Wada illuminated
| caption3 = [[Shaniwar Wada]]
| image4 = Sudan Block.jpg{{!}}Sudan Block, National Defense Academy
| caption4 = [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
| image5 = View of SPPU Main Building from the adjacent garden.jpg{{!}}SPPU Main Building from the adjacent garden
| caption5 = [[University of Pune]]
| image6 = Closeup of Phoenix Marketcity Complex in Pune.jpg{{!}}Closeup of the Phoenix Marketcity shopping centre in Nagar Road, Vimannagar, Pune
| caption6 = [[Vimannagar|Viman Nagar]]
| image7 = Cybercity.jpg{{!}}Magarpatta CyberCity
| caption7 = [[Magarpatta|Magarpatta CyberCity]]
| image8 = Mula- Mutha river viewed from home balcony, Pune, India.jpg{{!}}Mula- Mutha river
| caption8 = [[Pune Metro]] alongside [[Mula-Mutha River]]
}}
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| blank_emblem_alt =
| image_blank_emblem = PMRDA Logo.png
| map_alt = Pune is in the western part of India, in the northwest of Maharashtra State.
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Maharashtra##Location within India
| pushpin_relief = 2
| mapframe = Yes
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| mapframe-geomask =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|31|16|N|73|51|19|E|type:cityregion:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pune division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 758 CE<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |title=Pune History – Origin and History of Poona India |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223610/https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Manjusha Nagpure
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_blank1_title = [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune MC]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-01Jul2021">{{Cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune pips Mumbai as Maharashtra's largest city in terms of geographical area |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306174542/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_blank1_km2 = 516.18
| area_blank2_title = [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune MR]]<ref name="pmrda1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html |title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA |website=Pmrda.gov.in |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_blank2_km2 = 7,256.46
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 570.62
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = [[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune MC]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-01Jul2021"/>
| population_blank1 = 6,200,000
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| population_blank2_title = [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune MR]]<ref name="pmrda1"/>
| population_blank2 = 7,276,000
| population_density_blank2_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Punekar,<ref name="Puneite">{{cite book |last1=Paik |first1=Shailaja |title=Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415493000 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uesABAAAQBAJ&q=editions:GEjvn1z_ICEC |access-date=25 May 2019 |date=11 July 2014 }}</ref> Poonaite<ref name="Poonaite">{{cite book |last1=Bharucha |first1=Hoshang |title=Glimpses of Guruprasad |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781644290231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F6evAEACAAJ&q=poonaite |access-date=25 May 2019 |date=25 September 2018 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code(s)]]
| postal_code = 411001 – 411090<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findpincode.net/maharashtra/pune-pincodes |title=PIN Code: Pune, Maharashtra, India |work=findpincode.net |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408204119/https://www.findpincode.net/maharashtra/pune-pincodes |archive-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|020]]
| registration_plate = * [[List of RTO districts in India#MH—Maharashtra|MH]]-12 PMC, Pune
* MH-14 PCMC, Pune
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Official language]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=7 December 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]s
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pune International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|PNQ]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Transit system|Transit]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = '''[[Rapid Transit]]''': [[Pune Metro]] '''[[Commuter rail]]''': [[Pune Suburban Railway]] '''[[BRTS]]''': [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Urban Planning Authority
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = GDP
| blank5_info_sec1 = $78 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune to be Developed as a $280 Billion 'Growth Hub': CM Devendra Fadnavis Unveils Comprehensive Roadmap |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-to-be-developed-as-a-280-billion-growth-hub-cm-devendra-fadnavis-unveils-comprehensive-roadmap/ |access-date=13 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/richest-cities-of-india-121011 |title=Richest Cities Of India |website=businessworld.in/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924103621/https://businessworld.in/article/richest-cities-of-india-121011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885 |title=Richest Cities Of India |website=IndiaTimes.com |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008015840/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Abhimanyu |date=13 April 2016 |title=From Gurgaon to Gurugram: 20 cities that changed their names |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050426/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |archive-date=30 April 2018 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://pune.gov.in/|pune.gov.in}}
}}

'''Pune''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Puṇē|ˈpuɳe|Pune pronunication.ogg}}), previously spelled in English as '''Poona''' ([[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra|the official name until 1978]]),<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16">{{Cite news |last=Atre |first=Abhijit |date=30 September 2016 |title=What's in a name? A lot when it comes to Pune |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616222214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms |archive-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Chakravorty">{{Cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Abhimanyu |date=13 April 2016 |title=From Gurgaon to Gurugram: 20 cities that changed their names |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050426/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |archive-date=30 April 2018 }}</ref> is a city in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] in [[Western India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Pune district]], and of [[Pune division]]. In terms of the total amount of land under its jurisdiction, Pune is the largest city in Maharashtra by area, with a geographical area of 516.18km2,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Priya |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune bigger than Mumbai! Largest city in Maharashtra and 7th in India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pune-become-biggest-city-maharashtra-mumbai-no-more-largest-city-pune-7th-big-city-in-india-715993 |work=India TV News |access-date=1 April 2025 }}</ref> though [[List of cities in India by population|by population]] it comes in a distant second to [[Mumbai]]. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pune has 7.2 million residents in the [[metropolitan region]], making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|seventh-most populous metropolitan area in India]].<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref> The city of Pune is part of [[Pune Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |title=Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having Population 1 lakh and above – Census of India 2011 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=34 of 61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025215615/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune is one of the largest [[IT hubs in India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanhere |first1=G.K. |date=1993 |title=Planning for the Pune Region |work=Architecture Plus Design |volume=10 |issue=6 |page=60 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=S.R. |date=1996 |title=Mass media and cultural identity: Issues of ethnic co-existence in India |work=Asian Journal of Communication |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=124–139 }}</ref> It is also one of the most important [[Automotive industry in India|automobile]] and [[Manufacturing in India|manufacturing]] hubs of India. Pune is often referred to as the "[[Oxford]] of the East" because of [[List of educational institutions in Pune|its educational institutions]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shyam |first1=Sarath |title=<nowiki>Rediscovering The Oxford Of The East | TheHigherEducationReview</nowiki> |journal=The Higher Education Review |date=November 2016 |issue=November 2016 |url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/rediscovering-the-oxford-of-the-east-VYSS76881935.html |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033824/https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/rediscovering-the-oxford-of-the-east-VYSS76881935.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464/ |title=The 'Oxford of the East' goes West |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012924/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |title=Truly the Oxford of the East |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=Pune is also ranked No. 1 city in country several times in 'Ease of Living' ranking |work=the Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013163821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |archive-date=13 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2021 |title=Pune City – Cultural And Educational Capital of Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/6547-pune-city-cultural-and-educational-capital-of-maharashtra |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091809/https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/6547-pune-city-cultural-and-educational-capital-of-maharashtra }}</ref>

Pune at different points in time has been ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], the [[Mughals]], and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]. In the 18th century, the city was part of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], and the seat of the [[Peshwa]]s, the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar-1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126173557/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live |first1=Bhagyashree |last1=Kulthe }}</ref> Pune was seized by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]; it gained [[Pune Municipal Corporation|municipal]] status in 1858, the year in which [[British Raj|Crown rule]] began. Many historical landmarks like [[Shaniwar Wada|Shaniwarwada]], [[Shinde Chhatri]], and [[Vishrambaug Wada]] date to this era. Historical sites from different eras dot the city.

Pune has historically been a major cultural centre, with important figures like [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Shivaji]], [[Tukaram]], [[Baji Rao I]], [[Balaji Baji Rao]], [[Madhavrao I]], [[Nana Fadnavis]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]], [[Savitribai Phule]], [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[Tarabai Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]], and [[Pandita Ramabai]] doing their life's work in Pune City or in an area that falls in [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]. Pune was a major centre of resistance to the [[British Raj]], with people like [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] playing leading roles in [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]] in their times.

==Etymology==
{{Further|Puneri}}
The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-[[vishaya]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pune.org.uk/history.html |title=Pune History – Origin & History of Pune – History of Puna India – History of Pune City |publisher=Pune.org.uk |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628003014/http://www.pune.org.uk/history.html |archive-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur. The copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] had renamed the city as Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, while 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king [[Shivaji]]'s father, [[Shahaji]]. Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] renamed a small neighbourhood in central part of the old city as Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was reverted soon after Aurangzeb's death.<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16"/> Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in 1978.

==History==
{{Main|History of Pune}}

===Early and medieval period===
[[File:Pataleshwar cave complex Pune.jpg|thumb|left|The circular Nandi ''[[mandapa]]'' at the [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple built in the [[Rashtrakuta]] era (753–982)]]
Copper plates dated 858 and 868{{spaces}}CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]. The [[Pataleshwar]] rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=JOGLEKAR |first1=P.P. |last2=DEO |first2=SUSHAMA G. |last3=BALAKAWADE |first3=PANDURANG |last4=DESHPANDE-MUKHERJEE |first4=ARATI |last5=RAJAGURU |first5=S.N. |last6=KULKARNI |first6=AMOL N. |date=2006 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=66/67 |pages=211–225 |jstor=42931448 |title=A New Look at Ancient Pune Through Salvage Archaeology (2004–2006) }}</ref> Pune was part of the territory ruled by the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of various [[Muslims|Muslim]] sultanates until the late 1600s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadgil |first1=D. R. |title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I |date=1945 |publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics |location=Pune, India |pages=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="Kantak 489-495">{{cite journal |last1=Kantak |first1=M. R. |title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |date=1991–1992 |volume=51/52 |pages=489–495 |jstor=42930432 }}</ref>

===The Maratha Empire===
{{Main|Maratha Empire|Battle of Poona}}

Pune was part of the [[Jagir]] (fiefdom) granted by the [[Nizamshahi|Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate)]] to [[Maloji Bhosale]] in 1599.<ref name="Sardesai1957">{{cite book |author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai |title=New History of the Marathas: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600–1707) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |page=58 |isbn=9788121500654 |access-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114931/http://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maloji Bhosale]] passed on [[Jagir]] of Pune to his son [[Shahaji Bhosale]].
The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo, a general from the rival [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] in 1636. After the Mughal-Nijamshahi war, Shahaji soon joined Adilshahi as a political compulsion and regained the Pune jagir. At that time he selected the town for the residence of his wife [[Jijabai]], and young son Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. The [[Lal Mahal]] residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html |title=India Maharashtra Pune History Event Of Pune Time Line Of Pune (Punediary.com) |website=Punediary.com |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092401/https://www.punediary.com/html/historyevents.html |archive-date=29 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. [[Jijabai]] is said to have commissioned the building of the [[Kasba Ganapati]] temple. The [[Ganesha]] idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (''[[Gramadevata]]'') of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monuments in Pune |publisher=Pune district administration |url=http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325021426/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments1.htm  |archive-date=25 March 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Sinhagad 2010.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The [[Sinhagad]] fort is known for [[Battle of Sinhagad]] on 4 February 1670]]
Pune changed hands between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s. Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general [[Shaista Khan]] and later, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] further developed the areas around the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punediary |url=http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html |publisher=Punediary |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140007/http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pune was occupied again by Marathas in June 1670, four months to the battle of [[Sinhagad]] and remained in the hands of Marathas. From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], the town was occupied by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad.<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dnasyndication.com/dns/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/the-history-of-muhiyabad-err-pune/dnpun56250/ |title=The history of Muhiyabad err...Pune |access-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233457/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/The-history-of-Muhiyabad-err...-Pune/DNPUN56250 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This name was abandoned and reverted to its original name soon after Aurangzeb's death.

===Peshwa rule===
In 1720, [[Baji Rao I]] was appointed [[Peshwa]] (prime minister) of the [[Maratha Empire]] by [[Shahu I]], the fifth [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=89 }}</ref> As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from [[Saswad]] to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a ''[[kasbah]]'' into a city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |date=1989 |editor-last=Gokhale |editor-first=Balkrishna Govind |title=Glory of Peshwa Pune |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=247–250 |jstor=4394341 }}</ref><ref name="gokhale1">{{Cite journal |last=Gokhale |first=Balkrishna Govind |date=1985 |title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Pune |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.2307/602730 |jstor=602730 |issn=0003-0279 }}</ref> He also commissioned the construction of the [[Shaniwar Wada]] on the high grounds of right bank of the [[Mutha River]]. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, Nanasaheb constructed a lake at [[Katraj]] on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khare |first1=K. C. |last2=Jadhav |first2=M. S. |date=2008 |title=Water Quality Assessment of Katraj Lake, Pune (Maharashtra, India): A Case Study |url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf |journal=Proceedings of Taal2007 |volume=The 12th World Lake Conference |pages=292–299 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417140656/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/B%20-%20Water%20Quality/B-20.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG= |title=Deluge in Poona: Aftermath and rehabilitation |last1=Brahme |first1=Sulabha |last2=Gole |first2=Prakash |publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics; Asia Publishing House |year=1967 |location=Poona |pages=14–47 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145817/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG= |url-status=live }}</ref> The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's true: Peshwa-era water duct still fresh! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/its-true-peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2004 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620050500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-true-Peshwa-era-water-duct-still-fresh/articleshow/480812.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palande-Datar |first1=Saili K |title=Sutradhara's tales: 350-year old Peshwa-era Katraj nahar keeps Pune water secure even today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/sutradharas-tales-350-year-old-peshwa-era-katraj-nahar-keeps-pune-water-secure-even-today-101631102664591.html |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610094956/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/sutradharas-tales-350-year-old-peshwa-era-katraj-nahar-keeps-pune-water-secure-even-today-101631102664591.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Mula-Mutha River|Sangamwadi]], Poona in 1809
| image2 = British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon
}}

The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2011 |title=Lakdi Pul: 250-yr-old living history |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lakdi-pul-250-yr-old-living-history/articleshow/8121306.cms |access-date=6 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lakdi-pul-250-yr-old-living-history/articleshow/8121306.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and the temples on [[Parvati Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preston |first=Laurence W. |date=April 2002 |title=Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=203–215 |doi=10.1006/jhge.2001.0398 |issn=0305-7488 }}</ref> and many [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], and [[Ganesh]] temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.<ref name="gokhale1"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Kulthe |first=Bhagyashree |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar-1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar |work=DNA |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune prospered as a city during the reign of [[Nanasaheb Peshwa]]. He developed [[Saras Baug]], Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial, trading, and residential localities. [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune|Sadashiv Peth]], [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayan Peth]], [[Rasta Peth, Pune|Rasta Peth]] and [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]] were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]] but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in the [[Battle of Poona]], directly precipitating the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II|Bajirao II]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1818.<ref name="Naravane2006">{{cite book |author=M. S. Naravane |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PR7 |year=2006 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=80–86 }}</ref>

Historian [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]] lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were [[Deshastha Brahmins]], 46 were [[Chitpawan]], 15 were [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] ([[CKP]]) whereas [[Karhade Brahmin]] and [[Saraswat]] accounted for 11 families each.<ref name="Gokhale1988">{{cite book |author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]] |title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ |pages=111, 112 |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195621372 |quote=The caste composition of these leaders throws an interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11. }}</ref>

===British rule (1818–1947)===
[[File:Pune Poona 1911 map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Poona in 1911.]]
[[File:Dapoorie viaduct, Poona, 1858.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dapoorie railway bridge in [[Dapodi]] in 1858.]]
[[File:KITLV 100100 - Unknown - Deccan College in Poona in India - Around 1875.tif|thumb|250px|right|Deccan College in Poona in India Around 1875]]
The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] broke out between the Marathas and [[East India Company|the British East India Company]] in 1817. The [[Peshwa]]s were defeated at the [[Battle of Khadki]] (then spelled Kirkee) on 5{{spaces}}November near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the [[Bombay Presidency]] and the British built a large military [[Pune Cantonment|cantonment]] to the east of the city (now used by the [[Indian Army]]). The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kadekar |first1=LN |title=A Reader in urban sociology |date=1991 |publisher=Sangam |location=London |isbn=978-0863111518 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&q=poona+british+cantonment++%22race+course%22+&pg=PA49 }}</ref> The settlement of the regiments of the 17 [[Poona Horse]] cavalry, the [[Lancashire Fusiliers]], the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |title=Moledina, M.H., 1953. History of the Poona Cantonment, 1818–1953 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170717/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/19672/GIPE-030255.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Building cantonments was a peculiarly British phenomenon in the Indian subcontinent. Whenever the British occupied new territory, they built new garrison towns near the old cities and called them cantonments.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}|group=note}}
The [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]], established in 1895, is headquartered in [[Pune Camp|Pune cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575 |title=Southern Command HQ set to archive Army's glory {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=12 November 2013|work=dna|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003346/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-southern-command-hq-set-to-archive-army-s-glory-1917575|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html |title=Southern Command: Army's shining star |work=OneIndia |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214056/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/southern-command-army-s-shining-star-1620665.html |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR).<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2) |publisher=Government Central press |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85 |year=1885 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95o5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA308 |year=1885 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=308 }}</ref> [[Navi Peth, Pune|Navi Peth]], [[Ganj Peth]] (now renamed [[Mahatma Phule Peth]]) were developed during the [[British Raj]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

====Centre of social reform and nationalism====
{{multiple image
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| image1 = MAIN ST. buildings on right, sign for JAFFERJEE MERCHANTS - Poona.jpg
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| caption1 = Main street,Pune (Now known as M.G. road) in early 1900s
| image2 = A Street in Budhwar Peth - Poona.jpg
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| caption2 = A Street in [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Budhwar Peth]]
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Pune was prominently associated with the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]]. In the period between 1875 and 1910, the city was a centre of agitation led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. The city was also a centre for social reform led by [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]], feminist [[Tarabai Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Pandita Ramabai]]. They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities, and better schools for the poor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light |title=The Other Liberal Light |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001120/https://newrepublic.com/article/104203/the-other-liberal-light |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was imprisoned at the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] several times and placed under house arrest at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife [[Kasturba Gandhi]] and aide [[Mahadev Desai]] died.<ref name="Severance1997">{{cite book |author=John B. Severance |title=Gandhi, Great Soul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrWhSlAI6QAC&pg=PA9 |year=1997 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-77179-2 |pages=113–115 }}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] used to study in [[Fergusson College]] and performed the "[[Holi]]" of foreign items near [[Mutha river]] bank {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}.

===Pune since Indian independence===
After [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth, transforming it into a modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) in 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050207/http://puneonline.in/Profile/Political/ |url-status=dead |title=PMC |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]) in 1949, the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1950 and the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm |title=History of University |website=Official website of the SPPU |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608072655/http://unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm |archive-date=8 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx |title=National Chemical Laboratory |website=Ncl-india.org |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601080332/http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Default.aspx |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nda.nic.in/history.html |title=History of NDA |website=Official website of the National Defence Academy, Pune |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714061448/https://www.nda.nic.in/history.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The establishment of [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]], and [[Pimpri]] areas.<ref name="Kolekar1993">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq0hz5q8iw0C&pg=PR7 |title=Human Resources Development |author=B.D. Kolekar |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7211-044-4 |pages=17–19 }}</ref><ref name="nic">{{cite web |url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |title=Historical Events in Pune |publisher=NIC – District-Pune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm |title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front |last=Menon |first=Sudha |date=30 March 2002 |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm |archive-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit |url-access=registration |quote=pune. |title=The city in South Asia |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415574266 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/213 213] |access-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/ |title=Tata Motors Manufacturing Facility - Pune |website=Tatamotors.com |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211433/https://www.tatamotors.com/about-us/facilities/pune/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], [[Viman Nagar]], [[Hinjawadi]], [[Wagholi, Pune|Wagholi]], [[Kharadi]] and [[Balewadi]]-[[Baner]] region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries.

The breach in the [[Panshet Dam|Panshet dam]] and the resulting [[Khadakwasla Dam#Flood of 1961|flood of 1961]] led to severe damage and the destruction of housing close to the river banks.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG= |title=Deluge in Poona. |last1=Brahme |first1=S |last2=GOLE |first2=P. |date=1967 |publisher=GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND ECONOMIC Asia Publishing House. |pages=14–47 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145817/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=Deluge+in+Poona+S+Brahme%2C+P+GOLE&btnG= |url-status=live }}</ref> The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqUjCQAAQBAJ&q=poona+flood+1961+dam+resettlement&pg=PP10 |title=Dam breach modeling technology |last1=Singh |first1=Vijay P. |date=1996 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-0792339250 |location=Dordrecht |pages=89–91 |access-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref> To integrate urban planning, the [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]], the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Ashutosh |title=Town planning regeneration of cities |date=2008 |publisher=New India Pub. Agency |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788189422820 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=pune+wada+apartment+bunglow+housing+planning&pg=PR7 |access-date=4 February 2017 }}</ref>

In 1998 work on the six-lane [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] began; it was completed in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |title=The Mumbai-Pune expressway |work=The Financial Express |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515012445/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000730/fec30031.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> In 2008, the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |title=Pune to get piped compressed natural gas before CYG |work=The Punekar |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004135143/http://punekar.in/site/2008/09/17/pune-to-get-piped-compressed-natural-gas-before-cyg/ |archive-date=4 October 2008 }}</ref> On 13 February 2010, [[2010 Pune bombing|a bomb exploded]] at the German Bakery in the upmarket [[Koregaon Park]] neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html |title=Eight killed in India restaurant blast |author=Harmeet Singh |date=13 February 2010 |work=CNN |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216130642/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/india.explosion/index.html |archive-date=16 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/9-killed-40-injured-in-Pune-bomb-blast/article16814472.ece |title=9 killed, 40 injured in Pune bomb blast |date=13 February 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 April 2018 |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/9-killed-40-injured-in-Pune-bomb-blast/article16814472.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721122307/https://article.wn.com/view/WNAT5c213afae99869fc55f72ef1a695bc49/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2020 |title=पुण्यावर दहशतवादी हल्ला; नऊ ठार, ५७ जखमी |language=mr |author=The WorldNews (WN) Network |date=14 February 2010 |publisher=article.wn.com/ |access-date=13 February 2010 }}</ref> Evidence suggested that the [[Indian Mujahideen]] terrorist group carried out the attack.<ref name="Pant2015">{{cite book |author=Harsh V. Pant |title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334 |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-38008-5 }}</ref>

===21st-century===
Pune has evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub.<ref name="Pune_Autohub">—{{cite web |author=Ramnath Subbu |date=13 September 2010 |title=Pune shifts to top most gear as automobile hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306051434/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Pune-shifts-to-top-gear-as-automobile-hub/article15911528.ece |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}} —{{cite web |author=Partha Sarathi Biswas |date=10 July 2017 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160942/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=10 July 2017 |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}} —{{cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Rashmi |last2=Mishra |first2=Rajeev |last3=Desouza |first3=Kevin C. |date=April 2016 |title=City profile: Pune, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 |url-status=live |journal=Cities |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=53 |pages=98–109 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705110712/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275116300087 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=5 July 2020 |url-access=subscription}} —{{cite book |last1=Gulhane |first1=Vidyadhar |title=2006 IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles |last2=Tarambale |first2=M. R. |last3=Nerkar |first3=YP |date=23 April 2007 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-0-7803-9793-4 |pages=1–8 |chapter=A Scope for the Research and Development Activities on Electric Vehicle Technology in Pune City |doi=10.1109/ICEHV.2006.352285 |s2cid=26480235 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barua |first1=Proyashi |title=Truly the Oxford of the East |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid 19 vaccines: India is the world's largest producer of vaccines. So why a shortage today? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-the-worlds-largest-producer-of-vaccines-so-why-a-shortage-today/articleshow/82018420.cms#:~:text=The%20world's%20largest%20manufacturer%20of,vaccine%20doses%20in%20one%20year. |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-the-worlds-largest-producer-of-vaccines-so-why-a-shortage-today/articleshow/82018420.cms#:~:text=The%20world's%20largest%20manufacturer%20of,vaccine%20doses%20in%20one%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5,000 doses of Covishield/minute: A look at Serum Institutes's vaccine journey |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5000-doses-of-covishield-minute-a-look-at-serum-institutes-s-vaccine-journey-11610809058833.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Mint |date=16 January 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515025635/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/5000-doses-of-covishield-minute-a-look-at-serum-institutes-s-vaccine-journey-11610809058833.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Vetal hill range panorama.jpg|thumb|center|900px|[[Vetal Hill]] Panorama, a prominent hill in Pune. Elevation {{circa|800 m}}.]]
Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The area of Pune district is 15,642 km2,<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical location |url=https://pune.gov.in/about-pune/ |website=About Pune—District Pune, Government of Maharashtra |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129022845/https://pune.gov.in/about-pune/ |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the municipal corporation area covers 518 km2.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pune-is-now-maharashtras-largest-city-surpasses-mumbai-1003495.html |title=Pune is now Maharashtra's largest city; surpasses Mumbai |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |date=1 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001134000/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pune-is-now-maharashtras-largest-city-surpasses-mumbai-1003495.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By road Pune is {{convert|149|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Mumbai]], {{convert|580|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-west of [[Indore]], {{convert|695|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Nagpur]], {{convert|1173|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Delhi, {{convert|734|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]], {{convert|562|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west of [[Hyderabad]].
Pune lies on the western margin of the [[Deccan Plateau]], at an altitude of {{convert|560|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is on the [[Windward and leeward|leeward]] side of the [[Sahyadri]] mountain range, which forms a barrier from the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is a hilly city, with [[Vetal Hill in Pune|Vetal Hill]] rising to {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The [[Sinhagad|Sinhagad fort]] is at an altitude of {{convert|1300|m|abbr=off}}.

The old city of Pune is at the confluence of the [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] and [[Mutha River|Mutha]] rivers. The [[Pavana River|Pavana]], a tributary of Mula River and [[Indrayani River]], a tributary of the [[Bhima River]], traverse the northwest [[List of neighbourhoods in Pune|Neighbourhoods]] of Pune.

===Cityscape===
{{See also|List of neighbourhoods in Pune}}
[[File:Kharadi Skyline.jpg|thumb|350x350px|A view of the city from [[Baner Hill]]]]
The modern city of Pune has many distinct [[List of neighbourhoods in Pune|neighbourhoods]]. These include the numerous [[Peths in Pune|peths]] of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas of [[Khadki]] and [[Pune Camp|Camp]] established by the British, and numerous suburbs.<ref name="nic" /> There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebetterindia.com/289257/pune-city-history-culture-facts-tourism/ |title=8 Interesting Facts You Didn't Know About Pune's Rich History & Culture |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706024935/https://www.thebetterindia.com/289257/pune-city-history-culture-facts-tourism/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The industrial growth in the [[Pimpri]], [[Chinchwad]], [[Akurdi, Mawal|Akurdi]], Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation.<ref name="hindu2"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit |url-access=registration |title=The City in South Asia |last=Heitzman |first=James |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-28963-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/n17 1] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Town planning regeneration of cities |last1=Joshi |first1=Ashutosh |date=2008 |publisher=New India Pub. Agency |isbn=9788189422820 |location=New Delhi |pages=73–84 }}</ref><ref name="RT_Dec2007">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-realty/hinjewadi-the-land-of-opportunity/articleshow/2604416.cms |title=Hinjewadi: The land of opportunity |last=Bari |first=Prachi |date=7 December 2007 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428101931/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-realty/hinjewadi-the-land-of-opportunity/articleshow/2604416.cms |archive-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/rajiv-gandhi-infotech-park-in-hinjewadi-facing-infrastructural-problems/articleshow/12467920.cms |title=Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi facing infrastructural problems |last=Kulkarni |first=Prachee |date=30 March 2012 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428103436/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/rajiv-gandhi-infotech-park-in-hinjewadi-facing-infrastructural-problems/articleshow/12467920.cms |archive-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/wagholi-grows-but-traffic-crawls-on-narrow-stretch/articleshow/63054373.cms |title=Wagholi grows, but traffic crawls on narrow stretch |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625101433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/wagholi-grows-but-traffic-crawls-on-narrow-stretch/articleshow/63054373.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/expanding-pune-wagholi-suffocating-on-fumes-of-garbage/story-EXbqrBt5kAIcpXm4i0oAdK.html |title=Expanding Pune: Wagholi suffocating on fumes of garbage |date=24 February 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025139/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/expanding-pune-wagholi-suffocating-on-fumes-of-garbage/story-EXbqrBt5kAIcpXm4i0oAdK.html |archive-date=29 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Pune Metropolitan Region]] (PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256 km2 made up of the ten ''[[Tehsil|talukas]]'' of the [[Pune district]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html |title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA |website=Pmrda.gov.in |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes seven [[Nagar Palika|municipal councils]] and 842 villages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-gets-state-govt-nod-notification-soon-says-cm/ |title=PMRDA gets state govt nod; notification soon, says CM |date=27 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214811/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-gets-state-govt-nod-notification-soon-says-cm/ |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/ |title=PMRDA area notified, DP to be announced in a year |date=20 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045249/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-area-notified-dp-to-be-announced-in-a-year-4712497/ |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people into the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number of [[slum]] dwellings to increase.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDKU5Jqj-_UC&pg=PA1 |title=Poverty Lines and Lives of the Poor: Underestimation of Urban Poverty – the Case of India |last1=Bapat |first1=Meera |date=2009 |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |isbn=978-1-84369-724-4 |location=London |page=3 }}</ref> Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how far non-governmental organisations (NGOs), [[community organisation]]s (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions.<ref name="mdpi.com">{{cite journal |last1=Butsch |first1=Carsten |last2=Kumar |first2=Shamita |last3=Wagner |first3=Paul D. |last4=Kroll |first4=Mareike |last5=Kantakumar |first5=Lakshmi N. |last6=Bharucha |first6=Erach |date=2017 |title=Growing 'Smart'? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=2335 |doi=10.3390/su9122335 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sust....9.2335B }}</ref> Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as [[Magarpatta]], [[Nanded City, Pune|Nanded city]], [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora]], [[Blue Ridge Town Pune|Blue Ridge]], Life Republic and [[Lavasa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece |title=What are integrated townships? |last1=SINGH |first1=T. LALITH |date=2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 February 2017 |issue=27 October |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628155802/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/what-are-integrated-townships/article4036622.ece |archive-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation|PMC]], six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process.<ref name="mdpi.com" />

The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India after [[Hyderabad]] at 144.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/d147852/index.html |title=Mercer Quality of Living Rankings |publisher=Mercer |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221313/https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/d147852/index.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imercer.com/content/quality-of-living.aspx |title=Quality of Living City Rankings |publisher=Mercer Information Solutions business |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304154225/http://www.imercer.com/content/quality-of-living.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pune-adjudged-best-governed-city/articleshow/63310257.cms |title=Pune adjudged best governed city |last=SHARMA |first=NIDHI |date=15 March 2018 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326144713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pune-adjudged-best-governed-city/articleshow/63310257.cms |archive-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Selection of [[:Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune|neighborhoods in Pune]]">
File:Exterior of Westend Mall, Aundh, Pune.jpg|[[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]]
File:Old pool.JPG|[[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]]
File:PSPL-Erandwane-Pune.jpg|[[Erandwane]]
File:Pune Skyline 2018.jpg|[[Hadapsar]]
File:Mula River as seen from road bridge on Thakar Chowk Mann Road near Mahalunge.jpg|[[Hinjawadi]]
File:Pune Palace.jpg|[[Kalyani Nagar]]
File:ISKCON temple in katraj,pune.jpg|[[Katraj]]
File:Kharadi Skyline.jpg|[[Kharadi]]
File:KP Plaza (2).jpg|[[Koregaon Park]]
File:MIT-WPU.tif|[[Kothrud]]
File:2 Pune Maharashtra India January 2014.jpg|[[Magarpatta]]
File:Mahatma Phule Mandai - Lord Reay's Market - Since 1882.jpg|[[Mahatma Phule Mandai|Mandai]]
File:MGRd Pune Camp.jpg|[[Pune Camp]]
File:Exterior of The Pavillion Mall in Pune.jpg|[[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]]
File:Susroadrain.JPG|[[Sus, Pune|Sus]]
</gallery>

====Peths in Pune====
{{Main|Peths in Pune}}

Peth is a general term in the [[Marathi language]] for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during the [[Maratha Empire]] era under the [[Maratha]] and [[Peshwa]] rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of the [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ |title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I |last1=Gadgil |first1=D. R. |date=1945 |publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics |location=Pune, India |page=14 |access-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229084320/https://books.google.com/books/about/Poona.html?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighbourhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siliconcitypune.com/city-of-peths-pune/ |title=Pune City Peths, City Of Peths Pune | All About Pune, Info, IT Guide, Map, News |publisher=SiliconcityPune |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704125128/http://siliconcitypune.com/city-of-peths-pune/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Climate===
Pune has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') climate, closely bordering upon a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (Köppen ''BSh'') with average temperatures ranging between {{convert|20|and|28|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianjournals.com/downloads/ijn_broucher_2015.pdf |title=National Symposium on Nematode Management: A challenge to Indian Agriculture in the changing climate |publisher=Nematological Society of India and Indian Council of Agricultural Research |date=10 January 2015 |page=24 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427160904/http://www.indianjournals.com/downloads/ijn_broucher_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pune experiences three seasons: summer, [[monsoon]], and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching {{convert|42|C|F}}. The warmest month in Pune is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|43.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 30{{spaces}}April 1897.<ref>{{cite news |title=City sweats as mercury hits season's high |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/City-sweats-as-mercury-hits-seasons-high/articleshow/43607013.cms |date=17 April 2003 |access-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509220558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-17/pune/27271769_1_city-sweats-mercury-hits-highest-temperature |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from {{convert|22|to|28|C|F}}. Most of the {{convert|822|mm|2|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of.
For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}} while overnight temperatures are below {{convert|12|°C|°F|1}}.
On 11 May 2023, [[Koregaon Park]] recorded a temperature of 44.4 °C (112 °F) <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Pune sizzles in scorching heat as temperature soars to 44.4 Degrees Celsius {{!}} PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-sizzles-in-scorching-heat-as-temperature-soars-to-44-4-degrees-celsius/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=PUNE PULSE {{!}} Trusted-Connected-Targeted|archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511192336/https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-sizzles-in-scorching-heat-as-temperature-soars-to-44-4-degrees-celsius/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location=Pune (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=35.9
|Feb record high C=38.9
|Mar record high C=42.8
|Apr record high C=43.3
|May record high C=44.4
|Jun record high C=41.7
|Jul record high C=36.0
|Aug record high C=35.0
|Sep record high C=36.1
|Oct record high C=37.8
|Nov record high C=36.1
|Dec record high C=35.0
|year record high C=44.4
|Jan high C=29.8
|Feb high C=32.2
|Mar high C=35.6
|Apr high C=37.9
|May high C=37.3
|Jun high C=32.0
|Jul high C=28.3
|Aug high C=27.8
|Sep high C=29.5
|Oct high C=31.5
|Nov high C=30.7
|Dec high C=29.5
|year high C=31.9
|Jan mean C=20.5
|Feb mean C=22.5
|Mar mean C=25.8
|Apr mean C=29.0
|May mean C=30.1
|Jun mean C=27.6
|Jul mean C=25.4
|Aug mean C=24.7
|Sep mean C=25.2
|Oct mean C=25.3
|Nov mean C=22.9
|Dec mean C=20.6
|Jan low C=11.2
|Feb low C=12.7
|Mar low C=16.0
|Apr low C=19.9
|May low C=22.9
|Jun low C=23.1
|Jul low C=22.4
|Aug low C=21.7
|Sep low C=21.0
|Oct low C=19.0
|Nov low C=15.1
|Dec low C=11.8
|year low C=18.1
|Jan record low C=1.7
|Feb record low C=3.9
|Mar record low C=7.2
|Apr record low C=10.6
|May record low C=13.8
|Jun record low C=17.0
|Jul record low C=18.9
|Aug record low C=17.2
|Sep record low C=13.2
|Oct record low C=9.4
|Nov record low C=4.6
|Dec record low C=3.3
|year record low C=
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=0.7
|Feb rain mm=0.1
|Mar rain mm=3.1
|Apr rain mm=6.8
|May rain mm=19.8
|Jun rain mm=183.9
|Jul rain mm=190.0
|Aug rain mm=156.3
|Sep rain mm=140.4
|Oct rain mm=105.3
|Nov rain mm=28.1
|Dec rain mm=6.8
|year rain mm=841.2
|Jan rain days=0.1
|Feb rain days=0.0
|Mar rain days=0.4
|Apr rain days=0.6
|May rain days=1.4
|Jun rain days=9.3
|Jul rain days=13.1
|Aug rain days=10.8
|Sep rain days=8.3
|Oct rain days=5.5
|Nov rain days=1.5
|Dec rain days=0.3
|year rain days=51.3
|time day=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity=36
|Feb humidity=27
|Mar humidity=22
|Apr humidity=24
|May humidity=36
|Jun humidity=66
|Jul humidity=77
|Aug humidity=79
|Sep humidity=73
|Oct humidity=57
|Nov humidity=47
|Dec humidity=41
|year humidity=49
|Jan dew point C=12
|Feb dew point C=11
|Mar dew point C=11
|Apr dew point C=13
|May dew point C=18
|Jun dew point C=21
|Jul dew point C=21
|Aug dew point C=21
|Sep dew point C=21
|Oct dew point C=19
|Nov dew point C=16
|Dec dew point C=13
|year dew point C=16
|Jan sun=294.5
|Feb sun=282.5
|Mar sun=300.7
|Apr sun=303.0
|May sun=313.1
|Jun sun=183.0
|Jul sun=114.7
|Aug sun=111.6
|Sep sun=177.0
|Oct sun=244.9
|Nov sun=264.0
|Dec sun=279.0
|year sun=
|Jand sun=9.5
|Febd sun=10.0
|Mard sun=9.7
|Aprd sun=10.1
|Mayd sun=10.1
|Jund sun=6.1
|Juld sun=3.7
|Augd sun=3.6
|Sepd sun=5.9
|Octd sun=7.9
|Novd sun=8.8
|Decd sun=9.0
|yeard sun=7.9
|source 1=[[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21 }}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M151 |access-date=5 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=5 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=May 2014
|source 2=Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>{{cite web |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43063 |title=Normals Data: Pune – India Latitude: 18.53°N Longitude: 73.85°E Height: 555 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201062019/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43063 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}Pune has been ranked 23rd best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Seismology===
{{main|List of earthquakes in India}}

Pune is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the seismically active zone around [[Koyna Dam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pune-prone-to-transmitive-quake-waves-says-expert/articleshow/33560917.cms |title=Pune prone to transmitive quake waves, says expert |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803000854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pune-prone-to-transmitive-quake-waves-says-expert/articleshow/33560917.cms |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dev |first1=S. M. S. P. |last2=Nagarajan |first2=R. |title=Seismic hazard assessment of Koyna region, Peninsular India: using geospatial approach |journal=Geoenvironmental Disasters |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40677-017-0092-y |year=2017 |page=27 |bibcode=2017GeoDi...4...27D |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] has assessed this area as being in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India#Zone 3|Zone 3]], on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=168661 |title=Seismic Zones |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073741/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=168661 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-risk-seismic-zones-in-india-how-prone-is-your-city-to-earthquakes/ |title=High-risk seismic zones in India: How prone is your city to earthquakes |date=21 September 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082026/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/high-risk-seismic-zones-in-india-how-prone-is-your-city-to-earthquakes/ |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune has experienced some moderate{{snd}}and many low{{snd}}intensity earthquakes in its history.

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source=[[Census of India]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
| 1851 | 73000
| 1891 | 118790
| 1901 | 153320
| 1911 | 158856
| 1921 | 198523
| 1931 | 198078
| 1941 | 257554
| 1951 | 488419
| 1971 | 856105
| 1981 | 1203351
| 1991 | 1566651
| 2001 | 2540069
| 2011 | 3124458
}}

The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration {{As of|2011|alt=as of the 2011 census}}.<ref name="punepages.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune |title=Demographics of Pune |publisher=Punepages.com |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132101/http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter was {{circa}} 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC), 40% of the population lived in [[slums]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf |title=Annexure I |year=2001 |work=Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan |publisher=Pune Municipal Corporation |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515100421/http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2012 }}</ref>

Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461 |title=Pune's GDP at Rs 46,000 is 50 pc higher than India's |date=28 July 2006 |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110223158/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461 |archive-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 March 2007 }}</ref> The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.<ref name="REVISED ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN Pune">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf |title=Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Pune |work=Census of India, Government of India (2001) |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073552/http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The top five source areas of migrants are [[Karnataka]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Andhra Pradesh]], Gujarat, and [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Sindhis]] in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947.<ref>Khairkar, V.P., 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India. Anthropologist, 10(2), pp.155–161.</ref> Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi people]]. However, they are also present in other parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=273320 |title=The Sindhis, Mercantile Refugees in India: Problems of Their Assimilation |journal=Phylon |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=40–49 |last1=Barnouw |first1=Victor |year=1966 |doi=10.2307/273320 }}</ref> As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pordié |first1=Laurent |last2=Lalitha |first2=N. |date=24 May 2006 |title=Research Update: Transversal Themes of Indian Society and Medicines |url=http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Department of Social Sciences, The French Institute of Pondicherry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720072412/http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf |title=Indian Urban Resource Millennium Assessment by Naturalists |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035448/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live}} {{small|(183 KB) }}</ref>

The average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html |title=Pune to become 7th metro city in India: Assocham – Economy and Politics |date=30 October 2008 |publisher=livemint.com |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233050/http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pune (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|11.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|gold|3.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|brown|2.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
|caption=Others include [[Parsi]]s.
}}

{{See also|Hindu temples in Pune}}
[[Hinduism]] is the major religion, practised by a little under 80% of people in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], Christianity, [[Sikhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion – Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112640/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf |title=Socio – Economic Survey Of Pune City |location=p. 273 |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802162128/http://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on [[Parvati Hill]] and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century.<ref>Preston, Laurence W. "Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India. " ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 28. 2 (2002): 203–215.</ref> These temples were commissioned by the [[Peshwa]]s, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and [[Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ |title=Western India in the Nineteenth century |last1=Kumar |first1=Ravinder |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415330480 |edition=Repr. |location=London [u.a.] |page=39 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kosambi |first1=Meera |date=1989 |title=Glory of Peshwa Pune |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=248 |issue=5 |page=247 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gokhale |first1=Balkrishna Govind |date=1985 |title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=719–724 |jstor=602730 |doi=10.2307/602730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |url-status=live |date=29 November 2011 }}</ref> The historic temples of [[Kasba Ganapati]], the [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari]] are considered the guardian deities of the city.<ref name="Kantak 489-495" /><ref name="State1885">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dboMAAAAIAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... |author=Bombay (India : State) |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1885 |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045123/http://books.google.com/books?id=dBoMAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple]] is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune district has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the [[Varkari]] sect of the [[Bhakti movement]] in Maharashtra, namely [[Alandi]] where the ''[[samadhi]]'' of 13th century Saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] is located and [[Dehu]] where the 17th century Saint [[Tukaram]] lived. Every year in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] month of ''[[Ashadh]]'' (June/July), the ''[[Paduka]]'' (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a [[pilgrimage]], the ''[[Pandharpur Vari]]'', to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to [[Pandharpur]] attracting hundreds of thousands of ''Varkaris'' and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] or the district include [[Jejuri]], and five of [[Ashtavinayak]] Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of [[Dakshinamurthy]].

Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid, Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid, Manusha Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]], is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (''markaz'') for the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. Pune is also the birthplace of [[Meher Baba]], although his followers usually travel to [[Meherabad]] to visit his tomb. [[Hazrat Babajan]], identified by Meher Baba as one of the five [[Perfect Master (Meher Baba)|perfect masters]], has a shrine (''[[Dargah]]'') erected in her honour under a [[Azadirachta indica|neem tree]] in [[Pune Camp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm |title=Photo of Babajan's Samadhi tomb shrine in Pune |publisher=Trustmeher.com |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105643/http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms |title=At Babajan Dargah rests the legacy of an old saint |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605222413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]], [[Church of North India|CNI]], [[Methodist Church in India|Methodist]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], Christian Missionaries helped in setting up schools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune-Religion |url=http://mypages.iit.edu/~apansare/Pune/religion.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=mypages.iit.edu |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716031910/http://mypages.iit.edu/~apansare/Pune/religion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations such as St. Anthony's Shrine and Vineyard Worker's of Christ Church, Dapodi.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Pune|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] built in 1850 is the seat of the bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=State) |first1=Bombay (India |title=Gazetteer of Bombay State: Poona District |date=1954 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |page=670 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=St.+Patrick%27s+Cathedral+built+in+1850+pune |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404161201/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=St.+Patrick%27s+Cathedral+built+in+1850+pune |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pune has [[Jainism|Jain]] temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] with the one at [[Katraj]] being the largest.<ref name="Kelting2001">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC |title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion |author=M. Whitney Kelting |date=2 August 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803211-3 |pages=8, 15 |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230902/https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC |archive-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in [[Pune Camp]] and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in [[Ganesh Peth, Pune|Ganesh Peth]] being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-century [[Ohel David Synagogue]], known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms |title=The wanderers who found home – Pune Mirror - |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625024727/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html |title=The Bene-Israel and Baghdadi Jews of India: A history of this minority community |website=Firstpost.com |date=3 July 2016 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701141805/https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple.

Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru [[Rajneesh]], also known as Osho, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The [[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)#Legacy|Osho International Meditation Resort]], one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in [[Koregaon Park]] and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as [[Osho Monsoon Festival]]. A number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/ |title=Monsoon Festival at Osho Ashram begins today |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/ |archive-date=12 August 2018 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Pune }}</ref>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Languages of Pune M Corp (2011)<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005055334/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1=[[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1=67.89 |color1=red
|label2=[[Hindi]] |value2=13.14 |color2=orange
|label3=[[Urdu]] |value3=3.78 |color3=green
|label4=[[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4=2.60 |color4=maroon
|label5=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value5=2.25 |color5=skyblue
|label6=[[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value6=1.99 |color6=steelblue
|label7=[[Kannada]] |value7=1.92 |color7=darkslateblue
|label8=Others |value8=6.43 |color8=grey
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most-spoken language. Pune, being the cultural capital of Maharashtra, is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi. As a destination for migrants throughout India, [[Hindi]] is also widely-spoken, as is [[Deccani language|Dakhni Urdu]] by the Muslim community. [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marwari language|Marwari]] are spoken by the business community.

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Pune Municipal Corporation|Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pune Police|PMRDA}}

===Civic administration===
[[File:Pune Municipal Corporation building in October 2023.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] building]]
[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]] are the civic bodies responsible for [[Municipal governance in India|local government]]. It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the [[Mayor of Pune]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf |title=PMC Administrative Structure |website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705155143/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each).<ref name="PMC2017winningcandidates">{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list |title=PMC ELECTION 2017 WINNING CANDIDATE LIST |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913184428/https://pmc.gov.in/en/pmc-election-2017-winning-candidate-list |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps the most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf |title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949 |website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229103448/https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals.<ref name=":4" /> PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Pune Police|Pune City Police Department]] is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]] and is headed by the [[Police Commissioner of Pune|Police Commissioner]], an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced for [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|PCMC, Pune]] in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/police-commissionerate-for-pimpri-chinchwad-gets-state-nod/articleshow/63703600.cms |title=Police commissionerate for Pimpri Chinchwad gets state nod |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625072811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/police-commissionerate-for-pimpri-chinchwad-gets-state-nod/articleshow/63703600.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rs-323-crore-set-aside-for-new-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissionerate/story-ckEdDzI8oA02adbclgzudN.html |title=Rs 323 crore set aside for New Pimpri Chinchwad Police Commissionerate |date=4 April 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rs-323-crore-set-aside-for-new-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissionerate/story-ckEdDzI8oA02adbclgzudN.html |archive-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rk-padmanabhan-takes-over-as-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissioner/story-YWU432kcWGjxAIuOgJVG5N.html |title=RK Padmanabhan takes over as Pimpri-Chinchwad police commissioner |date=31 July 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803015544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rk-padmanabhan-takes-over-as-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissioner/story-YWU432kcWGjxAIuOgJVG5N.html |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/new-police-chiefs-for-navi-mumbai-thane/article24558335.ece |title=New police chiefs for Navi Mumbai, Thane |agency=Press Trust of India |date=31 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 August 2018 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131254/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/new-police-chiefs-for-navi-mumbai-thane/article24558335.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (PMRDA) was formed on 31{{spaces}}March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-formed-to-push-projects-on-fast-track/ |title=PMRDA formed to push projects on fast track |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007211825/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmrda-formed-to-push-projects-on-fast-track/ |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live |date=29 March 2015 }}</ref> Currently its jurisdiction extends over {{convert|7,256.46|km2|0|abbr=on}} and includes two [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]], three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 [[Census town#India|census towns]] and 842 villages.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Municipal finance ===

According to audited financial statements published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] reported total revenue receipts of ₹94.26 billion (US$1,136 million) and total expenditure of ₹78.36 billion (US$944 million) for the financial year 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Municipal Data |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/pune |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> The CityFinance Portal publishes audited financial statements of urban local bodies across India.

===Utility services===
The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the [[Khadakwasla]] Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area.<ref name="tirthkar">Tirthkar, S.N., 2009. Master plan 2025 of Pune Municipal Corporation for sewage treatment and disposal. J Inst Public Health Eng, 2, pp.13–19.[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Master%20plan%202025%20of%20Pune.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180344/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Master%20plan%202025%20of%20Pune.pdf|date=10 February 2018 }}</ref>
The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months.<ref>Wagh, G.K. and Ghate, H.V., 2003. Freshwater fish fauna of the rivers Mula and Mutha, Pune, Maharashtra. Zoos' Print Journal, 18(1), pp.977–981.</ref> In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers.<ref name="tirthkar" /> According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40974-016-0039-2.pdf |title=India's lost rivers and rivulets |author1=Anwesha Borthakur |author2=Pardeep Singh |journal=Energ. Ecol. Environ. |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=310–314 |doi=10.1007/s40974-016-0039-2 |bibcode=2016EEE.....1..310B |s2cid=132360046 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123141808/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40974-016-0039-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi.<ref>Butsch, C., Kumar, S., Wagner, P.D., Kroll, M., Kantakumar, L.N., Bharucha, E., Schneider, K. and Kraas, F., 2017. Growing 'Smart'? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration. Sustainability, 9(12), p.2335 [http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2335] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118123933/http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2335|date=18 January 2018 }}</ref>

[[File:Khadakwasla Dam image.JPG|thumb|Khadakwasla reservoir, the main source of water for the city]]

The state owned [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]] supplies electricity to the city. [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), owned by the [[Government of India|central government]], as well as private enterprises such as [[Jio|Reliance Jio]], [[Bharti Airtel]] and [[Vodafone Idea]] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.<ref name="trai ar 11 wire">{{cite web |title=Annual report 2010–11 |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526230024/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|25–26}}{{rp|179}}

[[File:New building of Sassoon Hospital, Pune.jpg|thumb|One of the oldest hospitals in India, [[Sassoon Hospital]]]]

===Healthcare===
{{See also|List of hospitals in Pune}}
Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of [[Allopathic medicine]] as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. ''[[Ayurved]]'', [[Homeopathy]] and [[Unani]]). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Warner |editor-first1=Koko |editor-last2=Bohle |editor-first2=Hans-Georg |last=Butsch |first=Carsten |title=Megacities Resilience and Social Vulnerability, Section 2: Access to Healthcare in the Fragmented Setting of India's Fast Growing Agglomerations – a Case Study of Pune |date=2008 |publisher=UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) |isbn=978-3-939923-12-1 |page=70 |url=http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64 |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031018/http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The PMR is served by three government hospitals: [[Sassoon Hospital]], Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital, [[Sahyadri Hospital|Sahyadri]], Jahangir Nursing Home, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Sancheti Hospital, [[Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital]], [[Somwar Peth#KEM Hospital|KEM Hospital]], [[Ruby Hall Clinic|Ruby Hall]], Naidu Hospital<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.practo.com/pune/hospital/dr-naidu-hospital-pune |title=Dr. Naidu Hospital, Multi-Speciality Hospital in Sangamvadi, Pune – Book Appointment Online, View Reviews, Contact Number | Practo |website=Practo.com |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225103044/https://www.practo.com/pune/hospital/dr-naidu-hospital-pune |url-status=live }}</ref> and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Multispeciality Hospital {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune |url=https://smileinn.in/ |website=Smileinn.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044531/https://smileinn.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:World-Trade-Center-Pune.jpg|right|thumb|250px|World Trade Center, Pune.]]
Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019–20, Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten Wealthiest Towns of India |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309081911/http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Maps of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haritas |first=Bhragu |title=Richest Cities Of India |work=BW Businessworld |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629023248/http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref> As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019–20 was Rs. 3,16,848. In 2014–15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people.<ref name="industry">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Journey from auto hub to Industry 4.0 in Pune |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160942/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/journey-from-auto-hub-to-industry-4-0-in-pune-4743553/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 }}</ref>

===Manufacturing===
{{Main|List of vehicle plants in India#Maharashtra}}

[[File:Tata motors Pune plant 1315.jpg|thumb|250px|right| [[Tata motors]] vehicle manufacturing plant in [[Chinchwad]]]]
The formation of [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] in 1962 resulted in a constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure. Since then, there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in the city. The city serves as headquarters to many companies. Major industrial areas around Pune are [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]], [[Chinchwad]], [[Bhosari]], [[Pirangut]], [[Hinjawadi]], [[Talegaon]], [[Talawade, Pune|Talawade]], [[Urse]]. ''[[The Independent]]'' referred [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]] as India's "Motor City".<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2008 |title=The boom is over in Detroit. But now India has its own motor city |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010509/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 }}</ref> The [[Kirloskar Group]], one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia, is headquartered in Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirloskar Brothers restructure group |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206043708/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=CNBC-TV18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pump Industry in India – Overview, Market, Manufacturers, Opportunities |url=https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183819/https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=14 November 2017 |website=Indian Pumps And Valves }}</ref> [[Kalyani Group]] headquartered in Pune owns [[Bharat Forge]] which operates world's largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggonkar |first1=Swaraj |title=Bharat Forge says total shift to e-mobility will hit revenue by 10–12% |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/bharat-forge-says-total-shift-to-e-mobility-will-hit-revenue-by-10-12-7195541.html |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903090717/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/bharat-forge-says-total-shift-to-e-mobility-will-hit-revenue-by-10-12-7195541.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/index.php/worldwide/national |title=Bharat Forge – National Presence |website=bharatforge.com |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054249/https://www.bharatforge.com/index.php/worldwide/national |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bajaj Auto]], headquartered in Pune, is ranked as the world's fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2007 |title=Bajaj Group India – Bajaj Group of Companies – Profile of Bajaj Group of Companies – Bajaj Group History |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/bajaj-group.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101115252/http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/bajaj-group.html |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=28 January 2011 |publisher=Iloveindia.com }}</ref>

The city is known for its automotive industry. A large number of automobile companies such as [[Bajaj Auto]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Skoda cars]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes Benz]], [[Force Motors]], [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motors]], [[General Motors]], [[Land Rover]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Renault]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Fiat India Automobiles|Fiat]] have there manufacturing plants in Chakan. [[Serum Institute of India]], the world's fifth largest [[vaccine]] producer by volume, is based in Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serum Institute of India to invest Rs 1,000 crore to set up new facility |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558974_1_serum-institute-poonawalla-group-india-ceo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208120134/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558974_1_serum-institute-poonawalla-group-india-ceo |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |work=The Economic Times }}</ref>

As of August 2023, [[Tesla, Inc.]] has leased a space in Pune, marking its initial step towards establishing a presence in India.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Elon Musk's Tesla acquires space in Pune for first India office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tesla-acquires-space-in-pune-for-its-office-in-india-2415939-2023-08-03 |access-date=3 August 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tesla-acquires-space-in-pune-for-its-office-in-india-2415939-2023-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Information technology===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Google Pune office in Mundhwa.jpg
| caption1 = Google Office
| image2 = Cerebrum IT park.jpg
| caption2 = Cerebrum IT Park
| image3 = EON IT Park.jpg
| caption3 = EON IT park, [[Kharadi]]
| image4 = Magarpatta- city-pune.jpg
| caption4 = Cybercity, [[Magarpatta]]
}}

The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in [[Hinjawadi]] is a ₹ 60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC).<ref name="RT_Dec2007"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Hinjawadi IT park |url=http://megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015457/http://www.megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=13 November 2009 |work=The MegaPolis }}</ref> The IT Park encompasses an area of about {{convert|2800|acre|km2}} and is home to over 800 IT companies.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=27 May 2017 |title=Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527171136/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pune-where-panic-reins-an-it-campus/article18591285.ece |archive-date=27 May 2017 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref name="industry" /> Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at [[Magarpatta]], [[Kharadi]] and several other parts of the city. As of 2017, the IT sector employed more than 300,000 people.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="industry" /> Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pune Based TripHobo Raises $3 Mln Series B Funding |url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103182259/http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding |archive-date=3 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Food delivery service Foodpanda acquires rival TastyKhana |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113204604/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood |archive-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Startups find Pune a fertile ground |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824090600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms |archive-date=24 August 2015 }}</ref> [[NASSCOM]], in association with MIDC, has started a co-working space for city based startups under its ''10,000 startups'' initiative at [[Kharadi]] MIDC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Start-up Warehouses set up in Navi Mumbai and Pune |url=http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207202001/http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175 |archive-date=7 December 2015 |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=Nasscom.in }}</ref> Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the [[World Bank]]. It is being implemented with the help of [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]], Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=PuneFoodHub.com – Food Cluster Pune |url=http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904140153/http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |archive-date=4 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PuneFoodHub.com – Project Partners |url=http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905173144/http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |archive-date=5 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 }}</ref>

Major technology companies [[Ubisoft Pune]], [[Zensar Technologies]], [[Patni Computer Systems]], [[Persistent Systems]], [[Indiacom]], [[Harbinger Knowledge Products]], [[Seniority (company)|Seniority]], Monjin, [[Mylab Discovery Solutions]], [[Quick Heal]] and [[KPIT Technologies]] are headquartered in Pune. Indian tech giant [[Infosys]] was founded in Pune who have a mega campus in city. [[Zensar Technologies]] is located in a mega campus called [[Zensar Technologies|Zensar Park]].

===Entertainment===
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Pune}}
Pune is an emerging centre for [[VFX|VFX services]], with Indian and international studios such as Anibrain, [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance Animation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Reliance Animation, Indian Animation Studio |url=https://www.relianceanimation.com/about-us.php |website=Reliance Animation |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401080811/https://relianceanimation.com/about-us.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Digikore Studio, HMX Media, Waffold Pune, Stereo D, Framestore and Method Studios<ref>{{cite web |title=Main |url=https://www.methodstudios.com/en/main/#locations |website=Method Studios |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630065620/https://www.methodstudios.com/en/main/#locations |url-status=live }}</ref> having established their facilities here.

The [[Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions]] trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) opened in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC has a [[seating capacity]] of 20,000 with a floor area of {{convert|13,000|m²|0|abbr=on}}. It has seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115 million project was developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune gets green light for massive MICE centre |url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605132238/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=12 December 2012 |publisher=TTGmice }}</ref> There are many food joints around Pune which makes it a favourite outing destination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2015 |title=Pune's hippest bars and eateries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/bites-between-tunes/story-cJKTztcT31kZ3K2lNmDxNO.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617080358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/bites-between-tunes/story-cJKTztcT31kZ3K2lNmDxNO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

World Trade Center (WTC) Pune is a 1.6 million sq. ft. complex built to foster [[international trade]]. WTC Pune is part of the [[World Trade Centers Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune |title=World Trade Centers Association |website=Wtca.org |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613185632/https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtcpune.com/ |title=Commercial Projects in Kharadi Pune {{!}} World Trade Center (WTC) Pune|website=Wtcpune.com|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604095539/http://wtcpune.com/|archive-date=4 June 2018|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Architecture===
[[File:Shinde Chattri Temple.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shinde Chhatri]] in Wanowrie.]]
Historical attractions include the 8th century rock-cut [[Pataleshwar]] cave temple, the 18th century [[Shaniwar Wada]], the 19th century [[Aga Khan Palace]], [[Lal Mahal]] and Sinhagad fort. [[Shinde Chhatri]], located at Wanowrie, is a memorial dedicated to the Maratha general [[Mahadaji Shinde]] (Scindia).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA156 |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |author=N. G. Rathod |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |page=156 }}</ref> The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards called [[Wada (house)|Wada]]. However, many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings.

A renowned wada in Pune is the last residential palace of the Peshwa called [[Vishrambaug Wada]] which is currently being renovated by the city corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.169.38/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4161/Pune%20as%20a%20tourist%20paradise.pdf |title=ICSSR SPONSORED One Day National Interdisciplinary Conference on "Relevance of Tourism and its impact in Development in emerging economy of India with special reference to Maharashtra" |website=210.212.169.38 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224125550/http://210.212.169.38/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4161/Pune%20as%20a%20tourist%20paradise.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also known for its British Raj [[bungalow architecture]] and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment from the early 20th century. Landmark architectural works by [[Christopher Charles Benninger]] surround the city, including the [[Mahindra United World College of India]], the Centre for Development Studies and Activities, the YMCA Retreat at Nilshi and the [[Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies]].

[[File:LandscapePuLaUdyan2.JPG|thumb|left|[[Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden|Pu. La. Deshpande Garden]].]]

===Museums, parks and zoos===
Museums in Pune include the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]], [[Mahatma Phule Museum|Mahatma Phule Industrial Museum]], Deccan college museum of Maratha history,<ref>{{cite journal |author=MANDKE, G. |title=Contributions of the Maratha History Museum to Maratha and Medieval History |date=2000 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=60 |pages=155–164 |jstor=42936613 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936613 |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310132735/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936613 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum, [[Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway]] and the [[Pune Tribal Museum]] Pune also houses Blades of Glory Cricket Museum which is the biggest cricket museum in the world. The College of Military Engineering has an archive and an equipment museum; this includes a rail exhibit with a metre-gauge train. The [[Aga Khan Palace]], where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was interned during the Quit India movement, has a memorial dedicated to his wife, [[Kasturba Gandhi]] who died during the internment.

For a city of its size, Pune has very few large public parks and gardens. Parks and green spaces in the city include the [[Kamala Nehru Park, Pune|Kamala Nehru Park]], Sambhaji Park, ''Shahu Udyan'', [[Peshwe Park]], [[Saras Baug]], Empress Gardens, and [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullen |first1=W.T. |title=Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |date=2001 |publisher=University of Sydney. School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry |location=Sydney, Australia |pages=106–108 |url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020203126/https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Pu La Deshpande Garden|Pu La Deshpande Udyan]] is a replica of the [[Korakuen Garden]] in [[Okayama]], Japan.<ref name="PuneOkayamaGarden">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/a-japanese-paradise-in-pune/articleshow/836816.cms |title=A Japanese paradise in Pune |date=4 September 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912185250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune/A-Japanese-paradise-in-Pune/articleshow/836816.cms |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hanuman Tekdi|Hanuman hill]], [[Vetal Tekdi|Vetal hill]], and [[Taljai Hills]] are protected nature reserves on hills within the city limits.
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi zoo entrance.png|thumb|225px|right|[[Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park]]]]
The [[Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park]] is located in Katraj.<ref name="RajivGandhiZoologicalPark">{{cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057 |title=By July, bigger enclosures, battery-operated vehicles for Katraj zoo |date=29 March 2007 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044713/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=229057 |archive-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The zoo, earlier located at Peshwe Park, was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999. [[Pune Riverfront]] is under-construction being developed by [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] along the banks of [[Mula-Mutha River]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khairnar |first1=Abhay |date=25 February 2022 |title=PMC to spend over Rs5,500 crore on Mula-Mutha river |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-to-spend-over-rs5-500-crore-on-mula-mutha-river-101645809558130.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515004235/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-to-spend-over-rs5-500-crore-on-mula-mutha-river-101645809558130.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Performing arts===
[[File:गणेशोत्सव मिरवणूक २०२३.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]] procession]]
Both experimental and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community.
The [[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir]], [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]], Bharat Natya Mandir, [[Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha]], and [[Sudarshan Rangmanch]] are prominent theatres in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1 |title=Theatre producers twist plot for drama bookings |last1=Deshpande |first1=Devidas |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321085322/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2012%2F07%2F29&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coxUAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects, Volume 67 |author=S. Kumar |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Architects]] |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PR11 |title=Pop culture India! : media, arts, and lifestyle |last1=Kasbekar |first1=Asha |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=9781851096367 |location=Oxford }}</ref>

Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city, with a [[seating capacity]] of approximately 45,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980619/17051054.html |title=City's largest open-air theatre gets a roof |author=Abhijit Atre |date=19 June 1998 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044445/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980619/17051054.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav]], one of the most prominent and sought-after [[Hindustani Classical Music|Indian classical music]] festivals in India, is held in Pune every year in December. It commemorates the life and achievements of [[Sawai Gandharva]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Sawai-Gandharva-music-fest-to-start-from-Dec-11/articleshow/3753056.cms |title=Sawai Gandharva music fest to start from Dec 11 – Pune – City |author=TNN |date=25 November 2008 |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/pune/27930529_1_sawai-gandharva-arya-sangeet-prasarak-mandal-pt-bhimsen-joshi |archive-date=23 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> The concept of ''Diwāḷī Pahāṭ'' (lit. [[Diwali]] dawn) originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/247999.cms |title=Diwali Pahat puts Pune in the mood |author=Prachi Bari |access-date=12 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519141006/http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/247999.cms |archive-date=19 May 2006 |publisher=Indiatimes }}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune. [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parvate |first=Trimbak Vishnu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE9AAAAMAAJ |title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life, Career and Contemporary Events |date=1958 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA178 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 }}</ref> Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune. Many ''Ganesh'' ''mandals'' display live or figurine shows called ''Dekhava'' during the festival. These shows often carry socially relevant messages. Processions of Ganpati are accompanied by ''Dhol-Tasha pathaks'' (groups who play Dhol-Tasha percussion instruments). Involvement of these ''pathaks'' has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune. [[Jnana Prabodhini]], a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition of ''Dhol-Tasha'' ''pathaks''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2017 |first=Aishwarya |last=Upadhye |title=Dhol tasha pathaks, now and then |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/dhol-tasha-pathaks-now-then/articleshow/60343314.cms |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325133159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/dhol-tasha-pathaks-now-then/articleshow/60343314.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Food==
[[File:Misal Pav from Maharashtra.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Puneri misal]]]]
The main cuisine of Pune is [[Maharashtrian cuisine]]. [[Puneri misal]] is one of the popular vegetarian dishes in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Dipanita |date=28 June 2023 |title=Know Your City: A 'tea stall', one of the original flavours of Puneri misal and a secret family recipe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-tea-stall-original-flavours-puneri-misal-secret-family-recipe-8478971/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219123420/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-tea-stall-original-flavours-puneri-misal-secret-family-recipe-8478971/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other famous dishes in Pune include [[Poha (rice)|Poha]], [[Upma]], [[Vada Pav]], [[Bhelpuri|Bhel]], [[Pani Puri]], [[Dabeli]], [[Sabudana vada]], [[Pav Bhaji]]. [[Bakarwadi]] is a popular snack from Pune introduced in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Satyanarayan |date=20 September 2012 |title=Pune's vendor of sweets |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/punes-vendor-of-sweets/article23029571.ece |work=Business Line |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219053738/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/punes-vendor-of-sweets/article23029571.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
Here are some of the most popular food streets in Pune:
* [[Jangali Maharaj Road, Pune|JM Road]] is famous for [[Vada Pav]], [[Misal Pav]], and [[Pav Bhaji]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Fergusson College|FC Road (Fergusson College Road)]] is famous for Street sandwiches, Dosas, Shawarmas, and Cold Coffee.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}* [[Tulshibaug]] is famous for Kanda Bhaji, [[Puran Poli]], and Chaat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Pune Camp|East Street (Camp)]] is famous for Burgers, Rolls, and Desserts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Deccan Gymkhana|Hong Kong Lane (Near Deccan Gymkhana)]] is famous for Momos, Chinese street food, and Chaats.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* [[Katraj|Katraj Dairy Area]] is famous for Dairy products, Lassi, and Ice Cream.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Pune}}

===Air===
{{main|Pune International Airport}}

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[[Pune International Airport]] at [[Lohagaon]] is one of the busiest airports in India. The airport is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. It shares its runways with the neighbouring [[Indian Air Force]] base.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ |title=Pune City |publisher=St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825091211/http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ |archive-date=25 August 2011 }}</ref> In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, the airport has international direct flights to [[Dubai]], operated by [[Air India Express]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-13/pune/27843652_1_pune-direct-flight-civil-aviation-minister |title=Pune goes global |date=13 December 2005 |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-13/pune/27843652_1_pune-direct-flight-civil-aviation-minister |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> and [[SpiceJet]], and direct flights to Singapore operated by [[Vistara]]. [[Pune International Airport]] at [[Lohegaon]] was ranked third best in the category of 5–15 million passengers by Airport Service Quality in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Welankar |first=Parth |date=8 March 2018 |title=Pune Airport ranked third best in the category of 5–15 million passengers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-airport-ranked-third-best-in-the-category-of-5-15-million-passengers/story-5tJhfrYuUHdNJ1keUXoF0O.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429004416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-airport-ranked-third-best-in-the-category-of-5-15-million-passengers/story-5tJhfrYuUHdNJ1keUXoF0O.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A new international airport, [[New Pune Airport|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj International Airport]] has been proposed, due to the limited capacity of the existing airport. A location in the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]]-[[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Rajgurunagar]] area was chosen for the airport,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Chakan-airport-gets-state-nod/articleshow/4152574.cms |title=Chakan airport gets state nod |date=19 February 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-19/pune/28020634_1_chakan-airport-state-nod-maharashtra-airport-development-corporation |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/proposed-pune-airport-plan-to-get-push/714599/ |title=Proposed Pune airport plan to get push – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301174942/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/proposed-pune-airport-plan-to-get-push/714599/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but non-availability of land delayed the project for over a decade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/ |title=A decade on, it's official: International airport to come up at Purandar, Pune |date=24 September 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012322/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/international-airport-to-come-up-at-purandar-pune-3047023/ |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2016 the location was changed to [[Purandar taluka|Purandar]], about {{convert|20|km|mi}} south-east of the city near the towns of [[Saswad]] and [[Jejuri]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airports-authority-selects-purandar-for-international-airport-near-pune-devendra-fadnavis-1471246 |title=Airports Authority Selects Purandar For International Airport Near Pune: Devendra Fadnavis |work=NDTV.com |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192912/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/airports-authority-selects-purandar-for-international-airport-near-pune-devendra-fadnavis-1471246 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aai-selects-purandar-for-greenfield-intl-airport-near-pune-cm-712859-2016-10-06 |title=AAI selects Purandar for greenfield intl airport near Pune: CM |website=India Today |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012047/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aai-selects-purandar-for-greenfield-intl-airport-near-pune-cm-712859-2016-10-06 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Changes in state government, delay or changes called for by the ministry of defence, or the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), and local opposition has delayed the project by several years.But with approvals in place from relevant authorities the project is going to be making progress per a statement made by the civil aviation minister in June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/111031820.cms |title=DGCA has given clearance for proposed airport in Pune's Purandar, says Murlidhar Mohol |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203063605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/111031820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Public transport===
[[File:JM Road as seen from Sambhaji Udyan metro station skywalk.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jangali Maharaj Road, Pune|JM Road]]]]
Public transport in Pune include two operational lines of the [[Pune Metro]], bus services operated by [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]], the [[Pune Suburban Railway]] and [[auto rickshaw]]s. Work is underway on an additional, [[Line 3 (Pune Metro)|third line]] of Pune Metro connecting the Hinjewadi IT hub to the [[District Court Pune metro station|District Court Pune station]]. This line is expected to open to the public by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.punenow.com/pune-maha-metro-targets-to-complete-pune-metro-by-december-this-year |title=Pune: Maha-Metro targets to complete Pune Metro by December this year |date=13 June 2023 |work=PuneNow |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719140315/https://www.punenow.com/pune-maha-metro-targets-to-complete-pune-metro-by-december-this-year/ |archive-date=19 July 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Metro====
{{Main|Pune Metro}}

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Pune Metro is a [[Rapid transit|mass rapid transit]] system serving the city. The system comprises two operational lines with a combined operational length of {{Cvt|31.25|km}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pune Metro - Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/pune-metro-information-map-updates/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109143807/https://themetrorailguy.com/pune-metro-information-map-updates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction for a [[Line 3 (Pune Metro)|third line]] is underway, which on completion would increase the combined operational length to 59.1 km.<ref name=":1" />

The two operation lines are the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] and the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]]. The Purple Line starts from the [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation metro station]] and terminates at the [[Swargate metro station]]. The Aqua line starts from the [[Vanaz metro station]] and ends at the [[Ramwadi metro station]]. Both lines pass through the [[District Court Pune metro station]], which as acts as a [[Cross-platform interchange|cross platform interchange]].

The presently under construction Line 3 will plough from Megapolis Circle in Hinjewadi till the District Court Pune station. It will see a cross platform interchange at [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)|Shivaji Nagar]] (for the Purple Line) and District Court (for both, the Purple and Aqua lines).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Punenow |date=5 January 2025 |title=Hinjawadi-Shivajinagar Pune Metro Line 3: See actual train photos, route map, list of all 23 stations and likely launch |url=https://www.punenownews.com/hinjawadi-shivajinagar-pune-metro-line-3-see-actual-train-photos-route-map-list-of-all-23-stations-and-likely-launch/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Punenow News |language=en-US |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109143806/https://www.punenownews.com/hinjawadi-shivajinagar-pune-metro-line-3-see-actual-train-photos-route-map-list-of-all-23-stations-and-likely-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Bus service====
{{Main|Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|Rainbow BRTS}}

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Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] .In January 2019, Pune became the first Indian city to adopt [[Electric bus|e-buses]] and Bhekrai Nagar became the country's first all electric bus depot. As of January 2026, up to 490 electric buses have been deployed across the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=PMPML to expand fleet with 1,600 new buses, to launch mobile app for iPhone users too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pmpml-expand-fleet-buses-mobile-app-iphone-9755058/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}</ref>

PMPML operates the [[Rainbow BRTS]] system. When launched, it was the first of its kind in India bus rapid transit system in India. The project has turned out to be a failure, receiving little patronage from the local citizenry.<ref>{{cite news |author=Manish Umbrajkar |date=5 March 2009 |title=2 years on, country's first BRTS remains incomplete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/2-years-on-countrys-first-BRTS-remains-incomplete/articleshow/4225424.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524212108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-05/pune/28035312_1_brts-pilot-project-underpasses-and-pedestrian-crossings |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> As of 2023 only 16 km out of 68 km proposed were completed for the project. Due to the then ongoing metro construction related work and high incidences of accidents, dedicated bus lanes from Yerawda to Vimannagar were removed in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=29 June 2023 |title=BRTS faces uncertain fate as Pune Metro work picks up pace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/challenges-faced-by-pune-s-bus-rapid-transit-system-brts-due-to-the-expansion-of-the-metro-in-the-city-101687715062141.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=Hindustan times |location=Pune |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224221048/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/challenges-faced-by-pune-s-bus-rapid-transit-system-brts-due-to-the-expansion-of-the-metro-in-the-city-101687715062141.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] runs buses from stations in Wakdewadi, [[Pune Station Bus Stand|Pune station]] and [[Swargate]] to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies also run buses to major cities throughout India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra State Road Transport |url=http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904102541/http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=5 March 2010 |publisher=IndiaTransit.com }}</ref>

====Rail====
{{Main|Pune Railway Station|Pune Suburban Railway}}

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}}

The [[Pune Suburban Railway]] (popularly called local trains) connects Pune to the industrial city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] and the hill station of [[Lonavala]].

Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, [[Nashik]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Chennai]], Delhi, [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Nanded]], [[Miraj]]-[[Sangli]], [[Kolhapur]] [[Jaipur]], [[Raipur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Howrah]], [[Jammu Tawi]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Darbhanga]], Goa, [[Gwalior]], [[Varanasi]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Patna]], and [[Jamshedpur]]. At Pune, there is a diesel locomotive shed and an electric trip shed.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2009 |title=Accolades for Pune division of Central Railway |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/accolades-for-pune-division-of-central-railw/449353/ |work=The Indian Express }}</ref> [[Pune Railway Station]] is administered by the [[Pune Railway Division]] of [[Central Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Central Railways |url=http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110705101114/http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm |archive-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=Central Railways |language=hi }}</ref>

===Road transport===
{{Main|List of roads in Pune}}

Pune is well-connected to other cities by [[National highways of India|Indian]] and state highways. [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] connects it to Mumbai and Bangalore, [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]] connects it to [[Hyderabad]] and [[National Highway 60 (India)|National Highway 60]] connects it to [[Nashik]]. [[State Highway 27 (Maharashtra)|State Highway 27]] connect Pune to [[Ahmednagar]].

The [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]] is India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, and it was built in 2002. Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it. This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours. Three ring roads are planned around the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/centre-allocates-rs-2-468-crore-for-pune-s-ring-road-project/story-tNahKK43LCQee04O97xP4L.html |title=Centre allocates Rs.2,468 crore for Pune's ring road project |date=13 February 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507092206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/centre-allocates-rs-2-468-crore-for-pune-s-ring-road-project/story-tNahKK43LCQee04O97xP4L.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/in-3-years-pmrda-has-transformed-pune-says-girish-bapat/story-NFfqiRdDn5ZdqUPkL5CghN.html |title=PMRDA has transformed Pune in three years, says Girish Bapat |date=10 April 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/in-3-years-pmrda-has-transformed-pune-says-girish-bapat/story-NFfqiRdDn5ZdqUPkL5CghN.html |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/PCMC-grants-Rs-6-crore-for-ring-road-project/articleshow/30197.cms |title=PCMC grants Rs 6 crore for ring road project |date=19 June 2003 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526165850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-19/pune/27218250_1_ring-road-development-plan-midc |archive-date=26 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Major highways:'''
{{Div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[File:NH48-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 48 (India)|Delhi–Chennai (Via Mumbai and Bengaluru) Highway]]
* [[File:NH60-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 60 (India)|Pune–Nashik Highway]]
* [[File:NH48-IN.svg|20px]] [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]
* [[File:NH65-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 60 (India)|Pune–Hyderabad Highway]]
* [[File:NH753F-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 753F (India)|Pune–Ahmednagar Highway]]
* [[File:NH965-IN.svg|20px]] [[National Highway 965 (India)|Pune–Saswad Highway]]
{{Div col end}}

====Personal transport====
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Green Green Everywhere.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]]
| image2 = JRD TATA Bridge Pune.jpg
| caption2 = JRD Tata Bridge, [[Kasarwadi]]
}}

Once known as the "[[Bicycle|cycle]] city of India", Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number of [[Motorcycle|motorised two wheelers]] replacing the bicycle.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Maunder |first1=David A. C. |last2=Palmer |first2=Christian J. |last3=Astrop |first3=Angela J. |last4=Babu |first4=D. Madhu |date=1997 |url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/attitudes-and-travel-behaviour-of-residents-in-pune-india-doc-no-pa3216-97 |title=Attitudes and travel behaviour of residents in Pune, India |work=Transportation Research Board, 76th Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., January 12–17, 1997 |place=[[Crowthorne]] |publisher=[[Transport Research Laboratory]] |docket=PA3216/97 |citeseerx=10.1.1.572.912 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195359/https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/attitudes-and-travel-behaviour-of-residents-in-pune-india-doc-no-pa3216-97 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers. The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10-fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Safai |first1=Pramod Digambar |last2=Surya Prakasa Rao |first2=Pasumarti |last3=Momin |first3=Gafur Abulal |last4=Kaushar Ali |first4=Kaushar Ali |last5=Chate |first5=Dilip Motiram |last6=Praveen |first6=Puppala Siva |last7=Sattilingam Devara |first7=Panuganti China |date=2005 |title=Variation in the Chemistry of Aerosols in two Different Winter Seasons at Pune and Sinhagad, India |url=http://www.aaqr.org/files/article/68/8_AAQR-05-06-OA-0008_115-126.pdf |journal=Aerosol and Air Quality Research |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=115–126 |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114448/http://www.aaqr.org/files/article/68/8_AAQR-05-06-OA-0008_115-126.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live |doi=10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0008 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005AAQR....5..115S }}</ref> In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3.62 million total vehicles, 2.70 million being two wheelers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/pune-now-officially-has-more-vehicles-than-people-heres-more/1123480/ |title=Pune now officially has more vehicles than people: Here's more! |date=6 April 2018 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032125/https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/pune-now-officially-has-more-vehicles-than-people-heres-more/1123480/ |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/pune/pune-now-has-more-vehicles-than-humans-2097346.html |title=Pune now has more vehicles than humans |date=6 April 2018 |work=Zee News |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125517/http://zeenews.india.com/pune/pune-now-has-more-vehicles-than-humans-2097346.html |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the fiscal year 2017–18 alone 300,000 new vehicles were registered in the city, two-thirds of them two wheelers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-gets-nearly-3-lakh-new-vehicles-in-a-year/articleshow/63618240.cms |title=Pune gets nearly 3 lakh new vehicles in a year |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922192101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/city-gets-nearly-3-lakh-new-vehicles-in-a-year/articleshow/63618240.cms |archive-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A revival of cycling in Pune with {{convert|130|km|mi}} of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of the [[Bus rapid transit|BRT system]] under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] in 2004. However, a 2011 report revealed that only {{convert|88|km|mi}} of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parisar.org/what-we-do/analyses-reports/144-cycle-track-assessment |title=Cycle Track Assessment – Report |website=parisar.org |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012109/http://parisar.org/what-we-do/analyses-reports/144-cycle-track-assessment |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/can-pune-get-back-on-track/article4179089.ece |title=Can Pune get back on track? |last=Byatnal |first=Amruta |date=9 December 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=25 April 2018 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227042233/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/can-pune-get-back-on-track/article4179089.ece |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the [[Smart Cities Mission]], app based [[Bicycle-sharing system|cycle sharing schemes]] have been launched in the city since late 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cycle-renting-scheme-on-track-with-special-app/articleshow/61897048.cms |title=Cycle renting scheme on track, with special app – Pune Mirror - |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012147/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cycle-renting-scheme-on-track-with-special-app/articleshow/61897048.cms |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bicycle-sharing-scheme-a-hit-moves-into-top-gear-in-pune-5086404/ |title=Bicycle-sharing scheme a hit, moves into top gear in Pune |date=5 March 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075908/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bicycle-sharing-scheme-a-hit-moves-into-top-gear-in-pune-5086404/ |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/cycle-sharing-plan-comes-to-jm-fc-roads/articleshow/62876928.cms |title=Cycle sharing plan comes to JM, FC roads |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620041924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/cycle-sharing-plan-comes-to-jm-fc-roads/articleshow/62876928.cms |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with {{convert|470|km|mi}} of cycle tracks planned.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pmc-gives-green-signal-for-pune-cycle-plan-470-km-of-segregated-tracks/story-BxB9eaYdrg0ZGndtaiOURP.html |title=PMC gives green signal for Pune Cycle Plan, 470-km of segregated tracks |date=22 November 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013252/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pmc-gives-green-signal-for-pune-cycle-plan-470-km-of-segregated-tracks/story-BxB9eaYdrg0ZGndtaiOURP.html |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/bicycle-plan-0 |title=Pune Cycle Plan |website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012334/https://pmc.gov.in/en/bicycle-plan-0 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-civic-body-sets-up-bicycle-department/articleshow/63631374.cms |title=Pune civic body sets up bicycle department |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625082836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-civic-body-sets-up-bicycle-department/articleshow/63631374.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improving [[Last mile (transportation)|last mile connectivity]] for the metro system.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pune-metro-rail-project-euro-845-mn-funding-expected-to-close-by-march-2018/926837/ |title=Pune Metro Rail project: Euro 845 mn funding expected to close by March 2018 |date=10 November 2017 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012225/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pune-metro-rail-project-euro-845-mn-funding-expected-to-close-by-march-2018/926837/ |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Pune}}

[[File:University of Pune, Pune.jpg|thumb|Main building of Pune University]]
Pune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] (SPPU; formerly University of Pune), which is the largest university in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges.<ref name="Pune100Educational9Universities">{{cite web |last=Kaul |first=Sanat |date=May 2006 |title=Higher Education in India: Seizing the Opportunity (working paper) |url=http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf |publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411103929/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and United Arab Emirates, and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya.<ref>Dongaonkar, D., Negi, U.R., House, A.I.U. and Marg, C.I.G.K., 2009. International Students in Indian Universities. Europe, 178(206), pp.238–309.</ref> Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191801 |title=Express India |publisher=Cities.expressindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715071806/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191801 |archive-date=15 July 2006 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2011 }}</ref> Other languages taught in the city include German, which is taught at the [[Goethe-Institut]], and French, which is taught at [[Alliance Française]]. Several colleges in Pune have [[student exchange program]]mes with colleges in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/International%20Centre/International%20Centre%20webfile/exchange_and_casual.htm |title=Exchange And Casual Students: Department of International Centre : University of Pune |website=Unipune.ac.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222303/http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/International%20Centre/International%20Centre%20webfile/exchange_and_casual.htm |archive-date=29 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 }}</ref>

===Primary and secondary education===
{{Main|List of schools in Pune}}

The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/as-per-state-government-order-pune-municipal-corporation-dissolves-education-board-4704515/ |title=As per state government order, Pune Municipal Corporation dissolves education board |date=15 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219121957/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/as-per-state-government-order-pune-municipal-corporation-dissolves-education-board-4704515/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education |title=Secondary and technical education |date=31 January 2018 |website=Official website of the PMC |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528053011/https://pmc.gov.in/en/secondary-and-technical-education |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law, secondary education is an optional duty.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms |title=Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202110818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms |archive-date=2 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757 |title=Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154012/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR, public primary schools are run by the Pune [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]. Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.<ref name="ccsindia.org">Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf|date=3 October 2017 }}</ref> Public schools are affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (State Board). The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi, although the PMC also runs [[Urdu]], English and [[Kannada]] [[Medium of instruction|medium]] schools.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmc-schools-to-run-junior-colleges-from-2018-19/articleshow/63945908.cms |title=PMC schools to run junior colleges from 2018–19 |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909151702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmc-schools-to-run-junior-colleges-from-2018-19/articleshow/63945908.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms |title=Free sanitary napkins for girls in civic schools |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202111002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms |archive-date=2 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with these languages, private schools also offer instruction in Hindi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html |title=Zilla Parishad Pune |website=Punezp.org |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529175416/http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms |title=CBSE Class XII Results: Pune schools stand tall; Arts students shine again – Pune Mirror - |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527072125/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms |title=High 90% scores & full marks in subjects bring cheer to ICSE schools |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620043432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Jnana Prabodhini Prashala]], located in Sadashiv Peth, is the first school for [[Gifted education|intellectually gifted and talented]] students in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://giftedphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/nagty-summary-of-gifted-and-talented-education-in-india.pdf |title=Summary of Gifted and Talented Education in India |website=Giftedphoenix.files.wordpress.com |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092759/https://giftedphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/nagty-summary-of-gifted-and-talented-education-in-india.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, it counts with one of the 18 United World Colleges across the globe, having UWC Mahindra College in the Mulshi Valley.

===Tertiary education===
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Pune}}

Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU (Savitribai Phule Pune University). Nine other universities have also been established in the city.<ref name="DeemedUniversitiesInPune">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx |title=List of Deemed Universities |publisher=University Grants Commission |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226112709/http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversity.aspx |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses in [[counter intelligence]], combat intelligence, aerial imagery and interpretation, among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMP019010_ENG/Pune_University_College |title=Military Intelligence Training School and Depot |publisher=Bcud.unipune.ac.in |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402062246/http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMP019010_ENG/Pune_University_College |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Aerial view of the National Defence Academy, Pune.jpg|thumb|250px|[[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]]]
The [[College of Engineering Pune]], an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The [[Deccan Education Society]] was founded by local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who was also responsible for founding [[Fergusson College]] in 1885.<ref name="DESFounding">{{cite web |url=http://www.despune.org/history.htm |title=History |publisher=[[Deccan Education Society]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607095109/http://despune.org/history.htm  |archive-date=7 June 2008 |access-date=22 July 2008 }}</ref> The Indian Law Society's [[ILS Law College|Law College]] is one of the top ten law schools in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=6&Y=2014 |title=ILS Law College Best Law Colleges 2014 India Today Survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123444/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=6&Y=2014 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]] and [[B. J. Medical College, Pune|B. J. Medical College]] are among the top medical colleges in India. The [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]] consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/jan01-04/html/ch3.htm |title=Chap |publisher=Sainik Samachar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416221203/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/jan01-04/html/ch3.htm |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Film and Television Institute of India]], one of only three Indian institutions in the global [[CILECT]] film school network, is located on Law College Road. The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination of ''[[Gurukula|gurukul]]'' and formal education systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Performing-arts-degree-slowly-taking-centre-stage/articleshow/26707.cms |title=Performing arts degree slowly taking centre stage |author=Devayani Shahane |date=17 June 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Performing-arts-degree-slowly-taking-centre-stage/articleshow/26707.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The College of Military Engineering, the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune. [[Christ University]] Pune Lavasa campus, is part of Christ University, [[Bangalore]] located in [[Lavasa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lavasa.christuniversity.in/ |title=Christ University Lavasa |website=[[Christ University]] |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326130235/https://lavasa.christuniversity.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File: College of Agriculture Pune (Drone view).jpg|thumb|[[College of Agriculture, Pune]]]]
[[Symbiosis International University]] operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city, including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business. They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country.<ref name="bschools">{{cite news |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html |title=India's best B-schools |date=10 September 2007 |newspaper=Business Today |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218155153/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/indias-best-bschools/1/468.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lawschools">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014 |title=India's best law schools |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016222919/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=3&Y=2014 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research]] is one of the few colleges in India that promotes [[Open-source model|open source]] technology.<ref name="sit">{{cite web |url=http://sitpune.edu.in/ |title=Symbiosis Institute of technology |access-date=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511225317/http://www.sitpune.edu.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[UWC Mahindra College]], one of eighteen [[United World Colleges]] worldwide and the third is Asia, offering the [[International Baccalaureate|International Baccalaureate (IB)]] [[IB Diploma Programme|Diploma Program (DP)]], is located near Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=<nowiki>UWC Movement | UWC Mahindra College | Discover your Purpose</nowiki> |url=https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/uwc-movement |website=UWC Mahindra College |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228121001/https://uwcmahindracollege.org/about-us/uwc-movement |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahindra United World College – International Baccalaureate® |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/000969/ |website=The International Baccalaureate® (IB) public website |publisher=International Baccalaureate Organization |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051009/https://www.ibo.org/en/school/000969/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Research institutes===
Pune is home to a number of governmental and non-governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences. The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] also runs a number of defence related education, training and research establishments in and around the city. Major research centers include:
{{divcol}}
* [[Agharkar Research Institute]] (ARI)
* [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|Armament Research Development Establishment]] (ARDE)
* [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)]] (AFMC)
* [[Army Institute of Technology]] (AIT)
* [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI)
* [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] (BORI)
* [[Central Institute of Road Transport]] (CIRT)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cirtindia.com/ |title=Welcome to Central Institute of Road Transport |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703010820/http://www.cirtindia.com/ |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Central Water and Power Research Station]] (CW&PRS)
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdac.in/ |title=C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, DeitY, India |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929044700/http://www.cdac.in/ |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)
* [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT)
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII)
* [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]
* [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL)
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]] (IISER, Pune)
* [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] (IITM)
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter-university Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics]] (IUCAA)
* [[National AIDS Research Institute]] (NARI)
* [[National Centre for Cell Science]] (NCCS)
* [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA)
* [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL)
* [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA)
* [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)
* [[National Institute of Bank Management]] (NIBM)
* [[National Institute of Construction Management and Research]] (NICMAR)
* [[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV)
* [[National School of Leadership]] (NSL)
* [[National Insurance Academy]] (NIA)
* [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]] (R&DE(E))
* [[Tata Research Development and Design Centre]] (TRDDC)
{{divcolend}}

==Media==
A number of Marathi-language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence. These included [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|''Kesari'']], ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', ''Prabhat'' and ''[[Sakal]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |date=22 February 1997 |title=Marathi: Big newspapers are elephants |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=32, No. 8, ... |issue=22–28 Feb 1997 |pages=384–388 |jstor=4405111 }}</ref> ''Sakal'' has remained the most popular Marathi daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050 |title=SMT. CLAUDE-LILA PARULEKAR versus M/S. SAKAL PAPERS PVT. LTD. & ORS |website=Rishabhdara.com |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093436/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/ |title=Smt. Claude-Lila Parulekar vs M/S. Sakal Papers Pvt. Ltd. & Ors on 18 March, 2005 |last1=Pal |first1=R |website=/indiankanoon.org |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101154331/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/ |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kesari'' is now only published as an online newspaper. The Mumbai-based ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'' and ''[[Lokmat]]'' have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper the ''[[Indian Express]]'' has a Pune edition. Its rival the ''[[Times of India]]'' introduced a tabloid called ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' in 2008. ''[[Mid-Day]]'', ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' and ''[[Sakaal Times]]'' are other local English newspapers. The English-language newspaper ''The Hindu'' has launched{{when|date=June 2018}} a Pune edition covering local as well as national news.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Another English-language online news website [https://puneripages.in/ Puneri Pages] was launched, covering local and national news.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.punenow.com/ |title=PuneNow Digest |website=PuneNow Digest }}</ref>

The government owned [[All India Radio]] (AIR) has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953.<ref name="BARUAH2017">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALA8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |title=This is All India Radio |author=U. L. BARUAH |date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2578-0 |pages=10– }}</ref> Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its own [[FM radio]] channel called ''Vidyavani''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vidyavani.unipune.ac.in/vidyavani_pages/about_vidyavani.htm |title=Vidyavani 107.4 FM : University of Pune's Online Radio Station |website=vidyavani.unipune.ac.in |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602012408/http://vidyavani.unipune.ac.in/vidyavani_pages/about_vidyavani.htm |archive-date=2 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city.<ref>Gadekar, M., 2012. Distant participation is a reasonable strategy–A comparative study based on FM channels in Pune. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 2(7), pp.115–124.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C39&as_vis=1&q=mirchi++pune++%22radio+city%22+gadekar&btnG=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304224206/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C39&as_vis=1&q=mirchi++pune++%22radio+city%22+gadekar&btnG=|date=4 March 2021 }}</ref> The city receives almost all of the [[Television in India|television channels in India]] including [[Broadcasting|broadcast]], [[Cable television|cable]] and [[Direct-to-home television in India|direct-to-home TV]].

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Pune|}}

[[File:Pune Cricket Stadium.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]]]
Badminton in its modern form originated in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rashid |first=Atikh |date=19 December 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-how-badminton-was-born-in-pune-as-a-pastime-for-bored-british-officers-their-wives-7678765/lite/ |title=Know Your City: How badminton was born in Pune as a pastime for bored British officers, their wives |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721044310/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-how-badminton-was-born-in-pune-as-a-pastime-for-bored-british-officers-their-wives-7678765/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The game of badminton was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. (Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. "Battledore" was [[History of badminton|an older term for "racquet"]].)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Badminton: An Illustrated History |last=Guillain |first=Jean-Yves |publisher=Publibook |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-7483-0572-2 |page=47 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games |last1=Connors |first1=M |last2=Dupuis |first2=D. L. |last3=Morgan |first3=B |publisher=Visible Ink Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8103-9417-9 |page=195 }}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=June 2023|reason=Isn't it written in too much detail, one two line would be enough.}}
[[File:Badminton arena in Balewadi Sports Complex, Pune 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Badminton Arena in [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi]].]]

Women's tennis [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] $25K tournament held at [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground|Deccan Gymkhana club]]'s tennis courts in 2021. It also hosted men's ITF $15K event. [[Maharashtra Open|ATP 250 Maharashtra Open]] was held at [[Balewadi]] till 2022. It was India's biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India, where top professional tennis players participated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Open doubtful for 2021 ATP season |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-tennis-atp-250-tata-open-maharashtra-2021-doubtful-status |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=Olympics.com |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916233641/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-tennis-atp-250-tata-open-maharashtra-2021-doubtful-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=ITF $25K wwomen's tennis tournament in Pune from March 7 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/itf-25k-wwomen-s-tennis-tournament-in-pune-from-march-7-101614870583598.html |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916182650/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/itf-25k-wwomen-s-tennis-tournament-in-pune-from-march-7-101614870583598.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Popular games and sports in Pune include [[cricket]], athletics, basketball, badminton, [[field hockey]], football, tennis, ''[[kabaddi]]'', [[paragliding]], ''[[kho-kho]]'', [[wrestling]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], and [[chess]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} The [[Balewadi Sports Complex|Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium]] in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports. The [[Royal Connaught Boat Club]] is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jdbasketball/2009/09/09/pune_basketball |title=Pune Basketball |publisher=Open Salon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025022828/http://open.salon.com/blog/jdbasketball/2009/09/09/pune_basketball |archive-date=25 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar, consisting of an eight-foot bowl in a 3,000 square foot flatground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iamin.in/en/pune/news/skateboarding-enthusiasts-cheer-civic-body-opening-park-city-57719 |title=Skateboarding enthusiasts cheer civic body for opening a park in city |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505102453/http://www.iamin.in/en/pune/news/skateboarding-enthusiasts-cheer-civic-body-opening-park-city-57719 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club. The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket. It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers, including D. B. Deodhar, Vijay Hazare and C. K. Naid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goswamy |first=Ruchika |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-hindu-gymkhana-indian-cricket-8004557/lite/ |title=Know Your City: Tucked in the bylanes of Pune is the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, a cornerstone of Indian cricket | Cities News |work=The Indian Express |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719131034/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-hindu-gymkhana-indian-cricket-8004557/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The fireworks light up the sky during the closing ceremony of the 3rd Commonwealth Youth Games-2008, in Pune on October 18, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Closing ceremony of the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] hosted in Pune.]]

[[File:People in Pune celebate after India wins the CWC11 (5591768796).jpg|thumb|250px|People in Pune celebrating after India won the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]]]
The [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Neharu Stadium]] has hosted a game of the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and five games of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] including one of India against Bangladesh.

The [[Pune International Marathon]] is an annual [[marathon]] conducted in Pune. The [[National Games of India|National Games]] of 1994 and the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] were held in the city at the Balewadi Stadium. The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted [[Davis Cup]] matches on several occasions. The 37,000 [[seating capacity]] [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] has hosted international cricket – [[Twenty20|T20]]s, [[One Day International]]s, and a [[Test cricket|test match]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-series-odi-t20-fixtures-schedule-2915628/ |title=India to host England in five match Test series |date=15 July 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185434/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-series-odi-t20-fixtures-schedule-2915628/ |archive-date=30 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The National Education Foundation organises [[Enduro3]], a cross country adventure race in Pune. It is a two- or three-day event with activities including cycling, trekking, river-crossing and rifle shooting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Pump-up-the-adrenaline/articleshow/35255209.cms |title=Pump up the adrenaline – Pune Times |date=23 January 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105182419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Pump-up-the-adrenaline/articleshow/35255209.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pune Race Course]] was built in 1830 on {{convert|118.5|acre|km2}} of land and is managed by the [[Royal Western India Turf Club]]. The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces. The racing season is from July to October and includes the Pune Derby, the RWITC Invitational, the Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rwitc.com/code/rwarticle.aspx?sta=y&pid=61 |title=RWITC – The Pune Race Course |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223011101/http://rwitc.com/code/rwarticle.aspx?sta=y&pid=61 |archive-date=23 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city hosted the [[2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship]].

===Teams===
The [[Maharashtra cricket team]] and [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|state's women's team]] owned by [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] represents the state in domestic cricket competitions such as the [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and women's domestic cricket respectively, is based in Pune (headquarter at [[Gahunje]] village). [[Pune Warriors India]] (2011–2014) and [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] (2016–2017) were the two teams based in Pune to play in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/teams/2563-pune-warriors-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317021109/http://punewarriorsindia.com/theteam.php |url-status=dead |title=Pune Warriors India |archive-date=17 March 2013 |website=Sports Pundit }}</ref> Poona District Football Association (PDFA) was established in 1972 and currently has more than 100 registered teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdfa.in/about-pdfa/ |title=About PDFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422021745/http://pdfa.in/about-pdfa/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 July 2016 }}</ref> There were two popular football clubs (now defunct) competing in the [[I-League]] from the city: [[Pune FC]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarmah |first1=Bhargab |title=Pune FC In AFC Champions League, Club World Cup Bid, U19 I-League And Other Things To Watch Out For In 2014 |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/pune-fc-in-afc-champions-league-club-world-cup-u19-i-league-and-other-things-to-watch-out-for-in-2014/ |website=Thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075110/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/pune-fc-in-afc-champions-league-club-world-cup-u19-i-league-and-other-things-to-watch-out-for-in-2014/ |archive-date=3 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[DSK Shivajians FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shivajians.com/Ahmednagar/history/ |title=Shivajian Sports Club: The History |website=shivajians.com |publisher=DSK Shivajians Football Club Ahmednagar |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423092633/http://shivajians.com/Ahmednagar/history/ }}</ref> [[FC Pune City]] was an [[Indian Super League]] football club in Pune. Established in 2014, FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football; Senior Team ([[Indian Super League|ISL]]), U-18 Team ([[Elite League (India)|Elite league]]), U- 16 Team, U-14 Team and the Women's Team.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/fc-pune-city-only-isl-club-have-team-the-inaugural-iwl-012419.html |title=FC Pune City only ISL club to have a team in the inaugural IWL |date=25 January 2017 |work=MyKhel |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035414/https://www.mykhel.com/football/fc-pune-city-only-isl-club-have-team-the-inaugural-iwl-012419.html |archive-date=30 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to the [[Pune Peshwas]], runners-up in the 2015 [[UBA Pro Basketball League]] season. Pune also has an [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]], called the [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]], which began playing in the inaugural season of the [[Elite Football League of India]] in 2011 and which plays at the Balewadi Stadium.<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/football/bears/sns-ap-fbo-football-in-india,0,1978030.story {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India |author=Sean Gregory |date=4 August 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |archive-date=25 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ City-based professional clubs
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Span
|-
| [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
| [[American football]]
| [[Elite Football League of India|EFLI]]
| [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]]
| 2012–present
|-
| [[Pune FC]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2007–2016
|-
| [[DSK Shivajians FC]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 1987–2017
|-
| [[Bharat FC]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014–2015
|-
| [[FC Pune City]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League (ISL)]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014–2019
|-
| [[Pune FC Academy]]
| [[Association football]]
| [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League (ISL)]]
| [[Youth League (India)]]
| 2011–2016
|-
| [[Pune 7 Aces]]
| Badminton
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2016–present
|-
| [[Pune Pistons]]
| Badminton
| Indian Badminton League
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2016–present
|-
| [[Pune Peshwas]]
| Basketball
| [[UBA Pro Basketball League|UBA]]
| [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]]
| 2015–present
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Ranji Trophy]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 1934–present
|-
| [[Pune Warriors India]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL)]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2011–2014
|-
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL)]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2016–2017
|-
| Puneri Bappa
| [[Cricket]]
| Maharashtra Premier League (MPL)
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2023–present
|-
| [[Veer Marathi]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Celebrity Cricket League|Celebrity Cricket League (CCL)]]
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]
| 2013–2015
|-
| [[Maratha Warriors]]
| [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| [[Premier Hockey League|Premier Hockey League (PHL)]]
| Mahindra Hockey Stadium
| 2005–2008
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014–present
|-
| [[Pune Marathas (tennis)|Pune Marathas]]
| Tennis
| [[Champions Tennis League]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014–2015
|}

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}
[[File:Pu La Deshpande garden 5.JPG|thumb|300px|right|[[Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden]]]]

; Twin towns and sister cities
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Jose, California]], United States (1992)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |title=Sister City Program |publisher=San José City Hall |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524232806/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Vacoas-Phoenix]], Mauritius<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vacoasphoenix.org/files/Final%20Annual%20Report%202012%20.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012 |website=Vacoas Phoenix |publisher=Municipal Council of Vacoas-Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414043611/http://www.vacoasphoenix.org/files/Final%20Annual%20Report%202012%20.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2015 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin, Texas]], United States – since 2018
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fairbanks, Alaska]], United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Matteson, Illinois]], United States
* {{flagicon|JAP}} [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], Japan
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Tromsø (city)|Tromsø]], Norway

; Informal relationship
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bremen]], Germany<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Sisters-in-progress/articleshow/1113932933.cms |title=Sister in progress |publisher=Times of India – Pune Times |date=30 August 2001 |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105182516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Sisters-in-progress/articleshow/1113932933.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punediary.com/html/vandana_chavan.html |title=Profile: Mrs. Vandana H. Chavan (Ex Mayor of Pune) |publisher=Pune Diary |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106022401/http://www.punediary.com/html/vandana_chavan.html |archive-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-twin-cities-to-get-pollution-lab/articleshow/1854543998.cms |title=Pune, twin cities to get pollution lab |date=4 September 2001 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227223341/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-04/pune/27235057_1_pmc-pcmc-laboratory |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okayama]], Japan

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Cities}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Pune]]
* [[List of people from Pune]]
** [[Poonawalla]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.pune.gov.in/}} for Pune City and District

{{Geographic location
|Centre=Pune
|North=[[Gujarat]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|East=[[Telangana]] [[Chhattisgarh]]
|South=[[Karnataka]] [[Goa]]
|West=''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Pune topics}}
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{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
}}
{{Subject bar |book=Pune |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Pune |n=yes |n-search=Category:Pune |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1538}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pune| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Paschim Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Malavika Krishnadas

2026-03-28T15:00:03Z

TheHH:

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Indian name|Malavika|Krishnadas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Malavika Krishnadas
[[File:Malavika Krishnadasss.jpg|thumb]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|24|2023|6|24}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malavika-krishnadas-birthday-celebration-video-nsn-rwraxk | title=ദുബൈയിലെ പിറന്നാൾ ആഘോഷം; വീഡിയോ പങ്കുവച്ച് മാളവിക }}</ref>
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/mar/04/thevara-sh-college-leads-the-race-1946251.html |work=The New Indian Express |title=Thevara SH college leads the race |date=3 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|host|[[Indian Classical Dance|classical dancer]]|[[YouTuber]]}}
| parents =
| years_active = 2010{{endash}}present
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Thejus Jyothi|2023}}
| notable_works =
| youtube_id = UCST0HVTibMwwI-kVt11hFUA
| youtube_display_name = Malavika Krishnadas

| youtube_years_active = 2017{{Endash}}present
| youtube_genre = Lifestyle, Motivation, Vlogs
| youtube_subscribers = 1.77 million
| youtube_views = 1.26 billion
| stats_update = December 2025{{nu|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Malavika Krishnadas''' is an Indian actress, television presenter and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]]. After becoming the second runner-up in the 2018 [[Malayalam]] talent-hunt reality show [[Nayika Nayakan]], she played the lead role in the television serial ''[[Indulekha (TV series)|Indulekha]]'' from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-shares-a-throwback-video-with-actress-samvritha-sunil-from-the-show/articleshow/74967570.cms |title=Nayika Nayakan fame Malavika Krishnadas shares a throwback video with actress Samvritha Sunil |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ഇന്ദുലേഖ വേറിട്ടൊരു സീരിയൽ, എല്ലാവർക്കും ഇഷ്ടാവും': വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി മാളവികയും അമീനും! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/new-serial-indulekha-to-starts-from-2020-october-5th-onwards-actor-ameen-and-actress-malavika-krishnadas-talks-about-new-serial/articleshow/78488322.cms |work=Samayam |language=ml |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Malavika was born in [[Ottapalam]] to Usha, a housewife, and Krishnadas, a businessman. She was brought up in [[Pattambi]]. She started learning [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] at the age of three.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lekshmi |last=Nair |date=11 February 2020 |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-krishnadass-opens-up-about-her-past-life/articleshow/74081818.cms |title=ഇനി എന്ത് ചെയ്യും എന്ന് അറിയാത്ത അവസ്ഥ! ജീവിതത്തിൽ പകച്ച നിമിഷങ്ങളെ പറ്റി മാളവിക |work=Samayam |access-date=11 February 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>

Malavika did her schooling at Carmel CMI School, [[Shornur]], and at T R K Higher Secondary School, [[Vaniyamkulam]], [[Palakkad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kottayam-and-palakkad-top-table-at-school-arts-fete/article6796133.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Palakkad takes narrow lead |access-date=17 January 2015 |first=P.K |last=Ajithkumar |date=17 January 2015}}</ref> She then trained in Bharatanatyam under [[Dhananjayans|Vannadil Pudiyaveettil Dhananjayan and Shanta Dhananjayan]]. Later she pursued her [[bachelor's degree]] in Business from [[Sacred Heart College, Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/241218/dancing-beauty.html |first=Anjitha S |last=Shwetha MS |date=24 December 2018 |title=Dancing beauty |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Malavika started her career through the television dance reality show ''Super Dancer Junior 2'' on [[Amrita TV]]. She was one of the finalists and became the runner-up of the show. She lost her father when in Grade VII during her first gulf dance show.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=#NayikaNayakan l Malavika in Aham round I Mazhavil Manorama |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GhYIjh0DgU |publisher=[[Mazhavil Manorama]] |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=3 August 2022 |time={{time needed |date=December 2022}}}}</ref> Then she went on to be part of ''Munch Dance Dance'' telecasted on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/malavika-krishnadas-about-her-ambitious-jouney-q5lb0z |work=Asianet News |title=എന്നും അച്ഛനാണെന്റെ ഹീറോ, അമ്മയൊരു വില്ലത്തിയായിരുന്നു; മാളവിക കൃഷ്ണദാസ് |access-date=12 February 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> She was a regular participant on dance competitions in Kerala State Kalotsav and won the first prize at state level in [[Bharatanatyam]] when she was in Class X.

She returned to mini-screen as a contestant on ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' (2018), a talent-hunt reality show telecasted on [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-krishnadas-shares-vishu-special-pics-go-viral-on-instagram/amp_photoshow/75142975.cms |work=Samayam |title=വിഷുച്ചിത്രങ്ങൾ പങ്കുവെച്ച് മാളവിക; ഇൻസ്റ്റാഗ്രാമിൽ തരംഗം! |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-fame-vincy-aloshious-recollects-the-bigg-boss-spoof-valiya-muthalaali-watch/articleshow/82902637.cms |title=Nayika Nayakan fame Vincy Aloishious recollects the Bigboss spoof Valiya Muthalaali |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> The show was a breakthrough in her career as she became the second runner-up and also bagged the best dancer title.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-written-update-october-17-2018-lal-jose-crowns-the-winners-of-the-show/articleshow/66275523.cms |title=Lal Jose crowns the winners of the show |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/15/nayika-nayakan-grand-finale-winners-lal-jose.html |work=On Manorama |title=Nayika Nayakan: Darsana, Shambhu win the coveted titles}}</ref> She made her movie debut in the same year through ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' directed by [[Lal Jose]]. She then became part of a web series ''Life jor''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2019/04/19/life-jor-viral-video-manorama.html |work=Manorama News |title=ജോറായി 'ലൈഫ് ജോർ'; മില്ല്യൺ കാഴ്ചക്കാരുമായി മഴവിൽ മനോരമയുടെ വെബ്‌സീരീസ്; വിഡിയോ |date=19 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=ml}}</ref> and a musical album ''Mizhi randilum''.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh8Ykfx9qAg |title=Mizhi Randilum Music Video {{!}} Ahmed Midhlaj {{!}} Malavika Krishnadas {{!}} Harishankar K S {{!}} Anne Amie |via=YouTube |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>

She started her career as a television host through ''[[D 4 Dance|D5 Junior]]'' on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] as she replaced her [[Nayika Nayakan]] co-contestant [[Vincy Aloshious]] to anchor the show.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/adyarathri-team-have-a-blast-on-d5-junior/articleshow/71376250.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Adyarathri team have a blast on D5 junior |date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> She then went on to anchor ''[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney|Funny Nights]]'' on [[Zee Keralam]] along with [[Suraj Venjaramood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pearle-maaney-flaunts-her-baby-bump-celebrates-14-weeks-of-pregnancy/articleshow/78141316.cms |title=Pearle Maaney flaunts her baby bump; celebrates 14 weeks of pregnancy |date=16 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-krishnadas-enjoys-a-jam-session-in-make-up-room-watch-video/articleshow/78310942.cms |title=Nayika Nayakan fame Malavika Krishnadas enjoys a jam session in makeup room |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Her debut serial was ''Amme Mahamaye'' on [[Surya TV]] in 2016. She played the female lead in television serial ''[[Indulekha (TV series)|Indulekha]]'' on [[Surya TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/indulekha-renji-panicker-to-make-his-acting-debut-in-malayalam-tv/articleshow/78423642.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Indulekha: Renji Panicker to make his acting debut in Malayalam TV |date=October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Malavika married her [[Nayika Nayakan]] co-contestant Thejus Jyothi in 2023.They have a daughter Rutvi Thejus<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2023 |title=Nayika Nayakan fame Thejus and Malavika Krishnadas tie the knot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-fame-thejus-and-malavika-krishnadas-tie-the-knot/articleshow/99962235.cms |access-date=31 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || Shruthi || [[Lal Jose]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2018/12/25/new-song-from-the-movie-thattumpurathu-achuthan.html |work=Manorama Online |title=തിരുവാതിരയും തുടിച്ചുകുളിയും; മലയാളിത്തം വിടാതെ 'നായികാ നായകൻ' മാളവിക... |language=ml |accessdate=25 December 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Super Dancer Junior 2'' || Contestant || [[Amrita TV]] || Runner-up ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/07/04/actress-malavika-krishnadas-alluring-pictures.html |title=മാളവിക കൃഷ്‌ണദാസ്‌ |work=Manorama Online |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''Munch Dance Dance'' || Contestant || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Runner-up ||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjkqdWuN00s |title=Munch Dance dance {{!}} Abatus {{!}} Malavika {{!}} AR Rahman Hits Round {{!}} YouTube |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Amme Mahamaye'' || Kurup's daughter || [[Surya TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7jDfTNZERM |title=Amme Mahamaye serial |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' || Contestant || rowspan=2 |[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Second runner-up||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-finalist-malavika-krishnadas-flaunts-her-dancing-skills/articleshow/66636486.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Nayika Nayakan finalist Malavika Krishnadas launts her dancing skills |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[D 4 Dance|D5 Junior]]'' || Host || Replacing [[Vincy Aloshious]] ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/d-5-junior-nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-krishnadas-to-host-the-show/articleshow/70628939.cms |work=The Times of India |title=D5 Junior: Malavika Krishnadas to host the show |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2020–2021 || ''[[Indulekha (TV series)|Indulekha]]'' || Indulekha Ramanadha Menon|| Surya TV || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/indulekha-serial-stopped-actress-malavika-reveals-537457/lite/ |title=ഇന്ദുലേഖ ഇനിയില്ല; വെളിപ്പെടുത്തലുമായി മാളവിക |work=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney|Funny Nights]]''|| Host || [[Zee Keralam]] || Co-host with [[Suraj Venjaramood]] ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/funny-nights-rejigs-as-a-kids-show-shwetha-menon-joins-the-team/articleshow/79606251.cms |title=Funny nights rejigs as a kids show; Shwetha Menon joins the team |work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2020 |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2022{{endash}}2023 || ''Star Comedy Magic'' || Contestant || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Dancing Stars'' || Contestant || Asianet || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dancing-stars-malavika-and-annas-performance-leaves-judge-asha-sharath-in-tears-the-latter-remembers-her-late-siblings/articleshow/96855372.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Dancing Stars: Malavika and Anna's performance leaves judge Asha Sharath in tears; the latter remembers her late siblings|date=9 January 2023 }}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018 ||''Thakarppan Comedy''|| Guest || rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Finalists of ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thakarppan-comedy-to-welcome-the-finalists-of-nayika-nayakan/articleshow/66937331.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Thakarppan Comedy to welcome finalists of Nayika Nayakan |date=4 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'' || Guest || Promoting ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thattinpurathe-achuthan-team-to-appear-on-onnum-onnum-moonnu/articleshow/67396537.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Thattumpurath Achuthan team to appear on Onnum onuum moonu |date=5 January 2019 |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2020 ||''[[Swantham Sujatha]]'' || Indulekha || rowspan=3|[[Surya TV]] || Cameo in promo ||
|-
| ''Jingle Bells with Minnum Tharangal'' || Guest || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6_D-C7FmpU |title=Jingle Bells with Minnum Thaarangal {{!}} Part −1 {{!}} Full Show {{!}} Subi Kuttipattalam {{!}} Surya TV |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Anchinodu Inchodinchu'' || Indulekha || Cameo in promo ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2022 || ''My G Flowers Oru Kodi'' || Contestant || rowspan=3|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pDwbHF7kyo |title=പ്രേക്ഷക മനസ്സുകളുടെ കൂട്ടുകാരിയായി മാറിയ താരം മാളവിക കൃഷ്‌ണദാസ്‌ {{!}} myG Flowers Orukodi {{!}} Ep# 229 |via=YouTube |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Orukodi Malsararthikalude Samsthana Sammelanam'' || Guest || ||
|-
| ''Social Media Awards'' || Guest || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Star Singer|Star Singer (Season 9)]]'' || Dancer || Asianet || ||
|}

===Webseries===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019 || ''Life Jor'' || Various roles || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/05/31/why-should-boys-have-all-the-fun-malavika-krishnadas-life-jor.html |title=വൈ ഷുഡ് ബോയ്സ് ഹാവ് ഓൾ ദ് ഫൺ ?'; മാളവിക ചോദിക്കുന്നു... |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Label !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019 || ''Mizhi Randilum'' || [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Anne Amie]] || OLDream Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2019/08/14/nayika-nayakan-fame-malavika-krishnadas-new-song.amp.html |title=ഇപ്പോൾ മലയാളിക്ക് പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട 'മാളു'വാണ്; ഇനിയും ഉയരങ്ങളിലെത്തട്ടെ എന്ന് ആരാധകർ |work=Manorama Online |access-date=14 August 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10379529}}
*{{YouTube|channel=UCST0HVTibMwwI-kVt11hFUA|title=Malavika Krishnadas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnadas, Malavika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Palakkad]]
[[Category:People from Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Indian Street Premier League

2026-03-25T00:39:23Z

TheHH: adding a bio v1

{{Short description|T10 tennis ball cricket league held in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Indian Street Premier League
| image = Indian Street Premier league.png
| image_size =
| country = India
| administrator =
| headquarters =
| cricket format = [[T10 cricket]]
| first = 2024
| last =
| next =
| current = 
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| participants = [[#Teams|8]]
| champions = Chennai Singams(1st title)
| most successful = Tigers of Kolkata,
Majhi Mumbai, Chennai Singams (1 title each)
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| TV = [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] (TV) [[JioHotstar]] (Internet)
| website = {{URL|https://www.ispl-t10.com/|ispl-t10.com}}
}}
The '''Indian Street Premier League''' ('''ISPL''') is a [[T10 cricket|T10]] [[tennis ball cricket]] league held in India, founded in 2024. The league aims to help uncover emerging cricketing talent, with matches played using [[tennis ball]]s. Actor [[Salman Khan]] has been a brand ambassador of ISPL since 2025. He is also the owner of the league's Delhi franchise.

== History ==
The ISPL was inspired by a cricket talent hunt which took place in 2021 in the [[Dharavi]] slums, with the idea being to help poorer athletes have a chance to play professional cricket.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Indian Street Premier League: Breaking Socioeconomic Barriers With Tennis Ball Cricket |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/indian-street-premier-league-breaking-socioeconomic-barriers-with-tennis-ball-cricket/91855/1 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Former Indian cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] has been named as the core committee member of the tournament alongside [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] treasurer [[Ashish Shelar]], [[Amol Kale]] & Suraj Samat who is the League Commissioner and Core Committee Member of the Indian Street Premier League (ISPL)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=League Commissioner Suraj Samat highlights Sachin Tendulkar's impact on ISPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/league-commissioner-suraj-samat-highlights-sachin-tendulkars-impact-on-ispl/articleshow/117575864.cms |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar's contribution in ISPL is invaluable, says League Commissioner Suraj Samat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/sports/cricket/sachin-tendulkars-contribution-in-ispl-is-invaluable-says-league-commissioner-suraj-samat/videoshow/117557649.cms |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Former [[India national cricket team]] head coach [[Ravi Shastri]] has been appointed as the chief mentor of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar Unveils Indian Street Premier League |url=https://www.india.com/sports/sachin-tendulkar-unveils-indian-street-premier-league-6694591/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2024-01-14 |title=Sachin Tendulkar invests in Indian Street Premier League |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/sachin-tendulkar-invests-in-indian-street-premier-league/articleshow/106820962.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=SportsTiger |date=2024-02-29 |title=ISPL T-10 2024: Schedule, Teams, and More |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/ispl-t-10-2024-schedule-teams-and-more |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=SportsTiger |language=en}}</ref>

The first season was held in March 2024 at [[Dadoji Kondadev Stadium]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Strikers ISPL 2024 Squad: Complete List of Players, Money Spent, Biggest Buys |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/bangalore-strikers-ispl-2024-squad-complete-list-of-players-money-spent-biggest-buys-266499.html |work=MyKhel}}</ref> It had an overall viewership of 11 million, and attendance of 500,000.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISPL Season 2: Indian Street Premier League 2025 Date and Schedule, How to Register for Trials, New Rules |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ispl-season-2-indian-street-premier-league-2025-date-schedule-how-to-register-for-trials-new-rules-274435.html |work=myKhel}}</ref> The winners of the first season were Tiigers of Kolkata while the Season 2 in Year 2025 was won by Majhi Mumbai owned by Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=ISPL 2025 Final Highlights: Vijay Pawle stars as Majhi Mumbai win ISPL Season 2 Title |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ispl-2025-final-live-score-majhi-mumbai-vs-srinagar-ke-veer-updates-341231.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind the scenes of ISPL 2025 final as Majhi Mumbai crowned champion! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/sports/cricket/behind-the-scenes-of-ispl-2025-final-as-majhi-mumbai-crowned-champion/videoshow/118357450.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Match results |url=https://ispl-t10.com/matches#Results |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ispl-t10.com}}</ref>

The ISPL has announced plans to start a 6-team Middle East edition in the future.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2024-03-15 |title=Tendulkar-backed ISPL to launch Middle East edition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tendulkar-backed-ispl-to-launch-middle-east-edition/articleshow/108503282.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The second season was held in January and February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-18 |title=Indian Street Premier League set for season 2, new innovative features added |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/indian-street-premier-league-set-for-season-2-new-innovative-features-added-2584288-2024-08-18 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
=== Player acquisition ===
The player auction for the 2024 season was held on 25 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Mathew |title=ISPL T10 2024 Players Auction Set for 25th February: All you need to know about the league |url=https://www.sky247.net/cricket/ispl-t10-2024-players-auction-set-for-25th-february-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-league-3988646 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.sky247.net |language=en}}</ref> In which, 96 players were selected from a pool of 350 players. Each team had a total salary cap of {{INRConvert|1|c}}. A total of {{INRConvert|4.91|c}} was spent on the players selected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Payal |date=2024-02-26 |title=ISPL: All you need to know about the inaugural Auction of Indian Street Premier League |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/ispl-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-inaugural-auction-of-indian-street-premier-league/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ISPL 2024 Most Expensive Players: Top 10 Auction Buys of Indian Street Premier League |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ispl-2024-auction-most-expensive-players-top-10-buys-indian-street-premier-league-266501.html |work=MyKhel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The SportsGrail |date=2024-02-26 |title=Indian Street Premier (ISPL) T10 2024 all teams squad and auction full sold players list price |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/indian-street-premier-ispl-t10-2024-all-teams-squad-and-auction-full-sold-players-list-price/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prize money ===
The inaugural ISPL season offered the champions with {{INRConvert|1|c}}, and the runners-up with {{INRConvert|50|l}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Rule variations ==
ISPL matches play under T10 rules with these changes:

* Instead of a [[Toss (cricket)|coin toss]], the team captains stand opposite each other and walk directly towards each other, each step from heel-to-toe. The team captain who steps on the other team captain's foot wins the toss.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Arjun |date=2024-03-06 |title=WATCH: ISPL introduces one-of-a-kind Tip-Top toss in cricket |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/watch-ispl-tip-top-toss-in-cricket |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=SportsTiger |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news |title=ISPL Rules: The Unique Rules and Regulations of Indian Street Premier League - Explained |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ispl-2024-rules-the-unique-regulations-of-indian-street-premier-league-268707.html |work=myKhel}}</ref>
* Each squad in the ISPL can have a maximum of 18 players, including at least two U-19 players and two players from each zone (North, East, South, West, and Central).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-08 |title=ISPL Auction: What are the rules, purse, base price, squad sizes - everything you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ispl-auction-what-are-the-rules-purse-base-price-squad-sizes-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/125695611.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* There is a mandatory [[Powerplay (cricket)|powerplay]] during the first two overs of each innings, where only two fielders are allowed outside the 30-yard circle, while three fielders are allowed outside of the circle in the batting powerplay. An optional one-over batting powerplay may be taken between the third and ninth over.
* Two overs in each inning have to be bowled with a [[tape ball]] instead of a tennis ball.<ref name=":52" />
* One 50-50 must be declared by the batting team in an inning. This involves the batting team stating the number of runs they believe they will score in the next over, with a minimum of 16. The batting team picks out of a selection of five of the bowling team's bowlers.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=ISPL Rules and Regulations: Know About Indian Street Premier League T10 Cricket Tournament Format {{!}} 🏏 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/ispl-rules-and-regulations-know-about-indian-street-premier-league-t10-cricket-tournament-format-5804165.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> If the batting team scores the predicted number of runs or higher, 150% of the runs scored will be added to their score. If they do not, 50% of the runs scored will be added to their score.<ref name="The SportsGrail">{{Cite web |last=The SportsGrail |date=2024-03-07 |title=Indian Street Premier League (ISPL) rules and regulations and tournament format explained |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/indian-street-premier-league-ispl-rules-and-regulations-and-tournament-format-explained/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52" />
* A [[Six (cricket)|six]] which leaves the field area and lands amongst the spectators scores nine runs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is ISPL? Unique rules and format of the Indian Street Premier League backed by Sachin Tendulkar {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://www.cricketnews.com/en/cricket/news/what-ispl-unique-rules-format-indian-street-premier-league/e6a4281352d2958321969ccb|website=www.cricketnews.com|date=2026-01-21|access-date=2026-01-26|language=en}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{{location map+ |India |caption=The cities represented by ISPL teams |width=350px |float=right |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97 |long=72.82 |label=[[Mumbai]] |position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.36 |label=[[Kolkata]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.96 |long=77.56 |label=[[Bengaluru]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.40 |long=78.45 |label=[[Hyderabad]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08 |long=80.27 |label=[[Chennai]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=34.08 |long=74.80 |label=[[Srinagar]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.37 |long=77.14 |label=[[Delhi]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.02 |long=72.04 |label=[[Ahmedabad]] |position=right}}
}}
A bid of {{INRConvert|1165|c}} was made for the six teams,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=Indian Street Premier league co-owners bid a record Rs 1,165 cr for six city teams |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-street-premier-league-co-owners-bid-a-record-rs-1165-cr-for-six-city-teams/articleshow/107291691.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> with Bollywood actor [[Akshay Kumar]] having the highest bid of {{INRConvert|251|c}} for the Srinagar based team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdunia |title=Indian Street Premier League receives Rs 1165 cr bid, Akshay Kumar's Team Srinagar garners highest bid of Rs 251 crore |url=https://english.webdunia.com/article/sports-news/indian-street-premier-league-receives-rs-1165-cr-bid-akshay-kumars-team-srinagar-garners-highest-bid-of-rs-251-crore-124013100018_1.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Webdunia |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Team
! City
! State
! Owner(s)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=What is the ISPL? Indian Street Premier League format, teams and owners detailed {{!}} Sporting News India |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/ispl-indian-street-premier-league-format-teams-owners/affde0d54894ed6c7246cb17 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.sportingnews.com |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| Bangalore Strikers
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
|-
| Chennai Singams
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Suriya]]
|-
| Falcon Risers Hyderabad
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Ram Charan]]
|-
| Tiigers of Kolkata
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| Aksha Kamboj [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur |date=2024-02-10 |title=Indian Street Premier League Announces Saif Ali Khan And Kareena Kapoor Khan As Owners Of Kolkata Team |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/indian-street-premier-league-announces-saif-ali-khan-and/469567 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Majhi Mumbai
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
| Srinagar Ke Veer
| [[Srinagar]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
|-
| Ahmedabad Lions
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
|-
| Delhi Superheros
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Salman Khan]]
|}{{clear}}

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Venue
! colspan="3" | Final
|-
! Winners
! Result
! Runners-up
|-
! 2024
| [[Dadoji Kondadev Stadium]], [[Maharashtra]]
| Tiigers of Kolkata 62/0 (7.4 overs)
| Won by 10 wickets{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
| Majhi Mumbai 58/9 (10 overs)
|-
! 2025
| [[Dadoji Kondadev Stadium]], [[Maharashtra]]
| Majhi Mumbai 121/7 (9.3 overs)
| Won by 3 wickets [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1472045.html Scorecard]
| Srinagar Ke Veer 120/5 (10 overs)
|}

== Broadcasting ==
[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] is the broadcasting partner of the league, while [[JioHotstar]] is the digital streaming partner.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ten10 leagues}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ten10 cricket leagues]]
[[Category:Tennis ball cricket]]
[[Category:Street cricket]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2024]]

Maanagaram

2026-03-24T18:57:53Z

TheHH:

{{short description|2017 film directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanagaram
| image = Maanagaram poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| writer = Lokesh Kanagaraj Karthik Yogi Chandhru Anbazhagan
| producer = S. R. Prakashbabu [[S. R. Prabhu]] P. Gopinath V. Prabhu R. Thanga Prabhaharan
| starring = [[Sri Natarajan|Shri]] [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| cinematography = [[Selvakumar S. K.]]
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = Javed Riaz
| studio = Potential Studios
| distributor = Potential Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|03|10}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}5 crore<ref name="TheTelegraph(2023-03-14)">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Saikat |date=2023-03-14 |title=4 Lokesh Kanagaraj films to watch on OTT on his 37th birthday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/4-lokesh-kanagaraj-films-to-watch-on-ott-on-his-37th-birthday/cid/1922455 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703184437/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/4-lokesh-kanagaraj-films-to-watch-on-ott-on-his-37th-birthday/cid/1922455 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TimesofIndia(2023-07-26)">{{Cite web |last=Natarajan |first=Saradha |date=2023-07-26 |title=From Maanagaram at 45 days to Leo in 125 days: Here's a list of how many days Lokesh Kanagaraj took to complete shooting for his films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-maanagaram-at-45-days-to-leo-in-125-days-heres-a-list-of-how-many-days-lokesh-kanagaraj-took-to-complete-shooting-for-his-films/photostory/102120745.cms |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803061739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-maanagaram-at-45-days-to-leo-in-125-days-heres-a-list-of-how-many-days-lokesh-kanagaraj-took-to-complete-shooting-for-his-films/photostory/102120745.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}15 crore<ref name="TheTelegraph(2023-03-14)" />
}}
'''''Maanagaram''''' ({{translation|Metropolis}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed and co-written by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] (in his directorial debut) and produced by [[S. R. Prabhu|Potential Studios]]. The film stars [[Sri (actor)|Shri]], [[Sundeep Kishan]], and [[Regina Cassandra]]. Its soundtrack was composed by Javed Riaz.

The film was released on 10 March 2017 to positive reviews from critics. It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' (2023).

== Plot ==
''Note: The names of several characters were not explicitly mentioned in the film{{emdash}}except for Winnings, P. K. P., and Karthi{{emdash}}till the 2023 release of the film's screenplay as a book.''

Barani V., an engineering graduate from small-town [[Trichy]], arrives in [[Chennai]] to interview for an IT job in [[Business Process Outsourcing]]. Barani passes his interview with [[Human resources|HR officer]] Aarthy and celebrates at a bar with his friends. Another man at the bar, Jeeva, has had an [[unrequited love]] for Aarthy since they were in college. In a [[flashback (narrative)|flashback]], goons threaten to [[acid attack|throw acid]] in Aarthy's face if she responds to Jeeva's feelings. Enraged, Jeeva punches one of the goons. In the present, the goons recognize Jeeva in the bar and hire some gang members to beat him up. However, the gang members mistake Barani for their target and beat him when he leaves the bar, knocking him unconscious and stealing his phone and bag, throwing the latter into a taxi cab.

Nataraj came to the city to seek medical treatment for his son while driving a taxi rented from gangster P. K. Pandian "P. K. P.". He finds Barani's bag in his taxi with his [[academic certificates]], which he takes to the police station. In the morning, Barani awakens in the street and calls a friend to take him home. He boards a bus to his new job, to explain about his missing academic certificates. Jeeva boards the same bus to attend a job interview at Aarthy's company. He recognizes the goon who threatened Aarthy and attacks him with acid, then escapes with his friends. Barani is detained by the police, having unwittingly passed the bottle of acid to Jeeva. Fatigued by the hostility of the city, Barani argues with the police inspector who beats him until a constable intervenes. The constable talks with Barani at a [[tea stall]], where Barani recognizes the man who told him to pass the acid bottle, and the constable arrests him.

The gang members plot to kidnap schoolboy Karthick "Karthi" for ransom, sending a man named Winnings to trick his teachers. Winnings is unprepared when there are five boys named Karthi, one of whom volunteers to go with Winnings in order to avoid a mathematics test. They take the boy but later realize he is the son of gangster P. K. P. Brani tells Aarthy that he no longer wants the job. She asks him to take the company's training so that she won't be held responsible for his quitting. They begin to argue about it and Jeeva, who is waiting for his interview, intervenes. The police arrive and take Jeeva away, saddening Aarthy who loves Jeeva but cannot accept his carefree nature. Barani tells Aarthy that he lost his academic certificates, and she agrees to cover for him for a day.

P. K. P. orders his henchmen to hunt down his enemies in a search for Karthi. The gang demand a {{INR|1|link=yes}} crore (10 million rupees) ransom and P. K. P. agrees to follow their instructions. Meanwhile, Jeeva is released by the police inspector, who is his uncle. Jeeva waits for Aarthy at a bus stop outside her hostel. Aarthy sees Karthi, who had escaped the kidnappers, hiding in a truck and instructs Jeeva to take Karthi home. Jeeva tries to call P. K. P. but his phone is off. He then meets his uncle and leaves Karthi in the police inspector's custody. Winnings, who is terrified of P. K. P., confesses the kidnapping to the inspector, who commands Winnings to go through with the ransom exchange. Jeeva arrives and realizes the situation. The inspector shoots P. K. P. and tries to shoot Winnings but Jeeva shoots the inspector in the leg and instructs Winnings to take P. K. P. and Karthi to the hospital.

Meanwhile, Barani is riding in Nataraj's taxi when they are stopped and attacked by the gang who believe they are spying for P. K. P. They threaten to kill Nataraj if Barani does not bring P. K. P. To allow Nataraj to escape and take care of his sick son, Barani fights back against the gang who he recognizes as his attackers from the bar. Barani's lost academic certificates are returned to his home address. Outside the hospital, Barani and Jeeva each talk to their girlfriends. They are about to introduce themselves to each other when they are challenged by another gang hired by the goon Jeeva punched. Jeeva and Barani charge toward the gang to defend themselves.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sri Natarajan|Shri]] as Barani V.
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] as Jeeva
*[[Regina Cassandra]] as Aarthy<ref name="The Hindu" />
*[[Charle]] as Nataraj<ref name="Script"/>
*[[Munishkanth]] as Winnings<ref name="Script"/>
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan]] as P. K. P. alias P. K. Pandian<ref name="N" />
*Ravi Venkatraman as Inspector S. Neelakandan<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" />
*[[Arun Alexander]] as Malli<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Shah Ra|Sha-Ra]] as Winnings' kidnapping gang member<ref name="vikatan" />
*Sathish as Winnings' kidnapping gang member<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Sai Dheena|Dheena]] as P. K. P.'s main henchman
*Karthik Yogi as Raamki a.k.a. Ramakrishnan
*Master Hamresh as Karthick<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[R. S. Karthik]] as Jeeva's friend
*[[Vivek Prasanna]] as Jeeva's friend
*Rekha Suresh as Nataraj's wife
*Vanitha Hariharan as Pooja
*Master Ashish as Nataraj's son
*[[Thangadurai (actor)|Tigergarden Thangadurai]] as another job candidate
*[[Vinod Sagar|Vinoth]] as another taxi driver
*Pasupathi Raj as [[sub-inspector|SI]] M. Rajendran
*[[Supergood Subramani|Subramani]] as the [[Physical education|PT]] Master
*[[Visweswara Rao]] as a bus passenger
*Sethupathi Jayachandran as Chinnamalai (uncredited)
}}

The names of several characters were revealed in the 2023 release of the film's screenplay as a book.<ref name="Script">{{Cite web |title=மாநகரம் (திரைக்கதை): Maanagaram (Screenplay in Tamil) | Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/maanagaram-screenplay-in-tamil-hbc696/ |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |access-date=27 February 2025 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209181708/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/maanagaram-screenplay-in-tamil-hbc696/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
In April 2015, actor [[Sundeep Kishan]] began working on the project with writer and director Lokesh Kanagaraj, produced by [[S. R. Prabhu]]'s production house Potential Studios. Sundeep had earlier expressed an interest in producing the film himself, but later became busy with other commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram: Was a challenge to showcase Chennai differently, says director |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/maanagaram-was-a-challenge-to-showcase-chennai-differently-says-director/story-xmRrSuibt8pYrSAcM1aRwK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/maanagaram-was-a-challenge-to-showcase-chennai-differently-says-director/story-xmRrSuibt8pYrSAcM1aRwK.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Lokesh had previously worked as a director in [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s anthology film project, ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]'' (2016), in which his short film ''Kalam'' was included. The story was discussed with associate directors Maharajothi, Krisha, Archana and Gopi, titled ''Maanagaram'' and promoted as a dark comedy thriller. Actor [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] and [[Regina Cassandra]] were signed on to play other lead roles, with filming beginning later that month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=4 April 2015 |title=Sundeep Kishan's next is a dark comedy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sundeep-Kishans-next-is-a-dark-comedy/articleshow/46806317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sundeep-Kishans-next-is-a-dark-comedy/articleshow/46806317.cms |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actors [[Charle]] and [[Munishkanth]] were subsequently signed and the project was completed by September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2015 |title=Sundeep and Regina team up third time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/entertainment-kollywood/article/sundeep-and-regina-team-third-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172106/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/entertainment-kollywood/article/sundeep-and-regina-team-third-time |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was revealed to be based on [[hyperlink cinema]] with Regina's role constant throughout the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=Managaram based on Hyperlink |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-managaram-based-on-hyperlink-regina-cassandra-23-02-1615103.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224204319/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-managaram-based-on-hyperlink-regina-cassandra-23-02-1615103.htm |archive-date=24 February 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title=Hot actress Regina Cassandra next new movie Managaram |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hot-actress-regina-cassandra-next-new-movie-managaram-tamil-news-153314.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503020802/http://www.indiaglitz.com/hot-actress-regina-cassandra-next-new-movie-managaram-tamil-news-153314.html |archive-date=3 May 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film was shot and completed within a period of 46 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=9 March 2017 |title=The lives of others |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maanagaram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj/article17433550.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721083756/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maanagaram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj/article17433550.ece |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Potential Studios began promoting the film in February 2016, but later postponed efforts until early 2017 to get a better date for a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=23 February 2016 |title=MADRAS, KABALI, KASHMORA AND NOW… |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sr-prabhu-of-potential-studios-is-ready-with-his-next-maanagaram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602044331/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sr-prabhu-of-potential-studios-is-ready-with-his-next-maanagaram.html |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maanagaram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Javed Riaz
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 August 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = Javed Riaz
| prev_title = [[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Anbirkiniyal]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Javed Riaz. The album was released on 22 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maanagaram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/maanagaram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1553730916|date=2016-08-22|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130072301/https://music.apple.com/in/album/maanagaram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1553730916|website=[[Apple Music]]|archive-date=2026-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Riaz previously collaborated with Lokesh Kanagaraj for a segment in ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]''. A writer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the song "Yendi Unna Pidikkuthu" as the album's highlight and added that "The song’s guitar-layered melody builds steadily, banking on Karthik’s vocal dexterity, even taking on a fantastic celtic sound midway and moving on to a punchy, highly-rhythmic interlude".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2016 |title="Yendi Unnda Pidikudhu" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/%E2%80%98Yendi-Unna-Pidikudhu%E2%80%99/article16156521.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118014655/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/%E2%80%98Yendi-Unna-Pidikudhu%E2%80%99/article16156521.ece |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Iravu Vettai Aaduthey
| length1 = 3:01
| extra1 = Suraj Jagan
| lyrics1 = Lalithanand
| title2 = Yendi Unna Pidikkuthu
| length2 = 3:45
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics2 = Lalithanand
| title3 = Vaazhvey Oru Poro
| length3 = 3:42
| extra3 = Sharanya Gopinath, Suraj Jagan, Lawrence
| lyrics3 = Lalithanand
| title4 = Thollai Seiyum Kadhal
| length4 = 3:18
| extra4 = Aarthi N. Ashwin
| lyrics4 = Lalithanand
| title5 = It's a Story
| length5 = 2:58
| extra5 = Sharanya Gopinath
| lyrics5 = Anthony Faze
}}

== Release ==
''Maanagaram'' was released on 10 March 2017. Prior to release, the producers held preview shows for the film in Chennai.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Both screenings were attended by film personalities, who widely praised the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2017 |title=T'town can't stop gushing abt Sundeep Kishan and Regina's Nagaram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ttown-cant-stop-gushing-abt-sundeep-kishan-and-reginas-nagaram/articleshow/57513261.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ttown-cant-stop-gushing-abt-sundeep-kishan-and-reginas-nagaram/articleshow/57513261.cms |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=29 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film had a simultaneous release for its Telugu dubbed version, ''Nagaram''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The film had its television premiere on [[Star Vijay]] during Diwali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title=Special movies to be screened by popular TV channels on Deepavali |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=10&newsid=37262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172658/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=10&newsid=37262 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=livechennai.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
After release, several other Tamil film personalities including [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Suriya]] voiced their praise for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=15 March 2017 |title=Sundeep Kishan, Regina Cassandra-starrer Maanagaram wins over Rajinikanth |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sundeep-kishan-regina-cassandra-starrer-maanagaram-wins-over-rajinikanth/story-nPsMQpGIzKGz6m48ET5EZO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234800/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sundeep-kishan-regina-cassandra-starrer-maanagaram-wins-over-rajinikanth/story-nPsMQpGIzKGz6m48ET5EZO.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2017 |title=Suriya heaps praise on 'Maanagaram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-heaps-praise-on-maanagaram-news-tamil-rdlmbuddhjgjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312124136/http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-heaps-praise-on-maanagaram-news-tamil-rdlmbuddhjgjh.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' called the film "an absorbing emotional thriller that is a must-watch", adding "with a solid story, deft handling and a seamless screenplay (despite a complex script), extracting the best of performances from the entire cast, picture-perfect frames (Selvakumar), engrossing music (Javed Riaz) and crisp editing (Philomin Raj), Lokesh has weaved a captivating thriller which is not to be missed".<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> ''[[Sify]]'' stated "''Maanagaram'' is a gripping film that seizes your full attention" and that it was "one of most genuine films in recent times".<ref name="Sify" /> Similarly, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "director Lokesh Kanagaraj gives us an exquisite, even-handed thriller — handsomely shot, tightly edited and propped up by a grungy score — that unobtrusively makes its points while narrating a gripping story".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=9 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanagaram/movie-review/57550532.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324070932/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanagaram/movie-review/57550532.cms |archive-date=24 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Each scene makes you eagerly await the next with a climax that is befitting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=16 March 2017 |title=Shining without stars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shining-without-stars/article17474025.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172657/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shining-without-stars/article17474025.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "The air-tight deliberateness of this structure is given room to breathe by the randomness of the characters, who behave in ways we don’t expect."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maanagaram-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814011942/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maanagaram-movie-review/ |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "All that it needs is a solid screenplay, deft treatment and a right selection of cast to make it an interesting and an eminently watchable fare. 'Maanagaram' is proof of that!"<ref name="N" /> Srivatsan wrote for ''[[India Today]]'', "Showcasing the capital of Tamil Nadu in a grim light, that too in his debut film is as close to jeopardising one's career as possible [...] But Lokesh Kanagaraj writing in ''Maanagaram'' is unparalleled, considering the recent set of sappy releases. Be it the characters that come throughout the film or tight screenplay, Lokesh's work doesn't seem amateurish".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=11 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram movie review: Every Chennaiite will love this fantastic thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maanagaram-movie-review-shri-sundeep-kishan-regina-965114-2017-03-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172107/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maanagaram-movie-review-shri-sundeep-kishan-regina-965114-2017-03-11 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Comedian – Male
| [[Munishkanth]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Vijay, Nayanthara, Bigg Boss Tamil win big at Vikatan Awards 2018 – here's the list of winners |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/vijay-nayanthara-bigg-boss-tamil-win-big-at-vikatan-awards-2018-heres-the-list-of-winners/187603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111058/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/vijay-nayanthara-bigg-boss-tamil-win-big-at-vikatan-awards-2018-heres-the-list-of-winners/187603 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=19 January 2018 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| Best Comedian
| Munishkanth
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=9th NTFF 2018: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2018 Tamil Nadu ! |url=https://ntff.no/9th-ntff-2018-official-selection-winners-of-tamilar-awards-2018-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035736/https://ntff.no/9th-ntff-2018-official-selection-winners-of-tamilar-awards-2018-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th Vijay Awards]] || Best Debut Director || [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Vijay awards 2018: Nayanthara, Vijay Sethupathi win best actor award, Dhanush and Anirudh perform together. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-award-dhanush-and-anirudh-perform-together-see-pics/story-QsajbLa5X2dkIoywp6vxlL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503165541/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-award-dhanush-and-anirudh-perform-together-see-pics/story-QsajbLa5X2dkIoywp6vxlL.html |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] || [[Philomin Raj]] || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Maanagaram''
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Lokesh Kangaraj
|{{Won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' (2023).<ref name="YR" /> The screenplay book of the original film published by Pesaamozhi Publication was released in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Trending: After Jai Bhim... Lokesh Kanagaraj's sensational blockbusters turn into book adaptations! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/trending-after-jai-bhim-lokeshs-sensational-blockbusters-turn-book-adaptations |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The New Stuff |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107131809/https://www.thenewstuff.in/trending-after-jai-bhim-lokeshs-sensational-blockbusters-turn-book-adaptations |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=9 March 2017 |title=Nagaram: Life in a metropolis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nagaram-presents-stories-of-survival-in-a-big-bad-city/article17434714.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172109/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nagaram-presents-stories-of-survival-in-a-big-bad-city/article17434714.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 March 2017 |title='Maanagaram' Review: The plot travels on multiple tracks |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/maanagaram-review-the-plot-travels-on-multiple-tracks-1579557.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172106/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/maanagaram-review-the-plot-travels-on-multiple-tracks-1579557.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram review: An absorbing emotional thriller that is a must-watch! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100317/maanagaram-review-an-absorbing-emotional-thriller-that-is-a-must-watch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172158/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100317/maanagaram-review-an-absorbing-emotional-thriller-that-is-a-must-watch.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=வாவ்...தமிழில் செம சினிமா! - 'மாநகரம்' விமர்சனம் |trans-title=Wow...A superb film in Tamil – 'Maanagaram' Review |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/83315-maanagaram-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172108/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/83315-maanagaram-movie-review |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2017 |title=Maanagaram review – A genuine attempt which is entertaining |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maanagaram-review--a-genuine-attempt-which-is-entertaining-review-tamil-rdij7Tabibbff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308064428/http://www.sify.com/movies/maanagaram-review--a-genuine-attempt-which-is-entertaining-review-tamil-rdij7Tabibbff.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="YR">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Santosh Sivan to direct Hindi remake of Maanagaram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/29/santosh-sivan-to-directhindi-remake-of-maanagaram-2203127.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017225053/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/29/santosh-sivan-to-directhindi-remake-of-maanagaram-2203127.html |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. R. Prabhu}}
{{Lokesh Kanagaraj}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Godavari (2006 film)

2026-03-21T13:08:40Z

TheHH: Started New Entry!

{{short description|2006 Telugu-language romantic comedy}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Godavari
| image = Godavari 2006 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| producer = [[G. V. G. Raju]]
| writer = Sekhar Kammula
| starring = [[Sumanth]] [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] [[Neetu Chandra]]
| music = [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = SSC Arts
| distributor = [[Amigos Creations]] KAD Entertainment (USA)
| released = {{Film date|2006|05|19|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0813548/releaseinfo |title=Release dates for Godavari (2006) |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}10–15 crore
}}

'''''Godavari''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Sekhar Kammula]], and produced by [[G. V. G. Raju]]. [[Sumanth]] and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] played the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=15 years for 'Godavari': Sumanth reminisces his super hit movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/15-years-for-godavari-sumanth-reminisces-his-super-hit-movie/articleshow/82760259.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The music of the film was composed by [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]].<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/godavari.html |title=Godavari – Post mortem – Telugu cinema – Bhaskar – Sumanth & Kamalinee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2006 |title=Friday Review Hyderabad : A few hits and many flops |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film follows Sriram, an idealistic [[Politics|political]] aspirant, and Sita, an independent [[Fashion design|fashion designer]], as they embark on a transformative houseboat journey on the [[Godavari River]]. Amidst diverse co-passengers, they navigate personal struggles and unexpected romance, finding clarity and connection.

The film achieved significant commercial success at the box office and garnered unanimous critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godavari – Telugu cinema Review – Sumanth & Kamalinee Mukherjee |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-godavari.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2021 |title=15 years for 'Godavari': Sumanth reminisces his super hit movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/15-years-for-godavari-sumanth-reminisces-his-super-hit-movie/articleshow/82760259.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It received several [[Nandi Awards]] and [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Godavari Movie: Why Should You Watch This Sekhar Kammula's Classic! |url=https://theopinionatedindian.com/south/godavari-movie-why-should-you-watch-this-shekar-kammulas/cid2973349.htm |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=theopinionatedindian.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> ''Godavari'' is widely considered a modern classic of [[Telugu cinema]], appreciated for its subtle storytelling, realistic characters, and captivating portrayal of the journey to [[Bhadrachalam]] on the Godavari River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-03 |title=Sekhar Kammula’s Godavari rereleasing in 4K |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/03/sekhar-kammulas-godavari-rereleasing-in-4k |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sriram, "Ram" ([[Sumanth]]), is an IT professional who graduated from his Masters in the United States. He returns to India, wanting to serve the people by entering politics. Currently, he is looking for job opportunities in political parties, but his approach is far progressive which cannot be understood by the traditional politicians. He is in love with his cousin Rajeswari "Raji" ([[Neetu Chandra]]) and hopes to marry her. Raji's father, however, trivializes Ram's idealistic nature and his modest financial status and does not want Raji to marry him.

Sita Mahalakshmi "Sita" ([[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]) is a fashion designer who runs an unsuccessful boutique store. Her parents, who are not very keen about her business, want her to get married instead. Sita, being an independent and career-oriented woman, is not enthusiastic about their idea. However, circumstances force her to reluctantly agree with her parents. Later, she closes her boutique due to losses. However, the marriage doesn't work out as the groom's family feels that she is 'too fast'. Frustrated and angry, Sita decides to take a break from everything to go on the Godavari River cruise.

Meanwhile, Raji gets a marriage proposal from Ravinder Bommireddy "Ravi" ([[Kamal Kamaraju]]), a self-centered [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer whom her father approves of. Raji tells Ram that she's unsure about her feelings for him due to his idealism and modest finances, thinking he may not provide for her. Ram decides to prove his worth to her father and win her hand. However, he soon realizes that she has a liking towards Ravi. Disappointed and heartbroken, Ram is forced to join his family on the same Godavari River cruise to Bhadrachalam, where Raji is to be married. It is on this boat cruise called "Godavari" where Ram and Sita meet.

There are also several subplots involving other characters on the river boat: Captain Chintamani ([[Tanikella Bharani]]) who is the captain of the boat cruise who has a sweet and sour relationship with "Pulletla" Pullamma ([[Karate Kalyani]]) who sells "Pulletlu" (a type of dosa) in the cruise and very protective towards her younger brother who has a bitter experience with Ram.
Chinna, son of a drunkard who wants to take care of his mentally ill mother, sells balloons for a living, but gets his balloons cut by a man wearing a red shirt, and jumps onto the river cruise in order to get his money for the lost balloons. At the same time, Kotigadu, a dog who is constantly harassed by other dogs due to being unable to bark, decides to leave Rajamundry to Bhadrachalam in hopes of finding a better place for him there. Kotigadu considers Chinna as his master for saving him, and later, Chinna befriends Ram and tells his woes.
Veeraiah, a witness of a high-profile murder who is on the run along with his pregnant daughter, joins in the cruise as a cook. Ram befriends him and later saves him from the goons. Kotigadu successfully barks in seeing goons, which alerts all the people in the process and "Chilaka" Ramudu, a fortune teller, who uses his parrot to tell the fortune for his business but his parrot wishes to be free from his cage.

Ram and Sita meet each for the first time as she hesitantly walks on the ramp that leads to the boat. Noticing her difficulty, Ram picks her up suddenly and carries her in his arms onto the boat. Ram feels that he did her a favor, but Sita angrily demands an apology from him for touching her without her permission. The easygoing Ram apologizes and moves on. Ram and Sita, after a series of misunderstandings, get to know each other and become friends.

Sita starts writing in a diary to record her memories of her trip, those especially with Ram. She soon realizes that she had fallen for Ram because of his genuine attitude. She tries her best to woo Ram romantically many times. During a halt in their journey, the boat captain organizes a treasure-hunt, and they both team up. All through the event, Sita tries to find out if Ram has feelings for her, but she doesn't succeed. When they are just a step away from winning the treasure hunt, Sita asks Ram to let Chinna win since the latter is in financial need. Ram willingly agrees, further winning her admiration. After the treasure hunt, Chinna finds out that the redshirted man is none other than Ravi. He tries to teach Ravi a lesson but eventually moves on from the issue, as following Ravi led him to the cruise, which helped him win the treasure hunt prize of Rs.50,000/-.

Meanwhile, Raji and Ravi, who are on the same team together, get lost during the treasure hunt as Raji misguides him accidentally, thereby angering him. Raji subsequently discovers the controlling and chauvinistic nature of Ravi and starts having second thoughts about their impending marriage. At the same time, Raji felt jealous after observing a growing intimacy between Ram and Sita. Confused and disappointed, she suddenly asked Ram to marry her instead. Ram accepts her proposal and says he will pick her up at a specific location and time and sends the details on a piece of paper. He appoints "Chilaka" Ramudu to do this job, but looking for an opportunity to escape the parrot escapes successfully while chasing he lands the paper to the hands of Sita. After knowing this, Sita felt disappointed and thought Ram still loved Raji and started doubts about Ram's character.

Chinna, who doesn't want Raji to read it, suddenly swallows the paper as he is aware of Sita's feelings for Ram. Hence, the paper never gets to Raji, and her meeting plan with Ram goes awry. Then Sita and Raji get down on the cruise and start waiting for Ram. Though Sita tries her best to find Ram while handling the taunts of Raji, who is thinking that she is doing a favor to Ram by marrying him, but however their plans are in vain. After revealing her fickle mindedness, Raji is disappointed and hurt with Ram and goes back to the cruise to go through with her marriage to Ravi by realizing that she doesn't want to live in a confused state of mind.
Sita thinks that Ram still loves Raji and feels guilty for ruining his marriage and, heartbroken, leaves the boat cruise abruptly. After reaching home, she gets good offers regarding her designer wares, but she starts feeling lonely, missing Ram.

Meanwhile, Ram, confused as to why Sita left, starts to miss her. He comes across her diary, which she accidentally left behind. After reading it, he discovers Sita's feelings for him. He goes to her home in Hyderabad, hoping to reconcile with her.

Meanwhile, Sita has a good talk with her mother regarding Ram, and her mother suggests forgiving Ram. Later, Ram meets her at home, and after a lot of convincing, she agrees to take a walk with him, where he suddenly proposes her for marriage. Sita is shocked and confused, saying she won't forgive him for planning to marry Raji.

Then Ram tells her that he never wanted to marry Raji because the piece of paper was actually blank that the whole plan was just a hoax to make up her mind to stick with the marriage. He then expresses that his feelings are all along only for Sita. Hearing this, Sita is happy once again and agrees to marry Ram. Finally, the film ends with Ram revealing to Sita that he got job offers from ruling and opposition parties, which is going to be the first step in his political career.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sumanth]] as Sriram "Ram"
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] as Sita Mahalakshmi "Sita" (voice-over by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as Rajeswari "Raji" (voice-over by Haritha)
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Ravinder "Ravi" Bommireddy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Raji's fiancee
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Sita's father
* Lalitha Sindhuri as Madhu, Sita's sister
* Madhumani as Subba Lakshmi; Sita's mother and guide.
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Captain Chintamani
* Shiva as Chinna
* [[Karate Kalyani]] as Pullamma
* Rajendra Ch as Veeraiah
* Sri Bindu as Kalyani, Veeraiah's daughter
* K.V. Subba Rao as Raji's father
* Nala Kumari as Raji's mother
* Saraswathamma as Ram's grandmother
* Sri Ramam as Chilakaramudu
* Mahesh as Ravi's father
* Usha Sree as Ravi's mother
* [[Shekhar Kammula]] as the voice of Kotigadu, the stray dog
}}

== Production ==
Kammula said the film carries a similar essence and feel of ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973) directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=Sumanth gets nostalgic as 'Godavari' completes 14 years of release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sumanth-gets-nostalgic-as-godavari-completes-14-years-of-release/articleshow/75823269.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Speaking to [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']], Sekhar Kammula told that "I wanted an overwhelming backdrop for this film. I watched ''Andala Ramudu'' on TV when I was in the 10th class. It left an everlasting impact on me. It made me want to go to [[Rajahmundry]] to feel the [[Godavari River]]".<ref name="Idlebrain" />

About 70% of the film was shot on the [[Godavari River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2006 |title=Top 10 commercial hits in Telugu for year 2006 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2006top10films.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack and score of the film was composed by [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]. The track "Andamgalena" sung by [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] won her a [[Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]. The track "Manasa Vaacha" sung by [[K.S.Chithra]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan]] was also nominated at the [[Filmfare Awards South]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer]].

{{track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Veturi]]
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Uppongele Godavari
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Andamgalena
| extra2 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| title3 = Manasa Gelupu
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and K. M. Radha Krishnan
| title4 = Tippulu Tappulu
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title5 = Manasa Vaacha
| extra5 = K. S. Chitra, [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| title6 = Raama Chakkani
| extra6 = Gayathri
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Godavari'' was initially scheduled to release in December 2005 but was ultimately released on 19 May 2006 due to delay in the production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2006 |title=Sekhar Kammula – chitchat – Telugu film director |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-sekharkammula1.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>

Jeevi of [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']] gave a rating of 3.75 of 5 and wrote that "On a whole, Godavari film is another Sekhar Kammula's film with good sensibilities and emotions. ''Godavari'' film is as good as [[Anand (2004 film)|''Anand'']] if not better".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godavari – Telugu cinema Review – Sumanth & Kamalinee Mukherjee |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-godavari.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "Godavari scores on all fronts and is worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/06goda.htm |title=Godavari: Very cool indeed |date=6 June 2006 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |author=Radhika Rajamani}}</ref> In an article published by ''[[The Hindu]]'', G Venkataramana Rao praised Vijay C. Kumar's work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. Venkataramana |date=21 September 2019 |title=Godavari is entrenched in popular culture |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/godavari-is-entrenched-in-popular-culture/article29477736.ece |access-date=27 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]
| [[G. V. G. Raju]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2006 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2006.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=APFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]] (for "Andamgalena")
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[54th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| [[G. V. G. Raju]]
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="6" | {{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| [[Veturi]] (for "Uppongene Godavari")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[K. S. Chitra]] (for "Manasavacha")
| {{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0813548|title=Godavari}}

{{Sekhar Kammula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godavari (Film)}}
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sekhar Kammula]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]

List of cities by GDP

2026-03-20T12:33:29Z

TheHH: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Confusing|reason=varying definitions of 'city' across countries and time make the data nearly unusable for comparison. The list should focus on sources with consistent definitions, excluding others.|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

This is a '''list of cities in the world by nominal gross domestic product''' ('''GDP'''). The [[United Nations]] uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the [[city proper|cities proper]], by the extent of their [[urban area]], or their [[metropolitan area|metropolitan regions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/statistics.php |title=SOWC-2012-DEFINITIONS|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208114052/http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/statistics.php |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> The methodology of calculating GDP may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for cities that are not within the [[OECD]]. Refer to sources for more information. GDP for cities that have different sources might not be comparable as the definition of a city differs between them.

== List ==
{{Update section|reason=Brazilian cities are all some years out of date. See talk page for more issues, e.g. regarding Moscow.|date=September 2024}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|the GDP and population figures sourced from Eurostat are for statistical metropolitan ''regions'', which in some cases can be much smaller or much larger than the metropolitan area of the city they're named after|section|date=August 2025}}
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="static-row-numbers sortable wikitable"
|+ Cities by GDP
|-class=static-row-header
!width=250|[[City proper]]/[[metropolitan area]]
!Country/region
!data-sort-type="number" | GDP (billion US$)
!data-sort-type="number" | Population
|-
|[[A Coruña metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |36.199 (2023)<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/>
|1,143,461 (2026)<ref name="eurometropop"/>
|-
|[[Aachen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.907|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|556,631 (2021)<ref name="eurometropop"/>
|-
|[[Aalborg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.92591|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|591,740 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Aarhus]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|50.69423|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|913,861 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Abbotsford, British Columbia]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.214|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|208,961 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-
|[[Aberdeen, Scotland]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|25.129}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023">{{cite web |title=Regional gross domestic product (GDP): all International Territorial Level (ITL) regions |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |website=ons.gov.uk |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates">{{cite web |title=Foreign Exchange Rates |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ |website=federalreserve.gov |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref>
|492,070 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-
|[[Abidjan]]
|{{CIV}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27}} (2017)<ref>{{cite web|title=Which Cities Hold Africa's Wealth|date=28 September 2018|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/map-cities-hold-africas-wealth/|access-date=28 September 2018|publisher=Visual Capitalist}}</ref>
|5,600,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-
|[[Abilene, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.306623}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|181,591 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Abu Dhabi Central Capital District|Abu Dhabi metropolitan area]]
|{{ARE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|277.93}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=S&P Global Ratings |url=https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3094184 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=disclosure.spglobal.com}}</ref>
|1,740,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|{{ETH}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|61.2}} (2023)<ref name="ETH">{{cite web |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/addis-ababa/ |title=Addis Ababa}}</ref>
|5,400,000 (2023)<ref name="ETH"/>
|-
|[[Adelaide]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|64.461}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018">[https://www.sgsep.com.au/publications/insights/gdp-report-economic-performance-of-australias-cities-and-regions '''2018-19 est.''' / SGSEP] AUD according to the SGS Economics and Planning tables 1 & 4 (page 10 & 64), Major Cities: [[Sydney]] 461.440B, [[Melbourne]] 369.439B [[Brisbane]] 177.006B [[Perth]] 146.880B [[Adelaide]] 85.254B [[Canberra]] 40.879B Regional Cities: [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] 35.272B [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]] 18.269B [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] 15.281B [[Hobart]] 15.062B [[Cairns]] 14.164B [[Townsville]] 12.003B [[Geelong]] 11.540B [[Toowoomba]] 9.414B [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] 8.649B [[Wollongong]] 7.438B [[Rockhampton]] 7.065B [[Gladstone, Queensland|Gladstone]] 5.904B [[Ballarat]] 5.899B [[Wagga Wagga]] 5.809B [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] 5.239B [[Bendigo]] 5.239B [[Orange, New South Wales|Orange]] 4.238B Converted with current exchange rates, using the 11/12/2020 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF 0.7560996952. ie. [[Sydney]] AUD461.440B = USD 348.895B</ref>
|1,344,368 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Adelaide (Australia): Statistical Areas of Significant Urban Area - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/adelaide/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|136.1}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/ahmedabad/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|9,300,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-
|[[Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|125.382|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|3,146,578 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Akron, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|47.285487}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|698,398 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Albany, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.782093}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|145,508 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Albany-Lebanon, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.441520}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|130,467 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|84.910398}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,238,717 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Albuquerque, NM MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|59.382941}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|922,296 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Alexandria]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.7}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024">{{cite web |title=TELLUBASE—EGYPT FACT SHEET |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase-factsheet-egy.pdf |website=tellusant.com |access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>
|5,700,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Alexandria, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.753574}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|148,171 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Alicante|Alicante metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |50.250 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,075,553 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Lehigh Valley|Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|59.890990}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|873,555 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Almaty]]
|{{KAZ}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|61.406}} (2024)<ref name=":dosm">{{Cite web |last=DOSM |title= Gross domestic product by region for January-December 2024 (GRP) |url= https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/national-accounts/publications/367813|website=stat.gov.kz}}</ref>
|2,625,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301014105/https://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=11 March 2026 |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-

|[[Altoona, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.681160}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|120,273 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Alxa League|Alxa]]<ref name="alxa">{{cite press release | url=https://m·p.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI2MTE5ODA1MA==&mid=2653069604&idx=2&sn=529d0fac98c12540fb928c3cff9d0497&chksm=f05fb16d07ded549424460452223e3cafb931f3b5c51cdba1c7c0797900903bea2f564d3c758&scene=27 | title=Statistical communiqué of Alxa League on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 阿拉善盟2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=alxa.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.808}} (2024)
|268,850 (2024)
|-

|[[Amarillo, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.913682}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP"/>
|272,395 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ames, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.615031}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|125,156 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Amiens]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|16.46|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|567,745 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|586.965|EUR|year=2024|r=3}}}} (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,525,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024" />
|-

|[[Anápolis]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.740}} (2011)<ref name="bra1">{{cite web|date=2013|title=Posição ocupada pelos maiores municípios brasileiros em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto, Est. 2013|url=http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/comparamun/compara.php?lang=&coduf=35&idtema=152&codv=V07&order=dado&dir=desc&lista=uf&custom=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160219214704/http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/comparamun/compara.php?lang=&coduf=35&idtema=152&codv=V07&order=dado&dir=desc&lista=uf&custom=|archive-date=2016-02-19|publisher=IBGE}}</ref>
|398,869 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Anápolis (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU5201108__an%C3%A1polis/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Anchorage, AK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|34.065381}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|401,314 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Angers Loire Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|24.955|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|822,488 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Ankara]]
|{{TUR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|142.3}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($) |url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] (www.tuik.gov.tr) |format=the year is updated}}</ref>
|5,150,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Ann Arbor, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|33.013856}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|365,536 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Annecy]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|25.474|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|841,639 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Anniston-Oxford, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.891059}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|116,429 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Anshan]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|80.968}} (2020)<ref>{{citation|title=Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm|website=ln.stats.gov.cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605134500/http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm |archive-date=5 June 2017 }}</ref>
|2,625,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Arrondissement of Antwerp|Antwerp metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|62.169|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,067,117 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Appleton, Wisconsin metropolitan area]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.532326}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|246,433 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Arequipa]]
|{{PER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|7.0}} (2023)<ref name="Tellusant-Peru">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|1,157,500 (2023)<ref name=2023-PER-INEI>{{cite report |date=June 2023 |title=Situación de la Población Peruana - Una mirada hacia los jóvenes 2023 |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1911/libro.pdf |institution=Inei |page=23 |docket= |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=es }}</ref>
|-
|[[Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|31.871|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|744,715 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Asheville, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.014297}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|417,202 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Astana]]
|{{KAZ}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|32.517}} (2024)<ref name=":dosm"/>
|1,530,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Asturias|Asturias metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |32.485 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,021,733 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Aswan]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.0}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|370,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Asyut]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.6}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|490,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Athens metropolitan area, Greece|Athens Metropolitan Area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GRC}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|82.61547|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|3,547,391 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Athens-Clarke County, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.768348}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|222,060 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|570.663}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|6,222,106 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.726628}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|369,823 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Auburn-Opelika, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.799349}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|201,585 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Auckland]]
|{{NZL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|88.540}} (2024)<ref name="Stats NZ">{{cite web |title=Quarterly Economic Monitor | Auckland | Gross domestic product |url=https://qem.infometrics.co.nz/auckland/indicators/gdp?compare=new-zealand |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Quarterly Economic Monitor}}</ref>
|1,480,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.292712}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|629,429 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Austin-Round Rock, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area|Austin-Round Rock, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|248.109564}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,421,115 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Baghdad]]
|{{IRQ}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|106.184}} (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy of the largest cities of Iraq "Baghdad" – rawabt center |url=https://rawabetcenter.com/en/?p=6609 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=rawabetcenter.com}}</ref>
|7,800,000 (2025)<ref name="citypopulation2025">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306210854/http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=17 December 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-

|[[Bakersfield, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|59.846810}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|916,108 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[:id:Sambo Tenggarong|Balikpapan-Samarinda Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.901}} (2021)<ref name="kalimantantimur">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Kalimantan Timur 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Timur]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Samarinda|url=https://kaltim.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/30d7f530df6226df3d80356e/provinsi-kalimantan-timur-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|2,621,877 (2021)<ref name="kalimantantimur"/>
|-

|[[Ballarat]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.460}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|108,491 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballarat (City, Australia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/admin/victoria/20570__ballarat/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area|Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|259.690214}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,834,316 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bandung metropolitan area|Bandung Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|38.290}} (2021)<ref name="jawabarat">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Jawa Barat 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Bandung|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/155/110/1/pdrb-adh-berlaku-menurut-kabupaten-kota.html}}</ref>
|7,050,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021">{{cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=Turkstat Corporate |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2024-53783&dil=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226001801/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>
|-

|[[Bangkok Metropolitan Region]]
|{{THA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|252.128}} (2022)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com">{{cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|access-date=2022-03-27|website=www.visualcapitalist.com}}</ref>
|19,900,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211071519/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |archive-date=11 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-

|[[Bangor, ME MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.020616}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,312 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[:id:Banjarbakula|Banjarmasin Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.017}} (2021)<ref name="kalimantanselatan">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Kalimantan Selatan 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Selatan]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Banjarmasin|url=https://kalsel.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/2d212455a03806fc8befa9f5/provinsi-kalimantan-selatan-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|2,164,485 (2021)<ref name="kalimantanselatan"/>
|-

|[[Baotou]]<ref name="baotou">For the economic performance of Baotou in 2024, please refer to {{cite press release | url=http://tjj.baotou.gov.cn/zxfb/25097854.jhtml | title=Economic performance of Baotou in 2024 / zh: 2024年包头市经济运行情况 | publisher=baotou.gov.cn | date=January 23, 2025| access-date=April 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="nmg-pop">The population data of prefecture-level divisions in Inner Mongolia are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census published by the statistical agencies of relevant prefecture-level divisions'', see {{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1700259657567989751&wfr=spider&for=pc|script-title=zh:内蒙古各盟市第七次人口普查数据出炉|publisher=baidu.com|date=2021-05-20|accessdate=2021-08-23}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|64.242}} (2024)
|2,766,900 (2024)
|-

|[[Barcelona metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |226.600 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|6,016,426 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Barnstable Town, MA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.186673}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|231,735 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Barrie]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.387|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|228,979 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[:id:Batam–Bintan–Karimun|Batam Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.006}} (2021)<ref name="kepulauanriau">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Kepulauan Riau 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Kepulauan Riau]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Tanjung Pinang|url=https://kepri.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/bdcaf654943ca7c5ec83b0cc/provinsi-kepulauan-riau-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,450,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Baton Rouge, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|68.827180}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|873,661 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Battle Creek, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.543282}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|133,366 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bay City, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.507259}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|102,500 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.114626}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|395,479 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Beckley, WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.541536}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|111,428 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Belfast|Belfast]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.446}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|348,005 (2022)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Belgrade]]
|{{SRB}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.400|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Regions and areas of the Republic of Serbia, 2023|url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G202310123.pdf|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
|1,430,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Belleville, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.694|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|116,013 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Bellingham, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.489731}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|231,919 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Belo Horizonte]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.490}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|6,006,887 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Belo Horizonte (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3106200__belo_horizonte/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Bend, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.445974}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|260,919 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bendigo]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.961}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|99,416 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia: Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/cities/?cityid=670 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Bengaluru]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|359.9}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|13,700,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Province of Bergamo|Bergamo metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|39.56231|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,103,556 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bergen Region]]
|{{NOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|36.51619|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|638,821 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|329.5772}} (2024)<ref name="metropolregionen">{{cite web |title=Mitteldeutschland {{!}} IKM |url=https://deutsche-metropolregionen.org/metropolregion/mitteldeutschland/ |website=deutsche-metropolregionen.org |access-date=21 June 2025 |language=de-DE |date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="federalreserve">{{cite web |title=Foreign Exchange Rates - G.5A |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ |website=federalreserve |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
|4,850,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Canton of Bern|Bern metropolitan area]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|78.59698|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,043,132 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bhopal]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.35}} (2023)<ref name="MadyaPradesh_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Product Per Capita |url=https://des.mp.gov.in/en-us/Publication |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
|2,600,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Białystok metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.45185|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|488,942 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bielefeld]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|14.847|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|333,509 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bilbao metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |47.825 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,172,830 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Billings, MT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.407832}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|191,435 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Binghamton, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.927169}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|243,792 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Birmingham]] ([[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]])
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|242.839}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|6,085,687 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|84.566170}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,116,857 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bismarck, ND MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.430711}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|135,786 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Blacksburg-Christiansburg, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.166304}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|165,812 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bloomington, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.005648}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|170,441 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bloomington, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.641723}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|160,874 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.613010}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|83,017 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bocholt, Germany|Bocholt metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.141|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|371,898 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Boise, ID MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|55.331136}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|824,657 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bologna metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|43.12867|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,015,608 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bordeaux]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|61.279|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,661,929 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area|Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|610.486}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|5,025,517 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Boulder, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.662897}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|326,831 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bournemouth]], [[Christchurch, Dorset]] and [[Poole]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.621}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|404,050 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Bowling Green, KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.830435}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|188,840 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Brantford]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.274|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|158,391 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Brasília]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|79.850}} (2023)
|4,627,771 (2019)<ref name="ipe-gdf-amb">{{cite web |title=Área Metropolitana de Brasília |url=https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |website=Atlas do Distrito Federal |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa e Estatística do Distrito Federal (IPEDF) |access-date=21 November 2023 |language=pt-BR |quote=A Área metropolitana de Brasília (AMB) foi definida pela Codeplan na Nota Técnica n° 01/2014. A AMB é formada pelo Distrito Federal e sua periferia metropolitana, constituída por 12 municípios circunvizinhos (também integrantes da Ride-DF) que possuem fluxos e relações de natureza metropolitana com o Distrito Federal. |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121161013/https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-

|[[Brașov]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.90301|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|553,256 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bratislava Region|Bratislava metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SVK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.709|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|723,714 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Breda]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|32.245|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|637,031 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bremen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|53.268|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,278,848 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bremerhaven]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.419|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|312,383 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bremerton-Silverdale-Port Orchard, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.319445}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|277,658 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Province of Brescia|Brescia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|45.4284|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,255,709 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Brest Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|27.233|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|919,983 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area|Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|116.030979}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|962,946 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Brighton & Hove]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.510}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|279,637 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Brisbane]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|177}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|2,388,038 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Brisbane (Australia): Statistical Areas of Significant Urban Area - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/brisbane/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Economy of Bristol|Bristol]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.328}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|482,998 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Brno]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CZE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.33432|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,184,568 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Brownsville-Harlingen, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.602248}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|426,710 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Brunswick, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.444126}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|114,442 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Brussels metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|200.457|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|3,348,154 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Bucharest Metropolitan Area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|67.62265|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=regions>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>
|2,327,057 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Budapest metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{HUN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|81.83483|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|3,031,887 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY MSA|Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|90.716457}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,155,604 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Burlington, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.624438}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|179,165 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Burlington-South Burlington, VT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.671208}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|227,942 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bursa]]
|{{TUR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|37}} (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TÜRKiYE STATiSTiK KURUMU|url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |website=cip.tuik.gov.tr}}</ref>
|2,175,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Busan-Gyeongnam Area]]
|{{KOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|252.145}} (2022)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|5,115,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.90434|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|751,413 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Cádiz|Cádiz-Jerez metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |28.961 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,266,061 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Caen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.29|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|695,207 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Cairns]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.709}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|153,951 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Population: Population estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2009 to 2019 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release#data-download |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2019.</ref>
|-

|[[Cairo]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|103.6}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|22,620,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Calgary Metropolitan Region]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|129.957|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|1,608,342 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[California-Lexington Park, MD MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|9.882630}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|114,877 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP" />
|-

|[[Campinas]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.310}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|3,200,000 (2020)<ref name ="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Campo Grande]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.770}} (2023)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=500270&idtema=152&search=mato-grosso-do-sul%7Ccampo-grande%7Cproduto-interno-bruto-dos-municipios-2013|title=GDP|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|year=2013|location=Campo Grande, Brazil|language=pt|access-date=2016-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512011937/http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=500270&idtema=152&search=mato-grosso-do-sul%7Ccampo-grande%7Cproduto-interno-bruto-dos-municipios-2013|archive-date=2016-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|898,100 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Districts in Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/matogrossodosul/5002704__campo_grande/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Campos dos Goytacazes]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.130}} (2016)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf|title=per capita income|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|year=2005|isbn=85-240-3919-1|location=Campos, Brazil|language=pt|access-date=2007-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002024524/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|511,168 (2020)<ref>[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/campos-dos-goytacazes/panorama IBGE 2020]</ref>
|-

|[[Canberra]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.909}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|465,118 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia: Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/cities/?cityid=26678 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Canton-Massillon, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.599897}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|399,474 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|50.645899}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|834,573 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cape Girardeau, MO-IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.797295}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|98,223 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cape Town]]
|{{ZAF}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|56.300}} (2022)<ref name="Provincial GDP"/>
|4,375,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Caracas]]
|{{VEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|70}} (2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Online Journal of McKinsey & Company|url=http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/wrapper.aspx?ar=2758&story=true&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2fCities_the_next_frontier_for_global_growth_2758%3fpagenum%3d1%23interactive&pgn=cine11_exhibit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714100149/http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/wrapper.aspx?ar=2758&story=true&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2fCities_the_next_frontier_for_global_growth_2758%3fpagenum%3d1%23interactive&pgn=cine11_exhibit|archive-date=14 July 2012|access-date=12 March 2013|publisher=McKinsey Quarterly}}</ref>
|1,942,652 (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela: States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/venezuela/cities/?cityid=1801 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Carbondale-Marion, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.263128}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|132,693 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Cardiff|Cardiff]] and [[Vale of Glamorgan]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.345}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|518,269 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Carson City, NV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.777092}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|58,036 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Casablanca]]
|{{MAR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|47.000}} (2022)<ref>{{citation|title=Casablanca generates third of Morocco's GDP|url=https://northafricapost.com/71036-casablanca-generates-third-of-moroccos-gdp.html|website=northafricapost.com}}</ref>
|4,625,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Casper, WY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.983637}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|79,941 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cebu City]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{PHL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.6}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/sead/SR_2023PPA_Top-HUCs.pdf
|title=Provincial Product Accounts 2023 Economic Performance of the Highly Urbanized Cities in the Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>
|2,700,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|-

|[[Cedar Rapids, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.962630}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|275,668 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Central German Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|310|EUR|year=2023|r=3}}}} (2023)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|8,300,000 (2024)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.148840}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|156,902 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Champaign-Urbana, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.512304}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|235,608 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Chandigarh]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6}} (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|2,575,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|-

|[[Changchun]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|96.240}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020">{{cite web |title=Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2020 National Economic and Social Development |url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202102/t20210228_1814177.html |website=www.stats.gov.cn |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Changchun-gdp">The GDP data of Changchun are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development of Changchun, see {{cite web|url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20210621A01L1100|script-title=zh:长春市2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=qq.com|date=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|3,700,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Changde]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|54.355}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" />
|1,160,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture|Changji]]<ref name="changji">{{cite press release | url=https://www.cj.gov.cn/p135/tjgb/20250423/354356.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 昌吉回族自治州2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=changji.gov.cn |date=April 23, 2025 |access-date=April 24, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|35.234}} (2024)
|1,623,350 (2024)
|-

|[[Changsha]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|214.4}} (2024)<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=2024年美元汇率 - 兑人民币、欧元汇率 - 我查 |url=https://chl.cn/huilv/?usd-2024 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=chl.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=长沙市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中房网_中国房地产业协会官方网站 |url=http://www.fangchan.com/data/142/2025-04-25/7321356841588691268.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.fangchan.com}}</ref>
|10,564,800 (2024)<ref name="changsha">{{cite press release | url=http://www.changsha.gov.cn/szf/ztzl/sjfb/tjgb/202504/t20250408_11806054.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Changsha on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年长沙市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=changsha.gov.cn |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|-

|[[Charleroi]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.782|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|558,107 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Charleston-North Charleston, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.973949}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|849,417 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Charleston, WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.291494}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|203,164 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area|Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|255.666417}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,805,115 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Charlottesville, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.817343}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|225,127 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|42.381201}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|580,971 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Chengdu]]<ref name="chengdu">{{cite press release | url=https://www.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsrmzf/c167426/2025-03/28/content_39ca3d2fcbca44b988b39e428f161561.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Chengdu on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:成都市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=chengdu.gov.cn |date=March 28, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|330.136}} (2024)
|21,403,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|219}} (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/chennai-india/|title=Chennai, India|work=Urban Emissions|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
|11,300,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Cheyenne, WY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.285241}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|100,984 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|919.229}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|9,441,957 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Chiclayo]]
|{{PER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|4.0}} (2023)<ref name="Tellusant-Peru"/>
|612,800 (2023)<ref name="2023-PER-INEI"/>
|-
|[[Chico, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.727399}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|207,172 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Chilliwack]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.361|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|121,802 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-
|[[Chimbote]]
|{{PER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|5.0}} (2023)<ref name="Tellusant-Peru"/>
|406,600 (2023)<ref name="2023-PER-INEI"/>
|-
|[[Chittagong]]
|{{BGD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|25.5}} (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chittagongchamber.com/elc.php |title=Economics Landscape of Chittagong |publisher=Chittagong Chamber |website=chittagongchamber.com |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|4,925,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Chongqing]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|452.043}} (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024年重庆市经济运行情况 - 重庆市统计局 |url=https://tjj.cq.gov.cn/zwgk_233/fdzdgknr/tjxx/sjjd_55469/202501/t20250120_14182970.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=tjj.cq.gov.cn}}</ref>
|31,900,000 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Data |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=data.stats.gov.cn}}</ref>
|-

|[[Chuzhou]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|56.649}} (2024)
|1,030,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area|Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|198.888723}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,271,479 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Clarksville, TN-KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.765745}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|340,495 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.892|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|669,014 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area|Cleveland-Elyria, OH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|173.135607}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,063,132 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cleveland, TN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.807509}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|129,612 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Cluj-Napoca]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.47132|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|710,284 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
|[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|0.011}} (2010)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lundy |first=Kate |url = https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=/ncet/economicenvironment/report/chapter%203.pdf |title=Inquiry into the changing economic environment in the Indian Ocean Territories |publisher=Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories| year=2010|isbn=978-0-642-79276-1|location=Parliament House, Canberra ACT |page=23 |chapter=Chapter 3: The economic environment of the Indian Ocean Territories}}</ref>
|561 (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Territory, Australia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/admin/other_territories/99300__cocos_keeling_islands/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Coeur d'Alene, ID MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.583848}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|185,010 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Coimbatore]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|45}} (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Senthil Kumar |date=2022-10-06 |title=Coimbatore Software Company Insights |url=https://codingmart.com/coimbatore-software-company-insights/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Codingmart Technologies |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2,775,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Coimbra]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.30556|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|438,212 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[College Station-Bryan, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.585335}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|281,445 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Colombo]]
|{{LKA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|33}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damsinghe |first=Chayu |title=Is Colombo (potentially) a rich city? |url=https://www.lankaecon.com/p/is-colombo-potentially-a-rich-city |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.lankaecon.com |language=en}}</ref>
|4,900,000 (2023)<ref name="colombopop2023">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225085332/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-

|[[Colorado Springs, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|53.092641}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|768,832 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Columbia, MO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.572357}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|216,511 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Columbia, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|58.497422}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|858,302 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Columbus, GA-AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.710583}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|323,768 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Columbus, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.668346}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|84,003 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area|Columbus, OH (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|182.087631}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,180,271 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|19.908|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|751,840 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Communauté d'agglomération Pau Béarn Pyrénées]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.318|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|688,474 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Constanța]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.24644|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|668,065(2021) (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Copenhagen metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|178.83415|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,082,710 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]]
|{{ARG}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |
{{nts|60.282}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_arg.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Argentina Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| 2,156,788 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |18.616 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|770,508 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Corpus Christi, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.930920}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|448,323 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Corvallis, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.035305}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|97,713 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Coventry]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.028}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|360,702 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Craiova metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.97349|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|615,962 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|23.794720}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|304,818 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP" />
|-

|[[Cumberland, MD-WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.359585}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|94,122 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP" />
|-

|[[Curitiba]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|46.060}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|3,654,960 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Curitiba (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU4106902__curitiba/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[:pl:Aglomeracja częstochowska|Częstochowa metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.7056|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|487,392 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Daegu]]
|{{KOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|50.400}} (2022)<ref name="index.go.kr"/>
|2,750,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Daejeon]]
|{{KOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|40.000}} (2022)<ref name="index.go.kr"/>
|1,540,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Dalian]]<ref name="dalian">{{cite press release | url=https://stats.dl.gov.cn/art/2025/4/25/art_3812_2436508.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Dalian on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 大连市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=dalian.gov.cn |date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=April 27, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|133.632}} (2024)
|7,542,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area|Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|744.654}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|8,344,032 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP" />
|-

|[[Dalton, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.271266}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|144,722 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Danville, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.136523}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|72,337 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.071468}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|253,507 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Daqing]]<ref name="daqing">For the economic performance of Daqing in 2024, please refer to {{cite press release | url=https://www.daqing.gov.cn/daqing/c100386/202503/c05_373478.shtml | title=Unified accounting results of Daqing's GDP for the whole year of 2024 / zh: 2024年全年大庆市生产总值统一核算结果 | publisher=daqing.gov.cn | date=March 13, 2025| access-date=April 16, 2025}} Total permanent population at the end of 2024 is 2,663 thousand. source {{cite press release | url=https://www.daqing.gov.cn/daqing/c100611/202211/c05_87290.shtml | title=Daqing Overview / zh:大庆简介 |date= 2025 |publisher=daqing.gov |access-date=May 20, 2025}}; Total permanent population at the end of 2023 is 2,770 thousand. {{cite press release | url=https://www.daqing.gov.cn/daqing/tongjigongbao/202410/c05_357404.shtml |title=Statistical communiqué of Daqing on the 2023 national economic and social development / zh:大庆市2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=daqing.gov.cn |date=October 15, 2024 |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.538}} (2024)
|2,681,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Dar es Salaam]]
|{{TZA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.4}} (2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: GDP at current prices, by region|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1149379/gdp-at-current-prices-in-tanzania-by-region/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Statista}}</ref>
|6,450,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Davao City]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{PHL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.6}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/sead/SR_2023PPA_Top-HUCs.pdf
|title=Provincial Product Accounts 2023 Economic Performance of the Highly Urbanized Cities in the Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>
|1,650,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|-

|[[Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.875132}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|379,441 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Dayton, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|41.111}} (2017)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|803,899 (2017)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Debrecen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{HUN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.72825|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|524,272 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Decatur, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.841158}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|158,635 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Decatur, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.822934}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|100,591 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|32.539529}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|721,796 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[:id:Sarbagita|Denpasar Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.941}} (2021)<ref name="bali2021">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Bali 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Bali]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Denpasar|url=https://bali.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/80c22b56df75888ff3ecee4e/provinsi-bali-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,580,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area|Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|311.876352}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,985,871 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Derby]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.633}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|266,460 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|74.062506}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|737,164 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area|Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|331.333163}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|4,342,304 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Deyang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|34.855}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Sichuan-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level divisions in Sichuan are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of prefecture-level divisions, see {{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/448249781_120409518|script-title=zh:2020年四川省各市GDP排名情况出炉：绵阳突破3000亿元|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-02-02|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|3,456,161 (2020)<ref name="Sichuan-pop">The population data of prefecture-level divisions in Sichuan are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 2) of Sichuan'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/scstjj/tjgb/2021/5/26/68cf8ce902a44c389e72591bd5a31ca2.shtml|script-title=zh:四川省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）|publisher=sichuan.gov.cn|date=2021-05-26|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|-

|[[Dijon Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|19.648|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|534,164 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Dongying]]<ref name="dongying">{{cite press release | url=http://dyny.dongying.gov.cn/art/2025/4/3/art_39139_10303709.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Dongying on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 东营市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=dongying.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|60.487}} (2024)
|2,207,150 (2024)
|-

|[[Dothan, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.099360}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|153,349 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Dover, DE MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.509748}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|189,789 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Dresden]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|46.369|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,339,330 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Drummondville]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.389|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|104,076 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area]]
|{{ARE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|202.8}} (2023)<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_are.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—UAE Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)|access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|6,176,155 (2023)<ref name="Dsc.gov.ae">{{cite web |date= |title=DSC Home |url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2022-07-30 |publisher=Dsc.gov.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajman {{!}} The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/ajman |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=u.ae |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|[[Dubuque, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.017369}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|98,887 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Duluth, MN-WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.838611}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|281,603 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[KwaZulu-Natal|Durban]]
|{{ZAF}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|64.700}} (2022)<ref name="Provincial GDP"/>
|3,525,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Düren (district)]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.482|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|265,140 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Durham-Chapel Hill, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|70.305292}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|608,879 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[East Stroudsburg, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.215416}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|167,198 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Eau Claire, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.674198}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|174,873 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|45.441}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|523,250 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Edmonton Metropolitan Region]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|103.384|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|1,516,719 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Eindhoven]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|46.445|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|784,390 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[El Centro, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.483299}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|179,057 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[El Mahalla El Kubra]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.3}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|550,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[El Paso, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.609163}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|873,331 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.182312}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|157,026 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Elkhart-Goshen, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.857760}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|206,409 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Elmira, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.544209}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|81,325 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Enid, OK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.804621}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|62,023 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Enschede]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|26.173|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|784,390 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Erfurt]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|18.745|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|522,968 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Erie, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.204975}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|267,571 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.550913}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|381,181 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[European Metropolis of Lille]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|85.949|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,607,879 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Evansville, IN-KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.437679}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|314,038 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ezhou]]<ref name="ezhou">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/ndtjgb/sztjgb/202504/P020250422585316218895.pdf |title=Statistical communiqué of Ezhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年鄂州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=ezhou.gov.cn |date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.834}} (2024)
|1,072,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Fairbanks, AK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.198784}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|95,356 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Faisalabad]]
|{{PAK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|43}} (2013)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pbit.gop.pk/punjab_at_glance| title=Punjab At A Glance| publisher=Punjab Board of Investment & Trade, Government of The Punjab| date=2016| access-date=April 15, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416133204/http://www.pbit.gop.pk/punjab_at_glance| archive-date=16 April 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref>
|3,204,704 (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/provisional-summary-results-6th-population-and-housing-census-2017-0|title=Provisional Summary Results of 6th Population and Housing Census-2017|work=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
|-

|[[Faiyum]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.5}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|440,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Fangchenggang]]<ref name="Guangxi-pop">The population data of prefecture-level cities in Guangxi are from the ''Communiqué on major data of the Seventh National Census of Guangxi'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.gxzf.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/qqgb/t8851512.shtml|script-title=zh:广西第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报|publisher=Guangxi.gov.cn|date=2021-05-13|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref><ref name="Guangxi-gdp"/>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.394}} (2024)
|1,050,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Fargo, ND-MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.535575}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|262,620 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Farmington, NM MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.822347}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|120,675 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fayetteville, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.205160}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|392,336 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|40.776485}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|590,337 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Flagstaff, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.967529}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|144,472 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Flensburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.115|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|292,581 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Flint, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.151079}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|401,522 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Florence, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.505628}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|199,630 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.212666}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,175 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fond du Lac, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.451530}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|103,948 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fort Collins, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.974178}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|366,778 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fort Smith, AR-OK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.729594}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|231,280 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fort Wayne, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.231008}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|457,842 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fort-de-France]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.654|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|352,205 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Fortaleza]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.350}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|date=2012|title=Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios, em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto|url=http://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Pib_Municipios/2012/pdf/tab01.pdf|access-date=9 May 2017|publisher=IBGE}}</ref>
|3,615,767 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortaleza (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU2304400__fortaleza/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Fredericton]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.715|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|116,159 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Freiburg im Breisgau]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.149|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|662,669 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Fresno, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|60.151259}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,180,020 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Fukuoka–Kitakyushu]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|182.952}} (2019)<ref name="esri.cao.go.jp">{{cite web|title=県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞|url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|website=www.esri.cao.go.jp}}</ref>
|4,750,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Fuzhou]]<ref name="fuzhou">Fuzhou Economic Indicators{{cite press release | url=https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/zhlwgzlslbrw/lsqk/202502/t20250206_4971591.htm| title=zh: 2024年福州市经济运行情况简析| publisher=fuzhou.gov.cn| date=January 26, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2024}} Fuzhou resident population {{cite press release | url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/JPUHKDBG0553TDVI.html | title=zh:3.2万！福州哪来的人口增长 |date=March 6, 2025|publisher=163.com |access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|199.907}} (2024)
|8,485,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Gadsden, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.776967}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|103,241 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Gainesville, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.823778}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|352,126 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Gainesville, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.640845}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|217,267 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lower Danube metropolitan area|Galati]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|4.39977|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|495,149 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tricity, Poland|Gdansk metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|23.78099|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,360,005 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Geelong]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.725}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|271,848 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Geelong (Australia): Statistical Areas of Significant Urban Area - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/geelong/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[George Town Conurbation|George Town conurbation]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{MYS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|30.2}} (2020)<ref name="GDPdistrict">{{Cite journal |date=Nov 2024 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020 |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |isbn=978-967-253-792-2}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=Nov 2024 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Kuala Muda, Kedah 2015–2020 |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |isbn=978-967-253-748-9}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=Nov 2024 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Kerian, Perak 2015–2020 |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |isbn=978-967-253-797-7}}</ref>
|2,843,344 (2020){{my10|2020kf}}
|-

|[[Gettysburg, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.739846}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|106,748 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Arrondissement of Ghent|Ghent metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|36.878|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|656,665 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Gibraltar]]
|{{GIB}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.265}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Downloads |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/uploads/statistics/2021/National%20Income/GDP%20Estimates.pdf |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref><ref name="USDtoGBP2022average">{{cite web |title=US Dollar to British Pound Spot Exchange Rates for 2022 |url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-GBP-spot-exchange-rates-history-2022.html#:~:text=Best%20exchange%20rate%3A%200.7686%20GBP,rate%20in%202022%3A%200.7476%20GBP. |website=exchangerates.org.uk |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
|32,688 (2022)<ref name="gibraltar.gov.gi">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Gibraltar - Key Indicators |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=Gibraltar.gov.gi |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051806/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-

|[[Giessen (region)]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.718|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|271,667 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Gladstone, Queensland|Gladstone]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.464}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|45,130 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Gladstone – Tannum Sands|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3005?opendocument|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112044031/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3005%3Fopendocument|archive-date=12 November 2019|access-date=12 November 2019|website=ABS Census|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
|-

|[[Economy of Glasgow|Glasgow]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.506}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|631,970 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Glens Falls, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.717091}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|125,427 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Goiânia]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.490}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|2,654,860 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Goiânia (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU5208707__goi%C3%A2nia/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.669}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|679,127 (2018)<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=27 March 2019|access-date=25 October 2019}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref>
|-

|[[Goldsboro, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.339867}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|118,686 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Görlitz (district)]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.807|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|250,558 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Gothenburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SWE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|88.58155|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,734,443 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Granada metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |22.530 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|954,560 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Grand Besançon Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.97|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|546,224 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Grand Forks, ND-MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.878157}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|103,120 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Grand Genève]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|52.21288|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|506,343 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Grand Island, NE MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.979384}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|76,479 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Grand Junction, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.147468}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|159,681 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Grand Poitiers communauté urbaine]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.849|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|439,635 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|82.311400}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,094,198 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Grand Reims]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.385|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|563,998 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Grants Pass, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.877152}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|87,821 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Graz]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{AUT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.34668|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|646,099 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Great Falls, MT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.345805}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|84,900 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Greater Buenos Aires]]
|{{ARG}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|235.600}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_arg.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Argentina Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|16,700,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Dhaka]]
|{{BGD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|285.1}} (2023)<ref name="c40">{{cite web |title=TelluBase—Dhaka Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_dhaka.pdf |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=Tellubase}}</ref>
|21,300,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|-

|[[Greater Dublin Area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{IRL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|230.3664|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,160,781 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Greater Helsinki]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FIN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|105.831|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=regions/>
|1,500,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Manchester]] ([[Greater Manchester]])
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|137.029}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|2,948,633 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Greater Manila Area]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{PHL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|162.3}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/data-and-charts
|title=Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
|26,400,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Greater Mexico City]]
|{{MEX}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|340.800}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref>
|24,700,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Greater Montreal]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|279.501|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|4,378,796 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Greater Oslo Region]]
|{{NOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|70.96976|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|697,010 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Greater São Paulo]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|339.63}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title="TELLUBASE BRAZIL FACT SHEET 2023" |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_bra.pdf |website=}}</ref>
|23,000,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Greater Stavanger]]
|{{NOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|31.58222|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|482,645 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Greater Sudbury]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.176|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|175,357 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Greater Tokyo Area]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|1,675.200}} (2024)<ref name=jap>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|title=県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、16政令指定都市分＞ : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府|website=内閣府ホームページ}}</ref>
|41,000,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Greater Toronto Area]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|566.472|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|7,507,460 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Greater Vancouver]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|202.459|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|2,842,730 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Greeley, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.181144}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|359,442 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Green Bay, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.276686}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|331,882 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Greensboro-High Point, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|52.925956}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|789,842 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Greenville, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.865912}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|175,119 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Greenville-Anderson, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.357431}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|958,958 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Grenoble metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|44.826|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,280,557 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Groningen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.48|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|451,098 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Guadalajara]]
|{{MEX}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|65.800}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|5,750,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Shenzhen]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|557.32}} (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2026 |title=Shenzhen’s GDP hits ￥3.87T in 2025, up 5.5% |url=https://www.szft.gov.cn/en/news/news/content/post_12628849.html |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
|17,889,800 (2024)<ref name="shenzhen">shenzhen's economic indicators come from ''Shenzhen's economic performance in 2024'' {{cite press release | url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/en-US/Statistic?id=901 | title=Shenzhen's economic performance in 2024 (zh:2024年深圳经济运行情况)|date=January 26, 2025|publisher=shenzhen.gov |access-date=March 6, 2024}} The 2024 population data comes from Shenzhen Government Information {{cite press release | url=https://www.sz.gov.cn/cn/xxgk/zfxxgj/zwdt/content/post_12011800.html | title=At the end of last year, the city's permanent population was 17.9895 million, a year-on-year increase of 1.12% (zh:去年末我市常住人口1798.95万人同比增长1.12%) |date=February 21, 2025|publisher=shenzhen.gov |access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Guangzhou]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|436}} (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024年广州经济运行情况 - 广州市人民政府门户网站 |url=https://www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/sjfb/tjfx/content/post_10100093.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.gz.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>
|18,902,500 (2024)<ref name="guangzhou">{{cite press release | url=https://www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/sjfb/tjgb/content/post_10203564.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Guangzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=guangzhou.gov.cn |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>
|-

|[[Tianjin]]<ref name="tianjin">The average exchange rate of the year was 7.1217 RMB to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release | url=https://stats.tj.gov.cn/tjsj_52032/tjgb/202503/t20250321_6889872.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Tianjin on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=tianjin.gov.cn |date=March 21, 2025 |access-date=March 23, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|253.090}} (2024)
|13,640,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]]<ref name="suzhou">{{cite press release |url=http://tjj.suzhou.gov.cn/sztjj/tjgb/202504/c77512c90a144784beba4870a6b5cc0d.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Suzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年苏州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=suzhou.gov.cn|date=April 30, 2025|accessdate=May 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|375.290}} (2024)
|12,972,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Ningbo]]<ref name="ningbo">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2025/1/21/art_1229042910_58920877.html| title=zh: 2024年宁波市经济运行情况新闻发布稿| publisher=ningbo.gov.cn| date=January 21, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|254.823}} (2024)
|9,737,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Foshan]]<ref name="foshan">{{cite press release |url=https://www.foshan.gov.cn/fstjj/gkmlpt/content/6/6564/post_6564844.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Foshan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年佛山市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=foshan.gov.cn|date=April 26, 2025|accessdate=April 28, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|187.622}} (2024)
|9,657,150 (2024)
|-

|[[Nantong]]<ref name="nantong">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.nantong.gov.cn/ntstj/tjgb/content/e57175ba-f93c-4840-a82a-0007fb889139.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Nantong on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年南通市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=nantong.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|174.423}} (2024)
|7,749,250 (2024)
|-

|[[Dongguan]]<ref name="dongguan">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.dg.gov.cn/tjzl/tjgb/content/post_4373878.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Dongguan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 东莞市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=dongguan.gov.cn |date=April 24, 2025 |access-date=April 24, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|172.461}} (2024)
|10,528,050 (2024)
|-

|[[Changzhou]]<ref name="changzhou">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.changzhou.gov.cn/html/tjj/2025/OEJQMFCO_0403/28588.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Changzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 常州市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=changzhou.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|151.840}} (2024)
|5,380,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Guelph]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.881|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|172,400 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Guiyang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|62.511}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Guiyang-gdp">The GDP data of Guiyang are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development of Guiyang, see {{cite web|url=http://www.guiyang.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgks/fdzdgknr/tjxx/tjgb/202104/t20210416_67842432.html|script-title=zh:贵阳市2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=guiyang.gov.cn|date=2021-04-16|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|3,300,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Gujranwala]]
|{{PAK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.681}} (2016)<ref name=PAAG>{{cite web|title=Punjab at a Glance|url=http://www.pbit.gop.pk/punjab_at_glance|website=Punjab Board of Investment and Trade|publisher=Government of Punjab|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416133204/http://www.pbit.gop.pk/punjab_at_glance|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|5,011,066 (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujranwala (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/admin/punjab/708__gujranwala/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Gulfport-Biloxi, MS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.668587}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|421,916 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Gwangju]]
|{{KOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|36.000}} (2022)<ref name="index.go.kr"/>
|1,630,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.286099}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|305,902 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Haifa District|Haifa]]
|{{ISR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|25.082}} (2019)<ref>{{citation|title=GDP per capita by regions: Gush Dan is much richer than the rest of the country|url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001433735|newspaper=Globes| date=26 December 2022 | last1=ארץ | first1=עידן }}</ref>
|1,050,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Statistics |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/EN/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?subject=%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%20%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F%202008 |website=www.cbs.gov.il}}</ref>
|-

|[[Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Haixi Prefecture]]<ref name="haixi">{{cite press release | url=https://www.haixi.gov.cn/info/1265/281259.htm | title= zh: 2024年海西州实现地区生产总值847.88亿元 | publisher=haixi.gov.cn |date=February 12, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}} {{cite press release | url=https://www.haixi.gov.cn/info/1265/282510.htm | title= zh: 截至2024年底海西州常住人口47.31万人 | publisher=haixi.gov.cn |date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.906}} (2024)
|472,050 (2024)
|-

|[[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.305|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|480,582 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Hamamatsu]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|54.3}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto">{{cite web|author=Yoshitsugu Kanemoto|title=Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data|url=http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm|publisher=Center for Spatial Information Science, The [[University of Tokyo]]}}</ref><ref name="Conversion rates – Exchange rates">[https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm Conversion rates – Exchange rates] – OECD Data</ref>
|800,866 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamamatsu (City (-shi), Shizuoka, Japan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/admin/shizuoka/22130__hamamatsu/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Hamburg Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|179.525|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|3,353,084 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Hami]]<ref name="hami">{{cite press release | url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTE2NTI0NQ==&mid=2651333543&idx=4&sn=7c182f9f3280a427820923b25143e7f5&chksm=bc9bde79690062ff4d31756b641424bc0e20777261c713426f8fde7bf2efbcce703daa61e28d&scene=27 | title=Statistical communiqué of Hami on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年哈密市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=hami.gov.cn |date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.227}} (2024)
|668,750 (2024)
|-

|[[Hammond, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.219912}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|138,064 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hanford-Corcoran, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.873931}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|152,682 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hangzhou]]<ref name="hangzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://drc.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/2/8/art_1663797_58908752.html | title=Hangzhou's economic performance in 2024 (zh:2024年杭州经济运行情况) |date=February 8, 2025|publisher=hangzhou.gov |access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|306.949}} (2024)
|12,573,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|168.4|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|3,900,000 (2021)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Hanoi]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{VNM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|58}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hanoitimes.vn/hanois-grdp-growth-reaches-4-year-high-of-762-in-2019-300632.html|title=Hanoi's economic growth hits 4-year high of 7.62% in 2019|date=28 December 2019}}</ref>
|7,150,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Harbin]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|94.1}} (2017)<ref name="data.stats.gov.cn">{{cite web|title=National Bureau of Statistics of China|url=http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913222141/http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0105|archive-date=13 September 2017|access-date=2017-08-25|website=data.stats.gov.cn}}</ref>
|10,009,854 (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/heilongjiang/admin/|title = China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
|-

|[[Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|50.902418}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|606,055 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Harrisonburg, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.348301}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|137,650 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area|Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|122.805302}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,221,725 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hattiesburg, MS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.700243}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,740 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hefei]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|189.670}} (2024)
|7,800,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Heidelberg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|31.095|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|706,974 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.612987}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|367,802 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hilton Head Island-Bluffton, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.360798}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|228,410 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hinesville, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.154740}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|88,804 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hiroshima]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|61.3}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto"/><ref name="Conversion rates – Exchange rates"/>
|2,860,750 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hiroshima (Japan): Prefecture, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/hiroshima/?admid=976 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{VNM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|96.399}} (2022)<ref>{{cite news |first=Tomoya |last=Onishi |title=Vietnam to boost Ho Chi Minh budget for first time in 18 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Vietnam-to-boost-Ho-Chi-Minh-budget-for-first-time-in-18-years |work=Nikkei Asia |access-date=30 August 2022}} {{subscription required|s}}</ref>
|10,900,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Hobart]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.388}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|218,874 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hobart (Australia): Statistical Areas of Significant Urban Area - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/hobart/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Hohhot]]<ref name="hohhot">{{cite press release | url=http://www.huhhot.gov.cn/2022_sjkf/2022_tjgb/202504/t20250403_1874273.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Hohhot on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 呼和浩特市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=hohhot.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|57.670}} (2024)
|3,621,750 (2024)
|-

|[[Homosassa Springs, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.430594}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|166,696 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hong Kong]]
|{{flagicon|HKG}}{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|428.233}} (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|7,533,000 (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025">{{cite web |title=Data Explorer |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |website=data.imf.org |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>
|-

|[[Hot Springs, AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.606197}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|99,784 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Houma-Thibodaux, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.215010}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP"/>
|200,656 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area|Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|696.999}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP"/>
|7,340,118 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Hsinchu]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|11.980}} (2016)<ref name="auto6">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030203937/http://www1.stat.gov.tw/mp_stat1.html|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
|448,207 (2020)<ref name="ris.gov.tw">{{cite web |script-title=zh:中華民國內政部戶政司全球資訊網 |url=https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346 |website=中華民國內政部戶政司 |access-date=29 November 2019 |language=zh-Hant-TW |date=1 May 2018}}</ref>
|-

|[[Huai'an]]<ref name="huaian">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.huaian.gov.cn/tjgb/list.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Huai'an on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:淮安市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=huaian.gov.cn |date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|76.007}} (2024)
|4,538,300 (2024)
|-

|[[Huizhou]]<ref name="huizhou">{{cite press release |url=http://www.huizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/sjjd/tjjc/content/post_5518360.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Huizhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 惠州市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=huizhou.gov.cn |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|86.165}} (2024)
|6,095,100 (2024)
|-

|[[Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.176990}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|368,261 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Huntsville, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|42.815938}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|527,254 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Huzhou]]<ref name="huzhou">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.huzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/1/22/art_1229208276_58872849.html | title=zh:2024年湖州市经济运行情况 | publisher=huzhou.gov | date=January 22, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|59.163}} (2024)
|3,452,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|83.5}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Hyderabad- International Arbitration and Mediation Centre |url=https://iamch.org.in/about/hyderabad |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=iamch.org.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|11,100,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Iași]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.39413|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|794,752 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Idaho Falls, ID MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.962936}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|168,322 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area|Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|199.197977}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,141,779 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Indore]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.1}} (2020–21)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Estimates of District Domestic Product Madhya Pradesh |url=http://des.mp.gov.in/Portals/0/ESTIMATES_DISTRICT_DOMESTIC_PRODUCTS_MP_2020-2021.pdf |website=Department of Planning, Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212225624/http://des.mp.gov.in/Portals/0/ESTIMATES_DISTRICT_DOMESTIC_PRODUCTS_MP_2020-2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|3,175,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Innsbruck]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{AUT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|14.7876|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|312,757 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Iowa City, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.602212}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|180,088 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Iserlohn]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.775|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|408,662 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Ismailia]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.3}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|380,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Istanbul|Istanbul metropolitan area]]
|{{TUR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|396.3}} (2024)<ref name=TUIK_GDP>{{cite web|url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gross-Domestic-Product-by-Provinces-2024-53930&dil=2 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Provinces, 2024 [Table-1 total in ₺ and Table-3 per capita in US$ with the exchange rate ₺/$] |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |language=tr|title=Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($)|trans-title=National Accounts - GDP per capita ($) |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>
|15,900,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Ithaca, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.388818}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|103,558 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[İzmir]]
|{{TUR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|86}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/ilgosterge/?locale=tr|access-date=11 May 2023|website=www.turkstat.gov.tr}}</ref>
|3,025,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Jackson, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.588193}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|159,424 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jackson, MS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.054502}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|610,257 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jackson, TN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.474534}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|181,826 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jacksonville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area|Jacksonville, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|129.094522}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,713,240 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jacksonville, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.858614}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|213,676 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jaipur]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Year Wise Gross Domestic Product at Current Price of JAIPUR |url=https://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924140621/http://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2017 |website=Government of Rajasthan Directorate of Economics & Statistics District Domestic Product |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
|4,050,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Jakarta metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|338.836}} (2023)<ref name="bpsdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020-2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/52/286/1/-seri-2010-produk-domestik-regional-bruto-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref><ref name="jakarta2022">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di DKI Jakarta 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik DKI Jakarta]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Jakarta|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/5979600247867d861a1f334c/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/171/2193/1/-seri-2010-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-pengeluaran-kabupaten-kota.html|title=PDRB Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Pengeluaran Kabupaten/Kota (Juta Rupiah) [SERI 2010], 2021-2022|website=www.bps.go.id}}</ref>
|28,900,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Janesville-Beloit, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.503232}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|164,278 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jeddah]]
|{{SAU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|138.970}} (2022)<ref name=saudi>{{citation|title=Estimating Saudi Arabia's Regional GDP Using Satellite Nighttime Light Images|url=https://www.kapsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Estimating-Saudi-Arabia%E2%80%99s-Regional-GDP-Using-Satellite-Nighttime-Light-Images.pdf|website=www.kapsarc.org}}</ref>
|3,752,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Jefferson City, MO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.722699}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|150,733 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jerusalem]]
|{{ISR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.0}} (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem|url=https://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/city/jerusalem|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006180852/http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/city/jerusalem|archive-date=6 October 2015|access-date=27 May 2018|publisher=Lloyd's}}</ref>
|1,008,400 (2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jerusalem District (Israel): Localities in District - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/israel/jerusalem/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Jiaxing]]<ref name="jiaxing">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.jiaxing.gov.cn/art/2025/2/10/art_1512316_59153018.html | title=zh:1-12月嘉兴经济运行简况 | publisher=jiaxing.gov.cn| date=February 10, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|106.288}} (2024)
|5,596,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Jiayuguan City|Jiayuguan]]<ref name="jiayuguan">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjj/c118946/202501/174064362.shtml | title=zh: 嘉峪关市2024年经济运行情况及2025年展望 | publisher=gansu.gov.cn | date=January 20, 2025| access-date=March 12, 2025}} the permanent population of Jiayuguan city at the end of 2024 {{cite web|url=https://www.jyg.gov.cn/tjj/tjsj/tjgb/art/2025/art_00b9c3f93465401abe54358963b2852a.html |title=zh: 2024年嘉峪关市主要人口数据公报 |publisher=jiayuguan.gov.cn|date=February 25, 2025 |accessdate=March 12, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.351}} (2024)
|315,050 (2024)
|-

|[[Jinan]]<ref name="jinan">{{cite press release | url=http://jntj.jinan.gov.cn/art/2025/3/24/art_57208_4754793.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Ji'nan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年济南市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=jinan.gov.cn |date=March 24, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|189.949}} (2024)
|9,475,850 (2024)
|-

|[[Jinchang]]<ref name="jinchang">Jinchang City Economic Data in 2024 {{cite press release | url=https://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjj/c109459/202502/174070632.shtml | title= zh: 2024年金昌市经济运行情况 | publisher=gansu.gov.cn |date=February 5, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025}} Year-end population for 2024 {{cite press release | url=https://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjj/c109450/202502/174079396.shtml | title=zh: (甘肃省)关于2024年全省主要人口数据的通报 (附件 2024年末全省各市（州）主要人口数据) | publisher=gansu.gov.cn |date=February 18, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025}} year-end population in 2023 {{cite press release | url=https://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjj/c109464/info_disp.shtml | title=zh: (甘肃省)关于2024年全省主要人口数据的通报 (附件 2024年末全省各市（州）主要人口数据) | publisher=gansu.gov.cn |date=October 2024 |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.088}} (2024)
|433,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Beijing]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|748.0}} (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Tale of 2 megacities: how did Beijing, Shanghai GDPs surpass 5 trillion yuan? |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3341382/tale-two-megacities-how-did-beijing-and-shanghais-gdps-surpass-5-trillion-yuan |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
|21,830,000 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident Population 2024 |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=data.stats.gov.cn}}</ref>
|-

|[[Jingmen]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.640}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Hubei-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level divisions in Hubei are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of prefecture-level divisions, see {{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/a/460017734_120153926?ivk_sa=1024320u|script-title=zh:2020年湖北省各市GDP排行榜|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-04-11|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|2,596,927 (2020)<ref name="Hubei-pop">The population data of prefecture-level divisions in Hubei are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 2) of Hubei'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/pcgb/qrp/202105/t20210525_3559343.shtml|script-title=zh:湖北省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）|publisher=hubei.gov.cn|date=2021-05-26|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|-

|[[Jiujiang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|46.981}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Jiangxi-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of prefecture-level cities. also see{{cite press release |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/459935874_100182943| title=zh:2020年江西各市GDP排行榜：南昌总量最大赣州增速最高|date=2021-04-10|publisher=sohu.com| access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|4,600,276 (2020)<ref name="Jiangxi-pop">The population data of prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 2) of Jiangxi'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2021/5/26/art_38773_3376401.html|script-title=zh:江西省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）|publisher=Jiangxi.gov.cn|date=2021-05-26|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|-

|[[Gauteng|Johannesburg]]
|{{ZAF}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|134.682}} (2022)<ref name="Provincial GDP">{{citation|title=Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022|url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/D04411/D044112022.pdf|website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref>
|8,400,042 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/admin/TR411__bursa/|title = Bursa (Metropolitan Province, Turkey) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location}}</ref>
|-

|[[Johnson City, TN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.758069}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|210,223 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Johnstown, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.068733}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|130,668 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jonesboro, AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.875673}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|136,390 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Joplin, MO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.860195}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|184,086 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Jundiaí]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.010}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|706,000 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jundiaí (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3525904__jundia%C3%AD/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Kabul]]
|{{AFG}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.000}}
|5,050,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Kafr El Dawwar]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.3}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|370,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Kagoshima]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|53.0}} (2019)<ref name=jap/>
|1,588,256 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kagoshima (Japan): Prefecture, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/kagoshima/?admid=988 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.299263}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|164,351 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kaiserslautern]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.817|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|276,087 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kalamazoo-Portage, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.316132}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|262,215 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kamloops]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.660|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|119,408 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Kankakee, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.725053}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|105,940 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area|Kansas City, MO-KS (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|185.746211}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,221,343 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kaohsiung]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|58.071}} (2016)<ref name="auto6"/>
|2,775,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Karachi]]
|{{PAK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|176.2}} (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karachi |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/karachi/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|18,600,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Karamay]]<ref name="karamay">{{cite press release | url=https://www.klmy.gov.cn/klmys/tjgb/202504/6dafbd6df4644c3a91d582e912ba0fd9.shtml |title=Statistical communiqué of Karamay on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:克拉玛依市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=karamay.gov.cn |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.633}} (2024)
|490,950 (2024)
|-

|[[Karlsruhe]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|39.945|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|755,288 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kassel]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|18.084|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|438,055 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area]]<ref group="note">Katowice-Ostrava includes [[Katowice metropolitan area]], [[Ostrava metropolitan area]] and [[:pl:Aglomeracja bielska|Bielsko-Biała metropolitan area]].</ref>
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}{{CZE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|75.0751|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|4,410,354 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kaunas urban area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{LIT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.69021}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|565,628 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kelowna]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|13.594|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|235,473 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Kennewick-Richland, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.082419}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|314,253 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kiel]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|24.523|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|650,719 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kielce]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.77507|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|708,766 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Killeen-Temple, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.667324}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|501,333 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kingston upon Hull]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.325}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|271,942 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.326336}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|313,025 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kingston, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.905383}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|182,333 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kingston, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.741|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|180,070 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Kitchener, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|40.274|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|622,497 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Knoxville, TN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|64.382649}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|946,264 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Koblenz]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.881|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|328,174 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kokomo, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.473566}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|83,831 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Kolkata]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|220}} (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=List of Metropolitan Cities in India 2024 |url=https://www.homebazaar.com/knowledge/list-of-metropolitan-cities-in-india/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|17,700,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Konstanz (district)|Konstanz, metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.111|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|286,876 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Košice]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SVK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|13.289|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|780,288 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Kraków metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.74159|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,533,641 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

| [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{MYS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|159.603}} (2023)<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=List of Malaysian states by GDP |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2025}}
|9,100,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023" />
|-

|[[Kumamoto]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.8}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto"/><ref name="Conversion rates - Exchange rates">[https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm Conversion rates - Exchange rates] - OECD Data</ref>
|1,817,426 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumamoto (Japan): Prefecture, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/kumamoto/?admid=985 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Kunming]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|97.628}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Yunnan-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level divisions in Yunnan are from the Yunnan Monthly Statistics Report, December 2020 published by Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics. also see{{cite press release |url=http://stats.yn.gov.cn/tjsj/jdsj/202103/t20210305_1046421.html| title=zh:2020年12月云南统计月报|date=2021-03-05|publisher=Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics| access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|4,250,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Kuwait City]]
|{{KWT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|118.000}} (2020)<ref>{{citation|title=WHAT IS ⁨KUWAIT CITY'S⁩ ECONOMIC COMPOSITION?|url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/5705/economic-composition?benchmark=global_pop|website=metroverse.cid.harvard.edu}}</ref>
|4,750,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Kyiv]]
|{{UKR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.5}} (2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=State Statistics Service of Ukraine|url=https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_vvp_2020.pdf|website=www.ukrstat.gov.ua}}</ref>
|3,475,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Keihanshin|Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|578.830}} (2024)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|17,700,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.146203}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|170,238 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lafayette, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.687065}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|414,288 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.979052}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|226,564 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lagos State|Lagos metropolitan area]]
|{{NGA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|102.010}} (2021)<ref name="C-GIDD GDP">{{cite web |date=2022-10-13 |editor-last=Okeowo |editor-first=Gabriel |editor2-last=Fatoba |editor2-first=Iyanuoluwa |title=State of States 2022 Edition |url=https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Budgit.org |publisher=BudgIT |publication-date=2022-10-13}}</ref>
|20,100,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Lahore]]
|{{PAK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|87.000}} (2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate/ |title=Lahore's Shahbaz growth rate |newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
|13,900,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Lake Charles, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.707364}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|239,113 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.845478}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|223,682 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|41.081699}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|818,330 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lancaster, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|38.970487}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|558,589 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lansing-East Lansing, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|35.439859}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|473,177 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Laredo, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.186701}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|269,148 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Las Cruces, NM MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.565364}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|225,210 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Las Palmas|Las Palmas metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |30.411 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,179,391 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area|Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|178.388313}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,322,985 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.961}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|89,532 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia: Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/cities/?cityid=686 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Lausanne District|Lausanne metropolitan area]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|58.3261|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|814,762 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lawrence, KS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.741959}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|120,553 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lawton, OK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.838293}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|127,001 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Le Mans Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|15.595|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|565,314 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lebanon, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.912272}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|144,252 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Leeds|Leeds]] ([[West Yorkshire]])
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.918}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|829,413 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Leeuwarden|Leeuwarden metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.255|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|321,562 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Leicester]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.230}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|379,780 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|-

|[[Leiden]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|17.52|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|431,595 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Les Abymes]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|10.489|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|407,810 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lethbridge]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.768|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|133,064 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Lewiston, ID-WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.915782}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|65,536 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lewiston-Auburn, ME MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.750171}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|113,765 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lexington-Fayette, KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|38.612656}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|520,045 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lhasa]]<ref name="lhasa">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.lasa.gov.cn/tjj/tjgb/202504/7a535618dbfa409fb68c93867d13a334.shtml |title=Statistical communiqué of Lhasa on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 拉萨市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=lhasa.gov.cn |date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=April 27, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.902}} (2024)
|871,800 (2024)
|-

|[[Lianyungang]]<ref name="lianyungang">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.lyg.gov.cn//tjxxw/upload/d3732ead-9572-4f36-bad5-91d2fc1dc153.pdf |title=Statistical communiqué of Lianyungang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 连云港市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=lianyungang.gov.cn |date=April 16, 2025 |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|65.478}} (2024)
|4,587,850 (2024)
|-
|[[Liège]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.852|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|826,237 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Lima metropolitan area]]
|{{PER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|114.400}} (2023)<ref name="Tellusant-Peru"/>
|11,600,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-
|[[Lima, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.599931}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|100,838 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Arrondissement of Limoges|Limoges metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.268|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|370,651 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Lincoln, NE MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.995268}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|344,387 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Linz]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{AUT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|41.41334|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|808,545 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lisbon metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|155.36825|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|3,023,627 (2025)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|51.199275}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|764,045 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Liuzhou]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|46.060}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Guangxi-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level cities in Guangxi are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of prefecture-level cities, see {{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/460906463_100182943?ivk_sa=1024320u|script-title=zh:2020年广西各市GDP 南宁人均仅排第四梧州突破千亿|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-04-15|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|2,000,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Liverpool|Liverpool]] ([[Merseyside]])
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|61.200}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|1,586,149 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Ljubljana]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SLO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.92896|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|555,213 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Łódź metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|18.4151|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,054,668 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Logan, UT-ID MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.907030}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|157,887 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of London|London]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|617.915|GBR|year=2023|r=3}}}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|9,016,100 (2024)<ref name="london2024">{{cite web |title=Gov.UK Population Projections |url=https://apps.london.gov.uk/population-projections/ |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=gov.uk |language=en-uk}}</ref>
|-

|[[London, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|32.670|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|574,238 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Longview, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.024488}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|293,498 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Longview, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.096628}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|111,956 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Longyan]]<ref name="longyan">population {{cite web|url=https://www.longyan.gov.cn/sj/ |script-title=zh:统计数据 /常住人口|publisher=longyan.gov.cn|date=March 2025|accessdate=March 14, 2025}} economy {{cite web|url=https://www.longyan.gov.cn/sj/sjjd/202501/t20250127_2198067.htm |script-title=zh:2024年龙岩市经济社会发展情况解读|publisher=longyan.gov.cn|date=January 27, 2025|accessdate=March 14, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.004}} (2024)
|2,690,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{Number table sorting|1,295.361403}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|12,927,614 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area|Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|97.751023}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,365,557 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lubbock, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.655310}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|360,104 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Lublin]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.76463|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|687,985 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.74275|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|459,867 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lucknow]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.83}} (2023)<ref name="UttarPradesh_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Product Per Capita |url=http://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
|4,000,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Luton]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.522}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|231,028 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Luoyang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|74.352}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" />
|2,550,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020"/>
|-

|[[Luxembourg|Luxembourg metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{LUX}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|77.529|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|645,397 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Lynchburg, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.511861}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|264,590 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Maanshan]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.101}} (2024)
|2,196,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Macao]]
|{{flagicon|MAC}}{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|52.379}} (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|699,000 (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|-

|[[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.540}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|80,148 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=27 March 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110730/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|url-status=live}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref>
|-

|[[Macon-Bibb County, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.337109}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|236,074 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Madera, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.025001}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|160,256 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Madison metropolitan area|Madison, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|66.115608}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|694,345 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Madrid Metropolitan Area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |342.241 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|7,170,906 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Magdeburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|17.112|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|495,745 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[:id:Mamminasata|Makassar Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.052}} (2021)<ref name="sulawesiselatan">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Selatan 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sulawesi Selatan]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Makassar|url=https://sulsel.bps.go.id/indicator/52/1659/1/-seri-2010-pdrb-kabupaten-kota-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-lapangan-usaha.html}}</ref>
|1,920,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Málaga|Málaga metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |44.587 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,805,105 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Malmö]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SWE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|62.34945|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,389,336 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Manado metropolitan area|Manado Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.487}} (2021)<ref name="sulawesiutara">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Utara 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sulawesi Utara]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Manado|url=https://sulut.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/58020909848743d283b68afa/provinsi-sulawesi-utara-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,008,126 (2021)<ref name="sulawesiutara"/>
|-

|[[Manaus]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.450}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=IBGE - Agência de Notícias|url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/|access-date=2019-02-05|website=IBGE - Agência de Notícias}}</ref>
|2,676,936 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Manaus (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU1302603__manaus/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Manchester-Nashua, NH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|36.596890}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|427,354 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Manhattan, KS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.802533}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|132,831 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Mangaluru]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.49}} (2022)
|623,841 (2011)
|-

|[[Mankato, MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.182368}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|104,248 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Maribor]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SLO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.22993|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|327,998 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Mansfield, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.920097}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|125,064 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Mansoura, Egypt]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.8}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|600,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[:id:Mataram Raya|Mataram Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.491}} (2021)<ref name="nusatenggarabarat">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Nusa Tenggara Barat 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Nusa Tenggara Barat]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2021|location=Mataram|url=https://ntb.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/81b407c481be37affd75d6f5/provinsi-nusa-tenggara-barat-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|3,808,908 (2021)<ref name="nusatenggarabarat"/>
|-

|[[McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.225234}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|898,471 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Medan metropolitan area|Medan Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.248}} (2021)<ref name="sumatrautara">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Sumatra Utara 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Medan|url=https://sumut.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/17ee98e7b1d625e53481dc38/provinsi-sumatera-utara-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|4,075,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Medellín]]
|{{COL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|35.000}} (2023)<ref name=Columbia/>
|4,225,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Medford, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.853288}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|220,768 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Melbourne]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|318.677}} (2021)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|5,050,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area|Memphis, TN-MS-AR (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|102.934012}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,335,674 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Merced, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.214481}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|291,920 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Métropole du Grand Nancy]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.841|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|732,085 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|39.592|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,101,039 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Métropole Rouen Normandie]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|43.070|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,254,203 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolis of Lyon]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|97.306|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,899,599 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan Area of Bogotá]]
|{{COL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|121.800}} (2023)<ref name=Columbia>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_col.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Colombia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|10,200,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Bari]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.70162|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,230,819 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Cagliari]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.05864|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|421,488 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Catania]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.02006|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,074,089 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Florence]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|38.83817|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|998,431 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Genoa]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|29.0392|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|823,612 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Messina]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.58516|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|603,980 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Palermo]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|24.38007|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,208,819 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Venice]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|26.47022|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|843,545 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan Cork]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{IRL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|115.68097|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|719,187 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Miami metropolitan area|Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|533.674}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|6,457,988 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Michigan City-La Porte, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.676096}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|111,706 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Midland, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.636137}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|84,039 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Midland, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|53.664570}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP">{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area {{!}} FRED {{!}} St. Louis Fed |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref>
|182,324 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP">{{cite web |title=Population, MSA - Economic Data Series {{!}} FRED {{!}} St. Louis Fed |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/tags/series?t=msa%3Bpopulation&et=&ptic=396&ob=t&od=&tg=&tt= |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Milan|Milan metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|384.897}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|4,964,255 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Milton Keynes]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.240}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|298,270 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area|Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|130.856689}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,560,424 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area|Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|350.710}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|3,712,020 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Minsk]]
|{{BLR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.913}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title= Gross domestic product and gross regional product by regions and Minsk city in 2023|url= https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2023/GDP_GRP-2312.xlsx|website=www.belstat.gov.by}}</ref><ref name="irs.gov">{{cite web |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates {{!}} Internal Revenue Service |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |website=irs.gov}}</ref>
|2,050,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Miskolc metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{HUN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.39458|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|626,477 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Missoula, MT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.201713}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|126,939 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Mobile, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.553574}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|411,640 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Modesto, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.597632}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|551,430 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Monaco]]
|{{MCO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.816}} (2020)<ref name=UN>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Basic|title=United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
|39,150 (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment|title=Population and employment / IMSEE - Monaco IMSEE|website=www.monacostatistics.mc|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230517/https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment|archive-date=27 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|[[Moncton]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.719|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|171,608 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Monroe, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.276428}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|221,885 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Monroe, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.956412}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,045 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Monterrey]]
|{{MEX}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|140}} (2015)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parilla |first1=Jesus Leal Trujillo and Joseph |title=Redefining Global Cities |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/redefining-global-cities/ |website=Brookings |date=29 September 2016}}</ref>
|5,324,281 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterrey Agglomeration (Mexico): Localities and Statistical Areas - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/mexico/agglomonterrey/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Montevideo]]
|{{URY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|53.9}} (2022)<ref>(((61/33)^(1/15))^10)*33 and (((33/21)^(1/15))^10)*21.</ref>
|1,870,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Montgomery, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.065840}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|385,480 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|38.387|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,203,899 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Morgantown, WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.070965}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|141,817 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Morristown, TN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.387094}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|124,054 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Moscow metropolitan area]]
|{{RUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|504.808}} (2022)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|17,400,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.858346}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|131,417 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.945|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|767,736 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Multan]]
|{{PAK}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.000}} (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp9.punjab.gov.pk/node/47|title=Multan|website=Government of Punjab}}</ref>
|2,225,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|368}} (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai-C40 cities|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/mumbai/|access-date=2024-12-10|website=C40.org}}</ref>
|27,100,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024" />
|-

|[[Muncie, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.333469}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|112,321 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Munich Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|361.310|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|6,300,000 (2023)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Münster (region)]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|26.053|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|537,115 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Murcia|Murcia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |45.988 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,604,043 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Muskegon, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.004713}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|176,565 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.945154}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|536,165 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Chūkyō Metropolitan Area|Nagoya]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|379.301}} (2021)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|10,500,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Nagpur]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19}} (2021–22)<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24|url=http://mls.org.in/PDF2023/BUDGET/ESM_2023_24_Eng_Book.pdf|website=mahades.maharashtra.gov.in|date=7 October 2023}}</ref>
|3,375,000 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation2022" />
|-

|[[Nairobi]]
|{{KEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30}} (2023)<ref name="KNBSKE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/launch-of-the-gross-county-product-2019-report/|title=Launch of the Gross County Product 2019 Report|last=Munene|first=Evans|date=2019-02-13|website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref>
|6,550,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Arrondissement of Namur|Namur metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BEL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.37|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|321,698 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Nanaimo]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.364|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|120,165 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Nanchang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|109.530}} (2024)<ref name="Jiangxi-gdp" />
|6,619,300 (2024)<ref name="Jiangxi-pop" />
|-

|[[Nanjing]]<ref name="nanjing">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.nanjing.gov.cn/bmfw/njsj/202504/t20250401_5108490.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Nanjing on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年南京市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=nanjing.gov.cn |date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|259.781}} (2024)
|9,562,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Nanning]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|54.299}} (2015)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Huang |first1=Yanmei (黄艳梅) |last2=Yang |first2=Zhixiong (杨志雄) |script-title=zh:2007南宁市GDP总量首次突破一千亿元人民币|url=http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-03/25/content_12789787.htm|script-work=zh:中新广西网 |via=[[Xinhua]] Guangxi |access-date=23 July 2015|language=zh-hans|date=25 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723134431/http://www.gx.xinhuanet.com/misc/2008-03/25/content_12789787.htm|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dollar Yuan Exchange Rate - 35 Year Historical Chart |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/2575/us-dollar-yuan-exchange-rate-historical-chart |website=www.macrotrends.net |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>
|7,765,411 (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Guăngxī (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/guangxi/?admid=8779 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>
|-

|[[Nanping]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.104}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Fujian-gdp">The GDP data of prefecture-level cities in Fujian are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of prefecture-level cities, see {{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/a/459760599_100182943|script-title=zh:2020年福建各市GDP排名，福州、泉州双双破万亿，厦门暂居第三|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-04-09|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|2,680,645 (2020)<ref name="Fujian-pop">The population data of prefecture-level cities in Fujian are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 2) of Fujian'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/xxgk/tjgb/202105/t20210520_5598804.htm|script-title=zh:福建省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）|publisher=Fujian.gov.cn|date=2021-05-20|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|-

|[[Nantes]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|54.835|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,461,267 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Napa, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.227116}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|133,216 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Naples|Naples metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|61.05908|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,986,745 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Naples-Marco Island, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.526854}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|404,310 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area|Nashville-Davidson—Murfreesboro—Franklin, TN (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|204.861124}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,102,573 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region (Delhi)]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|521.5}} (2023)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Posição ocupada pelos maiores municípios brasileiros em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto, Est. 2013 |url=http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/comparamun/compara.php?lang=&coduf=35&idtema=152&codv=V07&order=dado&dir=desc&lista=uf&custom= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160219214704/http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/comparamun/compara.php?lang=&coduf=35&idtema=152&codv=V07&order=dado&dir=desc&lista=uf&custom= |archive-date=2016-02-19 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|33,400,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-
|[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]
|{{BRA}}
|{{nts|9.620}} (2023)<ref name=":2" />
|1,647,414 (2023)
|-

|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.936|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|258,057 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[New Bern, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.196683}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|122,488 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=New Bern (Metropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Areas, USA) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/35100__new_bern/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[New Haven-Milford, CT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|65.232142}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|869,527 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area|New Orleans-Metairie, LA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|102.436589}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|962,165 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[New York metropolitan area|New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2,298.868394}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|19,617,869 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.554}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|492,805 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia: Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/australia/cities/?cityid=690 |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Nicosia]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CYP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|27.777|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|904,705 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|43.3}} (2010)<ref>{{cite web|author=Yoshitsugu Kanemoto|title=Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data|url=http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111107/http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm|archive-date=2018-06-15|access-date=2016-09-29|publisher=Center for Spatial Information Science, The [[University of Tokyo]]}}</ref><ref name="Conversion rates - Exchange rates"/>
|2,374,450 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan: Prefectures and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/?admid=957 |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Niles, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.484269}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|152,261 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ningde]]<ref name="ningde">{{cite press release | url=https://www.ningde.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/jdxx/202501/t20250126_2013863.htm | title= zh:2024年宁德市经济运行情况分析 | publisher=ningde.gov.cn |date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}} {{cite press release | url=https://www.ningde.gov.cn/zjnd/ndgk/202111/t20211108_1545311.htm | title= zh: 2024年宁德人口 | publisher=ningde.gov.cn |date=March 24, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|54.790}} (2024)
|3,162,000 (2024)
|-

|[[North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|56.607597}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|891,411 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP" />
|-

|[[Northwest Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|116.847|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|2,800,000 (2023)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Norwich-New London, CT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|23.909840}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|268,681 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Nottingham]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.547}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|329,276 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Nuremberg Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|167|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|3,611,000 (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Nyingchi]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.774}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="linzhi-gdp">The GDP2020 data of Nyingchi are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development of Nyingchi published by Statistics Bureau of Nyingchi City, see {{cite web|url=http://www.linzhi.gov.cn/tjj/c103534/202105/73039b332f1045a6a50eecc141f64c80.shtml|script-title=zh:2020年林芝市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=Linzhi.gov.cn|date=2021-05-11|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|238,936 (2020)<ref name="linzhi-pop">The population data of Nyingchi are from the ''Communiqué on major data of the Seventh National Census of Nyingchi'', see {{cite web|url=http://www.linzhi.gov.cn/linzhi/zwgk/202106/67e8f571513a408486867cc69549903e.shtml|script-title=zh:林芝市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报|publisher=linzhi.gov.cn|date=2021-06-17|accessdate=2021-08-24}}</ref>
|-

|[[Ocala, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.982712}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|409,959 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ocean City, NJ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.772540}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|95,634 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Odense]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.93297|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|501,782 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Odessa, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.658079}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|164,494 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Offenburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|18.902|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|432,580 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Ogden-Clearfield, UT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|43.646961}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|713,839 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Okayama]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.1}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto"/><ref name="Conversion rates - Exchange rates"/>
|1,945,276 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Okayama (Japan): Prefecture, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/okayama/?admid=975 |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area|Oklahoma City, OK (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|100.054101}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,477,926 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[:pl:Aglomeracja olsztyńska|Olsztyn metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.16173|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|573,199 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Olympia-Lacey-Tumwater, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.969972}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|299,003 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|92.356612}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|976,671 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Opole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.47501|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|567,836 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Orange, New South Wales|Orange]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.204}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|40,493 (2018)<ref name="autogenerated3"/>
|-

|[[Ordos City|Ordos]]<ref name="ordos">{{cite press release | url=https://gxj.ordos.gov.cn/ywgz/202504/t20250403_3780438.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Ordos on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 鄂尔多斯市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=ordos.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 7, 2025}}</ref><ref name="nmg-pop"/>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|89.347}} (2024)
|2,230,400 (2024)
|-

|[[Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area|Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|217.038119}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,817,933 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Orléans]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|23.062|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|684,609 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Oshawa]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|16.369|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|447,079 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Oshkosh-Neenah, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.408456}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|171,735 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Osnabrück]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.721|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|523,694 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Ottawa–Gatineau]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|105.824|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|1,498,610 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Owensboro, KY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.142735}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|112,512 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|65.991334}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|829,590 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[:id:Kawasan Metropolitan Palapa|Padang Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.213}} (2021)<ref name="sumatrabarat">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Sumatra Barat 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Barat]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Padang|url=https://sumbar.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/c0af471ae1affc68f4093771/provinsi-sumatera-barat-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,441,760 (2021)<ref name="sumatrabarat"/>
|-

|[[Paderborn]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.897|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|308,335 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Padua metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|33.46147|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|932,629 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Palembang metropolitan area|Palembang Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.561}} (2021)<ref name="sumatraselatan">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Sumatra Selatan 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Selatan]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Palembang|url=https://sumsel.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/f9646f2d59150d7c3e1201c2/provinsi-sumatera-selatan-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,740,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.591386}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|643,979 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Palma de Mallorca metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |48.375 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,259,545 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona|Pamplona metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |28.812 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|689,018 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Panama City, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.731669}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|185,134 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Panjin]]<ref name="panjin">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.panjin.gov.cn/2025_04/02_13/content-515228.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Panjin on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年盘锦市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=panjin.gov.cn |date=April 2, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.848}} (2024)
|1,379,460 (2024)
|-

|[[Panzhihua]]<ref name="panzhihua">For the economic performance of Panzhihua in 2024, refer to {{cite press release | url=http://www.panzhihua.gov.cn/tzfw/tzzn/tzal/10204928.shtml | title=Economic performance of Panzhihua in 2024 / zh: 2024年攀枝花市经济运行情况 | publisher=panzhihua.gov.cn | date=April 10, 2025| access-date=April 15, 2024}} For the permanent population in 2024, refer to {{cite press release | url=https://www.nmg.gov.cn/tjsj/sjfb/tjsj/tjgb/202504/t20250403_2692853.html | title=Sichuan Panzhihua's permanent population has been growing for four consecutive years / zh: 四川攀枝花常住人口连续四年正增长 | publisher=Inner-BAIDU.COM | date=February 28, 2025| access-date=April 15, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.591}} (2024)
|1,220,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Paris]] ([[Metropolitan area]])
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|860.067|EUR|year=2024|r=3}}}} (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|11,500,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Parkersburg-Vienna, WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.711556}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|88,052 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Province of Parma|Parma]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|19.03242|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|449,628 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Patna]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.2384}} (2023)<ref name="dse.bihar.gov.in">{{cite web|work=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Government of Bihar|url=http://dse.bihar.gov.in/report/DDP%20at%20a%20Glance%202004-05%20to%2011-12.xls |title=District Domestic Product 2004–05 to 2011–12 |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>
|2,850,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Pécs]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{HUN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|4.33082|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|354,341 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[:id:Pekansikawan|Pekanbaru Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|25.279}} (2021)<ref name="riau2021">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Riau 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Riau]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Pekanbaru|url=https://riau.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/85c4ce5fd9662f99e34a5071/provinsi-riau-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|1,250,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.977030}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|530,090 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Peoria, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.879142}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|362,240 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.252|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|483,558 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Perth]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|111.056}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|2,087,086 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Perth (Australia): Statistical Areas of Significant Urban Area - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/australia/perth/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Province of Perugia|Perugia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|17.52716|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|645,506 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Peterborough]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.905}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|219,509 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Peterborough, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.988|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|135,005 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Pforzheim]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|12.031|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|325,768 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Philadelphia metropolitan area|Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|557.601}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|6,330,422 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area|Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|398.129}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|5,186,958 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Pine Bluff, AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.146574}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|84,629 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Pittsburgh, PA metropolitan statistical area|Pittsburgh, PA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|194.229253}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,422,725 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Pittsfield, MA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.955924}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|126,818 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ploiești]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.84241|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|703,368 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Plovdiv]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BUL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.29793|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|666,398 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Plymouth]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.178}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|268,736 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Plzeň]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CZE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|13.29762|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|578,707 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Pocatello, ID MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.569769}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|90,400 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Port Said]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.0}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|790,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Port St. Lucie, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.153067}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|536,901 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Portland-South Portland, ME MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.037136}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|566,329 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|218.894399}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,508,050 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Porto Alegre]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|49.880}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|4,405,769 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Porto Alegre (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU4314902__porto_alegre/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Porto metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{PRT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|39.17895|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,740,117 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[South Hampshire|Portsmouth-Southampton]] [[Metropolitan area]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.375}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|466,407 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Poznań metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.60263|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,241,984 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Prague metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CZE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|109.96963|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,662,230 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Prato]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.23807|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|265,269 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Prescott Valley-Prescott, AZ MSA|Prescott Valley–Prescott, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.111}} (2017)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|228,398 (2017)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Western Cape|Pretoria]]
|{{ZAF}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|56.286}} (2022)<ref name="Provincial GDP" />
|7,426,673 (2022)
|-

|[[Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Providence-Warwick, RI-MA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|111.839552}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,677,803 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Provo-Orem, UT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|45.033143}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|715,001 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]
|{{MEX}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.102}} (2019)<ref name="mexgdp">{{cite web|title=PIB por Entidad Federativa (PIBE) en 2019, Base 2013|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/pibent/2013/#Tabulados|access-date=2021-02-13|publisher=INEGI|language=es}}</ref>
|3,903,485 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Puebla Agglomeration (Mexico): Localities and Statistical Areas - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/mexico/agglopuebla/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Pueblo, CO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.576776}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|169,422 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Pune]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|69}} (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/|title=Richest Cities Of India|website=businessworld.in/|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/top-10-richest-cities-in-india-2021-552132.html?picid=2181885|title=Richest Cities Of India|website=IndiaTimes.com|date=22 October 2021 |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakravorty|first=Abhimanyu|date=13 April 2016|title=From Gurgaon to Gurugram: 20 cities that changed their names|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050426/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/|archive-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
|9,429,408 (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune (District, Maharashtra, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/admin/maharashtra/521__pune/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Punta Gorda, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.701074}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|206,134 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Putian]]<ref name="putian">population {{cite web|url=https://www.putian.gov.cn/zwgk/ptdt/ptyw/202503/t20250312_1978408.htm |script-title=zh:莆田市常住人口319.2万人 |publisher=putian.gov.cn |date=March 2025|accessdate=March 12, 2025}} economy {{cite web|url=https://www.putian.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/tjsj/202501/t20250126_1971911.htm |script-title=zh:2024年12月地区生产总值 |publisher=putian.gov.cn|date=January 26, 2025|accessdate=March 14, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|48.342}} (2024)
|3,185,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Qingdao]]<ref name="qingdao">{{cite press release | url=http://qdtj.qingdao.gov.cn/tongjisj/tjsj_tjgb/202504/t20250408_9261863.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Qingdao on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年青岛市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=qingdao.gov.cn |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|234.768}} (2024)
|10,407,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Quanzhou]]<ref name="quanzhou">Quanzhou Economic Indicators {{cite press release | url=http://tjj.quanzhou.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/tjxx/tjfx/202501/t20250126_3135989.htm | title=zh: 2024年泉州经济运行稳中提质| publisher=quanzhou.gov.cn| date=January 26, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}} quanzhou resident population {{cite press release | url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1825286422990474478&wfr=spider&for=pc | title=zh:2024年泉州常住人口净增3.1万人人口总量保持全省首位 |date=February 28, 2025|publisher=baijiahao.baidu.com |access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|183.873}} (2024)
|8,898,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Quebec City]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|59.042|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|848,776 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Quito]]
|{{ECU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|33.900}} (2023)<ref name=Ecuador>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_ecu.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Ecuador Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|2,875,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Quzhou]]<ref name="qvzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.qz.gov.cn/art/2025/1/21/art_1512005_58921776.html | title=zh:2024年衢州经济运行情况 | publisher=zjtj.gov.cn| date=January 21, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.774}} (2024)
|2,298,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Racine, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.914885}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|195,846 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Radom County]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.33002|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|574,281 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Raleigh, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area|Raleigh, NC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|133.081325}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,509,231 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rapid City, SD MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.425612}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,974 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Reading, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|25.974930}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|432,821 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Recife]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.660}} (2023)<ref name="IBGE_PIB">{{cite web|title=Recife – IBGE Cidades|url=http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v3/cidades/municipio/2611606|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221112453/http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v3/cidades/municipio/2611606|archive-date=December 21, 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=IBGE}}</ref>
|3,743,854 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Recife (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU2611606__recife/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Red Deer, Alberta]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|6.152|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|107,073 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Redding, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.047068}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|180,366 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Regensburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|23.629|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|469,935 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Province of Reggio Emilia|Reggio Emilia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.31118|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|527,140 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.902|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|268,804 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Rennes Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|39.899|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,098,420 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Reno, NV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|43.148385}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|564,782 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|292|EUR|year=2024|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|5,800,000 (2023)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|111.297|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|2,458,595 (2023)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{DEU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|576.000|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2024)<ref name=Statista>{{cite web |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) in den Metropolregionen* in Deutschland im Jahr 2020|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/603802/umfrage/bruttoinlandsprodukt-in-den-metropolregionen-in-deutschland/|language=de}}</ref>
|5,650,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Richmond, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Richmond, VA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|116.959541}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,349,732 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Riga Planning Region (from 2021)|Riga metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{LAT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.96069|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|993,600 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|171.800}} (2023)<ref name="bge">{{Cite web |title=PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021|url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html|website=ibge.gov.br}}</ref>
|13,300,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|256.859082}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|4,688,053 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Riyadh]]
|{{SAU}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |
{{nts|263.893}} (2023)<ref name=saudi/>
|7,300,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2022"/>
|-

|[[Roanoke, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.742564}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|314,314 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rochester, MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.948981}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|229,077 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rochester, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|78.469076}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,052,087 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rockford, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.712066}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|334,124 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rockhampton]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.342}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|78,592 (2018)<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=27 March 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110730/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref>
|-

|[[Rocky Mount, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.732690}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|145,383 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital|Rome metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|203.5439|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|4,231,451 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Rome, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.449843}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|100,113 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Rostock]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|14.788|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|426,133 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Rotterdam]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|95.187|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,834,417 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Rzeszów]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.28395|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|615,954 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Saarbrücken]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|30.795|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|794,062 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Sacramento—Roseville—Arden-Arcade, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|189.624282}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,420,608 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Saginaw, MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.801688}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|187,782 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Saguenay, Quebec]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.384|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|165,185 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Saint John, New Brunswick]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.832|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|135,622 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|{{RUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|128.000}} (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2021гг.|website=www.rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
|5,650,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Saint-Étienne Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.655|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|766,473 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Salem, OR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|25.733543}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|436,546 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Salinas, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|36.861463}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|430,723 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Salisbury, MD-DE MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.830418}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|439,032 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Salt Lake City, UT metropolitan statistical area|Salt Lake City, UT (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|147.519150}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,266,191 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.360}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo|title=2013 GDPs|work=Terra |url=http://economia.terra.com.br/infograficos/pib/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325010159/http://economia.terra.com.br/infograficos/pib/|archive-date=25 March 2014|access-date=2014-03-24|publisher=Terra.com|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Já|first=Bahia|title=IBGE: SALVADOR ocupa 22º lugar no ranking per capita do PIB/2011|url=http://www.bahiaja.com.br/economia/noticia/2013/12/17/ibge-salvador-ocupa-22-lugar-no-ranking-per-capita-do-pib2011,67361,0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016152829/http://www.bahiaja.com.br/economia/noticia/2013/12/17/ibge-salvador-ocupa-22-lugar-no-ranking-per-capita-do-pib2011,67361,0.html#.UzCwKyC5fIU|archive-date=16 October 2014|website=Bahia Já}}</ref>
|3,600,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Salzburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{AUT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.09308|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|371,032 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[San Angelo, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.613209}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|120,606 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area|San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|182.139043}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,703,999 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|San Diego-Carlsbad, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|314.943175}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|3,269,973 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco Bay Area (nine-county area)]]
|{{USA}}

| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|1,201.695}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|6,512,728 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
|{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|45.461}} (2021)<ref>{{citation|title=SAN JUAN, PR|url=https://datausa.io/profile/geo/san-juan-pr|website=datausa.io}}</ref>
|1,920,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area|San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|422.817456}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,945,767 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.753294}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|281,639 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[San Marino]]
|{{SMR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.241}} (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|34,000 (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|-

|[[Gipuzkoa]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |30.738 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|735,235 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Sanmenxia]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.033}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" />
|2,034,872 (2020)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/henan/admin/|title=China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
|-

|[[Sanming]]<ref name="sanming">{{cite press release | url=https://www.sm.gov.cn/zw/tjxx/tjgb/202504/t20250418_2116141.htm |title=Statistical communiqué of Sanming on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:三明市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=sanming.gov.cn |date=April 9, 2025 |access-date=April 18, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|41.043}} (2024)
|2,424,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |27.968 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,093,343 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.186709}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|261,547 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Santa Fe, NM MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.278913}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|155,956 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|38.512465}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|441,257 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|38.453328}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|481,812 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Bay of Santander|Santander metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |19.158 (2024)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|597,281 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Santiago Metropolitan Region]]
|{{CHL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|128.800}} (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_chl.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Chile Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
|8,050,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Cali|Santiago de Cali]]
|{{COL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|22.100}} (2023)<ref name=Columbia/>
|2,925,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Santiago de los Caballeros]]
|{{DOM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.1}} (2023)<ref name=":1" />
|698,000 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santiago, Dominican Republic Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20897/santiago/population |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
|-

|[[Santo Domingo]]
|{{DOM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.5}} (2023)<ref name=":1">[https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_dom.pdf TelluBase---Dominican Rep. Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)] (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</ref>
|4,175,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.910}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|1,556,718 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Baixada Santista (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3548500__baixada_santista/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[São José dos Campos]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.100}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|2,528,354 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=São José dos Campos (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3549904__s%C3%A3o_jos%C3%A9_dos_campos/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.540}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|329,058 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Districts in São José dos Pinhais (Paraná, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/parana/4125506__s%C3%A3o_jos%C3%A9_dos_pinhais/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Sapporo]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|84.7}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto"/><ref name="Conversion rates - Exchange rates"/>
|1,913,545 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sapporo (City (-shi), Hokkaidō, Japan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/admin/hokkaid%C5%8D/01100__sapporo/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Saskatoon]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|26.516|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|347,536 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Savannah, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|32.395522}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|424,935 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Schweinfurt]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.663|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|272,140 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|34.511287}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|569,413 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area|Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|566.742}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|4,145,494 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.207144}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|167,352 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Sebring-Avon Park, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.583095}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|105,618 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Semarang metropolitan area|Semarang Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.057}} (2021)<ref name="jawatengah">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Jawa Tengah 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Tengah]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Semarang|url=https://jateng.bps.go.id/indicator/157/1740/1/-seri-2010-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-jawa-tengah.html}}</ref>
|2,275,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Sendai]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|50}} (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.city.sendai.jp/chosatoke/shise/toke/tokesho/h30-01/documents/11-1_4.xlsx|title=経済活動別市内総生産（名目）|date=May 2018|access-date=June 30, 2019}}</ref>
|1,082,159 (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sendai (City (-shi), Miyagi, Japan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/admin/miyagi/04100__sendai/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Seoul Metropolitan Area]]
|{{KOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|1,006.400}} (2024)<ref name="index.go.kr">{{cite web |title=2023년 지역소득(잠정) |url=https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10301010000&bid=243&act=view&list_no=434448 |website=www.kostat.go.kr |date=2024-12-20}}</ref>
|25,100,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024"/>
|-

|[[Seville|Seville metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |52.817 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,994,601 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Shanghai]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|814.1}} (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=January 21, 2026 |title=Shanghai's GDP exceeds 5.6 trillion yuan in 2025 |url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/pressroom/2026-01/21/content_118292482.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The State Council Information Office of China (SCIO) |language=en}}</ref>
|24,838,550 (2024)<ref name="shanghai">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20250324/a7fe18c6d5c24d66bfca89c5bb4cdcfb.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Shanghai on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=shanghai.gov.cn |date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref>
|-

|[[Shantou]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|34.8}} (2017)<ref name="Zhou-2018">{{cite web|title=Shanghai first Chinese city to top 3 trillion yuan GDP|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/20/WS5a629e9ba3106e7dcc135729.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120071431/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/20/WS5a629e9ba3106e7dcc135729.html|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=2018-01-20|website=China Daily}}</ref>
|5,502,031 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Guăngdōng (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/guangdong/?admid=8762 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Shaoxing]]<ref name="shaoxing">{{cite press release |url=https://tjj.sx.gov.cn/art/2025/1/24/art_1229361957_4210995.html |title=zh:2024年绍兴经济运行情况 |publisher=shaoxing.gov.cn| date=January 24, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|117.508}} (2024)
|5,411,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Sheboygan, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.738603}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|117,752 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Economy of Sheffield|Sheffield]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|23.701}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|573,252 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Shenyang]]<ref name="shenyang">{{cite press release | url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/network/liaoningnews/lnquanwei/2025/04/23/769451484105413057.shtml |title=Statistical communiqué of Shenyang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 沈阳市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=shenyang.gov.cn |date=April 23, 2025 |access-date=April 23, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|126.755}} (2024)
|9,223,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Sherbrooke]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.171|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|231,055 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Sherman-Denison, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.289716}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|146,907 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Shijiazhuang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|81.252}} (2018)<ref name="Zhou-2018" />
|11,235,086 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hébĕi (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/hebei/?admid=8565 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Shizuishan]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.853}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Shizuishan-gdp">The GDP data of Shizuishan are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development of Shizuishan, see {{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/468467694_121106869|script-title=zh:石嘴山市2020年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-05-25|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|751,389 (2020)<ref name="Shizuishan-pop">The population data of Shizuishan are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 2) of Shizuishan'', see {{cite web|url=http://tjj.shizuishan.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/202106/t20210610_2880793.html|script-title=zh:石嘴山市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）|publisher=shizuishan.gov.cn|date=2021-06-03|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|-

|[[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]
|{{JPN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|45.8}} (2010)<ref name="Yoshitsugu Kanemoto"/><ref name="Conversion rates - Exchange rates"/>
|3,765,007 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan: Prefectures and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/cities/?admid=964 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Shreveport-Bossier City, LA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.913122}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|384,943 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Shuozhou]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.955}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Shuozhou-gdp">The GDP data of Shuozhou are from the statistical communiqué on 2020 national economic and social development of Shuozhou, see {{cite web|url=http://www.shuozhou.gov.cn/xxgk/tjxx/tjgb/201705/t20170503_77867.html|script-title=zh:2020年朔州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=Shuozhou.gov.cn|date=2021-05-03|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|1,593,444 (2020)<ref name="Shuozhou-pop">The population data of Shuozhou are from the ''Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census of Shuozhou'', see {{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/470366149_121106854|script-title=zh:朔州市第七次全国人口普查公报|publisher=sohu.com|date=2021-06-04|accessdate=2021-08-26}}</ref>
|-

|[[Siegen]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|14.936|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|404,578 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.080882}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|124,640 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Singapore]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{SGP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|574.185}} (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|6,077,000 (2025)<ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|-

|[[Sioux City, IA-NE-SD MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.978474}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|144,402 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Sioux Falls, SD MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.084975}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|289,592 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Sofia City Province|Sofia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BUL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|33.25863|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,667,314 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Sorocaba]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|29.000}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|779,704 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sorocaba (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3552205__sorocaba/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|20.547790}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|324,490 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Spartanburg, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.159577}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|383,327 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Split, Croatia]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CRO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|5.807|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|423,085 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|39.735793}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|600,292 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Springfield, IL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.899178}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|205,445 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Springfield, MA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|42.356150}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|460,291 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Springfield, MO MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|28.577385}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|491,053 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Springfield, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.909466}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|134,610 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[St. Catharines]]–[[Regional Municipality of Niagara|Niagara Falls]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.359|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|450,501 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[St. Cloud, MN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.190740}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|202,577 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[St. George, UT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.742891}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|197,730 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|14.573|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|219,119 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[St. Joseph, MO-KS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.528526}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|118,475 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area|St. Louis, MO-IL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|226.548910}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|2,796,999 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[State College, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.952214}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|157,795 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Staunton, VA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.760948}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|126,776 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Stockholm metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SWE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|171.26872|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,391,990 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Stockton, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|42.836031}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|793,229 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Stoke-on-Trent]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.701}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|263,157 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Strasbourg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|41.422|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,150,899 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Stuttgart Metropolitan Region]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|295.4582|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|5,506,959 (2022)<ref name="metropolregionen" />
|-

|[[Suez]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|3.6}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|690,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Sumter, SC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.599335}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|104,165 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.133}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|281,058 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.813}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|333,436 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110730/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref>
|-

|[[Surabaya metropolitan area|Surabaya Metropolitan]]
|{{flagicon|ASEAN}}{{IDN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|88.821}} (2021)<ref name="jawatimur">{{Cite book|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di Jawa Timur 2019-2021|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Timur]]|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2022|location=Surabaya|url=https://jatim.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/33699f6fcd84e0e2a0ad96f0/provinsi-jawa-timur-dalam-angka-2022.html}}</ref>
|6,150,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Surat]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|59.8}} (2017)<ref name="Haritas">{{cite web|last=Haritas|first=Bhragu|title=Richest Cities Of India|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302220702/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=2020-04-19|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>
|6,600,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Swansea]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.084}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|246,742 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Sydney]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|398.037}} (2021)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|5,400,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Syracuse, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|51.191017}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|652,956 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Szczecin metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.17256|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|392,527 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Székesfehérvár District]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{HUN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.5058|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|418,555 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Taichung]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|63.910}} (2016)<ref name="auto6"/>
|3,033,840 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Taizhong Shi (Special Municipality, Taiwan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/taiwan/reg/admin/central_region/19__taizhong_shi/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Tainan]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.038}} (2016)<ref name="auto6"/>
|1,875,076 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan: Counties and Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/taiwan/cities/?cityid=485 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|407.838}} (2021)<ref name="visualcapitalist.com" />
|9,150,000 (2021)<ref name="citypopulation2021"/>
|-

|[[Taiyuan]]<ref name="taiyuan">{{cite press release | url=https://stats.taiyuan.gov.cn/tjgb/20250415/30210935.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Taiyuan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:太原市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=taiyuan.gov.cn |date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|76.090}} (2024)
|5,479,700 (2024)
|-

|[[Taizhou, Jiangsu|Taizhou]]<ref name="taizhou">{{cite press release |url=http://tjj.taizhou.gov.cn/xxgk/fdzdgknr/tjxx/tjgb/art/2025/art_fd816b343b8947399d70f0926244311f.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Taizhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年泰州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=taizhou.gov.cn|date=March 24, 2025|accessdate=April 28, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|98.585}} (2024)
|4,490,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Taizhou, Zhejiang]]<ref name="zjtaizhou">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.zjtz.gov.cn/art/2025/1/24/art_1229020471_58675306.html |title=zh:2024年台州经济运行情况 | publisher=zjtj.gov.cn| date=January 24, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|93.466}} (2024)
|6,720,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Tallahassee, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.529748}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|392,645 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Harju County|Tallinn metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{EST}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.68025|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|614,561 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area|Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|243.268344}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|3,342,963 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Tampere]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FIN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.10438|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|520,691 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tangshan]]<ref name="tangshan">{{cite press release | url=http://www.inewsweek.cn/qy/2025-02-11/24438.shtml | title=Hebei sees its first trillion-yuan GDP city / zh:河北迎来首个万亿GDP城市 | publisher=inewsweek.cn | date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=April 21, 2025}} the permanent population of Tangshan in 2024 {{cite web|url=https://www.tangshan.gov.cn/zhuzhan/sjfb/20250318/1628001.html |title=permanent population and urbanization rate of Tangshan and its subordinate counties (cities and districts) by the end of 2024 / zh:2024年末（唐山）全市各县（市、区）常住人口和城镇化率 |publisher=Tangshan.gov.cn|date=March 18, 2025|accessdate=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|140.471}} (2024)
|7,720,900 (2024)
|-

|[[Tanta]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.8}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|530,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
|{{TWN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|52.010}} (2016)<ref name="auto6"/>
|2,254,363 (2020)<ref name="ris.gov.tw"/>
|-

|[[Province of Taranto|Taranto metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.491|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|561,958 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[:pl:Aglomeracja tarnowska|Tarnów metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|4.31013|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|429,276 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tbilisi]]
|{{GEO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.131}} (2023)<ref name=gdp>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/93/regionuli-statistika|title=რეგიონული სტატისტიკა - საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური|website=www.geostat.ge}}</ref>
|1,400,000 (2023)<ref name="citypopulation2023"/>
|-

|[[Gush Dan|Tel Aviv metropolitan area]]
|{{ISR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|310.00}} (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3552158|title=Instead of talking about national economy, we should talk about cities|website=www.calcalist.co.il|date=17 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title= World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|website=www.imf.org}}</ref>
|4,156,900 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=LOCALITIES, POPULATION AND DENSITY PER SQ. KM. OF LAND, BY METROPOLITAN AREA(1) AND SELECTED LOCALITIES |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_25.pdf |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)}}</ref>
|-

|[[Terre Haute, IN MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.300542}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|168,787 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Texarkana, TX-AR MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.215096}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|145,907 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[The Hague]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|56.038|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,122,240 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[The Villages, FL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.137460}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|144,970 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Thessaloniki]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GRE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|16.00259|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,096,665 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Thunder Bay]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|7.847|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|125,334 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Tilburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.814|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|493,004 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Timișoara|Timișoara metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ROM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|11.14748|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|705,500 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tokelau]]
|{{TKL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|0.009}} (2015–16)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz/Bulletin/April+2017/GDP+first.html|title = Tokelau's Gross Domestic Product determined for first time this century |website = www.tokelau.org.nz}}</ref>
|1,499 (2016)<ref>{{cite report |title=Final population counts: 2016 Tokelau Census |date=November 2016 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |page=3 |url = https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/TokelauNSO/2016Census/TokelauCensusTechnicalRelease1E.pdf}}</ref>
|-

|[[Toledo, OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|49.254628}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|600,141 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Tongling]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.612}} (2024)
|1,301,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Toowoomba]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.118}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|136,861 (2018)<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
|-

|[[Topeka, KS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.156457}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|232,322 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Toulouse Métropole]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|59.033|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,434,439 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tours Métropole Val de Loire]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|19.586|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|612,237 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Townsville]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.075}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|180,820 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=27 March 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110730/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.</ref>
|-

|[[Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|64.921|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|716,546 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Trenton-Princeton, NJ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|53.002639}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|381,671 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-
|[[Trois-Rivières]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|8.747|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|167,732 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-
|[[Trondheim Region]]
|{{NOR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|26.14311|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|471,124 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-
|[[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]]
|{{PER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" | {{nts|5.7}} (2023)<ref name="Tellusant-Peru"/>
|1,034,300 (2023)<ref name="2023-PER-INEI"/>
|-
|[[Tucson, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|62.169929}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,063,162 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Tulsa, OK MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|67.510846}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,044,757 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Metropolitan City of Turin|Turin metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|75.85399|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,219,206 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Turku metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{FIN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|20.0085|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|481,403 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Tuscaloosa, AL MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.767427}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|278,290 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Twin Falls, Idaho]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.878}} (2021)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|117,150 (2021)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Tyler, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|15.683898}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|245,209 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Tyneside]]<ref group="note">Tyneside includes [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] and the metropolitan boroughs of [[Gateshead]], [[North Tyneside]] and [[South Tyneside]].</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|35.206}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|872,154 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[Uberlandia]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.270}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|604,013 (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Uberlândia (Municipality, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/regiaosudeste/admin/minas_gerais/3170206__uberl%C3%A2ndia/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Ulm]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|24.044|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|500,432 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Uppsala]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{SWE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|19.07968|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|388,394 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Urban Honolulu, HI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|81.675550}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|989,408 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Ürümqi]]<ref name="urumqi">{{cite press release |url=https://www.urumqi.gov.cn/wlmqs/c119359/202504/0e8ee60b2c264168af822ad14a49a7d1.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Urumqi on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年乌鲁木齐市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=urumqi.gov.cn|date=April 23, 2025|accessdate=April 28, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|58.532}} (2024)
|4,084,800 (2024)
|-

||[[Utica-Rome, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|16.282294}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|287,039 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Utrecht]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|83.278|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,361,153 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Valdosta, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.679252}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|151,118 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Valencia|Valencia metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |81.660 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,805,449 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Valladolid]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |17.760 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|533,705 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Vallejo, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|37.156243}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|449,218 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Valletta]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{MLT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|16.71588|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|486,087 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Varna, Bulgaria]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BUL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|4.30896|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|470,124 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Burgas Province]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{BUL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|3.3092|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|409,750 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Province of Verona|Verona metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ITA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|32.49915|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|927,810 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Victoria, British Columbia]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|27.024|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|423,136 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Victoria, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|6.323208}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|98,808 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Vienna]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{AUT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|140.33019|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name="ec.europa.eu" />
|2,890,577 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Vigo metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |27.748 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|950,414 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Vilnius urban area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{LIT}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|30.915}} (2022)<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="irs.gov"/>
|868,341 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=684e50e2-6cf6-426f-8d20-8b3e3856bdd2#/ | date=2024-01-22 |title=Resident population on 1 January |website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref>
|-

|[[Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.208721}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|151,356 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area|Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|127.459149}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|1,806,840 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Visalia, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|24.256732}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|477,884 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Vishakhapatnam]]
|{{IND}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|43.5}} (2017)<ref name="Haritas" />
|2,200,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Vitória, Espírito Santo|Vitória]]
|{{BRA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|22.090}} (2023)<ref name="bra1" />
|1,857,616 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vitória (Urban Agglomeration, Urban Agglomerations, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/CU3205309__vit%C3%B3ria/ |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |15.236 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|344,665 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Waco, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|18.135219}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|304,865 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wagga Wagga]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.392}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|56,442 (2018)<ref name="autogenerated3"/>
|-

|[[Walla Walla, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|4.362362}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|61,568 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Warner Robins, GA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|10.549159}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|200,779 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Warsaw metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|99.74797|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name="regions"/>
|3,242,890 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Washington metropolitan area|Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (Metropolitan Statistical Area)]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|714.685}} (2024)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|6,436,489 (2024)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.521946}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|168,162 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Watertown-Fort Drum, NY MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.037177}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|114,787 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wausau-Weston, WI MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.711703}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|166,334 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Weihai]]<ref name="weihai">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.weihai.gov.cn/art/2025/4/14/art_13262_5352626.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Weihai on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 威海市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=weihai.gov.cn |date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|52.356}} (2024)
|2,914,100 (2024)
|-

|[[Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.568043}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|113,544 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wellington]]
|{{NZL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.607}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022 |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/regional-gross-domestic-product-year-ended-march-2022/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref>
|440,900 (2022)<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|-

|[[Wenatchee, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.343442}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|124,118 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wenzhou]]<ref name="wenzhou">{{cite press release | url=https://wztjj.wenzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/1/24/art_1229429195_4275565.html |title=zh: 2024年温州经济运行情况| publisher=wenzhou.gov.cn| date=January 24, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|136.467}} (2024)
|9,806,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Wetzlar]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|9.086|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|253,373 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Wheeling metropolitan area|Wheeling, WV-OH MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|12.658006}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|135,517 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wichita Falls, TX MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.256094}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|149,947 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wichita, KS MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|46.468045}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|652,939 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Williamsport, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|7.486729}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|112,724 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wilmington, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|21.996036}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|467,337 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Winchester, VA-WV MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.988848}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|147,260 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Windsor, Ontario]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|21.424|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|359,672 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Winnipeg Metropolitan Region]]
|{{CAN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|52.090|CAN|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022){{R|statcan}}
|871,778 (2022){{R|statcan1}}
|-

|[[Winston-Salem, NC MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|44.750605}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|695,630 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wollongong]]
|{{AUS}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.624}} (2018–19)<ref name="SGSEP-2018" />
|300,332 (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia: Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia/cities/?cityid=707 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
|-

|[[Worcester, MA-CT MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|64.135380}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|980,137 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Wrocław metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{POL}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|16.57923|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|670,219 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Wuhai]]<ref name="wuhai">For the economic performance of Wuhai in 2024, please refer to {{cite press release | url=http://tjj.wuhai.gov.cn/tjj/682822/zfxxgk9/fdzdgknr55/838247/2204166/index.html | title=Economic performance of Wuhai in 2024 / zh: 2024年乌海市经济运行情况 | publisher=wuhai.gov.cn | date=January 23, 2025| access-date=April 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="nmg-pop"/>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|8.363}} (2024)
|556,750 (2024)
|-

|[[Wuhan]]<ref name="wuhan">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.wuhan.gov.cn/tjfw/tjgb/202503/t20250327_2558447.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Wuhan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年武汉市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=wuhan.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|296.365}} (2024)
|13,791,550 (2024)
|-

|[[Wuhu]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|71.900}} (2024)
|1,790,000 (2024)<ref name="citypopulation2024" />
|-

|[[Würzburg]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{GER}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|22.191|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|507,323 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Wuxi]]<ref name="wuxi">{{cite press release |url=http://tj.wuxi.gov.cn/doc/2025/04/28/4554442.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Wuxi on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年无锡市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=wuxi.gov.cn|date=April 28, 2025|accessdate=April 28, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|228.362}} (2024)
|7,500,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Xi'an]]<ref name="xi'an">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/gmjjhshfzgb/1911952493551058945.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Xi'an on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 西安市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=xi'an.gov.cn |date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|187.003}} (2024)
|13,122,900 (2024)
|-

|[[Xiamen]]<ref name="xiamen">Xiamen Economic Indicators {{cite press release | url=https://tjj.xm.gov.cn/zcjd/202501/t20250123_2914687.htm | title=zh: 解读：经济运行稳中向好发展质效持续提升 | publisher=xiamen.gov.cn| date=January 23, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2025}} Xiamen resident population {{cite press release | url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1825713072577195353&wfr=spider&for=pc | title=zh: 2024年厦门市常住人口达535万人 |date=March 5, 2025|publisher=CNR |access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|120.603}} (2024)
|5,338,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Xiangtan]]<ref name="xiangtan">{{cite press release | url=https://xttj.xiangtan.gov.cn/13228/13195/13197/content_1366655.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Xiangtan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年湘潭市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=xiangtan.gov.cn |date=March 27, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|41.522}} (2024)
|2,696,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Xiangyang]]<ref name="xiangyang">{{cite press release | url=http://www.xiangyang.gov.cn/szf/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/tjxx/tjgb/202504/t20250416_3795033.shtml |title=Statistical communiqué of Xiangyang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:襄阳市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=xiangyang.gov.cn |date=April 16, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|85.688}} (2024)
|5,279,100 (2024)
|-

|[[Xilingol League|Xilingol]]<ref name="Xilingol">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.xlgl.gov.cn/tjj/tjyw/tjgb/2025040910021941568/index.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Xilingol League on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:锡林郛勒盟2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=Xilingol.gov.cn |date=April 9, 2025 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|17.355}} (2024)
|1,114,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Xinyu]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|14.517}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" /><ref name="Jiangxi-gdp"/>
|1,202,499 (2020)<ref name="Jiangxi-pop"/>
|-

|[[Xuchang]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|50.008}} (2020)<ref name="stats2020" />
|4,379,998 (2020)<ref name="auto1"/>
|-

|[[Xuzhou]]<ref name="xuzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://tj.xz.gov.cn/govxxgk/01405176-5/2025-04-08/a5bc7994-28b0-4d15-8a70-48e8841c2fcc.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Xuzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 徐州市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=xuzhou.gov.cn |date=April 8, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|133.916}} (2024)
|9,015,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Yakima, WA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|13.357488}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|256,643 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Yan'an]]<ref name="yan'an">{{cite press release | url=http://www.yanan.gov.cn/gk/fdzdgknr/zfzb/2025n/dyq/tjsj/1891754748237869058.html | title=zh: Economic performance of Yan'an in 2024 | publisher=yan'an.gov.cn | date=January 31, 2025| access-date=April 21, 2025}} the permanent population of Yan'an city in 2024 {{cite web|url=http://www.yanan.gov.cn/sq/yagk/rkjj/1.html |title=population profile of Yan'an city / zh:延安市人口简介 |publisher=yan'an.gov.cn|date=March 26, 2025 |accessdate=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|33.466}} (2024)
|2,254,650 (2024)
|-

|[[Yancheng]]<ref name="yancheng">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.yancheng.gov.cn/art/2025/4/16/art_1773_4314005.html |title=Statistical communiqué of Yancheng on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 盐城市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yancheng.gov.cn |date=April 16, 2025 |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|109.232}} (2024)
|6,680,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Yangzhou]]<ref name="yangzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://yangzhou.gov.cn/mlyz/yzgk/gmjj/art/2025/art_841adcdfc6ff4f0bb1c1c9949f530996.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Yangzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年扬州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yangzhou.gov.cn |date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|109.660}} (2024)
|4,585,900 (2024)
|-

|[[Yantai]]<ref name="yantai">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.yantai.gov.cn/art/2025/4/9/art_117_2877141.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Yantai on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年烟台市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yangzhou.gov.cn |date=April 9, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|151.408}} (2024)
|7,033,700 (2024)
|-

|[[Yerevan]]
|{{ARM}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|5.23}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy|url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/economy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905085409/http://www.yerevan.am/en/economy/|archive-date=5 September 2019|access-date=28 December 2019|publisher=Yerevan Municipality}}</ref>
|1,500,000 (2020)<ref name="citypopulation2020" />
|-

|[[Yichang]]<ref name="yichang">{{cite press release | url=http://www.yichang.gov.cn/zfxxgk/show.html?aid=1&id=238950 | title=Statistical communiqué of Yichang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 宜昌市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yichang.gov.cn |date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|86.933}} (2024)
|3,925,250 (2024)
|-

|[[Yingtan]]
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|19.438}} (2024)<ref name="Jiangxi-gdp"/>
|1,148,350 (2024)<ref name="Jiangxi-pop"/>
|-

|[[York]]
|{{GBR}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|11.543}} (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" /><ref name="Foreign Exchange Rates" />
|206,780 (2023)<ref name="ONS2023" />
|-

|[[York-Hanover, PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|27.867147}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|464,640 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|26.178157}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|535,499 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Yuba City, CA MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.225272}} (2023)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|183,670 (2023)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Yueyang]]<ref name="yueyang">{{cite press release | url=https://www.yueyang.gov.cn/mobile/23191/23197/23253/content_2282787.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Yueyang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年岳阳市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yueyang.gov.cn |date=April 2, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|72.001}} (2024)
|4,989,450 (2024)
|-

|[[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|105.995}} (2024)
|3,607,300 (2024)
|-

|[[Yuma, AZ MSA]]
|{{USA}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|9.883}} (2022)<ref name="FREDGDP" />
|208,874 (2022)<ref name="FREDPOP"/>
|-

|[[Yuxi]]<ref name="yuxi">{{cite press release | url=https://www.yuxi.gov.cn/yxszfxxgk/tjgb/20250317/1591412.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Yuxi on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年玉溪市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=yuxi.gov.cn |date=March 17, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|36.257}} (2024)
|2,265,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Zagazig]]
|{{EGY}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|2.3}} (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|380,000 (2024)<ref name="tellusant2024" />
|-

|[[Zagreb metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{CRO}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|28.78|EUR|year=2022|r=3}}}} (2022)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,187,450 (2022)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Zaragoza|Zaragoza metropolitan area]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{ESP}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |37.073 (2023)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|1,011,800 (2026)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Zhangzhou]]<ref name="zhangzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.zhangzhou.gov.cn/cms/infopublic/publicInfo.shtml?id=830649290698700004&siteId=530418360992730000 |title=Statistical communiqué of Zhangzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:zhangzhoushi 2024年漳州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=zhangzhou.gov.cn |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=April 18, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|85.144}} (2024)
|5,069,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Zhengzhou]]<ref name="zhengzhou">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.zhengzhou.gov.cn/tjgb/9230847.jhtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Zhengzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 郑州市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=zhengzhou.gov.cn |date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|204.054}} (2024)
|13,047,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Zhenjiang]]<ref name="zhenjiang">{{cite press release | url=http://www.yz.gov.cn/yangzhong/tjxx/202504/ac9e17dc2e134f7d896f1dc3fff6a576.shtml | title=Statistical communiqué of Zhenjiang on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 镇江市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=zhenjiang.gov.cn |date=April 11, 2025 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|77.791}} (2024)
|3,227,000 (2024)
|-

|[[Zhuhai]]<ref name="zhuhai">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.zhuhai.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/3/3757/post_3757378.html#266 | title= zh: 2024年珠海经济运行简况| publisher=zhuhai.gov.cn |date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}} {{cite press release | url=https://tjj.zhuhai.gov.cn/tjsj/tjzl/tjjpcgb/content/post_3783704.html | title= zh: 2024年珠海市常住人口主要数据公报 | publisher=zhuhai.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|62.893}} (2024)
|2,506,300 (2024)
|-

|[[Zhoushan]]<ref name="zhoushan">{{cite press release | url=http://zstj.zhoushan.gov.cn/art/2025/1/26/art_1229339439_3899675.html | title=zh: 2024年舟山经济运行情况 | publisher=zhoushan.gov| date=January 26, 2025| access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|31.260}} (2024)
|1,174,500 (2024)
|-

|[[Zhuzhou]]<ref name="zhuzhou">{{cite press release | url=http://tjj.zhuzhou.gov.cn/c19066/20250327/i2337068.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Zhuzhou on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年株洲市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=zhuzhou.gov.cn |date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|54.797}} (2024)
|3,844,900 (2024)
|-

|[[Zibo]]<ref name="zibo">{{cite press release | url=https://tj.zibo.gov.cn/gongkai/channel_c_5f9fa491ab327f36e4c13077_n_1605682680.3204/doc_67f344fa5fd8f7e3b871755b.html | title=Statistical communiqué of Zibo on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh:2024年淄博市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 | publisher=zibo.gov.cn |date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|68.580}} (2024)
|4,655,350 (2024)
|-

|[[Zurich Metropolitan Area]]
|{{CHE}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|182.96401|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|2,123,236 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|-

|[[Zwolle]]
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{NLD}}
| style="background:#abd5f5;" |{{nts|{{To USD|17.295|EUR|year=2021|r=3}}}} (2021)<ref name=ec.europa.eu/>
|377,292 (2021)<ref name=eurometropop/>
|}
{{clear}}

;
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

== Cities (metropolitan areas) by percentage of national GDP ==
This table contains only the first metropolitan area from a given country by GDP.
Data for metropolitan areas is as in the [[#List|previous section]] of this article.
Data for countries is from [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]] ([[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]).
Luxembourg City-Trier is partially in France but only Luxembourg's national GDP is considered.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Metropolitan area
!GDP (billion USD)
!Country
!National GDP (billion USD)
!% of national GDP
|-
|Valletta
|17.603
|[[Economy of Malta|Malta]]
|19.225
|91.563
|-
|City of San Marino
|1.54
|[[Economy of San Marino|San Marino]]
|1.70
|90.872
|-
|Luxembourg City-Trier
|69.45
|[[Economy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|86.90
|79.925
|-
|Montevideo
|53.9
|[[Economy of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
|70.165
|76.819
|-
|Riga
|27.156
|[[GDP of Latvia|Latvia]]
|39.469
|68.803
|-
|Dhaka
|285.1
|[[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
|451.534
|63.140
|-
|Tallinn
|22.83
|[[Economy of Estonia|Estonia]]
|38.401
|59.452
|-
|Tel Aviv
|310.00
|[[Economy of Israel|Israel]]
|527.694
|58.746
|-
|Seoul
|1006
|[[Economy of South Korea|South Korea]]
|1839.058
|54.702
|-
|Abu Dhabi
|277.93
|[[Economy of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]
|514.130
|54.058
|-
|Taipei
|407.838
|[[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwan]]
|773.038
|52.758
|-
|Abidjan
|27
|[[Economy of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]
|52.512
|51.417
|-
|Dublin
|272.454
|[[Economy of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|531.66
|51.246
|-
|Bangkok
|252.128
|[[Economy of Thailand|Thailand]]
|495.622
|50.871
|-
|Budapest
|86.176
|[[Economy of Hungary|Hungary]]
|177.788
|48.471
|-
|Karachi
|176.2
|[[GDP of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|374.850
|47.005
|-
|Copenhagen
|188.321
|[[Economy of Denmark|Denmark]]
|401.946
|46.852
|-
|Sofia
|39.335
|[[Economy of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|84.1
|46.772
|-
|Tbilisi
|14.131
|[[Economy of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|30.536
|46.277
|-
|Athens
|97.486
|[[Economy of Greece|Greece]]
|214.486
|45.486
|-
|Helsinki
|125.166
|[[Economy of Finland|Finland]]
|280.462
|44.629
|-
|Vilnius
|30.915
|[[Economy of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
|71.134
|43.46
|-
|Lima
|114.400
|[[Economy of Peru|Peru]]
|266.912
|42.861
|-
|Zagreb
|30.307
|[[Economy of Croatia|Croatia]]
|72.059
|42.059
|-
|Yerevan
|5.23
|[[Economy of Armenia|Armenia]]
|12.458
|41.981
|-
|Tokyo
|2080.758
|[[Economy of Japan|Japan]]
|5054.094
|41.170
|-
|Belgrade
|25.31
|[[Economy of Serbia|Serbia]]
|62.787
|40.311
|-
|Manila
|162.3
|[[Economy of the Philippines|Philippines]]
|404.353
|40.099
|-
|Baghdad
|106.184
|[[Economy of Iraq|Iraq]]
|265.455
|40.001
|-
|Kuala Lumpur
|159.603
|[[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
|399.705
|39.930
|-
|Colombo
|33
|[[Economy of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
|83.723
|39.416
|-
|Ljubljana
|23.092
|[[Economy of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
|59.975
|38.503
|-
|Prague
|115.803
|[[Economy of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
|301.831
|38.367
|-
|Addis Ababa
|61.2
|[[Economy of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|159.747
|38.311
|-
|Buenos Aires
|235.600
|[[GDP of Argentina|Argentina]]
|645.511
|36.498
|-
|Brussels
|211.091
|[[Economy of Belgium|Belgium]]
|584.073
|36.141
|-
|Lisbon
|92.003
|[[Economy of Portugal|Portugal]]
|255.398
|36.023
|-
|Casablanca
|47.000
|[[Economy of Morocco|Morocco]]
|130.952
|35.891
|-
|Auckland
|88.540
|[[Economy of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|252.236
|35.102
|-
|Kabul
|6.00
|[[Economy of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|17.329
|34.624
|-
|Vienna
|165.969
|[[Economy of Austria|Austria]]
|479.614
|34.605
|-
|Bogotá
|121.800
|[[Economy of Colombia|Colombia]]
|363.570
|33.501
|-
|Johannesburg
|134.682
|[[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]]
|406.755
|33.111
|-
|Stockholm
|202.56
|[[Economy of Sweden|Sweden]]
|637.187
|31.79
|-
|Paris
|929.963
|[[Economy of France|France]]
|3052.712
|30.464
|-
|Istanbul
|396.3
|[[Economy of Turkey|Turkey]]
|1358.251
|29.177
|-
|Bucharest
|79.977
|[[GDP of Romania|Romania]]
|286.015
|27.963
|-
|Bratislava
|32.338
|[[Economy of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|115.676
|27.956
|-
|Minsk
|19.913
|[[Economy of Belarus|Belarus]]
|71.792
|27.737
|-
|Nairobi
|30
|[[Economy of Kenya|Kenya]]
|108.747
|27.587
|-
|Cairo
|103.6
|[[Economy of Egypt|Egypt]]
|383.105
|27.042
|-
|Zurich
|216.392
|[[Economy of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|814.699
|26.561
|-
|Jakarta
|338.836
|[[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
|1319.076
|24.711
|-
|Sydney
|398.037
|[[Economy of Australia|Australia]]
|1658.439
|24.001
|-
|Ho Chi Minh City
|96.399
|[[Economy of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|407.965
|23.629
|-
|Mexico City
|340.800
|[[GDP of Mexico|Mexico]]
|1463.324
|23.289
|-
|Lagos
|102.010
|[[Economy of Nigeria|Nigeria]]
|441.632
|23.098
|-
|London
|768.686
|[[GDP of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|3371.118
|22.802
|-
|Amsterdam
|237.841
|[[Economy of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|1055.173
|22.54
|-
|Moscow
|504.808
|[[Economy of Russia|Russia]]
|2269.899
|22.239
|-
|Riyadh
|243.793
|[[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
|1,108.571
|21.992
|-
|Almaty
|61.406
|[[Economy of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
|284.810
|21.560
|-
|Toronto
|435.227
|[[Economy of Canada|Canada]]
|2190.411
|19.870
|-
|Madrid
|280.939
|[[GDP of Spain|Spain]]
|1462.216
|19.213
|-
|Caracas
|70
|[[Economy of Venezuela|Venezuela]]
|372.592
|18.787
|-
|Dar es Salaam
|10.4
|[[Economy of Tanzania|Tanzania]]
|58.797
|17.688
|-
|Kyiv
|27.5
|[[Economy of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
|156.579
|17.563
|-
|Warsaw
|117.972
|[[Economy of Poland|Poland]]
|681.429
|17.312
|-
|Oslo
|83.936
|[[Economy of Norway|Norway]]
|503.368
|16.675
|-
|São Paulo
|319.300
|[[Economy of Brazil|Brazil]]
|2173.671
|14.689
|-
|Delhi
|521.5
|[[Economy of India|India]]
|3567.552
|14.618
|-
|Rhine-Ruhr
|634.437
|[[Economy of Germany|Germany]]
|4351.188
|14.581
|-
|Milan
|270.171
|[[Economy of Italy|Italy]]
|2180.657
|12.389
|-
|New York
|2298.868394
|[[GDP of the United States|United States]]
|27720.725
|8.293
|-
|Shanghai
|757.217
|[[GDP of China|China]]
|18273.100
|4.144

|}

== See also ==
* [[List of metropolitan areas by GDP]] (only covers GDP over US$100 billion)
* [[List of cheapest cities]]
* [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP]]
* [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP]]
* [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees]]
* [[Largest country subdivisions by GDP]]
* [[List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Cities}}'''''

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="citypopulation2020">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217123919/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |archive-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="citypopulation2023">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225085332/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |archive-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="eurometropop">{{cite web |title=Population on 1 January by five year age group, sex and metropolitan region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_pjangrp3/default/table?lang=en&category=reg_typ.met.met_de |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="statcan">{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=1 January 2022 |date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="statcan1">{{cite web|date=17 April 2019|title=Population estimates, July 1, by census metropolitan area and census agglomeration, 2016 boundaries|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710013501|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

}}

{{Cities}}

[[Category:Lists of cities|GDP]]
[[Category:Economies by city|GDP]]
[[Category:Gross state product|*]]
[[Category:Lists of cities by GDP| ]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic indicators]]

Samode Palace

2026-03-17T05:09:19Z

TheHH: page fix

{{Short description|Palatial suite in Jaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox building
|name= Samode Palace
|image= সামুড প্যালেস.jpg
|caption= Samode Palace [[Façade]]
|pushpin_map= Rajasthan
|coordinates = {{coord|27.205|75.8055|region:IN-RJ|display=inline}}
|location_town= [[Samode]] and [[Jaipur]]
|location_country= India
|architect= Rawal Berisal
|client= Rawals
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date= 16th century
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system= Marble and masonry
|architectural_style= Rajput architecture
|size=
}}
[[File:Samode havali.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Inside the Samode Haveli]]
'''Samode Palace''', '''Samode Haveli''' and '''Samode Bagh (Garden)''' are heritage monuments and structures built by the noble [[Vassal|feudatory]] with the hereditary title of 'Maha Rawal' or 'Maha Saheb’ of the [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] and [[Jaipur]] principality in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. All three have rich history of several hundred years and display a fusion of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajasthan]]i art and architecture. They are now part of the Heritage group of hotels under the flagship name of "Samode" that are run by the hereditary owners of these structures. The Samode Palace is located {{convert|40|km|mi}} north of [[Jaipur]] city, the Samode Haveli is close to Jaipur (centrally located within city limits, {{convert|6|km|mi}} away from the city railway station) and the Samode Bagh or Garden, {{convert|4|km|mi}} from the palace which is also run as a luxury hotel.<ref name=Bagh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samode.com/home/garden/index.htm |title=Samode Bagh |accessdate=2009-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126043607/http://www.samode.com/home/garden/index.htm |archivedate=26 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Bruyn>{{Cite book|last=Bruyn|first= Pippa de |author2=Keith Bain |author3=Niloufer Venkatraman |author4=Shonar Joshi|title= Frommer's India |work=Samode Palace|pages=412–13|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PT423|publisher= Frommer's|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-16908-7}}</ref>

Many [[Hindi]] [[feature films]] have been pictured with the settings of the palace. The [[1984 in television|1984]] American [[HBO]] TV serial adaptation of the Raj-romance novel ''[[The Far Pavilions]]'' was also filmed in the palace precincts and starred [[Ben Cross]], [[Amy Irving]], [[Omar Sharif]] and [[Christopher Lee]].<ref name=Bruyn/><ref name=Abram>{{Cite book|last=Abram|first= David|title= Rough guide to India|work=Samode|page=161|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA161|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086711/ The Far Pavilions on imdb.com]</ref>

==History==
Samode is a large town in Rajasthan, which belonged to the landlords known as ‘[[zamindars]]’ (in [[Hindi language]]) of the principal [[thakur (Indian title)|thakurs]] of the state of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]. It shot into prominence due to the Thakurs lineage traced to Maharaja Rajveer Singhji, the 17th prince of the house of [[Kacchwaha]] [[Rajputs]]. Samode was bequeathed to Gopal Singhji one of his 12 sons, as a noble feudatory of the Amber and Jaipur principality. Samode was, even then, considered a very rich town under the kingdom of Amber. Behari Das, a Rajput warrior who was then in [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] service of the Nathawat clan inherited the Zamindari of Somede. It was under the [[United Kingdom|British Raj]] but was restored to the Nathawat clan with the hereditary title 'Rawal Saheb' or 'Maha Rawal' (title conferred for their valiance and loyalty to the royal family), in 1757, and this lineage is continued to this date.<ref name=palace>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samode.com/home/palace/history.htm |title=History, Location & Map |accessdate=2009-12-05 |publisher=Samode Palace |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231021041/http://www.samode.com/home/palace/history.htm |archivedate=31 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name=about>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touristplacesinindia.com/samode/about-samode.html|title=About Samode|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref>

Samode Palace was initially built in the sixteenth century as a Rajput fort, but in the early 19th century, under the nobleman Rawal [[Bairi Sal|Berisal]], it was converted from a fort into an exquisitely designed palace in Rajput and [[Muslim]] [[Architecture|architectural style]]. Rawal [[Bairi Sal|Berisal]], during this time also served as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|chief minister of Rajasthan]] and exercised full powers. He was signatory, on behalf of the [[Maharaja of Jaipur]], to the treaty signed in 1818 with the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[East India Company]], which gave it the status of a [[protectorate]] to Jaipur. Rawal [[Sheo Singh Nathawat|Sheo Singh]], a descendant of Rawal [[Bairi Sal|Berisal]], who was the [[prime minister]] of Jaipur state for several years, during the middle of the 19th century, further expanded the palace by adding the [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] Hall (considered as "extravagantly florid and hand painted") with a gallery and the Sheesh Mahal or the hall of mirrors. In 1987, it was converted into the heritage "Samode Palace Hotel".<ref name=palace/>

Samode haveli was also built by Rawal [[Sheo Singh Nathawat|Sheo Singh]] more than 150 years ago. It was built as a resort for the royal family.<ref name=haveli>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samode.com/home/haveli/history.htm |title=History, Location and Map |accessdate=2009-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227123720/http://www.samode.com/home/haveli/history.htm |archivedate=27 December 2009 }}</ref>

Samode Bagh or Samode garden was landscaped more than 150 years ago by one of the sons of Maharaja Prithiraj Singhji of Jaipur. It was patterned on the lines of [[Mughal gardens]], which the Mughals had developed in other parts of their kingdom as a retreat for relaxation and enjoyment. The royal family of Samode also established a similar garden 4 kilometres away from their Samode Palace.<ref name =Bagh/>

==Geography and climate==
Geographically, the three monuments and the village of Samode and its structures are in the pristine hill range of the [[Aravalli Range]] in northwestern India.<ref name= Bradnock>{{Cite book|last= Bradnock|first=Roma|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat handbook: The Travel Guide |work=Samode|pages=134–5|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn=1-900949-92-X}}</ref>

The climate at Samode is severe with summer heat reaching as high as {{convert|45|C|F}} and winter temperatures dropping to {{convert|4|C|F}}.<ref name=about/>

==Structures==
The three heritage structures are:

===Samode palace===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Artful Arch.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Decorative arch
| image2 = Samode Palace bathroom.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Palace bathroom
| image3 = Samode Lounge.jpg
| width3 = 180
| caption3 = Palace Lounge
}}
The palace, built by the noblemen of the court of the royal family, is located near the Samode village on the outskirts of [[Shekhawat]]. It is built of [[sandstone]] at the foot of the Aravalli range of hills (the foremost mountain range of north-western India) with a fortress-like setting. The interiors of the palace are composed in the ancient architectural style of Rajasthan: marble floors, intricately ornamented pillars, mosaic walls (with tiny pieces of small inlaid stones), with luxurious carpets, and decorated with old wall paintings (hunting scenes, floral motifs and so forth). At the entrance gate of the palace is a unique piece of a large-sized treasure chest made of dark wood with marble settings and gleaming glass. The Sheesh Mahal (Hall of Mirrors) is located on the southern side of the palace.<ref name=Abram/><ref name=Reiter>{{Cite book|last=Reiter|first=Christiane|author2=Angelika Taschen|author2-link=Angelika Taschen|title= The hotel book: great escapes Asia|work=A Giant treasure Chest|page=53|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8PHhkpCBIC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA53|publisher= [[Taschen]]|year=2004|isbn=3-8228-1913-1}}</ref> The frescoes in the Durbar Hall and in the Sultan Mahal are said to be 250 years old.<ref name=Bruyn/> The palace is built on three levels (planned in a sequence of courtyards of increasing height) with a patio on each floor. There is an old ruined fort above the palace from where a panoramic view of the valley could be seen. The fort area is overgrown with vegetation but stone paved paths have been built to reach the fort heights.<ref name=palace/><ref name=Brown>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first= Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas |title= Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra |work=Samode|pages=180–181|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA181|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8}}</ref> Samode fort was the former residence of the Maharaja. It is said that an underground passage links it to the palace that provided access at times of emergency. It is now approached by a well laid out stone paved path (300 steps). There is also an entry gate to the ruined fort. Two other forts close by complete the circuit of a circular walk from and back to the palace. There is also a small temple, 3 kilometres away from the fort.<ref name=Abram/><ref name=Stott>{{Cite book|last=Stott|first=David|title= Footprint Rajasthan |work=Samode|pages=146–47|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA147|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=978-1-906098-07-0}}</ref>

The Samode village near the palace is noted for its cloth made by block printing and also for handicrafts such as bangle making.<ref name=Abram/> There is a small artists' colony in the village where miniature paintings are made.<ref name= Bradnock/>

===Samode haveli===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Entrance Arch.jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Haveli Lounge.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: entrance arch Right: Haveli lounge
}}

The haveli is built facing north. It has an elegant painted dining room and an air passage. It has a unique ambiance of the historic juxtaposed against a contemporary setting. An elephant ramp, specially constructed at the entrance to the haveli, was laid in 1940 on the occasion of the marriage ceremony of a member of the royal family.<ref name=haveli/>

===Samode bagh===
Samode Bagh, or garden, a 16th-century Mughal-style garden, enclosed by a {{convert|15|ft|m|adj=on}}-high wall is spread over an area of {{convert|20|acre|ha}}. It also has 44 sandbank coloured tents with air-conditioning to accommodate visitors. It blends traditional Rajasthan and Mughal [[Interior design|décor]] with the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]], with modern facilities. It has a {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}}-long water channel with a row of fountains that are fed by springs and wells. The tent walls also depict elegant paintings in Mughal art. The tents have been furnished with carpets, standing lamps and well designed beds and chairs and other modern facilities.<ref name =Bagh/><ref name=Bruyn/><ref name=tents>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samode.com/home/garden/tents.htm |title=Samode Bagh |work=Tents |accessdate=2009-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126102745/http://www.samode.com/home/garden/tents.htm |archivedate=26 November 2009 }}</ref> There is also a 150-year-old pavilion within the precincts of the garden.<ref name=Brown/><ref name=Stott/>

==Visitor information==
The palace, the haveli and the garden are at a distance of {{convert|42|km|mi}}, {{convert|6|km|mi}} and {{convert|45|km|mi}} respectively from Jaipur. Jaipur, in turn, is well connected by rail, road, and air to other major Indian cities.
Jaipur is {{convert|260|km|mi}} from Delhi by road on the National Highway NH-8.

Entry to the palace costs Rs 1000 per person as of 15 August 2015. This includes a tour of the palace and can be credited towards food and drink in the courtyard restaurant. The tour includes the ladies waiting rooms, the {{Transliteration|ur|shish mahal}} (room of mirrors), the Durbar hall, and the pool area (viewing only, no swimming).

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{commons category|Samode Palace}}
*{{Cite book|last=Abram|first= David|title= Rough guide to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA161|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}
*{{Cite book|last= Bradnock|first=Roma|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat handbook: The Travel Guide |publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn=1-900949-92-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Brown|first= Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas |title= Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra |work=Samode|pages=180–181|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA181|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bruyn|first= Pippa de |author2=Keith Bain |author3=Niloufer Venkatraman |author4=Shonar Joshi|title= Frommer's India |work=Samode Palace|pages=412–13|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PT423|publisher= Frommer's|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-16908-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Reiter|first=Christiane|author2=Angelika Taschen |title= The hotel book: great escapes Asia |pages=400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8PHhkpCBIC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA53|publisher= Taschen|year=2004|isbn=3-8228-1913-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Stott|first=David|title= Footprint Rajasthan |work=Samode|pages=146–47|accessdate=2009-12-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&dq=Samode+Palace&pg=PA147|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=978-1-906098-07-0}}
* [http://www.srutitravels.com/india-journeyed/indian-luxury-travel-jaipur Luxury Travel in Jaipur]

==External links==
* [http://www.samode.com Samode Palace, website]

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hotels in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]

Azamgarh district

2026-03-16T08:59:37Z

TheHH: Revised content for better accuracy

{{short description|District in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Azamgarh|its namesake division|Azamgarh division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Azamgarh district
|nicknames= ''Land of [[Durvasa|Durvasa Muni]]''
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = AL-JAMIATUL ASHRAFIA.jpg
| image_caption = Jamiatul Ashrafia in Azamgarh
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Azamgarh.svg
| map_caption = Location of Azamgarh district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26|36|00|N|83|11|24|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Azamgarh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Azamgarh]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4,054
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,613,913
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 8.53%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.93%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1019
| demographics_type2 = [[Language]]
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics2_title3 = Regional
| demographics2_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]], [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = *[[National Highway 233B (India)|National Highway 233B]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://azamgarh.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Azamgarh district''' is one of the three districts of [[Azamgarh division]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/azamgarh.htm|title=Azamgarh District Map|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The district is named after its headquarters town, [[Azamgarh]]. Azam, a son of Vikramajit, founded the town in 1665. Vikramajit, a descendant of Gautam of [[Mehnagar]] in pargana [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]], had converted to [[Islam]]. He had two sons, namely, Azam and Azmat.<ref name="azamgarh">{{cite web |url=http://azamgarh.nic.in |title=Azamgarh |publisher=Azamgarh district administration |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729123649/http://azamgarh.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also known as land of the sage [[Durvasa]] whose ashram was located in [[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]] sub-district,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azamgarh.nic.in/important_places.htm|title=Durvasa Ashram in Azamgarh official public information web page|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=7 June 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010607195846/http://www.azamgarh.nic.in/important_places.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> near the confluence of Tons and Majhuee river, {{convert|6|km|mi|0}} north from the Phulpur sub-district headquarters.

==History==

Towards the end of the 16th century, a [[Gautam Rajput]] from Azamgarh district was assimilated into the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court at [[Delhi]], where he had gone in search of greater influence. His mission was a success, with the royal court eventually awarding him 22 [[pargana]]s in the Azamgarh region that marked the establishment of a family line which culminated in his descendants becoming [[raja]]s of the area. This was a typical route whereby relatively obscure lineages rose to prominence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |first=Richard Gabriel |last=Fox |publisher=University of California Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-52001-807-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC |pages=106–107}}</ref>

===Colonial era===
The district was ceded to the British in 1801 by the wazirs of [[Lucknow]]. Both Hindu and Muslim landowners (known as Rautaras) of Azamgarh aided the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] against the British in 1857. On 3 June 1857 the 17th Regiment of Native Infantry mutinied at Azamgarh, murdered some of their officers, and carried off the government treasure to [[Faizabad]]. The district became a centre of the fighting between the [[Gurkha]]s and the rebels, and was brought under control in October 1858 by Colonel Kelly.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Azamgarh|volume=3|page=79}}</ref> The most notable rebels were Late. Janab Lal Mohammed Chivtahvin. Later, many of the local land owners were crushed by the British.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chestofbooks.com/reference/Encyclopedia-Britannica-1/Azamgarh.html|title=Azamgarh|website=chestofbooks.com|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Later, residents of Azamgarh participated in various national movements including the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement in 1942.<ref name =azamgarh/> The historian, social reformer, nationalist [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]] was born in Kanaila village in this district.

==Geography==
Azamgarh district has an area of {{convert|4054|km2}}. The district lies between the [[Ganges]] and the [[Ghaghara River|Ghagahara]].<ref name="azamgarh" /> Azamgarh district is surrounded by the districts of [[Mau district|Mau]] in the east, [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] in the north, Ghazipur in the south-east, [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] in the south-west, [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]] in the west and [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]] in the north-west.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uponline.in/Profile/districts/Azamgarh.asp |title=Azamgarh |publisher=UP online |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100714041444/http://uponline.in/Profile/Districts/Azamgarh.asp |archive-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The slope of the land is from northwest to southeast. Roughly speaking, the district consists of a series of parallel ridges, whose summits are depressed into beds or hollows, along which the rivers flow; while between the ridges are low-lying rice lands, interspersed with numerous natural reservoirs.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Azamgarh district is further divided into 8 sub-districts, and 22 development blocks. There are 4,106 villages (3,792 inhabited and 314 uninhabited) in the district.<ref name =azamgarh/>

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=11,03,469|13=1911|14=10,63,951|15=1921|16=10,89,471|17=1931|18=11,20,059|19=1941|20=12,98,992|21=1951|22=14,98,092|23=1961|24=16,90,536|25=1971|26=19,95,685|27=1981|28=24,93,757|29=1991|30=31,28,623|31=2001|32=39,39,916|33=2011|34=46,13,913|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Azamgarh district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|15.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Azamgarh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,613,913.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Azamgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1170/download/3694/DH_2011_0960_PART_A_DCHB_AZAMGARH.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 30th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1139|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.11%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Azamgarh has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1019 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.69%. 8.53% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 25.39% and 0.20% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Azamgarh district's total population was 3,939,916 as per 2001 census with population density of {{convert|972|pd/sqkm}}. The population consists of 393,401 urban and 4,220,512 rural; 2,137,805 females and 2,082,707 males. The literacy rate is 70.93%.<ref name =azamgarh/>

===Languages===
The official language is [[Hindi]] and additional official is [[Urdu]].<ref name="langoff" /> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the native language of Azamgarh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=M. Paul Lewis |encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |title=Bhojpuri: A language of India |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho |access-date=30 September 2011 |edition=16th |year=2009 |publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref> The Bhojpuri variant of [[Kaithi]] is the indigenous script of Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/handbooktokayath00grie |title=A handbook to the Kayathi character. |date=1881 |publisher=Calcutta, Thacker, Spink, and co. |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Azamgarh District (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value1 = 55.58 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 35.28 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 8.21 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 55.58% of the population in the district spoke [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 35.28% [[Hindi]] and 8.21% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

==Government and administration==
===Tehsil/Town in Azamgarh district===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://villagesinindia.in/uttar_pradesh/azamgarh.html |title=3560+ Villages in azamgarh District, uttar pradesh |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802151500/http://villagesinindia.in/uttar_pradesh/azamgarh.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Azamgarh]]
* [[Burhanpur]]
* [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
* [[Mehnagar]]
* [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
* [[Phulpur, Azamgarh|Phulpur]]
* [[Sagri Assembly constituency|Sagri]]
* [[Martingani|Martinganj]]

===Important places in Azamgarh district===
According to the district's official website,<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Places|url=http://azamgarh.nic.in/ImpPlaces.html#place2|website=About Azamgarh|publisher=Azamgarh District Administration|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602183034/http://www.azamgarh.nic.in/ImpPlaces.html#place2|archive-date=2 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> the nine important places in Azamgarh district are:-


* [[Azamgarh|Azamgarh City]]
* [[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
* [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
* [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]]
* [[Mehnagar]]
* [[Durvasa]]
* Dattatreya
* Govindsahab
* [[Avantikapuri]] (Awank)


==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Azamgarh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
===Colleges===
{{Main|:Category:Colleges in Azamgarh district}}


* [[Government Engineering College, Azamgarh]], established in 2000 is a constituent college of [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) and has its campus at [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]] in [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]].
* [[Government Medical College, Azamgarh]]. established in 2006 is a state medical college located at Chakrapanpur, [[Azamgarh]].
* [[Maharaja Suhel Dev University]], Azamgarh The university was established in 2019.
* [[Shibli National College, Azamgarh]], established in 1883.

==Local media==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
Mostly all major English, Hindi and Urdu dailies including [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Hindu]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Amar Ujala]], Hindustan, Rashtree Sahara, Inquilab, Hausla News, Third eyes, Dainik Manasha Mail. Hindi and Urdu dailies also have their bureaus in the city. Almost all big Hindi TV news channel have stringers in the city.

==Notable people==
Notable people from Azamgarh district include:- 
''NB This list excludes those from Azamgarh itself which are listed in that article'' 



[[Azmi]] is a common toponymic surname among Indian Muslims from Azamgarh.{{efn|Not to be confused with the similar Arabic surname meaning resolute or derived from ''[[wikt:azam|azam]]'' (great) + -i.}}
* [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (1928–2016), Indian Islamic scholar, cousin-uncle of [[Rana Ayyub]]
* [[Abdul Lateef Azmi]] (1917–2002), Indian Urdu writer
* [[Abu Azmi]] (born 1955), Indian politician, MLA from Maharashtra and former Member of Rajya Sabha<ref>[http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/ECI/Affidavits/S13/SE/171/ABU%20ASIM%20AZMI/ABU%20ASIM%20AZMI.htm Abu Asim Azmi - Election Commission of India Affidavit]. [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]]</ref>
* [[Ahmad Ali Barqi Azmi]] (born 1954), Indian Urdu poet
* [[Azizullah Azmi]] (1929–2010), Indian politician, MP of Lok Sabha
* [[Baba Azmi]], Indian film cinematographer, husband of [[Tanvi Azmi]]
* [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi]] (1901-1992), Indian Islamic scholar of hadith and fiqh
* [[Iliyas Azmi]] (born 1934), Indian politician, MP of Lok Sabha
* [[Kaifi Azmi]] (1919–2002) was an Indian Urdu poet, husband of [[Shaukat Azmi]] and father of [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Khaleel-Ur-Rehman Azmi]] (1927–1978), Indian Urdu poet and literary critic
* [[Mohammed Badi Uzzaman Azmi]] (1939–2011), British-Pakistani television and film actor
* [[Muhammad Mustafa Azmi]] (1930–2017), Indian Islamic scholar of hadith
* [[Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi]] (1919–2011), Indian adult educationist and UNESCO official
* [[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]] (born 1949), Indian politician, MP of Rajya Sabha
* [[Seema Azmi]], Indian actress of film and stage
* [[Shahid Azmi]] (1977–2010), Indian human rights lawyer
* [[Shakeel Azmi]] (born 1971), Indian Urdu lyricist and poet
* [[Waqar Azmi]] (born 1970), British-Indian civil servant
* [[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed Azmi]] (1938–2019), former MLA and [[Indian National Congress]] leader from Mumbai<ref>{{cite news |title=ممبئی: معروف مسلم سیاست داں شیخ شمیم احمد کا انتقال، آج تدفین ہوگی |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/mumbai-leading-muslim-politician-sheikh-shameem-ahmed-passed-away-burial-today/|trans-title=Mumbai leading Muslim politician Sheikh Shameem Ahmed passed away burial today |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |date=23 September 2019 |language=ur-IN}}</ref>
* [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] (born 1946), Indian Islamic scholar
* [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]] (born 1934), Indian Islamic scholar
* [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] - [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of army staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]] in 1987–1991
* [[Bisram]], Bhojpuri writer and poet
* [[Hamiduddin Farahi]] - religious scholar, educationist, writer, chief administrator of Madrasatul Islah - from Fariha village
* [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] - Islamic scholar - from Bamhur village
* [[Aslam Jairajpuri]] - Islamic scholar
* [[Shamim Jairajpuri]] - zoologist
* [[Zafarul Islam Khan]] - Chairman of Delhi Minority Commission, [[Author]] and [[Journalist]] based in New Delhi. He is currently editor and publisher of The [[Milli Gazette]]
* [[Wahiduddin Khan]] - Indian [[Islamic Scholar]] and peace activist known for having written a commentary on the [[Quran]] and having translated it into contemporary English. He has been listed in [[the 500 Most Influential Muslims]] of the world. [[Padma Bhusan]]
* [[Chhannulal Mishra]] - Hindustani classical singer.
* [[Laxmi Narayan Mishra]] - modern Hindi dramatist
* [[Shibli Nomani]] - Islamic scholar
* [[Prem Chand Pandey]] - Indian scientist and academic
* [[Shyam Narayan Pandey]] - writer and poet - from Dumraon village, (now in [[Mau district]] but was in Azamgarh district at the time)
* [[Badri Nath Prasad]], mathematician, founder of The Allahabad Mathematical Society<ref>{{cite web |title=The Allahabad Mathematical Society Founded in 1958 |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Societies/Allahabad/#Prasad |website=Maths History |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]] - former [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] and former Vice-Chancellor - Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya
* [[Ahmad Salahuddin]] (1937-1996), Indian [[biochemist]], founder director of Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit at AMU in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh|page=About IBU|url=https://icibu.in/|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922103650/https://icibu.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] - Hindi travel writer - from [[Kanaila|Kanaila Village]]
* [[Prakash Singh]] - DGP-Police, BSF Indian Police Reform movement (Honoured with Padma Shri Award and presidents Police Medal)
* [[Vinod K. Singh]] - ([[Padma Shri]]), director - [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]], Bhopal.
* [[Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay]] - Hindi poet - from Nizamabad
* [[Balram Yadav]], Indian politician, MLC ([[Member of Legislative Council]]), former cabinet minister (Uttar Pradesh) and general secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Sangram Yadav]] - politician, MLA from [[Atraulia Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kausar Yazdani]] - Islamic scholar born 1935.



==See also==
* [[Banahara]]
* [[Chaukiganjor]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{official website|http://azamgarh.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Azamgarh district
|North = [[Gorakhpur district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Mau district]]
|Southeast = [[Ghazipur district]]
|South = [[Varanasi district]]
|Southwest = [[Jaunpur district]]
|West = [[Sultanpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Ambedkar Nagar]]
}}

{{Azamgarh district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Azamgarh district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Methodist Church in India

2026-03-16T07:28:58Z

TheHH: adding new stub with sources - done

{{Short description|Protestant Christian denomination of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name = Methodist Church in India
|image = UMCLogo.svg
|alt =
|imagewidth = 100px
|caption =
|main_classification = [[Methodist]]
|theology = [[Wesleyan theology|Wesleyan-Arminian]]
|orientation =
|polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
|founder =
|founded_date =
|founded_place =
|separated_from =
|branched_from =
|merger =
|separations =
|associations = [[World Council of Churches]], [[Christian Conference of Asia]], the [[National Council of Churches in India]] and [[World Methodist Council]]
|area =
|congregations = 2,460
|members = 648,000
|website = https://worldmethodistcouncil.org

}}
{{Methodism|}}
[[File:North Bowen Methodist Church Colaba Jul25 A7CR 05974.jpg|alt=Bowen Memorial Methodist Church, Mumbai|thumb|Bowen Memorial Methodist Church in Colaba, Mumbai (built 1889)]]
'''Methodist Church in India''' is a Protestant [[Christian denomination]] of India.

The Methodist Church in India's roots originate in [[History of Methodism in the United States|American Methodist]] missionary activity in [[colonial India|India]], as opposed to the British and Australian conferences of the Methodist Churches, which joined the [[Church of South India]] and the [[Church of North India]] that emerged as a result of the ecumenical merger of the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]], [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon]] (Anglican) and other Protestant denominations.<ref name="WMC2020">{{cite web |title=Church of North India |date=9 November 2019 |url=https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/asia/name/india-church-of-north-india/ |publisher=[[World Methodist Council]] |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=en |quote=The Church of North India is a united church which came into being as the result of a union of six churches on 29th November 1970. The six churches were: The Council of the Baptist Churches in Northern India, The Church of the Brethren in India; The Disciples of Christ; The Church of India (formerly known as the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon); The Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences); The United Church of Northern India. ... The Church of North India is a full member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the Council for World Mission, the Anglican Consultative Council, the World Methodist Council and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.}}</ref>

Methodism came to India in 1856.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umnews.org/en/news/building-bridges-with-methodist-church-in-india|title=Building bridges with Methodist Church in India|website=United Methodist News Service|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>Latourette, 1961.</ref> It has hundreds of thousands of members.<ref name="oikoumene.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/india/methodist-church-in-india.html?tx_wecdiscussion |title=Methodist Church in India |accessdate=2010-03-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308041300/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/india/methodist-church-in-india.html?tx_wecdiscussion |archivedate=2012-03-08 }}[sub]=1</ref> It is a member of the [[World Council of Churches]], [[Christian Conference of Asia]], the [[National Council of Churches in India]] and [[World Methodist Council]].<ref name="oikoumene.org"/> It runs schools.<ref name="oikoumene.org"/><ref>Latourette, 1962.</ref>

The Methodist Church in India (MCI), is an "autonomous affiliated" Church in relation to the [[United Methodist Church]].<ref name="UMC GBGM- MCI">{{cite web|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3174 |title=The Methodist Church in India: Bangalore Episcopal Area |publisher=The United Methodist Church GBGM |accessdate=2007-10-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524022335/https://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3174 |archivedate=2012-05-24 }}</ref><ref name="UMC—MCI">{{cite web|url = http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2213807/k.A1A1/Indias_Methodists_celebrate_150_years_of_ministry.htm|title = India Methodists celebrate 150 years of ministry|publisher = The United Methodist Church|accessdate = 2007-10-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206104810/http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2213807/k.A1A1/Indias_Methodists_celebrate_150_years_of_ministry.htm|archive-date = 2006-12-06|url-status = dead}}</ref>

It has [[episcopal polity]].


==History==

In 1856 the Methodist Episcopal Church From America started the mission in India. The Methodist Episcopal Church began its work in India in 1856, when [[William Butler (missionary)|William Butler]] came from America. He selected Oudh and Rohilkhand to work in and, being unable to secure a residence at Lucknow, began work at Bareilly. The first War of Independence broke up the work at Bareilly, but in 1858 Lucknow was occupied and Bareilly re-occupied and the work of the Mission started anew.

By 1864 the work had grown to such an extent that it was organized under the name of the India Mission Conference. Additional stations were occupied in Oudh, Rohilkhand, Garhwal, and Kumaon, and by 1876 The Methodist Episcopal Church had established work both along evangelistic and educational lines.

Methodist Churches were established in cities including [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Bangalore]]. Special revival meetings were held which led the church out of its boundaries and gave it a national status.

In 1870 marked, on the invitation of [[James Mills Thoburn|James M. Thoburn]], an acknowledged leader in the Mission, evangelist [[William Taylor (bishop)|William Taylor]] was invited to India to hold special revival meetings. On his arrival, he started his work at Lucknow and subsequently went to Kanpur. The work had thus far been confined to the territory East and North of the Ganges, but by that river; this move was the first step of expansion into all Southern Asia. There came into existence Methodist congregations in Kanpur, Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, Secunderabad, Madras, Bangalore, Nagpur and other cities.<ref>The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church, 1976 Historical Statement, pp 7-11.</ref>

In 1873 the churches established by William Taylor were organized into the "Bombay-Bengal Mission." In 1876 the South India Annual Conference was organized, taking in all the territory outside the bounds of the original Upper India field. This was followed in 1888 by the organization of the Bengal Annual Conference, and in 1893 the Bombay and North-West India Annual Conferences were separated. Between 1871 and 1900 the Methodist Episcopal Church expanded to become a national Church throughout Southern and South-Eastern Asia, with work carried on in twelve languages, extending from Manila to Quetta and from Lahore to Madras; and the Christian community increased from 1,835 to 111,654.

In 1904 the field was again sub-divided by the organization of the Central Provinces Mission Conference, which was followed by setting the work of Burma apart and organizing it as a Mission Conference. In 1921 two Annual Conferences, Lucknow and Gujarat were brought into existence and another division of the field was made in 1922 when the Indus River Annual Conference was organized. In 1925 the Hyderabad Annual Conference was separated from the South India Annual Conference. In 1956 Agra Annual Conference was separated from Delhi Annual Conference and Moradabad Annual Conference from the North India Annual Conference. In 1960 the Karachi Provisional Annual Conference was organized. Thus in 95 years from 1865 to 1960, the one Conference in India had grown into 13, covering the whole of Southern Asia.

In this period the work of the Methodist Episcopal Church spread beyond India. Under the leadership of James M. Thoburn, Burma was entered in 1879, where John E. Robinson became the pioneer missionary, and in 1885 the work in Malaysia was begun by the establishment of a mission at Singapore, the pioneer here being William F. Oldham. In 1899, when the Philippines came into the possession of the United States of America, James M. Thoburn entered Manila and established the Church; Homer C. Stuntz was one of the pioneer workers. All these missionary leaders later became Bishops of the Church.
{{fact|date=May 2025}}
In 1870 the first missionaries of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church came. Two young ladies arrived that year: [[Isabella Thoburn]], to work in the education of India's girls and women, and physician Clara Swain, to work in medicine, the first female doctor to undertake such work in Asia{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Evangelistic work in the villages of northern India resulted in the [[baptism]] of large numbers of people from the deprived classes.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In 1920 the Methodist Missionary Society was organized to supervise missionary work in India.
In 1930 the Central Conference of southern Asia elected the first national [[bishop]].
Since the [[Independence of India]] in 1947 all bishops have been Indian nationals.
Missionaries were sent to Borneo in 1956 and to the [[Fiji]] islands in 1963.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Since 1928 the MCI was engaged in union negotiations in [[North India]].
In 1970 the Central Conference voted against the plan of union, but dialogue with the [[Church of North India]] continued.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In 1981 the Methodist Church in India was established as an "autonomous affiliated" church in relation with the United Methodist Church.<ref name="UMC GBGM- MCI"/><ref name="UMC—MCI"/> The church is now independent in organization and has adopted its own constitution and book of discipline and articles of faith.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Beliefs==

The Methodist Church in India says that it understands itself as the body of Christ in and for the world as part of the Church universal. Its stated purpose is to understand the love of God as revealed in Jesus Christ, to bear witness of this love to all people and to make them his disciples.

The Methodist Church in India affirms two dominical sacraments, [[Holy Baptism]] and [[Holy Communion]], with five additional [[rite (Christianity)|rites]] being observed: [[confirmation]], [[confession (religion)|confession]], [[Christian views on marriage|matrimony]], [[holy orders]] and [[anointing of the sick]]. The [[ordinance (Christianity)|ordinance]]s of [[feetwashing]] (especially on [[Maundy Thursday]]), as well as women's [[Christian head covering|headcovering]] (usually with a [[shawl]], chiefly a [[dupatta]]), are practiced.

==Social work==

The MCI runs 102 boarding schools and 155 village schools in which over 60,000 children are enrolled.
89 residential hostels cater for 6,540 boys and girls.
The Church also operates 19 College and vocational training institutions, 25 hospitals and health care centres, and many community welfare and development programmes in the country.

== [[Parish]] ==

==[[Chennai Regional Conference]]==

Chennai
# Emmanuel Methodist Church, Vepery, Chennai
# Methodist Tamil Church, Vepery, Chennai
# Anna Nagar Methodist Church,Anna Nagar, Chennai # annanagarmethodistchurch.org.in
# Methodist Tamil Church, Ramapuram, Chennai

Andaman Islands
# Holy Trinity Methodist Church, Haddo, Andaman Islands
# Methodist Tamil Church, Shoal Bay, Andaman Islands
# Methodist Tamil Church, Bamboo Flat, Andaman Islands
# Methodist Tamil Church, Namunaghar, Andaman Islands

Pondicherry
# Zion Methodist Church, Pondicherry
# Emmanuel Methodist Church, Pondicherry

Madurai
# St. John's Methodist Tamil Church Madurai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/St+John's+Methodist+Church,+Mahatma+gandhi+nagar/@9.9511314,78.123157,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x20595527c07bfdd2!8m2!3d9.9507439!4d78.1232428?shorturl=1|title=St. John's Methodist Church, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar |website=St. John's Methodist Church, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar |accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref>

Coimbatore
# Apostolic Methodist Church, Coimbatore

Thiruvallur District
# Emmanuel methodist Tamil Church, Pudur, Ambattur, Chennai

== Bangalore Regional Conference ==
# Richmond Town Methodist Church, No.4, Kingston Road, Richmond Town, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
# Indiranagar Methodist Church, 100ft Road, 13th Main, HAL 2nd Stage, Indiranagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560008
# Sarjapur Road Methodist Church, beside St. Patrick's Academy, near Kodathi, Gate, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560035
# Koramangala Methodist Church, CA30/A, 15th Main Rd, 4th Block Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034
# Christ Methodist Church, 3M98+CGR, Sonam Layout, Essel gardens, Bengaluru
# Hosa Road Methodist church
# Lingarajapuram Methodist church
# Wilson Garden Methodist church
# R T Nagar Methodist church
# Grace Methodist church
# St. Paul Methodist church
# Hoodi Methodist church
# Peenya Methodist church
# L R Nagar Methodist church
# Mysore Methodist church
# St. Paul Methodist Central Church Bidar Karnataka 585401

== [[Mumbai]] Regional Conference ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || St. Paul's Methodist Tamil Church, Aarey Colony<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=57fc61defbb9ac08&rlz=1C1GCEU_enIN1171IN1171&q=st+paul%27s+methodist+tamil+church+aarey+colony&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUsqKW8qOTAxX6zDgGHXgABRoQBSgAegQICxAB&biw=2400&bih=1138&dpr=0.8 - Google Search|website=www.google.com|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> || Unit No 7, Film City Rd, near Power House, Workers Colony, Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400065
|-
|2 || Wesley Methodist Tamil Church, Andheri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Wesley+Methodist+Tamil+Church&ludocid=650970319055957024|title=Wesley Methodist Tamil Church - Google Search|website=www.google.com|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> || Worlipada Anand Nagar, Marol Pipeline Rd, Andheri East, Mumbai
|-
|3 || Centenary Methodist Gujarati Church || M.S Ali road, Grant Road east, Mumbai.
|-
|4 || Methodist Tamil Church, Mira Road<ref>{{Cite web | title=MTC Mira Road | url=https://mtcmiraroad.org/home.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605191236/https://mtcmiraroad.org/home.php | access-date=2025-07-05 | archive-date=2021-06-05}}</ref> || Shanti Nagar, Mira Road (E), Mumbai/Thane.
|-
|5 || Bowen Memorial Methodist Church<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bowenmethodist.church/|title=Bowen Memorial Methodist Church - Building Faith, Fostering Community, Inspiring Lives|website=bowenmethodist.church|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> || Tullock Road, Apollo Bandar, Colaba, Mumbai.
|-
|6 || Robinson Memorial Methodist Central Church || Shaikh Hafizuddin Marg, Ashadham Colony, Madanpura, Mumbai.
|-
|7 || Rahator Memorial Methodist Church || Parel, Mumbai.
|-
|8 || Warner Memorial Methodist Church || Ambedkar Nagar, Kurla, Mumbai.
|-
|9 || Vernon Memorial Methodist Church || Syndicate, Kalyan, Mumbai.
|-
|10 || Sumang Methodist Kannada Church || Vithalwadi, Kalyan East, Mumbai.
|-
|11 || Methodist Marathi Church Thane || Gokuldham Society, Thane East
|-
|12 || Bethel Kannada Methodist Church Matunga || Matunga M.L Camp, Matunga
|-
|13 || Methodist Church Ambernath || kalyan-badlapur road, Ambernath
|-
|14 || St. Paul's Methodist Tamil Church Kurla East || Kamgar Nagar, Kurla East
|-
|15 || Methodist English Church Kirkee Pune ||Elphinstone Road, Kirkee Pune
|-
|16 || Methodist Marathi Church Kirkee Pune ||Elphinstone Road, Kirkee Pune
|-
|17 || Methodist Tamil Church Kirkee Pune ||Elphinstone Road, Kirkee Pune
|-
|18 || Methodist Kannada Church Kirkee Pune ||Elphinstone Road, Kirkee Pune
|-
|19|| Oldham Memorial Methodist English Church || East Street, Camp, Pune
|-
|20|| Oldham Memorial Methodist Marathi Church || East Street, Camp, Pune
|-
|21|| Oldham Memorial Methodist Kannada Church || East Street, Camp, Pune
|-
|22 || Methodist Marathi Church || 12 Bungalow Road, Lonavala Pune
|-
|23 || Methodist Marathi Centenary Church || Talegaon Station Road, Pune
|-
|24 || Methodist Marathi Church || Talegaon Gaon, Pune
|-
|25|| Methodist Hindustani Church || NDA, Pune
|-
|26|| Elim Methodist Marathi Church || Nigdi, Pune
|-
|27|| Tamil Church<ref>{{Cite web | title=WELCOME TO METHODIST TAMIL CHURCH | url=https://mtcnigdi.org | access-date=2025-07-05 | website=mtcnigdi.org}}</ref> Elim Methodist || Nigdi, Pune
|-
|28|| Elim Methodist Kannada Church || Nigdi, Pune
|-
|29|| St.Peter's Methodist Tamil Church ||Kailash Nagar,Thane
|-
|30|| Epworth Methodist Tamil Church<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIENnZFPjzlXBPZ8PuHM71A|title=The Epworth Methodist Tamil Church Nerul - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> || Nerul, Navi Mumbai
|-
|31
|The Epworth Methodist English Church<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epworth Methodist English Church{{!}} Home |url=https://www.epworthmethodistenglish.church/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.epworthmethodistenglish.church}}</ref>
|Nerul, Navi Mumbai
|}

=== [[Nagpur|Nagpur (Maharashtra)]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Methodist Hindi Church || Mecosabagh Methodist High School, Mecosabagh Christian Colony, Kadbi Chowk - 440014
|-
|2 || Methodist Marathi Church ||Nelson Hall, Mecosabagh Christian Colony, Kadbi Chowk - 440014
|}

=== [[Nanded|Nanded District (Maharashtra)]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 ||Nanded Methodist Church ||Methodist Church Near SP office Nanded police headquarter road,vazirabad,Nanded-431601
|}

== North India Regional Conference ==
Bareilly served as the headquarters for the Methodist Church in India, hence, the Christ Methodist Church in Civil Lines, Bareilly is the second oldest Methodist Church building in India. The oldest being in Nainital, Uttarakhand.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Parish
!Address
|-
|1
|Christ Methodist Church
|Church Road, Civil Lines, Bareilly 243001 - U.P.
|}

== [[Delhi]] Regional Conference ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Parish !!Address
|-
|1 || Christ Church Trans Yamuna || Lalita Park, Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi, Delhi.
|-
|2 || Christ Methodist Church || Bholanath Bazar, Shahdara, East Delhi, Delhi.
|-
|3 || Bethel Methodist Church || Sector 50, Noida, UP 201301
|-
|4 || Apostle's Methodist Church || Sector 4, RK Puram, New Delhi, Delhi 110022
|-
|5 || Methodist Church Delhi Cantonment || Church Road, Birjlal Dua Marg, Pratap Chowk, Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi, Delhi 110010
|-
|6 || Vasant Kunj Methodist Church || Pocket 11, Sector B, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi 110070
|-
|7 || Christ Methodist Church Khanpur || Block D, JJ Colony, Khanpur, New Delhi, Delhi 110062
|-
|8 || Christ Methodist Church- New Palam Vihar || New Palam Vihar Phase 2, Sector 110, Gurugram, Haryana 122017
|-
|9 || Centenary Methodist Church || Lodhi Road, New Delhi, Delhi 110003
|-
|10 || Millennium Methodist Church || Sector 11, Rohini, Delhi, 110085
|-
|11 || Emmanual Methodist Church || Near School, Block U, Mangolpuri S Block, Delhi, 110083
|-
|12 || Christ Methodist Church-Najafgarh || Nangloi - Najafgarh Rd, Jatav Mohalla, Najafgarh, New Delhi, Delhi 110043
|-
|13 || Methodist Church Dhaka || Dhaka Colony, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi, 110009
|-
|14 || Christ Methodist Church || 1, Butler Rd, Railway Colony, Tis Hazari, New Delhi, Delhi 110054
|-
|15 || Butler Methodist Church || Sector 19, Pocket 3, Dwarka, Delhi, 110075
|-
|16 || Methodist Church-Burari-Sant Nagar ||
|-
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Parish !!Address
|-
|1 || St. Paul's Methodist Church || Roorkee Road, Meerut Cantt.
|-
|2 || St. John's Church || Meerut.
|-
|3 || St. Thomas Church ||Baccha Park (Children's Park) Meerut
|-
|4 || St. Methodist Church || G T Road, Ghaziabad.
|-
|}

== Lucknow Regional Conference ==

=== [[Lucknow]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Central Methodist Church || 37 Cantonment road, Lucknow.
|-
|2 || Lal Bagh Methodist Church || Foresyth Road, Near Dhayanidhan park, Lal Bagh, Lucknow.
|-
|3 || Ganeshganj Methodist Church || Aminabad road, Lucknow.
|-
|4 || Daliganj Methodist Church || Acharya narendradev Marg, Daliganj, Lucknow.
|-
|5 || Shalom Methodist Church || Sector 4, Vrindavan colony, Lucknow.
|-
|6 || Christ Methodist Church || Ram puram, Behind Gayatri Mandir, Kursi Road,Lucknow.
|-
|7 || Wesleyan Methodist Church || 28/29 Nehru Road, Cantt Lucknow.
|}

=== [[Kanpur]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Methodist Church Chakeri || Harjinder Nagar, [[Chakeri]], Kanpur.
|-
|2 || LLJM Methodist Church || Post Office Lane, Civil Lines, Kanpur.
|-
|3 || Methodist English Church || Noronha Road, Cantonment, Kanpur.
|-
|4 || Methodist High School || 73, Cantonments, Kanpur.
|-
|5 || Sofi Shukla Memorial Methodist Church || Hamirpur Road, Baradevi, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur.
|-
|6 || Methodist Church || Varkitola, Phaphund.
|}

== Agra Regional Conference ==

== Gujarat Regional Conference ==

===[[Gandhinagar|Gandhinagar (Gujarat)]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Methodist Church || Plot # 46, Sector 23, Gandhinagar - 382024.

|}

===[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad (Gujarat)]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Methodist Tamil Church || No.3 & 4 Anupam Nagar Society, Near Carmel Methodist Church, Near CTM, Ahmedabad.

|}

== Madhya Pradesh Regional Conference ==

===[[Bhopal|Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No. !! Name !!Address
|-
|1 || Centenary Methodist Church || Gehunkheda, Kolar Road, Bhopal - 462042
|-
|2 | |Methodist Church Ayodhya Nagar ||Ayodhya Nagar, Sector L, Bhopal - 462041
|}

== Hyderabad Regional Conference ==

== Bengal Regional Conference ==

== Mordabad Regional Conference ==

== See also ==

*[[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Badley, Brenton T. ''The Making of a Bishop: The Life of Bishop Jashwant Chitambar'' (Lucknow, India: Lucknow Publishing House, 1942).
* Hollister, John Norman. ''The Centenary of the Methodist Church in Southern Asia'' (Lucknow Publishing House, 1956).
* Latourette, Kenneth S. ''Christianity In A Revolutionary Age A History Of Christianity In The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries Volume III The Nineteenth Century Outside Europe The Americas The Pacific Asia And Africa'' (1961) pp 400–415. [https://archive.org/details/christianityinar012668mbp online]
* Latourette, Kenneth S. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age Vol. 5, The 20th Century outside Europe'' (1962) pp 299–331.
* Locke, Russ M. "A Methodist Family In India: A History Of I. Amar Chitambar and Family." (Doctor of Ministry thesis, Claremont School Of Theology, Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1978. 781534 [https://archive.org/stream/AMETHODISTFAMILYININDIAA/A_METHODIST_FAMILY_IN_INDIA_A_djvu.txt online], pp. 40-54 on Jashwant Rao Chitambar.
* Moffett, Samuel Hugh. ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II, 1500–1900'' (2005) . By
* Pickett, J. Waskom. ''The Methodist Church in India.'' (1939).
* [https://archive.org/details/christianconque00thob/page/n11/mode/2up Thoburn, James M. ''The Christian conquest of India'' (1906) online]

{{Churches in India}}
{{Christianity footer|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Methodism in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]

Himalaya Wellness Company

2026-03-14T14:41:00Z

TheHH:

{{mi|
{{Advert|date=September 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Himalaya Wellness Company
| logo = The Himalaya Drug Company logo.svg
| logo_size =
| image = Himalaya Wellness Company store (RR Nagar, Bangalore) 2026.jpg
| image_caption = Himalaya Wellness store at [[RR Nagar]], Bangalore (2026)
| former_name = Himalaya Drug Company
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Pharmaceuticals]]
*[[Consumer goods]]}}
| key_people = {{plainlist| *Shailendra Malhothra (Global CEO)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.himalayaglobalholdings.com/abouthimalaya/milestones.htm |title=Milestones |work=Himalaya Global Holdings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102116/https://himalayaglobalholdings.com/abouthimalaya/milestones.htm |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
*Jatin Brahmecha (Global CFO)}}
| founder = Mohammad Manal
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1930}}
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Personal care]]
*[[Herbal medicine]]
*[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine
*[[Nutraceutical]]
*[[Cleaning agent]]
*[[Animal drug|Animal care]]}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|37.6|b}} (FY22)<ref>{{cite web |title=India Ratings Upgrades Himalaya Wellness Company to 'IND AA-'; Outlook Stable |url=https://www.indiaratings.co.in/pressrelease/61104 |publisher=India Ratings |access-date=4 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| num_employees = 10,000
| parent = Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd.
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.himalayawellness.com/}}
}}
'''Himalaya Wellness Company''' (formerly '''Himalaya Drug Company''') is an [[India|Indian]] multinational [[personal care]] and [[pharmaceutical company]] based in [[Bangalore]], India. It was originally established by Muhammad Manal in [[Dehradun]] in 1930.<ref name="Haydon Rediff">
{{cite news |last=Haydon |first=Philipe |date=19 January 2015 |title=How Himalaya made ancient Ayurveda popular across the globe |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/how-himalaya-made-ancient-ayurveda-popular-across-the-globe/20150119.htm |newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref> It produces health care products containing [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] ingredients, under the name ''Himalaya Herbal Healthcare''. Its operations are spread across India, the [[United States]], the [[Middle East]], [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Himalaya Drug Company |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=21953212 |magazine=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921062250/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=21953212 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while its products are sold in 106 countries across the world.<ref name="thestar.com">{{cite news |title= Eastern therapy, universal appeal |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2006/6/11/lifefocus/14405698&sec=lifefocus |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=11 June 2006 }}</ref> Its flagship product is a [[liver|hepatic]] drug named ''Liv.52'', first introduced in 1955.<ref name="thestar.com"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Himalaya rolls in new oral range HiOra |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date= 17 December 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/12/17/stories/2010121751480500.htm }}</ref>

Himalaya Global Holdings (HGH), headquartered in the [[Cayman Islands]], is the parent company of Himalaya Wellness Company and the global holding company of the group. Apart from Bangalore, HGH has regional head offices in [[Dubai]], [[Singapore]] and [[Houston]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How A Musician CEO Struck The Right Note With Himalaya Drug |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work-in-progress/how-a-musician-ceo-struck-the-right-note-with-himalaya-drug/44113/1 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Savitha |last2=Kurian |first2=Boby |title=Manal family to restructure Himalaya Drug |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/manal-family-to-restructure-himalaya-drug/articleshow/1900757.cms |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 April 2007}}</ref>

[[File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 171.jpg|thumb|right|Himalaya Wellness Company at 2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Bangalore (2025)]]

== History ==
[[File:Rauwolfia serpentina (3) - സര്‍പ്പഗന്ധി.jpg |thumb|139x139px|''Rauwolfia serpentina'']]

The Himalaya Drug Company was founded in [[Dehradun]] in the 1930s by Mohammad Manal. A self-professed "lover of nature", Manal had the goal of commercialising Ayurvedic and herbal products to suit contemporary needs, by focusing on modern empirical research to demonstrate their efficacy.<ref name="Haydon Rediff"/><ref name="Haydon BusinessLine">
{{Cite news |last=Haydon |first=Philipe |date=2015-01-19 |title=40 years ago... and now: Taking traditional Indian medicine to the world |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/40-years-ago-and-now-taking-traditional-indian-medicine-to-the-world-115011800514_1.html |access-date=2022-04-02}}
</ref>

The company moved to [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) in the 1950s. In 1955, it launched 'Liv.52', a [[Hepatoprotection|hepato-protective]], that became the flagship product of the company.<ref name="Haydon Rediff"/>

In 1975, Meraj Manal, Mohammad Manal's son, started a manufacturing unit in [[Bangalore]], which helped the company grow its manufacturing capacity as well as to globalise.<ref name="Haydon Rediff"/>

== Global markets ==
In 1996, the company entered the US market following the introduction of the [[Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994]]. The company then expanded into other countries.<ref name="Haydon Rediff"/>

As of 2015, the company sold its products in 91 countries with about 50% of its revenue from outside India.<ref name="Haydon Rediff" /> The company has a presence in 106 countries.<ref>
{{cite news |date=2016-09-25 |title=Himalaya Drug Company to hire 1,000 people, eyes Rs 2,500 crore revenue in fiscal FY18 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/himalaya-drug-company-to-hire-1000-people-eyes-rs-2500-cr-ore-revenue-in-fiscal-fy183049151/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Products ==
Himalaya Herbal Healthcare has a very wide range of products, which include "pharmaceuticals, personal care, baby care, well-being, [[nutrition]] and animal health products.".<ref name="Himalaya Wellness India">{{Cite web |url=https://himalayawellness.in/ |title=Himalaya Products |website=Himalaya Wellness (India)}}</ref> The company has more than 290 researchers that utilise Ayurvedic herbs and minerals.<ref>Kumar, B. Rajesh; Satish, S. M (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wy538SEIEI0C Growth Strategies Of Indian Pharma Companies]''. pp. 122-123.</ref> Also, Himalaya Neem [[face wash]] brand is reportedly the second biggest in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Mihir |title=Himalaya sees four fold jump in India business over five years |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3UFsxIZGgHT54GClnsAPRK/Himalaya-sees-four-fold-jump-in-India-business-over-five-yea.html |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=mint |date=12 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Mothercare products were launched in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himalaya enters mothercare segment; eyes 6% sales in 2 yrs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/himalaya-enters-mothercare-segment-eyes-6-sales-in-2-yrs/articleshow/54424695.cms |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In September 2023, Himalaya Wellness, represented by Udaya Holla of Holla & Holla, obtained an ''[[ex parte]]'' injunction order against [[Cyriac Abby Philips]], who is known for sharing his critical views on [[alternative medicine]] on social media. The advocates alleged that Philips' social media posts had negatively affected the profits of Himalaya Wellness and that he was being funded by modern medicine companies. The injunction issued by a [[Bangalore]] civil court required [[Twitter]] to restrict access to Philips' account, which was consequently withheld in India. The court order also prohibited Philips from sharing any negative content about Himalaya Wellness. Legal experts criticized the order as disproportionate, pointing out that ''ex parte'' injunctions are reserved for truly exceptional circumstances where informing the defendant would lead to significant and irreparable harm to the plaintiff, and a tweet does not qualify as such. Philips maintained that his claims against the Himalaya Wellness Company's products, like Liv. 52, were backed by scientific evidence.<ref name="liver-doc">{{cite news |last1=Priya |first1=Lakshmi |title=The Liver Doctor's many haters |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/the-liver-doctors-many-haters |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="solid evidence">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nikita |title=My posts are backed up with solid evidence, research': Liver Doc on Himalaya Wellness suit |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/09/28/my-posts-are-backed-up-with-solid-evidence-research-liver-doc-on-himalaya-wellness-suit |access-date=30 September 2023 |work=newslaundry |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="suspended">{{cite news |title=X Account of 'The Liver Doc' Suspended After Court Issues Ex-Parte Injunction in Suit Filed by Himalaya |url=https://thewire.in/law/x-account-of-the-liver-doc-suspended-after-court-issues-ex-parte-injunction-in-suit-filed-by-himalaya |work=The Wire|access-date=29 September 2023|date=28 September 2023}}</ref> In October 2023, the [[Karnataka High Court]] ordered reinstatement of Philips' Twitter account after he deleted his nine tweets about Himalaya Wellness.<ref>{{cite news |title=theliverdr vs Himayala Wellnesss: Karnataka High Court orders reinstation of LiverDoc's X account |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/karnataka-high-court-x-account-liver-doc-resinstation-himalaya-wellness-legal-battle-18003741.htm |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.himalayawellness.com Official website]

[[Category:Ayurvedic companies]]
[[Category:Personal care brands]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1930]]
[[Category:Personal care companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1930]]

Ekta Nagar–Varanasi Mahamana Express

2026-03-14T04:46:16Z

TheHH: Started A Details!

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 800080
| name = Ekta Nagar–Varanasi Mahamana Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Mahamana Express]]
| locale =
| first = * Inaugural :- {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|09|22}}<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Prime Minister to Flag Off Third Mahamana Express to Run between Varanasi and Vadodara on 22nd September 2017 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=171001|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
* Extension :- {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|01|17}} (extended upto {{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/trains-to-sou-gets-in-principle-approval-from-railway-board/articleshow/79309329.cms|title = Trains to SoU gets in-principle approval from railway board | Vadodara News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]] | date=20 November 2020 }}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}} (EKNR)
| stops = 11
| end = {{stnlnk|Varanasi}} (BSB)
| distance = {{convert|1616|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20903 / 20904
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Ekta Nagar–Varanasi MB Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 20903 / 20904 '''Ekta Nagar–Varanasi Mahamana Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}} and {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 20903/20904 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=171001 "Prime Minister to Flag Off Third Mahamana Express to Run between Varanasi and Vadodara on 22nd September 2017"]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6147&did=1505980581445F96C4769424326EA70A955B32E64B4CB.web91 Introduction of a New Weekly Express Train No. 20903/20904 Vadodara -Varanasi – Vadodara Mahamana Superfast express from 22.09.2017]</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mahamana-express-vadodara-varanasi-superfast-train-route-schedule-stations-timings-pm-modi/866055/ Mahamana Express between Vadodara and Varanasi: From schedule to route; all you need to know about the new superfast train]</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/mahamana-express-know-whats-special-about-the-train-pm-modi-flags-off-today/articleshow/60792007.cms Mahamana Express: Know what's special about the train PM Modi flagged off today]</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 24 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 EOG cum Luggage Rake

==Service==

20903/Ekta Nagar – Varanasi Mahamana Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1531 km in 26 hrs 35 mins.

20904/Varanasi – Ekta Nagar Mahamana Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1531 km in 25 hrs 50 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}
* {{stnlnk|Amalner}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi}}'''

==Traction==

earlier was [[WDG-4]]. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] (HOG)-equipped locomotive from Ekta Nagar to Varanasi and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 20905/20906 [[Ekta Nagar–Rewa Mahamana Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Ekta Nagar railway station]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[Mahamana Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/68527 20903/Ekta Nagar - Varanasi Mahamana Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/68439 20904/Ekta Nagar - Kevadiya Mahamana Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Western Railway}}
{{Mahamana Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekta Nagar-Varanasi Mahamana Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Mahamana Express trains]]
[[Category:Memorials to Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

INS Sandhayak (J18)

2026-03-09T04:45:23Z

TheHH: fix intro to improve readability

{{other ships|INS Sandhayak}}{{Short description|Former survey ship of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INS Sandhayak (J-18) at sea.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Sandhayak'' (J18) at sea
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=India
| flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name= INS ''Sandhayak''
| ordered=
| awarded=
| builder= [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
| original_cost=
| yard_number=
| way_number=
| laid_down=
| launched= 6 April 1977
| sponsor=
| christened=
| completed=
| acquired=
| commissioned=14 March 1981
| decommissioned=4 June 2021
| in_service=
| out_of_service=
| renamed=
| reclassified=
| refit=
| struck=
| identification=*{{IMO Number|7356771}}
*{{MMSI Number|419100103}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: ATZC
*[[Hull number]]: J18
| reinstated=
| homeport=
| motto=
| nickname=
| honours=
| fate=
| status= Decommissioned
| notes=
| badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/j-sandhayak.htm |title=J 22 Sandhayak Class |work=globalsecurity.org |year=2012 |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref>
|class= {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey ship|||1981}}
|displacement={{convert|1929|LT|t|0}} full
|length={{convert|87.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|12.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft={{convert|3.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=
|speed= {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range=*{{convert|6000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
*{{convert|14000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement=18 officers + 160 enlisted
|armament=1 × [[Bofors 40 mm]] gun
|aircraft=1 × [[HAL Chetak]] helicopter
|aircraft_facilities=[[Helipad]]
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Sandhayak'' (J18)''' ([[Hindi]]: संधायक lit. coordinator) was the lead ship of the {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey ship|4||1981}} of [[survey ship]]s. The ship operates as a hydrographic survey ship in the [[Indian Navy]], under the [[Eastern Naval Command]]. Apart from a helicopter and Bofors 40 mm gun for self defence, the ship is also equipped with four survey motor boats, two small boats. The ship can also analyse the level of pollution, sea level at various places, sea bed and marine wealth. ''Sandhayak'' is capable of conducting shallow coastal and deep oceanic hydrographic survey and collect oceanographic and geophysical data.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval survey ship in Rameswaram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/naval-survey-ship-in-rameswaram-572410-2016-03-12}}</ref> The ship was decommissioned on 4 June 2021 after 40 years in service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723980|title=INS Sandhayak to be Decommissioned on 04 Jun 21|publisher=PIB|date=2021-06-03}}</ref>

==Ship history==
Built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] and commissioned into the Naval service at [[Visakhapatnam]] naval base in 2001, ''Sandhayak'' is actually the Indian Navy's fifth [[hydrographic survey]] ship in the series [[indigenous peoples of Asia|indigenous]]ly designed and constructed.

''Sandhayak'' is equipped with a range of [[hydrographic survey|surveying]], navigational, and communication systems. The next-generation surveying systems provided onboard include multi-beam swath [[Echo (phenomenon)|echo]] sounding system, differential [[global positioning system]], [[motion sensors]], sea [[gravimeter]], [[magnetometer]], oceanographic sensors, side scan sonars and an automated data logging system as well as Digital Survey and Processing System, sound velocity profiling system among others. The equipment allow the ship to meet the stringent international/[[ISO 9002]] digital survey accuracy standards required for the production of electronic navigation charts and publications as laid down by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]]. ''Sandhayak'' is powered by two diesel engines and is capable of sustained speeds and can also undertake a variety of tasks including rescue operations. In March 2017 in a rare case of [[insubordination]] and [[indiscipline]] 3 [[sailors]] were airlifted from the ship while it was conducting [[training]] session off the coast of [[Paradip]], [[Odisha]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navy airlifts three sailors aboard ship for indiscipline|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/09/navy-airlifts-three-sailors-aboard-ship-for-indiscipline-1579612.html}}</ref>

==Survey Task==
The primary task of ''Sandhayak'' includes hydrographic surveys, [[nautical chart]] preparation, with [[cartography]] and training. ''Sandhayak'' is also equipped with [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]], [[AUV]] & [[Unmanned surface vehicle|USV]]. In 2013 ''Sandhayak'' conducted hydrographical survey of the Islands of [[Andaman & Nicobar]] to update charts, as the seabed in the area has undergone drastic hydrological changes with regard to coastal, underwater profile after the [[2004 Tsunami]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Sandhayak Establishes Depths of 10-20 mtrs [sic] inside Middle Strait for Safe Navigation by Bigger Bo|url=http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1076:ins-sandhayak-establishes-depths-of-10-20-mtrs-inside-middle-strait-for-safe-navigation-by-bigger-bo&catid=37:top-news&Itemid=142}}</ref> In 2015 ''Sandhayak'' was used to conduct a search of the sea floor of the missing [[Dornier 228]] of the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and was successful in detecting the beacon signals of the missing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval survey ship INS Sandhayak picks up beacon signals from missing Dornier aircraft|date=13 June 2015 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/naval-survey-ship-ins-sandhayak-picks-up-beacon-signals-from-missing-dornier-aircraft-1005688.html}}</ref> In 2016 ''Sandhayak'' conducted a survey off the coast of [[Rameswaram]] in a bid to find a new seaway that will allow larger ships to traverse the narrow [[Palk Strait]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval survey ship in Rameswaram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/naval-survey-ship-in-rameswaram-572410-2016-03-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{Sandhayak-class survey ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhayak, INS}}
[[Category:1977 ships]]
[[Category:Sandhayak-class survey ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Ven Shankhu Pol

2026-03-03T20:50:49Z

TheHH: refined section for accuracy for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Venu Shankhu Pol
| image = VenShankhuPol.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| alt =
| director = Asok R Nath
| producer = Sanal Thottam
| writer = Anil Mukhathala
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Manoj K Jayan]] [[Jyothirmayi]] [[Meera Nandan]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = New TV
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|8|26}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ven Shankhu Pol''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] film directed by Asok R. Nath, starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manoj K Jayan]], [[Jyothirmayi]] and [[Meera Nandan]] in the lead roles. This film also turned out to be the last Malayalam film of late Malayalam actor [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]. The film was initially titled ''Ekadasi'' and produced by Sandeep R Nair before it was sold on outright basis to producer Sanal Thottam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sureshgopi, the war correspondent in Ekadasi|author=FilmiBeat|date=22 June 2009|work=FilmiBeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/sureshgopi-ekadasi-correspondent-220609.html| access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Suresh Gopi as war reporter in Venshankh Pol|author=Yahoo!News|date=20 May 2011|work=Yahoo!News|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/suresh-gopi-war-reporter-venshankh-pol-081120862.html| access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vensankhupol-review-malayalam-pcmadWchibgif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123050054/https://www.sify.com/movies/vensankhupol-review-malayalam-pcmadWchibgif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2022|title = Vensankhupol|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Nandan (Suresh Gopi) is a well-respected and courageous war correspondent working for a reputed newspaper in Kolkata. Known for his honesty and professionalism, he has risked his life numerous times reporting from conflict zones across the world. Despite his dangerous profession, Nandan is a devoted family man. He lives with his loving wife Indu (Jyothirmayi), their two young children, his elderly mother, and his younger sister Aswathy (Meera Nandan), for whom he dreams of arranging a grand wedding.

One day, while returning from an assignment, Nandan begins to feel physically weak and emotionally detached. After a medical check-up, he is diagnosed with a terminal illness. The exact nature of the illness is never explicitly mentioned in the film, except that it is incurable and progressing rapidly. Nandan is devastated but chooses to keep the diagnosis a secret from his family. He believes that revealing the truth would only bring them unnecessary pain and panic.

As his condition deteriorates, Nandan quietly withdraws from his professional life and responsibilities. He becomes increasingly confined to his room and eventually bedridden. His physical condition worsens steadily—he is often seen lying silently in his bed, gazing at the ceiling, lost in thoughts of the life he once lived and the memories he cherished. Despite his suffering, he maintains a stoic silence, showing remarkable inner strength.

His wife Indu begins to sense that something is wrong. She notices the changes in his health, his detachment, and his lack of communication. However, Nandan avoids her concerned questions, brushing them off with vague answers. Meanwhile, his mother and sister also begin to worry, but like Indu, they are left in the dark.

Aswathy, unaware of her brother’s condition, continues to dream about her future, including a marriage that Nandan had promised to arrange. He watches her happiness quietly, hiding the fact that he might not be there to fulfill that promise. His emotional burden becomes heavier each day, knowing he cannot share his pain.

As time passes, Nandan's condition reaches a critical stage. His health declines rapidly, and the family, now fully aware that something is gravely wrong, tries to care for him without knowing the true cause. Indu becomes emotionally distraught, unable to understand why the man she loved is slipping away from her.

In a heartbreaking final act, Nandan dies peacefully at home, surrounded by the family he tried to protect through silence. Only after his death does the full extent of his illness and sacrifice become clear to his loved ones. The film ends on a note of quiet grief, with the family coming to terms with his loss and the silent love with which he endured his suffering.

==Cast==
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Nandan
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
* [[Manoj K Jayan]]
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Indu
* [[Meera Nandan]] as Aswathy
* [[Anoop Menon]]
* [[Lalu Alex]]
* [[Chembil Ashokan]]
* [[Sukumari]]
* Sreekutty

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "All in all, 'Venshakupol' targeted at the rarest gentry, will not have much takers and is all set to disappear in a week".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vensanghupol-review-malayalam-movie-13866|title=Vensanghupol Review|date=29 August 2011|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://filmnews.bizhat.com/2011/05/11/sureshgopi-turns-war-reporter/ Bizhat report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519164543/http://filmnews.bizhat.com/2011/05/11/sureshgopi-turns-war-reporter/ |date=19 May 2011 }}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/sureshgopi-ekadasi-correspondent-220609.html FilmiBeat]

[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ambajipeta Marriage Band

2026-03-03T09:14:34Z

TheHH: creating new article first draft...

{{Short description| 2024 Indian Telugu comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ambajipeta Marriage Band
| image = Ambajipeta Marriage Band.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dushyanth Katikaneni
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Dushyanth Katikaneni
| producer = Dheeraj Mogilineni Venkat Reddy
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]
*Shivani Nagaram
*Goparaju Ramana
*Sharanya Pradeep
}}
| cinematography = Wajid Baig
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| studio = {{plain list|
*[[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind)|GA2 Pictures]]
*Dheeraj Mogilineni Entertainment
*Mahayana Motion Pictures
*
}}
| released = {{film date|2024|02|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹10 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=అంబాజీపేట మ్యారేజి బ్యాండు టోటల్ వరల్డ్ వైడ్ కలెక్షన్స్ రిపోర్ట్! |url=https://t2blive.com/ambajipeta-ww-total-collection-report/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ambajipeta Marriage Band''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Social film|social]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by debutant Dushyanth Katikaneni. The film features [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]], Shivani Nagaram, [[Sharanya Pradeep]], and Goparaju Ramana in the lead roles.

The film was theatrically released in India on 2 February 2024, receiving positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ambajipeta-marriage-band-review-the-suhas-saranya-pradeep-starrer-has-engaging-drama-solid-performances-and-is-thought-provoking/34270ed87f544 | title=Ambajipeta Marriage Band Review - A content driven and moving village drama|website=[[OTTPlay]] }}</ref>

==Plot==

''Ambajipeta Marriage Band'' unfolds in the quaint village of [[Ambajipeta mandal|Ambajipeta]] in the [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The central characters are Malli and Padma, twins raised by Kanaka, a salon owner. Malli becomes a skilled barber in a marriage band, while Padma, a teacher, faces rumours of an alleged relationship with Venkata Babu.

Tensions rise as Venkata, a businessman, becomes entangled in a complex web of love and societal expectations. The narrative explores love beyond caste boundaries, delving into the challenges faced by the characters. The story takes unexpected turns, revealing the consequences of societal judgements and the resilience of true love.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-02-02 |title=‘Ambajipeta Marriage Band’ movie review: Dushyanth Katikaneni makes an assured directorial debut with an absorbing drama, anchored by Suhas and Sharanya Pradeep’s terrific performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ambajipeta-marriage-band-telugu-movie-review-dushyanth-katikaneni-makes-an-assured-directorial-debut-with-an-absorbing-drama/article67803303.ece |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Mallikarjuna "Malli"
*[[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Padma, Malli’s twin sister
*Nithin Prasanna as Chalasani Venkata Babu, Lakshmi and Seenu Babu’s brother
*Shivani Nagaram as Chalasani Lakshmi, Malli’s love-interest
*[[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] as Sanjeev, Malli’s bestfriend and Padma’s love interest
*Swarnakanth as Chalasani Seenu Babu, Lakshmi’s second brother
*[[Goparaju Ramana]] as Narasimha, Ambajipeta Marriage Band Head
*Gayathri Bhargavi as Chalasani Jhansi, Venkata Babu’s Wife and Lakshmi’s sister-in-law
*Surabhi Prabhavathi as Malli and Padma’s mother
*Kittayya as Kanakayya, Malli and Padma’s father
*Dushyanth Katikaneni
*[[Sandeep Raj]] as Village guy
*Bhavana
*Divya Chalamalasetty as Lakshmi's friend
*Swathi
*Khushi Mannem as Gowri, Lakshmi’s friend
*Vinay Mahadev as Prasad, Malli’s friend
*Bhanu as Chinnu, Venkata Babu and Jhansi’s son
*Jabardasth Bobby
*Pullayya Pantulu Mylavarapu as factory worker(Seenubabu Assistant)
}}

==Production==

The film was announced through a pooja ceremony in [[Hyderabad]] in October 2021.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Soundtrack==

The [[soundtrack]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[Shekar Chandra]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/search/song/Ambajipeta%20Marriage%20Band|title=Ambajipeta songs on jiosaavn|website=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122074755/https://www.jiosaavn.com/search/song/Ambajipeta%20Marriage%20Band|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13.04
| title1 = Gumma Gumma
| length1 = 3:50
| lyrics1 = Rahaman
| extra1 = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| title2 = Maa Ooru Ambajipeta
| length2 = 3:16
| lyrics2 = Rahaman
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title3 = Cheekati Vekuvaga
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Kalyan Chakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra3 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| title4 = Gunde Gaani Mandindiante
| length4 = 2:39
| lyrics4 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra4 = Gotte Kanakavva
| title5 = Vundipomanne Chotu Kaadu Idi
| lyrics5 = Kalyan Chakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra5 = Dinesh Rudra
| title6 = Kadupulo Serisagamayna Pranamu
| lyrics6 = Kalyan Chakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra6 = Kaala Bhairava
}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===

''Ambajipeta Marriage Band'' had a worldwide theatrical release on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ambajipeta-marriage-band-locks-release-date-846974 | title='Ambajipeta Marriage Band' locks release date | website=[[The Hans India]] | date=26 December 2023 | access-date=21 January 2024 | archive-date=29 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229065319/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ambajipeta-marriage-band-locks-release-date-846974 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===

The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Team Cinema |date=2024-02-27 |title=Suhas-starrer 'Ambajipeta Marriage Band' gets OTT release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Feb/27/suhas-starrer-ambajipeta-marriage-band-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and was premiered on 1 March 2024.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |title=Watch Ambajipeta Marriage Band (Telugu) Full Movie Online |date=2018-04-30 |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/ambajipeta-marriage-band |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314103454/https://www.aha.video/movie/ambajipeta-marriage-band |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Sangeetha Devi Dundo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that In Dushyanth Katikaneni's inaugural venture, "''Ambajipeta Marriage Band'', a compelling story unfolds, delving deep into the profound struggle for dignity. Suhas and Sharanya Pradeep take center stage, contributing remarkable performances that serve as the beating heart of this narrative. "''Ambajipeta Marriage Band''" emerges not only as a cinematic achievement but as a commentary on the unwavering pursuit of dignity, made all the more impactful through the stellar performances at its core."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ambajipeta-marriage-band-telugu-movie-review-dushyanth-katikaneni-makes-an-assured-directorial-debut-with-an-absorbing-drama/article67803303.ece | title='Ambajipeta Marriage Band' movie review: Dushyanth Katikaneni makes an assured directorial debut with an absorbing drama, anchored by Suhas and Sharanya Pradeep's terrific performances | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi | access-date=2 February 2024 | archive-date=3 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203013432/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ambajipeta-marriage-band-telugu-movie-review-dushyanth-katikaneni-makes-an-assured-directorial-debut-with-an-absorbing-drama/article67803303.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and stated that "Ambajipeta Marriage Band adeptly blends authenticity and engaging storytelling with nuanced performances and a rich narrative that delves into societal issues."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ambajipeta-marriage-band/movie-review/107343459.cms | title=Ambajipeta Marriage Band Movie Review : Entertaining and Enlightening | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=3 February 2024 | archive-date=3 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203060640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ambajipeta-marriage-band/movie-review/107343459.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Samayam Telugu]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote that "Suhas stole the show with his stellar performance, delivering laughs and tears. Nitin Prasanna nailed the villain's role, and Shivani and Jagdish shone in their parts. The film, reminiscent of Pushpa Keshava, featured well-balanced roles, creating a memorable cinematic experience."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/ambajipeta-marriage-band-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/107335556.cms | title='అంబాజీపేట మ్యారేజి బ్యాండు' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. కంటెంట్ ఈజ్ కింగ్ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Ambajipeta Marriage band movie Review | website=[[Samayam Telugu]] | access-date=2 February 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202052005/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/ambajipeta-marriage-band-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/107335556.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[10TV]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and stated that "''Ambajipet Marriage Band'' is an emotional revenge drama exploring love amidst caste and wealth dynamics, providing a fresh perspective on self-worth.."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suhas-ambajipeta-marriage-band-movie-review-and-rating-781233.html | title='అంబాజీపేట మ్యారేజి బ్యాండు' రివ్యూ.. బ్యాండ్ మేళం సౌండ్ గట్టిగానే వినిపిస్తుంది | language=Telugu | trans-title=Ambajipeta Marriage band Review | website=[[10TV]] | date=2 February 2024 | access-date=2 February 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202052005/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suhas-ambajipeta-marriage-band-movie-review-and-rating-781233.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27494315}}
* [https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/ambajipeta-marriage-band/AHA_MOVIE_4BBC7A07-E7FD-4E6F-8780-47E2DF4D93B4 Ambajipeta Marriage Band] at [https://www.airtelxstream.in/ Airtel Xstream Play]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ambajipeta_marriage_band Rotten Tomatoes]

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about race and ethnicity]]
[[Category:Films set in 2007]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Kurrr

2026-03-01T21:39:31Z

TheHH:

{{short description|Play by Prasad Khandekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox play
|name=Kurrr
|original title=कुर्रर्रर्रर्र
|writer=[[Prasad Khandekar]]
|director=Prasad Khandekar
|original language=Marathi
|music=Amir Hadkar
|genre={{plainlist|
*[[Comedy play|Comedy]]
*[[Satyr play|Satyr]]
}}
|choreography=Santosh Bhangare
|chorus=Gotya Sawant|lyrics=Tejas Ranade
|orig_run=150 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurrr |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/plays/kureee/ET00318509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125161038/https://in.bookmyshow.com/plays/kureee/ET00318509 |archive-date=2023-11-25 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|date of premiere=
|image=Kurrr Marathi play.jpg
|subject=[[Drama|Family drama]]
|characters={{plainlist|
*Akshar (husband)
*Pooja (wife)
*Vandana (mother)
}}|caption=Official release poster}}

'''''Kurrr''''' (subtitled with '''''Yenar Yenar Ga'''''; {{translation|Will definitely come}}) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Play (theatre)#Comedy|comedy]] [[theatre play]] written and directed by [[Prasad Khandekar]]. Produced by [[Vishakha Subhedar]] and Poonam Jadhav under the banner of V. R. Production, Pragyas Creations respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Kurrrr Marathi Natak • Info & Schedule • रंगभूमी.com |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/natak/kurrrr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602130914/https://www.rangabhoomi.com/natak/kurrrr/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Rangbhoomi.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The play was originally released on 4 December 2021 in theatres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=विशाखा सुभेदारचं 'कुर्रर्रर्र' नाटक का सोडलं? प्रसाद खांडेकरनं खरं काय ते सांगून टाकलं; म्हणाला आमच्या लक्षात आलं की... |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-drama/prasad-khandekar-on-why-he-and-namrata-sambherao-left-the-kurrr-marathi-natak-of-vishakha-subhedar/articleshow/105753578.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207082525/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-drama/prasad-khandekar-on-why-he-and-namrata-sambherao-left-the-kurrr-marathi-natak-of-vishakha-subhedar/articleshow/105753578.cms |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> [[Prasad Khandekar]] and [[Namrata Sambherao]] left the drama in 2023, replaced by [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]] and Mayura Ranade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KURRR Marathi Play: प्रसाद खांडेकर-नम्रता संभेरावनं सोडलं 'कुर्रर्रर्र' नाटक! पोस्ट लिहीत विशाखा सुभेदार म्हणते... |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prasad-khandekar-and-namrata-sambherao-left-kurrr-play-vishakha-subhedar-share-post-141701673563334.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205170504/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prasad-khandekar-and-namrata-sambherao-left-kurrr-play-vishakha-subhedar-share-post-141701673563334.html |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title="मज्जाच गेली...", नम्रता संभेरावची नाटकातून एक्झिट अन् नेटकरी झाले नाराज, विशाखा सुभेदार म्हणाली, "आधीच..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-namrata-sambherao-and-prasad-khandekar-exit-from-kurrr-drama-vishaka-subhedar-reacted-to-netizen-questions-sva-00-4084062/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206094435/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-namrata-sambherao-and-prasad-khandekar-exit-from-kurrr-drama-vishaka-subhedar-reacted-to-netizen-questions-sva-00-4084062/ |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Akshar, a writer, and his wife, Pooja, have been married for five years but have not been able to have a child. They live with Pooja’s mother, Vandana, whose husband left her years earlier; Vandana repeatedly pressures the couple about having a baby, while Pooja herself longs to become a mother.<ref>{{cite web |last=देवरुखकर |first=गायत्री |title=कुर्रर्रर्रर्र [Review] — निखळ मनोरंजनाची हमखास डिलिव्हरी! |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/kurrrr-natak-review/ |website=रंगभूमी.com |date=6 December 2021 |language=mr |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> Amid the resulting domestic tension, a man known as “Paddy” enters the household, triggering a series of unexpected turns and comic complications.<ref>{{cite web |title=KURRR Marathi Play/Drama |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/kurrr-marathi-play-preview.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

== Characters ==

* [[Prasad Khandekar]] as Akshar
** Replaced by [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Namrata Sambherao]] as Pooja
** Replaced by Mayura Ranade<ref name=":0" />
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]] as Vandana
* Pandharinth Kambale

== Crew ==

* Ulhesh Khandare – dress up
* Amogh Phadke – lighting
* Archana Thawre – costume<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=कुर्रर्रर्रर्र – १०० नाही तर १००० टक्के मनोरंजन करणारं नाटक |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/kurrrrrrrr-not-100-but-1000-entertaining-drama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204140806/https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/kurrrrrrrr-not-100-but-1000-entertaining-drama/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Mumbai Tak|date=17 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Gayatri Devrukhkar of ''Rangbhoomi.com'' in its review wrote "The perfection of props and lighting are so beautifully matched that the beauty of the drama is increasing moment by moment."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Kurrrr Marathi Natak Review |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/kurrrr-natak-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204140806/https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/kurrrrrrrr-not-100-but-1000-entertaining-drama/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Rangbhoomi.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''Mumbai Tak'' wrote "[[Set Design]] of Bendre, Lighting of Amogh Phadke, and Music by Amir Hadkar are the soul of this play." Praised choreography called "excellent".<ref name=":2" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Zee Talkies|Zee Talkies Comedy Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |Best Comedy Actress
| rowspan="2" |[[Namrata Sambherao]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |''Kurrr''
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Namrata Awate Sambherao Delighted to Win Best Actress Award for KURRR |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/namrata-awate-sambherao-delighted-to-win-best-actress-award-for-kurrr-5834245.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903111318/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/namrata-awate-sambherao-delighted-to-win-best-actress-award-for-kurrr-5834245.html |archive-date=2022-09-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=551309557093697&id=100066439735762&set=a.421951296696191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207083906/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=551309557093697&id=100066439735762&set=a.421951296696191 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vishakha Subhedar]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Music
|Amir Hadkar
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|id=KurrrrNatak|name=''Kurrr''}}
* ''[https://in.bookmyshow.com/plays/kureee/ET00318509 Kurrr]'' at BookMyShow

[[Category:Marathi-language plays]]
[[Category:Indian comedy plays]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama plays]]

Ekkattuthangal metro station

2026-02-21T06:45:08Z

TheHH: formatting fix

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Ekkattuthangal Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Chennai Ekkattuthangal Metro Station 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Chennai Ekkattuthangal Metro Station
| address = Jawaharlal Nehru Rd, Labour Colony, SIDCO Industrial Estate, [[Ekkattuthangal]], [[Chennai]] Tamil Nadu 600032
| coordinates = {{coord|13.017128|80.205302|region:IN|display=inline,title}},
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|'''Inter Corridor Line''']]|}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]] Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2015|June|29}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SSI
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line=Green|left=Ashok Nagar|right=Alandur|line2=Blue|left2=Ashok Nagar|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Alandur|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ekkattuthangal''' is an elevated metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Ekkattuthangal]], [[West Mambalam]], [[Guindy Industrial Estate]] and [[Saidapet|West Saidapet]].

==The station==
The station is being constructed as an elevated station on the arterial [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai|Inner Ring Road]]. The station will have ground, concourse and platform levels.

===Station layout===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ekkattuthangal track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Alandur metro station|Arignar Anna Alandur]] {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] '''Next Station:''' [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]] '''Next Station:''' [[Alandur metro station|Arignar Anna Alandur]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Connections==
[[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)]] bus routes number 10E, 18F, 18M, 70/70A, 70C, 70D, 70G, 70K, 70S, 70T, 70V, 70W, 77J, 111, 113, 114, 154E, 170, 170A, 170B, 170C, 170CET, 170G, 170K, 170L, 170M, 170P, 170S, 170T, 270J, 500C, 554B, 568C, 568T, 570, 570AC, 570S, A70, B70, D70, D70CUT, D70NS, D170, F70, G70, L18, L51, L70, M70, M70CNS, M70D, M70F, M70NS, M70S, M170T, M270, T70 serves the station from nearby Ekkattuthangal bus stand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtcbus.org/ |title=Home |website=mtcbus.org |access-date=17 October 2017 |archive-date=26 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526170357/http://mtcbus.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Commercial hub==
Ekkattuthangal station is one of the five stations in the first phase of the Chennai Metro project identified to be converted into commercial hubs, the others being CMBT, Alandur, Arumbakkam, and Ashok Nagar. A 106,000 sq ft building with nine floors has been planned at the station, opposite [[Hilton Chennai]] hotel.<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = In less than a year, you can park, shop and ride at metro rail stations
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 23 September 2014
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/In-less-than-a-year-you-can-park-shop-and-ride-at-metro-rail-stations/articleshow/43194300.cms
| access-date = 3 February 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[List of metro systems in India]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Ekkattuthangal+Metro+Station/@13.0163188,80.2050153,96m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a52673ebcbd9347:0xfb36cbeba78594dc!8m2!3d13.0162303!4d80.2053492|title=Ekkattuthangal metro station}}

{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2015]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

C.S.I. Ewart Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2026-02-21T02:22:25Z

TheHH: Started New Entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = C.S.I. Ewart School
| image = csiewartlogo.jpg
| motto = "Love and Serve"
| address = 93 Dr.Allagappa Road, [[Purasawalkam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/DispSchoolsUrban.asp?DCODE=02&VTCODE=40200988&SCHCAT=04 |title=Tamil Nadu Schools |accessdate=2009-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410012206/http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/DispSchoolsUrban.asp?DCODE=02&VTCODE=40200988&SCHCAT=04 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| zipcode = 600084
| country = India
| schooltype = [[Religious]]
| fundingtype = [[Private school|Private]]
| established =
| founded = {{start date and age|1913}}
| school_board = Matriculation
| principal = Mrs. Beena Devaprasad
| staff = 150
| grades = Lower Kindergarten - 12th
| gender = Co-Ed till class 5; girls only from class 6.
| houses = 5
| image_size = 100px
| coordinates = {{coord|13|04|56|N|80|15|23|E|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|http://csiewartschool.com/}}
| campus = City
| colors = Pink and white {{color box|pink}} {{color box|white}}
| enrollment = 3000
| enrollment_as_of = 2022
| language = English
}}

'''C.S.I Ewart Matriculation Higher Secondary School''' ('''Ewart''', pronounced ''you-urt'') is a private Christian school founded in 1913 in what is now [[Chennai, India]]. It gained matriculation status in 1945, and is managed by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20091229110419/http://www.csimadrasdiocese.org/school.php Church of South India, Madras Diocese]. The school mainly serves the communities of [[Purasawalkam]], Vepery, Egmore, Kilpauk, Perambur, Sowcarpet.<ref name="tamilnow">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnow.com/CSIEwart-Matriculation-Higher-Secondary-488.html |title=TamilNow Ewart Info Page |accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref> Ewart is fully accredited and is a member of the State School association.<ref name="tamilnow"/> The classrooms are [[co-educational]] until 5th standard after which they become girls only.

==History==

===Founding===
In 1913, the [[Church of England Zenana Mission]] began Ewart as a 'finishing school' for Indian girls. Its goal was to bring [[Christianity|Christian]] values as well as the poise and etiquette of an 'English' education to students in India. The school was named Ewart after its first donator, an Irish woman, Miss Ewart. With funding secured, the school started in an old mission house in Chennai with three students on roll.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiewartschool.com/heritage.html |title=C.S.I Ewart Heritage Page |accessdate=2009-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416154245/http://www.csiewartschool.com/heritage.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Development of the school===
Miss Frances Baker was the first principal of C.S.I Ewart matric hr.sec. school, presiding over it from 1913 to 1936. In honor of her services a house, "Frances Baker House", and a wing of the school "Frances Baker Block", were named after her.

[[File:EwartAuditorium.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Ewart Auditorium Pic|Ewart school's main auditorium, named after second principal Miss Alice Greene]]
The second principal of the school was Miss Alice Greene, she presided over the school from 1936 to 1952. In 1943 the school adopted the matriculation syllabus and began to offer [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] as second languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiewartschool.com/ed.html |title=Education System |accessdate=2009-10-07 |publisher=Ewart School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416154535/http://www.csiewartschool.com/ed.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The school auditorium and a house has been named after Miss Alice Green. Succeeding Miss Alice Green was Miss.C.Davamani, the third principal, who presided over the school from 1952 to 1970. She was the first Indian principal of Ewart.

The fourth principal was Mrs. C. Chelladurai (1970–1988). During her service she received both a National and State award for her leadership of the school. In 1978 the school was upgraded to the status of a Higher Secondary School.

In 2001, under the leadership of principal A. Williams, C.S.I Ewart was chosen to be one of three schools in Chennai to pilot test the [[Cambridge Young Learners' English Tests|Cambridge Young Learners English Tests]]. The test was designed by the [[University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate|University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES)]] for children aged seven to twelve in order to test a child's speaking skills.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/11/stories/1311110k.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020308081702/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/11/stories/1311110k.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-03-08 |title=Testing language skills |author=N. Subash Jeyan |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-08-11}}</ref>

In 2009, Sheila Lawrence became the seventh principal of Ewart. Beena Devaprasad took over as the Eighth Principal of Ewart School in 2019.

===Principals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name !! Years presided !! Notes
|-
! Miss Frances Baker
| 1913–1936 || First Principal. House and building wing named after her.
|-
! Miss Alice Greene
| 1936–1952 || House and auditorium named for her.
|-
! Miss C. Davamani
| 1952–1970 || First Indian principal.
|-
! Miss. C. Chelladurai
| 1970–1988 || Started use of computers in school.
|-
! Mrs. E.M. Victor
| 1988–1995 || Began to incorporate technology in education.
|-
! Mrs Ahalya Williams
| 1995–2008 || Received state award for teaching.
|-
! Mrs. Sheela Lawrence
| 2008–2019 || Purchased electronic whiteboard for all classrooms,
Planned and erected state of the art library in the school premises,
Planning construction of school chapel in the school premises.
Constructed EWART GLOBAL SCHOOL inside the school premises
|-
!Mrs. Beena Devaprasad
|2019–2024
|Laid Foundation for the new blocks being constructed currently. Constructed the chapel.
|-
!Emily Sujirtha Titus
|2025–present
|}

==School hymn==
The school hymn is written by [[Rudyard Kipling]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csiewartschool.com/schoolhymn.html |title=School Hymn |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416154302/http://www.csiewartschool.com/schoolhymn.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<poem>
Land of our birth, we pledge to thee
Our love and toil in the years to be
When we are grown and take our place
As men and women with our race

Father in heaven, who lovest all,
O help Thy children when they call
That they may build from age to age
An undefiled heritage.

Teach us delight in simple things,
And mirth that has no bitter Springs
Forgiveness free of evil done,
And love to all men neath the sun

Teach us the Strength that cannot seek,
By deed or thought, to hurt the weak-
That under thee, we may possess
Man's strength to comfort man's distress.

Teach us to look in all our ends
On Thee for judge, and not our friends-
That we with Thee, may walk, uncowed
By fear or favour of the crowd.

Land of our birth, our faith, our pride,
For whose dear sake our fathers died-
O Motherland, we pledge to thee,
Head, heart and hand through the years to be.
</poem>

==Ewart school culture==

===Events===

====Annual events====
* '''Sports Day''' - annually in July, sports day is a one-day competitive event among the five houses in challenges including most [[track and field]] events, [[Parade|march past]], bicycle races, and dance performances.
* '''Prize Day''' - In August, prizes are distributed to the winners of the events that took place during Sports Day. Other prizes, like the General proficiency prize and Best girl award, are distributed on this day.
* '''Pastiche''' is an inter-school cultural event in which 20-30 schools from Chennai participate in to win contests. It is organized by the Interact club, which consists of all the 11th std. students.
* '''Inter house Dramatics''' - The five houses compete for first place. The event provides a platform for the students to showcase their talents in acting.

====Special events====
Carnival, Mission sale and teacher's day

=====Definite Clean Marina Programme(1997)=====
Under the leadership of principal Mrs. A. Williams<ref name="th1">{{cite news|title=India Campaign to 'save' the Marina |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1997-08-30}}</ref> C.S.I Ewart and Citi Plus, a voluntary organization, jointly co-sponsored an effort to clean Marina beach in Chennai. 1,200 students from 25 schools picked up the litter on a half kilometre stretch on both sides of the Gandhi Statue in the Marina beach on 31 August 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Children take up Save Marina' project |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1997-08-31}}</ref> For the next 25 weeks, students from schools continued to clean the stretch of land every weekend.<ref name="th1"/>

=====Vepery Science Expo (2003)=====
Between 24–25 January 2003, Ewart held a science exhibition called "Vivikta 2003" and themed "A Futuristic Clean World". During the expo Ewarts introduced its plan to clean up the school and the surrounding neighborhood as a part of its larger effort for promoting environmental awareness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003012300060300.htm&date=2003/01/23/&prd=mp& |title=VEPERY: Science expo |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=2009-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221060532/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003012300060300.htm&date=2003%2F01%2F23%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=====AIDS Awareness (2004)=====
On 23 January 2004, the school organized an interactive session on AIDS with Dr. Fuller and Dr.Libman from the United States along with three doctors from Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute. About 400 girls from standard IX to XII interacted with Jon D.Fuller and Howard Libman, associate professors from Boston University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School. Students asked a wide range of questions from mother-to-child transmission to the origins of HIV and to the symptoms of AIDS<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012410790300.htm |title=`Create awareness of Prevention of Epidemic Among Youth' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2004-01-24 |location=Chennai |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054720/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012410790300.htm |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=====DEAR, One World Reading Together (2005)=====
(''Drop Everything and Read'') - On 23 December 2005, in celebration of the One World Reading Together program started in 1999 by Scholastic Publishing, Ewart Students gathered together at noon in the school auditorium and read silently. At the end of this "DEAR" time, the students yelled "C.S.I. Ewart reads for 2006" and made pledge to reading for the upcoming year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/12/23/stories/2005122300540600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228132853/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/12/23/stories/2005122300540600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-02-28 |title=Power of reading |date=2005-12-23 |author=Paromita Pain |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Houses===
Ewart has five [[House system|houses]]. Students are assigned a house when they enroll in the school. Houses compete against one another in annual events such as sports day or bake sales.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name of house !! House color !! Nickname
|-
![[Pandita Ramabai]]
| {{color box|green}} || Pandits
|-
! [[Helen Keller]]
| {{color box|red}} || Kellers
|-
! [[Marie Curie]]
| {{color box|yellow}} || Curies
|-
! Frances Baker
| {{color box|purple}} || Bakers
|-
! Alice Greene
| {{color box|skyblue}} || Greens
|}

==Awards==

===Teacher awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Teacher !! [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084921/http://education.nic.in/secedu/sec_awards.asp State/National Award]
|-
! 1979
| Miss L. Asirvatham || State
|-
! 1982
| Mrs. C. Chelladurai || State
|-
! 1985
| Mrs. R. Frederick || State
|-
! 1987
| Mrs.C.Chelladurai || National
|-
! 1988
| Mrs.L.Sahayaraj || National
|-
! 1990
| Mrs. A. Lucas || State
|-
! 1991
| Mrs. D. Ebenezer || State
|-
! 1998
| Mrs. L. Ramamurthy || State
|-
! 2000
| Mrs. Ahalya Williams || State
|}

===SEED School Network Program Grant===
In 2000, Ewartr received donated computer networking materials and a grant from the SEED organization to help improve the technology in the school. The SEED School Network Program offers to disadvantaged schools located in developing countries the financial and technical assistance needed to connect them to the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seed.slb.com/community_article.aspx?id=18848 |title=SEED Eligibility |accessdate=2009-10-09}}</ref> Ewart used the grant money to set up a computer center and to train teachers on operating Windows 95, NT, and MS-Office. Ms. Mallika Ranjan lead the development, organization, and deployment of the new IT system at Ewart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seed.slb.com/v2/Schools.cfm?Report=20 |title=SEED School Network Program, C.S.I Ewart Report |accessdate=2009-10-09 |date=2000-09-02}}</ref>

===Ford Conservation and Environmental Grant===
C.S.I Ewart was one of three schools awarded the Ford Conservation and Environmental Grant in November 2001. The total grant amount of Rs. 15 lakhs was distributed among the winners to support projects which aimed at preservation of their immediate environment and natural resources.<ref>{{cite news |title=India: Environmental grant for Crocodile Bank Trust |location=Chennai, India |date=2001-11-21 |accessdate=2009-10-09 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/21/stories/0421401b.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221074051/http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/21/stories/0421401b.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2011-02-21}}</ref> Ewart's winning project proposal was titled 'Proliferating Vermiculture Practice by Community Participation,' and aimed to incorporate vermiculture units on camps to battle environmental pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_f/ford_india/20011130_coservation.html |title=Ford Conservation Grants Announced |accessdate=2009-10-10 |publisher=Press Release Ford India}}</ref>

==C.S.I. Ewart Global School==

From January 2018, there's another school started inside the campus with a name '''C.S.I. Ewart Global School'''. This new school is affiliated to the CBSE board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=1931220 |title=Details OF SCHOOL AFFILIATED TO CBSE - Affiliate Number 1931220 |accessdate=2021-02-06 |publisher=CBSE}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091205044006/http://www.csiewartschool.com/ C.S.I Ewart School Page]
* [http://wikimapia.org/189294/C-S-I-Ewart-Matriculation-School Wikimapia of Ewarts]
* [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2259060429 C.S.I Ewart Facebook Group]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1913]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]]

Guru Tegh Bahadur

2026-02-20T03:46:47Z

TheHH: minor changes

{{Short description|Ninth Sikh guru from 1665 to 1675}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Tegh Bahadur
| image = Contemporary painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Ahsan, ca.1667–68 (detail).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A mid-17th-century portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur painted by Ahsan, the viceregal painter of Shaista Khan, governor of Bengal, circa 1668–69
| birth_name = Tyag Mal
| birth_date = {{Birth-date| 1 April 1621}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date =  {{Death-date and age| 11 November 1675| 1 April 1621}}
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[India]])}}
| death_cause = [[Decapitation|Execution by decapitation]]
| period = 1664–1675
| known_for = * Hymns to Guru Granth Sahib
* Executed under the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="pslf" /><ref>Gill, Sarjit S., and Charanjit Kaur (2008), "Gurdwara and its politics: Current debate on Sikh identity in Malaysia", SARI: Journal Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Vol. 26 (2008), pages 243–255, Quote: "Guru Tegh Bahadur died in order to protect the freedom of India from invading Mughals."</ref><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=sg2007>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|title=History of Sikh gurus retold|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5|pages=653–91}}</ref>
* Founder of [[Anandpur Sahib]]
| spouse = [[Mata Gujri]]
| children = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
| parents = [[Guru Hargobind]] and [[Mata Nanaki]]
| predecessor = [[Guru Har Krishan]]
| successor = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
| battles = [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]] [[Battle of Kartarpur]] (1635) Skirmish Of Dhubri (1669)
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ
| native_name_lang = pa
| signature = Authentic signature (neeshan) of Guru Tegh Bahadur.jpg
| signature_size = 80px
| other_name = Ninth Master Ninth Nanak ''Srisht-di-Chadar'' ("Shield of The World") ''Dharam-di-Chadar'' ("Shield of [[Dharma]]") ''Hind-di-Chadar'' ("Shield of [[Hindustan|India]]")
}}
[[File: Guru Teg bahadur ji.jpg|thumb|Interior view of [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]|456x456px]]

'''Guru Tegh Bahadur''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ ([[Gurmukhi]]); {{IPA|pa|gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ}}; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675)<ref>{{cite book|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|year=1984|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=32–33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ|author=W. H. McLeod|access-date=14 November 2013|isbn=9780719010637|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)|url=http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm|website=sikhs.org|access-date=23 November 2014|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050930/http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> was the ninth of ten [[Sikh gurus|gurus]] who founded the [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]] and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his [[Decapitation|beheading]] in 1675. He was born in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]], India in 1621 and was the youngest son of [[Guru Hargobind Sahib|Guru Hargobind]], the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib|Guru Granth Sahib]], which is the main text of Sikhism.

Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of [[Aurangzeb]], the sixth [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, in [[Delhi]], India.<ref name="cs2013">{{cite book|last=Seiple|first=Chris|title=The Routledge handbook of religion and security|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|location=New York|page=96}}</ref><ref name="bbcgtb">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml|title=Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414075330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fenech4">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=236–238|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504190932/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}; {{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher= American Oriental Society
| volume=121 | issue=1 | year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 | pages=20–31| jstor=606726 }}; {{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=117 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/606445 | pages=623–642| jstor=606445 }}; {{cite journal | last=McLeod | first=Hew | title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=22 | issue=sup001 | year=1999 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 | pages=155–165}}</ref> Sikh holy premises [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] and [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]] in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur.<ref name="singharakab">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=169|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113541/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|url-status=live}}</ref> His day of martyrdom (''Shaheedi Divas'') is commemorated in India every year on 24 November.<ref name="nesbitt122">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|pages=6, 122–123|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309075522/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historical sources differ on the reasons for the conflict between Guru Tegh Bahadur and Aurangzeb, and the subsequent execution of the Guru. Sikh accounts state that the Guru defended the freedom and rights of non-Muslims against the intolerant policies of Aurangzeb, while Mughal ones state that the Guru was forcibly collecting taxes from non-Muslims in the Punjab region. In addition, members of the Guru's family who were pretenders to the position of the guruship played a role in instigating Aurangzeb's hostility to the Guru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Torri |first=Michelguglielmo |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_History_of_India/L9k5EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=guru+tegh+bahadur&pg=PA351&printsec=frontcover |title=A History of India Volume 1: From the First Human Settlements to the Mughal Empire |date=2025-02-25 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-83765-144-3 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Sikhism/xajcAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tegh+bahadur+execution&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|date=2014-06-11|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|language=en|first=Louis E.|last=Fenech|first2=W. H.|last2=McLeod|pages=305|quote=According to Muslim sources he was taken as a brigand. Sikh sources, however, vigorously resist this claim.}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Guru Tegh Bahadur was born ''Tyag Mal'' (Tīāg Mal) ({{langx|pa|ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ}}) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=H.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedichis0000unse_f4o8/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22April+1%22 |title=The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism |last2=Bakshi |first2=S.R. |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2000 |isbn=8176291307 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=27}} His family belonged to the [[Sodhi]] clan of [[Khatri|Khatris]]. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA88 |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009-07-24 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> He gave Tyag Mal the name ''Tegh Bahadur'' (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the [[Battle of Kartarpur]] against the Mughals.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author1=William Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=32–35 |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528230214/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34%2F |archive-date=28 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in [[archery]] and [[horsemanship]]. He was also taught the old classics such as the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], and the [[Puranas]].<ref>{{cite book |author=H.S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21 |title=Sikh Studies |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7010-245-8 |pages=21–22 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504192024/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was married on 3 February 1632 to [[Mata Gujri|Gujri]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of [[Baba Bakala|Bakala]] in [[Amritsar district]], together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother.<ref name=gandhi621>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|title=History of Sikh gurus retold|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5|pages=621–22}}</ref>

===Installation as Guru of Sikhs===
In March 1664, [[Guru Har Krishan]] contracted [[smallpox]]. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, "''[[Baba Bakala]]''", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.<ref name=mk1992/><ref name="hss2000">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=85}}</ref>
[[File:Fresco depicting Bhai Makhan Shah Labana finding Guru Tegh Bahadur, with a young-lad and Mata Nanaki, from Gurdwara Baba Bakala (2).png|thumb|Fresco depicting [[Makhan Shah Labana|Bhai Makhan Shah Labana]] finding Guru Tegh Bahadur, with [[Mata Nanaki]], from [[Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib|Gurdwara Baba Bakala]]]]
Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named [[Makhan Shah Labana]] had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every "guru" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, "''Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re''", meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru".<ref name=mk1992>{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Mohindar|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7201-234-2|pages=13–15}}</ref>

In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Fauja |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher |last2=Talib |first2=Gurbachan Singh |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1975 |pages=24–26}}</ref>

As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of [[Guru Arjan]] by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards,<ref>{{cite book|author=H.R. Gupta|isbn=9788121502764|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708|year=1994|volume=1|page=188}}</ref> but he otherwise lived an austere life.<ref name=mk37>{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Mohindar|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7201-234-2|pages=37–41}}</ref>

=== Journeys ===
Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Dhaka]] and [[Assam]], to preach the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=139–40}}</ref> During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and ''langars'' (community kitchens for the poor).<ref name="ps189">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Prithi|title=The history of Sikh gurus|publisher=Lotus Press|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8382-075-2|pages=187–89}}</ref><ref name="rp88">{{cite book|last=Pruthi|first=Raj|title=Sikhism and Indian civilization|year=2004|isbn=978-81-7141-879-4|page=88|publisher=Discovery Publishing House }}</ref>

Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi.<ref name="nsxviii">{{cite book |author=Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) |title=Zafarnama |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-670-08556-9 |pages=xviii–xix}}</ref> His son, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in [[Patna]] in 1666 while he was away in [[Dhubri]], Assam, where the [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib]] now stands. While in Assam, it is claimed by Sikh accounts that the guru brokered peace between [[Ram Singh I|Raja Ram Singh]] and the Ahom ruler [[Supangmung|Raja Chakradhwaj Singha]] (Supangmung).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dharam |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: His Life, Travel and Message |last2=Singh |first2=Paramvir |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |year=2022 |isbn=9789354095832 |quote=There took place one battle between the opposing forces of Ram Singh and the Ahom king, named Chakradhwaj, but it remained inconclusive. According to Sikh chronicles, the Guru was able to arrange a truce between the opposing forces and opened the way for a negotiated settlement. The Guru succeeded in bringing about a rapprochement between them and thus more bloodshed was avoided. To celebrate the happy conclusion, soldiers of Ram Singh's camp raised a high mound on the bank of the Brahmputra, each soldier contributing five shields of earth. On the top of this mound now stands Thara Sahib or Damdama Sahib ...}}</ref><ref name="ps189" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Mohindar |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7201-234-2 |pages=25–27}}</ref>

After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 [[rupees]]. There, he founded the city of [[Anandpur Sahib]] in the foothills of the Himalayas.<ref name="bbcgtb" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=21}}</ref> In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]s reached new heights.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Prithi|title=The history of Sikh gurus|publisher=Lotus Press|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8382-075-2|pages=121–24}}</ref>

==Execution==

=== Narrative ===
Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu [[Pandit|Pandits]] from [[Kashmir Subah|Kashmir]] requested help against Aurangzeb's persecutions and oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jerryson |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA684 |title=Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 Volumes] |year=2020 |isbn=9781440859915 |page=684|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> According to Trilochan Singh in ''Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr'', the convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of [[Iftikhar Khan (governor)|Iftikhar Khan]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1967 |pages=293–300 |chapter=Chapter XXII}}</ref> The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of [[Shiva]] at the [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath shrine]], where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task.<ref name=":22" /> Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Pandits]] by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind.<ref name="Grewal1998p71">{{cite book |author=J. S. Grewal |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/71 71]–73 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Purnima Dhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-987717-1 |pages=33, 36–37 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504223455/https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=4 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam.<ref name="Grewal1998p71" /> The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: [[Bhai Mati Das]] was sawn in two, [[Bhai Dayala|Bhai Dayal Das]] was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and [[Bhai Sati Das]] was cut into pieces.<ref name="Grewal1998p71" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=48}} Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort, on the orders of Aurangzeb.<ref name="Grewal1998p71" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p236">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |editor=Louis E. Fenech |pages=236–238 |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504171425/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=4 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cs2013" />

=== Historiography ===
[[File:Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Old Delhi|Delhi]].]]
[[File:Head of Guru Tegh Bahadar is brought to Anandpur by Sikhs.jpg|thumb|Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by Sikhs]]
The primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the ''[[Bachittar Natak]]'', a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |date=1997 |title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=633 |doi=10.2307/606445 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=606445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000554/https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=2 December 2017|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780199494941|pages=9–10|chapter=New Perspectives and Sources}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doniger |first1=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdgWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |title=Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right |last2=Nussbaum |first2=Martha Craven |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539553-2 |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The authorship is disputed. While [[W. H. McLeod]] considered the work to be Guru Gobind Singh's, [[Gurinder Singh Mann]] and [[Purnima Dhavan]] concluded it to be the work of multiple court poets; there is a rough consensus to date the text.<ref name=":1" />}} Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution:<ref name="sur">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT379|title=Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700|last1=Singh|first1=Surinder|isbn=9781000609448|page=384|year=2022|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1967 |pages=311 |chapter=Chapter XXIV}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry (''saka'') for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on the head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory.|[[Guru Gobind Singh]]|title=''Bachittar Natak: Apni Katha''}}

More Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the "testimony of trustworthy Sikhs", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]].<ref name="sc2001" />

Persian and Mughal sources<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yj-OwAACAAJ |title=Sikh History From Persian Sources |year=2001 |publisher=Indian History Congress |isbn=978-81-89487-18-8 |pages=12–13 |language=en |quote=Most of the non Sikh sources mention Guru Tegh Bahadur's militancy as the reason for Aurangzeb's action. By contrast, the Sikh sources dwell exclusively on the religious dimension of the situation.}}</ref> maintain that the Guru was a bandit<ref name=":0" /> whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandavarkar |first=Rajnayaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH4hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |title=History, Culture and the Indian City |date=2009-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48044-4 |pages=192 |language=en |quote=In another, the historian Satish Chandra pointed out that the 'official explanation' for the execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Mughal court was that he had 'resorted to plunder and rapine'.}}</ref> According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is ''Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin'' by [[Ghulam Hussain Khan|Ghulam Husain Khan]] c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath:<ref name="sc2001">{{cite web|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228135707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm|archive-date=28 February 2002|access-date=20 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became a man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal ''waqia navis'' (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to the Emperor Alamgir [Aurangzeb]... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory.|Ghulam Husain|Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin}}

Chandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of [[Alivardi Khan]] — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an "official justification".<ref name="sc2001" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin|access-date=2021-09-18|website=en.banglapedia.org|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151706/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition.<ref name="sc2001" />

The Sikh ''sakhis'' (traditional accounts)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dogra |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture |date=1995 |publisher=New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7069-8368-5 |pages=407}}</ref> written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that "the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb.<ref name="ha">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA296 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=296 |language=en}}</ref> Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |date=2017-05-16 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708){{sfn|Grewal|2001|p=105}} that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself [[Padishah|Padshah]] and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's ''Ibratnama,'' written in 1723,{{sfn|Grewal|2001|p=110}} claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed.{{sfn|Grewal|2001|p=13}}

Chronicler [[Sohan Lal Suri]], the court historian of [[Ranjit Singh]], in his magisterial ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh|Umdat ut Tawarikh]]'' (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity.<ref name="sur" /><ref name="sc2001" />

Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of [[Guru Har Krishan]], was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court.<ref name="sc2001" />{{Efn|[[Bute Shah|Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah]] in his ''Tarikh- i-Punjab'' reiterates this narrative.}}
[[File:Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution.jpg|thumb|Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.]]

=== Scholarly analysis ===
Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there.<ref name="ha" /><ref name="sc2001" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Mir|first=Farina|url=https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf|title=The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-520-26269-0|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf/page/n221 207]–37|url-access=limited}}</ref>

Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the ''janju'' and ''tilak'' mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fenech|first=Louis E.|title=The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199931439|pages=108|chapter=The Historiography of the Ẓafar-nāmah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780199494941 |chapter=New Perspectives and Sources |quote=Fenech argues that the twentieth-century Tat Khalsa wrongly treated the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur as a sacrifice to save Hinduism. In his view, the tilak and janju in the passage under consideration refer to the frontal mark and the sacred thread of Guru Tegh Bahadur himself. In other words, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life for the sake of his own faith.}}</ref>

[[Barbara D. Metcalf|Barbara Metcalf]] notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA21 |title=A Concise History of India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk.jpg|thumb|[[Aurangzeb]] sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, [[Bhai Mati Das]] and [[Bhai Dayala|Bhai Dayala Das]] at Delhi’s [[Chandni Chowk|Chandi Chowk]]. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]], circa 19th century.]]

==Legacy and memorials==
[[File:Gurdwara Rakabganj Sahib, Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]], Delhi|300x300px]]
Guru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ''[[Raga|ragas]]'' (musical measures),<ref name="mk37" /> and these were included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="mahalla">{{cite book |author=Tegh Bahadur (Translated by Gopal Singh) |title=Mahalla nawan: compositions of Guru Tegh Bahādur-the ninth guru (from Sri Guru Granth Sahib): Bāṇī Gurū Tega Bahādara |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7764-897-3 |pages=xxviii–xxxiii, 15–27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi |title=The history of Sikh gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |page=170}}</ref> They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/guru-tegh-bahadur-s-martyrdom-day-2022-8-powerful-quotes-by-the-ninth-sikh-guru-101669217215300.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of [[Kashmiri Pandits]], who were being persecuted by the Mughals.<ref name="pslf">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|location=Oxford, UK|pages=236–245, 444–446, Quote: "This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." Quote: "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Aurangzeb's army."}}</ref><ref name="cs2013" />

After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh [[gurudwaras]] were built in his and his associates' memory. The [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] in [[Chandni Chowk]], Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded.<ref name="skc">SK Chatterji (1975), Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Sis Ganj Gurdwara, Sikh Review, 23(264): 100–09</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Rachel |date=2019-11-24 |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/guru-tegh-bahadur-the-ninth-sikh-guru-who-sacrificed-himself-for-religious-freedom/324938/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]], also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body.<ref name="singharakab" /><ref name=":4" />

Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed [[Bhai Jiwan Singh]] according to [[Sikh rites]]) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb.<ref>Harbans Singh (1992), "History of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib", in ''Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume 1'', pg. 547</ref>

The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that "if the martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan]] had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its [[Sikh]] identity".<ref name="cs2013" /> Wilfred Smith stated that "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.<ref name="ws1981">{{cite book |author=Wilfred Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191 |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |publisher=Walter De Gruyter |year=1981 |isbn=978-9027934482 |page=[https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191 191]}}</ref>

In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet [[Bulleh Shah]], referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as "[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]", an honorific title for a warrior.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? |title=Sufi lyrics |date=2015 |others=C. Shackle, Inc OverDrive |isbn=978-0-674-25966-9 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=1240164691}}</ref> Chandra Sain Sainapati, a court poet of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], described Tegh Bahadur as "Srisht ki Chadar" (protector of humanity). More recent titles given to Tegh Bahadur include ''Dharam di Chadar'' (protector of [[dharma]]) and ''Hind di Chadar'' (protector of India or Hinduism), though Harinder Singh of the Sikh Research Institute argues these titles are reductive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Harmeet Shah |date=21 April 2022 |title=The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/legacy-guru-teg-bahadar-sikh-guru-1940109-2022-04-21 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (''Shaheedi Diwas'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=SA |date=2022-11-24 |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/guru-tegh-bahadur-martyrdom-day/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=SA News Channel |language=en-US}}</ref> In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T. |url=http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806124235/http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |website=Dnh.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016 |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090922/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |website=Arunachalipr.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101172904/http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html |archive-date=1 November 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |website=Himachal.nic.in}}</ref> Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.<ref name="pslf" /><ref name="cs2013" /><ref name="bbcgtb" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak.jpg|Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak.
File:Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style.jpg|Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style.
File:Guru Tegh Bahadur, the Ninth Sikh Guru.jpg|18th century painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur.
File:A 19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur.jpg|19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur.
File:Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting.png|Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting. Gouache on paper.
File:Guru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.jpg|Guru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.
File:Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur.jpg|Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur from the last quarter of the 19th century.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|India|Biography|Punjab}}
;Peer reviewed publications on Guru Tegh Bahadur
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023122/http://books.sikhbookclub.com/2013/pdfbook/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_Divine_Poet_Saviour_And_Martyr_By_Ranbir_Singh.pdf Guru Tegh Bahadur] Ranbir Singh (1975)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/606560 Non-Canonical Compositions Attributed to the Seventh and Ninth Sikh Gurus], Jeevan Singh Deol, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(2): 193–203, (Apr. – Jun., 2001)

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Har Krishan]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=20 March 1665 – 24 November 1675
| after = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur, Guru Tegh}}
[[Category:1621 births]]
[[Category:1675 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Tegh]]
[[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:Sikhs executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

Tahera Qutbuddin

2026-02-17T17:51:39Z

TheHH: creating post.

{{Short description|Indian Professor of Arabic (born 1964)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tahera Qutbuddin
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| field = [[Arabic literature]], [[Public speaking|oratory]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Chicago]], [[University of Oxford]]
| alma_mater = [[Ain Shams University]], [[Harvard University]]
| thesis_title = Al-Mua̓yyad fī al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī: Founder of a new tradition of Fatimid Dawa poetry
| thesis_year = 1999
| doctoral_advisor = [[Wolfhart Heinrichs]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = [[Sheikh Zayed Book Award]] (2021)
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

'''Tahera Qutbuddin''' (born 1964, [[Mumbai]]) is the [[Laudian Professor of Arabic|Abdulaziz Saud AlBabtain Laudian Professor of Arabic]] at the [[University of Oxford]]. A [[Guggenheim Fellow]] (2020) and a winner of the [[Sheikh Zayed Book Award]] in 2021, she is best known for her works on the teachings of Imam Ali, Arabic oratory, and the usage of Arabic in India, especially in the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] Tayyibi tradition.

==Life==
Tahera Qutbuddin was born in Mumbai in 1964 in a Dawoodi Bohra family. [[Mohammed Burhanuddin|Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin]], a leader of the Bohra community, was her uncle. She attended Villa Theresa High School and [[Sophia College for Women]], where she completed her secondary education in 1984.{{sfn|Rodricks|2021}}{{sfn|Guggenheim|2020}}

Qutbuddin learned Arabic from her father, Khuzaima Qutbuddin.{{sfn|Rodricks|2021}} She received a bachelor's degree (1988) and a ''tamhidi magister'' (1990) from [[Ain Shams University]], [[Cairo]], followed by master's (1994) and doctoral degrees from [[Harvard University]] (1999), where her advisor was [[Wolfhart Heinrichs]].{{sfn|Ahmad|2007|page=221}}{{sfn|Bedirian|2021}}

==Career==
In 2002, Qutbuddin joined the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations of the University of Chicago. She was made a [[Carnegie Scholar]] in 2008 and a Guggenheim fellow (2020).{{sfn|Patterson|Wang|2020}}

Among her early publications was a study of the Arabic language in India, especially among the Dawoodi Bohras, and its influence on the Gujarati language sermons of Syedna [[Taher Fakhruddin]].{{sfn|Rodricks|2021}}

Qutbuddin's 2005 monograph ''Al-Muʾayyad al-Shirāzī and Fāṭimid Daʿwa Poetry. A Case of Commitment in Classical Arabic Literature'' expanded on her doctoral thesis of 1999. It was deemed especially important for its access to the [[Tayyibi Isma'ilism|Tayyibi]] [[Ismaili]] [[Dawah|Daʿwa]] private manuscripts in India. She showed that [[Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi|Al-Muʾayyad al-Shirāzī]] was a major innovator in developing ''committed literature'', i.e., literature produced by someone convinced of a particular ideology who seeks to persuade society of its truth. She showed that [[Fatimid]] poetry before al-Shirāzī was stylistically and thematically similar to that of the [[Abbasids]], whose main exponents were panegyrists, whereas al-Shirāzī's works were entirely in the promotion of the Daʿwa.{{sfn|Ahmad|2007|page=221}} She also showed how the traditions of the Tayyibi Ismailis moved to Yemen and thereafter to India after the death of al-Shirāzī, where his poetry's influence on the Dawoodi Bohra community endures to present times.{{sfn|Ahmad|2007|page=224}}

In 2013, Qutbuddin published an edition of her translations of Al-Qāḍī Al-Quḍāʿī's collection of the sayings and sermons of [[Ali|Imam Ali]] and Al-Jāḥiẓ's selection of proverbs attributed to Ali. It was considered a definitive work as it considered all available editions and manuscripts, unlike previous translations of these important examples of Islamic religious literature.{{sfn|Traboulsi|2014|page=382}} In particular, she was lauded for the quality of the translations, which conveyed well the punchiness of the pithy Arabic expressions and the variations in their meanings.{{sfn|Selove|2014|page=437}}

Qutbuddin's book ''Arabic Oration – Art and Function'' (2019) traced Arabic literature from its oral origins to its influence on modern sermons.{{sfn|Kamdar|2021}} She created a comparative framework between Arabic and Greek oratory and explored how oratory was the foundation for the shaping of politics and public speaking, as well as thence to literature.{{sfn|Patterson|2021}} She had worked on it for over a decade, although she had had the idea for it during her undergraduate days in Cairo. She explored the cultural milieu around Imam Ali and the aesthetics of his sermons. She established that public preaching in the form of ''[[khutbah]],'' popular till today, stemmed from pre-Islamic oratory, with texts available from decades before the founding of the faith. Much of the orally transmitted literature was lost, but several texts in Arabic survive. The oratory depended much on visual imagery, but especially on rhythm and similar grammatical structure in every line, reinforcing the message in the listeners' minds. Qutbuddin also found that women held important positions in early Islamic society but were permitted to speak publicly only in times of acute trouble. An example was the declamation by Imam Ali's daughter [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]], who, following the defeat of Ali's descendants at the [[Battle of Karbala]], castigated the victor, [[Yazid I]], for his actions.{{sfn|Bedirian|2021}}

In 2021, Qutbuddin was working on a monograph on [[Ali|Imam Ali]], the fourth caliph of Islam, titled ''ʿAli ibn Abi Talib: Life, Teachings, and Eloquence of the Sage of Islam''. Ali is considered a master guide for life on earth and heaven by Sunnis and Shiites; his orations are exemplary and beautiful, with ornate, difficult vocabulary. Qutbuddin focussed on the interrelationships between political, religious and literary aspects of his life, aiming to reconstruct his life.{{sfn|Patterson|Wang|2020}}

As of July 2023, she has been the AlBabtain Laudian Professor of Arabic in the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at Oxford and a Professorial Fellow of St John’s College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Tahera Qutbuddin |url=https://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/professor-tahera-qutbuddin/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=St John's College |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''[https://brill.com/display/title/69007?rskey=XQIQ5b&result=1 Nahj al-Balāghah: The Wisdom and Eloquence of ʿAlī].'' Tahera Qutbuddin (ed. and trans.). Brill 2014. {{ISBN|978-90-04-68259-7}}. [OPEN ACCESS]
* {{cite book|title=Arabic Oration: Art and Function|publisher=Brill|year=2019|isbn=9789004395800}}
* Al-Qāḍī l-Quḍāʿī (2016). Tahera Qutbuddin (ed. and trans.). ''Light in the Heavens: Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.'' NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-1479871469}}.
* {{cite book|editor=Tahera Qutbuddin|author=Al-Qāḍī Al-Quḍāʿī|title=A Treasury of Virtues: Sayings, Sermons and Teachings of ʿAlī with the One Hundred Proverbs attributed to Al-Jāḥiẓ|year=2013|publisher=NYU Press|isbn= 9781479826551}}
* {{cite book|title=Al-Muʾayyad Al-Shīrāzī and Fatimid Daʿwa Poetry: A Case of Commitment in Classical Arabic Literature|year=2005|isbn= 9789004141032|publisher=Brill}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Arabic Literature|volume=38|number=2|year=2007|first=Saiyad Nizamuddin|last=Ahmad|title=Al-Mu˒ayyad al-Shirāzī and Fāṭimid Da˓wa Poetry. A Case of Commitment in Classical Arabic Literature by Tahera Qutbuddin, Wadad Kadi, Routraud Wielandt|doi=10.1163/157006407783182281|jstor=25597945}}
* {{cite journal|title=A Treasury of Virtues: Sayings, Sermons and Teachings of 'Alī, with the One Hundred Proverbs Attributed to al-Jāḥiẓ, (Library of Arabic Literature) by al-Qāḍī al-Quḍāʿī, Tahera Qutbuddin|journal=Speculum|volume=89|number=2|first=Emily|last=Selove|year=2014|jstor=43577121}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=77|number=2|year=2014|first=Samer|last=Traboulsi|title=A Treasury of Virtues: Sayings, Sermons and Teachings of Alī with the One Hundred Proverbs attributed to Al-Jāḥiẓ (Library of Arabic Literature.) by AL-QĀḌĪ AL-QUḌĀʿĪ, Tahera Qutbuddin|jstor=24692732}}
* {{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/five-uchicago-scholars-awarded-2020-guggenheim-fellowships|title=Five UChicago scholars awarded 2020 Guggenheim Fellowships|first1=Sara|last1=Patterson|first2=Jack|last2=Wang|date=10 April 2020|publisher=University of Chicago|accessdate=11 July 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/tahera-qutbuddin/|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|title=Tahera Qutbuddin|year=2020|ref={{harvid|Guggenheim|2020}}|accessdate=10 July 2021}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/mumbai-born-dr-tahera-qutbuddin-first-indian-to-win-arab-world-nobel-prize-193487.html|title=Mumbai-born Dr Tahera Qutbuddin First Indian To Win Arab World Nobel Prize|first=Shraddha|last=Kamdar|date=30 April 2021|accessdate=10 July 2021}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|first=Cynera|last=Rodricks|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-inspired-my-work-says-sheikh-zayed-book-award-winner-23173502|title=Mumbai inspired my work, says Sheikh Zayed Book Award winner|date=16 May 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/prof-tahera-qutbuddin-honored-landmark-book-examining-seventh-century-arabic-oration|title=Prof. Tahera Qutbuddin honored for landmark book examining seventh-century Arabic oration|accessdate=10 July 2021 |date=27 May 2021|first=Sara|last=Patterson|publisher=University of Chicago}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/how-sheikh-zayed-book-award-winner-tahera-qutbuddin-unravelled-years-of-early-arabic-oration-1.1247202|first=Razmig|last=Bedirian|date=24 June 2021|accessdate=10 July 2021|title=How Sheikh Zayed Book Award winner Tahera Qutbuddin unravelled years of early Arabic oration}}

{{Laudian Professors of Arabic}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutbuddin, Tahera}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]
[[Category:Ain Shams University alumni]]
[[Category:American Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Women scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Shia scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Laudian Professors of Arabic]]

World Chess Championship 2010

2026-01-30T04:00:33Z

TheHH: creating a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Short description|Chess match between Viswanathan Anand and Veselin Topalov}}
{{Infobox chess match
|comp1 = Viswanathan Anand
|comp2 = Veselin Topalov
|image1 = [[File:VishyAnand09.jpg|center|Viswanathan Anand|120px]]
|image2 = [[File:Veselin Topalov 2013.jpg|center|120px]]
|title1 = Defending champion
|title2 = Challenger
|flag1 = IND
|flag2 = BUL
|dob1 = 11 December 1969
|age1 = {{age|1969|12|11|2010|04|10}} years old
|dob2 = 15 March 1975
|age2 = {{age|1975|03|15|2010|04|10}} years old
|qual1 = Winner of the [[World Chess Championship 2008|2008 World Chess Championship]]
|qual2 = Winner of the [[#Challenger Match|2009 Challenger Match]]
|elo1 = 2787
|elo2 = 2805
|elo1_ref = <ref name="Ratings">{{cite web | url=http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=161 | title=Top 100 Players March 2010 | date=1 March 2010 | access-date=19 July 2010 | publisher=[[FIDE]] | archive-date=3 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303225737/http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=161 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|elo2_ref = <ref name="Ratings"/>
|rank1 = 4
|rank2 = 2
|prev = 2008
|prev_link = World Chess Championship 2008
|next = 2012
|next_link = World Chess Championship 2012
|score1 = 6½
|score2 = 5½
}}

The '''World Chess Championship 2010''' match pitted the defending world champion, [[Viswanathan Anand]], against challenger [[Veselin Topalov]], for the title of [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]]. The match took place in [[Sofia]], Bulgaria from 24 April to 13 May 2010, with a prize fund of {{Nowrap|2}} million euros (60% to the winner).<ref>[http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/4230-world-championship-match-anand-topalov-contract-signed-in-sofia World Championship match Anand – Topalov: contract signed in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124093934/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/4230-world-championship-match-anand-topalov-contract-signed-in-sofia |date=24 January 2010 }}, [[FIDE]], 16 December 09</ref> Anand won the final game to win the match 6½–5½ and retain the title.

The match was to be twelve games,<ref name=regulations>{{cite web|url=http://www.fide.com/images/stories/fide_calendar/world_events/regulations_anand_topalov_2010.pdf |title=Regulations|access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> with tie-breaks if necessary, the same format and length as the [[World Chess Championship 2006|2006]] and [[World Chess Championship 2008|2008]] matches.

== Background ==
{{further|World Chess Championship 2006|Chess World Cup 2007}}

=== Qualifying ===
In early 2006, [[FIDE]] announced that the [[World Chess Championship 2007]] for the title of FIDE World Chess Champion would be an eight-player tournament. At the time there were two rival World Champions, [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2005|2005 FIDE World Champion]] [[Veselin Topalov]], and [[Classical World Chess Championship 2004|"Classical" World Champion]] [[Vladimir Kramnik]]. The list of the eight players for the tournament included Topalov, but not Kramnik. To unify the two World Champion titles, FIDE later organised a match between Kramnik and Topalov (the [[World Chess Championship 2006]]). Kramnik was to take Topalov's place in the World Chess Championship 2007 if he won the match, which he did. Topalov was hence excluded from the 2007 World Chess Championship, a tournament eventually won by Indian GM [[Viswanathan Anand]] to become the World Champion. Anand subsequently defended his title in a one-off match against Kramnik, the [[World Chess Championship 2008]].

The World Chess Championship format then returned to its original form, wherein a match between the current champion and a challenger would decide the World Champion. To choose the challenger, FIDE organized the [[Chess World Cup 2007]]. Topalov was compensated for missing the 2007 tournament by getting direct entry to a Challenger Match against the winner of the Chess World Cup.<ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3948 Veselin Topalov and the new FIDE world championship cycle], [[Chessbase]], 24 June 2007</ref> The winner of the Challenger Match would then be the official challenger to Anand.

[[Gata Kamsky]] earned the right to play in the Challenger Match by winning the [[Chess World Cup 2007]].


=== Challenger Match ===
[[File:Topalov-Kamsky-game-2-18-02-2009.JPG|thumb|Game 2 of the Challenger Match]]
The Challenger Match was an eight-game<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulations for the World Chess Championship Cycle 2007–2009|url=http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=92&view=article|access-date=9 November 2008|publisher=[[FIDE]] handbook}}</ref> match between Topalov and Kamsky. It was played in Sofia, Bulgaria, between 16 and 28 February 2009.<ref>[http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3521-fide-press-release-regarding-challenger-match-veselin-topalov-gata-kamsky FIDE Press Release on Topalov-Kamsky Challenger Match] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221114826/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3521-fide-press-release-regarding-challenger-match-veselin-topalov-gata-kamsky |date=21 December 2008 }} FIDE online, Wednesday, 19 November 2008 13:27</ref>

After Kamsky won the World Cup, there was ongoing uncertainty about the location for the Challenger match. Topalov preferred his home country of [[Bulgaria]], while Kamsky wanted to play in a neutral country,<ref name="chessbase4562">[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4562 FIDE extends deadline for Topalov-Kamsky, Bulgarians protest], [[Chessbase]], 10 April 2008, with a timeline of events.</ref> and his manager organised a bid from [[Lviv]], Ukraine. FIDE awarded the match to Bulgaria in February 2008, to Ukraine in June 2008, then back to Bulgaria in November 2008 because of problems with finances from Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3489-challenge-match-back-on-track Challenge Match back on track] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110085427/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3489-challenge-match-back-on-track |date=10 November 2008 }}, [[FIDE]] online, 6 November 2008</ref> Kamsky got a new manager, and met with [[FIDE]] and Topalov representatives during the [[Chess Olympiad]],<ref>[https://webcast.chessclub.com/blog/2008/11/18/its-on-kamsky-topalov-sofia-february/ It's on! Kamsky-Topalov, Sofia, February], Macauley Peterson, [[Internet Chess Club]], 18 November 2008</ref> and on 19 November 2008, [[FIDE]] announced that the players had agreed to play in Bulgaria, despite Kamsky's preference to play elsewhere.<ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5021 Kamsky-Topalov to be held in Bulgaria, 16–28 Feb 2009], [[Chessbase]], 19 November 2008, with links to several earlier news stories on match negotiations</ref> The match was originally scheduled for November 2008, but the late change to Bulgaria forced the match to be rescheduled for 16–28 February 2009.

On 26 February 2009, Topalov defeated Kamsky in game 7 to win the match 4½–2½, earning the right to challenge Anand for the World Chess Championship. The championship match was moved from September 2009 to April 2010 after Anand requested a postponement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/fide-postpones-anand-topalov-wch-match |title=FIDE postpones Anand-Topalov WCh match |author=Peter Rajcsanyi/FIDE |publisher=Chessbase |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://reports.chessdom.com/news-2009/world-chess-championship-2010 |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |website=Chessdom |title=The World Chess Championship to be played in 2010}}</ref>

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Challenger Match 2009
|-
! !! Rating !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535679 1] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535680 2] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535800 3] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535848 4] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535935 5] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1535975 6] !! [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1536019 7] !! Total
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| align=left | {{flagathlete|'''[[Veselin Topalov]]'''|Bulgaria}} || '''2796'''
| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 || '''4½'''
|-
| align=left | {{flagathlete|[[Gata Kamsky]]|United States}} || 2725
|style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 2½
|}

==The match==

===Match conditions===
The match format was the best of 12 games. Players scored one point for a win and half a point for a [[draw (chess)|draw]]. The match ended once either player scored 6½ points. [[Time control]] was 120 minutes, with 60 minutes added after move 40, 15 minutes added after move 60, and 30 additional seconds per move starting from move 61.<ref name=regulations/>

The match regulations specify a series of tie breaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anand-topalov.com/en/regulations.html|title=Regulations Of 2010 World Championship Match|access-date=24 April 2010|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911010812/http://www.anand-topalov.com/en/regulations.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# If the score is tied after 12 games, colors will be drawn and four [[fast chess|rapid games]] will be played. The time control for these games will be 25 minutes plus 10 seconds per move.
# If the score is tied after the four rapid tie break games, colors will be drawn and two [[fast chess|blitz games]] (5 minutes plus 10 seconds increment per move) will be played. If the score is tied after two blitz games, another two-game blitz match will be played, under the same terms. The process will repeat, if necessary, until five blitz matches have been played.
# If the score is tied after ten blitz games, a single sudden-death "Armageddon game" will determine the champion. The winner of a drawing of lots gets to choose the colour to play, with White given 5 minutes and Black 4 minutes. Beginning with move 61, a three-second increment will be added following each move. If the game is drawn then the player with the Black pieces is declared champion.

Topalov demanded that the match be played in silence, which would occur if the players followed the [[Sofia rules|Sofia Rules]], which were introduced to curb [[draw by agreement|draw offers]] in some tournaments from 2005. Anand replied that he would not comply, prompting [[Silvio Danailov]], Topalov's manager, to say "If Vishy doesn't agree to the rules he will be forced to, because Topalov will not offer him a draw and he will not speak to him."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/chess/7624286/Chess-players-get-silent-treatment-in-1.7m-tournament.html|title=Chess players get silent treatment in £1.7m tournament|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|author=Matthew Day|date=23 April 2010|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Seconds and help===
Anand had the same group of [[Glossary of chess#Second|seconds]] who helped his preparation in [[World Chess Championship 2008]]: [[Peter Heine Nielsen]], [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]], [[Surya Ganguly]] and [[Radosław Wojtaszek]]. In a post-match interview Anand mentioned that [[Magnus Carlsen]] and [[Garry Kasparov]] had also helped him in preparation and that [[Vladimir Kramnik]] helped during the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ6MLP5_g6c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/YZ6MLP5_g6c| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Interview Vishy Anand 2010 |publisher=YouTube |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=21 December 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6346 |title=Chess News – Anand in Playchess – the helpers in Sofia
|access-date=19 May 2010 |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Chessbase}}</ref>

Topalov's seconds were [[Jan Smeets]], [[Erwin l'Ami]], [[Ivan Cheparinov]] and [[Jiri Dufek]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Doggers|first=Peter|date=9 March 2020|title=WCh G12: Anand beats Topalov, retains world title|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/wch-g12-anand-beats-topalov-retains-world-title|access-date=15 August 2020|website=Chess.com}}</ref> For preparation, Topalov also used a state-owned [[Blue Gene|IBM Blue Gene/P]] supercomputer with 8192 processors,<ref>{{citation|url=http://players.chessdom.com/veselin-topalov/topalov-blue-gene-p|title=Topalov training with super computer Blue Gene P|work=Chessdom|access-date=25 May 2010|archive-date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519190040/http://players.chessdom.com/veselin-topalov/topalov-blue-gene-p|url-status=dead}}</ref> running the latest version of [[Rybka]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article434332.ece|title='Was worried after Topalov acquired supercomputer'
|date=20 May 2010|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/sofia-in-the-news-reports-and-interviews|title=Sofia in the news – reports and interviews|date=25 May 2010|website=Chess News}}</ref>

===Previous head-to-head record===
Before the 2010 match, Anand and Topalov played 67 games against each other at classical [[time control]] with the following statistics:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/ezsearch.pl?search=anand-topalov |title=Chess Database Community |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!
!Anand wins
!Draws
!Topalov wins
!Total
|- align=center
|Anand (White) – Topalov (Black)
|13
|16
|4
|33
|- align=center
|Topalov (White) – Anand (Black)
|4
|21
|9
|34
|-
!Total
!17
!37
!13
!67
|}

===Schedule and results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Game!!Date!!style="width: 6em"| Topalov !!style="width: 6em"| Anand !!Standing
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1579916 1] ||align=left|24 April||style="background:white; color:black"| 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 ||align=left|Topalov leads 1–0
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581333 2] ||align=left|25 April||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 ||style="background:white; color:#black"| 1 ||align=left|Match tied 1–1
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581334 3] ||align=left|27 April||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white" | ½ ||align=left|Match tied 1½–1½
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581335 4] ||align=left|28 April||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 ||style="background:white; color:black"| 1 ||align=left|Anand leads 2½–1½
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581336 5] ||align=left|30 April||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||align=left|Anand leads 3–2
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581337 6] ||align=left|1 May||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||align=left|Anand leads 3½–2½
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581338 7] ||align=left|3 May||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||align=left|Anand leads 4–3
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581339 8] ||align=left|4 May||style="background:white; color:black"| 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 ||align=left|Match tied 4–4
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581340 9] ||align=left|6 May||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||align=left|Match tied 4½–4½
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581341 10] ||align=left|7 May||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||align=left|Match tied 5–5
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1581342 11] ||align=left|9 May||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||style="background:white; color:black"| ½ ||align=left|Match tied 5½–5½
|-
|align=center|[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1582125 12] ||align=left|11 May||style="background:white; color:black"| 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 ||align=left|'''Anand wins 6½ – 5½'''
|-
|align=center|Tie Breaks||align=left|13 May|| colspan="3" style="background:#ddd; color:black;"| ''Not required''
|}

The start of the match was delayed one day due to air travel disruptions caused by the volcanic ash emissions from [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull|Eyjafjallajökull]]. Anand was to fly from Frankfurt to Sofia on 16 April and was stranded because of the eruption. He asked for a three-day postponement, which was refused by the organisers on 19 April. Anand finally reached Sofia on 20 April, after a 40-hour road journey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6269 |title=Chess News – A volcanic trip – with the Lord of the Rings |publisher=ChessBase.com |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> The first game was consequently delayed by one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/anand-v-topalov-1-day-postponement-8078 |title=Anand v Topalov 1 Day Postponement |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

All games started at 3.00 pm [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] ([[UTC]]+3), except Game 1, which began at {{Nowrap|5.00 pm}} EEST.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anand-topalov.com |title=Anand–Topalov – FIDE World Chess Championship 2010 (Section "Schedule") |publisher=Anand-topalov.com |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

Former [[World Chess Championship#FIDE world champions (1993–2006)|FIDE World Chess Champion]] [[Alexander Khalifman]], who analysed the 2010 Anand–Topalov World Championship match for the Russian chess magazine ''[[64 (magazine)|64]]'', stated in a subsequent interview that "The chess was very good, and in sporting terms it was always a heated struggle with no short draws. While the result was fair. Despite the fact that Topalov had prepared superbly, it has to be admitted that in terms of talent he is still inferior to Anand. And even the age difference didn’t tell. Anand is a genius. He emanates light."<ref>[https://www.chessintranslation.com/2010/08/khalifman-anands-a-genius-he-emanates-light/ “Anand is a genius. He emanates light”], Chess in Translation, 17 August 2010</ref>

== Games ==
{{algebraic notation|pos=section}}

===Game 1, Topalov–Anand, 1–0===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 23. Rf3

|rd| |bd| | |rd|kd|
|pd| | | | | | |
| |pd| | | |pd| |
|nd| | | |qd|pl|pd|nl
| | | |pd|pl| | |
| | | |bl| |rl| |
|pl| | |ql| | |pl|
| | |rl| | | |kl|
|Game 1: Anand played '''23... Kf7?''', allowing Topalov to [[sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] a [[knight (chess)|knight]] with '''24. Nxf6!!''', resulting in Anand's [[resign (chess)|resignation]] seven moves later.}}

[[Grünfeld Defence]], [[Grünfeld Defence#Exchange Variation|Exchange Variation]], [[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|D86]] 
:'''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. e4 Nxc3 6. bxc3 Bg7 7. Bc4 c5 8. Ne2 Nc6 9. Be3 0-0 10. 0-0 Na5 11. Bd3 b6 12. Qd2 e5 13. Bh6 cxd4 14. Bxg7 Kxg7 15. cxd4 exd4 16. Rac1 Qd6 17. f4 f6 18. f5 Qe5 19. Nf4 g5 20. Nh5+ Kg8 21. h4 h6 22. hxg5 hxg5 23. Rf3 Kf7? 24. Nxf6!! Kxf6 25. Rh3! Rg8 26. Rh6+ Kf7 27. Rh7+ Ke8 28. Rcc7 Kd8 29. Bb5 Qxe4 30. Rxc8+ 1–0'''

Anand admitted he forgot his preparation (23...Bd7 prior to Kf7) while considering his 23rd move, leading to his blunder 23...Kf7?<ref name="CL2010JulyTiger">{{Citation | last = Rogers | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Rogers (chess player) | title = Tiger from Madras Retains World Title in Lion's Den | pages = 18–27 |date=July 2010 | journal = [[Chess Life]]}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Game 2, Anand–Topalov, 1–0===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 25. R1c4

| |bd| |rd|rd| |kd|
| | | | | |pd|pd|
| |pd|rl| |pd|nd| |
|pd| | |nd| | | |pd
|pl| |rl|pd| |pl| |
| | | |nl| | |pl|
|pl| | |bl|pl| |bl|pl
| | | | | | |kl|
| Game 2: Topalov played '''25... Ne3?''' in this equal position, giving Anand the advantage which he converted into a win.
}}
[[Catalan Opening]], Open Defense, E03

:'''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. g3 dxc4 5. Bg2 a6 6. Ne5 c5 7. Na3 cxd4 8. Naxc4 Bc5 9. 0-0 0-0 10. Bd2 Nd5 11. Rc1 Nd7 12. Nd3 Ba7 13. Ba5 Qe7 14. Qb3 Rb8 15. Qa3!? Qxa3 16. bxa3 N7f6 17. Nce5 Re8 18. Rc2 b6 19. Bd2 Bb7 20. Rfc1 Rbd8 21. f4!? Bb8 22. a4 a5 23. Nc6 Bxc6 24. Rxc6 h5?! 25. R1c4 Ne3? 26. Bxe3 dxe3 27. Bf3 g6 28. Rxb6 Ba7 29. Rb3 Rd4 30. Rc7 Bb8 31. Rc5 Bd6 32. Rxa5 Rc8 33. Kg2 Rc2 34. a3 Ra2 35. Nb4 Bxb4 36. axb4 Nd5 37. b5 Raxa4 38. Rxa4 Rxa4 39. Bxd5 exd5 40. b6 Ra8 41. b7 Rb8 42. Kf3 d4 43. Ke4 1–0'''

The move 16...Nc5 removing White's blockading knight was much better for Topalov, with Black doing well after 17. Nd6 b6.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-2 |title=Anand – Topalov World Championship Game 2 |publisher=[[The Week in Chess]] |author=Mark Crowther |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318195043/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anand noted that Black started to lose his grip on the position after 25...Ne3?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-15 |title=Interview de Anand |url=https://www.europe-echecs.com/art/interview-de-anand-2231.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328082457/http://www.europe-echecs.com/art/actualites-interview-de-anand-2231.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.europe-echecs.com |language=fr}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Game 3, Topalov–Anand, ½–½===
[[Slav Defense]], Wiesbaden variation, D17

:'''1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 e6 7.f3 c5 8.e4 Bg6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.Qxd4 Qxd4 11.Bxd4 Nfd7! 12.Nxd7 Nxd7 13.Bxc4 a6 14.Rc1 Rg8! 15.h4 h6 16.Ke2 Bd6 17.h5 Bh7 18.a5! Ke7 19.Na4 f6 20.b4! Rgc8 21.Bc5 Bxc5 22.bxc5 Rc7 23.Nb6 Rd8 24.Nxd7 Rdxd7 25.Bd3 Bg8 26.c6 Rd6 27.cxb7 Rxb7 28.Rc3 Bf7 29.Ke3 Be8 30.g4 e5 31.Rhc1 Bd7 32.Rc5 Bb5! 33.Bxb5 axb5 34.Rb1 b4 35.Rb3 Ra6 36.Kd3 Rba7 37.Rxb4 Rxa5 38.Rxa5 Rxa5 39.Rb7+ Kf8 40.Ke2 Ra2+ 41.Ke3 Ra3+ 42.Kf2 Ra2+ 43.Ke3 Ra3+ 44.Kf2 Ra2+ 45.Ke3 Ra3+ 46.Kf2 ½–½''' A [[draw (chess)|draw]] by [[threefold repetition]].

14...Rg8! Black plans Bd6, Ke7, f6, Rgc8, Bg8, etc. White actually has to hurry up and do something against it, which is not easy, since his knight on c3 is misplaced.

20. b4! Topalov activates quickly before Black manages to get all his pieces into play.

32...Bb5! Anand manages to neutralize his only weakness, the pawn on a6.<ref name="ChessBase 3">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6284|title=World Chess Championship – Game Three|date=27 April 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase.com]]|access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref>

There was no [[handshake]] at the end of the third game. At the press conference both players admitted that they simply forgot to shake hands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reports.chessdom.com/news-2010/anand-topalov-no-handshake|title=No handshake in Anand – Topalov game 3 (updated)|publisher=Chessdom|access-date=28 April 2010|archive-date=30 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430031324/http://reports.chessdom.com/news-2010/anand-topalov-no-handshake|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Game 4, Anand–Topalov, 1–0===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 25...Bxg2

| | | |rd| |rd|kd|
|qd| | | | | | |
|nd| | |nl|pd|pd| |ql
|pd| | | |pl| | |
|pd|nd| | | | | |
| | | | | | |pl|
| |pl| | | |pl|bd|pl
| | |rl|rl| | |kl|
| Game 4: Having already sacrificed two pieces, Anand played '''26. exf6'''!, continuing a mating attack that started with 23. Nxh6+!.
}}
[[Catalan Opening]], Open, 5. Nf3, E04

:'''1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.g3 dxc4 5.Bg2 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 a5 7.Qc2 Bxd2+ 8.Qxd2!? c6 9.a4 b5 10.Na3! Bd7 11.Ne5 Nd5 12.e4! Nb4 13.0-0 0-0 14.Rfd1 Be8 15.d5! Qd6 16.Ng4 Qc5 17.Ne3 N8a6?! 18.dxc6 bxa4 19.Naxc4 Bxc6 20.Rac1 h6?! 21.Nd6 Qa7? 22.Ng4! Rad8 23.Nxh6+!! gxh6 24.Qxh6 f6 25.e5! Bxg2 26.exf6! Rxd6 27.Rxd6 Be4 28.Rxe6 Nd3 29.Rc2! Qh7 30.f7+! Qxf7 31.Rxe4 Qf5 32.Re7 1–0'''

10. Na3! is a strong novelty, developing without winning back the pawn. In order to protect the pawn, Black is forced to place his pieces in awkward positions. The day before the fourth game, the 10.Na3! novelty was independently found by [[Levon Aronian]], who was at that time carrying out a training camp in Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2010/05/16/levon-aronyan-sejchas-bolshe-treniruyus/|script-title=ru:Левон Аронян: "Сейчас больше тренируюсь"|date=16 May 2010|publisher=Yerkramas.org|language=ru|access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>
Anand won "Yearbook Novelty Award of 2010" for this move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/anand-wins-yearbook-novelty-award-of-2010 |title=Anand wins Yearbook Novelty award of 2010 |publisher=ChessVibes |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

With 15. d5! Anand is finally ready and starts his breakthrough attack.

21...Qa7? A decisive mistake. Now the queen is saved, but the king is not. 21...Qg5! was already the only way to stay in the game. Anand quickly found the proper reply with 22. Ng4! starting the final attack on Black's king.<ref name="ChessBase 4">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6288|title=World Chess Championship – Game four|date=28 April 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase.com]]|access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref>

===Game 5, Topalov–Anand, ½–½===
[[Slav Defense]], D17

:'''1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 e6 7.f3 c5 8.e4 Bg6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.Qxd4 Qxd4 11.Bxd4 Nfd7 12.Nxd7 Nxd7 13.Bxc4 a6 14.Rc1 Rg8 15.h4 h5 16.Ne2 Bd6 17.Be3 Ne5 18.Nf4 Rc8 19.Bb3 Rxc1+ 20.Bxc1 Ke7 21.Ke2 Rc8 22.Bd2 f6 23.Nxg6+ Nxg6 24.g3 Ne5 25.f4 Nc6 26.Bc3 Bb4 27.Bxb4+ Nxb4 28.Rd1 Nc6 29.Rd2 g5 30.Kf2 g4 31.Rc2 Rd8 32.Ke3 Rd6 33.Rc5 Nb4 34.Rc7+ Kd8 35.Rc3 Ke7 36.e5 Rd7 37.exf6+ Kxf6 38.Ke2 Nc6 39.Ke1 Nd4 40.Bd1 a5 41.Rc5 Nf5 42.Rc3 Nd4 43.Rc5 Nf5 44.Rc3 ½–½''' A draw by threefold repetition.

Anand repeated the Slav line with which he defended in game three. He deviated with 15...h5 to avoid having his light-squared [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] boxed in.<ref name="cb05">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6295|title=Sofia R5: Another Slav, another draw|date=30 April 2010|publisher=ChessBase|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> The event suffered a power outage for thirteen minutes while Anand contemplated his 17th move;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-5|title=Anand – Topalov World Championship Game 5|last=Crowther|first=Mark|date=1 May 2010|publisher=The Week in Chess|access-date=1 May 2010|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318195126/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-5|url-status=dead}}</ref> the organizers later apologized for this mishap, which was caused by an electrical system failure in central Sofia.<ref name="cb05"/>

===Game 6, Anand–Topalov, ½–½===
[[Catalan Opening]], Open Defense, E03

:'''1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.g3 dxc4 5.Bg2 a6 6.Ne5 c5 7.Na3 cxd4 8.Naxc4 Bc5 9.0-0 0-0 10.Bg5 h6 11.Bxf6 Qxf6 12.Nd3 Ba7 13.Qa4 Nc6 14.Rac1 e5 15.Bxc6 b5 16.Qc2 Qxc6 17.Ncxe5 Qe4 18.Qc6 Bb7 19.Qxe4 Bxe4 20.Rc2 Rfe8 21.Rfc1 f6 22.Nd7 Bf5 23.N7c5 Bb6 24.Nb7 Bd7 25.Nf4 Rab8 26.Nd6 Re5 27.Nc8 Ba5 28.Nd3 Re8 29.Na7 Bb6 30.Nc6 Rb7 31.Ncb4 a5 32.Nd5 a4 33.Nxb6 Rxb6 34.Nc5 Bf5 35.Rd2 Rc6 36.b4 axb3 37.axb3 b4 38.Rxd4 Rxe2 39.Rxb4 Bh3! 40.Rbc4 Rd6 41.Re4 Rb2 42.Ree1 Rdd2 43.Ne4 Rd4 44.Nc5 Rdd2 45.Ne4 Rd3 46.Rb1 Rdxb3 47.Nd2 Rb4 48.f3 g5 49.Rxb2 Rxb2 50.Rd1 Kf7 51.Kf2 h5 52.Ke3 Rc2 53.Ra1 Kg6 54.Ra6 Bf5 55.Rd6 Rc3+ 56.Kf2 Rc2 57.Ke3 Rc3+ 58.Kf2 Rc2 ½–½''' A draw by threefold repetition.

22. Nd7 Anand begins the longest string of knight moves ever seen in a World Championship match.

With 39...Bh3! Topalov successfully neutralizes all of Anand's winning chances.<ref name="ChessBase 5">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6298|title= Draw, Anand Leads 3.5–2.5 at Halftime|date=1 May 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase]]|access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref>

===Game 7, Anand–Topalov, ½–½===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 15...Bh3

|qd| | | | |rd|kd|
|pd| | | |bd|pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| |pd| |nd|pd| | |
| | |pd|pl|pl| | |
| | | | | |pl|pl|bd
|pl|pl| |bl| | | |pl
|rl|nl| |ql| |rl|kl|
| Game 7: Topalov allowed Anand to play '''16. exd5''', getting enormous pressure on the [[queenside]] in exchange for the [[sacrifice (chess)|sacrificed]] knight.
}}

[[Bogo-Indian Defence]], E11

:'''1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.g3 Bb4+ 5.Bd2 Be7 6.Bg2 0-0 7.0-0 c6 8.Bf4 dxc4 9.Ne5 b5 10.Nxc6 Nxc6 11.Bxc6 Bd7 12.Bxa8 Qxa8 13.f3 Nd5 14.Bd2 e5 15.e4 Bh3 16.exd5 Bxf1 17.Qxf1 exd4 18.a4 Qxd5 19.axb5 Qxb5 20.Rxa7 Re8 21.Kh1 Bf8 22.Rc7 d3 23.Bc3 Bd6 24.Ra7 h6 25.Nd2 Bb4! 26.Ra1! Bxc3 27.bxc3 Re2 28.Rd1 Qa4 29.Ne4 Qc2 30.Rc1 Rxh2+ 31.Kg1 Rg2+ 32.Qxg2 Qxc1+ 33.Qf1 Qe3+ 34.Qf2 Qc1+ 35.Qf1 Qe3+ 36.Kg2 f5 37.Nf2 Kh7 38.Qb1 Qe6 39.Qb5 g5 40.g4 fxg4 41.fxg4 Kg6 42.Qb7 d2 43.Qb1+ Kg7 44.Kf1 Qe7 45.Kg2 Qe6 46.Qd1 Qe3 47.Qf3 Qe6 48.Qb7+ Kg6 49.Qb1+ Kg7 50.Qd1 Qe3 51.Qc2 Qe2 52.Qa4 Kg8 53.Qd7 Kf8 54.Qd5 Kg7 55.Kg3 Qe3+ 56.Qf3 Qe5+ 57.Kg2 Qe6 58.Qd1 ½–½''' A draw by threefold repetition.

11...Bd7 is a novelty, as in Gelfand-Ivanchuk, Amber (blindfold) 2010, Ivanchuk had played 11...Ba6.

At move 21. Kh1 Anand finally managed to push Topalov out of his prepared line, having spent over an hour on his clock compared to Topalov having spent only 3 minutes.

25...Bb4! 26.Ra1! Topalov played a poisoned move and Anand finds the only response. Other moves such as 26.Ne4 would fail to 26...Bxc3 27.bxc3 f5 28.Nd6 Qc5 29.Rxg7+ Kxg7 30.Nxe8+ Kf7<ref name="ChessBase.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6303|title=A Nerve-Shattering, Blood-Curdling Draw |date=3 May 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase]]|access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Game 8, Topalov–Anand, 1–0===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 54. Kg5

| | | | | | | |
| |pd| | | |kd| |pd
|pd| | |pl|pd| | |
|pl|bd| | |bl| |kl|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | |pl| |
| |pl| | | | |pl|
| | | | | | | |
| Game 8: Anand should have protected his h7 pawn with his bishop. His actual '''54... Bc6??''' was a blunder that lost him the game.
}}
[[Slav Defense]]: Czech. Wiesbaden Variation, D17

:'''1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 e6 7.f3 c5 8.e4 Bg6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.Qxd4 Qxd4 11.Bxd4 Nfd7 12.Nxd7 Nxd7 13.Bxc4 Rc8 14.Bb5 a6 15.Bxd7+ Kxd7 16.Ke2 f6 17.Rhd1 Ke8 18.a5 Be7 19.Bb6 Rf8 20.Rac1 f5 21.e5 Bg5 22.Be3 f4 23.Ne4 Rxc1 24.Nd6+ Kd7 25.Bxc1 Kc6 26.Bd2 Be7 27.Rc1+ Kd7 28.Bc3 Bxd6 29.Rd1 Bf5 30.h4 g6 31.Rxd6+ Kc8 32.Bd2 Rd8 33.Bxf4 Rxd6 34.exd6 Kd7 35.Ke3 Bc2 36.Kd4 Ke8 37.Ke5 Kf7 38.Be3 Ba4 39.Kf4 Bb5 40.Bc5 Kf6 41.Bd4+ Kf7 42.Kg5 Bc6 43.Kh6 Kg8 44.h5 Be8 45.Kg5 Kf7 46.Kh6 Kg8 47.Bc5 gxh5 48.Kg5 Kg7 49.Bd4+ Kf7 50.Be5 h4 51.Kxh4 Kg6 52.Kg4 Bb5 53.Kf4 Kf7 54.Kg5 Bc6?? 55.Kh6 Kg8 56.g4 1–0'''

Black's 54...Bc6?? was a [[blunder (chess)|blunder]] that removed the possibility of Black protecting the h7 pawn with his bishop. The move 54...Bd3 would have been an easy draw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-8|title=Anand – Topalov World Championship Game 8|last=Crowther|first=Mark|date=4 May 2010|publisher=The Week in Chess|access-date=4 May 2010|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318195135/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2010/anand-topalov-world-championship-game-8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Though the game appeared to finish early, it might have concluded: 56.g4 Bd7 57.g5 Be8 58.Bg7 Bd7 59.g6 hxg6 60.Kxg6 and Black is helpless to prevent White from penetrating, for example: 60...Be8+ 61.Kf6 Bd7 62.Ke7 Bc6 63.d7 Bxd7 64.Kxd7 Kxg7 65.Kxe6 1–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6307|title= Anand – Topalov World Championship Game 8 |date=4 May 2010|publisher=ChessBase|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Game 9, Anand–Topalov, ½–½===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 63...Kc8

| | |kd| | | | |
| | | | | | |rl|
| | | | | | | |
| | | |rl| | | |
|pd| | | | | | |
| |pd| | | |pl| |
|qd| | |nl| | | |kl
| | | | | | | |
| Game 9: Topalov's king is in trouble, but Anand, who had already missed an earlier win over 20 moves ago, let him off the hook with '''64. Kg3?''', allowing Topalov a [[perpetual check|perpetual]].
}}
[[Nimzo-Indian Defence|Nimzo-Indian]], 4.e3, Gligoric System, E54
:'''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 0-0 5. Bd3 c5 6. Nf3 d5 7. 0-0 cxd4 8. exd4 dxc4 9. Bxc4 b6 10. Bg5 Bb7 11. Re1 Nbd7 12. Rc1 Rc8 13. Bd3 Re8 14. Qe2 Bxc3 15. bxc3 Qc7 16. Bh4 Nh5 17. Ng5 g6 18. Nh3 e5 19. f3 Qd6 20. Bf2 exd4 21. Qxe8+ Rxe8 22. Rxe8+ Nf8 23. cxd4 Nf6 24. Ree1 Ne6 25. Bc4 Bd5 26. Bg3 Qb4 27. Be5 Nd7 28. a3 Qa4 29. Bxd5 Nxe5 30. Bxe6 Qxd4+ 31. Kh1 fxe6 32. Ng5 Qd6 33. Ne4 Qxa3 34. Rc3 Qb2 35. h4 b5 36. Rc8+ Kg7 37. Rc7+ Kf8 38. Ng5 Ke8 39. Rxh7 Qc3 40. Rh8+? Kd7 41. Rh7+ Kc6 42. Re4 b4 43. Nxe6 Kb6 44. Nf4 Qa1+ 45. Kh2 a5 46. h5 gxh5 47. Rxh5 Nc6 48. Nd5+ Kb7 49. Rh7+ Ka6 50. Re6 Kb5 51. Rh5 Nd4 52. Nb6+ Ka6 53. Rd6 Kb7 54. Nc4 Nxf3+ 55. gxf3 Qa2+ 56. Nd2 Kc7 57. Rhd5 b3 58. Rd7+ Kc8 59. Rd8+ Kc7 60. R8d7+ Kc8 61. Rg7 a4 62. Rc5+? Kb8 63. Rd5 Kc8 64. Kg3? Qa1 65. Rg4 b2 66. Rc4+ Kb7 67. Kf2 b1=Q 68. Nxb1 Qxb1 69. Rdd4 Qa2+ 70. Kg3 a3 71. Rc3 Qa1 72. Rb4+ Ka6 73. Ra4+ Kb5 74. Rcxa3 Qg1+ 75. Kf4 Qc1+ 76. Kf5 Qc5+ 77. Ke4 Qc2+ 78. Ke3 Qc1+ 79. Kf2 Qd2+ 80. Kg3 Qe1+ 81. Kf4 Qc1+ 82. Kg3 Qg1+ 83. Kf4 ½–½''' A draw by threefold repetition (with [[perpetual check]]).

Anand moved 40. Rh8+?, hoping to repeat moves in order to make time control. However, this a mistake that lets the Black king escape. It was better to play 40. Re4 b4 41. Rxa7 b3 42. Rb7 b2 43. Kh2 Qc1 44. Ra4 Nd7 45. Rab4.

Anand missed a chance to win when he played 64. Kg3?. A winning move was 64. Rdd7 a3 65. Kg3 Qa1 (65...b2 66. Rc7+ Kd8 67. Ra7 Qd5 68. Ra8+ Qxa8 69. Rg8+ Kd7 70. Rxa8) 66. Rc7+ Kb8 67. Rb7+ Ka8 68. Nxb3.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6312|title= Anand Misses Multiple Wins, Draw in 83 |date=6 May 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase]]|access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Game 10, Topalov–Anand, ½–½===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 25. Ba6!

| | | | | | |kd|
|pd|bd| | | | |bd|pd
|bl|pd|nd| | | |pd|
| | | |nl|qd| | |
| | | | |pl| | |
| | | | |bl| | |pl
|pl| | | | | |pl|
| | |ql| | | |kl|
| Game 10: Anand played '''25... Nd4?!''' to avoid unnecessary complications, but this move was a mistake which handed Topalov the initiative. Anand later equalized and the game was drawn.
}}

[[Grünfeld Defence]]: Exchange. Classical Variation, D86

:'''1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4 Nxc3 6.bxc3 Bg7 7.Bc4 c5 8.Ne2 Nc6 9.Be3 0-0 10.0-0 b6 11.Qd2 Bb7 12.Rac1 Rc8 13.Rfd1 cxd4 14.cxd4 Qd6 15.d5 Na5 16.Bb5 Rxc1 17.Rxc1 Rc8 18.h3 Rxc1+ 19.Qxc1 e6 20.Nf4 exd5 21.Nxd5 f5 22.f3 fxe4 23.fxe4 Qe5 24.Bd3 Nc6 25.Ba6! Nd4?! 26.Qc4 Bxd5 27.Qxd5+ Qxd5 28.exd5 Be5 29.Kf2 Kf7 30.Bg5 Nf5 31.g4 Nd6 32.Kf3 Ne8 33.Bc1 Nc7 34.Bd3 Bd6 35.Ke4 b5 36.Kd4 a6 37.Be2 Ke7 38.Bg5+ Kd7 39.Bd2 Bg3 40.g5 Bf2+ 41.Ke5 Bg3+ 42.Ke4 Ne8 43.Bg4+ Ke7 44.Be6 Nd6+ 45.Kf3 Nc4! 46.Bc1 Bd6 47.Ke4 a5 48.Bg4 Ba3 49.Bxa3+ Nxa3 50.Ke5 Nc4+ 51.Kd4 Kd6 52.Be2 Na3 53.h4 Nc2+ 54.Kc3 Nb4 55.Bxb5 Nxa2+ 56.Kb3 Nb4 57.Be2 Nxd5 58.h5 Nf4 59.hxg6 hxg6 60.Bc4 ½–½''' A draw by [[draw by agreement|mutual agreement]].

To avoid unnecessary complications, Anand played 25...Nd4?! but the best chance was in 25...Bxa6 likely followed by 26.Qxc6 Qa1+ 27.Kf2 Qxa2+ 28.Kg3 Qa3! 29.Qa8+ Qf8 30.Qxa7 Be5+ 31.Kh4 Qf1 32.g3 Bc8 33.g4 Bf6+ 34.Nxf6+ Qxf6+=.

Anand subsequently equalised the game with 45...Nc4! It was likely that Topalov missed this move.<ref name="ChessBase Game10">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6315|title=Topalov Presses, Anand Holds|date=7 May 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase.com]]|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

===Game 11, Anand–Topalov, ½–½===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 60...b3

| | | | | | | |
|pd| | |rd| | |kd|
| | | | | |pd|pl|
| | |nd| | |pl| |kl
| | | | | |nl| |
| |pd| | |rl| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Game 11: In his last White game, Anand played '''61.Rc3''' setting a trap (if Topalov now played 61...b2?? trying to force his b-pawn to promotion, Anand can threaten a mate with 62.Rxc5!); but Topalov did not fall into it, and the game was drawn five moves later.
}}
[[English Opening]]: King's English Variation, Four Knights Variation Fianchetto Lines A29

:'''1. c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Nf3 Nc6 4. g3 d5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. Bg2 Nb6 7. 0-0 Be7 8. a3 0–0 9. b4 Be6 10. d3 f6 11. Ne4 Qe8 12. Nc5 Bxc5 13. bxc5 Nd5 14. Bb2 Rd8 15. Qc2 Nde7! 16. Rab1 Ba2! 17. Rbc1 Qf7 18. Bc3 Rd7 19. Qb2 Rb8 20. Rfd1 Be6 21. Rd2 h6?! 22. Qb1 Nd5 23. Rb2! b6 24. cxb6 cxb6 25. Bd2 Rd6 26. Rbc2 Qd7 27. h4 Rd8 28. Qb5 Nde7 29. Qb2 Bd5 30. Bb4 Nxb4 31. axb4 Rc6 32. b5 Rxc2 33. Rxc2 Be6 34. d4 e4 35. Nd2 Qxd4 36. Nxe4 Qxb2 37. Rxb2 Kf7 38. e3 g5 39. hxg5 hxg5 40. f4 gxf4 41. exf4 Rd4 42. Kf2 Nf5 43. Bf3 Bd5 44. Nd2 Bxf3 45. Nxf3 Ra4 46. g4 Nd6 47. Kg3 Ne4+ 48. Kh4! Nd6 49. Rd2?! Nxb5 50. f5 Re4 51. Kh5! Re3 52. Nh4 Nc3 53. Rd7+ Re7 54. Rd3 Ne4 55. Ng6 Nc5 56. Ra3 Rd7 57. Re3 Kg7 58. g5 b5 59. Nf4 b4 60. g6 b3 61. Rc3 Rd4 62. Rxc5 Rxf4 63. Rc7+ Kg8 64. Rb7 Rf3 65. Rb8+ Kg7 ½–½''' A draw by [[perpetual check]].

With 15...Nde7! Black regroups. The d5 square is now open for the bishop and White's [[bishop pair]] is not important yet. 46. g4?! Nd6?! White weakens his [[kingside]] in an attempt to gain activity and Topalov misses the best reply in 46...Ne7! winning a pawn.

In the final moves of the game 60...b3! 61.Rc3 Rd4! Anand makes a last attempt to win, setting a trap if Topalov attempts to push his b-pawn to [[promotion (chess)|promotion]] (61...b2?? 62.Rxc5! b1=Q?? 63.Ne6+ Kg8 [or Kh8] 64.Rc8+ Rd8 65.Rxd8#) but Topalov did not [[blunder (chess)|blunder]] into it.

The position after move 11 had only been played once before.<ref name="ChessBase Game 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6322|title=Giri on Game 11|date=9 May 2010|publisher=[[ChessBase.com]]|access-date=10 May 2010}}</ref>

Prior to the game, Topalov asked for one minute of silence in memory of [[Andor Lilienthal]], who had died the day before.

===Game 12, Topalov–Anand, 0–1===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Position after 56...Qg7

| | | | | | | |
| | | | | |nl|qd|kd
| | | |rl| | | |
|pd| | | | | | |pd
|pl| |pd| | | | |
| | | | | | |pl|kl
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Game 12: In this position, Topalov resigned, allowing Anand to win the match and retain the championship.
}}
[[Queen's Gambit Declined]]: Lasker Defense, D56
:'''1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Be7 5.Bg5 h6 6.Bh4 0-0 7.e3 Ne4 8.Bxe7 Qxe7 9.Rc1 c6 10.Be2 Nxc3 11.Rxc3 dxc4 12.Bxc4 Nd7 13.0-0 b6 14.Bd3 c5 15.Be4 Rb8 16.Qc2 Nf6!? 17.dxc5 Nxe4 18.Qxe4 bxc5 19.Qc2 Bb7 20.Nd2 Rfd8 21.f3 Ba6 22.Rf2 Rd7 23.g3 Rbd8 24.Kg2 Bd3 25.Qc1 Ba6 26.Ra3 Bb7 27.Nb3 Rc7 28.Na5 Ba8 29.Nc4 e5 30.e4 f5! 31.exf5? e4! 32.fxe4?? Qxe4+ 33.Kh3 Rd4 34.Ne3 Qe8!! 35.g4 h5 36.Kh4 g5+ 37.fxg6 Qxg6 38.Qf1 Rxg4+ 39.Kh3 Re7 40.Rf8+ Kg7 41.Nf5+ Kh7 42.Rg3 Rxg3+ 43.hxg3 Qg4+ 44.Kh2 Re2+ 45.Kg1 Rg2+ 46.Qxg2 Bxg2 47.Kxg2 Qe2+ 48.Kh3 c4 49.a4 a5 50.Rf6 Kg8 51.Nh6+ Kg7 52.Rb6 Qe4 53.Kh2 Kh7 54.Rd6 Qe5 55.Nf7 Qxb2+ 56.Kh3 Qg7 0–1'''

This was the only win for Black in the match. Anand's choice of Lasker's Defense in the [[Queen's Gambit Declined]] appeared to signal his willingness to accept a draw, which would have tied the match at 6–6 and forced a rapid chess playoff. Most people believed that such a playoff would have greatly favoured Anand, due to his superior rapid chess resume, and Topalov in the postgame press conference noted his desire to avoid a rapid playoff,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n219592 |title=FOCUS Information Agency |publisher=Focus-fen.net |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> given his loss in the [[World Chess Championship 2006]] playoff to [[Vladimir Kramnik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anand-topalov.com/en/press12.html |title=Press conference 12 – Anand-Topalov – FIDE World Chess Championship 2010 |publisher=Anand-Topalov |date=24 March 2010 |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=21 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821121154/http://www.anand-topalov.com/en/press12.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Consequently, Topalov chose to play for complications, but Anand's 16...Nf6!? allowed Anand active piece play in return for his weak pawn on c5.

After Topalov responded to 30...f5! with 31.exf5? e4! 32.fxe4??, Anand decisively seized the [[initiative (chess)|initiative]]. Topalov admitted he had overlooked Anand's strong reply 34...Qe8!<ref name="CL2010JulyTiger" />

Thus, Anand retained his World Champion title once again.
{{-}}

==Match stats==

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+World Chess Championship Match 2010
|-
! !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! Total
|-
| align=left | {{flagathlete|'''[[Viswanathan Anand]]'''|India}} || '''2787'''
|style="background:black; color:white"| 0 ||1 || style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 || style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || '''6½'''
|-
| align=left | {{flagathlete|[[Veselin Topalov]]|Bulgaria}} || 2805
|1 || style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || ½ || style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || ½ || style="background:black; color:white"| ½ ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || ½
|style="background:black; color:white"| ½ || 0 || 5½
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://photo.chessdom.com/index.php?cat=10025 500+ photos from the World Championship 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621000658/http://photo.chessdom.com/index.php?cat=10025 |date=21 June 2012 }}
* [http://www.chessvideos.tv/chess-video-search.php?q=username:curtains+anand+topalov&s=topic_id&p=&dmin=&dmax= Video Recaps of 2010 Championship Match]

{{Chess}}
{{World Chess Championships|state=expanded}}

[[Category:World Chess Championships|2010]]
[[Category:2010 in chess]]
[[Category:Chess in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Sofia]]
[[Category:2010 in Bulgarian sport]]
[[Category:2010s in Sofia]]

Anunay Sood

2026-01-29T05:58:56Z

TheHH: creating basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian travel influencer and photographer (1994–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anunay Sood
| image = Anunay.jpeg
| caption = Sood at [[Las Vegas Concours d'Elegance]] 2025
| birth_date = 6 February 1993
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|11|4|32|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Amity University, Noida]]
| occupation = Travel influencer, photographer, videographer
| years_active = 2010–2025
| known_for = Cinematic travel vlogs; ''[[Forbes India]]'' Top 100 Digital Stars (2022–2024)
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Anunay Sood''' (6 February 1993 – 4 November 2025) was an Indian travel blogger, photographer and videographer based in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Who was Anunay Sood? Popular Indian travel influencer dies at 32; final IG post from Las Vegas |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/trending/who-was-anunay-sood-popular-indian-travel-influencer-dies-at-32-final-ig-post-from-las-vegas/4033897/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Dubai-based travel influencer Anunay Sood, with 1.4 million followers, dies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/travel-influencer-anunay-sood-dies-his-family-announces-on-social-media-2814438-2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title=Famous Indian travel influencer Anunay Sood dies at 32, family shares heartbreaking news via social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/famous-indian-travel-influencer-anunay-sood-dies-at-32-family-shares-heartbreaking-news-via-social-media/articleshow/125126369.cms |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He produced travel content across 46 countries and appeared on the ''[[Forbes India]]'' Top 100 Digital Stars list for three consecutive years (2022–2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=A. O. L. |date=2025-11-06 |title=Indian travel influencer who shot films from 46 countries dies aged 32 |url=https://www.aol.com/articles/indian-travel-influencer-shot-films-103625415.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.aol.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Anunay Sood passes away: Dubai-based Indian travel influencer dies aged 32 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/anunay-sood-death-travel-influencer-las-vegas-age-cause-b2859753.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasundharadevi |first=Surabhi |date=2025-11-06 |title=Who was Anunay Sood, Dubai-based Indian influencer who died in Las Vegas? |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/who-was-anunay-sood-dubai-based-indian-influencer-who-died-in-las-vegas-1.500335798 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Saraf |first=Vanshika |date=2025-11-06 |title=Anunay Sood dies at the age of 32: Read to know the cause of death, his net worth and the legacy he leaves behind |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/anunay-sood-dies-at-the-age-of-32-read-to-know-the-cause-of-death-his-net-worth-and-the-legacy-he-leaves-behind-article-13656083.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anunay Sood Creator Stats, Biography {{!}} About Anunay Sood - Forbes India Digital Stars 2024 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2024-digital-stars/profile/anunay-sood/38 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Impressive |date=2025-11-06 |title=Influencer Anunay Sood, Featured on Forbes India's Top 100 Digital Stars, Passes Away at 32 Dubai-Based Influencer Anunay Sood, Featured on Forbes India List, Dies at 32 |url=https://impressivetimes.com/latest/dubai-influencer-anunay-sood-dies-at-32-forbes-digital-star/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Impressive Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sood completed his [[Delhi Public School, India|Delhi Public School]], Noida. Sood initially worked in the corporate sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=2025-11-06 |title=Anunay Sood death: All you need to know about 32-year-old Dubai-based influencer who featured on Forbes {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/anunay-sood-death-all-you-need-to-know-32-year-old-dubai-based-influencer-who-featured-on-forbes-11762403446112.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

== Career ==
Sood built a following through [[travel photography]] and vlogs on [[Instagram]]. Relocating to [[Dubai]] expanded his global reach. His work featured in ''[[National Geographic India]]'', ''Condé Nast Traveller India'', and ''Lonely Planet India''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Anunay Sood, popular travel influencer, passes away at 32; family requests privacy: 'We ask for your understanding as we navigate this difficult time' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anunay-sood-popular-travel-influencer-passes-away-at-32-cause-of-death-10348883/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He served as an [[OPPO]] brand ambassador and won Exhibit and Cosmopolitan Travel Influencer of the Year (2021–2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPPO and Discovery India collaborate to explore the unexplored with 'Life Unscene' campaign {{!}} OPPO India |url=https://www.oppo.com/in/newsroom/press/oppo-reno5pro-5g-life-unscene-campaign/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=OPPO |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Pareek |editor-first=Priya |date=2025-11-06 |title=Who was Anunay Sood, Dubai-based influencer on Forbes list who died at 32? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-was-anunay-sood-dubai-based-influencer-dead-reason-brinda-sharma-shivani-parihar-2814557-2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Sood was also co-founder of Meta Social FZ LLC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Who was Anunay Sood, Dubai-based Indian travel influencer who died in Las Vegas? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-was-anunay-sood-dubai-based-indian-travel-influencer-who-died-in-las-vegas-101762407598929.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Who was Anunay Sood? Popular Indian travel influencer dies at 32; final IG post from Las Vegas |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/trending/who-was-anunay-sood-popular-indian-travel-influencer-dies-at-32-final-ig-post-from-las-vegas/4033897/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Bigg Boss ==
Sood appeared as a guest on ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]'' in August 2023, entering the house for tasks and engaging with contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Travel influencer Anunay Sood dies at 32 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/celebrity-life/newsmakers/article/travel-influencer-anunay-sood-who-appeared-on-bigg-boss-ott-2-dies-at-32-23601938 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

He was the first YouTuber to vlog inside the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' house and supported winner [[Elvish Yadav]] during the finale, sharing behind-the-scenes content post-show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anunay Sood passes away at 32: Inside his close friendships with Elvish Yadav, Sourav Joshi, and Rida Tharana |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/anunay-sood-passes-away-at-32-inside-his-close-friendships-with-elvish-yadav-saurav-joshi-and-rida-tharana/articleshow/125125798.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
At the time of his death, Sood was in a relationship with influencer Shivani Parihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title='We were planning our forever': Anunay Sood's girlfriend Shivani Parihar pens emotional tribute after his sudden demise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/we-were-planning-our-forever-anunay-soods-girlfriend-shivani-parihar-pens-emotional-tribute-after-his-sudden-demise/articleshow/125135787.cms |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/anunay-soods-girlfriend-shivani-parihar-posts-then-deletes-emotional-tribute-hope-to-meet-you-super-soon-9586533</ref>
=== Death ===
Sood died on 4 November 2025, at the age of 32, while attending the [[Las Vegas Concours d'Elegance|Concours d'Elegance]] car show at the [[Wynn Las Vegas|Wynn Hotel]] in Las Vegas.<ref name="Harrison2025-11-07">{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Peter |date=2025-11-07 |title=Las Vegas police say body of influencer Anunay Sood was found in street |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2621729/offbeat |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudgins |first=Ryan |date=2025-11-06 |title=Anunay Sood Dead: Travel Influencer Was 32 and Mourned by Family |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/anunay-sood-dead-travel-influencer-was-32-and-mourned-by-family/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]] stated the incident as non-criminal; no cause of death was publicly disclosed.<ref name="Harrison2025-11-07"/><ref name="auto"/>

As reported by ''[[KLAS-TV|8NewsNow]]'', a woman staying with Sood told investigators that she, Sood, and another woman purchased what they believed to be [[cocaine]] from a man on the casino floor at around ''4 a.m.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sonali |title=Anunay Sood Death: Popular travel influencer may have died in Las Vegas due to... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-anunay-sood-death-popular-travel-influencer-may-have-died-in-las-vegas-due-to-3189472 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.8newsnow.com/investigators/travel-influencer-anunay-sood-likely-died-in-las-vegas-from-drug-overdose/</ref> She stated that the three consumed the substance before going to sleep, and when the two women awoke later, Sood was found unresponsive. Police reportedly recovered a small bag containing an unidentified white substance and additional evidence suggesting the powder had been snorted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular travel influencer Anunay Sood died due to drug overdose? Reports suggest... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/popular-travel-vlogger-anunay-sood-died-due-to-drug-overdose-reports-likely-suggest-cocain-overdose-8191358/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> As of 19 November 2025, authorities have not made any arrests in connection with the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Soumil |date=2025-11-19 |title=Did Travel Influencer Anunay Sood Die Of Drug Overdose? LA Police Reveal New Details |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/did-travel-influencer-anunay-sood-die-of-drug-overdose-la-police-reveal-new-details |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

In an earlier statement to ''[[Hindustan Times|HT.com]]'', the [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]] said: “On November 4, 2025, LVMPD responded to a dead body located in the 3100 block of [[South Las Vegas Boulevard]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Influencer Anunay Sood likely died in Las Vegas due to drug overdose: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/influencer-anunay-sood-likely-died-in-las-vegas-due-to-drug-overdose-report-101763524226355.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Officers assisted the coroner and took a non-criminal/medical report.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Influencer Anunay Sood likely died in Las Vegas due to drug overdose: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/influencer-anunay-sood-likely-died-in-las-vegas-due-to-drug-overdose-report-101763524226355.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Over a month later, the findings of the official [[Coroner|coroner's]] report concluded that the cause of death was the combined effect of [[fentanyl]] and [[ethanol]] [[toxicity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Anjali |date=24 December 2025 |title=How Travel Influencer Anunay Sood Died In Los Angeles: Cause Of Death Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/how-travel-influencer-anunay-sood-died-in-los-angeles-cause-of-death-revealed-9932643 |access-date= |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

====Repatriation and funeral====

Sood's body was repatriated to India from [[Las Vegas, United States]], and brought to his residence in Noida on the evening of 10 November 2025. Friends, followers and well-wishers gathered to pay their last respects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Anunay Sood's last rites to be held on..., his mortal remains are BACK home from... |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/viral-stories/anunay-soods-last-rites-to-be-held-on-his-mortal-remains-are-back-home-from-3279514/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Influencer Anunay Sood's body brought back to India from Las Vegas, last rites to be held at... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/influencer-anunay-soods-body-brought-back-to-india-from-las-vegas-last-rites-to-be-held-in-8177278/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> The funeral was held the following day, 11 November 2025, at the Sector 94 cremation ground in Noida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Anunay Sood death: Popular Influencer's body brought back to India from US, last rites to be performed in... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-anunay-sood-death-popular-influencer-body-brought-back-to-india-from-usa-las-vegas-last-rites-to-be-performed-in-3187879 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/influencer-anunay-sood-s-body-brought-back-to-india-from-las-vegas-last-rites-to-be-held-at/ar-AA1Qc4RM |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Anunay}}
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]

Daulatpur Dewaria

2026-01-21T13:31:33Z

TheHH: Started A Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Daulat Pur Dewaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|43|44.1|N|85|14|33.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3
=Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3
=[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daulat Pur Dewaria''' is a Gram Panchayat in Hajipur, [[Vaishali District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|43|44.1|N|85|14|33.0|E|type:panchayat}}

==Panchayat office==

{{Empty section|date=November 2014}}

==Nearest city or town==
[[Hajipur]] ('''Distance 8 km''')<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108114001/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx |date=8 January 2008 }} State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==Nearest major road highway or river==
NH 77 (National highway 77)<ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - Vaishali district official government website ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=4 November 2014 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==compass==
<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf]</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =daulat pur dewaria
|North =
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast =[[bishunpur basant]]
|South =
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest =[[thathan buzurg]]
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
There are villages in this panchayat<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99312&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for DAULAT PUR DEWARIA Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103224047/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99312&rlbtype=V |date=3 November 2014 }} Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!s.n
|
!villages
|-
| 1||||Gurmain
|-
| 2||||Saidpur Rajauli
|-
| 3||||Harpur Rajauli urf Hariharpur
|-
| 4||||Hariharpur ShankarAzRakbe urf
|-
| 5||||Pranpur Berai
|-
| 6||||Daulatpur Deoria urf Daulatpur
|-
| 7||||Sharifabad
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]

{{Vaishali-geo-stub}}

Pa (Indic)

2026-01-10T22:30:29Z

TheHH: enhance article also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Letter "Pa" in Indic scripts}}

{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Pa
|bengcp = 09AA |bengimg = Bengali Letter Pa.svg
|tibtcp = 0F54 |tibtimg = Tibetan Pa.svg
|tamlcp = 0BAA |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-பப.svg
|thaicp = 0E1A
|mlymcp = 0D2A
|sinhcp = 0DB4
|brahcp = 11027 |ashokaimg = Brahmi p.svg
|devacp = 092A |devaimg = Devanagari प.svg
| hbchar = פ ,ף
| grchar = Π
| lachar = P
| cychar = П
|ipa = p |iast = p |iscii = C8
|ipa2 = ɓ |ipa2note = both /ɓ/ and /p/ in [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
}}

'''Pa''' is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad p.svg|13px]].

== Āryabhaṭa numeration ==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of प are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>
*प {{IPA|hi|pə|}} = 21 (२१)
*पि {{IPA|hi|pɪ|}} = 2,100 (२ १००)
*पु {{IPA|hi|pʊ|}} = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
*पृ {{IPA|hi|pri|}} = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
*पॢ {{IPA|hi|plə|}} = 21{{e|8}} (२१×१०८)
*पे {{IPA|hi|pe|}} = 21{{e|10}} (२१×१०१०)
*पै {{IPA|hi|pɛː|}} = 21{{e|12}} (२१×१०१२)
*पो {{IPA|hi|poː|}} = 21{{e|14}} (२१×१०१४)
*पौ {{IPA|hi|pɔː|}} = 21{{e|16}} (२१×१०१६)

==Historic Pa==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Pa as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|Pa]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad p.svg|13px|Pa]]. The Tocharian Pa [[Image:Tocharian letter pa.gif|18px|Pa]] had an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form, [[Image:Tocharian letter pà.gif|18px|Pa]]. The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква PА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter PA.svg|15px|Pa]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Pa===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|Pa]], Pa, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Pe (Semitic letter)|Pe]] [[File:Pe0.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[P]] and Greek [[Pi (letter)|Pi]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Pa historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi p.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar p.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka p.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat p.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad p.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Pa===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter pa.gif|25px|Pa]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|Pa]], and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form [[Image:Tocharian letter pà.gif|25px|pä]] used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Pa with vowel marks
|-
! Pa !! Pā !! Pi !! Pī !! Pu !! Pū !! Pr !! Pr̄ !! Pe !! Pai !! Po !! Pau !! Pä !! Fremdzeichen
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter pa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter paa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter puu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter prr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter po.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pä.gif|37px]] || [[Image:Tocharian letter pà.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Pa===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква PА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter PA.svg|15px|Pa]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Pe (Semitic letter)|Pe]] [[File:Pe0.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[P]] and [[Pi (letter)|Pi]], in addition to the Brahmi Pa.<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Pa==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Pa''' ('''प''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad p.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''પ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘢.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, प is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|pə|}} or {{IPAblink|p}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari प with vowel marks
|-
! Pa !! Pā !! Pi !! Pī !! Pu !! Pū !! Pr !! Pr̄ !! Pl !! Pl̄ !! Pe !! Pai !! Po !! Pau !! P
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|प
|पा
|पि
|पी
|पु
|पू
|पृ
|पॄ
|पॢ
|पॣ
|पे
|पै
|पो
|पौ
|प्
|}


===Conjuncts with प===
[[File:Devanagari Pa half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Pa.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of प====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RPa.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RPa.svg|125px]]
* प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PRa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PDdha.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PTa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PTRa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of प====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (ch) + प (pa) gives the ligature chpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChPa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhPa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdPa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DPa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgPa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PCa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PDda.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PJa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PJNya.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PLa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNga.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNna.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNya.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PTta.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature pṭha:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PTtha.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭh) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭhpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthPa.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtPa.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Pa==
The Bengali script প is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham p.svg|13px]], but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/.
Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali প with vowel marks
|-
! pa !! pā !! pi !! pī !! pu !! pū !! pr !! pr̄ !! pe !! pai !! po !! pau !! p
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|প
|পা
|পি
|পী
|পু
|পূ
|পৃ
|পৄ
|পে
|পৈ
|পো
|পৌ
|প্
|}

===প in Bengali-using languages===
প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with প===
Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Lpa.svg |100px]]
* ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Mpa.svg |100px]]
* ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Mpra.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Pla.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Pna.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ppa.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Pra.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and [[ya phala]] suffixes
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Prya.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Psa.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Pta.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ptta.svg |100px]]
* প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Pya.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rpa.svg |100px]]
* স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Spa.svg |100px]]
* স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Spla.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSpa.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSpra.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Pa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Pa.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Pa.]]
'''Pa''' ('''પ''') is the twenty-first consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa [[Image:Devanagari प.svg|13px|Pa]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|Pa]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|pə|}} or {{IPAblink|p}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Pa !! style="width:7%;"| Pā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Pi !! style="width:7%;"| Pī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Pu !! style="width:5%;"| Pū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Pr !! style="width:5%;"| Pl !! style="width:5%;"| Pr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Pl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Pĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Pe !! style="width:5%;"| Pai !! style="width:7%;"| Pŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Po !! style="width:6%;"| Pau !! style="width:7%;"| P
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Pa Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with પ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Pa half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Pa.]]
Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RPa.svg|100px]]
* પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct PRa.svg|100px]]
* પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct PTa.svg|100px]]
* પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct PNa.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Pa==
{{main|Pa (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Pa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Pa.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Pa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Pa.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Pa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Pa.
}}
'''Pa''' ('''ప''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|P]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಪ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Pa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Pa.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Pa]]
'''Pa''' ('''പ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|P]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Pa.svg|x15px|Pa]] ''Pa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Pa matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Pa matras: Pa, Pā, Pi, Pī, Pu, Pū, Pr̥, Pr̥̄, Pl̥, Pl̥̄, Pe, Pē, Pai, Po, Pō, Pau, and P.]]

===Conjuncts of പ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct PTa.svg]]
* പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct PNa.svg]]
* പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct PPa.svg]]
* മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct MPa.svg]]
* ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct LPa.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsPa.svg]]
* സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SPa.svg]]
* പ് (p) + ഫ (pha) gives the ligature ppha:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct PPha.svg]]
* പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct PSa.svg]]

==Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe==
'''ᐯ''', '''ᐱ''', '''ᐳ''' and '''ᐸ''' are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]]. The bare consonant '''ᑉ''' (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from [[Pitman shorthand]] was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation.<ref>Andrew Dalby (2004:139) ''Dictionary of Languages''</ref><ref>''[http://www.languagegeek.com/typography/syllabics/syl1.html Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography],'' Chris Harvey 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zui |title=Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics |url=https://thelanguagecloset.com/2020/05/29/writing-in-north-america-canadian-aboriginal-syllabics/ |website=The Language Closet |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>
Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
{| class=wikitable style="align:center;"
|-
! Variant
! colspan=2 | E-series
! colspan=2 | I-series
! colspan=3 | O-series
! colspan=3 | A-series
! Other
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | P + vowel
| colspan=2 | {{huge|ᐯ}} || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᐱ}} || colspan=3 | {{huge|ᐳ}} || colspan=3 | {{huge|ᐸ}} || {{huge|ᢵ}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Pe !! colspan=2 | Pi !! colspan=3 | Po !! colspan=3 | Pa !! Pay
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Small
| colspan=2 | - || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᣔ}} || colspan=3 | - || colspan=3 | {{huge|ᑉ}} || {{huge|ᑊ}}
|-
! colspan=2 | - !! colspan=2 | ''Ojibway'' P !! colspan=3 | - !! colspan=3 | P !! ''Cree'' P
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | P with long vowels
| colspan=2 | - || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᐲ}} || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᐴ}} || {{huge|ᐵ}}|| colspan=3 | {{huge|ᐹ}} || {{huge|ᐰ}}
|-
! colspan=2 | - !! colspan=2 | Pī !! colspan=2 | Pō !! ''Cree'' Pō !! colspan=3 | Pā !! Pāi
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | P + W-vowels
| {{huge|ᐺ}} || {{huge|ᐻ}} || {{huge|ᐼ}} ||{{huge|ᐽ}} || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᑀ}} || {{huge|ᑁ}} || {{huge|ᑄ}} || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᑅ}} || -
|-
! Pwe !! ''Cree'' Pwe !! Pwi !! ''Cree'' Pwi !! colspan=2 | Pwo !! ''Cree'' Pwo !! Pwa !! colspan=2 | ''Cree'' Pwa !! -
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | P + long W-vowels
| colspan=2 | - || {{huge|ᐾ}} || {{huge|ᐿ}} || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᑂ}} || {{huge|ᑃ}} || {{huge|ᑆ}} || {{huge|ᑇ}} || {{huge|ᑈ}} || -
|-
! colspan=2 | - !! Pwī !! ''Cree'' Pwī !! colspan=2 | Pwō !! ''Cree'' Pwō !! Pwā !! colspan=2 | ''Cree'' Pwā !! -
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Other P forms
| colspan=2 | - || colspan=2 | - || colspan=2 | {{huge|ᢴ}} || {{huge|ᢶ}} || colspan=3 | - || -
|-
! colspan=2 | - !! colspan=2 | - !! colspan=2 | Poy !! Pwoy !! colspan=3 | - !! -
|}

==Odia Pa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Pa.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Pa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Pa.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Pa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Pa.
}}
'''Pa''' ('''ପ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|P]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham p.svg|x15px|Pa]] ''Pa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Pa with vowel matras
|-
! Pa !! Pā !! Pi !! Pī !! Pu !! Pū !! Pr̥ !! Pr̥̄ !! Pl̥ !! Pl̥̄ !! Pe !! Pai !! Po !! Pau !! P
|-
| {{big|ପ}} || {{big|ପା}} || {{big|ପି}} || {{big|ପୀ}} || {{big|ପୁ}} || {{big|ପୂ}} || {{big|ପୃ}} || {{big|ପୄ}} || {{big|ପୢ}} || {{big|ପୣ}} || {{big|ପେ}} || {{big|ପୈ}} || {{big|ପୋ}} || {{big|ପୌ}} || {{big|ପ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ପ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
[[File:Odia conjunct MPa.svg]]

==Kaithi Pa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Pa.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Pa
| image2 = Kaithi Pa half form.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Pa
| footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Pa.
}}

'''Pa''' ('''𑂣''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|P]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham p.svg|x15px|Pa]] ''Pa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Pa with vowel matras
|-
! Pa !! Pā !! Pi !! Pī !! Pu !! Pū !! Pe !! Pai !! Po !! Pau !! P
|-
| {{big|𑂣}} || {{big|𑂣𑂰}} || {{big|𑂣𑂱}} || {{big|𑂣𑂲}} || {{big|𑂣𑂳}} || {{big|𑂣𑂴}} || {{big|𑂣𑂵}} || {{big|𑂣𑂶}} || {{big|𑂣𑂷}} || {{big|𑂣𑂸}} || {{big|𑂣𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂣 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct PRa.svg|100px]]

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RPa.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Pa==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER PA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Pa]]

'''Pa''' ('''𑒣''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi p.svg|13px|P]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham p.svg|x15px|Pa]] ''Pa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Pa with vowel matras
|-
! Pa !! Pā !! Pi !! Pī !! Pu !! Pū !! Pṛ !! Pṝ !! Pḷ !! Pḹ !! Pē !! Pe !! Pai !! Pō !! Po !! Pau !! P
|-
| {{big|𑒣}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒣𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒣𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒣 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct PRa.svg]]
* 𑒣 (p) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature pu:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct Pu.svg]]
* 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature pva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct PVa.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RPa.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature tpa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TPa.svg]]


==Comparison of Pa==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Pa
|devacp = 092A |devaimg = Devanagari प.svg
|bengcp = 09AA |bengimg = Bengali Letter Pa.svg
|tamlcp = 0BAA |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-பப.svg
|telucp = 0C2A
|oryacp = 0B2A
|kndacp = 0CAA
|mlymcp = 0D2A
|gujrcp = 0AAA
|gurucp = 0A2A

|brahcp = 11027 |ashokaimg = Brahmi p.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka p.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad p.svg
|kharcp = 10A24
|siddcp = 115A2 |siddimg = Siddham p.svg
|grancp = 1132A
|tibtcp = 0F54 |tibtimg = Tibetan Pa.svg
|phagcp = A84C
|zanbcp = 11A1E
|newacp = 11425
|bhkscp = 11C22
|shrdcp = 111A5
|mymrcp = 1015
|lanacp = 1A37
|lana2cp = 1A38
|talucp = 19A2
|talu2cp = 1994
|khmrcp = 1794
|laoocp = 0E9A
|laoo2cp = 0E9B
|thaicp = 0E1A
|thai2cp = 0E1B
|tavtcp = AA9C
|tavt2cp = AA9D
|sinhcp = 0DB4
|kalicp = A915
|cakmcp = 1111B
|talecp = 1959
|ahomcp = 11706
|diakcp = 11920
|saurcp = A8A6
|chamcp = AA1A
|modicp = 11622
|nandcp = 119C2
|soyocp = 11A70
|sylocp = A819
|gongcp = 11D85
|kthiimg = Kaithi Pa.svg | kthicp = 110A3
|tirhcp = 114A3
|lepccp = 1C0E
|limbcp = 1910
|mteicp = ABC4
|marccp = 11C7E
|takrcp = 1169E
|dogrcp = 1181E
|khojcp = 1121F
|sindcp = 112D2
|mahjcp = 11168
|multcp = 1129B
|balicp = 1B27
|batkcp = 1BC7
|bugicp = 1A04
|javacp = A9A5
|makacp = 11EE3
|rjngcp = A936
|sundcp = 1B95
|tglgcp = 1709
|tagbcp = 1769
|buhdcp = 1749
|hanocp = 1729
|gonmcp = 11D20
|canscp = 142f
|tochimg = Tocharian letter pa.gif |toch2img = Tocharian letter pà.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi pa.svg
| armiimg = Pe0.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Pa.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana p.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Pa==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Pa
|devacp = 092A |devaimg = Devanagari प.svg
|bengcp = 09AA |bengimg = Bengali Letter Pa.svg
|tamlcp = 0BAA |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-பப.svg
|telucp = 0C2A
|oryacp = 0B2A
|kndacp = 0CAA
|mlymcp = 0D2A
|gujrcp = 0AAA
|gurucp = 0A2A
|iscii = C8

|brahcp = 11027 |ashokaimg = Brahmi p.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka p.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad p.svg
|kharcp = 10A24
|siddcp = 115A2 |siddimg = Siddham p.svg
|grancp = 1132A
|tibtcp = 0F54 |tibtimg = Tibetan Pa.svg
|tibtaltcp = 0FA4
|phagcp = A84C
|zanbcp = 11A1E
|newacp = 11425
|bhkscp = 11C22
|shrdcp = 111A5
|mymrcp = 1015
|burmese notes = See further below for Tai Tham and New Tai Lue codepoints.

|khmrcp = 1794
|laoocp = 0E9A
|laoo2cp = 0E9B
|thaicp = 0E1A
|thai2cp = 0E1B
|tavtcp = AA9C
|tavt2cp = AA9D
|sinhcp = 0DB4
|kalicp = A915
|cakmcp = 1111B
|talecp = 1959
|ahomcp = 11706
|diakcp = 11920
|saurcp = A8A6
|chamcp = AA1A
|modicp = 11622
|nandcp = 119C2
|soyocp = 11A70
|sylocp = A819
|gongcp = 11D85
|kthiimg = Kaithi Pa.svg | kthicp = 110A3
|tirhcp = 114A3
|lepccp = 1C0E
|limbcp = 1910
|mteicp = ABC4
|marccp = 11C7E
|takrcp = 1169E
|dogrcp = 1181E
|khojcp = 1121F
|sindcp = 112D2
|mahjcp = 11168
|multcp = 1129B
|balicp = 1B27
|batkcp = 1BC7
|bugicp = 1A04
|javacp = A9A5
|makacp = 11EE3
|rjngcp = A936
|sundcp = 1B95
|tglgcp = 1709
|tagbcp = 1769
|buhdcp = 1749
|hanocp = 1729
|gonmcp = 11D20
|canscp = 142f
|canscp-I = 1431
|canscp-O = 1433
|canscp-A = 1438
|canscp-X = 1449
|cansletname = p |canscp-1 = 142F-1449 |canscp-2 = 150C |canscp-3 = 18B4-18B6 |canscp-4 = 14D4
|canscp-5 = & 18DC-18DD
}}

{{charmap
| 1 = 1A37
| image1dead =
| name1 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A37}}
| 2 = 1A5D 
| image2dead =
| name2 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A5D}}
| 3 = 1A38 
| image3dead =
| name3 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A38}}
| 4 = 19A2 
| image4dead =
| name4 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|19A2}}
| 5 = 19A5 
| image5dead =
| name5 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|19A5}}
| 6 = 19C7 
| image6dead =
| name6 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|19C7}}
| 7 = 1994 
| image7dead =
| name7 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1994}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

{{Devanagari_abugida}}
{{Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pa (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Darbar of Aurangzeb

2026-01-04T01:46:25Z

TheHH: Started New Details!

{{Short description|17th-century Mughal painting}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = Darbarscene.jpg
| medium = Opaque watercolor with gold on paper
| height_metric = 19.1
| width_metric = 21.4
| museum = [[Museum of Islamic Art, Doha]]
}}

'''''Darbar of Aurangzeb''''' is a 17th-century [[Mughal painting]]. It depicts the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] holding court under a canopy.

== Background ==
The painting is referred to by many names, including ''Darbar of Aurangzeb'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25818/page/170/mode/2up |title=The Grand Mogul: Imperial Painting in India,1600-1660 |date=1978 |publisher=Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute |pages=171}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux-yDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22darbar+of+aurangzeb%22&pg=PA231 |title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2018-05-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-96813-6 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref> ''Darbar of 'Alamgir''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Stuart Cary |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25951/page/112/mode/2up |title=Imperial mughal painting |date=1978 |publisher=George Braziller, New York |pages=112–113}}</ref>, ''Aurangzeb with his third son, Sultan Azam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kossak |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26hwuIqcJHgC&dq=%22aurangzeb+with+his+third+son%22&pg=PA57 |title=Indian Court Painting, 16th-19th Century |date=1997 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-782-2 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref>, and ''{{'}}Alamgir Enthroned''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8Yk1WrePdE |title=A Rediscovered Mughal Master |date=2021-05-13 |last=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |access-date=2025-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Various dates have been proposed by scholars for the work's composition. Earlier hypotheses by [[Stuart Cary Welch]] and [[Milo C. Beach]] date the painting to around 1660. In these interpretations, the boy in front of the emperor is identified as his son, [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] (b. 1653).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdQDAQAAQBAJ&dq=Darbar+of+Aurangzeb&pg=PA6-IA1 |title=Princes & Painters: In Mughal Delhi 1707-1857 |date=2013-07-15 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-173-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Later scholarship has disagreed with this interpretation. John Seyller dates the work to c. 1681-82. He argues that in Mughal painting, the status of the figures present corresponds to their proximity to the emperor. As such, he argues that Azam Shah must be the adult figure closest to the emperor. The boy in front of the emperor is identified by him as [[Bidar Bakht]], the eldest son of Azam Shah and the favourite grandson of the emperor.<ref name=":3" />

The attribution of this painting has also been disagreed upon, with scholars variously attributing it to [[Bichitr]],<ref name=":1" /> Hashim,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RjwxGMKC9cC&dq=%22darbar+of+aurangzeb%22&pg=PA150 |title=Mughal and Rajput Painting |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40027-5 |language=en}}</ref> and Ilyas Bahadur.<ref name=":3" />

== Description ==
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|Aurangzeb is holding a bird.|left]]
[[File:Azam_Shah_in_the_painting_"Darbar_of_Aurangzeb".jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] is wearing a gauntlet, as if prepared to receive the bird from his father.]]
This ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (also anglicized as ''darbar'') scene takes place under a canopy, against a blue-sky background. The emperor Aurangzeb is seated upon a golden throne, studded with jewels. Behind him is a striped [[bolster]]. He is holding a bird, variously identified as a [[hawk]] or a [[falcon]]. He has with him a shield and a sword. These, along with his trained bird-of-prey, emphasize his martial prowess.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The 63-year-old emperor is the only figure to display no signs of aging.<ref name=":3" />

The figure closest to the emperor, identified as [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]], is wearing a vest made out of golden brocade. He wears a falconer's gauntlet, as if preparing to receive the bird from the emperor. This is a metaphor, symbolizing Azam Shah's status as heir apparent.<ref name=":3" /> The presence of Azam Shah's son [[Bidar Bakht]] before the emperor also points to his elevated status. The boy's liveliness contrasts with the formal portrayal of the other figures.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

To the left of Azam Shah is his elder brother [[Bahadur Shah I|Mu'azzam]], who has a characteristic white streak in his beard. Finally, at the far left is [[Shaista Khan]], an important nobleman and uncle to the emperor.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Behind the emperor's throne is the prince [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]]. Holding a [[fly-whisk]], he is depicted as an adolescent, with a hint of a moustache forming above his lips. On the far right is Ashraf Khan, a nobleman who served as paymaster general.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==
[[Stuart Cary Welch]] calls the work "of stunning quality", and notes that despite Aurangzeb's aversion to art as a result of his religiosity, some of the best Mughal paintings were made during his reign.<ref name=":1" /> John Seyller says that the painting has become "''the'' iconic image of [[Aurangzeb|Alamgir]] and his reign".<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:17th-century paintings]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Watercolor paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in Qatar]]

Project Himank

2025-12-26T09:09:19Z

TheHH: adding new article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Civil infrastructure project in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Himank
| image =
| caption =
| nickname = The Mountain Tamers
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985|12|04}}
| country = {{IND}}
| type = [[Army]], [[Engineering]]
| role = To construct and maintain motorable roads in Ladakh along the [[Line of Actual Control]]
| garrison = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| anniversaries = Raising Day: 05 December; BRO Day: 7 May
| motto = Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam
| website = [https://bro.gov.in bro.gov.in]
| commander1 = Lt. Gen.
Raghu Srinivasan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=India Today |date=October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024022437/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| commander1_label = [[Director general|Director General]]
| commander2 = Brigadier Vishal Srivastava <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegation comprising officials from MoRTH, Project Himank calls on Hon'ble Lt Governor Brig (Dr) BD Mishra (Retd. {{!}} The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India |url=https://ladakh.nic.in/delegation-comprising-officials-from-morth-project-himank-calls-on-honble-lt-governor-brig-dr-bd-mishra-retd/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| commander2_label = Chief Engineer
}}
'''Himank''', also known as '''Project HIMANK''' is a project of the [[Border Roads Organisation]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of India. It was established in August 1985 to facilitate the construction of road infrastructure in Ladakh and parts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under the [[India–China Border Roads]] project. The project is also involved in providing all year access to military bases and outposts in [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen glacier]], along the [[Line of actual control]] and areas near the [[Pangong Tso]] lake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himank |url=http://bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=39&cat_id=2 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Border Roads Organisation |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701223023/http://bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=39&cat_id=2 }}</ref>

It has constructed the highest motorable road in the world at Umling La at height of {{convert|19300|ft|m}} along with roads in [[Khardung La]], [[Tanglang La]] and [[Chang La]]. The project also provided access from Leh to [[Kargil]] during the [[Kargil War]] in May 1999. Its work in some locations is constrained to only a few months in a year due to extreme climatic conditions. The project undertakes [[Snow removal|snow clearance]] works every year to keep major roads in strategic area in Ladakh open during winters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Reeta |date=2002-10-26 |title=Land of passess made passable |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021026/windows/main1.htm |access-date=2023-12-05 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022075404/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021026/windows/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2023-03-25 |title=Border Roads Organisation opens Leh-Manali Highway in 138 days |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/03/26/border-roads-organisation-opens-leh-manali-highway-in-138-days/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326012440/https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/03/26/border-roads-organisation-opens-leh-manali-highway-in-138-days/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Command structure==
[[File:Himank - Drive slow.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Drive Slow sign by Himank in the Nubra Valley, Ladakh, India.]]
The project is divided mainly into the 16th task force, 753rd task force and 50th task forces which facilitates works in the areas of [[Spituk]], [[Thiksey]] and [[Durbuk|Durbok]] respectively. Both of these task forces include numerous [[Company (military unit)|companies]] which in turn include [[platoon]]s and [[Detachment (military)|detachments]]. Project Himank is led by a Chief Engineer of [[Brigadier]] rank. The task forces are headed by a [[commander]] of [[Colonel]] rank, while the companies are headed by an [[officer commanding]], usually of [[Major (rank)|Major]] rank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eProcurement System Government of India |url=https://eprocure.gov.in/eprocure/app?component=$DirectLink&page=FrontEndViewTender&service=direct&sp=SsAXIXpvZAuEBFBfQig80uA== |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=eprocure.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yumpu.com |title=CA NO CDR 753 BRTF/ /2011-12 - Border Roads Organisation |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/31453516/ca-no-cdr-753-brtf-2011-12-border-roads-organisation |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=yumpu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Border Roads Organisation 755 BRTF/PROJ HIMANK/BRO, Hanle, Ladakh (UT) and GREF/50 BRTF/ PROJ HIMANK/BRO, Durbuk, Ladakh (UT) - Alma Times |url=https://almatimes.in/border-roads-organisation-755-brtf-proj-himank-bro-hanle-ladakh-ut-and-gref-50-brtf-proj-himank-bro-durbuk-ladakh-ut/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Major works==
The project has connected numerous villages and townships including [[Umling La|Chisumle]] and [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] with the highest motorable Umling La road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2017-11-02 |title=BRO builds world's highest motorable road in Ladakh at 19,300 feet |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/YpojBHOzLBVypMDOylGPXJ/BRO-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-in-Ladakh-at-1930.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the project constructed two strategic bridges namely the Himank Setu and Tsultak Bridge across the Shyok river and Phiya Lung Nallah respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-18 |title=Taming of the Shyok: BRO constructs Himank Setu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/taming-of-the-shyok-bro-constructs-himank-setu/articleshow/53264686.cms |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205113356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/taming-of-the-shyok-bro-constructs-himank-setu/articleshow/53264686.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2016-08-21 |title=BRO constructs bridge on Phiya Lung Nallah |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bro-constructs-bridge-phiya-lung-nallah/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212185956/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bro-constructs-bridge-phiya-lung-nallah/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The project has constructed and maintains the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]] which leads to [[Daulat Beg Oldi]], a military base along the line of actual control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Explained: The strategic road to DBO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lac-stand-off-india-china-darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-dsdbo-road-6452997/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611003958/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lac-stand-off-india-china-darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-dsdbo-road-6452997/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The construction of a new tunnel along the DBO road is also under progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Exclusive: भारत और चीन के बीच तवांग में हुए संघर्ष के बाद बॉर्डर रोड ऑर्गेनाइजेशन का प्लान 2023 |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/border-road-organization-plan-2023-after-the-conflict-between-india-and-china-in-tawang-article-96740884 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128080628/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/border-road-organization-plan-2023-after-the-conflict-between-india-and-china-in-tawang-article-96740884 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9886029359-Landmark.pdf|title=Achievements of West Dte during the F/Y 2016-17|access-date=2023-12-05|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072329/http://www.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9886029359-Landmark.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The construction of the [[Sasoma–Saser La Road]] on the [[Siachen glacier]] and Likaru-[[Mig La]]-Fukche road at an altitude of {{convert|19400|ft|m}} is also underway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=In Ladakh, construction for world's new highest motorable road begins. Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-ladakh-construction-for-worlds-new-highest-motorable-road-begins-details-101692411157867.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915190706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-ladakh-construction-for-worlds-new-highest-motorable-road-begins-details-101692411157867.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The construction is possible for a short period of time every year due to extreme cold and geographical challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=World's First Galciated Motorable Road Being Laid in Ladakh by BRO Amid Extreme Weather Conditions |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/worlds-first-galciated-motorable-road-being-laid-in-ladakh-amid-extreme-weather-conditions-by-bro-1942829.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609091851/https://www.news18.com/news/india/worlds-first-galciated-motorable-road-being-laid-in-ladakh-amid-extreme-weather-conditions-by-bro-1942829.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The project has also experimented the construction of plastic roads using waste [[low-density polyethylene]], [[high-density polyethylene]], [[polyethylene terephthalate]], and [[polyurethane]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=sbmgramin |date=2023-08-28 |title=Ladakh provides plastic waste to Project Himank |url=https://sbmgramin.wordpress.com/2023/08/28/ladakh-provides-plastic-waste-to-project-himank/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Swachh Bharat (Grameen) |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902093232/https://sbmgramin.wordpress.com/2023/08/28/ladakh-provides-plastic-waste-to-project-himank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The project is also constructing a [[Construction 3D printing|3D printed]] air despatch unit in [[Chandigarh airport]] which aims to provide logistical support to the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=BRO DG inspects construction of air dispatch unit touted to be 'world's largest 3D concrete printed campus' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/punjab/bro-dg-inspects-construction-of-air-dispatch-unit-touted-to-be-worlds-largest-3d-concrete-printed-campus-2698942 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205113309/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/punjab/bro-dg-inspects-construction-of-air-dispatch-unit-touted-to-be-worlds-largest-3d-concrete-printed-campus-2698942 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Road signs==
Project HIMANK is known to install humorous road signs along roads in Ladakh, photos of which are the subject of the book ''Peep Peep Don't Sleep''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-12 |title=20 Ridiculously Witty Road Signs You Will See On The Way To Ladakh |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/witty-road-signs/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331072059/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/witty-road-signs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Ajay |title=Peep peep, don't sleep |last2=Dubey |first2=Nimish |date=2008 |publisher=Kunzum, travel imprint of TCP Media Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-906007-2-9 |edition=1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Signboards, notably those in the [[Nubra Valley]], offer philosophical statements from singer [[Patti LaBelle#LaBelle as Philosopher|Patti LaBelle]], French author [[Jules Renard]], singer-songwriter [[Jimmy Buffett]] and early Zionist [[Jessie Sampter]].

==Photo gallery==
{{Commons category|Himank road signs}}
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=250
|height=200
|align=center
[[File:Peep, Peep - Don't Sleep. Sign in Ladakh. 2010.jpg|thumb|]]
|File:Jules Renard quotation on Himank BRO sign board in the Nubra Valley, Ladakh, Northern India.JPG|
|File:Jessie Sampter quotation on Himank BRO sign board in the Nubra Valley, Ladakh, Northern India.JPG|
|File:Jimmy Buffett Himank BRO sign in Nubra Valley, Ladakh, Northern India.jpg|
|File:Himank - God is One.jpg|
|File:After Whiskey Driving Risky. Jispa to Leh.jpg|
|File:If Married Divorce Speed. Ladakh.jpg|
|File:Peep, Peep - Don't Sleep. Sign in Ladakh. 2010.jpg|
}}

==See also==
*[[Project Vartak]]
*[[Project Dantak]]
*[[Project Shivalik]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Government agencies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Transport in Ladakh]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Border Roads Organisation]]

Samir Deb Sarkar

2025-12-03T21:35:59Z

TheHH: creating pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samir Deb Sarkar
| image = Aghore Debbarma lighting the lamp for inauguration of the Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, organized by the PIB, at Khowai, West Tripura. Shri Samir Deb Sarkar, MLA, the Sub-divisional Magistrate, Khowai.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Khowai]]
| assembly = [[khowai assembly constituency]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| profession = [[Social Activist]]
| education = [[Graduation|Graduate]]
| party = CPI(M)
}}

'''Samir Deb Sarkar''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khowai Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2016-08-28 |title=CPI(M) MLA Samir Deb Sarkar passes away |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cpi-m-mla-samir-deb-sarkar-passes-away-116082800546_1.html |access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samir Deb Sarkar: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Samir Deb Sarkar {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/samir-deb-sarkar |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samir Deb Sarkar(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- KHOWAI(KHOWAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/tripura2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=97 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dasarath Deb]]
*[[Arun Kumar Kar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1983–1988]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Muri, Ranchi

2025-12-01T04:29:40Z

TheHH: general cleanup intro for accuracy and fixed typos

{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3845|85.8616|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.717
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12744
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835101
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06522
| registration_plate = JH 1
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 85.45%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Muri''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Silli block|Silli]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is an important railway junction and is famous for Hindalco's alumina refinery.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
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|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
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|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
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|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29= Muri (CT) |shape-color29=black| label-size29=13|label-color29=black 
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
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|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
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|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
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|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Muri is located at {{coord|23.3845|85.8616|display=inline}}.

Muri is also divided into two parts Chota Muri and Bara Muri. It is located on the bank of [[Subarnarekha River]] and its tributary river Orang Gadda. There are many parks like Muri Tungri Park, Deer Park, Audio Visual Park, Ambedkar Park are located here.

The [[Subarnarekha River]] forms the boundary with Purulia district in West Bengal before flowing through [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 11: Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://purulia.gov.in/services/notice/general/LR_2.pdf |title = Purulia District, West Bengal: District Survey Report | work= Page 11: Physiography of the district |publisher= RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. | access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Muri had a total population of 12,744, of which 6,589 (52%) were males and 6.155 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,524. The total number of literate persons in Muri was 9,588 (85.45% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373896, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Muri had a population of 11,999. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Muri has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 62%. In Muri, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = righ
|caption = Languages spoken in Muri Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value1=39.6
|color1 =brown
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 32.1
|color2 =orange
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value3 = 16.38
|color3 =red
|label4 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value4 = 2.16
|color4 =green
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value5 = 2.12
|color5 =yellow
|label6 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value6 =1.29
|color6 =blue
|label7= Others
|value7= 6.27
|color7 =black
}}

==Civic administration==
===Police outpost===
There is a police outpost at Muri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title= District Police Profile - Ranchi |publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Indal High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1948. It has facilitated for teaching from class I to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 4,000 books, and has 15 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20141113102/indal-high-school-+2-muri.html | title = Indal High School +2 Muri| publisher = Schools.0rg.in | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>

Ursuline English-medium School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1971. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground, a library with 6,000 books, and has 26 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20141113103/ursuline-english-medium-school-muri.html | title = Ursuline English Medium School Muri | publisher = Schools.org.in| access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>

Adarsh High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational school established in 1969. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. It has a library with 486 books and has 4 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20141108210/adarsh-high-school-chhota-muri-un-recgn.html | title = Adarsh High School Chhota Muri (Un recgn) | publisher = Schools.org.in | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>

Silli College, established in 1980 at [[Silli]], is affiliated with [[Ranchi University]] and offers courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sillicollegesilli.org/ | title = Silli College, Silli | publisher = SC | access-date = 9 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/33272-silli-college-silli | title = Silli College, Silli, Ranchi | publisher = TargetAdmission | access-date = 9 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021}}</ref>

==Industry==
India’s first [[List of alumina refineries|alumina refinery]] was commissioned at Chota Muri, 65 km from [[Ranchi]], by the erstwhile Indian Aluminium Company in 1948. It was taken over by the [[Hindalco Industries]] of the [[Aditya Birla Group]] in 2005. The initial capacity of the aluminium refinery at 4 KPTA has been raised to 450 KPTA. There is a captive coal-based cogeneration power plant.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindalco.com/operations/alumina-refining/muri | title = Muri | publisher = Hindalco | access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Muri covered an area of 5.717 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 25 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated source, uncovered well, overhead tank. It had 1,799 domestic electric connections, 210 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 2 maternity homes, 1 nursing home, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 7 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at [[Silli]] 5 km away. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre. Three important commodities it produced were aluminium powder, bamboo items, leaf plate. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks, 1 agricultural credit society, 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Muri Junction railway station]] is on the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title = 58023 Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref> There are stations at Muri and [[Silli]] on the [[Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/ranchi-dhanbad-passenger-53336/8165/383/378 | title= 5336 Ranchi-Dhanbad Passenger| work = Time Table | publisher = Indiarailinfo | access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref>

[[State Highway 1 (Jharkhand)|State Highway 1]] (Ranchi-Silli-Muri Road), an important roadway in Ranchi district, passes through Muri.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 15 Transport| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Vishaal Mall

2025-10-29T02:23:20Z

TheHH: creating info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{infobox shopping mall
| name = Vishaal Mall
| caption = Vishaal Mall
| location = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.938108|78.136155|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = April, 2012<ref name='Madurai Malls'/>
| developer = R. Ilankovan, CMD, Vishaal Promoters Pvt Ltd
| address = Gokhale Rd, Chockikulam, Madurai
| floor_area = {{cvt|220000|sqft}}<ref name='Madurai Malls'>{{cite web|title=Madurai Malls|url=https://threebestrated.in/shopping-malls-in-madurai-tn}}</ref>
| architect = Mayilvahanan
| number_of_stores = 200
| parking =
| floors = 4
| website = {{url|https://vishaalmall.com}}
}}

'''Vishaal Mall''' is a shopping mall in the city of [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the 20th large format mall in southern Tamil Nadu and the city's first integrated multi-utility mall.

==About the mall==
The Rs. 75 crores project, which took more than two years to complete, has a gross leasable area of {{convert|220000|sqft}}.<ref name='Madurai Malls'/> The mall has a {{convert|10000|sqft}} play area with games like [[Bumper cars|dashing cars]] and [[bowling]]. It has a {{convert|12000|sqft}} [[food court]], which includes Mary brown. The mall houses [[department store]]s, [[apparel]] and [[jewelry]] shops.

The mall houses has India's first 7D+ experience Theater.

The mall has another Theater with five [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] screens with a total capacity of 1302 (the screens have 166, 178, 350, 318, and 290 seats respectively). It has a parking capacity of about 150 cars.

==See also==
* [[List of shopping malls in India]]
* [[List of shopping malls in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|author=A. Shrikumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article3258285.ece |title=Cities / Madurai : Mall de Madurai |publisher=The Hindu |date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2012-05-05}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.vishaalpromoters.com/aboutvishaalmall.htm |title=Vishaal Promoters |publisher=Vishaal Promoters |access-date=2012-05-05}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://vishaaldemall.com/ |title=Vishaal Mall |publisher=Vishaal Mall|date=2015-10-17 |access-date=2025-10-17}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.vishaaldemal.com/Default.aspx |title=Vishaal Mall |publisher=Vishaal Mall|date=2012-03-28 |access-date=2012-05-05}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.madurai247.com/2012/03/vishaal-de-mal-new-pride-of-madurai.html |title=Made in Madurai: Vishaal De Mal - a new Pride of Madurai - Entertainment & Shopping in Madurai |publisher=Madurai247.com |date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2012-05-05}}
*https://in.bookmyshow.com/madurai/cinemas/inox-vishaal-de-mall/INVS for booking tickets online.

[[Category:Shopping malls in Madurai]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Vira Sathidar

2025-10-27T12:32:03Z

TheHH: creating new article

{{Short description|Indian actor, poet, editor, and Dalit rights activist (1958–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vira Sathidar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|6|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Parsodi, Maharashtra, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|13|1958|6|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|singer|actor| editor|activist}}
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| notable_works = ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]'' (2014)
}}

'''Vira Sathidar''' (7 June 1958 – 13 April 2021) was an Indian poet, actor, editor, and Dalit rights activist known for his lifelong struggle against caste oppression and systemic injustice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=5 May 2021 |title=Vira Sathidar, Cultural Figure Who Fought India's Caste System, Dies at 62 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/obituaries/vira-sathidar-dead-coronavirus.html |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He gained international recognition for playing the lead role in the 2014 Marathi-language film ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]'', which won several awards globally, including the Best Feature Film at the [[National Film Awards]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haygunde |first=Chandan Shantaram |date=17 April 2015 |title=Court lead actor says film gave his activism a boost, will continue fight against justice delivery system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/court-lead-actor-says-film-gave-his-activism-a-boost-will-continue-fight-against-justice-delivery-system/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=9 April 2015 |title=Not everyone wins 18 global and national awards for their debut film. Chaitanya Tamhane, 28, has taken the festival circuit by storm with his gripping Court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20150420-chaitanya-tamhane-court-cinema-director-818128-2015-04-09 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vira Sathidar was born as Vijay Vairagade on 7 June 1958, in the village of Parsodi, near [[Nagpur]], to Rauf and Gangubai Sathidar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2021 |title=Nagpur mourns passing away of Vira Sathidar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-mourns-passing-away-of-vira-sathidar/articleshow/82055773.cms |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Vira was born as Vijay Vairagade in Parsodi village near Butibori to a father who used to work as a porter at Nagpur railway station, while his mother was a construction labourer.}}</ref> In an interview with the ''Indian Cultural Forum'', he spoke about growing up amid layers of caste-based discrimination. Sathidar also credited Ambedkarite cultural influences as a major part of his upbringing, citing inspiration from the songs of Dalit poets and singers such as [[Vaman Kardak|Vamandada Kardak]], Nagorao Patankar, Govindrao Mhashilkar, and Laxman Rajguru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingole |first=Prashant |date=9 May 2021 |title=There was more to Vira Sathidar than 'Court'. He fought caste with theatre for 40 years |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/there-was-more-to-vira-sathidar-than-court-he-fought-caste-with-theatre-for-40-years/655054/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=In an interview with Indian Cultural Forum, Sathidar mentioned how he grew up experiencing layers of casteism and recounted his childhood memories of the Republican Party of India allying with socialists and Communists in their fight for people’s land rights. He was also inspired by the songs of Ambedkarite singers like Vamandada Kardak, Nagorao Patankar, Govindrao Mhashilkar and Laxman Rajguru.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2017 |title=Living Ambedkar Jayanti: In Conversation With Vira Sathidar {{!}} NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/living-ambedkar-jayanti-conversation-vira-sathidar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006155640/https://www.newsclick.in/living-ambedkar-jayanti-conversation-vira-sathidar |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=NewsClick |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Living Ambedkar Jayanti: In conversation with Vira Sathidar |url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2017/04/12/living-ambedkar-jayanti-in-conversation-with-vira-sathidar/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Indian Cultural Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Throughout his life, Sathidar actively participated in anti-caste movements. He served as the convener of [[Indian People's Theatre Association|Indian People’s Theatre Association]] (IPTA) and was the editor of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] magazine ''Vidrohi''. He also authored the book titled ''Sanvidhan Va Lokshahi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=13 April 2021 |title=Who Was 'Court' Actor and Ambedkarite Activist Vira Sathidar? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/who-was-court-actor-and-anti-caste-activist-vira-sathidar#read-more |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=TheQuint |language=en |quote=Vira Sathidar was an active participant in the Ambedkarite movement in Maharashtra, mostly inspired by his childhood experiences. The Convener of Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA) and editor of the Marathi magazine Vidrohi, Sathidar was a staunch anti-caste activist and poet. He also authored the book Sanvidhan Va Lokshahi.}}</ref>

In the 2014 Marathi-language [[legal drama]] Court, Sathidar portrayed Narayan Kamble, a poet and singer accused of inciting the suicide of a manual scavenger through one of his folk songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=13 April 2021 |title='Court' actor Vira Sathidar passes away, due to COVID-19 related complications |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/court-actor-vira-sathidar-passes-away-due-to-covid-19-related-complications/article34309041.ece |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=13 April 2021 |title=Activist, 'Court' actor Vira Sathidar dies of coronavirus at 62 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/992150/activist-court-actor-vira-sathidar-dies-of-coronavirus |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Suryasarathi |date=19 April 2021 |title=Chaitanya Tamhane on the death of his Court actor Vira Sathidar: 'It's a collective loss for society' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/chaitanya-tamhane-on-the-death-of-his-court-actor-vira-sathidar-its-a-collective-loss-for-society-9537151.html |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The film received widespread critical acclaim and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Sathidar's performance as Narayan Kamble was praised for its realism, closely mirroring his real life activism which brought authenticity to the role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Pradeep |date=14 April 2021 |title=Vira Sathidar's role in Chaitanya Tamhane's Court mirrored the actor's BR Ambedkar-like figure and anti-caste politics |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vira-sathidars-role-in-chaitanya-tamhanes-court-mirrored-the-actors-br-ambedkar-like-figure-and-anti-caste-politics-9527691.html |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=13 November 2015 |title=Journey with 'Court' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vira-sathidar-on-his-role-in-the-awardwinning-movie-court-and-his-fight-against-the-system/article7872826.ece |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Apart from Court, Sathidar also appeared in other films and short films, including a role in the 2021 Marathi film ''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Actor Vira Sathidar Dies Of Coronavirus At 62 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/court-actor-vira-sathidar-dies-of-coronavirus-at-62-2412695 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2021 |title=Court actor Vira Sathidar dies of Covid-19 related complications |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/court-actor-vira-sathidar-dead-of-covid-19-related-complications-101618295456533.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=6 January 2022 |title=Marathi film Jayanti completes 50 days in cinemas; enjoys a 9.8 rating on IMDb |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/marathi-film-jayanti-completes-50-days-in-cinemas-enjoys-a-9-8-rating-on-imdb/796855/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sathidar died of complications of Covid-19 on 13 April 2021 at a hospital in Nagpur, [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Sudhir Dhawale]]
* [[Dalit Panthers]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathidar, Vira}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Rainfall in Karnataka

2025-10-13T15:44:23Z

TheHH: adding basic details with sources

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Jogmonsoon.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Heavy rains show the full might of [[Jog Falls]] in [[Shimog district]]]]

The state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]] experiences diverse rainfall quantities across its regions. While [[Malnad]] and [[Kanara|Coastal]] Karnataka receive copious amount of rainfall; its north [[Bayaluseemae]] region in the [[Deccan Plateau]] is one of the most arid regions in the country. Most of the rains received in the state is during the [[monsoon]] season. Being an agrarian economy with a large percentage of its citizens engaged in agriculture, the failure of rains can have a crippling effect on the economy of the state. Apart from the benefits in agriculture, the [[Government of Karnataka]] has tried to avail other benefits of rainfall using scientific methods. An example of this is the project, ''Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Karnataka'' which is initiated by the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology and is one of the largest [[rainwater harvesting]] projects in the world.<ref name="rh">{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan252007/161.pdf|work=Current Science, VOL. 92, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2007|publisher=Online webpage of Indian Academy of Sciences|author=A. R. Shivakumar|title=World's largest rainwater harvesting project in Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-25}}</ref> [[Agumbe]] in the [[Shimoga district]], [[Amagaon]] in [[Belgaum|Belgaum District]], [[Hulikal]] again in Shimoga district and [[Talakaveri]] in [[Madikeri]] are some of the known places with the highest annual rainfall in South India. Of this Amagaon has received over 10000 mm rain fall twice in 10 years. Naravi is a village in Belthangady taluk also a highest raining village in karnataka but scientifically not recorded.

[[Agumbe]] and [[Hulikal]] in Shivamogga District of Western Ghat region is considered as "Cheerapunji of South India" but still some places in Western Ghats region had resulted much more rainfall than these two villages. [[Amagaon]] in Belgaum District recorded magical number of 10,068mm in the year 2010, Mundrote in [[Kodagu district]] recorded 9974mm in the year 2011.

The table below compares rainfall between Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluk in Shimoga district, Hulikal in Hosanagara taluk in Shimoga district, Amagaon in Khanapur Taluk in Belgaum district and Talacauvery and Mundrote in Madikeri taluk in Kodagu district, Kokalli of Sirsi Taluk, Nilkund of Siddapur Taluk, CastleRock of Supa (Joida) Taluk in Uttara Kannada District, Kollur in Udupi District to show which one can be called the "[[Cherrapunji]] of South India".
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Hulikal Rainfall (mm)
! Agumbe Rainfall (mm)
! Amagaon Rainfall (mm)
! Talacauvery Rainfall (mm) <ref>Amagaon has got over 10,000 mm annual rainfall twice in the five years (2006-2010). The exact amount of rainfall is not available. See [http://www.deccanherald.com/pages.php?id=271493 Amagaon is now Cherrapunji of South] from ''DeccanHerald.com'' accessed 23 March 2013</ref>
!Kokalli Rainfall (mm)
!Nilkund Rainfall (mm)
!Castle Rock Rainfall (mm)
!Mundrote Rainfall (mm)
!Kollur Rainfall (mm)
|-
| 2017
| 5,700
| 6,311
| 4,733
| 5,859
|3130
|4981
|5560
|1002
|5203
|-
| 2016
| 5,721
| 6,449
| 4,705
| 5,430
|2682
|4655
|4968
|1458
|3496
|-
| 2015
| 6,035
| 5,518
| 4,013
| 5,319
|2730
|4367
|3667
|3143
|4254
|-
| 2014
| 7,907
| 7,917
| 5,580
| 7,844
|8746
|6710
|5956
|5566
|3308
|-
| 2013
| 9,383
| 8,770
| 8,440
| 8,628
|4464
|7082
|3667
|7199
|6614
|-
| 2012
| 8,409
| 6,933
| 5,987
| 5,722
|5036
|5398
|6165
|3727
|6715
|-
| 2011
| 8,523
| 7,921
| 9,368
| 6,855
|4437
|6593
|7083
|9974
|7083
|-
| 2010
| 7,717
| 6,929
| 10,068
| 6,794
|4002
| -
| -
|5042
|7685
|-
| 2009
| 8,357
| 7,982
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| 2008
| 7,115
| 7,199
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| 2007
| 9,038
| 8,255
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| 2006
| 8,656
| 8,457
| -
| -
| -<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Govt of Karnataka Rainfall Statistics (Kokalli)|website=DES|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/|title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126191613/http://des.kar.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| -
| -
|
|
|}

The following were the top 5 places that recorded highest rainfall in statistics [2010-2017] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Kokalli (Ajjimane)|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Amagaon|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030241/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Mundrote|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130053/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Agumbe and Hulikal|website=DES karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224014057/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Hobli/Village
!District
!Taluk
!Year
!Rainfall in mm
!Elevation in metres
|-
|1
|[[Amagaon]]
|[[Belgaum district]]
|[[Khanapur]]
|2010
|10,068
|785
|-
|2
|Mundrote
|[[Kodagu district]]/[[Coorg District]]
|[[Madikeri]]
|2011
|9,974
|585
|-
|3
|[[Hulikal]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|[[Hosanagara]]
|2013
|9,383
|614
|-
|4
|[[Agumbe]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|[[Thirthahalli]]
|2013
|8,770
|643
|-
|5
|Kokalli/Kakalli
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|2014
|8,746
|780
|}The following places recorded highest rainfall with respect to each year [2010-2017]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Place
!Taluk
!District
!Rainfall in mm
!Elevation
|-
|2017
|[[Agumbe]]
|[[Thirthahalli]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|6,311
|634
|-
|2016
|Agumbe
|[[Thirthahalli]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|6,449
|634
|-
|2015
|Hulikal
|[[Hosanagara]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|6,035
|614
|-
|2014
|Kokalli
|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|8,746
|780
|-
|2013
|Hulikal
|[[Hosanagara]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|9,383
|614
|-
|2012
|Hulikal
|[[Hosanagara]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|8,409
|614
|-
|2011
|Mundrote
|[[Madikeri]]
|[[Kodagu district]]
|9,974
|585
|-
|2010
|Amagaon
|[[Khanapur]]
|[[Belgaum district]]
|10,068
|785
|}
 
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Govt of Karnataka Rainfall Statistics (Kokalli)|website=DES|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/|title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka|website=DES Karanataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126191613/http://des.kar.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Kokalli (Ajjimane)|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Amagaon|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030241/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Mundrote|website=DES Karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130053/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf|title=Rainfall Statistics for Agumbe and Hulikal|website=DES karnataka|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224014057/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Importance==
The economy of Karnataka is mainly agrarian and most of it is dependent on the rainfall; mainly the [[southwest monsoon]]. The extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan.<ref name="excel">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf|title=Karnataka Human Development Report 2005|work=Online webpage of the Planning Commission|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref> Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900 km²) is subjected to [[irrigation]] and hence the rest of the cultivated land is entirely dependent on rainfall.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|title=Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006|work=Online webpage of Department of Agriculture|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-26|archive-date=15 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rainfall also influences the quantity of water available in the rivers which in turn influences the amount of drinking water available to the population and the amount of electricity that can be generated in the [[hydroelectric]] power stations in the state. The importance of rainfall is such that Karnataka sometimes had to resort to costly artificial methods like [[cloud seeding]] in order to induce rain artificially.<ref name="cls">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/21/stories/2003092102930400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040122050656/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/21/stories/2003092102930400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-22|title= Cloud-seeding experts counsel patience|author=B Chandrashekhar|date=2003-09-21|access-date=2007-06-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Rainfall is also crucial to recharge the depleting [[ground water]] and Karnataka has come up with innovative methods like [[rainwater harvesting]] in order to solve the drinking [[water scarcity]] in the state.

===Rainwater harvesting===
Karnataka is a pioneer in the concept of [[rainwater harvesting]] with The Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology (KSCST) implementing one of the largest [[rainwater harvesting]] projects in the world. 23683 schools in rural Karnataka were selected for this project with the main goal of providing drinking water by using the method of rooftop harvesting.<ref name="rh"/> In this project, rainwater collected on the rooftop is channeled through a system of [[PVC]] pipes and stored in an enclosed surface tank. The pipeline consists of a first-flush filter which flushes out the first rainfall along with other contaminants that may exist on the roof and then subsequent cleaner rainwater is allowed to pass on to the tank. A sand bed filter is used to further eliminate impurities in the water before it gets collected in the tank.<ref name="rh"/> Further precautions are taken to prevent dust and insects from entering the tank.

==Consequences==

===Deficient rainfall===
A year of deficient rainfall leads to the following consequences:
* Agricultural output will be impacted: While this has a direct impact on the economy of the state, it also leads to other social issues like the suicide of farmers. Due to the crop failure, the farmers would not be in a position to repay the loans they had taken for agriculture and few of them take an extreme step of suicide.<ref name="sui">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2020/stories/20031010003810800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305040617/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2020/stories/20031010003810800.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 March 2010|work=Online webpage of The Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 20, September 27 - October 10, 2003|title=From debt to death|author=Parvathi Menon|publisher= © 2003, Frontline|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>
* Drinking water scarcity: A lot of towns and cities in Karnataka are dependent on rivers for the supply of drinking water and any deficiency in rainfall leads to the lesser amount of drinking water being supplied to the homes.
* Shortage of electricity: Deficient rainfall leads to a drop in the amount of electricity produced by hydroelectric projects and hence drastic measures like compulsory power cuts have to be employed to counter this shortage.<ref name="ls">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/22/stories/2007032214610500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329012743/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/22/stories/2007032214610500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-29|title=Belgaum facing power shortage of 46 mu a month|access-date=2007-06-26|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-03-22}}</ref>

===Excess rainfall===
Heavy rains can lead to a significant loss of life and property and also cause damage to the crops.<ref name="loss">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-24/india/27974757_1_rain-fury-heavy-rains-flash-floods|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126044251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-24/india/27974757_1_rain-fury-heavy-rains-flash-floods|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26|title=Heavy rains in Karnataka, toll climbs to 117|access-date=2007-06-26|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2007-06-24}}</ref> Excess rains also cause an impact in major cities with inundated roads causing traffic jams. An example of this was in the year 2005 when the Madivala lake overflowed on to the [[Hosur Road]] in [[Bangalore]] forcing many schools and offices to close.<ref name="overflow">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/25/stories/2005102509500100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027014342/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/25/stories/2005102509500100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-10-27|title=Bangalorean's water woes continue|access-date=2007-06-26|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-10-25}}</ref>

==Rainfall distribution==
The average annual rainfall in Karnataka is 1248  mm.<ref name="Government of Karnataka">{{cite web|url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/agriprofile/rainfall.htm|work=Online Webpage of the Department of Agriculture|publisher=Government of Karnataka|title=Rainfall|access-date=2007-06-26|archive-date=9 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230358/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/agriprofile/rainfall.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state is divided into three meteorological zones. North Interior Karnataka, South Interior Karnataka, and Coastal Karnataka. Coastal Karnataka with an average annual rainfall of 3456  mm is one of the most rainy regions in the country. Contrasting this, South Interior Karnataka and North Interior Karnataka receive only 1126 and 731  mm of average annual rainfall.<ref name="avg">{{cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/Rainfall.htm|work=Online webpage of Rainwaterharvesting.org|publisher=© Centre for Science & Environment, India|title=Average annual rainfall of the states of India|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>

==Districts==
The average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka varies from {{cvt|562|mm}} in the [[Bagalkot district]] to {{cvt|4119|mm}} in the [[Udupi]] District. [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]] and [[Koppal district|Koppal]] are the districts which receive the least rainfall whereas [[Udupi district|Udupi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Kodagu]], [[Chickmagalur district|Chickmagalur]] and [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]] districts receive the heaviest rainfall.
[[File:Kar rainfall.JPG|400px|right|thumb|Annual Rainfall in Karnataka 1991-2005<ref name="ann">{{cite web|url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Statistics/Rainfall.html|work=Online webpage of the Department of Agriculture|publisher=Government of Karnataka|title=Rainfall statistics|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka<ref name="avg"/>
|-
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=2 | Average annual rainfall
|-
! mm
! inches
|-
| [[Bengaluru Urban]] || {{cvt|978|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bengaluru Rural]] || {{cvt|885|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Chitradurga]] || {{cvt|573|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Davanagere]] || {{cvt|700|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] || {{cvt|744|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Shivamogga]] || {{cvt|1813|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Tumkuru]] || {{cvt|688|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bagalkote]] || {{cvt|562|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Belagavi]] || {{cvt|808|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Vijapura]] || {{cvt|578|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Dharwad District|Dharwad]] || {{cvt|772|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Gadag District|Gadag]] || {{cvt|612|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Haveri District|Haveri]] || {{cvt|753|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Uttara Kannada]] || {{cvt|2835|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bellary]] || {{cvt|636|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bidar]] || {{cvt|847|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Gulbarga]] || {{cvt|777|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Koppal]] || {{cvt|572|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Raichur]] || {{cvt|621|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Chamarajanagar]] || {{cvt|751|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Chikmagaluru]] || {{cvt|1925|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Dakshina Kannada]] || {{cvt|3975|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Hassan District|Hassan]] || {{cvt|1031|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kodagu]] || {{cvt|2718|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Mandya District|Mandya]] || {{cvt|806|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Mysuru]] || {{cvt|798|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Udupi District|Udupi]] || {{cvt|4119|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{portalbar|India|Water}}

[[Category:Environment of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Climate of India]]

Ronald Singh Ngangom

2025-09-27T21:28:19Z

TheHH: adding basic biography needs work!

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Ngangom Ronald Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Ngangom|Ronald|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ronald Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Ronald Singh Ngangom
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|2|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 
| currentclub = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| clubnumber = 10
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2015–2020
| clubs1 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
| caps1 = 4
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2020–2023
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps2 = 16
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 01 April 2022
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Ronald Singh Ngangom''' ({{langx|mni|Ngangom Ronald Singh}}, born 4 February 1997) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for [[FC Bengaluru United]] in the [[I-League 2]].

==Career==
Born in [[Manipur]], Singh began his career with [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] when they were in [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2nd DIV I-LEAGUE: Fateh Hyderabad FC hold NEROCA FC to goalless draw|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport6..151115.nov15|access-date=15 December 2017|work=E-Pao|date=14 November 2015|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215222953/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport6..151115.nov15|location=Imphal|agency=Hueiyen News Service}}</ref> He was part of the NEROCA side that earned promotion from the 2nd Division during the [[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]] season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soham|title=I-League 2017: Neroca FC Squad Analysis — the Debutants Have What it Takes to Succeed in Premier Division|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2017-neroca-fc-squad-analysis-the-debutantes-have/5ovxdrci5bs619p6vrpf57w09|access-date=15 November 2017|work=Goal.com|date=22 November 2017|archive-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126212324/http://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2017-neroca-fc-squad-analysis-the-debutantes-have/5ovxdrci5bs619p6vrpf57w09}}</ref>

On 9 December 2017, Singh made his professional debut with NEROCA in the [[I-League]] against [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]. He came on as an 87th-minute substitute and proceeded to score NEROCA's third goal in the 96th minute as the club won the match 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam 0-3 Neroca|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/09/india/i-league/gokulam/neroca/2683971/|website=Soccerway|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203165501/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/09/india/i-league/gokulam/neroca/2683971/|url-status=live}}</ref> In NEROCA's next match, on 15 December, Singh would again come off the bench and score. He came on as a 77th-minute substitute during their match against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] and then scored the winning goal two minutes into stoppage time to give NEROCA a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neroca 2-1 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/15/india/i-league/neroca/chennai-city/2683977/|website=Soccerway|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217195108/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/15/india/i-league/neroca/chennai-city/2683977/?|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|1 April 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|ngangom-ronald/525039}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3"|[[I-League]]||4||2||0||0||0||0||—||—||4||2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
||11||1||0||0||3{{efn|name=A|Appearances in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0||—||—||14||1
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]}}
||5||1||0||0||7{{efn|name=A|Appearances in [[IFA Shield]]}}{{efn|name=B|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||3||0||0||12||4
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!16!!2!!0!!0!!10!!3!!0!!0!!26!!5
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!20!!4!!0!!0!!10!!3!!0!!0!!30!!7
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''NEROCA'''
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[I-League]]: [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala FC Stage Sensational Comeback To Win Maiden I-League Title vs TRAU|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-gokulam-kerala-fc-stage-sensational-comeback-to-win-maiden-i-league-title-vs-trau/378463|website=Outlook India|date=27 March 2021 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327145335/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-gokulam-kerala-fc-stage-sensational-comeback-to-win-maiden-i-league-title-vs-trau/378463|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|title=Gokulam Kerala 2-1 Mohammedan SC Highlights: GKFC becomes 1st club in 15 years to defend the I-League|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|first=21:22 IST|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160659/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|archive-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/28633?type=club AIFF profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngangom, Ronald Singh}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:NEROCA FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:FC Bengaluru United players]]

Terna Dam

2025-09-27T12:32:41Z

TheHH: creating new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Terna Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Terna Dam D01221
| dam_crosses = Terna river
| location = Osmanabad
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2651|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|186|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1970<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Terna_D01221 | title=Terna D01221 | accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|18630|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|380|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.329265|76.1203623|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Terna Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on [[Terna River|Terna river]] near [[Osmanabad]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2651|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|186|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|22910.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
The main purpose of the dam is to supply water for irrigation and domestic purpose to nearby villages. Earlier, it supplied water to Osmanabad city.

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Shrinivasa Varakhedi

2025-08-25T10:23:58Z

TheHH: creating new post.

{{short description|Indian academic}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2018|blp=yes}}

'''Shrinivasa Varakhedi''' is an Indian [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit scholar]], academic and [[Academic administration|education administrator]] who is currently serving as the Vice Chancellor of [[Central Sanskrit University|Central Sanskrit University, New Delhi]]. Formerly, he also served as VC of [[Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University]] and as Acting VC of [[Karnataka Samskrit University|Karnataka Samskrit University, Bangalore]] and [[Gondwana University|Gondwana University, Gadchiroli]]. Varakhedi has been awarded the [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman|Maharshi Badarayan Vyas Samman]] by the [[President of India]] for contributions in interdisciplinary research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksu.ac.in/en/faculty/faculty-of-shastras/dean/|title=Prof.Srinivasa Varakhedi, Ph.D|publisher=Karnataka Samskrit University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/board_of_management.php |title=Board of Management |website=www.sanskrit.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623190434/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/board_of_management.php |archive-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>

==Career==
After taking a post-graduate Vidwaduttama degree in [[Navya Nyaya]] at the [[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha]] in Bengaluru, which he passed with a 1st rank, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|Language Technology Research Center, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], in 1998 as a researcher.

He went on to become an Assistant Professor of Navya Nyaya at Poornaprajna Vidyapeetham, and later on to teach [[computational linguistics]] at the [[National Sanskrit University|Rashtriya Samskrit Vidyapeetha]] in Tirupati. He worked as Director in Sanskrit Academy, Osmania University, Hyderabad from Feb 2007 to 2011. Later he served as Director of Karnataka State Sanskrit Education till 2013. He was then appointed as Professor in the faculty of shashtras in Karnataka Samskrit University. He served as Dean, Director of PG studies and Research, Registrar in charge in the same university.

He did his PhD Vidyavaridhi at the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] in representing Navy Nyaya in modern technology schemes, under the guidance of Prof. Haridasa Bhat.

==Research areas & publications==
He has published in the areas of computational linguistics, Sanskrit literature, darshana shastra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=LxzKkmUAAAAJ&hl=en
|title=Google scholar citations |accessdate=2018-04-11}}</ref> Some of them are :

;English

*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o-CxDwAAQBAJ The Path of Proofs - Pramanapaddhati of Sri Jayatirtha]'', 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mup.manipal.edu/product/the-path-of-proofs-pramanapaddhati-of-sri-jayatirtha/|title=The Path of Proofs – Pramanapaddhati of Sri Jayatirtha|date=22 February 2020|publisher=Manipal University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dvaita dairies|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-dvaita-diaries/article2973921.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 March 2012}}</ref> {{ISBN|9788192275901}}

==Honours & Distinctions==
* Created the structure to the newly set up Directorate for Sanskrit Education in Karnataka State during 2010 - 2011
* Member of the committee for the Vision & Roadmap for the development of Sanskrit, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Promotion_Policy/2016_02_12_Vision_and_Road_Map_for_the_Development_of_Sanskrit_Ten_year_perspective_Plan.#page/n1/mode/2up
|title=Sanskrit promotion policy document |accessdate=2018-04-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varakhedi, Shrinivasa}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]

Agra Bank

2025-07-08T17:39:53Z

TheHH: creating new details w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Public bank founded in Agra, India (1833–1900)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Agra Bank
| industry = [[Banking]]
| founded = {{Start date|1833}} in [[Agra]], India
| defunct = {{End date|1999}}
| fate = Liquidated
| hq_location_city = [[Agra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
}}
'''Agra Bank''' was an Indian [[bank]] that was founded in 1833 in [[Agra]] (now in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]), with a capital of £1,000,000 and was finally liquidated in 1900.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx | publisher=Reserve Bank of India | title=The Advent of Modern Banking in India | accessdate=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>Money-Market and City Intelligence. ''The Times'' Saturday, 11 June 1836 Issue 16127 Page 6</ref><ref name=SMEG>Stuart Muirhead, Edwin Green. ''Crisis Banking in the East'', Ashgate Publishing, 1996 {{ISBN|9781859282441}}</ref>

==History==
The bank was founded in 1833, but by 1840 its business was still confined to advances to the military. Attempts to circulate banknotes were blocked by the government but in any case notes had little appeal to the bulk of local residents. A branch was established in Somerset Place, Calcutta<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6iQoAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22agra+bank%22&pg=RA3-PA172-IA2 The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer, for 1841-: I, II.] accessed 27 May 2020</ref> and by the mid-1850s Calcutta had become its head office with branches in Madras and Bombay and a London agency. Branches in Lahore and Canton were added and at the end of the 1850s the head office was moved to London.<ref name=SMEG/>

===Move to London and the United Service Bank===
The Agra and United Service Bank was incorporated in England in 1857 and issued banknotes but it was unable to gain entry to the London [[Bankers' Clearing House]].<ref name="DO'F">Dennis O. Flynn, A.J.H. Latham, Sally M. Miller (editors). ''Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim'' Routledge, London 1998 {{ISBN|0203065352}}</ref>

===Take over of Masterman's Bank===
In June 1864 it took over a member of the London Bankers' Clearing House – the London banking partnership of Masterman, Peters, Mildred and Company – and renamed itself Agra and Masterman's Bank. It met strong opposition, suffered share price manipulation and lost customers.<ref name="DO'F" /> By 1866 it had become the leading exchange bank in the East after the [[Oriental Bank Corporation]].<ref>Compton Mackenzie. ''Realms of Silver'':100 years of banking in the East</ref> Agra and Masterman's was obliged to suspend payment on 6 June 1866 following the panic beginning with the closure of [[Overend, Gurney and Company|Overend Gurney]] on 10 May 1866.<ref name=SMEG/>

===Agra Bank===
The remaining Indian portion of its business was reconstituted under the name Agra Bank.<ref name="DO'F" /> and re-opened for business on 7 January 1867. It was liquidated in 1900.<ref name=SMEG/>

== See also ==
* [[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Banks established in 1833]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1857]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1867]]
[[Category:Former banknote issuers of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:History of Agra]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former central banks and banks of issue]]