Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tilak Varma

2023-10-01T07:11:50Z

Thane Talks: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tilak Varma
| image = Tilak varma's century on debut for India A.jpg
| caption = Tilak Varma in [[India A cricket team|India A]] 2022
| country = India
| fullname = Namboori Thakur Tilak Varma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|11|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 1.83 m
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batsman|Batter]]<ref name="ih"/>
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2023–present
| odicap = 252
| oneodi = 15 Sptember 2023
| odidebutdate = 15 September
| odidebutyear = 2023
| odidebutagainst = Bangladesh
| odishirt = 72
| T20Idebutdate = 3 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
| T20Icap = 104
| lastT20Idate = 20 August
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Ireland
| T20Ishirt = 72
| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 2018–present
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2022-present
| clubnumber2 = 9
| columns =

| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 5
| bat avg1 = 5
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 5
| deliveries1 = 24
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = 5.25
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 0/21
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–

| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|matches2 = 7
| runs2 = 174
| bat avg2 = 24.85
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 51
| deliveries2 = 12
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 8.5
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/17
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 9
| runs3 = 523
| bat avg3 = 37.35
| 100s/50s3 = 1/2
| top score3 = 121
| deliveries3 = 54
| wickets3 = 3
| bowl avg3 = 9.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/13
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–

| column4 = [[List-A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 25
| runs4 = 1236
| bat avg4 = 56.18
| 100s/50s4 = 5/5
| top score4 = 156[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 230
| wickets4 = 8
| bowl avg4 = 21.87
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 12/–

| date = 21 August 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1170265.html ESPNcricinfo
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan and Sri Lanka]]|}}
}}

'''Namboori Thakur Tilak Varma''' (born 8 November 2002) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays as a left-handed batsman and part time [[off spin]] bowler. He made his international debut for [[India national cricket team|India]] on 3 August 2023 against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/west-indies-vs-india-1st-t20i-tilak-varma-international-debut-mumbai-indians-2415885-2023-08-03 |title=West Indies vs India: Mumbai Indians rising star Tilak Varma handed international debut in 1st T20I |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He plays for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in domestic cricket and [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1170265.html |title=Tilak Varma |access-date=30 December 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422140410/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tilak-varma-1170265 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-the-uncapped-ones-shahrukh-khan-umran-malik-and-more-1307144 |title=The uncapped ones: Shahrukh Khan, Umran Malik and more |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325075231/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-the-uncapped-ones-shahrukh-khan-umran-malik-and-more-1307144 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Tilak Varma was born on 8 November 2002 in [[Hyderabad]]. His father Namboori Nagaraju worked as an electrician, and his mother Gayatri Devi is a housewife. He has an elder brother, Tarun Varma.<ref name="ih">{{cite news |title=I have given all my money to dad and told him to keep me away from it: Tilak Varma |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/06/03/i-have-given-all-my-money-to-dad-and-told-him-to-keep-me-away-from-it-tilak-varma.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Tilak Varma developed an early interest in cricket and was spotted playing [[tennis ball cricket]] by coach Salim Bayash at the age of 11. Bayash took him under his wing and trained him at the Legala Cricket Academy, [[Serilingampally|Lingampally]]. Bayash would ferry Varma to his academy and back home on his scooter, a journey of more than 40 km each way, until Varma's family relocated closer to the academy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coach revels in Tilak's success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/coach-revels-in-tilaks-success/articleshow/99572296.cms |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The making of Tilak Varma: From tennis-ball cricket to playing for Mumbai Indians & earning India call-up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/the-making-of-tilak-varma-from-tennis-ball-cricket-to-playing-for-mumbai-indians-earning-india-call-up/articleshow/101657304.cms |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Shuvaditya |title=Tilak Varma {{!}} Tracing the Journey Through a Tearful Father and a Joyful Coach |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/tilak-varma-journey-through-his-tearful-father-and-joyful-coach-tennis-ball-to-india-team |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=TheQuint |date=8 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tilak Varma, The Boy From Balapur: Tracing The Early Steps Of A Future Superstar |url=https://wisden.com/stories/tilak-varma-the-boy-from-balapur-tracing-the-early-steps-of-a-future-superstar |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=Wisden |date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

Varma obtained his early education at Crescent Model English School, [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Parents, coach of cricketer Tilak Varma felicitated |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/parents-coach-of-cricketer-tilak-varma-felicitated-729581 |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=The Hans India |date=16 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his secondary education in Lepakshi Junior College, [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Tilak wants to make it count in England |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/tilak-wants-to-make-it-count-in-england/articleshow/69743422.cms |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2019}}</ref> and, at present, is pursuing a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] degree from [[Andhra University]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Domestic career ==
He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 30 December 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157064.html |title=Elite, Group B, Ranji Trophy at Vizianagaram, Dec 30 2018 - Jan 2 2019 |access-date=30 December 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422140411/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2018-19-1156773/andhra-vs-hyderabad-india-elite-group-b-1157064/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> In the tournament, he scored 215 runs in seven matches at a strike rate of 147.26. He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Hyderabad in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 28 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157190.html |title=Group E, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Delhi, Feb 28 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422140416/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2018-19-1156774/hyderabad-india-vs-services-group-e-1157190/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 28 September 2019, for Hyderabad in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200725.html |title=Elite, Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Alur (2), Sep 28 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422140418/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-20-1196774/hyderabad-india-vs-saurashtra-elite-group-a-1200725/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> During the tournament, he scored 180 runs in 5 games and also took 4 wickets.

In December 2019, he was named in India's squad for the [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/139375/four-time-champion-india-announce-u19-cricket-world-cup-squad |title=Four-time champion India announce U19 Cricket World Cup squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112193257/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/139375/four-time-champion-india-announce-u19-cricket-world-cup-squad |url-status=live }}</ref> He played 6 games in the competition and managed to score only 86 runs.

In the [[2021-22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], he scored 180 runs in five games and took four wickets.

==Indian Premier League==

In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mumbai Indians signs Tilak Varma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/mumbai-indians-signs-tilak-varma/article65046119.ece |access-date=17 February 2022 |date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217094106/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/mumbai-indians-signs-tilak-varma/article65046119.ece |archive-date=17 February 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213063417/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |url-status=live }}</ref> The base price was Rs. 20 lakh and he was bought by [[Mumbai Indians]] at Rs. 1.7 crore. In the second match of the league, he scored a 33-ball-61 against [[Rajasthan Royals]] at the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2022: MI's Tilak Varma announces himself on the big stage |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/tilak-varma-mumbai-indians-61-rajasthan-royals-ishan-kishan-hyderabad/article38466889.ece |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=Sportstar |date=2 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2023, he scored an 84 off 46 balls against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in their first match of [[2023 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RCB vs MI: Tilak Varma's unbeaten 84 takes Mumbai Indians to 171/7 against Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/rcb-vs-mi-tilak-varmas-unbeaten-84-takes-mumbai-indians-to-171/7-against-royal-challengers-bangalore/articleshow/99193325.cms |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 April 2023}}</ref> In the playoff match against [[Gujarat Titans]], he scored 43 runs off just 14 balls.<ref>{{cite news |title="When I Played For India In 1999...": Virender Sehwag's Advice To Mumbai Indians' Star Tilak Varma {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2023/when-i-played-for-india-in-1999-virender-sehwags-advice-to-mumbai-indians-star-tilak-varma-4071439 |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
In July 2023, he got his maiden call-up for [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] for the T20I series on the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|tour of West Indies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal, Tilak Varma earn maiden call up to India T20I squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yashasvi-jaiswal-tilak-varma-earn-maiden-call-up-to-india-t20i-squad-for-west-indies-series-1385923 |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 3 August 2023 in the first match of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Indies vs India: Mumbai Indians rising star Tilak Varma handed international debut in 1st T20I |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/west-indies-vs-india-1st-t20i-tilak-varma-international-debut-mumbai-indians-2415885-2023-08-03 |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He top-scored for India with 39 off just 22 deliveries and he managed to take 2 catches in the same match.

On 6 August 2023, he made the first fifty of his international career in the second T20 match played against the West Indies. He became the second youngest Indian to score 50 in Men's T20I after [[Rohit Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IND vs WI, India in West Indies 2023, 2nd T20I at Providence, August 06, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-t20i-1381218/full-scorecard |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> Also, he was the highest run scorer for the team in that tour.

He has also been named in the Indian squads for the [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2023|three-match T20I tour of Ireland]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah returns to lead India for T20Is in Ireland |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jasprit-bumrah-returns-as-india-captain-for-t20is-in-ireland-1389942 |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]] to be held in [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad, Harmanpreet Kaur to lead as BCCI announces India men's and women's squads for 19th Asian Games |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-indias-womens-squad-for-19th-asian-games-at-hangzhou-8837968/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

He made his ODI debut on 15 September 2023 against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in [[2023 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IND v BAN, Asia Cup 2023: Tilak Varma makes ODI debut, receives maiden cap from Rohit Sharma |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/asia-cup-tilak-varma-odi-debut-india-vs-bangladesh-super-4s-2436095-2023-09-15 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 September 2023 |date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1170265}}

{{India Squad 2023 Asia Cup}}
{{Mumbai Indians squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Tilak}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}

Tilak Varma

2023-10-01T07:11:50Z

Thane Talks: minor edit

2022 Municipal elections in Odisha

2023-09-28T20:41:19Z

Thane Talks: 2022 Odisha municipal elections: Correct format

#REDIRECT [[2022 Odisha municipal elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Religion in South Asia

2023-09-08T18:33:35Z

Thane Talks: Just finished drafting a new article.

In 2010, [[South Asia]] had the world's largest population of [[Hindus]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Region: Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> about 510 million [[Muslims]],<ref name=":0" /> over 27 million Sikhs, 35 million Christians and over 25 million [[Buddhists]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers {{!}} Pew Research Center |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209223553/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 900 million and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population,<ref>{{cite web |title=Region: South Asia |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229210603/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> while Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (90%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).<ref name=":0" />

[[Indian religions]] (also known as Dharmic religions) are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Sikhism]].<ref name="EB">Adams, C. J., [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions Classification of religions: Geographical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214003036/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions}}, [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010; Quote: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".</ref> The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas, and from South Asia spread into East Asia and Southeast Asia.<ref name="EB" /> Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], and parts of the [[Punjab region]] saw conquest by the [[Ummayad|Arab caliphates]] along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South Asia.<ref>Alberts, Irving, T., . D. R. M. (2013). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World (International Library of Historical Studies). I.B. Tauris.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC |title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84885-726-1 |pages=1–2, 7–10 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610154458/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> About [[Islam in South Asia|one-third of the world's Muslims are from South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&q=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia&pg=PA193 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=7 February 2017 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Akhilesh Pillalamarri |title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |url-status=live |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208040252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Religion in India#History}}

=== Ancient period ===
South Asia was primarily Hindu in ancient times. [[Buddhism]] appeared around 500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism - Definition, Founder & Origins |url=https://www.history.com/topics/religion/buddhism |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

Christianity and Islam made an appearance in [[Kerala]] during this time period; [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] is believed to have travelled to Kerala soon after the death of Jesus and converted some people,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Zacharia |first2=Lynn Johnson,Paul |title=The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> while the first mosque to be built in India was built during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's lifetime in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |title=Cheraman Juma Mosque: The oldest Masjid in India |url=https://www.siasat.com/cheraman-juma-mosque-the-oldest-masjid-in-india-2456333/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Islam also established itself in [[Sindh]] due to [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Umayyad invasions]] soon after Muhammad's death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know how Islam spread in the Indian subcontinent? |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/5996/Do-you-know-how-Islam-spread-in-the-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref>

Some Jews and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] came to South Asia because they were fleeing religious persecution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Arunansh B. |title=Jews and Parsis: Pain, struggle and success |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/jews-and-parsis-pain-struggle-and-success/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=blogs.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
Centuries of [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic invasion and rule over South Asia]] in the medieval era began to change the religious character of the region. [[Sufism]] played a significant role in the spread of Islam during this time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Changing Face of Sufism in South Asia |url=https://thewire.in/culture/changing-face-sufism-south-asia |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref> [[Sikhism]] emerged in this era, bringing a message of equality and creating military resistance to Muslim rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mughal Power, the Sikhs and Other Local Groups in the Punjab |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35374/chapter-abstract/301269611?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>

[[Nepal]]'s formation during this period occurred in part due to the desire of Hindus to avoid being influenced by the dominant Muslim [[Mughal Empire]] and British Christian missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Struggle Between Hindutva and Secularism in Nepal |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/the-struggle-between-hindutva-and-secularism-in-nepal/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in British India in the 1871–1872 Census (data includes modern-day India, Bangladesh, most of Pakistan (including Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan), Kashmir, and coastal Myanmar))<ref>{{Cite journal| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/2339124 | title = The Census of British India of 1871–72 | journal = Journal of the Statistical Society of London | publisher = Journal of the Statistical Society of London Vol. 39, No. 2 | pages = 413 | date = June 1876| volume = 39 | issue = 2 | jstor = 2339124 }}</ref>|label1=[[Hinduism]]|value1=73.07|color1=darkorange|label2=[[Islam]]|value2=21.45|color2=green|label3=[[Buddhism and Jainism]]|value3=1.49|color3=gold|label4=[[Sikhism]]|value4=0.62|color4=chartreuse|label5=Christianity|value5=0.47|colour5=blue|label6=Others|value6=2.68|colour6=Magenta|label7=Religion not known|value7=0.22|colour7=black}}Christianity grew to some extent during the [[Colonial India|colonial era]]; the [[Goa Inquisition]] committed by the Portuguese helped Catholicism establish itself in Goa,<ref>{{Cite web |title=35 Brutal facts of Goa Inquisition (Christian Terrorism) - Portuguese Colonial period |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2016/03/35-brutal-facts-of-goa-inquisition.html |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS open to re-conversion of Goan Catholics |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=286708 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> while British missionaries spread Christianity through the rest of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hakam |first=Al |title=How Christianity spread in British India: Crusade of the Clapham Sect |url=https://www.alhakam.org/how-christianity-spread-in-british-india/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Christianity as an Arm of Empire: The Ambiguous Case of India under the Company, C. 1813-1858 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140149 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1025–1054 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
Religious tensions increased with the independence of British India, as it was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan (which later became Pakistan and Bangladesh), and many died during the creation of the new countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Mutual Genocide of Indian Partition |language=en-US |work=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/29/the-great-divide-books-dalrymple |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Tensions further increased with [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism#India|Pakistani terrorist attacks]] on and Pakistani [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|military conflicts]] with India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muqtedar Khan on Why Religious Nationalism Is Poisoning South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Religious nationalism]] has grown in the post-colonial era. Pakistan converted from a secular republic to an [[Islamic Republic]] after Independence,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziring |first=Lawrence |title=From Islamic Republic to Islamic State in Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644077 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=931–946 |doi=10.2307/2644077 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> while Bangladesh made Islam the state religion (though while maintaining secularism in the Constitution).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=David |title=Bangladesh court upholds Islam as religion of the state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/3/28/bangladesh-court-upholds-islam-as-religion-of-the-state |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalism]] has grown since the 2014 election of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Hindu Nationalism and Its Regional and Global Ramifications |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-rise-of-hindu-nationalism-and-its-regional-and-global-ramifications/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Association for Asian Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== South Asia by religion ==
=== Hinduism ===
{{Excerpt|Hinduism in South Asia|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Islam ===
{{Excerpt|Islam in South Asia|files=0}}

=== Christianity ===
{{See also|Christianity in Asia}}

=== Sikhism ===
{{Excerpt|Sikhism|files=1|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Buddhism ===
{{Excerpt|Buddhism in South Asia|files=1|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Jainism ===
{{Excerpt|Jainism|templates=0|references=0}}

== Religion in South Asian countries ==
{{Further|Religion in Bangladesh|Religion in Bhutan|Religion in India|Religion in Nepal|Religion in Pakistan|Religion in Sri Lanka}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Country
! rowspan="2" |State religion
! colspan="8" |Religious population as a percentage of total population
|-
![[Buddhism]]
!Christianity
![[Hinduism]]
![[Islam]]
![[Kiratism]]
![[Sikhism]]
!Others
!Year reported
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|AFG}}
|Islam
|–
|–
|–
|[[Islam in Afghanistan|99.7%]]
|–
|–
|0.3%
|2019<ref name="AfgCIA">{{cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|BGD}}
|Islam
|[[Buddhism in Bangladesh|0.6%]]
|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|0.4%]]
|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|9.5%]]
|[[Islam in Bangladesh|90.4%]]
|–
|–
|–
|2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশ">{{cite web |script-title=bn:জানুন |trans-title=Bangladesh |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |access-date=16 October 2019 |publisher=US department of States |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|BHU}}
|[[Vajrayana]] Buddhism
|[[Buddhism in Bhutan|74.8%]]
|[[Christianity in Bhutan|0.5%]]
|[[Hinduism in Bhutan|22.6%]]
|0.1%
|–
|–
|2%
|2010<ref name="IndCIA">{{cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="pew2010">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Pew Research Center – Global Religious Landscape 2010 – religious composition by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf}}.</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|IND}}
|Secular (Hindu majority)
|[[Buddhism in India|0.7%]]
|[[Christianity in India|2.3%]]
|[[Hinduism in India|79.8%]]
|[[Islam in India|14.2%]]
|–
|[[Sikhism in India|1.7%]]
|1.3%
|2011<ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]]}}</ref><ref>Ahmadiyyas are considered a sect of Islam in India. Other minorities are 0.4 [[Jainism|Jains]] and 0.23% irreligious population.</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in the|Maldives}}
|Sunni Islam
|–
|–
|–
|[[Islam in Maldives|100%]]
|–
|–
|–
|<ref name="MdvCIA">{{cite web |title=religion |url=http://www.themaldives.com/Maldives/Maldives_Religion.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928220750/http://www.themaldives.com/Maldives/Maldives_Religion.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Maldives}}</ref><ref name="EmoryLaw">{{cite web |title=Maldives |url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211221153/http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Law.emory.edu}}</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm Maldives – Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207024431/http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm}}, ''countrystudies.us''</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|NEP}}
|Secular (Hindu majority)
|[[Buddhism in Nepal|9%]]
|[[Christianity in Nepal|1.3%]]
|[[Hinduism in Nepal|81.3%]]
|[[Islam in Nepal|4.4%]]
|3%
|–
|0.8%
|2013<ref>{{cite book |url=http://cbs.gov.np/publications/statisticalyearbook_2013 |title=Statistical Yearbook of Nepal – 2013 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |location=Kathmandu |page=23 |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918034634/http://cbs.gov.np/publications/statisticalyearbook_2013 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|PAK}}
|Islam
|–
|[[Christianity in Pakistan|1.59%]]
|[[Hinduism in Pakistan|1.85%]]
|[[Islam in Pakistan|96.28%]]
|–
|–
|0.07%
|2010<ref>{{Cite journal |title=POPULATION BY RELIGION |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Pakistan Burau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan |pages=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329204115/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag+link|Religion in|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Theravada Buddhism]]
|[[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|70.2%]]
|[[Christianity in Sri Lanka|6.2%]]
|[[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|12.6%]]
|[[Islam in Sri Lanka|9.7%]]
|–
|–
|1.4%
|2011<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=SriLanka&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106095548/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=SriLanka&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |access-date=16 October 2019 |publisher=Department of Census and Statistic}}</ref>
|}

=== Afghanistan ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Afghanistan|paragraphs=1|templates=0}}

=== Bangladesh ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Bangladesh|paragraphs=1|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Bhutan ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Bhutan|paragraphs=1|templates=0}}

=== India ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in India|paragraphs=1|templates=0}}

=== Nepal ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Nepal|paragraphs=1|files=1|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Pakistan ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Pakistan|paragraphs=1|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Sri Lanka ===
{{Excerpt|Religion in Sri Lanka|paragraphs=1|files=0|templates=0|references=0}}

== Caste system ==
{{Excerpt|Caste|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Indian caste system ===
{{Excerpt|Caste system in India|paragraphs=1-2|files=0}}

=== Muslim caste system ===
{{Excerpt|Caste system among South Asian Muslims|templates=0|references=0}}

== Religious nationalism ==

=== Hindu nationalism ===
{{Excerpt|Hindutva}}

=== Muslim nationalism ===
{{Excerpt|Muslim nationalism in South Asia}}

=== Sikh nationalism ===
{{Excerpt|Khalistan movement}}

== See also ==

* [[Religion in Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:Religion in South Asia]]
<references group="lower-alpha" />
<references group="upper-alpha" />

Gubbi, Holenarasipura

2023-07-20T05:50:22Z

Thane Talks: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan}}
{{more citations needed }}
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gubbi
| other_name = Jodigubbi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.700558|N|76.162897|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Holenarasipura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayath]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 895
| population_total = 1275
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 573102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08175
| registration_plate = KA-13
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gubbi''' also known as '''Jodigubbi''' is a small, but significant village in Holenarasipura taluk of [[Hassan district]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

Location code of the village as per Census 2011, is 616944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/615/download/2108/DH_2011_2920_PART_B_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf|access-date= 15 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011}}</ref>

==Location==
Jodigubbi lies on [[Arkalgud]]-[[Halli Mysore]] road and is 7.5 km south from [[State Highway 8 (Karnataka)|Arakalagudu-Holenarasipura Highway (Jodigubbi Cross)]]. It is 18 km from its taluk headquarter, [[Holenarasipura]], 14 km from Arkalgud, 45 km from its district headquarter, [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] and 190 km from state capital, [[Bengaluru]].

==Agriculture==
Major crops grown in this region are [[Tobacco]], Arecanut and Coconut. Paddy is also grown here because of presence of Canal irrigation from [[Hemavati river|Hemavati Reservoir]].{{cn}}

==Banks==
# Karnataka Gramin Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakagraminbank.com/locateus|access-date= 15 July 2023|title=KaGB location}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Hassan district]]

Dhruv Visvanath

2023-07-17T11:43:15Z

Thane Talks: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dhruv Visvanath
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1992}}
| origin = New Delhi, India
| instrument = vocals, guitar
| years_active = 2008–present
| past_member_of = Cobbled Street<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/meadows-and-rust-aditya-narayan-new-single-leave-them-behind/ | title=Hear Mumbai Multi-Instrumentalist Meadows & Rust's Delicate New Single 'Leave Them Behind' | date=16 May 2021 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://mrdhruv.com/}}
}}

'''Dhruv Visvanath''' is a musician and [[Record producer|producer]] from [[New Delhi]], [[India]], who came to prominence after he was named a finalist in the first season of ''[[My Kind of Country (2023 TV series)|My Kind of Country]]''.

== Early life ==
Visvanath was born in [[Delhi]], but grew up with living between [[England]], [[Zambia]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and [[Hong Kong]] with his family due to his father's job at [[HSBC Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Guitar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mr-guitar/cid/1410439 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He began playing the piano at age 7 and the guitar at age 13.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ahummingheart·Interviews· |title=Dhruv Visvanath talks about his childhood, The Lost Cause, and his overdue vacation |url=https://ahummingheart.com/features/interviews/dhruv-visvanath-talks-about-his-childhood-the-lost-cause-and-his-overdue-vacation/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=A Humming Heart |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2014, Visvanath was named to ''[[Acoustic Guitar (magazine)|Acoustic Guitar]]''’s “30 Great Guitarists Under 30 list”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruv Vishvanath talks about being on the 30 Great Guitarists Under 30 list and more |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/apr/06/dhruv-vishvanath-talks-about-being-on-the-30-great-guitarists-under-30-list-and-more-6701.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>

In 2015, Visvanath released his first album, ''Orion''; which ''All About The Rock'' gave a 9 out of 10 rating and called, “an exceptional collection of electro-acoustic songs that are both emotional and uplifting.”<ref name=":1" />

In 2016, Visvanath performed a 17-city tour for his project, ''The Lost Cause'', which was released as an album in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> ''The Lost Cause'' was selected by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' as one of the "Best Indian Albums of 2018".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anurag Tagat, Riddhi Chakraborty and David |title=Best Indian Albums of 2018 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-albums-2018/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Visvanath released his EP, ''Demons'', which ''A Humming Heart'' granted an 8/10 rating and wrote was, "darker, more deliberate and replete with renewed vulnerability, every one of the four tracks on the EP takes Dhruv’s musical purpose of “healing”, further and further as he faces his fears with every line."<ref name=":2" />

In 2023, after being discovered by country musician, [[Jimmie Allen]], Visvanath competed on ''My Kind of Country,'' an [[Apple TV+]] singing competition set in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. Visvanath ranked in the final four contestants on the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Kind of Country casts net in some unlikely places to find contestants for new reality show - ABC News |url=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102138760 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=amp.abc.net.au}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== As lead artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Albums
!Title
!Year
!Source
|-
|''The Book of I''
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Book of I, by Dhruv Visvanath |url=https://dhruv.bandcamp.com/album/the-book-of-i |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Dhruv Visvanath |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Lost Cause''
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anurag Tagat, Riddhi Chakraborty and David |title=Best Indian Albums of 2018 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-albums-2018/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Orion''
|2015
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dodgin |first=Rich |title=Dhruv Visvanath - Orion |url=https://allabouttherock.co.uk/dhruv-visvanath-orion/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=All About The Rock |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Extended plays
!Title
!Year
!Source
|-
|''Demons''
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=#ReviewRundown: March 2022 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/reviewrundown-march-2022-bevar-sea-dhruv-visvanath-ashni-tarun-raid-acharya/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Chronicles''
|2011
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhruv Visvanath: The troubadour with a cause |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/dhruv-visvanath-the-troubadour-with-a-cause-111645378861908.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Singles
!Title
!Year
!Source
|-
|"Ring of Fire"
|2023
|<ref>{{Citation |title=My Kind of Country's Dhruv Visvanath — "Ring of Fire" {{!}} Apple TV+ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDSrYXJztwU |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Neon Moon"
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ear and there: One Indian musician's journey from desi to country |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/indian-fingerstyle-guitarist-dhruv-visvanath-competes-in-apple-tv-s-my-kind-of-country-showcasing-nashville-s-state-of-mind-with-country-music-greats-as-judges-101681503518438.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Demons"
|2022
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Review: Demons by Dhruv Visvanath |url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/dhruv-visvanath-demons-ep/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=A Humming Heart |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Monster"
|2022
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Monster (Official Lyric Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quQ1by3tB4I |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|“Suffocation”
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anurag Tagat and David |title=The 22 Best Indian Independent Singles of 2022 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-22-best-indian-independent-singles-of-2022/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|“Fly”
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anurag Tagat and David |title=10 Best Indian Music Videos of 2021 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-music-videos-of-2021/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Write"
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Hear Dhruv Visvanath's Sparkling New Song 'Write' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-dhruv-visvanath-sparkling-new-song-write/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|“Dear Madeline”
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anurag Tagat, David Britto and Nirmika |title=10 Best Indian Singles of 2020 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-singles-of-2020/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Standing Still"
|2019
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Standing Still - Dhruv Visvanath - Music Mojo Season 4 - Kappa TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ez-XuE0Miik |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Autumn"
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn, by Dhruv Visvanath |url=https://dhruv.bandcamp.com/track/autumn |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Dhruv Visvanath |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Afterglow"
|2018
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Afterglow - Dhruv Visvanath - Music Mojo Season 4 - Kappa TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWUg6QkFs80 |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"The Lost Cause"
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mosk |first=Mitch |title=Breathing the Inner Light of Dhruv Visvanath's 'The Lost Cause' |url=https://atwoodmagazine.com/dvlc-dhruv-visvanath-the-lost-cause-review/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Atwood Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|“Jungle”
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |title=10 Best Indian Singles of 2017 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-singles-2017/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Wild"
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |title=Rolling Stone India Monthly Playlist Series: March |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rolling-stone-india-monthly-playlist-series-march/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Rain"
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |title=10 Monsoon Songs by Indian Artists You Need to Hear |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-monsoon-songs-indian-artists-need-hear/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Chaos"
|2017
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chaos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZpkuDsNalo |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Summer"
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Chetna |title=Hear Guitar Spanker Dhruv Visvanath's Latest Track "Summer" |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-guitar-spanker-dhruv-visvanath-latest-track-summer/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== As featured artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Singles
!Title
!Artist
!Year
!Source
|-
|“Decay – Redux”
|Manas Jha
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |title=Manas Jha Recalls Blackstratblues on New EP 'Freedom or Love,' Also Collaborates with Sidd Coutto and Dhruv Visvanath |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/manas-jha-freedom-or-love-ep-sidd-coutto-dhruv-visvanath-blackstratblues/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|“Under Cover”
|Aditya N., Nayantara Bhatkal, Class
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Netflix Series 'Class' Has Standout Music by Aditya N. and Nayantara Bhatkal |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/netflix-class-soundtrack-interview-aditya-n-nayantara-bhatkal-ashim-ahluwalia-sammad/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Raatein Soyi Hain"
|Pragya Sodhani
|2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |title=Hear Pragya Sodhani's Soothing New Single 'Raatein Soyi Hain' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-pragya-sodhanis-soothing-new-single-raatein-soyi-hain/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Start Again"
|Jay Visvanath
|2022
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Start Again |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6EE0TaffgwYRgyYC5nwOAD |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Honey It's Over"
|Antriksh Mohapatra
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild City Singled Out: February 2021 |url=https://www.thewildcity.com/features/18392-wild-city-singled-out-february-2021 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.thewildcity.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Lie Awake"
|Jay Visvanath
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Hear JVish and Dhruv Visvanath's Easygoing Ode to Procrastinators on 'Lie Awake' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-jvish-dhruv-visvanath-lie-awake-song/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"King"
|Jay Visvanath
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Hear New Delhi Hip-Hop Artist JVish's Buoyant Debut Song 'King' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hip-hop-jvish-jay-visvanath-king-song/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Watercolour"
|Sanjeeta Bhattacharya
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |title=Hear Singer-Songwriter Sanjeeta Bhattacharya's Wistful New Single 'Watercolour' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-singer-songwriter-sanjeeta-bhattacharyas-wistful-new-single-watercolour/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|“Dear Santa”
|Kimberley Rodrigues ft Christine Dessa
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=8 Christmas Songs from Indian Indie Artists for Festive Cheer |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/christmas-songs-indian-indie/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"For Now"
|Nikhita
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |title=Listen: Nikhita's Percussive Acoustic Track 'For Now' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-nikhitas-percussive-acoustic-track-now/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Aa Jhoom"
|Kimberley Rodrigues
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Hear Singer-Songwriter Kimberley Rodrigues' Carefree Debut 'Aa Jhoom' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-singer-songwriter-kimberley-rodrigues-carefree-debut-aa-jhoom/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Ozone"
|Yatin Srivastava
|2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Yatin Srivastava Project Teams Up with Members of Steven Wilson, The Pineapple Thief |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/yatin-srivastava-project-teams-members-steven-wilson-pineapple-thief/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Production
!Title
!Year
!Type
!Role
!Source
|-
|''My Kind of Country''
|2023
|[[Reality television|reality]] [[game show]]
|contestant
|<ref>{{Citation |title=My Kind of Country — Meet Dhruv Visvanath {{!}} Apple TV+ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZOAemXS9WI |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Rizwan - Keeper Of The Gates of Heaven''
|2016
|short film
|sound designer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=This heart-warming short film titled Rizwan is going viral for all the right reasons |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/paper-boat-rizwan-short-film-commercial-humour-me-dhruv-sachdeva-322088-2016-05-06 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Culamani

2023-07-16T23:04:32Z

Thane Talks: Wrote an enlightening manuscript.

{{Short description|Tamil epic}}
{{Tamil literature}}

'''Sulamani''' or Culamani is one of the five minor epic poems of Sangham literature. It was written by Jain scholar Tolamoli Thevar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uib2DAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=INDIA: SOCIETY RELIGION AND LITERATURE IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIODS |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2191-1 |language=en}}</ref> It is written in ''[[viruttam]]'' metre similar to [[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi|Cintamani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&pg=PA80&dq=sulamani+tamil+epic+book&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO56zRxZKAAxUF1jgGHSMkBggQ6AF6BAgNEAM |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref> It doesn't have a major plot<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=M. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=A3sOAAAAYAAJ&q=culamani+book&dq=culamani+book&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEtpO6zZKAAxUcTWwGHZ3iBdwQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=An Introduction to the History of Tamil Literature |publisher=Gandhi Vidyalayam |pages=111 |language=en}}</ref> and it is written in 12 cantos with 2131 [[quatrains]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77&dq=sulamani+jain&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2_orvgZOAAxW3SmwGHSqNCf0Q6AF6BAgNEAM |title=A Primer of Tamil Literature |publisher=Ananda Press |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{poem-stub}}
{{india-literature-stub}}
{{tamil-stub}}
[[Category:Jain texts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Tamil epic poems]]

Clean energy

2022-12-28T05:42:23Z

Thane Talks: Wrote an enlightening piece.

#REDIRECT [[Sustainable energy]]

Asian Affairs

2022-09-10T19:46:34Z

Thane Talks: Shared a valuable publication.

{{More citations needed}}
{{Infobox journal
| cover =
| discipline = [[Asia]]
| abbreviation =Asian Aff.
| publisher = [[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]] through [[Routledge]]
| country = [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| frequency = 4 issues every year
| history = ''Journal of the Central Asian Society'' 1914-1931; ''Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society'' 1931-1969; ''Asian Affairs'' 1969-present
| openaccess =
| website = http://rsaa.org.uk/journal/about-asian-affairs/
| ISSN = 0306-8374
| eISSN = 1477-1500
}}

'''''Asian Affairs''''', the [[Academic journal|journal]] of the [[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]], has been published continuously since 1914<ref name="Traite de Science Politique">{{cite book |editor1=Madeleine Grawitz |editor-link=:fr:Madeleine Grawitz |editor2=Jean Leca |editor-link2=:fr:Jean Leca |author=Elisabeth Gayon |author-link=Elisabeth Gayon |title=Traité de science politique |chapter=Guide documentaire de l'étudiant et du chercheur en science politique |page=305 |language=fr |publisher=[[Presses Universitaires de France]] |isbn=2-13-038858-2}}</ref> (originally as the '''''Journal of the Central Asian Society''''', and from 1931 to 1969 as the '''''Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society'''''). It covers a range of social, political, and historical subjects linked to Asia, with a particular focus on current affairs and more recent history. It also is a major source of book reviews. The Journal provides a forum at the interface between learned interest, scholarship, journalism and personal experience. There are also two magazines called ''Asian Affairs'', one published for the past decade or so from [[Hong Kong]], and another from [[Delhi]]. It has recently published special issues in collaboration with the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Centre]] for Scholars in Washington DC and [[King's College London]].

In the [[Norwegian Scientific Index]], the journal has been listed as "Level 0" since 2005, which indicates the journal is non-academic and publications in the journal do not count for public research funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Affairs |url=https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/KanalTidsskriftInfo.action?id=434087 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers |publisher=[[CRIStin]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20061231112905/http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/03068374.asp
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/raaf20/current?nav=tocList Link to Journal Website at Taylor and Francis]

[[Category:Publications established in 1914]]
[[Category:Asian studies]]
[[Category:Routledge academic journals]]
[[Category:Triannual journals]]

{{Asia-journal-stub}}

Battle of Plassey

2022-04-04T10:59:05Z

Thane Talks:

{{Short description|1757 battle of the 7 Years' War}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Plassey
| partof = the [[Bengal War]] and [[Seven Years' War]]
| image = Clive.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''Clive meeting Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey'', oil on canvas ([[Francis Hayman]], {{circa|1762}})
| date = 23 June 1757
| place = [[Plassey]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.80|N|88.25|E|display=inline}}
| territory = [[Bengal]] annexed by the [[British East India Company]]
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]<br>{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France|France]]
* {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[French East India Company]]
| commander1 = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} '''[[Robert Clive]]'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Major Kilpatrick
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Major Grant
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Mir Jafar|Mir Jafar Ali Khan]] (''defector'')
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} Major [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} '''[[Siraj ud-Daulah]]''' {{executed}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Diwan Mohanlal]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} [[Mir Madan]] {{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Yar Lutuf Khan (''defector'')
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Rai Durlabh (''defector'')
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Sinfray|St. Frais]]
}}
| strength1 = East India Company:{{plainlist|
* 750 British soldiers
* 100 [[Topass]]es
* 2,100 Indian [[sepoy]]s
* 100 [[Artillery|gunners]]
* 50 sailors
* 8 [[cannon]] (six [[field artillery]] pieces and 2 [[howitzers]])}}
'''Total'''
3,100 men <br>
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg}} Bengal Subah:{{plainlist|
* 5,000 cavalry of Siraj ud-Daulah
* 30,000 infantry (defected)
* 15,000 cavalry of Mir Jafar (defected)
* 53 field pieces (mostly 32, 24 and 18-pounder pieces)}}
{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France|France]]:{{plainlist|
* 50 artillerymen (6 field pieces)}}
'''Total'''
50,050 men
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* 27 killed
* 50 wounded}}
| casualties2 = 500 killed and wounded
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}{{Campaignbox Bengal War}}
| alt = An oil-on-canvas painting depicting the meeting of Mir Jafar and Robert Clive after the Battle of Plassey by Francis Hayman
}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}

The '''Battle of Plassey''' was a decisive victory of the British [[East India Company]] over the [[Nawab of Bengal]] and his [[French East India Company|French]]{{sfn|Campbell|Watts|1760|loc=[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2384/]}} allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of [[Robert Clive]]. The victory was made possible by the defection of [[Mir Jafar]], who was Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]]'s commander in chief. The battle helped the British East India Company take control of [[Bengal]]. Over the next hundred years, they seized control of most of the rest of the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[British rule in Burma|Burma]].

The battle took place at [[Palashi]] (Anglicised version: ''Plassey'') on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]], about {{convert|150|km}} north of [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]) and south of [[Murshidabad]] in [[West Bengal]], then capital of [[Bengal Subah]]. The belligerents were the British East India Company, and the Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]]. He succeeded [[Alivardi Khan]] (his maternal grandfather). Siraj-ud-Daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before, and he had ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification. Robert Clive bribed [[Mir Jafar]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Nawab]]'s army, and also promised to make him [[Nawab of Bengal]]. Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Robins|first1=Nick|title=This Imperious Company – The East India Company and the Modern Multinational – Nick Robins – Gresham College Lectures|url=http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/this-imperious-company-the-east-india-company-and-the-modern-multinational|website=Gresham College Lectures|publisher=Gresham College|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by [[Nawab]] [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] and the [[Black Hole of Calcutta|Black Hole]] massacre. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Watson]] from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to [[Battle of Chandannagar|capture the French fort]] of [[Chandannagar]].{{sfn|Naravane|2014|p=38}} Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the [[French East India Company]] ''(La Compagnie des Indes Orientales)''{{sfn|Campbell|Watts|1760|loc=[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2384/]}} sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a vastly numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, [[Jagat Seth]]s (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Umichand and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army with about 50,000 soldiers (including defectors), 40 cannons and 10 [[war elephant]]s was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-Daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators. The battle ended in approximately 11 hours.

This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of [[Indian subcontinent]] by the colonial powers. The British now had a great deal of influence over the Nawab, Mir Jafar, and as a result, they were able to get important concessions for earlier losses and trade income. The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and the [[French East India Company|French]] out of South Asia, thus expanding the [[British Empire]].

==Background==
[[File:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=A map of the Indian subcontinent depicting the European settlements in India in the period from 1501 to 1739|European settlements in India from 1501 to 1739.]]

The [[Bengal Subah]]; also referred to as ''Mughal Bengal'' , was the largest [[subah|subdivision]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] and later an independent state under the [[Nawab of Bengal]] encompassing much of the [[Bengal region]], which includes modern [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]], between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{citation needed}} From 1741 to 1751, the [[Maratha]]s under [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] invaded Bengal six times. In 1751, the Marathas signed a peace treaty with the Nawab of Bengal, according to which Mir Habib (a former courtier of [[Alivardi Khan]], who had defected to the Marathas) was made provincial governor of [[Odisha|Orissa]] under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস">ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.</ref> It made The Nawab of Bengal a tributary to the Marathas who agrees to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade [[Bengal]] again.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |author=Shoaib Daniyal |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="oum">OUM. pp. 16, 17</ref> The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{Cite book |author1=Jaswant Lal Mehta |year=2005 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India, 1707–1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib&pg=PA201 |publisher=New Dawn Press |page=201 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref>

The [[British East India Company]] had a strong presence in India with its three main stations of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] in [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and [[Bombay Castle]] in western India since the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]]. These stations were independent presidencies governed by a president and a council, appointed by the Court of Directors in England. The British adopted a policy of allying themselves with various princes and Nawabs, promising security against usurpers and rebels. The Nawabs often gave them concessions in return for the security.

By the 18th century all rivalry had ceased between the British East India Company and the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] or [[Portuguese East India Company|Portuguese]] counterparts. The French had also established an [[French East India Company|East India Company]] under [[Louis XIV]] and had two important stations in India – [[Chandernagar]] in Bengal and [[Pondicherry]] (now [[Puducherry district]]) on the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] coast, both governed by the presidency of Pondicherry. The French were a late comer in India trade, but they quickly established themselves in India and were poised to overtake Britain for control.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=9}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=304}}

===Carnatic Wars===
The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) marked the beginning of the power struggle between Britain and France and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the Indian subcontinent. In September 1746, [[Bertrand-Francois Mahe de La Bourdonnais|Mahé de La Bourdonnais]] landed off [[Madras]] with a naval squadron and laid [[Battle of Madras|siege to the port city]]. The defenses of Madras were weak and the [[garrison]] sustained a bombardment of three days before surrendering. The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the British East India Company. However, this concession was opposed by [[Joseph François Dupleix]], the governor general of the Indian possessions of the [[Compagnie des Indes Orientales]]. When Bourdonnais left India in October, Dupleix reneged on the agreement. The Nawab of the Carnatic [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan|Anwaruddin Khan]] intervened in support of the British and the combined forces advanced to retake Madras, but despite vast superiority in numbers, the army was easily [[Battle of Ambur|crushed]] by the French. As retaliation to the loss of Madras, the British, under Major [[Stringer Lawrence|Lawrence]] and Admiral [[Edward Boscawen|Boscawen]], laid [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|siege to Pondicherry]] but were forced to raise it after thirty-one days. The [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1748 forced Dupleix to yield Madras back to the British in return for [[Louisbourg]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in North America.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=9}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=307–308}}
[[File:Portrait of Allahwerdi Khan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mughal Empire]]'s Nawab of Bengal [[Alivardi Khan]] adopted strict attitudes towards European mercantile companies in [[Bengal]].]]

The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle prevented direct hostilities between the two powers but soon they were involved in indirect hostilities as the auxiliaries of the local princes in their feuds. The feud Dupleix chose was for the succession to the positions of the [[Nizam]] of the Deccan and the [[Nawab of Carnatic|Nawab]] of the dependent Carnatic province. The British and the French both nominated their candidates for the two posts. In both cases, Dupleix's candidates usurped both thrones by manipulation and two assassinations. In mid-1751, the French candidate for the Nawab's post, [[Chanda Sahib]], laid siege to the British candidate [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah|Wallajah]]'s last stronghold [[Trichinopoly]], where Wallajah was holed up with his British reinforcements. He was aided by a French force under [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Charles, Marquis de Bussy]].{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=9}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=307–311}}

On 1 September 1751, 280 Europeans and 300 [[sepoys]] under the command of Captain [[Robert Clive]] attacked and seized [[Arcot]], the capital of the Carnatic, finding that the garrison had fled the night before. It was hoped that this would force Chanda Sahib to divert some of his troops to wrest the city back from the British. Chanda Sahib sent a force of 4,000 Indians under Raza Sahib and 150 Frenchmen. They besieged the fort and breached the walls in various places after several weeks. Clive sent out a message to Morari Rao, a Maratha chieftain who had received a subsidy to assist Wallajah and was encamped in the Mysore hills. Raza Sahib, learning of the imminent Maratha approach, sent a letter to Clive asking him to surrender in return for a large sum of money but this offer was refused. In the morning of 24 November, Raza Sahib tried to mount a final assault on the fort but was foiled in his attempt when his [[War elephant|armoured elephants]] stampeded due to the British musketry. They tried to enter the fort through the breach several times but always repulsed with loss. The siege was raised the next day and Raza Sahib's forces fled from the scene, abandoning guns, ammunition and stores. With success at Arcot, [[Conjeeveram]] and [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)|Trichinopoly]], the British secured the Carnatic and Wallajah succeeded to the throne of the Nawab in accordance with a treaty with the new French governor [[Charles Godeheu|Godeheu]].{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=317–326}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=11–16}}

[[Alwardi Khan]] ascended to the throne of the Nawab of Bengal after his army attacked and captured the capital of Bengal, [[Murshidabad]]. Alivardi's attitude to the Europeans in Bengal is said to be strict. During the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]], he allowed the strengthening of fortifications by the Europeans and the construction of the [[Maratha Ditch]] in Calcutta by the British. On the other hand, he collected large amounts of money from them for the upkeep of his war.{{cn}} He was well-informed of the situation in southern India, where the British and the French had started a proxy war using the local princes and rulers. Alwardi did not wish such a situation to transpire in his province and thus exercised caution in his dealings with the Europeans. However, there was continual friction; the British always complained that they were prevented from the full enjoyment of the farman of 1717 issued by [[Farrukhsiyar]]. The British, however, protected subjects of the Nawab, gave passes to native traders to trade custom-free and levied large duties on goods coming to their districts – actions which were detrimental to the Nawab's revenue.{{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=xxx-xxxiii}}

In April 1756, Alwardi Khan died and was succeeded by his twenty-three-year-old grandson, [[Siraj-ud-daulah]]. His personality was said to be a combination of a ferocious temper and a feeble understanding. He was particularly suspicious of the large profits made by the European companies in India. When the British and the French started improving their fortifications in anticipation of another war between them, he immediately ordered them to stop such activities as they had been done without permission.{{sfn|Hill|1905|p=liv}} When the British refused to cease their constructions, the Nawab led a detachment of 3,000 men to surround the fort and factory of [[Cossimbazar]] and took several British officials as prisoners, before moving to [[Calcutta]].{{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=lv–lx}} The defences of Calcutta were weak and negligible. The garrison consisted of only 180 soldiers, 50 European volunteers, 60 European militia, 150 Armenian and Portuguese militia, 35 European artillery-men and 40 volunteers from ships and was pitted against the Nawab's force of nearly 50,000 infantry and cavalry. The city was occupied on 16 June by Siraj's force and the fort surrendered after a brief siege on 20 June.{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=328-329}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=19–23}}<ref>Malleson, p. 43</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 52–73</ref>{{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=lxx–lxxxix}}

The prisoners who were captured at the siege of Calcutta were transferred by Siraj to the care of the officers of his guard, who confined them to the common dungeon of [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] known as [[Black Hole of Calcutta|The Black Hole]]. This dungeon, {{convert|18|x|14|ft|m}} in size with two small windows and originally employed by the British to hold only six prisoners, had 146 prisoners thrust into it. On 21 June, the doors of the dungeon were opened and only 23 of the 146 walked out, the rest died of asphyxiation, heat exhaustion and delirium.{{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=c–ci}} It appears that the Nawab was unaware of the conditions in which his prisoners were held which resulted in the unfortunate deaths of most of the prisoners. Meanwhile, the Nawab's army and navy were busy plundering the city of Calcutta and the other British factories in the surrounding areas.<ref>Orme, pp. 73–78</ref><ref>Malleson, pp. 43–44</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=330–332}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=23}}

When news of the fall of Calcutta broke in Madras on 16 August 1756, the Council immediately sent out an expeditionary force under Colonel Clive and Admiral [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Watson]]. A letter from the Council of Fort St. George, states that "the object of the expedition was not merely to re-establish the British settlements in Bengal, but also to obtain ample recognition of the Company's privileges and reparation for its losses" without the risk of war. It also states that any signs of dissatisfaction and ambition among the Nawab's subjects must be supported.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxxiii–cxxiv</ref> Clive assumed command of the land forces, consisting of 900 Europeans and 1500 sepoys while Watson commanded a naval squadron. The fleet entered the [[Hooghly River]] in December and met with the fugitives of Calcutta and the surrounding areas, including the principal Members of the Council, at the village of [[Falta, South 24 Parganas|Falta]] on 15 December. The Members of Council formed a Select Committee of direction. On 29 December, the force dislodged the enemy from the fort of Budge Budge. Clive and Watson then moved against Calcutta on 2 January 1757 and the garrison of 500 men surrendered after offering a scanty resistance.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxxxi–cxxxii</ref> With Calcutta recaptured, the Council was reinstated and a plan of action against the Nawab was prepared. The fortifications of Fort William were strengthened and a defensive position was prepared in the north-east of the city.{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=333–334}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=23}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 45–46</ref>

===Bengal campaign===
[[File:Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A oil-on-canvas portrait of Robert Clive painted by Nathaniel Dance in 1773. The portrait shows Clive wearing the [[Order of the Bath]] with a battle in progress behind him, probably intended to be Plassey|''Robert Clive'' (1773), by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]].]]

On 9 January 1757, a force of 650 men under Captain [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Coote]] and Major Kilpatrick stormed and sacked the town of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], {{convert|23|mi}} north of Calcutta.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxxxix–cxl</ref> On learning of this attack, the Nawab raised his army and marched on Calcutta, arriving with the main body on 3 February and encamping beyond the [[Maratha Ditch]]. Siraj set up his headquarters in [[Omichund]]'s garden. A small body of their army attacked the northern suburbs of the town but were beaten back by a detachment under Lieutenant Lebeaume placed there, returning with fifty prisoners.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, p. cxliv</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 126–128</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=24}}<ref>Malleson, p. 46</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=334}}

Clive decided to launch a surprise attack on the Nawab's camp on the morning of 4 February. At midnight, a force of 600 sailors, a battalion of 650 Europeans, 100 artillerymen, 800 sepoys and 6 six-pounders approached the Nawab's camp. At 6:00, under the cover of a thick fog, the vanguard came upon the Nawab's advanced guard, who after firing with their matchlocks and rockets, ran away. They continued forward for some distance until they were opposite Omichund's garden, when they heard the galloping of cavalry on their right. The cavalry came within {{convert|30|yd|m}} of the British force before the line gave fire, killing many and dispersing the rest. The fog hampered visibility beyond walking distance. Hence, the line moved slowly, infantry and artillery firing on either side randomly. Clive had intended to use a narrow raised causeway, south of the garden, to attack the Nawab's quarters in the garden. The Nawab's troops had barricaded the passage. At about 9:00, as the fog began to lift, the troops were overwhelmed by the discharge of two pieces of heavy cannon from across the Maratha Ditch by the Nawab's artillery. The British troops were assailed on all sides by cavalry and musket-fire. The Nawab troops then made for a bridge a mile further on, crossed the Maratha Ditch and reached Calcutta. The total casualties of Clive's force were 57 killed and 137 wounded. The Nawab's army lost 22 officers of distinction, 600 common men, 4 elephants, 500 horses, some camels and a great number of bullocks. The attack scared the Nawab into concluding the [[Treaty of Alinagar]] with the Company on 9 February, agreeing to restore the Company's factories, allow the fortification of Calcutta and restoring former privileges. The Nawab withdrew his army back to his capital, Murshidabad.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxlvi–cxlvii</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=334–336}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=25}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 46–47</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 131–136</ref>

Concerned by the approach of de Bussy to Bengal and the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe, the Company turned its attention to the French threat in Bengal. Clive planned to capture the French town of [[Chandannagar]], {{convert|20|mi}} north of Calcutta. Clive needed to know whose side the Nawab would intervene on if he attacked Chandannagar. The Nawab sent evasive replies and Clive construed this to be assent to the attack.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. clx–clxiii</ref> Clive commenced hostilities on the town and fort of Chandannagar on 14 March. The French had set up defences on the roads leading to the fort and had sunk several ships in the river channel to prevent passage of the men of war. The garrison consisted of 600 Europeans and 300 sepoys. The French expected assistance from the Nawab's forces from Hooghly, but the governor of Hooghly, Nandkumar had been bribed to remain inactive and prevent the Nawab's reinforcement of Chandannagar. The fort was well-defended, but when Admiral Watson's squadron forced the blockade in the channel on 23 March, a fierce cannonade ensued with aid from two batteries on the shore. The naval squadron suffered greatly due to musket-fire from the fort. At 9:00 on 24 March, a flag of truce was shown by the French and by 15:00, the capitulation concluded. After plundering Chandannagar, Clive decided to ignore his orders to return to Madras and remain in Bengal. He moved his army to the north of the town of Hooghly.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=25}}<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. clxv–clxxi</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 137–144</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=336–337}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 47–48</ref>

Furthermore, Siraj-ud-Daula believed that the British East India Company did not receive any permission from the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Alamgir II]] to fortify their positions in the territories of the Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=History |author=Rai, R. |publisher=FK Publications |isbn=978-8187139690 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&pg=PA44 |page=44 |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

===Conspiracy===

The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar. His former hatred of the British returned, but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British. The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and from the west by the [[Marathas]]. Therefore, he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks. A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab. As a result, Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law, chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to [[Plassey]], on the island of Cossimbazar {{convert|30|mi}} south of Murshidabad.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=25}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=337}}<ref>Orme, p. 145</ref><ref>Malleson, pp. 48–49</ref>

Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj, contrary to the situation under Alivardi's reign. They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, p. clxxxi</ref> [[William Watts (East India Company official)|William Watts]], the Company representative at the court of Siraj, informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler. The conspirators included [[Mir Jafar]], paymaster of the army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and [[Omichund]], a merchant and several officers in the army.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv</ref> When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar, Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May. The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance. A treaty was drawn between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them, as compensation for the attack on Calcutta. According to historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|W. Dalrymple]], the Jagat Seths offered Clive and the East India Company more than £4m (about £420m in 2019 currency), an additional 110,000 Rupees a month (about £1.43m in 2019) to pay for Company troops, and other landholding rights.<ref>Dalrymple, W. "The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company", Bloomsbury, 2019. According to the author, Plassey was a "palace coup" executed by a greedy opportunist, won by bribery and betrayal.</ref> On 2 May, Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar.<ref>Malleson, pp. 49–51</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=25–29}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=338–339}}<ref>Orme, pp. 147–149</ref>

Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund, but when he found out about it, he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees (£300,000, which would be over £3m in 2019). Hearing of this, Clive suggested an expedient to the Committee. He suggested that two treaties be drawn – the real one on white paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper, containing Omichund's desired stipulation, to deceive him. The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties, but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. clxxxvi–clxxxix</ref> Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army, navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.<ref>Orme, pp. 150–161</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=29}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=339–341}}<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxcii–cxciii</ref>

Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773, during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India:

{{quote|Omichund, his confidential servant, as ''he'' thought, told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée [may be a mistranscription of [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]]] to attack him, and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees. Finding this to be the man in whom the nabob entirely trusted, it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution. We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands. When all things were prepared, and the evening of the event was appointed, Omichund informed Mr. Watts, who was at the court of the nabob, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per cent. upon all the treasure that should be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would disclose the whole to the nabob; and that Mr. Watts, and the two other English gentlemen then at the court, should be cut off before the morning. Mr. Watts, immediately on this information, dispatched an express to me at the council. I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people, and secure success to the intended event. For this purpose we signed another treaty. The one was called the ''Red'', the other the ''White'' treaty. This treaty was signed by every one, except admiral Watson; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it, by the conversation I had with him. As to the person who signed admiral Watson's name to the treaty, whether he did it in his presence or not, I cannot say; but this I know, that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing. This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I am fully persuaded, will agree with me, that, when the very existence of the Company was at stake, and the lives of these people so precariously situated, and so certain of being destroyed, it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803, Volume 17|page= 876|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DLE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PT457|last1= Cobbett|first1= William|last2= Hansard|first2= Thomas Curson|last3= Parliament|first3= Great Britain|last4= Parliament|first4= Scotland|year= 1813|isbn= 978-0404016500}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle, Volume 43|pages= 630–631|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LnpIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA630|year= 1773}}</ref>
}}

==Approach march==
[[File:TO FIGHT OR NOT TO FIGHT. CLIVE'S SOLITARY REFLECTIONS BEFORE THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY.gif|thumb|upright|Clive's solitary reflection before the Battle of Plassey]]
On 12 June, Clive was joined by Major Kilpatrick with the rest of the army from Calcutta at Chandernagar. The combined force consisted of 613 Europeans, 171 artillerymen controlling eight field pieces and two howitzers, 91 [[topasses]], 2100 sepoys (mainly [[dusadh]]s)<ref name="ReferenceA">Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India: Movements</ref><ref name="Dusadhs">''The Battle of Plassey in 1757, which decided the issue of British rule in India, was won by Clive through the aid of an army of Dusadhs ...'' {{Cite book|last1=Warner |first1=Gertrude Leggett |display-authors=etal |year=1938 |title=Moving millions: The pageant of modern India |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions and the [[Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada]] |page=56 |url=https://archive.org/stream/MN41584ucmf_4/MN41584ucmf_4_djvu.txt |access-date=7 April 2020}}, See {{Cite book |editor1-first=Claude |editor1-last=Markovits |editor2-first=Jacques |editor2-last=Pouchepadass |editor3-first=Sanjay |editor3-last=Subrahmanyam |year=2006 |title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750–1950 |location=London |publisher=Anthem Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YEj600m1bgMC&pg=PA299 299] |isbn=978-1-843312-31-4 }} citing Crooke, William (1896). ''The tribes and castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh'' Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India</ref> and 150 sailors. The army set out for Murshidabad on 13 June. Clive sent out the Nawab's messengers with a letter declaring his intention to march his army to Murshidabad to refer their complaints with regard to the treaty of 9 February with the principal officers of the Nawab's government. The Indian troops marched on shore while the Europeans with the supplies and artillery were towed up the river in 200 boats. On 14 June, Clive sent a declaration of war to Siraj. On 15 June, after ordering an attack on Mir Jafar's palace in suspicion of his alliance with the British, Siraj obtained a promise from Mir Jafar to not join the British in the field of battle.<ref>Bengal, v. 1, p. cxciii</ref> He then ordered his entire army to move to Plassey, but the troops refused to quit the city until the arrears of their pay were released. The delay caused the army to reach Plassey only by 21 June.<ref>Malleson, pp. 51–52</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 163–169</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=52}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=341}}

By 16 June, the British force had reached Paltee, {{convert|12|mi}} north of which lay the strategically important town and fort of [[Katwa]]. It contained large stores of grain and military supplies and was covered by the river Aji. On 17 June, Clive despatched a force of 200 Europeans, 500 sepoys, one field piece and a small howitzer under Major [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Coote]] of the [[39th Foot]] to capture the fort. The detachment found the town abandoned when they landed at midnight. At daybreak on 19 June, Major Coote went to the bank of the river and waved a white flag, but was met only by shot and a show of defiance by the governor. Coote split his Anglo-Indian force; the sepoys crossed the river and fired the ramparts while the Europeans crossed farther up from the fort. When the garrison saw the advancing troops, they gave up their posts and fled north. Hearing of the success, Clive and the rest of the army arrived at Katwa by the evening of 19 June.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=52}}<ref>Orme, p. 168</ref><ref>Bengal, v. 1, p. cxcvi</ref>

At this juncture, Clive faced a dilemma. The Nawab had reconciled with Mir Jafar and had posted him on one flank of his army. Mir Jafar had sent messages to Clive, declaring his intention to uphold the treaty between them. Clive decided to refer the problem to his officers and held a council of war on 21 June. The question Clive put before them was whether, under the present circumstances, the army, without other assistance, should immediately cross into the island of Cossimbazar and attack the Nawab or whether they should fortify their position in Katwa and trust to assistance from the Marathas or other Indian powers. Of the twenty officers attending the council, thirteen including Clive were against immediate action, while the rest including Major Coote were in favour citing recent success and the high spirits of the troops. The council broke up and after an hour of deliberation, Clive gave the army orders to cross the [[Bhagirathi River]] (another name for the [[Hooghly River]]) on the morning of 22 June.<ref>Malleson, p. 54</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=53}}<ref>Orme, p. 170</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=342-343}}<ref>Bengal, v. 1, pp. cxcvii–cxcviii</ref>

At 1:00, on 23 June, they reached their destination beyond the village of Plassey. They quickly occupied the adjoining mango grove, called Laksha Bagh, which was {{convert|800|yd|m}} long and {{convert|300|yd|m}} wide and enclosed by a ditch and a mud wall. Its length was angled diagonally to the Bhagirathi River. A little to the north of the grove at the bank of the river stood a hunting lodge enclosed by a masonry wall where Clive took up his quarters. The grove was about a mile from the Nawab's entrenchments. The Nawab's army had been in place 26 hours before Clive's. A French detachment under Jean Law would reach Plassey in two days. Their army lay behind earthen entrenchments running at right angles to the river for {{convert|200|yd|m}} and then turning to the north-eastern direction for {{convert|3|mi}}. There was a redoubt mounted by cannon at this turning along the entrenchment. There was a small hill covered by trees {{convert|300|yd|m}} east of the redoubt. {{convert|800|yd|m}} towards the British position was a small tank (reservoir) and {{convert|100|yd|m}} further south was a larger tank, both surrounded by a large mound of earth.<ref>Orme, pp. 172–173</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=54-55}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 57–59</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=343}}

==Order of battle==
{{Expand section}}
* '''British Forces'''<ref>Fortescue, p. 293</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Conquest of India, 1751-1763|url=http://regiments.org/wars/18thcent/56india.htm|access-date=2021-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217165135/http://regiments.org/wars/18thcent/56india.htm|archive-date=17 February 2006}}</ref>
** [[39th Regiment of Foot]]
** [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)#Formation and consolidation of British rule|Bengal European Regiment]]
** [[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|The Madras Europeans]]
** [[103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)|Bombay Regiment]]
** 1st Bengal Native Infantry
** [[9 (Plassey) Battery Royal Artillery|1st Company, Bengal Artillery]]
** 6 x 6-pdr field cannons (50 x men), [[Royal Artillery]]

==Battle==

[[File:The Nawab's artillery at Plassey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Nawab's artillery on movable platform. A large stage, raised six feet from the ground, carrying besides the cannon, all the ammunition belonging to it, and the gunners themselves who managed the cannon, on the stage itself. These machines were drawn by 40 or 50 yoke of white oxen, of the largest size, bred in the country of Purnea; and behind each cannon walked an elephant, trained to assist at difficult tugs, by shoving with his forehead against the hinder part of the carriage.]]

At daybreak on 23 June, the Nawab's army emerged from their camp and started advancing towards the grove. Their army consisted of 30,000 infantry of all sorts, armed with matchlocks, swords, pikes and rockets and 20,000 cavalry, armed with swords or long spears, interspersed by 300 pieces of artillery, mostly 32, 24 and 18-pounders. The army also included a detachment of about 50 French artillerymen under de St. Frais directing their own field pieces. The French took up positions at the larger tank with four light pieces advanced by two larger pieces, within a mile of the grove. Behind them were a body of 5,000 cavalry and 7,000 infantry commanded by the Nawab's faithful general [[Mir Madan]] Khan and [[Diwan Mohanlal]]. The rest of the army numbering 45,000 formed an arc from the small hill to a position {{convert|800|yards}} east of the southern angle of the grove, threatening to surround Clive's relatively smaller army. The right arm of their army was commanded by Rai Durlabh, the centre by Yar Lutuf Khan and the left arm closest to the British by Mir Jafar.<ref>Orme, p. 173</ref><ref>Malleson, p. 59</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=56-58}}

Clive watched the situation unfolding from the roof of the hunting lodge, anticipating news from Mir Jafar. He ordered his troops to advance from the grove and line up facing the larger tank. His army consisted of 750 European infantry with 100 Topasses, 2100 sepoys ([[dusadh]]s)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and 100 artillery-men assisted by 50 sailors. The artillery consisted of eight 6-pounders and two howitzers. The Europeans and Topasses were placed in the centre of the line in four divisions, flanked on both sides by three 6-pounders. The sepoys were placed on the right and left in equal divisions. Clive posted two 6-pounders and two howitzers behind some brick-kilns {{convert|200|yd|m}} north of the left division of his army to oppose the French fire.<ref>Orme, p. 174</ref><ref>Malleson, p. 60</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=58-61}}

===Battle begins===
At 8:00, the French artillery at the larger tank fired the first shot, killing one and wounding another from the grenadier company of the 39th Regiment. This, as a signal, the rest of the Nawab's artillery started a heavy and continuous fire. The advanced field pieces of the British opposed the French fire, while those with the battalion opposed the rest of the Nawab's artillery. Their shots did not serve to immobilize the artillery but hit the infantry and cavalry divisions. By 8:30, the British had lost 10 Europeans and 20 sepoys. Leaving the advanced artillery at the brick kilns, Clive ordered the army to retreat back to relative shelter of the grove. The rate of casualties of the British dropped substantially due to the protection of the embankment.<ref>Orme, pp. 174–175</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=61-65}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 60–61</ref>

===Death of Mir Madan Khan===
[[File:Soldier of 39th regiment 1742.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A soldier of the 39th Regiment of Foot stands with his rifle (c. 1742)|Soldier of the 39th Regiment (c. 1742)]]
After three hours, there had been no substantial progress and the positions of both sides had not changed. Clive called a meeting of his staff to discuss the way ahead. It was concluded that the present position would be maintained till after nightfall, and an attack on the Nawab's camp should be attempted at midnight. Soon after the conference, a heavy rainstorm occurred. The British used tarpaulins to protect their ammunition, while the Nawab's army took no such precautions. As a result, their gunpowder got drenched and their rate of fire slackened, while Clive's artillery kept up a continuous fire. As the rain began to subside, Mir Madan Khan, assuming that the British guns were rendered ineffective by the rain, led his cavalry to a charge. However, the British countered the charge with heavy grapeshot, mortally wounding Mir Madan Khan and driving back his men.<ref>Orme, p. 175</ref><ref>Malleson, pp. 61–62</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=66-68}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=343-344}}

Siraj had remained in his tent throughout the cannonade surrounded by attendants and officers assuring him of victory. When he heard that Mir Madan was mortally wounded, he was deeply disturbed and attempted reconciliation with Mir Jafar, flinging his turban to the ground, entreating him to defend it. Mir Jafar promised his services but immediately sent word of this encounter to Clive, urging him to push forward. Following Mir Jafar's exit from the Nawab's tent, Rai Durlabh urged Siraj to withdraw his army behind the entrenchment and advised him to return to Murshidabad leaving the battle to his generals. Siraj complied with this advice and ordered the troops under Mohan Lal to retreat behind the entrenchment. He then mounted a camel and accompanied by 2,000 horsemen set out for Murshidabad.<ref>Orme, pp. 175–177</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=68-69}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 62–63</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=344}}

===Battlefield manoeuvres===
[[File:Plassey1757max.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A plan depicting the positions and movements of the opposing armies in the Battle of Plassey|A plan of the Battle of Plassey, fought 23 June 1757 by Col. Robert Clive, against the Nawab of Bengal. Depiction of the battlefield, with explanations of troop movements.]]
At about 14:00, the Nawab's army ceased the cannonade and began turning back north to their entrenchments, leaving St. Frais and his artillery without support. Seeing the Nawab's forces retiring, Major Kilpatrick, who had been left in charge of the British force while Clive was resting in the hunting lodge, recognised the opportunity to cannonade the retiring enemy if St. Frais' position could be captured. Sending an officer to Clive to explain his actions, he took two companies of the 39th Regiment and two field pieces and advanced towards St. Frais' position. When Clive received the message, he hurried to the detachment and reprimanded Kilpatrick for his actions without orders and commanded to bring up the rest of the army from the grove. Clive himself then led the army against St. Frais' position which was taken at 15:00 when the French artillery retreated to the redoubt of the entrenchment, setting up for further action.{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|p=344}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=70}}<ref>Malleson, pp. 63–65</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 175–176</ref>

[[File:9 (Plassey) Battery RA.jpeg|thumb|[[9 (Plassey) Battery Royal Artillery]] of the [[British Military|British military]].]]

As the British force moved towards the larger tank, it was observed that the left arm of the Nawab's army had lingered behind the rest. When the rear of this division reached a point in a line with the northern point of the grove, it turned left and marched towards the grove. Clive, unaware that it was Mir Jafar's division, supposed that his baggage and stores were the intended target and sent three platoons under Captain Grant and Lieutenant Rumbold and a field piece under John Johnstone, a volunteer, to check their advance. The fire of the field piece halted the advance of the division, which remained isolated from the rest of the Nawab's army.<ref>Orme, p. 176</ref><ref>Malleson, p. 65</ref>{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=75}}
[[File:The battle of Plassey, June 23, 1757.jpg|thumb|English guns at the Battle of Plassey, 23 June 1757.]]

Meanwhile, the British field pieces began a cannonade on the Nawab's camp from the mound of the larger tank. As a result, many of the Nawab's troops and artillery started coming out of the entrenchment. Clive advanced half of his troops and artillery to the smaller tank and the other half to a rising ground {{convert|200|yards}} to the left of it and started bombarding the entrenchment with greater efficiency, throwing the approaching trains into confusion. The Nawab's troops shot their matchlocks from holes, ditches, hollows and from bushes on the hill east of the redoubt while St. Frais kept up his artillery fire from the redoubt. Cavalry charges were also repulsed by the British field pieces. However, the British force sustained most of its casualties in this phase.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=75-76}}<ref>Orme, pp. 176–177</ref><ref>Malleson, pp. 66–67</ref>

At this point, Clive realised that the lingering division was Mir Jafar's and concentrated his efforts at capturing the redoubt and hill east of it. Clive ordered a three-pronged attack with simultaneous attacks by two detachments on the redoubt and the hill supported by the main force in the centre. Two companies of grenadiers of the 39th Regiment, under Major Coote took the hill at 16:30 after the enemy fled without firing a shot. Coote pursued them across the entrenchment. The redoubt was also taken after St. Frais was forced to retreat. By 17:00, the British occupied the entrenchment and the camp left by a dispersing army. The British troops marched on and halted {{convert|6|mi}} beyond Daudpur at 20:00.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=77}}<ref>Malleson, p. 67</ref><ref>Orme, pp. 177–178</ref>

The British losses were estimated at 22 killed and 50 wounded. Of the killed, three were of the Madras Artillery, one of the [[Madras Regiment]] and one of the Bengal European Regiment. Of the wounded, four were of the 39th Regiment, three of the Madras Regiment, four of the Madras Artillery, two of the Bengal European Regiment, one of the Bengal Artillery and one of the Bombay Regiment. Of the losses by the sepoys, four Madras and nine Bengal sepoys were killed while nineteen Madras and eleven Bengal sepoys were wounded. Clive estimates that the Nawab's force lost 500 men, including several key officers.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=81-82}}

==Aftermath==
In the evening of 23 June, Clive received a letter from Mir Jafar asking for a meeting with him. Clive replied that he would meet Mir Jafar at Daudpur the next morning. When Mir Jafar arrived at the British camp at Daudpur in the morning, Clive embraced him and saluted him as the Nawab of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]]. He then advised Mir Jafar to hasten to Murshidabad to prevent Siraj's escape and the plunder of his treasure. Mir Jafar reached Murshidabad with his troops on the evening of 24 June. Clive arrived at Murshidabad on 29 June with a guard of 200 European soldiers and 300 sepoys in the wake of rumours of a possible attempt on his life. Clive was taken to the Nawab's palace, where he was received by Mir Jafar and his officers. Clive placed Mir Jafar on the throne and acknowledging his position as Nawab, presented him with a plate of gold rupees.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=83-84}}<ref>Orme, pp. 178–81</ref>

Siraj-ud-daulah had reached Murshidabad at midnight on 23 June. He summoned a council where some advised him to surrender to the British, some to continue the war and some to prolong his flight. At 22:00 on 24 June, Siraj disguised himself and escaped northwards on a boat with his wife and valuable jewels. His intention was to escape to [[Patna]] with aid from Jean Law. At midnight on 24 June, Mir Jafar sent several parties in pursuit of Siraj. On 2 July, Siraj reached [[Rajmahal]] and took shelter in a deserted garden but was soon discovered and betrayed to the local military governor, the brother of Mir Jafar, by a man who was previously arrested and punished by Siraj. His fate could not be decided by a council headed by Mir Jafar and was handed over to Mir Jafar's son, Miran, who had Siraj murdered that night. His remains were paraded on the streets of Murshidabad the next morning and were buried at the tomb of [[Alivardi Khan]].{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=84}}<ref>Orme, pp. 183–84</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=346-347}}

According to the treaty drawn between the British and Mir Jafar, the British acquired all the land within the Maratha Ditch and {{convert|600|yd|m}} beyond it and the [[zamindari]] of all the land between Calcutta and the sea. Besides confirming the firman of 1717, the treaty also required the restitution, including donations to the navy squadron, army and committee, of 22,000,000 rupees (£2,750,000) to the British for their losses. However, since the wealth of Siraj-ud-daulah proved to be far less than expected, a council held with the Seths and Rai Durlabh on 29 June decided that one half of the amount was to be paid immediately – two-thirds in coin and one third in jewels and other valuables. As the council ended, it was revealed to Omichund that he would receive nothing with regard to the treaty, hearing which he went insane.<ref>Orme, pp. 180–82</ref>{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=347-348}}

==Effects==
{{multiple image
| footer = British territorial possessions in India
| footer_align=
| align = right
| image1 = British Possessions in India 1744 .jpg
| caption1 = 1744
| width1 = 160
| image2 = British Possessions in India 1767 .jpg
| caption2 = 1767
| width2 = 160
}}

===Political effects===
As a result of the war of Plassey, the French were no longer a significant force in Bengal. In 1759, the British defeated a larger French garrison at [[Siege of Masulipatam|Masulipatam]], securing the [[Northern Circars]]. By 1759, Mir Jafar felt that his position as a subordinate to the British could not be tolerated. He started encouraging the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] to advance against the British and eject them from Bengal. In late 1759, the Dutch sent seven large ships and 1400 men from [[Java]] to Bengal under the pretext of reinforcing their Bengal settlement of [[Chinsura]] even though Britain and Holland were not officially at war. Clive, however, initiated immediate offensive operations by land and sea and defeated the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the [[Battle of Chinsura]]. The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed [[Mir Qasim]] as the [[Nawab of Bengal]]. The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal. When Clive returned to England due to ill health, he was rewarded with an [[Irish peerage]], as Baron Clive of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]].{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=349-352}}{{sfn|Harrington|1994|p=85}}

The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as [[Arcot]], [[Wandewash]], [[Tanjore]] and [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Cuddalore]], culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under de Lally, supported by [[Hyder Ali]] at [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|Pondicherry]]. The French were returned Pondicherry in 1763 by way of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] but they never again regained their former stature in India. The British would, in effect, emerge as rulers of the subcontinent in subsequent years.{{sfn|Harrington|1994|pp=85-86}}{{sfn|Stanhope|1853|pp=353-363}}

The Battle of Plassey and the resultant victory of the [[East India Company|British East India company]] led to puppet governments instated by them in various states of India.

==The battlefield today==
A monument was established in the battlefield, named the [[Palashi Monument]].
<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="220px">
File:Three Obelisks of Mirmadan, Nabe Singh Hajari and Bahadur Khan near Plassey.jpg|Obelisks of Mirmadan, Nabe Singh Hajari and Bahadur Khan near the Palashi battlefield
File:Plassey Monument.jpg|Plassey Monument in the battlefield
File:ASI display board of Tomb of Mir Madan.jpg|Mir Madan's Tomb in Faridpur, Murshidabad
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Buxar]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
* {{Citation|title=History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles (1713–1783)|volume=IV |last=Stanhope |first=Philip H. |author-link=Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope |year=1853 |publisher=Bernhard Tauchnitz |location=Leipzig |isbn=1-4069-8152-4 |oclc=80350373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q1IAAAAMAAJ&q=History+of+England+from+the+peace+of+Utrecht}}
* {{Citation|title=A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year MDCCXLV|volume=II |last=Orme |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Orme |year=1861 |publisher=Athenaeum Press |location=Madras |oclc=46390406 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmilitar02ormeuoft}}
* {{Citation|title=The Decisive Battles of India from 1746 to 1819 |last=Malleson |first=George B. |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |year=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen |location=London |isbn=0-554-47620-7 |oclc=3680884 |url=https://archive.org/details/decisivebattleso00malluoft}}
* {{Citation|title=Plassey 1757, Clive of India's Finest Hour; Osprey Campaign Series #36|last=Harrington |first=Peter |year=1994 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |isbn=1-85532-352-4}}
* {{Citation|title=Bengal in 1756–1757|volume=1 |editor1-first=S.C. |editor1-last=Hill |year=1905 |series=Indian Records |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=1-148-92557-0 |oclc=469357208 |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalin175657se01hilluoft}}
* {{citation |url={{wdl|2384}} |last1=Campbell|first1=John|last2=Watts|first2=William |date=1760 |title=Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, Anno Domini 1757 |work=World Digital Library |access-date=30 September 2013 }}
* {{Citation |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-8131300343}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fortescue|first=Sir John William |author-link=John Fortescue (historian) |title=A History of the British Army |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbritisharm02fort |year=1899 |volume=II |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=The Prelude to Empire: Plassey Revolution of 1757 |last=Chaudhary |first=Sushil |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7304-301-9 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Siraj-ud-daulah |last=Datta |first=K.K. |year=1971 |publisher=Sangam Books |location=Calcutta |isbn=0-86125-258-6 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Sirajuddaulah and the East India Company |last=Gupta |first=B.K. |year=1962 |oclc=1240808 }}
* {{Cite book|title=The Three Frenchmen In Bengal: The Commercial Ruin of the French Settlements in 1757 |last=Hill |first=S.C. |year=1903 |location=London |isbn=1-4264-4475-3 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Bengal – the British Bridgehead |last=Marshall |first=P.J. |year=1987 |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-02822-1 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136825521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ }}
* {{Cite book |title=Master of Bengal – Clive and His India |last=Spear |first=Thomas G.P. |year=1975 |location=London |isbn=0-500-25041-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/masterofbengalcl0000spea }}
* {{Cite book|title=In Clive's Command – A Story of the Fight for India |last=Strang |first=Herbert |year=1904 |isbn=1-4069-1756-7 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Picturing India: People, Places and the world of the East India Company |last=McAleer |first=John |year=2017 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-8193393543}}

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/colonial/plassey1757/plassey1757.html Hand coloured map of the battle from the London Magazine, printed circa 1760]
* {{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.nic.in/plassey.htm |title=Battle of Plassey |website=Murshidabad Official Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030522114316/http://murshidabad.nic.in/plassey.htm |archive-date=22 May 2003}} – basic map of the battlefield
* {{cite book |last1=Mohsin |first1=KM |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Sushil |year=2012 |chapter=Palashi, The Battle of |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Palashi,_The_Battle_of |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Palasi,+West+Bengal,+India/@23.7777896,88.2799649,4411m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f9737f43959c87:0x1c24ae81c1585b3c!8m2!3d23.7832868!4d88.2607188?hl=en Google Earth view of Plassey]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Nadia topics}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plassey 1757, Battle Of}}
[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1757|Battle of Plassey]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Bengal]]
[[Category:Battles of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Battles involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Battles involving British India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Battles of the East Indies Campaign (1757–1763)]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1757 in India]]
[[Category:Nadia district]]
[[Category:1810s battles|Plassey]]