https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Terrence5904 2026-07-28T23:01:20Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondiya_Assembly_constituency&diff=500828 2026-05-06T21:07:32Z

<p>Terrence5904: added - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gondiya<br /> | constituency_no = 65<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 65-Gondiya.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara-Gondiya]]<br /> | district = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | mla = [[Vinod Agrawal (politician)|Vinod Agrawal]] <br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | electors =326,038 <br /> }}<br /> '''Gondia Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Gondia district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> Parts of [[Gondia taluka]] viz. revenue circles Kamtha, Ravanwadi,<br /> Dasgaon Budruk, Gondia and Gondia Municipal Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=257|accessdate=2015-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=3|Manoharbhai Patel<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=2|Gopalnarayan Bajpai<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | rowspan=3|Rajkumari Bajpai<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | Hariharbhai Patel<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=2|Rameshkumar Kuthe<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal|Gopaldas Agrawal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Rowspan=2|[[Vinod Agrawal (politician)|Vinod Agrawal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Gondiya&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Gondiya |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1365.htm |access-date=11 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211152222/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1365.htm |archive-date=11 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinod Agrawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 143,012 |percentage = 61.59% |change = {{increase}}25.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,404 |percentage = 35.06% |change = {{increase}}30.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra Suhagan Meshram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,386 |percentage = 1.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,471 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 61,608 |percentage = 26.53% |change = {{increase}}13.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 233,658 |percentage = 71.67% |change = {{increase}}6.61 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 232,187}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 326,038 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.18 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}11.96 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinod Agrawal]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 102,996 |percentage = 49.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,827 |percentage = 36.54% |change = {{increase}}9.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amar Prabhakar Warade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,938 |percentage = 4.31% |change = {{decrease}}27.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamlesh Murlidhar Ukey |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,246 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhurwas Bhaiyalal Bhoyar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,704 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}5.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardan Mohanji Bankar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,810 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,169 |percentage = 13.09% |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 209,660 |percentage = 65.06% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 207,527}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,248 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.46 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,701 |percentage = 32.17% |change = {{decrease}}14.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinod Agrawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,943 |percentage = 26.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok [Gappu] Laxminarayan Gupta |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 33,150 |percentage = 17.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Rajkumar Sampatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,876 |percentage = 10.71% |change = {{decrease}}29.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansod Yogesh Madhawrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,725 |percentage = 8.07% |change = {{increase}}1.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chouragade Sureshkumar Khindulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,553 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borkar Namdeo Motiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Laxaman Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 835 |percentage = 0.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,758 |percentage = 5.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 195,852 |percentage = 66.53% |change = {{increase}}1.44 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 194,918}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,399 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.37 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,921 |percentage = 46.53% |change = {{increase}}5.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Rameshkumar Sampatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 65,950 |percentage = 40.42% |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katre Bablu Shyamlal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,599 |percentage = 6.50% |change = {{decrease}}4.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yunus Sheku Sheikh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,674 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Vinod Jaykumar |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,673 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Virendrakumar Kasturchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaktwarti Omprakash Nathubhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,315 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,971 |percentage = 6.11% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 163,260 |percentage = 65.09% |change = {{decrease}}3.52 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 163,169}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.77 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.34 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,453 |percentage = 41.19% |change = {{increase}}13.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Rameshkumar Sampatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 45,932 |percentage = 36.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pardhi Himmatlal Hiralal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 13,334 |percentage = 10.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jasani Ranjit Chaturbhuj |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,837 |percentage = 3.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Niwal Baban Zitru |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,616 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Yadaorao Raghunath |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,407 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tidke Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur Pratik Shivcharan |party = Independent politician |votes = 837 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,521 |percentage = 4.42% |change = {{decrease}}7.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 124,929 |percentage = 68.61% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 124,928}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,076 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.17 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.42 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Rameshkumar Sampatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 40,287 |percentage = 39.77% |change = {{increase}}15.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jain Ajitkumar Amolakchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,906 |percentage = 27.55% |change = {{increase}}5.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Virendrakumar Kasturchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,245 |percentage = 12.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agrawal Abhay Niranjanlal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,394 |percentage = 11.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Bhojraj Sakharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,508 |percentage = 5.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Satish Ganpatrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,963 |percentage = 2.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bombarde Rajkumar Dhannuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 993 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,381 |percentage = 12.22% |change = {{increase}}10.21 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 107,828 |percentage = 65.25% |change = {{decrease}}12.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 101,296}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,262 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.11 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}15.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kuthe Rameshkumar Sampatrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 29,936 |percentage = 24.18% |change = {{increase}}21.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Hariharbhai Manibhai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,451 |percentage = 22.17% |change = {{decrease}}14.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agrawal Abhaykumar Niranjanlal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,257 |percentage = 17.17% |change = {{increase}}13.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Virendrakumar Kasturchand |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 16,251 |percentage = 13.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambedare Dilip Mahadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,920 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harinkhede Dr. Kailashchandra Ramchandraji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,688 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharadwaj Munna Budhramsingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,186 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajbhiye Duryodhan Raghoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,156 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,485 |percentage = 2.01% |change = {{decrease}}10.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 126,512 |percentage = 77.40% |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 123,794}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,453 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hariharbhai Manibhai Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,856 |percentage = 36.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agarwal Radheshyam Harishchandra (Babli) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,995 |percentage = 23.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaiswal Virendrakumar Kasturchand |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 14,946 |percentage = 15.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Sunau Pache |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,093 |percentage = 4.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayantilal Lalaji Parmar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,056 |percentage = 4.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingle Ashok Keshorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,912 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munna Bharadwaj Budharam Bharadwaj |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,691 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goplani Devidas Pohumal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,861 |percentage = 12.99% |change = {{increase}}5.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 100,497 |percentage = 67.05% |change = {{increase}}9.08 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 99,027}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,886 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.05 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajkumari Gopalnarayan Bajpayee |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,104 |percentage = 37.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agrawal Radheshyam Harinarayan |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,631 |percentage = 29.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Bhojraj Sakharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,688 |percentage = 15.46% |change = {{decrease}}7.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bombarde Rajkumar Dhannuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,335 |percentage = 7.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagat Maujilal Dhaduji |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,010 |percentage = 4.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gondane Bhagwan Marota |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,348 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khobrekar Digamber Naklu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,081 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukar Bhaiyalal Tikaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 468 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,473 |percentage = 7.92% |change = {{decrease}}11.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 70,609 |percentage = 57.97% |change = {{increase}}6.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 69,112}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,808 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajkumari Gopalnarayan Bajpayee |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,828 |percentage = 42.17% |change = {{decrease}}9.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Bhojraj Sakharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 13,560 |percentage = 23.03% |change = {{increase}}12.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma Trilokinath Shivdattaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,777 |percentage = 21.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagbhire Bhuvansing Jitsing |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 6,302 |percentage = 10.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagat Maujilal Dhaduji |party = Independent politician |votes = 719 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,268 |percentage = 19.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 60,148 |percentage = 51.41% |change = {{decrease}}19.38 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 58,877}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,994 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}9.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajkumari Gopalnarayan Bajpayee |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 39,729 |percentage = 51.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agrawal Radheshyam Harishchandra |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,033 |percentage = 27.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Bhojraj Sakharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,048 |percentage = 10.51% |change = {{decrease}}12.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhote Manoramabai Mahadeorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,783 |percentage = 7.55% |change = {{decrease}}45.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Turkar Bhaiyalal Tikaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 740 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapat Manohar Wasudeorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 659 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,696 |percentage = 24.41% |change = {{decrease}}6.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 79,025 |percentage = 70.79% |change = {{increase}}14.38 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 76,578}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,636 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.30 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,290 |percentage = 53.18% |change = {{increase}}6.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhojraj Sakharam Ramteke |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 12,398 |percentage = 22.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Wasudeorao Bapat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,468 |percentage = 13.56% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhanji Punaji Ganvit |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 5,324 |percentage = 9.67% |change = {{decrease}}14.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashalatabai |party = Independent politician |votes = 602 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,892 |percentage = 30.67% |change = {{increase}}9.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 57,199 |percentage = 56.41% |change = {{decrease}}9.96 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 55,082}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,401 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,057 |percentage = 46.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Maheshwari |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,053 |percentage = 26.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Verma |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 14,057 |percentage = 24.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Dhote |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Kamde |party = Independent politician |votes = 550 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,004 |percentage = 20.77% |change = {{increase}}17.20 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 61,662 |percentage = 66.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 57,799}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,908 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.19 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.98 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nanoharbhai Bababhai Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,118 |percentage = 48.79% |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,355 |percentage = 45.22% |change = {{increase}}14.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Punaji Holu Badge |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,306 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Wasudeo Bapat |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 593 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Gulma Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 425 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Pandurang Dongre |party = Independent politician |votes = 403 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,763 |percentage = 3.57% |change = {{decrease}}9.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 53,650 |percentage = 68.82% |change = {{increase}}15.84 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 49,431}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.56 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nanoharbhai Bababhai Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,148 |percentage = 44.40% |change = {{increase}}12.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,243 |percentage = 30.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansod Babulal Rangadu |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,980 |percentage = 24.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,905 |percentage = 13.49% |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 36,371 |percentage = 52.98% |change = {{decrease}}4.07 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 36,371}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,645 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.22 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gondiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nanoharbhai Bababhai Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,415 |percentage = 31.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalnarayan Shivavinayak Bajpayee |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,326 |percentage = 31.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Tulsiram Harankhede |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,211 |percentage = 17.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Brijmohan Kanhaiyalal Agarwal |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,153 |percentage = 7.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Johansingh Sampatsingh Uke |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,409 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdishprasad Kisanlal |party = Independent politician |votes = 632 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Londhulal Janglaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 436 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Lalchand Mehta |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 354 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 89 |percentage = 0.30% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 29,842 |percentage = 57.05% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 29,842}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,312 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|21.46|80.20|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Gondia district]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_(2025_film)&diff=503660 2026-05-02T09:59:14Z

<p>Terrence5904: started new article first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Identity<br /> | image = Identity_Malayalam_Movie_Poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Akhil Paul<br /> * Anas Khan<br /> }}<br /> | writer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Akhil Paul<br /> * Anas Khan<br /> }}<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Raju Malliath <br /> * [[CJ Roy]]<br /> }}<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Tovino Thomas]]<br /> * [[Trisha Krishnan]]<br /> * [[Vinay Rai]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Akhil George]]<br /> | editing = [[Chaman Chakko]]<br /> | studio = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Ragam Movies<br /> * Confident Group<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = Sree Gokulam Movies<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|1|2|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 158 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI1MTIyMDI0MDAwNjQ= |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;{{INR}}12 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Identity Box Office Collection Day 4: Tovino Thomas Film Recovers 100 Per Cent Of The Budget |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/identity-box-office-collection-day-4-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-film-recovers-100-per-cent-of-the-budget-mints-rs-23-20-globally-article-116983921 |website=[[Times Now Zoom]] |date=6 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}18 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Identity Final Worldwide Box Office: Tovino Thomas, Trisha Krishnan starrer to wind up its theatrical run at an average of Rs 18 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/identity-final-worldwide-box-office-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-starrer-to-wind-up-its-theatrical-run-at-an-average-of-rs-18-crore-1367147 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=en |date=13 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Identity''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Is Tovino's 'Identity' and Asif Ali's 'Rekhachithram' set to clash in December? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-tovinos-identity-and-asif-alis-rekhachithram-set-to-clash-in-december/articleshow/113872410.cms |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003013729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-tovinos-identity-and-asif-alis-rekhachithram-set-to-clash-in-december/articleshow/113872410.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; written and directed by Akhil Paul and Anas Khan. It is produced by Confident Group and Ragam Movies. The film stars [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Trisha Krishnan]] and [[Vinay Rai]].<br /> <br /> The film was officially announced on 25 November 2022. Principal photography commenced on 12 September 2023, in [[Goa]]. The soundtrack and score was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Identity movie box office verdict: Tovino Thomas' thriller earns only Rs 18.5 crore, is it a flop? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/identity-movie-box-office-verdict-tovino-thomas-thriller-earns-only-rs-185-crore-is-it-a-flop-650999.html |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on 2 January 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Amar Felix, an employee at a clothing store, secretly records a woman in a changing room and blackmails her for money. He has carried out similar schemes with other women, blackmailing them or their relatives, and operates from an abandoned clothing warehouse he owns. One day, a mysterious individual enters the warehouse, kills Amar, and burns it down along with his body.<br /> <br /> Weeks later, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Dineshan is contacted by Malayali-Tamil [[Circle inspector|CI]] Allen Jacob of the [[Karnataka Police]], who has been assigned to investigate Amar's murder. Allen reveals he has an eyewitness, Alisha, whose identity is being protected and is called Ann for the investigation. Ann, who has a [[photographic memory]], claims she can identify the killer. Dineshan offers them a safe house in his building, where Haran Shankar, a part-time karate instructor with [[OCD]] caused by an abusive father, lives with his sister Devika and half-sister Neerja.<br /> <br /> During a scooter theft incident in the neighborhood, Haran demonstrates his sketching skills, learned from his late mother, a police [[sketch artist]]. Impressed, Allen asks Haran to sketch the killer based on Ann's description. Ann's first description unexpectedly matches Haran's face, raising Allen's suspicions. However, when Haran creates a second sketch at the crime scene, it produces a different face, which Ann confirms as the killer.<br /> <br /> A lookout notice is issued, but it is revealed that Haran is, in fact, the one who killed Amar. Realizing his identity might be compromised, Haran attempts to break into Ann's house but is caught by his uncle Sudarshan, a doctor. Ann holds them at gunpoint, and Sudarshan realizes that Ann cannot recognize faces and her memory is unreliable. Allen arrives and addresses Ann as Alisha.<br /> <br /> Four weeks earlier, Alisha Abdul Samad, a [[news presenter]], had been informed by Nakul, a [[hacker]], about Amar's crimes. Seeking to expose him, she secretly entered Amar's warehouse but was caught in the fire set by Haran and fled, only to be struck by a truck, leading to her developing [[prosopagnosia]].<br /> <br /> Allen attempts to arrest Haran, but another man, Ameer Ali, surrenders and confesses, clearing Haran's name. However, Haran later reveals to Alisha that he killed Amar after discovering that Amar had raped his sister Neerja and her friend Sakina. Haran had remained silent until Sakina's brother Ansar, blackmailed by Amar, sought his help. Furious, Haran killed Amar and Ansar's father, who turned out to be Ameer, vowed to protect Ansar.<br /> <br /> The next day, Allen disappears. Haran realizes Allen is after Amar's hard drive, which contains incriminating videos. Allen attacks Haran and Alisha during a car chase, stealing Haran's disguise to approach Dineshan. Allen kills Dineshan to retrieve the hard drive, but Alisha mistakenly believes Haran is responsible. Two days later, Haran proves his innocence to her. Allen's backstory reveals he is a suspended officer who exploited the [[Witness Protection|Witness Protection Scheme]] to sell new identities to criminals, including business magnate Chinappa. In one instance, he sold the identity of Chitrammal, a journalist's widow, to Chinappa, who tried to kill her. To silence Chithrammal permanently, Allen hired Amar to blackmail Ansar into facilitating her murder during a flight to [[Bangalore]]. Amar, however, abducted Neerja and Sakina for his own schemes, setting off the chain of events.<br /> <br /> Allen holds Devika and Neerja hostage at Devika's hospital headquarters while the police question Sudarshan about Haran's past. It is revealed that Haran is actually a former [[National Security Guard|NSG commando]] and an active [[Sky Marshal]]. Haran boards Chitrammal's flight and, with Nakul and Alisha's help, discovers that seven other witnesses are onboard whose identities Allen had sold. Allen plans to crash the flight with the help of a blackmailed [[air traffic controller]]. Haran disables the flight's transponder, averting the crash thereby saving the lives of numerous passengers on board, but Allen manages to escape easily. However, he loses his hard drive after being exposed to the radiation of an [[MRI]] room.<br /> <br /> Weeks later, Allen attempts to flee on a private jet. Haran, assigned as the Sky Marshal for the flight, confronts him mid-air. In a final fight, Haran kills Allen and his bodyguards, avenging Dinesh's death and thereby ending his criminal enterprise, ensuring justice for all the victims.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Tovino Thomas]] as Haran Shankar, a [[Sky Marshal]] and former [[National Security Guard|NSG]] [[Commando]] from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]<br /> ** [[Izin Hash]] as Young Haran<br /> * [[Trisha Krishnan]] as Alisha Abdul Salam / Ann<br /> * [[Vinay Rai]] as [[Circle inspector|CI]] Allen Jacob, [[Karnataka Police]]<br /> * [[Aju Varghese]] as [[Deputy Superintendent|DYSP]] Dinesh Chandran, Haran's Neighbour<br /> * [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Dr. Sudharshan, Haran's Uncle<br /> * [[Adithya Menon]] as Raghunath Chinappa<br /> * [[Vishak Nair]] as Nakul Sachdev, Haran and Aleesha's Friend<br /> * [[Archana Kavi]] as Dr. Devika Shankar, Haran's Elder Sister<br /> * Gopika Ramesh as Neerja Sudip, Haran's Stepsister<br /> * [[Sujith Shankar]] as [[Air traffic controller|ATCO]] Sudev Anand<br /> * [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as Amar Felix<br /> * Rahul Rajagopal as CAS Raveendran <br /> * [[Dhruvan]] as Deepak John, Haran's Subordinate Officer<br /> * [[Giju John]] as Rohan Raphael, Haran's Friend<br /> * [[Major Ravi]] as Chief Siddhayya<br /> * Asha Madathil as Chithrammal<br /> * [[Mandira Bedi]] as Supriya Gopal<br /> * [[Arya Babu|Arya]] as Latha Dinesh, Dinesh's Wife<br /> * [[Assim Jamal]] as Ameer Ali<br /> * Krishna Vijayachandran as Ansar Ali<br /> * Mahima Radhakrishnan as Sakina Ali<br /> * Aparna Mulberry as TV News reporter <br /> * Nilja K Baby as Emy John <br /> * [[Gilu Joseph]] as Smitha Shankar <br /> * Shinu Shyamalan as Dr. Anitha<br /> * Litty Thomas as Niveditha<br /> * Sethu Lekshmi as Natasha<br /> * Vriddhi Vishal as Athira<br /> * Raja Rani Pandian as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Ramamurthy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br /> * Mohan Thankam as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Johny<br /> * Adam Sabiq as [[Pilot]]<br /> * Swathidas as Pushpanath <br /> * Sreerang as Ashwin<br /> * Chikku as Amar's boy who snatches phone<br /> * Akhil Paul as Flight Passenger<br /> * Anas Khan as Flight Passenger <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Casting===<br /> [[Tovino Thomas]] was cast in the lead role, marking his second collaboration with Anas Khan and Akhil Paul after [[Forensic (2020 film)|''Forensic'']]. [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] and [[Vinay Rai]] were also cast in prominent roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Vinay Rai And Trisha Krishnan Join Forces With Tovino Thomas For Their Next Film Identity |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vinay-rai-and-trisha-krishnan-join-forces-with-tovino-thomas-for-their-next-film-identity-8532949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812070643/https://www.news18.com/movies/vinay-rai-and-trisha-krishnan-join-forces-with-tovino-thomas-for-their-next-film-identity-8532949.html |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trisha to star opposite Tovino Thomas in 'Identity' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-star-tovino-thomas-s-upcoming-film-identity-179489 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709091819/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-star-tovino-thomas-s-upcoming-film-identity-179489 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> Principal photography commenced in September 2023 in [[Goa]]. [[Trisha]] joined filming in December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trisha begins shooting for 'Identity' with Tovino Thomas, shares video from set |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-krishnan-tovino-thomas-identity-begins-shoot-2479713-2023-12-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223122352/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-krishnan-tovino-thomas-identity-begins-shoot-2479713-2023-12-23 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place across [[Rajasthan]], [[Kochi]], [[Chennai]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Erode]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tovino shows 'flexibility' on set, flips 'Identity' director during practice session - WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-thomas-lifting-flipping-film-director-1.9432697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105163847/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-thomas-lifting-flipping-film-director-1.9432697 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trisha meets her fans in Erode while shooting for 'Identity' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-meets-her-fans-in-erode-while-shooting-for-identity/articleshow/109502877.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422114522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-meets-her-fans-in-erode-while-shooting-for-identity/articleshow/109502877.cms |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was concluded in July 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tovino Completes Shoot Of Identity; Pens Heartfelt Note For The Film's Team |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/tovino-completes-shoot-of-identity-and-pens-heartfelt-note-for-the-film-team-article-111447621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703055620/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/tovino-completes-shoot-of-identity-and-pens-heartfelt-note-for-the-film-team-article-111447621 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas and Trisha Krishnan-starrer 'Identity' enters final leg of shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Apr/28/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-krishnan-starrer-identity-enters-final-leg-of-shooting-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624133039/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Apr/28/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-krishnan-starrer-identity-enters-final-leg-of-shooting-2 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Marketing===<br /> On 30 June 2023, ''Identity'' was officially announced with a title poster featuring [[Tovino Thomas]] in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Identity' First Look: Tovino Thomas and Trisha promise a thrilling and visually stunning film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/identity-first-look-tovino-thomas-and-trisha-promise-a-thrilling-and-visually-stunning-film-3192870 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916150128/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/identity-first-look-tovino-thomas-and-trisha-promise-a-thrilling-and-visually-stunning-film-3192870 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After filming commenced, the production team confirmed that [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] would be playing the female lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The complete cast was later revealed through a series of promotional posters. Marketing for the film began in early October 2024, with ongoing promotional activities leading up to the release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=First look poster of Tovino Thomas starrer 'Identity' to arrive on THIS day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-to-arrive-on-this-day/articleshow/113334595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914013113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-to-arrive-on-this-day/articleshow/113334595.cms |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The music and original background score for ''Identity'' were composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Identity<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> | released = 19 December 2024<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=14|s=18}}<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | label = [[Sony Music]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Track listing'''<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 14:18<br /> | title1 = Cyclone Central<br /> | length1 = 3:44<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Muhsin Parari]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Yazin Naizar]], Reyan, Melvin<br /> | title2 = Bhoologam Sundaram<br /> | length2 = 3:13<br /> | lyrics2 = Rajat Prakash<br /> | extra2 = Rajat Prakash, Rehna Shaz<br /> | title3 = Thalarathe<br /> | length3 = 3:11<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]<br /> | extra3 = Sreekanth Hariharan<br /> | title4 = Spirit of Haran - Teaser Theme<br /> | length4 = 1:38<br /> | extra4 = [[Instrumental]]<br /> | title5 = Call of the Skies - Trailer Theme<br /> | length5 = 2:30<br /> | extra5 = Instrumental<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''Identity'' was released theatrically on 2 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas, Trisha's upcoming film Identity set for January release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-trisha-film-identity-january-release-teaser-to-release-december-4-2642313-2024-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203064118/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-trisha-film-identity-january-release-teaser-to-release-december-4-2642313-2024-11-29 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas And Trisha Krishnan's Identity Set For January 2025 Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-krishnans-identity-set-for-january-2025-release-aa-9139491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130020625/https://www.news18.com/movies/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-krishnans-identity-set-for-january-2025-release-aa-9139491.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[ZEE5]], and it started streaming in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] from 31 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Identity OTT release date: When, where to watch Tovino Thomas, Trisha Krishnan's action thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/identity-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnas-action-thriller/6976cf201a772 |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 January 2025 |title='Identity' OTT release date: When and where to watch Tovino Thomas and Trisha starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/identity-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tovino-thomas-and-trisha-starrer/articleshow/117603425.cms#:~:text='Identity'%20will%20be%20available%20for,Telugu,%20Kannada,%20and%20Hindi. |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is soon to be released with a dubbed version in [[Hindi]] which will be available to watch on [[Ultra Media &amp; Entertainment|Ultra Play]] app.<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ===Critical response===<br /> The film received mixed reviews from critics. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that &quot;Tovino Thomas, Trisha's action thriller is high on style but low on substance.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Identity movie review: Tovino Thomas, Trisha's action thriller is high on style but low on substance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/identity-movie-review-tovino-thomas-trishas-action-thriller-is-high-on-style-but-low-on-substance-9756292/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that &quot;Too many twists spoil the plot&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Identity Movie Review : Too many twists spoil the plot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/identity/movie-review/116916788.cms |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that &quot;Tovino Thomas, Trisha's thriller is engaging albeit convenient.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Identity review: Tovino Thomas, Trisha's thriller is engaging albeit convenient |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/identity-review-tovino-thomas-trisha-vinay-rai-engaging-but-convenient-2658688-2025-01-02 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;Tovino Thomas-Trisha Krishnan investigate thriller gets lost in a convoluted plotline.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2 January 2025 |title=Identity movie review: Tovino Thomas-Trisha Krishnan investigative thriller gets lost in a convoluted plotline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/identity-movie-review-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-investigative-thriller-gets-lost-in-a-convoluted-plotline/article69053662.ece |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[News18]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that &quot;Trisha and Tovino Thomas' thriller is engaging but wants to be many things at once.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Identity Movie Review: Trisha And Tovino Thomas' Thriller Is Engaging But Wants To Be Many Things At Once |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/identity-movie-review-trisha-and-tovino-thomas-thriller-is-engaging-but-wants-to-be-many-things-at-once-9176213.html |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stars and called it a &quot;largely insipid thriller with an exciting third act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Identity' review: A largely insipid thriller with an exciting third act |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/01/02/a-largely-frigid-thriller-with-an-exciting-third-act.html |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> The film concluded its run with a worldwide gross estimated to be ₹18 crore. It has emerged currently as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025|third highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;gross&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Identity Final Worldwide Box Office: Tovino Thomas, Trisha Krishnan starrer to wind up its theatrical run at an average of Rs 18 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/identity-final-worldwide-box-office-tovino-thomas-trisha-krishnan-starrer-to-wind-up-its-theatrical-run-at-an-average-of-rs-40.23-crore-1367147 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=13 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt27436132}}<br /> * ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/identity/0-0-1z5693111 Identity]'' on [[ZEE5]]<br /> * ''[https://www.ultraplay.in/movie/the-sketch-artist-identity-trailer/zh774c3o1ulm Identity (Hindi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Play]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gobichettipalayam]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayadev_(film)&diff=505918 2026-05-01T05:59:42Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = &lt;!-- https://www.moviebuff.com/jayadev#image-cafc4 --&gt;<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]<br /> | screenplay = Jayanth C. Paranjee<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|[[Sethupathi (film)|''Sethupathi'']]|[[S. U. Arun Kumar]]}}<br /> | producer = K. Ashok Kumar<br /> | starring = Ghanta Ravi&lt;br /&gt;Malvika Raaj<br /> | cinematography = Jawahar Reddy<br /> | editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]<br /> | music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br /> | studio = Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Creations<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2017|6|30|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Jayadev''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]. The film stars newcomer Ghanta Ravi and Malvika Raaj in her lead debut. The film is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In her happy space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-her-happy-space/article19140275.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817085834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-her-happy-space/article19140275.ece |archive-date=17 August 2025 |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=30 June 2017 |title=Jayadev Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jayadev/movie-review/59386105.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701215926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jayadev/movie-review/59386105.cms |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *Ghanta Ravi as Jayadev<br /> *Malvika Raaj<br /> *[[Vinod Kumar Alva|Vinod Kumar]] as Mastan Raju<br /> *[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as M. Krishnamurthy, IG<br /> *[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as a don<br /> *[[Vennela Kishore]]<br /> *[[Ravi Prakash]] as Srihari<br /> *[[Siva Reddy]] as B. V. S. S. N. L. Murthy<br /> *[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]]<br /> *Sravan as Mastan Raju's henchman<br /> *Kadambari Kiran<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film marked the debut of Ghanta Ravi and the return of Malvika Raaj to films after ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Jayakrishnan |date=27 May 2017 |title=Malvika Raj, daughter of Bobby Raj to debut in Telugu with Jayadev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/malvika-raj-daughter-of-bobby-raj-to-debut-in-telugu-with-jayadev/articleshow/58870477.cms |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A song sequence was shot in Slovenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The audio launch was held on 28 June 2017 with [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[Allu Arjun]], and [[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]] in attendance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=DJ steals the show |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dj-steals-the-show/article19167060.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015122/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dj-steals-the-show/article19167060.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Vishakapatnam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sridhar Adivi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote that Paranjee &quot;sticks to a done-to-death plot and fails to engage the audience that had placed big hopes on this talented director, especially since it is his comeback film of sorts. But alas, ''Jayadev'' ends up as a disappointing fare&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Murali Krishna CH of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, &quot;''Jayadev'' is a deliberate attempt to show that Ghanta Ravi can flex his muscles, shake a leg to peppy numbers, shed some tears while making sure justice is served&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=30 June 2017 |title=Jayadev: An outlandish tale |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2017/Jun/30/jayadev-an-outlandish-tale-860.html |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|10928292}}<br /> <br /> {{Jayanth C. Paranjee}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010s police films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shubha_Chacko&diff=535478 2026-04-28T10:26:59Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating a details w/ sources!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian feminist and human rights activist}}<br /> '''Shubha Chacko''' (born 26 August 1965) is an Indian feminist and gender-rights activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanotra |first=Nikhita |title=Shubha Chacko: Fighting for Equal Rights of LGBT &amp; Sex Worker Communities, for Nearly Two Decades |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/shubha-chacko-fighting-for-equal-rights-of-lgbt-sex-worker-communities-for-nearly-two-decades/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Shubha |date=2001 |title=Changing the stream: backgrounder on the women's movement in India |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/cus.38893 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is the founder of Solidarity Foundation, a Bangalore-based not-for-profit organisation. She is also one of the founding board members of [[Sangama (human rights group)|Sangama]], a gender and sexual minority rights NGO in Bangalore along with [[Manohar Elavarthi]]. In April 2025, she relinquished her role as the director and handed over charge to a new director Bhavani. However, she remains on the board of the foundation.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubha-chacko-099371b7/?originalSubdomain=in&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team {{!}} Solidarity Foundation |url=https://www.solidarityfoundation.in/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.solidarityfoundation.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Shubha Chacko has her roots in [[Kerala]] but is born and resides in [[Bangalore]]. She did her schooling at St. Francis Xavier's Girls High School, [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Frazer Town, Bangalore]]. Later, she studied at [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]], Bangalore, and did her master's degree in Social Work at [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=Global Webinar – Comprehensive Approach: Transgender Inclusive Workplaces in India |url=https://outandequal.org/events/global-webinar-comprehensive-approach-transgender-inclusive-workplaces-in-india/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Out &amp; Equal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Chacko is one of the few feminist activists who is active fighting for the rights of gender and sexual minorities, and sex workers in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sindwani |first=Namrata |date=2023-10-18 |title=Activists vow to continue fight after SC ruling on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/Bangalore/2023/Oct/18/activists-vow-to-continue-fight-after-sc-ruling-on-same-sex-marriage-2624875.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Panchanadeswaran |first1=Subadra |last2=Vijayakumar |first2=Gowri |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |last4=Bhanot |first4=Andy |title=Special Issue: Problematizing Prostitution: Critical Research and Scholarship |chapter=Unionizing Sex Workers: The Karnataka Experience |date=2016 |url=https://pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/unionizing-sex-workers-the-karnataka-experience |volume=71 |pages=139–156 |doi=10.1108/S1059-433720160000071007 |isbn=978-1-78635-040-4 |issn=1059-4337|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; She headed many NGOs, including [[Sangama (human rights group)|Sangama]], Aneka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-01-16 |title=Diversity summit seeks to build sensitivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/it-services/diversity-summit-seeks-to-build-sensitivity/articleshow/18041078.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Solidarity Foundation and supported in nurturing and developing sexual minority and sex worker community based organisations and collectives for over 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Activist Shubha Chacko: Privacy and Sex Workers — The Centre for Internet and Society |url=https://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/privacy_privacyandsexworkers |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=editors.cis-india.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-05 |title=Gender and sexual minorities face restricted access to physical, natural and financial capital, finds study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gender-and-sexual-minorities-face-restricted-access-to-physical-natural-and-financial-capital-finds-study/article67045150.ece |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2013, she is the executive director of Solidarity Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko joins the GFCF board |url=https://globalfundcommunityfoundations.org/news/shubha-chacko-joins-the-gfcf-board |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Global Fund for Community Foundations |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Re-Link - Shubha Chacko, Author, Founder &amp; Chief Inclusion Officer |url=https://re-link.org/our-team__trashed/shubha-chacko/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Re-Link |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a researcher interested in macro economics, NGO management, social justice issues including gender and sexual minorities and has published articles in peer-reviewed journals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=Gowri |last2=Panchanadeswaran |first2=Subadra |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |last4=Halford |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Subramaniam |first5=Sanjitha |date=2022-12-02 |title=Between pandemics: sex worker, sexual minority, and transgender activism from HIV to COVID-19 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2022.2124531 |journal=Global Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=3596–3610 |doi=10.1080/17441692.2022.2124531 |pmid=36263592 |issn=1744-1692|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite medRxiv |last1=Panchanadeswaran |first1=Subadra |title=&quot;They assume by having sex, they are a husband&quot;: How Indian Female Sex Workers navigate relationship fluidity and sexual risk |date=2022-09-30 |language=en |medrxiv=10.1101/2022.09.28.22280391 |last2=Chacko |first2=Shubha |last3=Hwahng |first3=Sel |last4=Rahill |first4=Guitele |last5=Joshi |first5=Manisha |last6=Manasi |first6=Ardra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=Gowri |last2=Panchanadeswaran |first2=Subadra |last3=Chacko |first3=Shubha |date=October 2019 |title=Sex Work, Marginalization, and Activism in India |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1969–1972 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1384-3 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=30617663}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has been an invited speaker at many international conferences and published many reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko |url=https://www.shiftthepowersummit.org/shubhachacko |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Shift The Power 2023 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Gender Issue Gender Politics in Asia |url=https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/perspectives-asia_4_the_gender_issue_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2015-16 |url=https://tiss.ac.in/uploads/files/TISSAR2016Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has been instrumental in bringing jogappas into the mainstream and has supported a musical event with renowned [[T. M. Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko Feature Photo Director of NGO Aneka and S... |url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/feature/Shubha-Chacko/469183 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; To support LGBTQIA+ community, she came up with the idea of Pride Cafe and Solidarity Foundation partnered with Amadeus and launched the cafe in Bangalore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Pride Café launched in Bangalore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pride-cafe-Bangalore-lgbtqia-8373769/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Honours ===<br /> On 25 April 2024, she was appointed to the board of Global Fund Community Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shubha Chacko joins the GFCF board - GFCF : GFCF |url=https://globalfundcommunityfoundations.org/news/shubha-chacko-joins-the-gfcf-board |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Global Fund for Community Foundations |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> She received the Times Ascent Award as global diversity leader at the World HRD Congress, Mumbai 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Re-Link - Changing the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Equation for India Inc. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/re-link-changing-the-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-equation-for-india-inc-121081600732_1.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.business-standard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{LinkedIn page|in/shubha-chacko-099371b7}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chacko, Shubha}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian human rights activists]]<br /> [[Category:Tata Institute of Social Sciences alumni]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavithra_Jayaram&diff=524928 2026-04-28T00:51:37Z

<p>Terrence5904: data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Pavithra Jayaram<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Pavithra Jayaram.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | landscape = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;<br /> | alt = Pavithra Jayaram (actress)<br /> | caption = Pavithra Jayaram<br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|04|20}}<br /> | birth_place = Bangalore, Karnataka, India<br /> | baptised = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;<br /> | disappeared_date = &lt;!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | disappeared_place = <br /> | disappeared_status = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|05|12|1971|04|20}}<br /> | death_place = Divitipally, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India<br /> | body_discovered = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;<br /> | burial_place = &lt;!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays &quot;Burial place&quot; as label) --&gt;<br /> | burial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;<br /> | monuments = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | siglum = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = <br /> | era = <br /> | employer = <br /> | organization = <br /> | agent = &lt;!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --&gt;<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot;; or by |label_name=, which produces label &quot;Label(s)&quot; --&gt;<br /> | style = <br /> | television = <br /> | height = &lt;!-- &quot;X cm&quot;, &quot;X m&quot; or &quot;X ft Y in&quot; plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --&gt;<br /> | title = &lt;!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as &quot;Office&quot; (e.g. public office or appointments) --&gt;<br /> | term = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | party = <br /> | otherparty =<br /> | movement = <br /> | opponents = <br /> | boards = <br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- use article title or common name --&gt;<br /> | partner = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;<br /> | children = 2<br /> | parents = &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;<br /> | mother = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;<br /> | father = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;<br /> | relatives = <br /> | family = <br /> | callsign = &lt;!-- amateur radio, use if relevant --&gt;<br /> | awards = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> | module2 = <br /> | module3 = <br /> | module4 = <br /> | module5 = <br /> | module6 = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_type =<br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Pavithra Jayaram''' (20 April 1971 – 12 May 2024) was an actress from [[Karnataka]] who acted in Kannada and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serials and made a name for herself in the Kannada television industry. She died in a car accident on 12 May 2024 at Divitipally in the [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar district]]. She was travelling with her husband from [[Bangalore]] to [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Pavithra Jayaram: All you need to know about Kannada actress who passed away in a tragic car accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pavithra-jayaram-all-you-need-to-know-about-kannada-actress-who-passed-away-in-a-tragic-car-accident/articleshow/110082140.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-05-13 |title=Kannada TV actor Pavithra Jayaram passes away in road accident |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-tv-actor-pavithra-jayaram-passes-away-in-road-accident/article68170633.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Jayaram was born in Bangalore. In 2021, she married Chandrakanth, actor. It was her second marriage. She has a son, [[Chandan Kumar]], and a daughter, Prathiksha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pavithra Jayaram Biography {{!}} Pavithra Jayaram Boyfriend, Husband, Family &amp; Net Worth - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/pavithra-jayaram/biography.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Jayaram made her debut in the TV industry with a Kannada serial, ''Jokali'' in 2018. Later in 2018, she also entered the Telugu scene with another popular serial, ''Ninne Pelladatha''. Then she starred in another serial ''Tilottama'' and in a few years, she became well known for her roles in both Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannada actor Pavithra Jayaram dies on the spot in road accident and family injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kannada-actor-pavithra-jayaram-dies-on-the-spot-in-road-accident-family-injured-101715571487301.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=13 May 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She also acted in ''Robot Family'', ''Galipata'', ''TrinayaniI,'' ''Neeli'' and ''Radha Ramana''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TV actress Pavithra Jayaram dies in road accident |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/south-tv-actor-pavithra-jayaram-passes-away-in-road-accident/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-18 |title=Pavithra Jayaram death: Last Instagram post of 'Trinayani' star dancing with husband goes viral |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/pavithra-jayaram-death-last-instagram-post-of-trinayani-star-dancing-with-husband-goes-viral/articleshow/110153208.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also acted in Kannada films ''Melobba Mayavi'' and ''Manjari'', and in a Telugu movie ''[[Buchinaidu Kandriga (film)|BucchiNaidu Kandriga]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Kannada TV actor Pavitra Jayaram dies in car crash: 6 things to know about her |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-tv-actor-pavitra-jayaram-dies-in-car-crash-6-things-to-know-about-her-3019883 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Jayaram was travelling in a car along with her husband Chandrakanth, cousin Apeksha and driver Srikanth, from Bangalore to Hyderabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Kannada, Telugu TV actor Pavithra Jayaram dies in road accident in Telangana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kannada-telugu-tv-actor-pavithra-jayaram-dies-in-road-accident-in-telangana-9325276/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police said that the driver lost control and hit the divider and crashed into a bus. The accident happened at Divitipally in Mahbubnagar district of [[Telangana]] state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Her husband, Chandrakanth, committed suicide three days after her death on 15 May 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|id=13613415}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaram, Pavithra}}<br /> [[Category:1971 births]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaktikanta_Das&diff=534394 2026-04-24T07:51:00Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat (born 1957)}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Shaktikanta Das<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image = Shaktikanta Das, IAS (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Shaktikanta Das addressing a press conference in New Delhi on 15 December 2016<br /> | office = Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India<br /> | order = 14th<br /> | term_start = 22 February 2025<br /> | alongside = [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]]<br /> | prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | predecessor = ''Position created''<br /> | Minister = <br /> | appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | office1 = Governor of the Reserve Bank of India<br /> | order1 = 25th<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Urjit Patel]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Sanjay Malhotra]]<br /> | term_end1 = 10 December 2024<br /> | term_start1 = 12 December 2018<br /> | appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | governor2 = [[Urjit Patel]]<br /> | minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]<br /> | office2 = [[Sherpa (emissary)|Sherpa]] of India to the [[G20]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Arvind Panagariya]]<br /> | prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]<br /> | term_end2 = 11 December 2018<br /> | term_start2 = 27 November 2017<br /> | 2blankname3 = Chairman<br /> | 2namedata3 = [[N. K. Singh]]<br /> | alongside3 = [[Ashok Lahiri]]&lt;br /&gt;Anoop Chand&lt;br /&gt;[[Ramesh Chand]]<br /> | appointer3 = [[President of India]] {{small|(then, [[Ramnath Kovind]])}}<br /> | office3 = [[Fifteenth Finance Commission#Members|Member of the Fifteenth{{nbsp}}Finance Commission]]<br /> | predecessor3 = <br /> | successor3 = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]]<br /> | term_end3 = 11 December 2018<br /> | term_start3 = 27 November 2017<br /> | appointer4 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | minister4 = [[Arun Jaitley]]<br /> | office4 = [[Economic Affairs Secretary]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Subhash Chandra Garg]]<br /> | term_end4 = 28 May 2017<br /> | term_start4 = 31 August 2015<br /> | appointer5 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | minister5 = [[Arun Jaitley]]<br /> | office5 = [[Revenue Secretary]]<br /> | predecessor5 = Rajiv Thakur<br /> | successor5 = [[Hasmukh Adhia]]<br /> | term_end5 = 31 August 2015<br /> | term_start5 = 16 June 2014<br /> | office6 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Fertilizers Secretary]]<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]<br /> | president6 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]|[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}<br /> | prime_minister6 = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | successor6 = Jugal Kishore Mohapatra<br /> | term_end6 = 15 June 2014<br /> | term_start6 = 26 December 2013<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|02|26|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India<br /> | occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer<br /> | alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])}} &lt;br&gt;[[Utkal University]] {{small | ([[D.Litt]])}}<br /> | awards = {{plainlist|<br /> * Asia–Pacific Central Banker of the year by [[The Banker]] (2020)<br /> * Governor of the year by Central Banking (2023)<br /> * Rated A+ by Global Finance Magazine Central Banker Report Cards (2023) And (2024)<br /> }}<br /> | signature = Shaktikanta Das signature-en.jpg<br /> | profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]<br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> '''Shaktikanta Das''' (born 26 February 1957) is an Indian bureaucrat and retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who is currently serving as the 14th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]. He previously served as the 25th [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]. He was also a member of the [[Fifteenth Finance Commission|Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission]] and India's [[Sherpa (emissary)|Sherpa]] to the [[G20]].<br /> <br /> While serving as an IAS officer, Das held a number of positions for the [[Government of India|Central]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State]] governments, including as the [[Economic Affairs Secretary]], [[Revenue Secretary]], and the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Fertilizers Secretary]]. Additionally, he has held the positions of Alternate Governor for India at the [[World Bank]], [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], [[New Development Bank|NDB]] and [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank|AIIB]]. He has represented India in a number of international forums like the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[G20]], [[BRICS]], and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]].<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Born in [[Bhubaneswar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/shaktikanta-das-a-budget-veteran-comes-to-mint-street/articleshow/67054166.cms|title=Shaktikanta Das: A budget veteran comes to Mint Street|last1=Siddharta|last2=Gupta|first2=Surojit|date=12 December 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd.]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=23379369|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916211641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/shaktikanta-das-a-budget-veteran-comes-to-mint-street/articleshow/67054166.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Das attended the [[Demonstration Multipurpose School, Bhubaneswar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; and then attained a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) and a [[Master's degree|master's]] degrees ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) in [[History]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] of [[Delhi University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaktikanta Das – Executive Record Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14205&amp;PageId= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123450/https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14205&amp;PageId= |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], [[Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 February 2025 |title=Shaktikanta Das appointed new Principal Secretary: What does the post entail? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/shaktikanta-das-rbi-new-principal-secretary-post-9851945/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504110901/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/shaktikanta-das-rbi-new-principal-secretary-post-9851945/ |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has a postgraduate degree in [[Master of Public Administration|public administration]] from the [[University of Birmingham]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Shaktikanta Das: The man behind GST, note ban and monetary response during Covid |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/shaktikanta-das-the-man-behind-gst-note-ban-and-monetary-response-during-covid-3310151 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also completed a course in financial management from the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]], and received mid-career training from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]]. In recognition of his contributions to public administration, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters ([[D.Litt.]]) by [[Utkal University]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2021 |title=Utkal University's 50th Convocation: RBI Governor among 5 receives D.Litt degree |url=https://sambadenglish.com/utkal-universitys-50th-convocation-rbi-governor-among-5-receives-d-litt-degree/ |website=[[Sambad English]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=23 February 2025 |title=Shaktikanta Das: Veteran bureaucrat who helmed RBI through Covid-19 |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/shaktikanta-das-veteran-bureaucrat-who-helmed-rbi-through-covid-19/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Indian Administrative Services career ==<br /> Das joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1980 as part of the Tamil Nadu cadre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Das served the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in a number of capacities, including as [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] ([[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)]]), Special Commissioner ([[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)]]), Secretary (Revenue), Secretary Commercial Taxes, the project director of Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society and as the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] and [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]] districts in the Tamil Nadu government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=Shaktikanta Das: After Raghuram Rajan, another RBI governor with a Tamil connection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/Dec/11/eight-things-to-know-about-shaktikanta-das--the-new-rbi-governor-1910157.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Das has also served as the [[Economic Affairs Secretary|Union Economic Affairs Secretary]], [[Revenue Secretary|Union Revenue Secretary]], [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Fertilizers Secretary]], Special secretary in the [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]] of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] and as a [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Department of Expenditure]] of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] in the Indian government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; While he was Joint Secretary, he worked briefly for [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai|Mahindra World City]], a deputation to a [[Private sector|private sector organisation]] provided for by IAS rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_II_IAS_Rule_01_0.pdf|title=The Indian Administrative Service (Cadre) rules, 1954|date=1954|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813225159/http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_II_IAS_Rule_01_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, he has held the positions of Alternate Governor for India at the [[World Bank]], [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], [[New Development Bank|NDB]] and [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank|AIIB]]. He has represented India in a number of international forums like the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[G20]], [[BRICS]], and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue Secretary ===<br /> [[File:Shaktikanta Das, IAS signing FATCA.jpg|left|thumb|Das (left) with the United States ambassador to India [[Richard Verma]] (right) on the signing of [[Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act|FATCA]] in [[New Delhi]] on 9 July 2015|alt=]]<br /> <br /> In June 2014, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]-led-[[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) named Das as the Union Revenue Secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/shaktikanta-das-appointed-as-revenue-secretary-114061600671_1.html|title=Shaktikanta Das appointed as Revenue Secretary|date=16 June 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/shaktikhanta-das-appointed-as-revenue-secretary/article6114678.ece|title=Shaktikanta Das appointed as Revenue Secretary|last=Sinha|first=Shishir|date=14 June 2014|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874|access-date=15 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; His tenure started on 16 June 2014, and concluded on 31 August 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Economic Affairs Secretary ===<br /> [[File:Arun Jaitley, the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Shri Shaktikanta Das and the President, CII, Shri Naushad Forbes.jpg|thumb|left|Das (right) with Minister of Finance [[Arun Jaitley]] (centre) and the president of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]], [[Naushad Forbes]] (left)]]<br /> <br /> Das was appointed [[Economic Affairs Secretary|Union Economic Affairs Secretary]] by the ACC in August 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/das-is-new-economic-affairs-secy-hasmukh-adhia-revenue-secretary/|title=Das is new economic affairs secy, Hasmukh Adhia revenue secretary|date=29 August 2015|website=[[The Indian Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=15 January 2018|agency=Express News Service|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004230/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/das-is-new-economic-affairs-secy-hasmukh-adhia-revenue-secretary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He assumed the office of Secretary on 31 August 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2015 |title=Shaktikanta Das Takes Charge as Economic Affairs Secretary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaktikanta-das-takes-charge-as-economic-affairs-secretary-1213313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004353/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaktikanta-das-takes-charge-as-economic-affairs-secretary-1213313 |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=[[NDTV]] |location=[[New Delhi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and admitted it and simultaneously [[Pension|superannuated]] from service on 28 May 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; after being given a three-month{{Nbsp}}extension by the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/DEA-Secretary-Shaktikanta-Das-gets-3-month-extension/article17083022.ece|title=DEA Secretary Shaktikanta Das gets 3-month extension|date=23 January 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627053200/https://www.thehindu.com/business/DEA-Secretary-Shaktikanta-Das-gets-3-month-extension/article17083022.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dea-secretary-shaktikanta-das-gets-3-month-extension-117012301178_1.html|title=DEA Secretary Shaktikanta Das gets 3-month extension|date=23 January 2017|website=[[Business Standard]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185529/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dea-secretary-shaktikanta-das-gets-3-month-extension-117012301178_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-extends-economic-affairs-secretary-shaktikanta-das-tenure-by-3-months/articleshow/56738856.cms|title=Govt extends Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das' tenure by 3 months|date=24 January 2017|website=[[The Economic Times]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115190323/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-extends-economic-affairs-secretary-shaktikanta-das-tenure-by-3-months/articleshow/56738856.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] of all [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1,000]] banknotes with the objective of increasing cashless transactions and reducing the use of illicit and [[counterfeit]] cash.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=27 November 2016 |title=Modi urges country to become a cashless society |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Modi-urges-country-to-become-a-cashless-society/article16710453.ece |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawaloflegal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=9 November 2016 |title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised) |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520 |access-date=9 November 2016 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Das was the senior [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]] official in the finance ministry during the planning and implementation phase of the initiative and was widely reported as one of the principal government officials coordinating the administrative response.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Suvashree |date=11 December 2018 |title=Moving fast, India names Modi demonetization backer as central bank head |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/moving-fast-india-names-modi-demonetization-backer-as-central-bank-head-idUSKBN1OA1DU/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Das was also among the senior officials in the Ministry of Finance during the roll out of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] and worked in drawing up the legislation and coordinating with the states for implementing the tax, which took effect on 1 July 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=28 February 2017 |title=GST to come into effect from July 1: Shaktikanta Das |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/Feb/28/gst-to-come-into-effect-from-july-1-shaktikanta-das-1575801.html |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaktikanta Das: Man in charge of demonetisation, GST rollout is new RBI governor |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/shaktikanta-das-man-in-charge-of-demonetisation-gst-rollout-is-new-rbi-governor-3280851.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903075240/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/shaktikanta-das-man-in-charge-of-demonetisation-gst-rollout-is-new-rbi-governor-3280851.html |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Post-retirement ===<br /> After his retirement from the IAS, Das was appointed a member of the [[Fifteenth Finance Commission|Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission]] by the ACC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nk-singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-finance-commission/article9974029.ece|title=NK Singh appointed Chairman of 15th Finance Commission|date=27 November 2017|website=Business Line|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416234212/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nk-singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-finance-commission/article9974029.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, he was appointed as India's [[Sherpa (emissary)|Sherpa]] to the [[G20]] by the ACC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/shaktikanta-das-appointed-indias-g20-sherpa-until-december-31-2018/949913/|title=Shaktikanta Das appointed India's G20 Sherpa until December 31, 2018|date=27 November 2017|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185221/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/shaktikanta-das-appointed-indias-g20-sherpa-until-december-31-2018/949913/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2018, on his appointment as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Das resigned from his position in the Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}[[Finance Commission]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Acceptance%20of%20resignation%20of%20Shri%20Shaktikanta%20Das-Member,%20FFC-11-12-2018.PDF|title=Acceptance of resignation of Shri Shaktikanta Das-Member, FFC|date=11 December 2018|website=[[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014845/https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Acceptance%20of%20resignation%20of%20Shri%20Shaktikanta%20Das-Member,%20FFC-11-12-2018.PDF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Governor of the Reserve Bank of India ==<br /> On 11 December 2018, Das was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) for a three-year term. His predecessor Urjit Patel had resigned the day before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=11 December 2018 |title=Shaktikanta Das appointed as RBI Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/shanktikanta-das-named-new-rbi-governor/article25718664.ece |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=Gireesh Chandra |last2=Ghosh |first2=Shayan |last3=Gopakumar |first3=Gopika |date=11 December 2018 |title=Shaktikanta Das, who oversaw demonetization, is new RBI governor |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/mqqkVZgURWChvJbxq45E4H/Shaktikanta-Das-appointed-new-RBI-governor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212020535/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/mqqkVZgURWChvJbxq45E4H/Shaktikanta-Das-appointed-new-RBI-governor.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=[[Livemint]] |publisher=Vivek Khanna |location=[[New Delhi]]/[[Mumbai]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Das received an extension in December 2021 for a period of three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=Shaktikanta Das to start his extended 3-year tenure as RBI governor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/shaktikanta-das-to-start-his-extended-3-year-tenure-as-rbi-governor-101639097878226.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 October 2021 |title=Shaktikanta Das given 3-year extension as RBI governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/shaktikanta-das-given-3-year-extension-as-rbi-governor/article37224735.ece |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; As RBI governor, Das served as the ''ex-officio'' chairperson of the [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] of the central bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:322&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Newly appointed deputy governor to look after RBI's monetary policy division |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/newly-appointed-deputy-governor-to-look-after-rbi-s-monetary-policy-division-11579097609165.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116151153/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/newly-appointed-deputy-governor-to-look-after-rbi-s-monetary-policy-division-11579097609165.html |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=[[Livemint]] |publisher=Vivek Khanna |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=[[Mumbai]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 January 2020 |title=RBI appoints ED Janak Raj as member of MPC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-appoints-ed-janak-raj-as-member-of-mpc/articleshow/73741480.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828183058/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-appoints-ed-janak-raj-as-member-of-mpc/articleshow/73741480.cms |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |issn=0013-0389 |oclc=61311680 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Responses ===<br /> Das's appointment as RBI governor received mostly positive responses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/has-handled-all-his-assignments-well/article25720280.ece|title=Shaktikanta Das handled all his assignments well|date=11 December 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 December 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|location=[[Chennai]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627053202/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/has-handled-all-his-assignments-well/article25720280.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/mit-economist-abhijit-banerjee-flays-government-in-appointing-shaktikanta-das-as-rbi-governor/1411091/|title=MIT economist Abhijit Banerjee flays government in appointing Shaktikanta Das as RBI Governor|date=11 December 2018|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|oclc=30000665|access-date=12 December 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627053205/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-mit-economist-abhijit-banerjee-flays-government-in-appointing-shaktikanta-das-as-rbi-governor-1411091/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[DBS Bank]]'s head of markets for India at Singapore, Ashish Vaidya, saying that previous governors of the RBI with an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] background, such as [[Y. Venugopal Reddy]] and [[Duvvuri Subbarao]], had been successful and that Das's &quot;cordial relations with the government [...] [would] likely help policy negotiations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Saikat |date=11 December 2018 |title=How Shaktikanta Das may aid regain overseas investor confidence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-shaktikanta-das-may-aid-regain-overseas-investor-confidence/articleshow/67049476.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627053201/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-shaktikanta-das-may-aid-regain-overseas-investor-confidence/articleshow/67049476.cms |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=12 December 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |oclc=61311680}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[S. S. Mundra]], a former [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of the RBI, said Das was a &quot;good and balanced choice&quot; for RBI governorship and had &quot;a good understanding of the whole of the financial sector both from the ministry and also in his interactions with the RBI.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-cenbank-governor-idINKBN1OA1N0|title=Expert Views: India appoints Shaktikanta Das as RBI governor|last1=Kurup|first1=Krishna V.|date=11 December 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=12 December 2018|agency=[[Reuters]]|last2=Thomas|first2=Chris|editor-last=Miglani|editor-first=Sanjeev|location=[[Bengaluru]]/[[New Delhi]]|last3=Monnappa|first3=Chandini|last4=Dasgupta|first4=Neha|editor2-first=Sai Sachin|editor2-last=Ravikumar|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211221957/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-cenbank-governor-idINKBN1OA1N0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A former [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[C. Rangarajan]], said Das had &quot;experience in economic affairs&quot; and would &quot;make a good governor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Gaurang Shah, a senior vice president at [[Geojit Financial Services]], said &quot;a name like Shaktikanta Das carries track record, experience, credentials, credibility and respect along with him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Industry bodies like [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry]] (FICCI) and [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) described the appointment as a &quot;great choice&quot;, citing his administrative experience, familiarity with India's financial issues, and participation in international forums such as the G20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=India Inc sees 'great choice' in Shaktikanta Das' appointment as RBI Governor - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/india-inc-sees-great-choice-in-shaktikanta-das-appointment-as-rbi-governor-123766-2018-12-11 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions of the markets was also positive, with [[BSE SENSEX]] gaining 629{{Nbsp}}points and [[NIFTY 50]] increasing by 188{{Nbsp}}points.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2018 |title=Closing bell: Sensex surges 629 points, Nifty above 10,700 after RBI chief appointment |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/OOEBbhmz7RJAHSO8q5ceuO/Markets-LIVE-Sensex-Nifty-set-for-cautious-start.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627053205/https://www.livemint.com/Money/OOEBbhmz7RJAHSO8q5ceuO/Markets-LIVE-Sensex-Nifty-set-for-cautious-start.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |publisher=Vivek Khanna |location=[[Mumbai]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2018 |title=Sensex, Nifty post biggest 1-day gain in 5 weeks; here are 3 key reasons behind surge |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/sensex-nifty-post-biggest-1-day-gain-in-5-weeks-here-are-3-key-reasons-behind-surge/1411869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212140419/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/sensex-nifty-post-biggest-1-day-gain-in-5-weeks-here-are-3-key-reasons-behind-surge/1411869/ |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |oclc=30000665}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the other hand, [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] and professor at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Abhijit Banerjee]], said Das's appointment posed a lot of &quot;frightening&quot; questions on governance of autonomous public institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; [[Subramanian Swamy]], a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the largest party of the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] coalition, and a nominated [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]] (Council of the States), criticised Das, calling him a &quot;corrupt person&quot; at an event at the [[Indian School of Business]] in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rbi-governor-saktikanta-das-highly-corrupt-says-swamy/cid/1679687|title=RBI chief Saktikanta Das 'corrupt', says Swamy|date=23 December 2018|website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=[[Hyderabad]]|oclc=271717941|access-date=24 December 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223044436/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rbi-governor-saktikanta-das-highly-corrupt-says-swamy/cid/1679687|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2018 |title=Subramanian Swamy claims new RBI governor Shaktikanta Das is a 'corrupt person' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/906736/subramanian-swamy-claims-new-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-is-a-corrupt-person |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224151532/https://scroll.in/latest/906736/subramanian-swamy-claims-new-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-is-a-corrupt-person |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also became the subject of widespread commentary and jokes on social media. On [[Twitter]], some users joked about his MA in History with quips wondering if he would turn the RBI &quot;into history&quot; and asking him history-quiz questions like the date of the [[Battle of Haldighati]]. [[Google Trends]] data indicated that searches related to Das's educational qualifications surged immediately following the announcement of his appointment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Shaktikanta Das turns butt of jokes on Twitter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/history-masters-shaktikanta-das-is-butt-of-jokes-on-twitter-after-he-is-named-rbi-governor/cid/1678655 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Initiatives ===<br /> In March 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] disrupted economic activity, the RBI under Das took a sequence of emergency actions to preserve credit flows and inject [[Liquidity adjustment facility|system liquidity]]. The central bank's [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] held an emergency meeting on 27 March 2020 and cut the policy [[Bank rate|repo rate]] by 75 [[Basis point value|basis points]], including a 3-month [[Debt moratorium|moratorium]] on term loans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Anirban |last2=Singh |first2=Siddhartha |date=27 March 2020 |title=India Cuts Rate, Unleashes $50 Billion Stimulus In Virus Fight |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-27/india-s-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-in-emergency-meeting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328151543/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-27/india-s-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-in-emergency-meeting |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=RBI Highlights: Shaktikanta Das allows to pause loan EMIs for 3 months; announces 75 bps emergency repo rate cut |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-rbi-reserve-bank-of-india-governor-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-live-repo-rate-reverse-repo-rate-interest-rate-cut-liquidity-easing-monetary-policy-coronavirus-1910819/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By May 2020, the central bank had cumulatively reduced the repo rate by 115 bps over two months, injected liquidity equivalent to 8.7% of India's GDP, and introduced targeted relief to strengthen transmission and financial stability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 May 2020 |title=In 8th straight cut, RBI slashes key rate 40 basis points to new all-time low |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/in-8th-straight-cut-rbi-slashes-key-rate-40-basis-pts-to-new-all-time-low/articleshow/75906404.cms |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central Banking in Uncertain Times: The Indian Experience - Shaktikanta Das |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/publications/rbi-bulletin/central-banking-in-uncertain-times-the-indian-experience-shaktikanta-das-21855?p_l_back_url=/web/rbi/search?q=Central%2520Banking%2520in%2520Uncertain%2520Times:%2520The%2520Indian%2520Experience%2520-%2520Shaktikanta%2520Das&amp;type=com.liferay.journal.model.JournalArticle&amp;type=com.liferay.portal.kernel.model.Layout&amp;togs=exact&amp;orderBy=newest |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One of Das's first major challenges was addressing the [[liquidity crisis]] in the [[Non-bank financial institution|non-banking financial company]] (NBFC) sector following the [[IL&amp;FS]] default in 2018. In October 2021, the RBI, issued a scale-based regulatory framework for NBFCs, reorganising supervision according to size, activities and systemic importance and imposing enhanced governance, disclosure and prudential standards for larger NBFCs, along with stricter norms to curb excessive risk-taking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scale Based Regulation (SBR): A Revised Regulatory Framework for NBFCs |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=12179 |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Top 10 policy moves that defined Shaktikanta Das' term as RBI Governor - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/top-10-policy-moves-that-defined-shaktikanta-das-term-as-rbi-governor-19521730.htm |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The RBI continued to prioritise digital payment infrastructure under Das. [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) became the dominant retail payment method by volume and value, based on [[National Payments Corporation of India|NPCI]] statistics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UPI's share in India's digital payments surged to 83%: RBI report |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/upis-share-in-indias-digital-payments-surged-to-83-rbi-report/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423103809/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/upis-share-in-indias-digital-payments-surged-to-83-rbi-report/ |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=ddnews.gov.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], UPI has averaged growth rates of 160% annually since its launch in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; During an address at the Grand Finale of the G20 TechSprint 2023, Das said that UPI has become the backbone of digital payments in India and has helped to catalyse a wave of innovations in the fintech sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=5 September 2023 |title=UPI has become backbone of digital payment: RBI Governor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2023/Sep/05/upi-has-become-backbone-of-digital-payment-rbi-governor-2611871.html |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By mid-2024, over 14 billion transactions per month were recorded by UPI and transaction values regularly surpassing ₹20 trillion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The RBI also launched limited pilot programmes for a retail [[central bank digital currency]] (e₹) on 1 December 2022, operating initially within closed user groups to test issuance, distribution and use cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Jaspreet |date=25 June 2024 |title=India digital currency transactions slump after reaching initial c.bank target, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/india-digital-currency-transactions-slump-after-reaching-initial-cbank-target-2024-06-25/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> For his efforts to strengthen the banking sector, he was given the Central Banker of the Year, Asia-Pacific 2020 award by the [[London]]-based publication ''[[The Banker]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das bags 'Central Banker of the Year 2020, Asia-Pacific' award|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-bags-central-banker-of-the-year-2020-asia-pacific-award/article30733176.ece|access-date=29 April 2021|website=@businessline|date=4 February 2020 |language=en|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429103856/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-bags-central-banker-of-the-year-2020-asia-pacific-award/article30733176.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Das was honoured with the title of 'Governor of the Year 2023' from Central Banking, a financial newspaper also located in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=RBI chief Shaktikanta Das honoured with Governor of the Year award {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rbi-chief-shaktikanta-das-honoured-with-governor-of-the-year-award-at-central-banking-awards-2023london-11686723134489.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Governor of the year: Shaktikanta Das - Central Banking |url=https://www.centralbanking.com/awards/7954700/governor-of-the-year-shaktikanta-das |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=www.centralbanking.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was rated &quot;A+&quot; in the Global Finance Central Banker Report Cards 2023 and 2024 consecutively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Anjali |date=27 August 2024 |title=Shaktikanta Das receives A+ grade in the central bank report cards 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/shaktikanta-das-receives-a-grade-in-the-central-bank-report-cards-2024-124102700233_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113220327/https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/shaktikanta-das-receives-a-grade-in-the-central-bank-report-cards-2024-124102700233_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Das was placed at the top of the list of three central bank governors who have been rated A+.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das ranked top central banker for second year in a row |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-ranked-top-central-banker-for-second-year-in-a-row/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417192423/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-ranked-top-central-banker-for-second-year-in-a-row/ |archive-date=17 April 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=ddnews.gov.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=28 October 2024 |title=Shaktikanta Das Earns A+ in Central Bank Report Card 2024 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/shaktikanta-das-earns-a-in-central-bank-report-card-2024/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:DM-School-alumni-meet.jpg|thumb|center|Das as the chief guest at the alumni meet of his school]]<br /> <br /> == Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India ==<br /> In February 2025, Das was appointed as the second [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]]. He is serving alongside [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]], who was appointed in 2019, as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bhat |first1=Swati |last2=Singh |first2=Sarita Chaganti |date=24 February 2025 |title=Naming ex-India central bank chief Das as key aide highlights Modi's economic focus |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/naming-ex-india-cbank-chief-das-key-aide-highlights-modis-economic-focus-2025-02-24/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Shaktikanta Das}}<br /> * {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14205&amp;PageId=|2=Executive record sheet, as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India}}<br /> * {{URL|1=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=27531155&amp;privcapId=882940|2=Executive profile, as maintained by Bloomberg}}<br /> <br /> {{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}<br /> {{Ministry of Finance (India)}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shaktikanta}}<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomats for India]]<br /> [[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bhubaneswar]]<br /> [[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Woodroffe&diff=506493 2026-04-23T11:19:12Z

<p>Terrence5904: started some bio w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British orientalist (1865–1936)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> |honorific_prefix = Sir<br /> |name = John Woodroffe<br /> |image = File:Sir_John_George_Woodroffe_in_1928.jpg<br /> |image_size = <br /> |caption = In 1928. Portrait by [[James Lafayette|Lafayette]]<br /> |birth_name = <br /> |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1865|12|15}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]&lt;ref name=&quot;birth&quot;&gt;''India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''1881 England Census''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1936|01|16|1865|12|15}}<br /> |death_place = [[Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes]], France&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;/&gt;<br /> |resting_place = <br /> |resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> |citizenship = United Kingdom<br /> |other_names = Arthur Avalon<br /> |known_for = ''The Serpent Power''<br /> |alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]<br /> |occupation = [[Lawyer]]; [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]]<br /> |parents = James Tisdall Woodroffe, Florence Woodroffe<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sir John George Woodroffe''' (15 December 1865 – 16 January 1936), also known by his pseudonym '''Arthur Avalon''', was a British [[oriental studies|Orientalist]] whose extensive and complex published works on the [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]], and other Hindu traditions, stimulated a wide-ranging interest in [[Hindu philosophy]] and [[yoga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Obituary: Sir John Woodroffe |work=[[The Times]] |date=18 January 1936|page=14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Woodroffe was the eldest son of James Tisdall Woodroffe and his wife Florence, daughter of James Hume. James Woodroffe was Advocate-General of [[Bengal]] and Legal Member of the Government of India, a [[Justice of the Peace]], and a [[Knight of St. Gregory]]. John was educated at Woburn Park School and the [[University College, Oxford]], where he took second classes in jurisprudence and the Bachelor of Civil Law examinations. He was called to the Bar by the [[Inner Temple]] in 1889, and in the following year was enrolled as an advocate of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. He was soon made a Fellow of the [[Calcutta University]] and appointed Tagore Law Professor. He collaborated with Ameer Ali in a widely used textbook, ''Civil Procedure in British India''. He was appointed Standing Counsel to the Government of India in 1902, and in 1904 was raised to the High Court Bench. He served there for eighteen years, becoming Chief Justice in 1915. After retiring to England he served as Reader in Indian Law to the [[University of Oxford]]. He died on 18 January 1936 in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Woodroffe was married to the concert pianist [[Grimson (musical family)|Ellen Elizabeth Grimson]] from 1902.<br /> <br /> ==Sanskrit studies==<br /> John Woodroffe's interest in tantra was sparked due to a court case, in which he felt he suddenly could not focus on the facts of the case. After mentioning this to his assistant, he was informed that a &quot;tantrik sadhu&quot; had been hired to perform a mantra outside the courthouse to &quot;cloud his mind&quot; in favor of the defendant. A constable was dispatched who chased the sadhu away. John Woodroffe said that his mind instantly cleared when the sadhu was stopped.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> This event sparked a lifelong interest in tantrik and yoga studies.<br /> <br /> Alongside his judicial duties he studied [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindu philosophy]] and was especially interested in Hindu [[Tantra]]. He translated some twenty original Sanskrit texts and, under his pseudonym ''Arthur Avalon'', published and lectured prolifically on [[Indian philosophy]] and a wide range of [[Yoga]] and [[Tantra]] topics. T.M.P. Mahadevan wrote: &quot;By editing the original Sanskrit texts, as also by publishing essays on the different aspects of [[Shaktism]], he showed that the religion and worship had a profound philosophy behind it, and that there was nothing irrational or obscurantist about the technique of worship it recommends.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;T.M.P. Mahadevan, foreword to; Arthur Avalon, ''Garland of Letters'', Ganesh and Company Madras, 6th ed. 1974 p iii.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> John Woodroffe's Sanskrit tutor and &quot;guru&quot; who he retained in order to study tantra, first insisted that he sleep on the floor, or he would be unable to pronounce the Sanskrit properly, due to over-relaxing of the neck. He promptly had his bed removed, and replaced it with a thin mat.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> John Woodroffe's Sanskrit studies led him to become even more precise in his Sanskrit than most native speakers, leaving him in a position to translate the most difficult Sanskrit texts.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> Woodroffe was initiated into a yoga lineage similar to that of Lahiri Mahasay, now publicized as kriya yoga.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> Woodroffe was believed by his &quot;guru&quot; to be the reincarnation of two somewhat famous persons from Indian history.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> His choice of the name Arthur Avalon was due his initiation into the western equivalent of eastern tantra, the secretive Celtic religion which worships in secret within many British Churches, which has Arthur, with the nine sisters of Avalon in place of the ten incarnations of Vishnu, the nine incarnations of Durga, or the ten Mahavidyas as within other tantrik systems.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Mahānirvāṇatantraṃ==<br /> Woodroffe translated the Mahānirvāṇatantraṃ from the original Sanskrit into English under his [[pen name]], Arthur Avalon: a play on the magical realm of [[Avalon]] and the young later-to-be, [[King Arthur]], within the story-cycle of tales known generally as [[King Arthur|King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table]]; specifically according to Taylor (2001: p.&amp;nbsp;148), Woodroffe chose the name from the noted incomplete ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'', the painting '[[The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon|Arthur's Sleep in Avalon]]' by [[Burne-Jones]].&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com.au&quot;&gt;Taylor, Kathleen (2001). ''Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal: 'an Indian soul in a European body?'.'' SOAS London studies on south Asia. Illustrated edition. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7007-1345-X}}, 9780700713455. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=tcykYqIfNqsC&amp;dq=woodroffe+king+arthur&amp;pg=PA148] (accessed: Monday 3 May 2010), p.148&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, Taylor (2001: p.&amp;nbsp;148) conveys the salience of this magical literary identity and contextualises by making reference to [[western esotericism]], [[Holy Grail]], [[quest]], [[occult|occult secrets]], [[initiations]] and the [[Theosophists]]:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;This is quite important to know, for here we have a writer on an Indian esoteric system taking a name imbued with western esotericism. The name at any rate seems to hint at initiations and the possession of occult secrets. The Arthurian legends are bound up with the story of the Holy Grail and its quest. This was a symbol of esoteric wisdom, especially to Theosophists who appropriated the legend. Anyone who named himself after King Arthur or the mystic isle of Avalon would be thought to be identifying himself with occultism, in Theosophists' eyes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com.au&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> His writings (published under his own name, as well as Arthur Avalon) include:<br /> <br /> * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141226044523/https://fr.scribd.com/doc/3009658/Woodroffe-Introduction-to-Tantra-S-astra Introduction to the Tantra Śāstra]'', {{ISBN|81-85988-11-0}} (1913).<br /> * ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/index.htm Tantra of the Great Liberation (Mahānirvāna Tantra)]'', {{ISBN|0-89744-023-4}} (1913).<br /> * ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/htg/index.htm Hymns to the Goddess]'' (1913).<br /> *''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/index.htm Shakti and Shâkta]'', {{ISBN|81-85988-03-X}} (1918).<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QaN8Ix66P-EC The Serpent Power]'', {{ISBN|81-85988-05-6}} (1919).<br /> *{{cite book|title=Hymn to Kali: Karpuradi-Stotra |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/htk/index.htm|year=1922|publisher= Luzac &amp; Co., London}}<br /> * ''[https://archive.org/details/worldaspower033188mbp The World as Power]'', {{ISBN|1-4067-7706-4}} (1922).<br /> * ''[http://fr.scribd.com/doc/3009647/Woodroffe-The-Garland-of-Letters The Garland of Letters]''. {{ISBN|81-85988-12-9}} (1922).<br /> * ''Principles of Tantra (2 vols)'' {{ISBN|81-85988-14-5}}.<br /> * ''[https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Kularnava-Tantra.pdf Kularnava Tantra (Introduction by John Woodroffe)]''. {{ISBN|81-208-0972-6}} (1965).<br /> * ''Kamakalavilasa'' by Puṇyānanda.<br /> * ''Bharati Shakti: Essays and Addresses on Indian Culture''.<br /> * ''India: Culture and Society''.<br /> * ''Is India Civilized? Essays on Indian Culture''.<br /> <br /> ==Arms==<br /> {{Infobox COA wide<br /> |image = Sir John George Woodroffe Escutcheon.png<br /> |crest = An open dexter hand between two branches of honeysuckle all Proper.<br /> |escutcheon = Gules on a chevron Argent between three roses of the last barbed and seeded Proper as many stags' heads erased Sable a chief nebuly of the second charged with a trefoil slipped Vert.<br /> |motto = Sit Dux Sapientia<br /> |notes = Confirmed 2 November 1875 by [[Sir John Bernard Burke]], [[Ulster King of Arms]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529194/StaffViewMARC#tabnav |publisher=National Archives of Ireland |accessdate=5 February 2023 |title=Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. G |year=1863 |page=364}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kali]]<br /> *[[Mantra]]<br /> *[[Yantra]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/p/pub-4297897631756504?id=3e3_GVggCgUC&amp;pg=PA325&amp;dq=Hinduism Shakti and Shakta]'', by John Woodroffe, Published by [http://www.forgottenbooks.org Forgotten Books], 1910. {{ISBN|1-60620-145-X}}.<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/p/pub-4297897631756504?id=XrAIJR37dJoC&amp;pg=PP7&amp;dq=John+Woodroffe#PPP3,M1 Hymn to Kali:Karpuradi Stotra]'', by Sir John Woodroffe. Published by [http://www.forgottenbooks.org Forgotten Books]. 1922. {{ISBN|1-60620-147-6}}.<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/p/pub-4297897631756504?id=4VUS2Rxmy_QC&amp;pg=PR7&amp;dq=John+Woodroffe#PPR3,M1 Hymns to the Goddess]'', Translated by John George Woodroffe, Ellen Elizabeth (Grimson) Woodroffe, Published by [http://www.forgottenbooks.org Forgotten Books], 1952 (org 1913). {{ISBN|1-60620-146-8}}.<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/p/pub-4297897631756504?id=FYaIQbFtPmYC&amp;pg=PP3&amp;dq=John+Woodroffe Mahanirvana Tantra]'', By Arthur Avalon, 1913,{{ISBN|1606201441}}.<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tcykYqIfNqsC&amp;dq=%22Sir+John+Woodroffe%22+death&amp;pg=PA151 Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra And Bengal- An Indian Soul In A European Body?]'', by Kathleen Taylor. Routledge, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7007-1345-X}}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923082311/http://www.colorado.edu/ReligiousStudies/TheStrip/features/thesis/academics/avalon/wood1.htm Sir John Woodroffe's representations of Hindu Tantra] [[University of Colorado]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923185255/http://users.telenet.be/ananda/jwdrf.htm Woodroffe]<br /> * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/index.htm Works of sir John Woodroffe] ''Sacred texts''<br /> <br /> {{Yoga scholars}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Woodroffe, John}}<br /> [[Category:1865 births]]<br /> [[Category:1936 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:English orientalists]]<br /> [[Category:English Indologists]]<br /> [[Category:English Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:British India judges]]<br /> [[Category:English non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century English judges]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Legal scholars of the University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Yoga scholars]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngursanglur_Sanate&diff=521848 2026-04-20T06:01:08Z

<p>Terrence5904: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ngursanglur Sanate<br /> | image = Ngursanglur profile pic.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|1|1|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Zawllien, [[Parbung]], [[Pherzawl District]], [[Manipur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ceomanipur&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/55/Ngursanglur%20Sanate.pdf|date=7 February 2022|title=Affidavit|access-date=16 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | constituency = [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] in the [[12th Manipur Assembly]]<br /> | term = 2022 - Present<br /> | predecessor = Dr. Chaltonlien Amo<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Buongthangmawi<br /> | children =<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | source = https://www.assembly.mn.gov.in/members <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ngursanglur Sanate''' is an Indian politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=151 | title=Ngursanglur Sanate(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- TIPAIMUKH (ST)(CHURACHANDPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11pz7z7tkt&amp;hl=en-IN&amp;q=Ngursanglur+Sanate | title=Ngursanglur Sanate - Google Search }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/tipaimukh-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-tipaimukh-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12762492.htm | title=Tipaimukh Election Result 2022 LIVE: Ngursanglur Sanate of JD(U) wins | date=10 March 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/know-your-candidates/manipur-assembly-election-2022/tipaimukh-constituency-candidates-list/ | title=Ngursanglur Sanate from JD(U) Won Tipaimukh Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Tipaimukh Constituency }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hindi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=ECI |title=State Election, 2022 to the legislative assembly of Manipur |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/11649-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2022/?do=download&amp;r=27711&amp;confirm=1&amp;t=1&amp;csrfKey=69eb8296fcefa361f67e796830439cb6 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=hindi.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ceomanipur2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results|website=ceomanipur.nic.in|title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |access-date=16 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; from [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency]] and hails from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur: JP Nadda greets 5 JD-U MLAs who merged with BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manipur-jp-nadda-greets-5-jd-u-mlas-who-merged-with-bjp/articleshow/93987333.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-09-03 |title=Five of 6 JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Manipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/five-of-6-jdu-mlas-join-bjp-in-manipur/articleshow/93961095.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the son of the late Indian politician [[Ngurdinglien Sanate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ECI |title=General Election, 1984 - The Legislative Assembly |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3706-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1984/?do=download&amp;r=8711&amp;confirm=1&amp;t=1&amp;csrfKey=7d58464a9d7d3205b2b765007c836c1b}}&lt;/ref&gt; who served as a cabinet minister and a deputy speaker&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laba |first=Yambem |date=2020-12-26 |title=Different Faces of Manipur's War on Drugs Through the Decades, Some in Brutal Earnest, Some Theatrically Banal » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/different-faces-of-manipurs-war-on-drugs-through-the-decades-some-in-brutal-earnest-some-theatrically-banal/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] and had won four times as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the same constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bhagat |first1=Oinam |last2=Akoijam |first2=A. Bimol |date=2002 |title=Assembly Election: Trends and Issues |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4411709 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=519–524 |jstor=4411709 |issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ngurdinglien : Political Career |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/Ngurdinglien/S14 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.electionfate.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngursanglur is from the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] tribe.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Manipur Legislative Assembly (2000–Present)<br /> |-<br /> ! Sl. No !! Term !! Status !! Party !! Constituency !! Opponent(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || 2000-2002 || Won&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Statistical report on general election, 2000 to the legislative assembly of Manipur | url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rjan2002/15012002/r150120029.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428225445/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rjan2002/15012002/r150120029.pdf | archive-date=2023-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || 2002-2007 || Lost || [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || 2007-2012 || Won&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/manipur07/index.php?action=show_winners&amp;sort=default | title=List of Winners:Manipur 2007 Election }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2007/manipur/193/24 | title=IndiaVotes AC: Manipur 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || 2012-2017 || Lost || Independent || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Dr. Lallukhum Fimate<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || 2017-2022 || Lost || [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Dr. Lallukhum Fimate<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || 2022-2027 || Won&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1455.htm?ac=55 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316094733/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1455.htm?ac=55 | access-date=2025-08-11 | archive-date=2022-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[JD(U)]], later [[BJP]] || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Thangthatling<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanate, Ngursanglur}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:1974 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Manipur MLAs 2000–2002]]<br /> [[Category:Manipur MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> [[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kale_Yadaiah&diff=507632 2026-04-19T22:16:26Z

<p>Terrence5904: started a entry needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Family name hatnote|Kale|lang=Telugu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Kale Yadaiah<br /> | image = Kale Yadayya.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = 16 May 1962<br /> | birth_place = Chinchalpet, Nawabpet Mandal, Vikarabad District, Telangana, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | constituency = [[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]]<br /> | office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | salary = <br /> | term = 2014 - Incumbent<br /> | predecessor = K.S. Ratnam<br /> | successor = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]<br /> | parents = Mallaiah, Lakshmamma<br /> | spouse = Jayamma<br /> | children = 4<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = &lt;ref name=&quot;Kale Yadaiah&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kale Yadaiah |url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getmemberdetailsnew?memid=3185&amp;constid=53&amp;termid=15&amp;orderby=1 |access-date=28 June 2024 |date=2024 |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''Kale Yadaiah''' is an Indian politician and a legislator of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Kale Yadaiah started his political journey with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and served as a chairman of PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Society) and he worked as MPP in Nawabpet Mandal, ZPTC Nawabpet Mandal and served as board member of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) in 2010. He contested unsuccessfully in [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Assembly elections]] from [[Chevella Assembly constituency]], [[Ranga Reddy district]] on Congress Ticket.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chevella MLA turns nostalgic recalling his long friendship with Speaker&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Chevella MLA turns nostalgic recalling his long friendship with Speaker |url=https://telanganatoday.com/chevella-mla-turns-nostalgic-recalling-his-long-friendship-with-speaker |access-date=28 June 2024 |date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628140429/https://telanganatoday.com/chevella-mla-turns-nostalgic-recalling-his-long-friendship-with-speaker |archive-date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the bifurcation of the state in 2014, he contested from [[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] on Congress ticket and won by a narrow margin of 781 votes and was elected as an MLA. Later, he joined [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivals face off again but switch parties&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |date=15 November 2018 |title=Rivals face off again but switch parties |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/151118/rivals-face-off-again-but-switch-parties.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628141018/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/151118/rivals-face-off-again-but-switch-parties.html |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and contested the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Assembly elections]] on TRS ticket and won with a majority of 33,552 votes. He served as chairman of the Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes in [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana Assembly]]. He defeated Pamena Beem Bharat of Congress Party in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly elections]] by a narrow margin of 268 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;2023 Telangana assembly polls result: 5 biggest and 5 narrowest wins&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |title=2023 Telangana assembly polls result: 5 biggest and 5 narrowest wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/news/2023-telangana-assembly-polls-result-5-biggest-and-5-narrowest-wins/articleshow/105706950.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628141519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/news/2023-telangana-assembly-polls-result-5-biggest-and-5-narrowest-wins/articleshow/105706950.cms |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chevella Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS's Kale Yadaiah wins Chevella&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Chevella Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS's Kale Yadaiah wins Chevella |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chevella-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470965-2023-12-03 |access-date=28 June 2024 |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628140551/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chevella-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470965-2023-12-03 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyderabad: City MLAs eye hat-trick win&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |first1= |title=Hyderabad: City MLAs eye hat-trick win |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-city-mlas-eye-hat-trick-win-836904 |access-date=28 June 2024 |work= |date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628140934/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-city-mlas-eye-hat-trick-win-836904 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Yadaiah joined [[Indian National Congress]] in the presence of Chief Minister and PCC president [[Revanth Reddy|A Revanth Reddy]], AICC incharge of party affairs in Telangana [[Deepa Dasmunsi]] in Delhi on 28 June 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sixth BRS MLA joins Congress&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Sixth BRS MLA joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-sixth-brs-mla-joins-congress/article68344303.ece |accessdate=28 June 2024 |date=28 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628132542/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-sixth-brs-mla-joins-congress/article68344303.ece |archivedate=28 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BRS suffers another setback as MLA Kale Yadaiah joins Congress&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=BRS suffers another setback as MLA Kale Yadaiah joins Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/brs-suffers-another-setback-as-mla-kale-yadaiah-joins-congress-1308500 |access-date=28 June 2024 |work= |date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628133244/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/brs-suffers-another-setback-as-mla-kale-yadaiah-joins-congress-1308500 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadaiah, Kale}}<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iqbalpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=504660 2026-04-19T19:19:12Z

<p>Terrence5904: started basic pg w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Iqbalpur<br /> | established = 2002<br /> | abolished = 2012<br /> | state = [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> | district = [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br /> | type= SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Iqbalpur''' was one of the 70 constituencies of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] in [[Uttarakhand]] state of north [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;results2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It was a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Assembly<br /> !Duration<br /> !Name of the Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|1st]]&lt;ref name=&quot;results2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2002–2007<br /> |rowspan=2| [[Yashveer Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Yashveer Singh]]<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}&quot; | <br /> |rowspan=2 |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]&lt;ref name=&quot;results2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2007–2012<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Iqbalpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch.[[Yashveer Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Yashveer Singh]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=29,193 |percentage=40.98% |change={{increase}}6.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneer Alam |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=15,296 |percentage=21.47% |change={{increase}}4.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhavi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,822 |percentage=13.79% |change={{increase}}5.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharafat |party=Independent politician |votes=6,013 |percentage=8.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riyasat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,400 |percentage=7.58% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal Singh Sathi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,033 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra |party=Rashtriya Parivartan Dal |votes=607 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,897 |percentage=19.51% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,244 |percentage=66.05% |change= {{decrease}}5.50 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,861 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.68 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}6.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Iqbalpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. [[Yashveer Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Yashveer Singh]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=21,462 |percentage=34.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneer Alam |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,797 |percentage=17.30% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra |party=Independent politician |votes=8,787 |percentage=14.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rampal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,950 |percentage=7.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Aslam Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,655 |percentage=7.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. S. Tyagi |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=2,979 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Yaseen |party=National Loktantrik Party |votes=2,926 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,279 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=978 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pahal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=800 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lautiram |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,665 |percentage=17.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,399 |percentage=71.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,211 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Piran Kaliyar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{coord|29.87|77.79|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Haridwar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]<br /> [[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuttippuram_Assembly_constituency&diff=511361 2026-04-15T22:59:57Z

<p>Terrence5904: started basic article v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala Legislative Assembly}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kuttippuram<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = Kerala<br /> | map_image = Kuttippuram Bridge.jpg<br /> | map_caption = [[Kuttippuram bridge]] over the [[Bharathappuzha]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 1,58,951 (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;e2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> | district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> }} <br /> '''Kuttippuram State assembly constituency''' was one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]], before the [[Delimitation Commission of India|2008 delimitation of constituencies]]. It was one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency]] until the 2008 delimitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/<br /> |website = eci.gov.in<br /> |title = Constituencies (1976-2008)<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The last election to the constituency was conducted in [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]], and the MLA was [[K. T. Jaleel]] of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]].<br /> <br /> After the delimitation in 2008, [[Kuttippuram]], [[Valanchery]], and [[Marakkara]] [[Gram Panchayat]]s became a part of the newly formed [[Kottakkal Assembly constituency]], whereas [[Cheriyamundam]] was added to [[Tanur Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html<br /> |website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br /> |title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District<br /> |access-date = 11 January 2021<br /> |archive-date = 20 August 2019<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining four Gram Panchayats became part of [[Tirur Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Local self-governed segments==<br /> Kuttippuram Assembly constituency was composed of the following local self-governed segments:&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> !width=&quot;20px&quot; |Sl no.<br /> !width=&quot;100px&quot; |Name<br /> !width=&quot;130px&quot; |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br /> !width=&quot;50px&quot; |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br /> !width=&quot;140px&quot; |Now part of<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Tirunavaya]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Athavanad]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Kuttippuram]]<br /> |Grama Panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)|Kottakkal constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Valanchery]]<br /> |Grama panchayat &lt;br /&gt; (Now municipality)<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)|Kottakkal constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Marakkara]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)|Kottakkal constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Kalpakanchery]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Valavannur]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur constituency]]<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Cheriyamundam]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur constituency]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election history==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Election<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Votes polled<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=4 |Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=4 |Runner-up 1<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=4 |Runner-up 2<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Margin of victory<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! <br /> ! Name<br /> ! Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Votes <br /> ! Name<br /> ! Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Votes <br /> ! Name<br /> ! Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Votes <br /> ! Votes<br /> ! Percent<br /> |-<br /> | colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Constituency defunct as a result of delimitation (2011)''''']]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | 128598 (80.9%)<br /> | [[K. T. Jaleel]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 64207<br /> | 49.93%<br /> | [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 55426<br /> | 43.10%<br /> | Anilkumar<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 4862<br /> | 3.78%<br /> | 8781<br /> | 6.83%&lt;ref name=&quot;e2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2006 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | 80909 (61.2%)<br /> | [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 50201<br /> | 62.05%<br /> | Kolakkattil Ibrahimkutty<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 24096<br /> | 29.78%<br /> | V. N. Ramachandran Master<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 5045<br /> | 6.24%<br /> | 26105<br /> | 32.27%&lt;ref name=&quot;e2001&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2001 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | 82627 (61.1%)<br /> | [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 46943<br /> | 59.58%<br /> | Ibrahim Haji Mayyeri<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National League}}|[[Indian National League|INL]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 22247<br /> | 28.23%<br /> | Pushparajan Athavanad<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 5018<br /> | 6.37%<br /> | 24696<br /> | 31.35%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1996&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1996 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | 74330 (56.9%)<br /> | [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 44865<br /> | 61.65%<br /> | V. P. Zakariya<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 22539<br /> | 30.97%<br /> | C. Karunakaran<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 4611<br /> | 6.34%<br /> | 22326<br /> | 30.68%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1991&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1991 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | 71468 (69.3%)<br /> | Korambayil Ahamed Haji<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 45654<br /> | 64.73%<br /> | Choorappilakkal Alavikutty<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 15087<br /> | 21.39%<br /> | Koduvarathodi Kesavan Nair<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 6579<br /> | 9.33%<br /> | 30567<br /> | 43.34%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1987&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1987 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | 48074 (59.3%)<br /> | Korambayil Ahamed Haji<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 31521<br /> | 66.44%<br /> | T. K. Ahamed<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|ML(O)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 13263<br /> | 27.96%<br /> | K. T. Kesavan Nair<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 2236<br /> | 4.71%<br /> | 18258<br /> | 38.48%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1982&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1982 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | 49980 (57.9%)<br /> | Korambayil Ahamed Haji<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 33863<br /> | 68.32%<br /> | P. V. S. Musthafa Pookoya Thangal<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|ML(O)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 15703<br /> | 31.68%<br /> | colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''<br /> | 18160<br /> | 36.64%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1980&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1980 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | 49741 (67.0%)<br /> | [[Chakkeeri Ahamed Kutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 36367<br /> | 56.18%<br /> | K. Moidu<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|ML(O)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 12023<br /> | 24.85%<br /> | colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''<br /> | 24344<br /> | 31.33%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1977&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1977 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br /> | 55048 (72.0%)<br /> | [[Chakkeeri Ahamed Kutty]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 30081<br /> | 55.76%<br /> | M. Habeeburahman<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 23870<br /> | 44.24%<br /> | colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''<br /> | 6211<br /> | 11.52%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1970&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1970 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | 40769 (63.8%)<br /> | C. M. Kutty<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 28245<br /> | 72.03%<br /> | P. R. Menon<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 10968<br /> | 27.97%<br /> | colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''<br /> | 17277<br /> | 44.06%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1967&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1967 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]<br /> | 38801 (59.8%)<br /> | Mohsin Bin Ahmed<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 17878<br /> | 47.06%<br /> | T. R. Kunhikrishnan<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 12402<br /> | 32.64%<br /> | A. Muhammad Koya<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 7713<br /> | 20.30%<br /> | 5476<br /> | 14.42%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1965&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1965 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br /> | 42942 (71.9%)<br /> | [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]]<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 29073<br /> | 70.05%<br /> | Kunhikrishnan Thorakkad<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 12430<br /> | 29.95%<br /> | colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''<br /> | 16643<br /> | 40.10%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1960&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3748-kerala-1960/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1960 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | 31949 (52.1%)<br /> | C. Ahmedkutty<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML Independent]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 15495<br /> | 48.50%<br /> | P. K. Moideenkutty<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 10424<br /> | 32.63%<br /> | T. Raghavanunni Nair<br /> | {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | 6030<br /> | 18.87%<br /> | 5071<br /> | 15.87%&lt;ref name=&quot;e1957&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1957 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br /> <br /> === 2006===<br /> There were 1,58,951 registered voters in Kuttippuram Constituency for the 2006 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.&lt;ref name=&quot;e2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kuttippuram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;e2006&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)<br /> |candidate = [[K. T. Jaleel]]<br /> |votes = 64,207<br /> |percentage = 49.93%<br /> |change ={{gain}}49.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |candidate = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> |votes = 55,426<br /> |percentage = 43.10%<br /> |change ={{loss}}18.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Anilkumar<br /> |votes = 4,862<br /> |percentage = 3.78%<br /> |change ={{loss}}2.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Kunhalikutty. K. P<br /> |votes = 1,146<br /> |percentage = 0.89%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = K. A. Jaleel<br /> |votes = 1,017<br /> |percentage = 0.79%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Abu Nedumba<br /> |votes = 880<br /> |percentage = 0.68%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Abdul Jabbar<br /> |votes = 406<br /> |percentage = 0.32%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Suresh<br /> |votes = 377<br /> |percentage = 0.29%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = K. P. A. Jaleel<br /> |votes = 277<br /> |percentage = 0.22%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 8,781<br /> |percentage = 6.83%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,28,598<br /> |percentage = 80.90%<br /> |change ={{gain}}19.70<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)<br /> |loser = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> There were 1,32,209 registered voters in Kuttippuram Constituency for the 2001 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.&lt;ref name=&quot;e2001&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kuttippuram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;e2001&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |candidate = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<br /> |votes = 50,201<br /> |percentage = 62.05%<br /> |change ={{gain}}2.47<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)<br /> |candidate = Kolakkattil Ibrahimkutty<br /> |votes = 24,096<br /> |percentage = 29.78%<br /> |change ={{gain}}29.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = V. N. Ramachandran Master<br /> |votes = 5,045<br /> |percentage = 6.24%<br /> |change ={{loss}}0.13<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = K. P. Sayyed Ali<br /> |votes = 1,560<br /> |percentage = 1.93%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 26,105<br /> |percentage = 32.27%<br /> |change = {{gain}}0.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 80,909<br /> |percentage = 61.20%<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)<br /> |swing = {{gain}}0.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kuttippuram]]<br /> * [[Kuttippuram Block Panchayat]]<br /> * [[Malappuram district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br /> {{coords|10.85|76.03|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Malappuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations&diff=497544 2026-04-15T10:56:53Z

<p>Terrence5904: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox bilateral relations<br /> | title = Dominican Republic–India relations<br /> | party1 = Dominican Republic<br /> | party2 = India<br /> | map = Dominican Republic India Locator.png<br /> | filetype = <br /> | size = <br /> | mission1 = Embassy of Dominican Republic, New Delhi<br /> | mission2 = Embassy of India, Santo Domingo<br /> | envoytitle1 = <br /> | envoy1 = <br /> | envoytitle2 = <br /> | envoy2 <br /> }}<br /> '''Dominican Republic–India relations''' are the international relations that exist between the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[India]]. The Dominican Republic maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. Since January 2022, India maintains an embassy in [[Santo Domingo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=India opens Embassy in Santo Domingo |url=https://dr1.com/news/2022/01/31/india-opens-embassy-in-santo-domingo/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=DR1.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Dominican Republic and India established diplomatic relations in May 1999. The countries signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] in Santo Domingo in May 2001 agreeing to hold regular Foreign Office consultations. During the visit of Indian Minister of State for External Affairs Rao Inderjit Singh visiting to the Dominican Republic in September 2004, the Dominican Republic Government announced that it would open an embassy in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt; DR Foreign Minister Carlos Morales Troncoso, several other ministers, and business delegates visited Delhi, Agra, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai in February 2006. During the visit, the two countries signed an agreement on bilateral cooperation in Delhi on 17 February 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;DREmbassy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Successful Official Visit|url=http://www.dr-embassy-india.com/official-visit.html|website=Embassy of the Dominican Republic, New Delhi|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127062833/http://www.dr-embassy-india.com/official-visit.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt; The Dominican Republic opened its embassy in New Delhi on 1 May 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Indo - Dominican Republic Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Dominican_Republic_Jan_2016_en.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=30 March 2017|date=January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current Ambassador of Dominican Republic to India, Frank Hans Dannenberg Castellanos, also serves as the Dean of Diplomatic Corps.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Basu|first1=Nayanima|title=It is difficult for India to go completely cashless: Frank Hans Dannenberg Castellanos|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/it-is-difficult-for-india-to-go-completely-cashless-frank-hans-dannenberg-castellanos/article9433246.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=30 March 2017|language=en|date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> DR President [[Leonel Fernández|Leonel Fernandez]] visited India to attend the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit in February 2011. He also met with Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], the Foreign Minister, and several Indian businessmen. Fernandez addressed the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]], and seminars organized by [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry|FICCI]] and [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] in Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Leonel Fernández regresa hoy viaje a Suiza y la India - El Nacional|url=http://elnacional.com.do/leonel-fernandez-regresa-hoy-viaje-a-suiza-y-la-india/|website=El Nacional|access-date=30 March 2017|language=es-ES|date=5 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DREmbassy&quot;/&gt; From India, the highest level visits to the Dominican Republic have been at the level of minister of state. Ministers of State for External Affairs [[Anand Sharma]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], and General [[V. K. Singh|V.K. Singh]] visited the country in February 2007, January 2010, and February 2015 respectively. During Singh's visit, the two countries signed an MoU on co-operation in [[renewable energy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DREmbassy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Dominican Republic and India were among the first 19 countries to join the [[International Solar Alliance]], proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on 15 November 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/19-countries-sign-up-for-solar-alliance-116111701463_1.html|title=19 countries sign up for solar alliance|last=IANS|date=2016-11-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 December 2020, the [[Union Cabinet of India]] approved the opening an embassy in [[Santo Domingo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=India to open three new embassies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-to-open-three-new-embassies-191550 |website=The Tribune |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Trade==<br /> [[Bilateral trade]] between the Dominican Republic and India totaled US$431.57 million in 2014-15. India exported $140.91 million worth of goods to the Dominican Republic, and imported $290.66 million. The main commodities exported by India to the Dominican Republic are cotton textiles and readymade garments, drugs and pharmaceuticals, furniture, transport equipment, manufactures of metals, chemicals, plastic and [[linoleum]] products, tea, processed foods and marine products. The major commodities imported by India from the Dominican Republic are tobacco, pearls, precious stones, semi-precious stones, jewels, and coins.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Indo – Dominican Republic Relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Dominican-Republic-March-2012.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=30 March 2017|date=March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian IT firm signed an MoU with Cyber Park, Santo Domingo to establish IT training centre at the park. MANN India established a BPO at the Cyberpark, Santo Domingo. Bajaj retails two-wheelers in the Dominican Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2012&quot;/&gt; Indian pharmaceutical firms Claris Life Sciences Ltd. and Micro-Labs have a representative offices in Santo Domingo. Claris had a revenue of over $1 million in the country in 2011. Caplin Point sources medicines in bulk from India and retails them in the Dominican Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2012&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Brugal]], the Dominican Republic's largest rum distiller, acquired distillery units from Praj Industries, Pune.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2012&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Foreign aid==<br /> India donated $50,000 worth of life saving drugs to the Dominican Republic in March 2006. At the request of the DR Government, India donated medicines to provide relief in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Noel in October–November 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> India and the Dominican Republic signed an MoU to establish an IT Centre of excellence with Indian assistance in January 2010. The Centre was inaugurated by the DR President in August 2011. The Centre was operated by CDAC India with three Indian faculty members for the initial two-year period, before it was handed over to Dominican authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 1999, citizens of the Dominican Republic are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]]. They are also eligible for [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] scholarships. Several DR diplomats have also attended the PCFD programme run by the Foreign Service Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Embassy of India, Santo Domingo==<br /> <br /> The '''Embassy of India in Santo Domingo''' is the [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[Republic of India]] to the [[Dominican Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Delhi|first=Suhasini Haidarnew|date=2020-12-30|title=India to open missions in Estonia, Paraguay and the Dominican Republic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-open-missions-in-estonia-paraguay-and-the-dominican-republic/article33456636.ece|access-date=2021-08-21|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was officially opened on 1 January 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is currently functioning from Homewood Suites by Hilton.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEA {{!}} Indian Missions Abroad {{!}} Indian Mission |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?60/Dominican_Republic |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.mea.gov.in |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> The Dominican Republic has been under the jurisdiction of Embassy of India in Havana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bilateral Relations Dominican Republic {{!}} Indo-Dominican Republic Relations|url=https://eoi.gov.in/havana/?1673?000|access-date=2021-08-21|website=eoi.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Plan to set up a new resident embassy in Santo Domingo was announced on December 30, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=India on a diplomatic spree! To expand its footprints in South America with opening of new missions in 2021|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-on-a-diplomatic-spree-to-expand-its-footprints-in-south-america-with-opening-of-new-missions-in-2021/2161645/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=A mission long delayed|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-mission-long-delayed-193272|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ambassador===<br /> <br /> Abbagani Ramu is the current Indian Ambassador to the Dominican Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cultural relations ==<br /> The Dominican Republic and India signed a bilateral agreement on cultural co-operation in August 2012. Indian food festivals were held in Santo Domingo in October 2013, and in March and October 2014. DR Television broadcast an Indian film festival during April 2014.<br /> <br /> As of January 2016, about 50 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin reside in the Dominican Republic. They are employed as businessmen, engineers, and software experts. There are also students at medical colleges and representatives of Indian companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA2016&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dominican Republic-India relations}}<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of the Dominican Republic|India]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh_State_Women%27s_Football_League&diff=493994 2026-04-13T10:21:34Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Top tier women's football league in Chhattisgarh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox football league<br /> |name = Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League<br /> |logo =<br /> |pixels =<br /> |organiser = [[Chhattisgarh Football Association]] (CGFA)<br /> |country = India<br /> |founded = {{Start date and age|2021}}<br /> |teams = [[#Teams|6]]<br /> |promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]<br /> |relegation =<br /> |levels = 3<br /> |domest_cup = <br /> |champions = MGM Ambush Club (2nd title)<br /> |most_successful_club = Mata Rukmani Girls (3 titles)<br /> |tv =<br /> |season = 2025<br /> |website =<br /> |current = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League''' is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cwl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League|url=https://theawayend.co/chhattisgarh-state-womens-football-league/|access-date=23 January 2025|website=The Away End}}&lt;/ref&gt; The league is organised by the [[Chhattisgarh Football Association]] (CFA), the official football governing body of the state. The first edition was held in 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/chhattisgarh_fa/p/CMC5SFgJQ2n/?hl=en |title=Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League Championship |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=23 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/8455 |title=Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League |date=10 March 2021 |access-date=23 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which was won by Mata Rukmani Girls from Bastar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/from-bastar-to-bhubaneswar-chhattisgarh-ashram-girls-light-up-hero-iwl/ |title=From Bastar to Bhubaneswar: Chhattisgarh ashram girls light up Hero IWL |website=Football Counter |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=23 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/with-little-money-and-a-lot-of-passion-bastar-girls-football-team-is-in-focus-at-iwl-2022/articleshow/91371571.cms |title=Iwl: With little money and a lot of passion, Bastar girls' football team is in focus at IWL 2022-23 |website=The Times of India |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=23 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Teams ==<br /> ===2024–25 season===<br /> * [[RKM Football Academy]]<br /> * MGM Ambush Club, Bhilai<br /> * Universal Girls FC<br /> * Girls Football Club Dondi<br /> * Maa Sharda Football Academy<br /> * Shera FC Academy<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Season !! Champions !! Runners-up !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || Mata Rukmani Girls || MGM Ambush Club || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/chhattisgarh_fa/p/CMynHdZpKRi/?hl=en&amp;img_index=1 |title=Chhattisgarh state womens football league championship |date=24 March 2021 |access-date=23 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021–22 || Mata Rukmani Girls || || rowspan=4|&lt;ref name=&quot;cwl&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022–23 || Mata Rukmani Girls || MGM Ambush Club<br /> |-<br /> | 2023–24 || MGM Ambush Club || Shera FC Academy<br /> |-<br /> | 2024–25 || MGM Ambush Club || [[RKM Football Academy]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Chhattisgarh Football Association]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2021]]<br /> [[Category:2021 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-footy-competition-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurmi&diff=459514 2026-03-27T12:08:41Z

<p>Terrence5904: further rework structure per standard format additionally and fixed typos after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian agricultural caste}}<br /> {{About|the Hindu agricultural community|the people of Greater Jharkhand|Kudumi Mahato|the district in Nigeria|Kurmi, Nigeria}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox caste<br /> | region = [[Awadh]], [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]], [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]], [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]]<br /> | languages = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Angika]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | religions = {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Islam]]}}<br /> | image = The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India (1916) (14577152309).jpg<br /> | caption = A group of Kurmi women in traditional &quot;[[India|Hindustani]] dress&quot;.<br /> |country=[[India]] and [[Nepal]]<br /> | classification = [[Other Backward Class]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kurmi''' is a traditionally non-elite [[Tillage|tiller]] [[caste]] in the lower [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] of India, especially southern regions of [[Awadh]], eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly2001-lead&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&amp;pg=PA200|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|pages=200–|quote=In southern Awadh, eastern NWP, and much of Bihar, non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly-knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite ‘peasants’ and labouring people. These other groupings included ... non-elite tilling and cattle-keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kurmi came to be known for their exceptional work ethic, superior tillage and manuring, and gender-neutral culture, bringing praise from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and British administrators alike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p478&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p101&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> There are several late-19th century theories of the etymology of ''Kurmi''. According to [[Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya]] (1896), the word may be derived from an Indian tribal language, or be a [[Sanskrit]] compound term ''krishi karmi'', &quot;agriculturalist.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhattacharya1896&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya|title=Hindu castes and sects: an exposition of the origin of the Hindu caste system and the bearing of the sects towards each other and towards other religious systems / Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya|url=https://archive.org/details/hinducastesands00bhatgoog|year=1896|publisher=Thacker, Spink|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hinducastesands00bhatgoog/page/n20 270]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A theory of [[Gustav Salomon Oppert]] (1893) holds that it may be derived from ''kṛṣmi'', meaning &quot;ploughman&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oppert1978&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Gustav Salomon Oppert|title=On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarṣa or India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDzXAAAAMAAJ|date=February 1978|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0-405-10557-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] (1926), the Bengali word ''kuṛmī'' or ''kurmī'' derives from Sanskrit ''kuṭumbin''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |publisher=Calcutta University Press |year=1926 |pages=333}}&lt;/ref&gt; This view is endorsed in [[Ralph Lilley Turner]]'s ''A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages'' (1962–1985), where he lists cognates across many Indo-Aryan languages including [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], and [[Eastern Hindi languages|Eastern Hindi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ku%E1%B9%ADumbin&amp;searchhws=yes&amp;matchtype=exact |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1962–1985 |pages=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ===<br /> With the continued waning of [[Mughal Empire]] rule in the early 18th century, the [[Indian subcontinent]]'s hinterland dwellers, many of whom were armed and nomadic, began to appear more frequently in settled areas and interact with townspeople and agriculturists. Many new rulers of the 18th century came from such nomadic backgrounds. The effect of this interaction on India's social organisation lasted well into the colonial period. During much of this time, non-elite tillers and pastoralists, such as the Kurmi, were part of a social spectrum that blended only indistinctly into the elite landowning classes at one end, and the menial or ritually polluting classes at the other.&lt;ref name=bayly-p41&gt;{{citation|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=41|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kurmi were famed as market gardeners. In western and northern [[Awadh]], for example, for much of the 18th century, the Muslim gentry offered the Kurmi highly discounted rental rates for clearing the jungle and cultivating it. Once the land had been brought stably under the plough, however, the land rent was usually raised to 30 to 80 per cent above the going rate. Although British revenue officials later ascribed the high rent to the prejudice among the elite rural castes against handling the plough, the main reason was the greater productivity of the Kurmi, whose success lay in superior manuring.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p478&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|author-link=Christopher Bayly|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3|page=478}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to historian [[Christopher Bayly]], &lt;blockquote&gt; Whereas the majority of cultivators manured only the lands immediately around the village and used these lands for growing food grains, Kurmis avoided using animal dung for fuel and manured the poorer lands farther from the village (the ''manjha''). They were able, therefore, to grow valuable market crops such as potatoes, melons and tobacco immediately around the village, sow fine grains in the ''manjha'', and restrict the poor millet subsistence crops to the periphery. A network of ''ganjs'' (fixed rural markets) and Kurmi or Kacchi settlements could transform a local economy within a year or two.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p101&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3|page=101|author-link=Christopher Bayly}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Cross-cultural influences were felt also. Hindu tillers worshipped at Muslim shrines in the small towns founded by their Muslim overlords. The Hindu Kurmis of [[Chunar]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], for instance, took up the Muslim custom of [[Cousin marriage|marrying first cousins]] and of burying their dead.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p478&quot; /&gt; In some regions, the Kurmis' success as tillers led to land ownership, and to avowals of high status, as noted, for examples, by [[Francis Buchanan]] in the early 19th century among the [[Ayodhya]] Kurmis of the Awadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=William R. |last=Pinch|title=Peasants and monks in British India|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc|url-access=registration |year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20061-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/85 85]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, in the late eighteenth century, when [[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah]], the fourth [[Nawab of Awadh]], attempted to grant the kshatriya title of [[Raja]] to a group of influential landed Ayodhya Kurmis, he was thwarted by a united opposition of [[Rajput]]s, who were themselves (as described by Buchanan), &quot;a group of newcomers to the court, who had been peasant soldiers only a few years before ...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot; /&gt; According to historian William Pinch: &lt;blockquote&gt; Rajputs of Awadh, who along with [[brahmin|brahmans]] constituted the main beneficiaries of what historian Richard Barnett characterizes as &quot;Asaf's permissive program of social mobility,&quot; were not willing to let that mobility reach beyond certain arbitrary socio-cultural boundaries. ... The divergent claims to status in the nineteenth century (and earlier) illustrate the point that for non-Muslims, while varna was generally accepted as the basis for identity, on the whole little agreement prevailed with respect to the place of the individual and the jati within a varna hierarchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the free peasant farm was the mainstay of farming in many parts of north India in the 18th century, in some regions, a combination of climatic, political, and demographic factors led to the increased dependence of peasant cultivators such as the Kurmi. In the Benares division, which had come under the revenue purview of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1779, the [[Chalisa famine]] of 1783 and the relentless revenue demand from the Company reduced the status of many Kurmi cultivators. A British revenue agent wrote in 1790, &quot;It unfortunately happened that during the famine aforesaid a great proportion of the Kurmis, Kacchis and Koeris were in this district as well as in others supplanted by Brahmans ... &quot; and bemoaned the loss of agricultural revenue in part due to, &quot;this unfavourable mutation amongst the cultivators ...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayly1988-p478&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the first half of the 19th century, economic pressures on the large landowning classes increased noticeably. The prices of agricultural lands fell at the same time that the East India Company, after acquiring the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] (later the [[North-Western Provinces]]) in 1805, began to press landowners for more [[Company rule in India#Revenue collection|land revenue]]. The annexation of Awadh in 1856 created more fear and discontent among the landed elite, and may have contributed to the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. Economic pressures also opened marginal areas to intensive agriculture and turned the fortunes of the non-elite peasants, such as the Kurmi, who worked them. After the rebellion, the landowning classes, defeated but still pressed economically in the new [[British Raj]], attempted to treat their tenants and labourers as people of lowly birth and to demand unpaid labour from them.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; According to historical anthropologist [[Susan Bayly]], &lt;blockquote&gt; In some instances these were attempts to stave off decline by reinvigorating or intensifying existing forms of customary service. Elsewhere these were wholly novel demands, many being imposed on 'clean' tillers and cattle-keepers like the Ram- and Krishna-loving Koeris, Kurmis and Ahirs ... In either case, these calls were buttressed with appeals to Sanskritic varna theory and Brahmanical caste convention. ... Kurmi and Goala/Ahir tillers who held tenancies from these 'squireens' found themselves being identified as [[Shudra|Shudras]], that is, people who were mandated to serve those of the superior Kshatriya and Brahman varnas.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The elite landowning classes, such as Rajputs and [[Bhumihar]]s, now sought to present themselves as flagbearers of the ancient Hindu tradition. At the same time, there was a proliferation of [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] rituals in the daily life of the elite, a greater stress on pure bloodlines, more stringent conditions placed on matrimonial alliances, and, as noted by some social reformers of the day, an increase among the Rajputs of [[female infanticide]], a practice that had little history among the Kurmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Gallery|width=200 | align =center<br /> |File:India1909PrevailingRaces.JPG|The map of the prevailing &quot;races&quot; of India (now discredited) based on the 1901 Census of British India. The Kurmi are shown both in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (UP) and the [[Central Provinces]].<br /> |File:Kurmi sowing.jpg|An &quot;ethnographic&quot; photograph from 1916 showing Kurmi farmers, both men and women, sowing a field<br /> |File:Kurmi threshing.jpg|Another ethnographic print from 1916 showing a Kurmi family employing its beasts of burden to thresh wheat<br /> |File:Kurmi winnowing.jpg|A third print from the same collection showing the Kurmi family winnowing<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The second half of the nineteenth century also largely overlapped with the coming of age of ethnology—interpreted then as the science of race—in the study of societies the world over. Although later to be discredited, the methods of this discipline were eagerly absorbed and adopted in British India, as were those of the emerging science of anthropology. Driven in part by the intellectual ferment of the discipline and in part by the political compulsions in both Britain and India, two dominant views of caste emerged among the administrator-scholars of the day.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; According to Susan Bayly: &lt;blockquote&gt; Those like [[William Wilson Hunter|(Sir William) Hunter]], as well as the key figures of [[Herbert Hope Risley|H. H. Risley]] (1851–1911) and his protégé [[Edgar Thurston]], who were disciples of the French race theorist Topinard and his European followers, subsumed discussions of caste into theories of biologically determined race essences, ... Their great rivals were the material or occupational theorists led by the ethnographer and folklorist [[William Crooke]] (1848–1923), author of one of the most widely read provincial ''Castes and Tribes'' surveys, and such other influential scholar-officials as [[Denzil Ibbetson]] and [[E. A. H. Blunt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Seeing caste as a fundamental force in Indian life, Risley, especially, influenced official views as expressed in both the Censuses of British India and the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer]] brought out by Hunter. Risley is best known for the now discounted attribution of all differences in caste to varying proportions of seven racial types which included &quot;Dravidian,&quot; &quot;Aryo-Dravidian,&quot; and &quot;Indo-Aryan&quot;. The Kurmi fell into two such categories. In the ethnological map of India published in the 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India and based on the 1901 Census supervised by Risley, the Kurmi of the United Provinces were classified as &quot;Aryo-Dravidian,&quot; whereas the Kurmi of the [[Central Provinces]] were counted among &quot;Dravidians&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; In the 1901 Census of India, the category of [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], the four-fold graded system, was included in the official classification of caste,&lt;ref name=&quot;RudolphRudolph1984&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Lloyd I.|last2=Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC|year=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7|page=116}}&lt;/ref&gt; the only time this was the case.{{efn|Although influential, Risley's attempt did not achieve the end which he sought: people were unable to determine in which group they should classify themselves, the localised system he adopted could not be transposed onto the national stage, and some groups took advantage of the situation deliberately to seek reclassification and therefore satisfy their aspirations. L. I. and S. H. Rudolph have commented that &quot;Risley's work, as a scientific effort, seemed based on mistaken premises. Varna was not a behavioral concept.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Lloyd I.|last2=Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC|year=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} In the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (UP), the Kurmi were classified under &quot;Class VIII: Castes from whom some of the twice-born would take water and ''pakki'' (food cooked with [[ghee]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;BluntBlunt1931&quot;&gt;Quote: &quot;The Hindu draws a distinction between ''kachcha'' food, which is cooked in water, and ''pakka'' food, which is cooked in ''[[ghee|ghi]]'' (clarified butter). This distinction depends on the principle that ''ghi'', like all products of the sacred cow protects from impurity ... and enables the Hindu to be less particular in the case of ''pakka'' than of ''kachcha'' food, and allows him to relax his restrictions accordingly.&quot; In {{cite book|last=Blunt|first=Sir Edward Arthur Henry|title=The caste system of northern India: with special reference to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb45AQAAIAAJ|year=1931|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt; without question;&quot; whereas, in [[Bihar]], they were listed under: &quot;Class III, Clean Sudra, Subclass (a).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CommissionerRisley1903&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=India. Census Commissioner|last2=Risley|first2=Sir Herbert Hope|title=Census of India, 1901: Volume I. India. Ethnographic appendices, being the data upon which the caste chapter of the Report is based|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MsiAQAAMAAJ|year=1903|publisher=Office of the Supt. of Govt. Printing, India|location=Calcutta|pages=56–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Census of India prior to independence|Indian censuses of the British Raj period]] are not usually considered to be particularly reliable except for overall population figures. Those for some areas of the country could be more reliable than others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fq1MVCSqu4sC |page=60 |title=The economic development of India |first=Vera Powell |last=Anstey |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1977 |orig-year=1931 |isbn=978-0-405-09775-1 |quote=... a vast army of enumerators are utilized, many of whom have a very limited understanding of what is required. Hence the Indian census provides at times more food for merriment than is usually connected with statistical compilations.}}<br /> {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2RP04HHopkC |pages=104–116 |title=The census administration under the raj and after |first=Shriram |last=Maheshwari |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7022-585-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3fxvuxjJOsC |page=124 |title=Social Sciences: The Indian Scene |first=Yogesh |last=Atal |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7017-042-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBUot0-CIYUC |title=Children of Colonialism: Anglo-Indians in a Postcolonial World |first=Lionel |last=Caplan |publisher=Berg |year=2003 |pages=66–67 |isbn=978-1-85973-632-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Qy14yBg8Q8C |page=290 |title=Elements Of Demography |last=Sinha |first=E. Zacharia |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-044-1|date=12 April 1984 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} According to William Pinch, &quot;Risley's hierarchy (for United Provinces) was far more elaborate than that for Bihar, suggesting that contending claims of social respectability may have been more deeply entrenched in the western half of the Gangetic Plain.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the writings of the occupational theorists, the Kurmis and the Jats came to be extolled for their yeoman-like purposefulness, tirelessness, and thrift, all of which, according to writers such as Crooke, Ibbetson, and Blunt had been largely abandoned by the landed elite.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; Crooke wrote about the Kurmi in 1897: &lt;blockquote&gt; They are about the most industrious and hard-working agricultural tribe in the Province. The industry of his wife has passed into a proverb: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Bhali jât Kurmin, khurpi hât,'' &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Khet nirâwê apan pî kê sâth.'' &lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;A good lot is the Kurmi woman; she takes her spud and weeds the field with her lord.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crooke1896-p353-354&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Crooke|first=William|title=The tribes and castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, Volume III|url=https://archive.org/details/tribesandcastes01croogoog|year=1896|publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tribesandcastes01croogoog/page/n374 353]–354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Susan Bayly, &lt;blockquote&gt; By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a Rajput or Brahman who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller, wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as Denzil Ibbetson and E. A. H. Blunt, were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant'&amp;nbsp;– the thrifty Jat or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Keoris in Hindustan, ....&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&amp;pg=PA212|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=212|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === Twentieth century ===<br /> As the economic pressures on the patrician landed groups continued through the remainder of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth, there were increasing demands for unpaid labour directed at the Kurmi and other non-elite cultivators.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; The landed elites' demands were couched in avowals of their ancient rights as &quot;twice-born&quot; landowners and of the Kurmi's alleged lowly, even servile, status, which required them to serve. At times encouraged by sympathetic British officials and at other times carried by the groundswell of egalitarian sentiment being espoused then by the devotional [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] movements, especially those based on [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', the Kurmi largely resisted these demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; Their resistance, however, did not take the form of denial of caste or of caste-based imposition, but rather of disagreement about where they stood in the caste ranking.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt; A noteworthy attribute of the resulting Kurmi-kshatriya movement was the leadership provided by educated Kurmis who were now filling the lower and middle levels of government jobs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot; /&gt; According to William Pinch: &lt;blockquote&gt; The mantle of leadership in this phase befell the well-connected Ramdin Sinha, a government forester who had gained notoriety by resigning from his official post to protest a provincial circular of 1894 that included Kurmis as a &quot;depressed community&quot; and barred them therefore from recruitment into the police service. The governor’s office was flooded with letters from an outraged Kurmi-kshatriya public and was soon obliged to rescind the allegation in an 1896 communique to the police department &quot;His Honor [the governor] is ... of the opinion that Kurmis constitute a respectable community which he would be reluctant to exclude from Government service.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinch1996-p85&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The first Kurmi caste association had been formed in 1894 at [[Lucknow]] to protest against the police recruitment policy. This was followed by an organisation in Awadh that sought to draw other communities&amp;nbsp;— such as the [[Patidar]]s, [[Maratha]]s, [[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]], [[Reddy]]s and [[Naidu]]s&amp;nbsp;— under the umbrella of the Kurmi name. This body then campaigned for Kurmis to classify themselves as Kshatriya in the 1901 census and, in 1910, led to the formation of the [[All India Kurmi Kshatriya Mahasabha]].&lt;ref name=Jaffrelot2003p197&gt;{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst &amp; Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202200231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Simultaneously, newly constituted farmers' unions, or ''Kisan Sabhas''—composed of cultivators and pastoralists, many of whom were Kurmi, Ahir, and [[Yadav]] ([[Gavli|Goala]]), and inspired by Hindu mendicants, such as [[Baba Ram Chandra]] and [[Sahajanand Saraswati|Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]]—denounced the Brahman and Rajput landlords as ineffective and their morality as false. In the rural Ganges valley of Bihar and Eastern United Provinces, the [[Bhakti]] cults of [[Rama]], the incorruptible Kshatriya god-king of Hindu tradition, and [[Krishna]], the divine cowherd of Gokul, had long been entrenched among the Kurmi and Ahir. The leaders of the ''Kisan Sabhas'' urged their Kurmi and Ahir followers to lay claim to the Kshatriya mantle. Promoting what was advertised as soldierly manliness, the ''Kisan Sabhas'' agitated for the entry of non-elite farmers into the British Indian army during World War I; they formed [[cow protection movement|cow protection societies]]; they asked their members to wear the [[sacred thread]] of the [[twice-born]], and, in contrast to the Kurmis own traditions, to sequester their women in the manner of Rajputs and Brahmins.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1930, the Kurmis of Bihar joined with the Yadav and [[Koeri]] agriculturalists to enter local elections. They lost badly but in 1934 the three communities formed the [[Triveni Sangh]] political party, which allegedly had a million dues-paying members by 1936. However, the organisation was hobbled by competition from the Congress-backed [[Backward Class]] Federation, which was formed around the same time, and by co-option of community leaders by the Congress party. The Triveni Sangh suffered badly in the 1937 elections, although it did win in some areas. The organisation also suffered from caste rivalries, notably the superior organisational ability of the higher castes who opposed it, as well as the inability of the Yadavs to renounce their belief that they were natural leaders and that the Kurmi were somehow inferior. Similar problems beset a later planned caste union, the ''Raghav Samaj'', with the Koeris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot2003p197&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Again in the 1970s, the India Kurmi Kshatriya Sabha attempted to bring the Koeris under their wing, but disunity troubled this alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Akshaya |last=Mukul |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/young-india-votes/news/Mighty-Kurmis-of-Bihar/articleshow/555124.cms |title=Mighty Kurmis of Bihar |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2004 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127201356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/young-india-votes/news/Mighty-Kurmis-of-Bihar/articleshow/555124.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Fernandes to head Janata Dal (United) | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm | author=Gargi Parsai | date=31 October 2003 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034133/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=4 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many private caste-based armies surfaced in Bihar between the 1970s and 1990s, largely influenced by landlord farmers reacting to the growing influence of left extremist groups. Among these was the [[Bhumi Sena]], the membership of which was drawn mainly from youths who had a Kurmi origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly-p41&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1919/19190330.htm|title=End of a terror trail|work=Frontline|date=27 September 2002|first=Kalyan|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=19 December 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhumi Sena was much feared in the Patna region and also had influence in the districts of Nalanda, Jehanabad and Gaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/2|title=A lasting signature on Bihar's most violent years|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172108/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kurmis in Nepal==<br /> The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Kurmi as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.&lt;ref&gt;Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126164846/https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf|date=26 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 231,129 people (0.9% of the population of Nepal) were Kurmi. The frequency of Kurmis by province was as follows:<br /> * [[Madhesh Province]] (2.8%)<br /> * [[Lumbini Province]] (1.6%)<br /> * [[Koshi Province]] (0.1%)<br /> * [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)<br /> * [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)<br /> * [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)<br /> * [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)<br /> <br /> The frequency of Kurmis was higher than national average (0.9%) in the following districts:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (8.4%)<br /> * [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (6.3%)<br /> * [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]] (5.7%)<br /> * [[Bara District|Bara]] (3.9%)<br /> * [[Banke District|Banke]] (2.2%)<br /> * [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (2.2%)<br /> * [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (2.0%)<br /> * [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (1.7%)<br /> * [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (1.3%)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Kunbi]]<br /> *[[Koeri]]<br /> *[[Patidar]]<br /> *[[Patel]]<br /> *[[Kochaisa]]<br /> *[[History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> '''Notes'''<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> '''Citations'''<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ranjit Kumar|last2=Das|first2=Nava Kishor|author3=Anthropological Survey of India|title=Anthropology of weaker sections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjVdJMBeXU8C|access-date=1 August 2011|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-491-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Gooptu|first=Nandini|title=The politics of the urban poor in early twentieth-century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrbSzEvNCMC|access-date=1 August 2011|date=1 July 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|editor-last1=Singer|editor-first1=Milton |editor-last2=Cohn|editor-first2=Bernard S. |title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC|access-date=1 August 2011|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-202-36138-3}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A.|title=The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC|access-date=1 August 2011|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05711-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDeFAAAAIAAJ|title=Daughters of The Earth|last=Jassal|first=Smita Tewari|publisher=Technical Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-8-17304-375-8|page=57}}<br /> *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCp0JQcFik8C&amp;q=awadhiya&amp;pg=PA78|title=Anthropological Methods for Communication Research: Experiences and Encounters During SITE|last=Viswanath|first=Sashikala|date=1985|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|language=en}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural castes]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_conservatism&diff=447380 2026-03-17T17:12:27Z

<p>Terrence5904: content fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Political ideology advocating traditional values and power structures}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Paternalistic conservatism}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Conservatism sidebar|variants}}<br /> <br /> '''Social conservatism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and a variety of [[conservatism]] that places emphasis on conserving the traditional moral values of a society, typically sourced from a religion. It also aims to preserve [[Tradition#In political and religious discourse|traditional]] social structures over [[Cultural pluralism|social pluralism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiener 1973&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jon Wiener|date=Spring 1973|title=Review: ''The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970''|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/202704|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|volume=3|issue=4|pages=791{{ndash}}793|doi=10.2307/202704|jstor=202704|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Melinda|title=Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism|publisher=Zone Books|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Social conservatives [[Political campaign|organize]] in favor of [[duty]], [[traditional values]], and [[Institution|social institutions]], such as traditional [[Familialism|family structures]], [[Gender roles#Political ideologies|gender role]]s, [[sexual relations]], [[Patriotism#Cultural aspects|national patriotism]], and [[Religion#Impact|religious traditions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor=Harry F. Dahms|date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-1-78441-222-7|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA101|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Social Conservatism |url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/social-conservatism/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Populism Studies |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Social conservatism is usually skeptical of social change, instead tending to support the [[status quo]] concerning social issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Social conservatives also value the rights of religious institutions to participate in the public sphere, thus often supporting [[accommodationism|government-religious endorsement]] and opposing [[state atheism]], and in some cases opposing [[secularism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|title=Conservatives Without Conscience|date=11 July 2006|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|language=en|isbn=978-1-101-20137-4|page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Wald|first1=Kenneth D.|last2=Calhoun-Brown|first2=Allison|title=Religion and Politics in the United States|year=2007|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|language=en|isbn=978-0-7425-4041-5|page=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Booten |first1=Matthew |title=19 different types of conservatives |url=https://www.politic-ed.com/2020/05/11/19-different-types-of-conservatives/ |website=Politic-Ed |date=11 May 2020 |quote=Social conservatism often opposes state-atheism, however not necessarily atheism itself. They believe that if we allow states to stop believing in God, that societal order will simply break down as a result.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Social conservatism, as a movement, is largely an outgrowth of [[traditionalist conservatism]]. The key difference is that traditional conservatism is broader and includes philosophical considerations, whereas social conservatism is largely focused on just [[moralism]].<br /> <br /> == Social conservatism and other ideological views ==<br /> There is overlap between social conservatism and [[paleoconservatism]], in that they both support and value traditional social forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rowland|first1=Howard S.|title=Things to Think About|date=2010|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4535-7128-6|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFi3g3qSfsAC&amp;pg=PA171|language=en}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Social conservatism is not to be confused with [[Economic interventionism|economically interventionist]] conservatism, where conservative ideas are combined with [[Keynesian]] economics and a [[welfare state]] as practised by some European conservatives (e.g. [[one-nation conservatism|one-nation conservatives]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Gaullism|Gaullists]] in [[France]]). Some social conservatives support [[free trade]] and [[Laissez faire|laissez faire market]] approaches to economic and fiscal issues, but social conservatives may also support economic intervention where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Historian [[Jon Wiener]] has described social conservatism as historically the result of an appeal from &quot;[[Elite|elitist preservationists]]&quot; to lower-class workers to 'protect' wealth from immigration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiener 1973&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=West|first=Ed|title=Small Men on the Wrong Side of History: The Decline, Fall and Unlikely Return of Conservatism|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many social conservatives support a balance between [[protectionism]] and a [[free market]]. This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional [[mores]], will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria]], the [[Family First Party]] and [[Katter's Australian Party]], and the [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] movement in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robin|first=Corey|title=The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Social conservatism by country ==<br /> <br /> === Australia ===<br /> {{Further information|Conservatism in Australia}}<br /> Mainstream conservatism in Australia generally incorporates [[liberalism]], hence [[liberal conservatism]] being the primary ideology of the major centre-right coalition in Australia, the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]-[[National Party of Australia|National]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]]. Therefore, the Coalition, while having members with some socially conservative views, is not considered socially conservative. However, both social conservatism and [[right-wing populism]] are present among [[right-wing]] minor parties, such as [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]], the [[United Australia Party (2013)|United Australia Party]] (UAP) and [[Katter's Australian Party]] (KAP) amongst others.<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, the [[National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)|National Right]] (also known as the &quot;Conservative&quot; faction or the &quot;Right&quot; faction) serves as the party's social conservative faction, although the party is still considered a [[broad church]] conservative party and factions do collaborate with each other; for example, the [[New South Wales Liberal Party]] often chooses a leadership team consisting of both a member of the more centrist [[Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)|Moderate]] faction and a member of the Right.<br /> <br /> Social conservatives in Australia often need to take a broad church stance while governing. For example, former [[New South Wales Liberal Party]] leader and state premier, [[Dominic Perrottet]], a conservative [[Catholicism in Australia|Catholic]], despite having voted against legalising [[same-sex marriage in Australia|same-sex marriage]] in 2018 and opposing [[abortion]], followed Labor leader [[Chris Minns]]' in supporting a 2023 state-wide ban on gay [[conversion therapy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/premier-dominic-perrottet-to-back-ban-on-gay-conversion-practices/655d8171-eca1-4929-a694-af25ef48ea9b | title=NSW Premier Dominic Perrottet agrees to gay conversion therapy ban | date=17 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; whilst also vowing to protect [[religious freedom]] and [[preaching]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/we-won-t-ban-preaching-perrottet-puts-caveats-on-gay-conversion-law-20230222-p5cmtc.html | title=NSW election 2023: Perrottet puts caveats on gay conversion law | date=22 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey]] of 2018, which successfully sought to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, the Coalition government led by [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Malcolm Turnbull]] allowed its members a [[conscience vote]] on the issue. While many (including Turnbull) were in favour, some were opposed, but supported holding a [[plebiscite]] on the matter. Federal Coalition MPs who opposed same-sex marriage during the debate included former Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]], [[Peter Dutton]], [[Scott Morrison]] and many others. However, when the plebiscite was successful (with 61.6% in favour), a vote needed to be held in both chambers of [[Australian Parliament|Parliament]]. The ''[[Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017]]'' was tabled in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] and was subsequently passed in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], with just three votes against (excluding the members who abstained). Due to their respective electorates delivering a majority &quot;yes&quot; vote (as well as the entire country), members such as Dutton (who voted &quot;no&quot; in the plebiscite) voted in favour of the bill after his seat of [[Division of Dickson|Dickson]] voted 65.16% in favour.<br /> <br /> === Canada ===<br /> {{Main|Social conservatism in Canada}}<br /> <br /> In Canada, social conservatism, though widespread, is not as prominent in the public sphere as [[social conservatism in the United States|in the United States]]. It is prevalent in all areas of the country but is seen as being more prominent in [[rural]] areas. It is also a significant influence on the ideological and political culture of the western provinces of [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]], and [[British Columbia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}<br /> <br /> Compared to [[social conservatism in the United States]], social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason is that the [[neoconservative]] style of politics as promoted by leaders such as former Prime Ministers such as [[Paul Martin]] and [[Stephen Harper]] have focused on [[fiscal conservatism]], with little or no emphasis on moral or social conservatism.&lt;ref&gt;John Middlemist Herrick and Paul H. Stuart, eds. ''Encyclopedia of social welfare history in North America'' (2005) p. 143&lt;/ref&gt; Without a specific, large political party behind them, social conservatives have divided their votes and can be found in all political parties.&lt;ref&gt;David M. Haskell, ''Through a lens darkly: how the news media perceive and portray evangelicals'' (2009) p 57&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] and its leadership of so-called &quot;[[Red Tories]]&quot; for the last half of the twentieth century and therefore many eventually made their political home with parties such as the [[Social Credit Party of Canada]] and the [[Reform Party of Canada]]. Despite the Reform Party being dominated by social conservatives, leader [[Preston Manning]], seeking greater national support for the party, was reluctant for the party to wholly embrace socially conservative values. This led to his deposition as leader of the party (now called [[Canadian Alliance]]) in favor of social conservative [[Stockwell Day]].&lt;ref&gt;Murray Dobbin, ''Preston Manning and the Reform Party'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt; The party's successor, the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], despite having a number of socially conservative members and cabinet ministers, has chosen so far not to focus on socially conservative issues in its platform. This was most recently exemplified on two occasions in 2012 when the current [[Conservative Party of Canada]] declared they had no intention to repeal [[same-sex marriage]] or [[abortion]] laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/same-sex-marriages-declared-legal-and-valid-by-justice-minister-rob-nicholson|title=Same-sex marriages declared legal and valid by federal justice minister Rob Nicholson|date=13 January 2012|work=National Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === China ===<br /> {{Further information|Conservatism in China}}<br /> [[Chiang Kai-shek]], a former [[President of the Republic of China|president]] of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], could be seen as a social conservative who was critical of [[Liberalism in China|liberal values]] and defended the union of [[Confucian]] traditions and [[modernism]]. Under his rule, the [[Kuomintang]] led the [[New Life Movement]].<br /> <br /> After the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]], social conservatism in China increased due to the rise of [[New Confucianism]] and others after the 1970s to 1980s during the [[reform and opening up]].<br /> <br /> In 2024, [[Bloomberg News]] described the period of China, where [[Xi Jinping]] is president, as a &quot;Conservative Era&quot;; Faced with a shrinking population, China's most powerful leader since Mao Zedong has urged women to cultivate a “culture” of childbirth and take on a more domestic role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-10/taylor-swift-wows-chinese-women-tired-of-xi-s-conservative-era |title=Taylor Swift wows Chinese women tired of Xi's conservative era |date=February 9, 2024 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] Xi has adopted a more conservative social view since he began his [[20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|third leadership]] in 2022. He reflects traditional and patriarchal views of women in speeches and policies. This is partially related to the issue of China's low birth rate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |title=Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; After 2020, the Chinese Communist Party has accelerated its crackdown on LGBTQ+ activism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 May 2023 |title=Why the Communist Party fears gay rights |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights |access-date= 5 Dec 2025 |work=[[The Economist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several journalists and scholars have described [[new Confucianism]] and [[national conservatism|conservative nationalism]] as the key features of China under Xi Jinping's leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=18 February 2018 |title=Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/world/asia/xi-jinping-thought-explained-a-new-ideology-for-a-new-era.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=www.nytimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 December 2021 |title=Xi Jinping's War on Popular Culture |url=https://lens.civicus.org/xi-jinpings-war-on-popular-culture/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=China’s Conservative Turn on Gender Roles |author=Ludovica Meacci |date=25 Jan 2022 |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/chinas-conservative-turn-gender-roles-32970#:~:text=Maintaining%20a%20strong%20hold%20on,rule%20over%20the%20Chinese%20people. |access-date=2025-11-27 |publisher=Italian Institute for International Political Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Islamic world===<br /> {{Further|Sharia|Conservatism in Islam}}<br /> Due to their interpretation of Islamic law also known as Shariah, they have some differences from social conservatism as understood in the nations of West Europe, North America and Oceania.{{cn|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==== Arab world ====<br /> {{Further|Arab world|Islam|Censorship}}<br /> The Arab world has recently{{when|date=October 2021}} been more conservative in social and moral issues owing to the [[Arab Spring|Arab spring]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} An example of a socially conservative party is the [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|Justice and Development Party]] of Morocco.<br /> <br /> ==== Pakistan ====<br /> [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] is an alliance of socially conservative and Islamist political parties in Pakistan.<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> ==== Hindu social conservatism ====<br /> {{Further|Shiv Sena|Bharatiya Janata Party|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Hindu nationalism|Hindutva}}<br /> Hindu social conservatism in India in the twenty first century has developed into an influential movement, represented in the political arena by the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Hindu social conservatism, also known as the [[Hindutva]] movement, is spearheaded by the voluntary non-governmental organization [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. The core philosophy of this ideology is [[nativism (politics)|nativism]], and it sees [[Hinduism]] as a national identity, rather than a religious one. Due to an inclination towards [[nativism (politics)|nativism]], much of its platform is based on the belief that Islamic and Christian denominations in India are the result of occupations, and, therefore, these groups should be uprooted from the [[Indian subcontinent]] by converting their members back to [[Hinduism]].<br /> <br /> In terms of political positions, Hindu social conservatives in India seek to institutionalize a [[Uniform civil code of India|Uniform Civil Code]] (which is also a directive under Article 44 of the [[Constitution of India]]) for members of all religions,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23591 |title=Muslim leaders oppose uniform civil code |publisher=Express India |date=2 August 2003 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185807/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23591 }}&lt;/ref&gt; over the current scheme of different personal laws for different religions. For instance, [[polygamy]] is legal for Muslims in India, but not Hindus.<br /> <br /> ==== Muslim social conservatism ====<br /> {{Further|Lakshar-e-Taiba}}<br /> There are several socially conservative Muslim organisations in India, ranging from groups such as the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] which aim to promote the preservation of Indian Muslim culture as a part of the nation's identity and history.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> <br /> === South Africa ===<br /> <br /> Social conservatism had an important place in [[Apartheid]] South Africa ruled by the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]]. Pornography,&lt;ref&gt;JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987),&lt;/ref&gt; gambling,&lt;ref&gt;Bet and board in the new South Africa. (legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos, lotteries) (Brief Article)''The Economist'' (US) | 5 August 1995&lt;/ref&gt; and other activities that were deemed undesirable were severely restricted. The majority of businesses were forbidden from doing [[Sunday shopping|business on Sunday]].&lt;ref&gt;Apartheid mythology and symbolism.<br /> desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa: the covenant and the battle of Blood/Ncome River&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === United States ===<br /> {{Main|Social conservatism in the United States}}<br /> <br /> Social conservatism in the [[United States]] is a [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] political ideology that opposes [[progressivism|social progressivism]]. It is centered on the preservation of what adherents often call 'traditional' or '[[family values]]', though the accepted aims of the movement often vary amongst the organisations it comprises, making it hard to generalise about ideological preferences. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as [[Anti-abortion movements|opposition to abortion]] and opposition to [[same-sex marriage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiener 1973&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Riley|first1=Jim|title=Liberalism &amp; Conservatism|url=http://academic.regis.edu/jriley/libcons.htm|website=academic.regis.edu|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114163741/http://academic.regis.edu/jriley/libcons.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Farney|first1=James Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odcZbJnUN3cC&amp;pg=PA13|title=Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1260-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=Clayton E.|title=Social Conservatism in An Age of Revolution: Legislating Christian Morality in Revolutionary America|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sociologist [[Harry F. Dahms]] suggests that Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-same-sex marriage) and gun-use conservatives (such as supporters and members of the [[National Rifle Association of America]]) form two domains of ideology within American social conservatism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor=Harry F. Dahms |date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-1-78441-222-7|page=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA101|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the largest United States political party with socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Other socially conservative parties include the [[American Solidarity Party]], and the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]].<br /> <br /> Social conservatives are strongest in the South, where they are a mainstream political force with aspirations to translate those ideals using the party platform nationally. Supporters of social conservatism played a major role in the political coalitions of [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George W. Bush]].&lt;ref&gt;Darren Dochuk, ''From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism'' (W.W. Norton &amp; Company; 2010) shows how migrants to Southern California from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas provided evangelical support for social conservatism.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other areas===<br /> There are also social conservative movements in many other parts of the world, such as [[Latin America]], [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Europe]], [[List of Mediterranean countries|Mediterranean countries]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[Oceania]].<br /> <br /> == Examples of social conservative political parties ==<br /> {{sources|section|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Argentina ===<br /> * [[La Libertad Avanza]]<br /> <br /> ===Armenia===<br /> * [[Conservative Party (Armenia)|Conservative Party]]<br /> * [[Constitutional Rights Union]]<br /> * [[For Social Justice (Armenia)|For Social Justice]]<br /> * [[National Christian Party (Armenia)|National Christian Party]]<br /> * [[National Democratic Alliance (Armenia)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br /> * [[Pan-Armenian National Agreement]]<br /> * [[Prosperous Armenia]]<br /> * [[Republican Party of Armenia]]<br /> <br /> === Australia ===<br /> * [[Liberal Party of Australia]] (factions)<br /> * [[National Party of Australia]] (factions)<br /> * [[Family First Party (2021)|Family First Party]]<br /> * [[Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1978)|Democratic Labour Party]]<br /> * [[Katter's Australian Party]]<br /> * [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]]<br /> * [[Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party]]<br /> * [[United Australia Party (2013)|United Australia Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Austria===<br /> * [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<br /> * [[Austrian People's Party]]<br /> * [[Christian Party of Austria]]<br /> <br /> ===Belgium===<br /> * [[New-Flemish Alliance]]<br /> * [[Vlaams Belang]]<br /> <br /> ===Bosnia and Herzegovina===<br /> * [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]<br /> <br /> ===Brazil===<br /> * [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party]]<br /> * [[Brazilian Woman's Party]]<br /> * [[Christian Democracy (Brazil)|Christian Democracy]]<br /> * [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]]<br /> * [[Republicans (Brazil)|Republicans]]<br /> <br /> === Bulgaria ===<br /> * [[GERB]]<br /> * [[IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement]]<br /> * [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]] (factions)<br /> <br /> ===Cambodia===<br /> * [[Cambodian People's Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Canada===<br /> * [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (factions)<br /> * [[Christian Heritage Party of Canada]]<br /> * [[People's Party of Canada]] (factions)<br /> * [[United Conservative Party]] (Alberta)<br /> <br /> === Chile ===<br /> * [[Christian Social Party (Chile)|Christian Social Party]] (PDC)<br /> * [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|Chilean Republican Party]] (PLR)<br /> * [[Independent Democratic Union]] (UDI)<br /> <br /> === China ===<br /> * [[Chinese Communist Party]] (factions) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=18 Feb 2018 |title=Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/world/asia/xi-jinping-thought-explained-a-new-ideology-for-a-new-era.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=www.nytimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Czech Republic===<br /> * [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]]<br /> * [[KDU-ČSL]]<br /> <br /> ===Denmark===<br /> * [[Danish People's Party]]<br /> <br /> ===El Salvador===<br /> * [[Nuevas Ideas]]<br /> * [[Nationalist Republican Alliance]]<br /> <br /> ===Estonia===<br /> * [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|Conservative People's Party]]<br /> * [[Isamaa]]<br /> <br /> ===Faroe Islands===<br /> * [[Centre Party (Faroe Islands)|Centre Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Fiji===<br /> * [[Social Democratic Liberal Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Finland===<br /> * [[Finns Party]]<br /> * [[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]]<br /> <br /> ===France===<br /> * [[Movement for France]]<br /> * [[National Rally]]<br /> * [[VIA, the Way of the People]]<br /> <br /> === Germany ===<br /> * [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]<br /> * [[Alternative for Germany]]<br /> * [[Family Party of Germany]]<br /> * [[Alliance C – Christians for Germany]]<br /> * [[Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht]]<br /> <br /> ===Georgia===<br /> * [[Georgian Dream]]<br /> * [[Alliance of Patriots of Georgia]]<br /> <br /> === Greece ===<br /> * [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] (factions)<br /> * [[Greek Solution]]<br /> * [[Independent Greeks]]<br /> <br /> ===Hungary===<br /> * [[Fidesz]]<br /> * [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|Christian Democratic People's Party]]<br /> * [[Our Homeland Movement]]<br /> * [[Jobbik]]<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> * [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> * [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]<br /> * [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Ireland===<br /> * [[Aontú]]<br /> * [[Renua]]<br /> <br /> ===Israel===<br /> * [[Noam (political party)|Noam]]<br /> * [[Shas]]<br /> * [[Agudat Yisrael]]<br /> * [[Degel HaTorah]]<br /> * [[United Torah Judaism]]<br /> * [[Religious Zionist Party]]<br /> * [[Otzma Yehudit]]<br /> * [[Yachad (political party)|Yachad]]<br /> * [[United Arab List]]<br /> <br /> ===Italy===<br /> * [[The People of the Family]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intelligonews.it/articoli/24-marzo-2016/38867/il-programma-del-popolo-della-famiglia-di-mario-adinolfi-c-e-x-come-xenofilia-e-y-come-y-chromosome Il programma del Popolo della Famiglia di Mario Adinolfi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032608/http://www.intelligonews.it/articoli/24-marzo-2016/38867/il-programma-del-popolo-della-famiglia-di-mario-adinolfi-c-e-x-come-xenofilia-e-y-come-y-chromosome |date=18 January 2017 }} (intelligonews)&lt;/ref&gt; (''Il Popolo della Famiglia'')<br /> * [[Christian Italy]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.italiacristiana.it/il-programma-2/ Programma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307052641/http://www.italiacristiana.it/il-programma-2/ |date=7 March 2017 }} (Italia Cristiana)&lt;/ref&gt; (''Italia Cristiana'')<br /> * [[Union of the Centre (2002)|Union of the Centre]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html Parties and Elections in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615231622/http://parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html |date=15 June 2012 }}. Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved on 24 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ignazi2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Piero Ignazi|title=Partiti politici in Italia |year=2008|publisher=Il Mulino, Bologna|page=58}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Japan===<br /> * [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]&lt;ref name=&quot;blogs.wsj.com&quot;&gt;Inada, Miho; Dvorak, Phred. [https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/09/20/same-sex-marriage-in-japan-a-long-way-away/ &quot;Same-Sex Marriage in Japan: A Long Way Away?&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616022229/https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/09/20/same-sex-marriage-in-japan-a-long-way-away/ |date=16 June 2016 }}. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Charles |year=2010 |title=Protecting the Elderly: How Culture Shapes Social Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcO7LGc5CogC&amp;pg=PA84 |publisher=Penn State Press |page=84 |isbn=978-0-271-02289-5 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Magara |editor1-first=Hideko |editor2-last=Sacchi |editor2-first=Stefano |year=2013 |title=The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beLDAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA95 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |page=95 |isbn=978-0-85793-292-1 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Pekkanen |editor1-first=Robert J. |editor2-last=Scheiner |editor2-first=Ethan |editor3-last=Reed |editor3-first=Steven R. |year=2016 |title=Japan decides 2014: the Japanese general election |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m_eCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA104 |publisher=Springer |pages=104, 106 |doi=10.1057/9781137552006 |isbn=978-1-349-56437-8 |access-date=22 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Komeito]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor=Lucien Ellington |title=Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fox9YR80V7sC&amp;q=social+conservative+Komeito&amp;pg=PA168 |quote= ... Because of this political strength, the Liberal Democratic Party has in recent years included the moderate to socially conservative Komeito Party in coalition governments. |date=2009 |page=168 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-162-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Luxembourg===<br /> * [[Alternative Democratic Reform Party]]<br /> * [[Déi Konservativ]]<br /> <br /> === Mexico ===<br /> * [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]<br /> * [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]<br /> * [[Social Encounter Party]]<br /> <br /> === Moldova ===<br /> * [[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova]]<br /> * [[Our Party (Moldova)|Our Party]]<br /> * [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova]]<br /> <br /> ===Netherlands===<br /> * [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] <br /> * [[Reformed Political Party]] (SGP)<br /> * [[Denk (political party) |Denk]]<br /> <br /> ===New Zealand===<br /> * [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] (factions)<br /> * [[New Conservative Party (New Zealand)|New Conservative Party]]<br /> * [[New Zealand First]]<br /> <br /> ===Norway===<br /> * [[Christian Democratic Party (Norway)|Christian Democratic Party]]<br /> * [[Conservative (Norwegian political party)|Conservative]]<br /> <br /> ===Philippines===<br /> * [[National Unity Party (Philippines)|National Unity Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=January 27, 2019 |author=Pauline Macaraeg |title=Who to Vote For? Get To Know the Political Parties in the Philippines |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/news/political-parties-in-the-philippines-a00287-20190127-lfrm |access-date=2025-04-09 |magazine=Esquire Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nationalist People's Coalition]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter=Philippines |title=World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties |publisher=Facts On File |year=1999 |page=887}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Louis |last=Perron |title=Election Campaigns in the Philippines |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=361}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Poland===<br /> * [[Law and Justice]]<br /> * [[United Poland]]<br /> * [[The Republicans (Poland)|The Republicans]]<br /> * [[Polish People's Party]]<br /> * [[Confederation Liberty and Independence]]<br /> <br /> === Portugal ===<br /> * [[Chega (political party)|Chega]]<br /> <br /> ===Romania===<br /> * [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]]<br /> * [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<br /> * [[People's Movement Party]]<br /> * [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians]]<br /> * [[Ecologist Party of Romania]]<br /> * [[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania]]<br /> <br /> ===Russia===<br /> * [[United Russia]]<br /> * [[CPRF]]<br /> * [[LDPR]]<br /> * [[A Just Russia]]<br /> <br /> ===Slovakia===<br /> * [[Direction – Social Democracy]]<br /> * [[Christian Democratic Movement]]<br /> * [[Slovak National Party]]<br /> * [[Slovakia (political party)|Slovakia]]<br /> * [[Christian Union (Slovakia)|Christian Union]]<br /> * [[We Are Family (Slovakia)|We Are Family]]<br /> * [[Republic (Slovakia)|Republic]]<br /> * [[People's Party Our Slovakia]]<br /> <br /> === Spain ===<br /> * [[Spanish Alternative]]<br /> * [[Vox (Spanish political party)|Vox]]<br /> <br /> ===Serbia===<br /> * [[Serbian Radical Party]]<br /> * [[Dveri]]<br /> * [[Healthy Serbia]]<br /> * [[Better Serbia]]<br /> * [[Democratic Party of Serbia]]<br /> * [[People's Freedom Movement (Serbia)|People's Freedom Movement]]<br /> * [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<br /> * [[Serbian Right]]<br /> <br /> === Sweden ===<br /> * [[Sweden Democrats]]<br /> * [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]]<br /> * [[Alternative for Sweden]]<br /> <br /> ===Switzerland===<br /> * [[Swiss People's Party]]<br /> * [[Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland]]<br /> * [[Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland]]<br /> <br /> === Tanzania ===<br /> <br /> * [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=Tanzania's president says women using birth control are too 'lazy' to feed a family |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-president-john-magufuli-birth-control-lazy-feed-family-a8534316.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maizland |first=Lindsay |date=2017-06-28 |title=Tanzania’s president is cracking down on LGBTQ rights. He says cows would approve. |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/6/28/15885748/tanzania-president-homophobic-cows-lgbtq-crackdown |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkey===<br /> * [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]<br /> * [[Felicity Party]]<br /> * [[Great Unity Party]]<br /> <br /> ===Ukraine===<br /> * [[European Solidarity]]<br /> * [[Batkivshchyna]]<br /> <br /> ===United Kingdom===<br /> * [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] (factions)<br /> * [[Heritage Party (UK)|Heritage Party]]<br /> * [[UK Independence Party]]<br /> * [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)|Social Democratic Party]] <br /> * [[Workers Party of Britain]]<br /> * [[Scottish Family Party]]<br /> <br /> ====Northern Ireland====<br /> * [[Democratic Unionist Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/04/27/gay-marriage-once-again-blocked-in-northern-ireland-by-socially-conservative-democratic-unionist-party_n_7152810.html |title=Gay Marriage Bill In Northern Ireland Blocked Again By Socially Conservative Democratic Unionist Party |work=Huffingtonpost.co.uk |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Traditional Unionist Voice]]<br /> * [[Aontú]]<br /> <br /> ===United States===<br /> * [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] (factions)<br /> * [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]<br /> * [[American Solidarity Party]]<br /> * [[Christian Liberty Party]]<br /> * [[Alaskan Independence Party]]<br /> * [[American Independent Party]]<br /> * [[American Communist Party (2024)]]<br /> <br /> ==Social conservative factions of political parties==<br /> {{Unsourced section|date=February 2025}} <br /> * [[Blue Labour]] ([[Labour Party (UK)]])<br /> * [[Cornerstone Group]] ([[Conservative Party (UK)]])<br /> * [[National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)|National Right]] ([[Liberal Party of Australia]])<br /> * [[Republican Study Committee]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Michelle R. |date=2006-06-06 |title=Conservative House GOP Group Flexes Policy Muscle |url=https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/conservative-house-gop-group-flexes-policy-muscle/2006/06 |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=Education Week |language=en |issn=0277-4232}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Freedom Caucus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House Freedom Caucus is urging Senate Republicans to oppose a same-sex marriage bill. Their chairman voted for it. |url=https://www.politico.com/minutes/congress/07-22-2022/freedom-caucus-split/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Mollie |date=October 21, 2015 |title=House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker, But Won't Formally Endorse Him |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/house-freedom-caucus-paul-ryan_n_56281b41e4b0bce34703ee96 |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=[[HuffPost]] |quote=the group of hardline conservatives ... the socially conservative House Freedom Caucus}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (USA)]])<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Conservatism}}<br /> * [[Christian right]]<br /> * [[Social inertia]]: the prevention of social change<br /> * [[Social liberalism]]<br /> * [[Victorian morality]]<br /> * [[High Tory]]<br /> * [[Paleoconservatism]]<br /> * [[Traditionalist conservatism]]<br /> * [[Social conservatism in Canada]]<br /> * [[Social conservatism in the United States]]<br /> * [[Anti-abortion movement]]<br /> * [[Family values]]<br /> * [[List of economic left and socially conservative political parties]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2017|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-60604-4}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Refbegin|40em}}<br /> * [[Allan C. Carlson|Carlson, Allan]], ''The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age'' (2003) {{ISBN|0-7658-0536-7}}<br /> * [[Allan C. Carlson|Carlson, Allan]], ''Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis'' (1991) {{ISBN|1-56000-555-6}}<br /> * Fleming, Thomas, ''The Politics of Human Nature,'' (1988) {{ISBN|1-56000-693-5}}<br /> * Gallagher, Maggie, ''The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love'' (1996) {{ISBN|0-89526-464-1}}<br /> * Himmelfarb, Gertrude, ''The De-moralization Of Society'' (1996) {{ISBN|0-679-76490-9}}<br /> * Hitchens, Peter, ''[[The Abolition of Britain]]''. (1999) {{ISBN|0-7043-8117-6}}<br /> * Jones, E. Michael, ''Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior''. (1993) {{ISBN|0-89870-447-2}}<br /> * Kirk, Russell, ''The Conservative Mind,'' 7th Ed. (2001) {{ISBN|0-89526-171-5}}<br /> * Magnet, Myron, ''Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents'' (2001) {{ISBN|1-56663-384-2}}<br /> * Medved, Diane and Dan Quayle, ''The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong'' (1997) {{ISBN|0-06-092810-7}}<br /> * Sobran, Joseph, ''Single Issues: Essays on the Crucial Social Questions'' (1983) {{ISBN|1-199-24333-7}}.<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Social philosophy}}<br /> {{Christian Democracy}}<br /> {{Conservatism navbox}}<br /> {{American Social Conservatism}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Social Conservatism}}<br /> [[Category:Social conservatism| ]]<br /> [[Category:Conservatism]]<br /> [[Category:Social philosophy]]<br /> [[Category:Social policy]]<br /> [[Category:Political science terminology]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllocnistis_echinodes&diff=525456 2026-03-15T22:26:34Z

<p>Terrence5904: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of moth}}<br /> <br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | taxon = Phyllocnistis echinodes<br /> | authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)&lt;ref name=&quot;GTD&quot;&gt;[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLECHI Phyllocnistis echinodes Meyrick, 1926] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | synonyms =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Phyllocnistis echinodes''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GTD&quot;/&gt; The hostplant for the species is ''[[Anamirta cocculus]]''.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q7188704}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Phyllocnistis]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br /> [[Category:Moths of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Moths described in 1926]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Phyllocnistis-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghoul_(miniseries)&diff=500431 2026-03-08T09:59:36Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian horror television miniseries}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Ghoul - 2018 Poster.jpg<br /> | image_size = 235<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = Series logo<br /> | genre = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Horror fiction|Horror]]<br /> * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br /> }}<br /> | creator = Patrick Graham<br /> | writer = Patrick Graham<br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Radhika Apte]]<br /> * [[Manav Kaul]]<br /> * Ratnabali Bhattacharjee<br /> * Mahesh Balraj<br /> * [[S. M. Zaheer]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Naren Chandavarkar<br /> * [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]]<br /> }}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;br&gt;English<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 3<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Jason Blum]]<br /> * [[Anurag Kashyap]]<br /> * Ryan Turek<br /> * [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br /> * Michael Hogan<br /> * Kilian Kerwin<br /> * [[John Penotti]]<br /> * Suraj Gohill<br /> }}<br /> | editor = Nitin Baid<br /> | cinematography = [[Jay Pinak Oza]]&lt;br&gt;Jay I. Patel<br /> | runtime = 45 mins<br /> | company = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Blumhouse Productions]]<br /> * [[Phantom Films]]<br /> * Ivanhoe Pictures&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/09/blumhouse-ivanhoe-phantom-deal-local-language-indian-genre-films-anurag-kashyap-828358/|title=Blumhouse, Ivanhoe, Phantom Team For Local-Language Indian Genre Pics|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Nancy|last=Tartaglione|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829122317/http://deadline.com/2014/09/blumhouse-ivanhoe-phantom-deal-local-language-indian-genre-films-anurag-kashyap-828358/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | director = Patrick Graham<br /> | budget = <br /> | network = [[Netflix]]<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=y|2018|08|24}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ghoul''''' is an Indian [[Horror fiction|horror]] television [[miniseries]] based on the [[Arab culture|Arab folklore]] monster [[ghoul]], and the second [[Netflix]] original from India, after ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''. The series is written and directed by Patrick Graham and jointly produced by [[Jason Blum]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], Ryan Turek, [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], Michael Hogan, Kilian Kerwin, [[John Penotti]] and Suraj Gohill under their respective banners [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Phantom Films]] and Ivanhoe Pictures.<br /> <br /> The story is set in India in a [[dystopian future]] in which a fascist regime has come to power, and the story's main plot is the interrogation of dreaded terrorist Ali Saeed in a secret government [[internment]] camp that ignites a series of horrifying and supernatural events in the aftermath. [[Radhika Apte]] plays the main character Nida Rahim supported by [[Manav Kaul]], Ratnabali Bhattacharjee, [[S. M. Zaheer]], Mahesh Balraj, Rohit Pathak and Mallhar Goenka in prominent roles.<br /> <br /> The miniseries was conceived from a dream Graham had. Originally meant to be the first of three films in a deal between three production houses, Netflix acquired the production in February 2018 after Graham felt that a longer format would be better and had it turned into a miniseries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arora&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/netflix-india-original-series-new-radhika-apte-ghoul-leila-crocodile-1816266|title=Netflix Adds Three New Originals to India Slate|website=Gadgets|first=Akhil|last=Arora|date=23 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223102507/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/netflix-india-original-series-new-radhika-apte-ghoul-leila-crocodile-1816266|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ghoul'' was released to positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances and storyline.<br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> Nida Rahim ([[Radhika Apte]]) is a newly recruited military officer who is fiercely loyal to the authoritarian regime and will go to any length to prove her faith in the existing system in order to cleanse society for a better future. She is appointed to a covert military detention centre to interrogate [[Ali Saeed]] (Mahesh Balraj), the most feared terrorist who has been recently captured. However, he turns the tables on his interrogators, exposing their most shameful secrets. Rahim comes to the conclusion that Ali Saeed is not from this world and is possessed by some supernatural entity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/phantom-films-joins-hands-with-blumhouse-productions-and-ivanhoe-pictures-to-produce-horror-films/|title=Phantom Films joins hands with Blumhouse Productions and Ivanhoe Pictures to produce horror films|website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Madhu|last=Mantena|date=12 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221085949/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/phantom-films-joins-hands-with-blumhouse-productions-and-ivanhoe-pictures-to-produce-horror-films/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Radhika Apte]] as Nida Rahim<br /> * [[Manav Kaul]] as Colonel Sunil Dacunha<br /> * [[S. M. Zaheer]] as Shahnawaz Rahim<br /> * Ratnabali Bhattacharjee as Major Laxmi Das<br /> * Mahesh Balraj as Ali Saeed<br /> * Resh Lamba as Sinister Man<br /> * Mallhar Goenka as Subedar Babloo<br /> * Rohit Pathak as Captain Lamba <br /> * Robin Das as Maulvi (Muslim Cleric)<br /> * Surender Thakur as Faulad Singh<br /> <br /> ==Development==<br /> Mumbai-based British filmmaker Patrick Graham, who had made a few short films, had a dream where an inmate enters a prison and manages to terrify the guards and the fellow prisoners. Graham wrote down the dream and developed it into a script.&lt;ref name=hindu&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-arabic-folklore-to-an-indian-prison/article24762704.ece|title=From Arabic folklore to an Indian prison|last=Rosario|first=Kennith|work=The Hindu|date=23 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209044547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-arabic-folklore-to-an-indian-prison/article24762704.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also read several [[CIA]] documents about torture techniques used after [[9/11]] and at [[Camp X-Ray (Guantanamo)|Camp X-Ray]] and the reports of military centres in [[Kashmir]]. He had a dream about being in an Abu Ghraib-like torture centre in Iraq. And then he thought, &quot;‘What if an inmate came in and he was scarier than the place, scarier than the guards, scarier than the other prisoners and there’s something weird about him?&quot; On 3 September 2014 [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Phantom Films]] and Ivanhoe Pictures announced a partnership deal for creating local language horror films in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/blumhouse-india/|title=Blumhouse Partnering With Ivanhoe and Phantom to Make Horror Films in India|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|first=Evan|last=Dickson|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829122859/http://collider.com/blumhouse-india/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first of three films from the partnership is ''Ghoul'' written and directed by Patrick Graham. [[Radhika Apte]] and [[Manav Kaul]] are starring in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blumhouse-ivanhoe-indias-phantom-films-729830|title=Blumhouse, Ivanhoe and India's Phantom Films Form Multiyear Pact|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Nyay|last=Bhushan|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119081423/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blumhouse-ivanhoe-indias-phantom-films-729830|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/asia/blumhouse-ivanhoe-strike-genre-film-partnership-with-indias-phantom-1201296793/|title=Blumhouse, Ivanhoe Strike Genre Film Partnership With India's Phantom|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Patrick|last=Frater|date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829123620/http://variety.com/2014/film/asia/blumhouse-ivanhoe-strike-genre-film-partnership-with-indias-phantom-1201296793/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Graham later felt a longer format would do more justice to the story. It was supposed to be a film and was later turned into a three episode miniseries after Netflix came on board in February 2018.&lt;ref name=express&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1006371/Ghoul-on-Netflix-location-where-is-it-filmed-where-is-it-set-Radhika-Apte-Sacred-Games|title=Ghoul on Netflix location: Where is Ghoul filmed? Where is it set?|last=Mitchell|first=Molli|website=Express|date=21 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821171835/https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1006371/Ghoul-on-Netflix-location-where-is-it-filmed-where-is-it-set-Radhika-Apte-Sacred-Games|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaul called it a &quot;blessing in disguise&quot; as it gave them the breathing room to add a bit more backstory.&lt;ref name=leaky&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/ghoul-netflix-radhika-apte-patrick-graham-director-interview-india-1903903|title=How Netflix's Ghoul Came to Be: 14 Hours a Day for Over a Month in a 'Leaky, Damp, and Horrible Smelling' Place|last=Arora|first=Akhil|publisher=NDTV|date=21 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704193232/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/features/ghoul-netflix-radhika-apte-patrick-graham-director-interview-india-1903903|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Graham said that he wanted to take a &quot;monster from mythology that hasn't been seen before&quot; as he felt &quot;Zombies, vampires and werewolves have been done to death.&quot;&lt;ref name=scroll&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/891355/ghoul-director-patrick-graham-i-wanted-to-bring-a-new-old-legend-to-the-forefront|title='Ghoul' director Patrick Graham: 'I wanted to bring a new, old legend to the forefront'|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|publisher=Scroll.in|date=22 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043650/https://scroll.in/reel/891355/ghoul-director-patrick-graham-i-wanted-to-bring-a-new-old-legend-to-the-forefront|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While reading on Arabic folklore, he came across the [[ghoul]], which he felt &quot;fit perfectly because of its characteristics&quot;.&lt;ref name=hindu/&gt; He said that some back story for the characters was added once the film was turned into a miniseries.&lt;ref name=scroll/&gt; The dialogue was written by Kartik Krishnan.&lt;ref name=nandini&gt;{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/891358/ghoul-review-latest-netflix-indian-mini-series-is-neither-scary-nor-convincing|title='Ghoul' review: Latest Netflix Indian mini-series is neither scary nor convincing|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=Scroll.in|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825145708/https://scroll.in/reel/891358/ghoul-review-latest-netflix-indian-mini-series-is-neither-scary-nor-convincing|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scenes were filmed before [[Phantom Films]], [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Ivanhoe Pictures began talks with Netflix.&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; Graham said he was always fascinated by dystopian futures and decided to create an &quot;oppressive, claustrophobic story&quot;. He researched the origins of [[ghoul]] in Arabic folklore and drew on a couple of things: the Jinn mythology and how one can summon it but it may or may not be on one's side, and supernatural powers such as being able to see people's guilt and using that against them.&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; He said that the &quot;main bulk of the story came first, and the atmosphere we wanted to create came after.&quot;&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; Kaul played the role of Colonel Sunil Dacunha, who is a patriotic person and has a strained relationship with his family. Apte played the role of newly appointed interrogator, Nida Rahim. Apte was drawn to Rahim's belief system, the strength of her faith, and her way of thinking, which she found to be &quot;quite the opposite of what my way of thinking is&quot;. She also liked &quot;her investigation into her own life&quot;.&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[S. M. Zaheer]] plays the role of Shahnawaz Rahim, who is the father of Nida Rahim. Ratnabali Bhattacharjee essays the role of Laxmi, a prejudiced interrogation officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/netflixs-ghoul-characters-radhika-apte-horror-web-series-5315704/|title=Ghoul: Who plays what in the Netflix's latest web series|last=Rawat|first=Kshitij|work=The Indian Express|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824200259/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/netflixs-ghoul-characters-radhika-apte-horror-web-series-5315704/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Principal photography]] began in June 2016.&lt;ref name=express/&gt; The series was shot in 14 hours a day for over a month in a place which Apte described as a &quot;leaky, damp, and horrible smelling place with no sunlight&quot;.&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; Graham wrote the script in [[English language|English]] and had the dialogues translated to Hindi.&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; Since he is not fluent in Hindi, Graham faced some problems while filming ''Ghoul'', as the crew consisted mostly of Hindi speakers. He talked about the scenes to actors in English and rehearsed them. He said: &quot;I had two people sat with me at the monitors and monitor the dialogues and make sure the intonation and how things were being said sounded correct.&quot;&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; Graham minimised the use of [[Jump scare|jump scares]] in the series as he felt they &quot;diffuse tension&quot; and so &quot;you need to limit how often you rely on them.&quot;&lt;ref name=leaky/&gt; The cast did several one-on-one sessions and a 15-day rehearsal of scenes. Kaul did the extensive military training and also worked on how to talk, walk and hold the firearm like military personnel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/it-was-challenging-to-film-this-weird-dystopian-story-radhika-apte-manav-kaul-on-netflixs-ghoul-1855109.html|title=Netflix's Ghoul is a Weird, Dystopian Setup: Radhika Apte, Manav Kaul Reveal How They Shot for the Show|last=Bengani|first=Sneha|website=News18|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824135238/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/it-was-challenging-to-film-this-weird-dystopian-story-radhika-apte-manav-kaul-on-netflixs-ghoul-1855109.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jay Oza]] served as the [[director of photography]] and Nitin Baid is the editor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-here-are-5-reasons-why-you-should-watch-radhika-apte-s-ghoul-2652198|title=Here are 5 reasons why you should watch Radhika Apte's 'Ghoul'|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=20 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822115042/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-here-are-5-reasons-why-you-should-watch-radhika-apte-s-ghoul-2652198|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=express/&gt;<br /> <br /> The location of the filming was at the Tulip Star Hotel in [[Mumbai]]. Parts of the hotel were made to look like the interrogation chamber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/netflix-on-the-set-of-ghoul-horror-web-series-radhika-apte/|title=Netflix: On the set of 'Ghoul', India's first original horror series|first=A. D.|last=Staff|website=Architectural Digest India|date=23 August 2018|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050319/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/netflix-on-the-set-of-ghoul-horror-web-series-radhika-apte/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Episodes==<br /> {{long plot|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Episode table |background=##9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |directorR=&lt;ref name=&quot;D+W&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ramos |first1=Dino-Ray |title='Ghoul' Trailer: A Military Interrogation Gets Supernatural In Netflix Indian Horror Series |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/ghoul-trailer-netflix-radhika-apte-manav-kaul-patrick-graham-indian-horror-1202423730/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |access-date=19 August 2018 |date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182124/https://deadline.com/2018/07/ghoul-trailer-netflix-radhika-apte-manav-kaul-patrick-graham-indian-horror-1202423730/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; |writer= |writerR=&lt;ref name=&quot;D+W&quot;/&gt; |airdate= |airdateR=&lt;ref name=&quot;TFC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ghoul - Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/ghoul-netflix/listings/ |website=The Futon Critic |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704193120/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/ghoul-netflix/listings/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; |episodes=<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |Title = Out of the Smokeless Fire<br /> |DirectedBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |WrittenBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|8|24}}<br /> |ShortSummary = The story begins in a [[dystopian future]] in India where terrorism has become prevalent and the country is in turmoil. The government has taken a strong stance against the uprising and has set up National Protection Squad (NPS) to curb terrorism. It has also set up detention facilities across the country where people with anti-government mentalities are being &quot;rehabilitated&quot; for &quot;cleansing&quot;. The special force captures alive the most dreaded terrorist Ali Saeed, who, before being detained, whispers something in the team leader's ears. The story shifts one month before to Nida Rahim, a fresh NPS recruit who has a strong belief in the government policies and dreams of bringing in a better future by being a part of the system. Nida's father Shahnawaz Rahim shares a different opinion and is disgusted by the government's atrocities. When Nida and her father are harassed by govt. forces, he furiously says that the govt. must pay the price for such violence against common people. Realizing that her father has an anti-govt mindset that goes against hers, Nida alerts the officials and her father is taken away to a detainment facility. One month later, Nida, who is now an interrogation specialist trainee, gets recruited by one of the detention facilities Meghdoot 31. The head, Colonel Sunil Dacunha, tells her that based on her exceptional performance during training and the sacrifice she made by informing on her own father, she has been recruited five weeks before her training completion to interrogate Ali Saeed, who is being brought to Meghdoot 31 for questioning. <br /> |LineColor = #9C958E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |Title = The Nightmares Will Begin<br /> |DirectedBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |WrittenBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|8|24}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Dacunha's entire team tries to get Saeed to speak but he doesn't utter a word. Nida is unable to hit Saeed and hears him calling her 'Nidu', a pet name her father used to lovingly call her. During a break, everyone in the facility gets livid dreams which emphasize guilt they have for things they have done in the past. Nida shoots her father in her dream and he appears disfigured, telling her that the price of wrongdoings will need to be paid. Once the interrogation resumes, Nida and two other veterans, Chaudhari and Gupta, try to break Saeed. The CCTV cameras and microphones malfunction and Saeed asks Chaudhari and Gupta whose plan it was to kill the Lady and her child. This causes the two to turn against each other and Gupta is stabbed by Chaudhari. Dacunha tries to interrogate Saeed on his own but Saeed starts to murmur in an unknown language. Nida brings in Maulvi, another detainee, who tells her that the language is an ancient one he doesn't recall Saeed ever learning, as he had seen Saeed grow up. Saeed starts quoting Dacunha's wife and the arguments they had, which resulted in her leaving with their daughter. Angered, Dacunha electrocutes Saeed, which leads to the power of the facility switching off. Nida asks an unconscious Saeed about her father and encounters the Ghoul. She tries to tell to everyone that Saeed is not human but a Ghoul, but nobody believes her. They call for Faulad Singh, a dreaded interrogation specialist known to go to any limit to make someone talk. Maulvi tells Nida that Saeed is indeed a Ghoul and that a Ghoul can be summoned by drawing a symbol with one's own blood; it can bite anyone's flesh and assume their identity. The episode ends with Saeed saying &quot;It is about to begin&quot;. |LineColor = #9C958E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |Title = Reveal Their Guilt, Eat Their Flesh<br /> |DirectedBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |WrittenBy = Patrick Graham<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|8|24}}<br /> |ShortSummary = After Faulad Singh enters Saeed's chamber, all other personnel leave with no one on standby as Singh apparently prefers to work in privacy. Soon after, Faulad Singh frees all the prisoners. Nida finds out that the Ghoul has decapitated Faulad and assumed his identity. Dacunha now believes Nida but most of the other officers - led by Laxmi- believe that Nida is a terrorist who has come to avenge her father's death. Nida is locked inside with the other escaped prisoners. She finds out from them that Ahmad, one of the prisoners, was innocent and mistakenly captured. Chaudhari and Gupta killed Ahmad's wife and son in front of him in a bid to make him talk, after which he became mum out of shock. Realization dawns on Nida that they are in an execution chamber, the very place her father was killed. They soon realize that one of them is the Ghoul and everyone tries to escape. The Ghoul has assumed Maulvi's identity and attacks everyone. Everyone except Nida and Ahmad get killed, though Nida is bitten by the Ghoul. The Ghoul takes Nida's identity and saves Ahmad. Laxmi tries to torture the real Nida but is killed by Dacunha. Once everyone realises that the Ghoul is real, they confine themselves in a room and wait for backup to arrive. Nida discovers that detention facilities are actually places where people with anti-govt mindsets are tortured and killed once information is extracted from them. Her father was a victim of the same and before being executed, summoned the Ghoul to make his daughter realize the truth behind the Government's facade and see the atrocities they commit in the name of patriotism. Dacunha confesses that Nida was called for Saeed's interrogation because Saeed had whispered Nida's name in an officer's ear (Episode 1). The Ghoul attacks everyone while Nida escapes the facility along with Ahmad, only to find that the place has been surrounded by the backup team. Dacunha kills the Ghoul and tries to escape but Nida kills him as punishment for all the crimes that he had committed over the years. Nida is taken into custody for the murder, where she reveals the truth about the detainment centre to the higher officials. However, it seems that everyone is aware of the torture and killings; it has been the [[modus operandi]] of the govt. since the beginning. As the officials taunt Nida that she won't be able to fight against the entire system alone and throw her into prison, it is revealed that she had kept a razor hidden inside her mouth. The episode ends with Nida preparing to make her own blood sacrifice to summon the Ghoul again.<br /> |LineColor = #9C958E<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Marketing and release==<br /> The miniseries was released on 24 August 2018 by [[Netflix]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Arora&quot;/&gt; They advertised by painting a ghoul symbol over already existing posters of ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-ghoul-sign-is-sparing-no-one/articleshow/65403649.cms|title=Netflix series, Ghoul is taking over the city!|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815074406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-ghoul-sign-is-sparing-no-one/articleshow/65403649.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series was screened on 22 August 2018 in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-screening-radhika-apte-vikramaditya-motwane-netflix-photos-5318819/|title=Ghoul screening: Anurag Kashyap, Jim Sarbh and Sanya Malhotra walk the black carpet|work=The Indian Express|date=22 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822155447/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-screening-radhika-apte-vikramaditya-motwane-netflix-photos-5318819/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> The review aggregated website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 86% of critics have given the series a positive review based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 6.14/10. The site's critics consensus reads: &quot;Short, spooky, and surprisingly poignant, ''Ghoul''{{'s}} concentrated brand of horror is familiar, but effective.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/ghoul/s01 |title=Ghoul: Season 1 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114945/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/ghoul/s01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sampada Sharma of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the series &quot;unnerving&quot; that &quot;tackles social change vis a vis religion in an effective and dramatic way.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-review-netflix-web-series-radhika-apte-5320571/|title=Ghoul review: This Netflix web series is unnerving because it is unafraid|last=Sharma|first=Sampada|work=The Indian Express|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101824/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-review-netflix-web-series-radhika-apte-5320571/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''Firstpost'' called the series &quot;atmospheric, partly disturbing but fully gripping.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghoul-review-netflixs-horror-series-featuring-radhika-apte-is-atmospheric-partly-disturbing-but-fully-gripping-5018221.html|title=Ghoul review: Netflix's horror series featuring Radhika Apte is atmospheric, partly disturbing but fully gripping|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Swetha|work=Firstpost|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824135036/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghoul-review-netflixs-horror-series-featuring-radhika-apte-is-atmospheric-partly-disturbing-but-fully-gripping-5018221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adamya Sharma of ''[[Digit (magazine)|Digit]]'' wrote: &quot;These sort of shows demand the kind of critical thinking that audiences in India desperately need to sift invigorating content from the clutter of soap operas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.digit.in/entertainment/netflixs-ghoul-combines-military-activism-and-horror-in-a-spooky-three-part-series-43059.html|title=Netflix's Ghoul combines military activism and horror in a spooky three-part series|last=Sharma|first=Adamya|work=Digit|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824161751/https://www.digit.in/entertainment/netflixs-ghoul-combines-military-activism-and-horror-in-a-spooky-three-part-series-43059.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' opined: &quot;In a global environment where regimes in India and abroad are trying to make countries '[[Make America Great Again|great]]' again or bring back '[[Achhe din aane waale hain|ache din]]', ''Ghoul'' sounds a warning bell of the dangerous consequences of state sponsored intolerance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghoul-review-some-genuine-scares-and-frightening-insight-future-87240|title='Ghoul' review: Some genuine scares, and a frightening insight into the future|last=Datar|first=Saraswati|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=25 August 2018|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180204/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghoul-review-some-genuine-scares-and-frightening-insight-future-87240|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sushant S Mohan of ''[[News18]]'' praised Bhattacharjee and Balraj's performances and called them the &quot;surprise package&quot;. He further called it an &quot;innovative&quot; series despite its predictability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/reviews/ghoul-review-radhika-apte-braves-the-unimaginable-in-this-netflix-show-1855865.html|title=Ghoul Review: Radhika Apte Braves the Unimaginable in this Netflix Show|last=Mohan|first=Sushant S|website=News18|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824183454/https://www.news18.com/news/reviews/ghoul-review-radhika-apte-braves-the-unimaginable-in-this-netflix-show-1855865.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipti Kharude of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote: &quot;The three-part Indian original horror miniseries may not have been successful in spinning a flawless and chilling yarn but breathes new life in the horror genre with its subversive plot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-ghoul-review|title=Review: Netflix's 'Ghoul' Is Low on Scares but High on Subversive Ideas|last=Kharude|first=Dipti|publisher=The Quint|date=23 August 2018|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105615/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-ghoul-review|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the series and wrote: &quot;The elements are all there - a blazingly original idea, [[Jay Oza]]’s claustrophobic and atmospheric visuals, and a strong, simmering performance by Netflix’s favourite Indian child, Radhika Apte - but Ghoul, the show, much like its namesake demon, suffers from an identity crisis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ghoul-review-netflix-s-sacred-games-follow-up-is-even-braver-scary-in-unexpected-ways/story-I2MqNEZ4OVxvfq019XSpAP.html|title=Ghoul review: Netflix's Sacred Games follow-up is even braver, scary in unexpected ways|last=Naahar|first=Rohan|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824104909/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ghoul-review-netflix-s-sacred-games-follow-up-is-even-braver-scary-in-unexpected-ways/story-I2MqNEZ4OVxvfq019XSpAP.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akhil Arora of NDTV praised Balraj's performance the pacing but felt the series is &quot;let down by its reliance on cliched genre writing such as characters behaving stupidly for the sake of the plot or falling prey to narrative convenience towards the end to drive up the tension.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/ghoul-download-review-meaning-release-date-netflix-1904190|title=Ghoul's Most Important Success Is Entirely Off the Screen|last=Arora|first=Akhil|publisher=NDTV|date=22 August 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822063216/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/ghoul-download-review-meaning-release-date-netflix-1904190|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Siddhant Adlakha of ''[[IGN]]'' called it a &quot;gloriously depraved work&quot; and wrote: &quot;It’s the kind of horror where security cameras and sound visualizers build to scares, rather than delivering them at a distance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/24/netflixs-ghoul-review|title=Netflix's Ghoul Review|last=Adlakha|first=Siddhant|publisher=IGN|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824200942/http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/24/netflixs-ghoul-review|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV praised the performances of the cast and wrote that the series is &quot;bolstered by acting of the highest quality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/netflixs-ghoul-review-radhika-apte-plays-a-conflicted-soul-as-only-she-can-3-5-stars-out-of-5-1905911|title=Netflix's Ghoul Review: Radhika Apte Plays A Conflicted Soul As Only She Can|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|publisher=NDTV|date=25 August 2018|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825081240/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/netflixs-ghoul-review-radhika-apte-plays-a-conflicted-soul-as-only-she-can-3-5-stars-out-of-5-1905911|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayla Kumari Upadhyay of ''[[Thrillist]]'' wrote: &quot;[..] ''Ghoul'' pulls from Arabic folklore to craft a tense, tightly edited monster movie with a fantastic leading woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/ghoul-review-netflix|title=Netflix's new horror series 'Ghoul' ramps up to a terrifying, gory ending|last=Upadhyay|first=Kayla Kumari|publisher=Thrillist|date=24 August 2018|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143202/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/ghoul-review-netflix|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Suhani Singh of ''[[India Today]]'' called it a &quot;camp horror albeit not a thrilling one.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ghoul-review-netflix-s-second-indian-original-fails-the-scream-generator-test-1322567-2018-08-24|title=Ghoul review: Netflix's second Indian original fails the scream-generator test|last=Singh|first=Suhani|work=India Today|date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824150830/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ghoul-review-netflix-s-second-indian-original-fails-the-scream-generator-test-1322567-2018-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] felt that the &quot;characters are as unconvincing as the treatment&quot; and said that the series is &quot;neither scary nor convincing&quot;.&lt;ref name=nandini/&gt; Ankur Pathak of ''[[HuffPost]]'' felt the writing was &quot;expository&quot; as well as the dialogues were &quot;over-written and verbose.&quot; He however praised the background score.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/08/25/netflixs-ghoul-is-a-much-needed-antidote-to-the-boisterous-nationalism-engulfing-bollywood-films_a_23509147/?ncid=tweetlnkinhpmg00000001|title='Ghoul' Review: Netflix's New Show Is A Much-Needed Antidote To The Boisterous Nationalism Engulfing Bollywood|last=Pathak|first=Ankur|work=HuffPost|date=25 August 2018|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826004956/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/08/25/netflixs-ghoul-is-a-much-needed-antidote-to-the-boisterous-nationalism-engulfing-bollywood-films_a_23509147/?ncid=tweetlnkinhpmg00000001|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaka Sahani of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it &quot;a fine example of using cross-cultural elements to aid storytelling.&quot; She further wrote: &quot;This subversive show, can be a precursor to content that not only offer chills but also effectively deliver socially-relevant tales.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-review-politics-of-horror-netflix-series-5324478/|title=Ghoul review: The series articulates perils of hyper-nationalism|last=Sahani|first=Alaka|work=The Indian Express|date=25 August 2018|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825184734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ghoul-review-politics-of-horror-netflix-series-5324478/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Melissa Camacho of [[Common Sense Media]] opined that the series &quot;feels a bit uneven, with some segments focusing more on political commentary&quot; and felt that the backstories of characters other than Nida were &quot;rich with potential&quot;, but unexplored. She concluded: &quot;[T]here's an interesting story here, and one that is worth the watch if you are looking for a compelling, truly scary viewing experience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/ghoul|title=Ghoul|last=Camacho|first=Melissa|publisher=Common Sense Media|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110409/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/ghoul|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuck Bowen of ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]'' felt that by converting a feature film into a miniseries, the series &quot;constantly dips into redundant exposition, all the while eliding emotional textures that might complicate the smooth delivery of unoriginal plotting.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/review/ghoul|title=Ghoul|last=Bowen|first=Chuck|work=Slant Magazine|date=22 August 2018|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210319/https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/review/ghoul|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A review carried by the IANS called it &quot;all atmosphere, no substance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ghoul-is-all-atmosphere-no-substance-review-118083000755_1.html|title='Ghoul' is all atmosphere, no substance (Review)|work=Business Standard|date=30 August 2018|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830125320/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ghoul-is-all-atmosphere-no-substance-review-118083000755_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanul Thakur of ''The Wire'' praised the series and cited it as &quot;cinematically rich, politically aware – that, one hopes, will set a precedent.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/film/ghoul-netflix-review-radhika-apte|title='Ghoul' Is a Horror Story That Speaks Truth to Power|last=Thakur|first=Tanul|work=The Wire|date=30 August 2018|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831003939/https://thewire.in/film/ghoul-netflix-review-radhika-apte|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Raja Sen]] wrote: &quot;Despite compelling cinematography and very slick sound design, this is a derivative (and predictable) B-movie that has been stretched—for no reason I can think other than risking the wrath of ticket-bearing theatregoers—into a dull three-parter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ogkoO25wZaoEX8aC3xxFEK/Opinion--The-dimwitted-dissent-of-Ghoul.html|title=Opinion: The dimwitted dissent of 'Ghoul'|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Mint|date=30 August 2018|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830035538/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ogkoO25wZaoEX8aC3xxFEK/Opinion--The-dimwitted-dissent-of-Ghoul.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Editorial team of Thousand Miles wrote: &quot; In short, ''Ghoul'' is a horrifying tale with a twisting plot that narrates a story magnificently deeper than the random average haunted tales.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thousandmilessite.in/ghoul-mini-series-netflix-original-show-series-review/|title=Ghoul Mini Series {{!}} Netflix Original Show {{!}} Series Review|date=2018-08-26|website=Thousand Miles|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024503/https://thousandmilessite.in/ghoul-mini-series-netflix-original-show-series-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|5909930}}<br /> <br /> {{Netflix original ended series (2012–2018)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]<br /> [[Category:2010s horror television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Television series by Blumhouse Television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2010s Indian television miniseries]]<br /> [[Category:Dystopian television series]]<br /> [[Category:Demons in television]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows about genies]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deiva_Balam&diff=458128 2026-03-04T05:01:33Z

<p>Terrence5904: small improved information to improve readability and added references as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Deiva Balam.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = P. Vasanthakumar Reddy<br /> | writer = Udhayakumar<br /> | starring = [[K. Balaji]]&lt;br /&gt;Jayashree&lt;br /&gt;[[K. Sarangapani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Girija (actress)|Girija]]<br /> | cinematography = B. J. Reddy&lt;br /&gt;W. R. Subba Rao<br /> | editing = Rajan<br /> | music = G. Aswathama<br /> | studio = Ponnaloori Brothers<br /> | distributor = Semriya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=12 July 1959 |title=தெய்வபலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-07-12/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240529115902/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-07-12/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|7|11|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 2:57:21 (15962 ft.)<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Deiva Balam''''' ({{translation|Divine Power}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by P. Vasanthakumar Reddy. The film stars [[K. Balaji]] and Jayashree. It was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''[[Daiva Balam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; This film is partly coloured by [[Gevacolor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 July 1959 |title=தெய்வபலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/EAP372-9-15-14/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240529122227/https://archive.org/details/EAP372-9-15-14/mode/2up |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[Jana Sakthi]] |pages=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on 11 July 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1959&amp;nbsp;– தெய்வபலம்&amp;nbsp;–பொன்னலூரி பிரதர்ஸ்&amp;nbsp;– (த-தெ) |trans-title=1959&amp;nbsp;– Deiva Balam&amp;nbsp;–Ponnaloori Brothers&amp;nbsp;– (ta-te) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails27.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171227235526/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails27.asp |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{no plot|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> The following list is compiled from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; and from the book ''Thiraikalanjiyam Part-1''.&lt;ref name=&quot;neelamegam&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=172 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Col-begin|width=55%}}<br /> {{col-break|width=50%}}<br /> ;Male cast<br /> *[[K. Balaji]]<br /> *[[K. Sarangapani]]<br /> *[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]<br /> *V. R. Rajagopal<br /> *[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]<br /> {{col-break|width=50%}}<br /> ;Female cast<br /> *Jayashree<br /> *[[Girija (actress)|Girija]]<br /> *K. Malathi<br /> *[[Padmini Priyadarshini]]<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced by Ponnaloori Brothers under their own banner and was directed by P. Vasanthakumar Reddy. Uthayakumar wrote the dialogues. Cinematography was done by B. J. Reddy and W. R. Subba Rao while Rajan did the editing. D. Venugopalasamy handled the choreography. The film was made in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the title ''[[Daiva Balam]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and Jayashree starring. This film was partly coloured by [[Gevacolor]].<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by G. Aswathama.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaa Vaa Kaali Vaaraai Maakaali&quot; || K. Rani &amp; group || rowspan=3|Lakshmanadas ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Narasingamaai Vandhu Prahalaadhanai&quot; || rowspan=5|Vaidhehi ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aanandhame Kondene&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Koodaadha Nonbugal Palakodi&quot; || rowspan=11|[[A. Maruthakasi]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Uravaana Ennudaiya Uthamanai&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pongi Ezhum Ila Manasu Thudikudhu&quot; || 02:45<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Malarodu Vilaiyaadum&quot; || rowspan=5|P. B. Srinivas &amp; S. Janaki || 05:38<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Malarodu Vilaiyadum&quot; ({{small|Pathos}}) ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;En Manavaanil Aadum Rani&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nilavathu Thavari Pennaai Maari&quot; || 03:32<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kannan Rathai Kalandhadhu Pol&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Theeya Sakthi Aththanaiyum&quot; || Ghantasala ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Varave Varaadhaa Mahizhve Tharaadhaa&quot; || K.Rani &amp; Udutha Sarojini || 03:20<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Varave Varaadhaa Mahizhve Tharaadhaa&quot; || K. Rani &amp; S. Janaki || 03:14<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Adichaa Adi Vayithila&quot; || A. L. Raghavan &amp; P. B. Srinivas || rowspan=2|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 02:12<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kulla Nari Pola Kunthikittu&quot; || K. Rani || 02:38<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Deiva Balam'' was released on 11 July 1959,&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; delayed from June.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=31 May 1959 |title=தெய்வபலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-05-31/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240529122545/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-05-31/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=10 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-08-02/page/n39/mode/2up --&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1959 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1959 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films partially in color]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venkalam&diff=455360 2026-03-03T21:27:19Z

<p>Terrence5904: minor expand structure for accuracy additionally and added references for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Venkalam<br /> | image = Venkalam.jpg<br /> | caption = VCD cover<br /> | director = [[Bharathan]]<br /> | producer = V. V. Babu<br /> | writer = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]<br /> | starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]|[[Manoj K. Jayan]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|Niyas Backer}}<br /> | music = {{Unbulleted_list|'''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Raveendran]]<br /> |'''Background music:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]<br /> |'''Lyrics:'''&lt;br&gt;[[P. Bhaskaran]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]<br /> | editing = {{Unbulleted_list|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}<br /> | studio = Srishti Arts<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993||}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Venkalam''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Bharathan]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. The movie features [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in the lead roles. The film deals with the issue of Polyandry, a prevalent tradition among the [[Kammalar (caste)|Kammalar]] community in Kerala.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Gopalan<br /> * [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Unnikrishnan<br /> * [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Thankamani<br /> * [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Kunjipennu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kpac-lalitha-dies-an-irreplaceable-loss-to-malayalam-cinema-7786775/|title=RIP KPAC Lalitha: Malayalam cinema loses one of its finest|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 February 2022|author=Goutham VS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Sulochana<br /> * [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]<br /> * [[Mala Aravindan]] as Ayyappan<br /> * Ragini as Karthyayani<br /> * [[Philomina]] as Grandmother<br /> * Priyanka as Nadathara Kanakam<br /> * [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Chathukutti<br /> * [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kandappan<br /> * Seena Antony as Indira<br /> * [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Damodaran Nampoothiri<br /> * Salu Kuttanadu<br /> * [[Niyas Backer]]<br /> * [[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Singer (cameo)<br /> * [[Bindu Panicker]] as Leela (cameo as Gopalan's ex-lover)<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> <br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> <br /> | all_lyrics = [[P. Bhaskaran]]<br /> | all_music = [[Raveendran]]<br /> <br /> | title1 = Othiri Othiri<br /> | extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Lathika]]<br /> <br /> | title2 = Sheeveli Mudangi<br /> | extra2 = K. J. Yesudas<br /> <br /> | title3 = Pathu Veluppinu<br /> | note3 = Male<br /> | extra3 = [[Biju Narayanan]]<br /> <br /> | title4 = Aaraattu Kadavinkal<br /> | extra4 = K. J. Yesudas<br /> <br /> | title5 = Pathu Veluppinu<br /> | note5 = Female<br /> | extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The male version of the song &quot;''Pathu Veluppinu''&quot; was included in the music cassettes and CDs although it was not included in the movie. This song earned its singer [[Biju Narayanan]] a place in the Malayalam music industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/13/malayalam-singer-biju-narayanans-wife-sreelatha-passes-away-2018420.html|title=Malayalam singer Biju Narayanan's wife Sreelatha passes away|date=13 August 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/songs-of-the-day/2022/08/04/pathuveluppinu-song-from-the-movie-venkalam.html|title=ചിത്രീകരണ മിഴിവോ അഭിനയ മികവോ? ആ മായിക ഈണത്തിൽ ഇന്നും മനം കുളിരുന്നു മലയാളിക്ക്!|language=ml|work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0156168|title=Venkalam}}<br /> <br /> {{Bharathan}}<br /> {{A. K. Lohithadas}}<br /> {{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Bharathan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velaiilla_Pattadhari_2&diff=543993 2026-03-03T03:14:30Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating first data nd citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2017 film by Soundarya Rajinikanth}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Velaiilla Pattadhari 2.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil<br /> | director = [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]<br /> | producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]&lt;br/&gt;Dhanush<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Soundarya Rajinikanth<br /> | story = [[Dhanush]]<br /> | starring = Dhanush&lt;br&gt;[[Kajol]]&lt;br&gt;[[Amala Paul]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Samuthirakani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Saranya Ponvannan]]<br /> | music = [[Sean Roldan]] (songs and background score)&lt;br&gt;[[Anirudh Ravichander]] (background score only)<br /> | cinematography = [[Sameer Thahir]]<br /> | editing = [[Prasanna GK]]<br /> | studio = [[V Creations]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Wunderbar Films]]<br /> | distributor = V Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|08|11|Tamil|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Velai Illa Pattathari 2 (2017) &amp;#124; Velai Illa Pattathari 2 Movie &amp;#124; Velai Illa Pattathari 2 (VIP 2) Tamil Movie Cast &amp; Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/velai-illa-pattathari-2-VIP-2/photos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805180415/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/velai-illa-pattathari-2-VIP-2/photos.html |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;|2017|8|25|Telugu|ref2=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='VIP 2' Telugu gets a new release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vip-2-telugu-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/60090109.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913165552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vip-2-telugu-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/60090109.cms |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime = 129 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = {{INR}}43 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=2014: When little gems outclassed big guns in southern cinema |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/story-uGXHA2iNOCWMaAROHdIokK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221095504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Velaiilla Pattadhari 2''''' ({{translation|The unemployed graduate 2 }}), also referred to as '''''VIP 2''''', is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VELAIILLA PATTADHARI 2 (2017) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/velaiilla-pattadhari-2-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625103801/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/velaiilla-pattadhari-2-2017 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://youtube/r_wuAbTnxM4]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]], who also wrote the screenplay,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-05-07 |title=VIP 2: Kajol's comeback Tamil film will release on Dhanush's birthday |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vip-2-kajol-comeback-tamil-film-will-release-on-dhanush-birthday-4648409/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731110834/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vip-2-kajol-comeback-tamil-film-will-release-on-dhanush-birthday-4648409/ |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; based on a story by the co-producer [[Dhanush]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 August 2017 |title=VIP 2 Movie Review, Box Office Collection, VelaiIlla Pattathari 2 Story, Trailer, Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/vip-2-movie-review-box-office-collection-vip-2-story-trailer-songs-collection-velaiilla-pattathari-2/articleshow/60013451.cms |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a sequel to the 2014 film ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' and has Dhanush, [[Amala Paul]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], and [[Samuthirakani]] reprising their roles, while [[Kajol]] plays an antagonistic role, marking her return to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema 20 years after her last film, ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997). [[Ritu Varma]] was recast as Anita, earlier played by [[Surbhi]], which marks her debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema. Some of Dhanush's scenes were partially reshot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The music was composed by [[Sean Roldan]]. <br /> <br /> ''VIP 2'' was released worldwide on 11 August 2017 to mixed reviews.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{Hatnote|The plot of the film connects with the predecessor. For more information on the predecessor's plot, see [[Velaiilla Pattadhari#Plot|Velaiilla Pattadhari]].}}<br /> <br /> Two years later, Raghuvaran wins the Civil Engineer of the Year 2016 Award and is an executive member of his company now, along with a parking spot. His wife, Dr. Shalini, becomes an authoritative, nagging wife who controls him. She has resigned from her job to take care of the household, after marriage. Raghuvaran is also dismissive about his wife getting another job. Raghuvaran efficiently completes construction projects assigned to him, with the help of about 200 unemployed young civil, mechanical and electrical engineers, who are his friends. Vasundhara, the chairman of a big construction company in South India, Vasundhara Constructions, witnesses the announcement of Raghuvaran's victory at the Engineer of the Year 2016 Awards and finds out about him. She makes Raghuvaran a job offer, but he humbly refuses.<br /> <br /> Later, Raghuvaran's project team and Vasundhara's top team are invited at the same time to exhibit their models for a proposed private medical college and hospital building to a very rich and native trader. Vasundhara exhibits her project with heavy pride and ego, while Raghuvaran explains his project in a simple manner. The trader gives the project to Anitha Constructions. Raghuvaran provides some polite advice to Vasundhara outside the building. This offends her, and she begins to go after him, placing one obstacle after another. First, she uses her influence in the state cabinet to force the trader to give the project back to her. She then makes counter-bids on all of Anitha Construction's projects at a lower price, causing the company to lose their own projects. Raghuvaran learns of this and quits his own job just to save his first company.<br /> <br /> He is approached by the son of a Delhi-based construction mogul, with the idea of starting a new construction company with 50-50 shares. Raghuvaran agrees by putting his house under a mortgage of five million rupees and starts &quot;VIP&quot; Constructions with the 200 unemployed engineers as the company's employees. They don't get to start projects for a month. Due to word of mouth, they get an offer from Prakash, a greedy businessman who wants to build a theme park in a marshy land. Raghuvaran's gang gets excited, but the soil tests prove them wrong. So, they declined the project. Prakash bribes an executive member of Vasundhara Constructions and makes her start on the same project. Raghuvaran's team starts a protest, and a countrywide uproar causes the project to be stopped by the government. Prakash is caught up in various lawsuits filed across the country. This causes a bad name and a loss of projects for Vasundhara Constructions. To eliminate Raghuvaran, she targets his company. She anonymously buys the 50% shares held by Raghuvaran, when they are legally up for sale to create funds. Raghuvaran is fired from VIP Constructions by Vasundhara, causing the employees to quit their own jobs immediately.<br /> <br /> That night, Prakash sends goons to kill Raghuvaran, but Raghuvaran beats them all up. He thinks that Vasundhara sent them and goes to her office room in her company's main headquarters building. Vasundhara is alone in the building, as she is currently thinking about the loyalty of all the employees of VIP Constructions towards Raghuvaran. Raghuvaran initially berates, then advises Vasundhara, and starts to leave. Unfortunately, the office is flooded due to a heavy downpour, and they are trapped on their floor. They then cooperate to find biscuits and wine on the top floor.<br /> <br /> After a deep conversation, Vasundhara undergoes a change of heart. As the rain stops, Raghuvaran takes Vasundhara to his home, where they share a meal and Vasundhara bonds with the family. She announces that she will return VIP Constructions to Raghuvaran. The movie ends with Raghuvaran declaring that people consider him a villain but he, in fact, is a hero.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Dhanush]] as Raghuvaran, Anitha Constructions civil engineer<br /> * [[Kajol]] as Vasundhara Parameshwar, Vasundhara Constructions chairman (Voice dubbed by [[Deepa Venkat]])<br /> * [[Amala Paul]] as Dr. Shalini Raghuvaran, Raghuvaran's wife (Voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])<br /> * [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Azhagusundaram, Raghuvaran's partner<br /> * [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] as Karthik, Raghuvaran's brother<br /> * [[Samuthirakani]] as Krishnamoorthy, Raghuvaran's father<br /> * [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Bhuvana, Raghuvaran's mother (posthumously photo appearance)<br /> * [[Meera Krishnan]] as Shalini's mother<br /> * [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Prakash, a greedy businessman<br /> * [[Cell Murugan]] as Manickam, Raghuvaran's assistant<br /> * [[Balaji Mohan]] as Balaji<br /> * [[G. M. Kumar]] as Chettiyar<br /> * [[Florent Pereira]] as Ponnuangam<br /> * [[M. J. Shriram]] as Ramkumar, Anitha's father<br /> * S. Kathiresan as Shalini's father<br /> * Lokesh as Vasundhara's manager<br /> * Kimu Gopal as Bank Manager <br /> * Kishore Rajkumar as Raghuvaran's friend<br /> * Mirchi Vijay as Raghuvaran's friend<br /> * [[Put Chutney Rajmohan]] as Prakash's lawyer<br /> * Sethupathi Jayaychandran as M. S. Arivazhagan<br /> * Andrews as Newsreader<br /> * Som Shekar as Vasundhara's escort<br /> * Priyadarshini Rajkumar as Client<br /> * [[Ritu Varma]] as Anitha (cameo appearance)<br /> * [[Raiza Wilson]] as Vasundhara's PA (cameo appearance)<br /> * [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Vasundhara's father (photo credit)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> After their 2014 film, ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'', [[Velraj]] and [[Dhanush]] worked on the production of ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thangamagan]]'' (2015), which was initially widely reported to be a sequel to their previous film. During the production stages of the film, Dhanush denied that this was the case and confirmed it was a different script.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Dhanush clarifies on VIP 2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-clarifies-on-VIP-2/articleshow/46632088.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214155448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-clarifies-on-VIP-2/articleshow/46632088.cms |archive-date=14 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, in mid-2016, Dhanush's sister-in-law, [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] agreed to terms with producer N. Ramasamy and Hema Rukmai to make a romantic drama film titled ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' and cast Dhanush in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Soundarya Rajinikanth joins hands with Kabali producer, announces second film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/soundarya-rajinikanth-joins-hands-with-kabali-producer-announces-second-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811182126/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/soundarya-rajinikanth-joins-hands-with-kabali-producer-announces-second-film/ |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=2016-12-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-13 |title=Sonam Kapoor and Kajal Agarwal in talks for Soundarya Rajinikanth film |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sonam-kapoor-and-kajal-agarwal-in-talks-for-soundarya-rajinikanth-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127123108/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sonam-kapoor-and-kajal-agarwal-in-talks-for-soundarya-rajinikanth-film.html |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=Behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite negotiations with actresses including [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Manjima Mohan]], the project failed to materialise, and in a sudden turn of events, Dhanush revealed that he would instead collaborate with Soundarya for a sequel to his earlier film ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''. The film was revealed to be co-produced by N. Ramasamy, while the latter would also write the script of the film. Sean Roldon was signed to replace [[Anirudh Ravichander|Anirudh]] as the film's composer, while the theme music composed by Anirudh was retained in the new project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Soundarya Rajinikanth to direct Dhanush in VIP 2 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Soundarya-Rajinikanth-to-direct-Dhanush-in-VIP-2/article16440945.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218195641/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Soundarya-Rajinikanth-to-direct-Dhanush-in-VIP-2/article16440945.ece |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the launch event of the film, it was announced that [[Sameer Thahir]] would work as the cinematographer, while [[Prasanna GK]] would be the editor.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-12-16 |title=VIP 2 shooting begins, Kajol to feature in a prominent role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/VIP-2-shooting-begins-Kajol-to-feature-in-a-prominent-role/article16842049.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216122646/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/VIP-2-shooting-begins-Kajol-to-feature-in-a-prominent-role/article16842049.ece |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was originally shot in Tamil while certain scenes of Dhanush were additionally filmed in Telugu due to the success of ''Raghuvaran B Tech'', the Telugu dubbed version of ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 July 2017 |title=Didn't want to exit Raghuvaran's world, says Dhanush about VIP 2 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanush-talks-about-about-vip-2/article19341836.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170724120954/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanush-talks-about-about-vip-2/article19341836.ece |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also subsequently dubbed and released into Hindi as ''VIP 2 - Lalkar'' with Kajol dubbing for herself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=Kajol: Dhanush and Soundarya Rajinikanth lied to me about VIP 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vip-2-trailer-launch-dhanush-kajol-soundarya-rajinikanth-984926-2017-06-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913165539/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vip-2-trailer-launch-dhanush-kajol-soundarya-rajinikanth-984926-2017-06-27 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Casting for the film began in late 2016, with several members of the original cast, including [[Amala Paul]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] retained for the sequel. [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], whose character died in the first film, was also selected to portray a role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-16 |title=Saranya Ponvannan on her role in Dhanush's VIP2 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/saranya-ponvannan-on-her-role-in-dhanushs-vip2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218042155/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/saranya-ponvannan-on-her-role-in-dhanushs-vip2.html |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=Behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindi film actress [[Kajol]] was also selected to play a pivotal role in the film, which marks her comeback in Tamil cinema after nearly 20 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-15 |title=Confirmed: Kajol to act with Dhanush in Velai Illa Pattathari 2 : PTI feed, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kajol-to-act-with-dhanush-in-vip2-663951-1999-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216214640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kajol-to-act-with-dhanush-in-vip2/1/835299.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Production on the film began on 15 December 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VIP-2 starts rolling |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vip-2-starts-rolling-imagegallery-kollywood-qmpnxgfgiejfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216062326/http://www.sify.com/movies/vip-2-starts-rolling-imagegallery-kollywood-qmpnxgfgiejfj.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2017 |title=VIP-2 shooting kicks off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/04/vip-2-shooting-kicks-off-1556141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170402170551/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/04/vip-2-shooting-kicks-off-1556141.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; with actor [[Rajinikanth]] in attendance at the launch event in his family's Poes Garden home in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-12-15 |title=Rajinikanth launches Dhanush-Soundarya's VIP2, see pics |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-launches-dhanush-soundaryas-vip2-see-pics-4427949/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216151546/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-launches-dhanush-soundaryas-vip2-see-pics-4427949/ |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-12-15 |title=Rajinikanth gives blessings to Dhanush for 'VIP 2' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/15/rajinikanth-gives-blessings-to-dhanush-for-vip-2-1549414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216145258/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/15/rajinikanth-gives-blessings-to-dhanush-for-vip-2-1549414.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-24 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team filmed a promo song in Mumbai, choreographed by Bosco and Caesar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-05-21 |title=Dhanush and Kajol shake a leg |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210517/dhanush-and-kajol-shake-a-leg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521025952/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210517/dhanush-and-kajol-shake-a-leg.html |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-21 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming ended in May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-04-02 |title=It's a wrap for Dhanush and Soundarya Rajnikanth's 'VIP 2' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-a-wrap-for-dhanush-and-soundarya-rajnikanth-s-vip-2-2378744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145925/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-a-wrap-for-dhanush-and-soundarya-rajnikanth-s-vip-2-2378744 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=2017-07-24 |work=Daily News and Analysis |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sean Roldan]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Soundtrack album cover art<br /> | released = 1 July 2017<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 15:45<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Wunderbar Films]]<br /> | producer = Sean Roldan &lt;br /&gt;Dhanush<br /> | prev_title = [[Neruppu Da]]<br /> | prev_year = 2017<br /> | next_title = [[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]<br /> | next_year = 2018<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Sean Roldan]]. The tracklist featuring five tracks was released on 1 July 2017 at Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kajol, Dhanush at VIP-2 audio launch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajol-dhanush-at-vip-2-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-rg0nU4hibedde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626135053/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajol-dhanush-at-vip-2-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-rg0nU4hibedde.html |archive-date=2017-06-26 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some themes that were highlights of the characters and title were retained from the first film, composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=quintdaily |date=11 August 2017 |title=VIP 2 Review: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 Theatrical Response &amp; Rating – QuintDaily |url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vip-2-review-velai-illa-pattathari-2-theatrical-response-rating/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811105443/http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vip-2-review-velai-illa-pattathari-2-theatrical-response-rating/ |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;Track list<br /> {{track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | headline = Original track list<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Life of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Nada Da Raja<br /> | length1 = 3:29<br /> | lyrics1 = Dhanush<br /> | extra1 = Dhanush, [[Yogi B]]<br /> | title2 = Angel of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Iraivanai Thandha Iraiviye<br /> | length2 = 3:12<br /> | lyrics2 = Dhanush<br /> | extra2 = Sean Roldan, [[M. M. Manasi|M M Manasi]]<br /> | title3 = Torture of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Ucchathula<br /> | length3 = 3:38<br /> | lyrics3 = Dhanush<br /> | extra3 = Dhanush<br /> | title4 = Raghuvaran Vs Vasundhara&amp;nbsp;— Dooram Nillu<br /> | length4 = 3:13<br /> | lyrics4 = Sean Roldan<br /> | extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]], Dhanush, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]<br /> | title5 = Theme Track&amp;nbsp;— Vasundhara- The Empress Arrives<br /> | length5 = 2:10<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | extra5 = Instrumental<br /> | title6 = <br /> | length6 = <br /> | title7 = <br /> | length7 = <br /> | title8 = <br /> | length8 = <br /> | title9 = <br /> | length9 = <br /> | title10 = <br /> | length10 = <br /> | title11 = <br /> | length11 = <br /> | title12 = <br /> | length12 = <br /> | title13 = <br /> | length13 = <br /> | title14 = <br /> | length14 = <br /> | title15 = <br /> | length15 = <br /> | title16 = <br /> | length16 = <br /> | title17 = <br /> | length17 = <br /> | title18 = <br /> | length18 = <br /> | title19 = <br /> | length19 = <br /> | title20 = <br /> | length20 = <br /> | total_length = 15:45<br /> }}{{track listing<br /> | headline = Telugu tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 15:15<br /> | title1 = Life of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Nada Da Raja<br /> | extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Yogi B<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Anantha Sriram]]<br /> | length1 = 3:30<br /> | title2 = Angel of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Iruvuram Kaadu<br /> | extra2 = Sean Roldan, [[M. M. Manasi|M M Manasi]]<br /> | lyrics2 = Anantha Sriram<br /> | length2 = 3:14<br /> | title3 = Torture of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Pellanade<br /> | extra3 = Ravi G<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | length3 = 3:06<br /> | title4 = Raghuvaran Vs Vasundhara&amp;nbsp;— Dooram Nuvve Undaloi<br /> | extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K G Ranjith]], Ananya Thirumalai<br /> | lyrics4 = Chandra Bose<br /> | length4 = 3:15<br /> | title5 = Theme Track&amp;nbsp;— Vasundhara- The Empress Arrives<br /> | extra5 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | length5 = 2:10<br /> }}<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Hindi tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 15:15<br /> | title1 = Life of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Chal Re Raja<br /> | extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Yogi B]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Raqueeb Alam<br /> | length1 = 3:30<br /> | title2 = Angel of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Tu Mili Hai<br /> | extra2 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[M. M. Manasi]]<br /> | lyrics2 = Raqueeb Alam<br /> | length2 = 3:14<br /> | title3 = Torture of Raghuvaran&amp;nbsp;— Main Ga Raha<br /> | extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Raqueeb Alam<br /> | length3 = 3:06<br /> | title4 = Raghuvaran Vs Vasundhara&amp;nbsp;— Doori Zara Banake<br /> | extra4 = Benny Dayal, Shakthisree Gopalan<br /> | lyrics4 = Raqueeb Alam<br /> | length4 = 3:15<br /> | title5 = Theme Track&amp;nbsp;— Vasundhara- The Empress Arrives<br /> | extra5 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | length5 = 2:10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> &lt;!-- http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/11/vip-2-gets-animated-stickers-1641748.html --&gt;<br /> The film was originally planned to release on 28 July 2017, coinciding with Dhanush's birthday, but was postponed to 11 August 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-05-11 |title=VIP 2: Kajol says she was a bit 'apprehensive' about speaking in Tamil |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vip-2-kajol-says-she-was-a-bit-apprehensive-about-speaking-in-tamil/story-hSqSgOakVhvu344yEXlGtM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511114805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vip-2-kajol-says-she-was-a-bit-apprehensive-about-speaking-in-tamil/story-hSqSgOakVhvu344yEXlGtM.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-21 |work=hindustantimes.com/ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-07-20 |title=Velai Illa Pattadhaari 2 release postponed |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43358/velai-illa-pattadhaari-2-release-postponed |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729103311/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43358/velai-illa-pattadhaari-2-release-postponed |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=2017-07-21 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hindi version of this film was released on 18 August 2017 and Telugu version was released on 25 August 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-08-16 |title=Dhanush clashes with Ajith Kumar now |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43665/dhanush-clashes-with-ajith-kumar-now |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193050/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43665/dhanush-clashes-with-ajith-kumar-now |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-16 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film received mixed reviews from critics and audience.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=August 17, 2017 |title=VIP 2 success meet: VIP 3 is on the cards, confirms Dhanush |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vip-2-success-meet-dhanush-kajol-soundarya-rajinikanth-1029980-2017-08-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226193355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vip-2-success-meet-dhanush-kajol-soundarya-rajinikanth-1029980-2017-08-17 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=2020-04-23 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-16 |title=Dhanush's VIP 2 rocks the box-office despite bad reviews |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225191409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vip-2-rocks-the-box-office-despite-bad-reviews/story-UkKjYpokEG8CInfvrvAMXI.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=2020-04-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=20|count=5|average=3.5|ref=yes}}<br /> <br /> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote &quot;But then, this is not just a lazy rehash like the [[Singam (film series)|Singam films]]...there’s a sensibility here...VIP 2 is by no means a great film, but given the constraints of a &quot;mass&quot; movie, especially a sequel, it left me pleasantly surprised.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2017 |title=Velai Illa Pattadhari 2 (VIP 2) Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/vip-2-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012328/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/vip-2-movie-review |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from ''The Hindu'' called the film a &quot;wasted opportunity&quot; and criticized the film's inaccurate use of license plates and the references to film stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=26 August 2017 |title=VIP 2: A wasted opportunity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vip-2-a-wasted-opportunity/article19565249.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924122242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vip-2-a-wasted-opportunity/article19565249.ece |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> The film collected approximately {{INRConvert|5.75|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] in first day, {{INRConvert|18.75|C}} in three days and {{INRConvert|24|c}} in five days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-16 |title=VIP 2 box office collection of first five days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/vip-2-box-office-collection-of-first-five-days/articleshow/60084893.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/vip-2-box-office-collection-of-first-five-days/articleshow/60084893.cms |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> {{Wunderbar Films}}<br /> {{Dhanush}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 multilingual films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Soundarya Rajinikanth]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Dhanush]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alitalia_Flight_771&diff=485569 2026-02-19T22:55:53Z

<p>Terrence5904: Started initial bio more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1962 aviation accident}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Aircraft accident<br /> | name = Alitalia Flight 771<br /> | occurrence_type = Accident<br /> | image = I-DIWI DC-8-42 Alitalia LHR 04MAY63 (5580217483).jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.15<br /> | caption = An Alitalia Douglas DC-8 similar to the one involved<br /> | date = {{nowrap|7 July 1962, 18:40 UTC&lt;br/&gt;(8 July 1962, 00:10 local)}}<br /> | summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[pilot error]]<br /> | site = {{convert|11|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} NW of [[Junnar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|19|12|0|N|73|52|48|E}}<br /> | aircraft_type = [[McDonnell Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-43]]<br /> | aircraft_name = ''Lanzerotto Malocello''<br /> | operator = [[Alitalia]]<br /> | plane1_IATA = AZ771<br /> | plane1_ICAO = AZA771<br /> | plane1_callsign = ALITALIA 771<br /> | tail_number = I-DIWD<br /> | origin = [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford-Smith Airport]], [[Sydney]], Australia<br /> | stopover0 = [[Darwin International Airport]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Australia<br /> | stopover1 = [[Don Mueang International Airport]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | stopover2 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Santacruz Airport]], [[Bombay]], India<br /> | stopover3 = [[Jinnah International Airport]], [[Karachi]], Pakistan<br /> | last_stopover = [[Mehrabad Airport]], [[Tehran]], Iran<br /> | destination = [[Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport]], [[Rome]], Italy<br /> | occupants = 94<br /> | passengers = 85<br /> | crew = 9<br /> | fatalities = 94<br /> | survivors = 0<br /> }}<br /> '''Alitalia Flight 771''' was a multi-leg [[McDonnell Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-43]] international scheduled flight from [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]] via [[Darwin International Airport|Darwin]], [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok]], [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], and [[Mehrabad Airport|Tehran]] to [[Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport|Rome]] with 94 on board. On 7 July 1962 18:40 [[UTC]] (8 July 1962, 00:10 local) it crashed into a hill about {{convert|84|km}} north-east of [[Bombay]] while on approach.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> === Aircraft ===<br /> The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8-43 constructed in 1962 and registered as I-DIWD to Alitalia. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had recorded 964 flight hours. The captain of the flight had signed the Certificate of Maintenance on 6 July 1962. The aircraft was equipped with a [[Very high frequency|VHF navigation]] receiver, [[Instrument landing system|glide slope]] receiver, [[marker beacon]] receiver, [[Radio direction finder|ADF receiver]], [[Loran-C|Loran receiver]], [[doppler radar]], and a [[Transponder (aeronautics)|transponder]]; but the aircraft did not have any [[flight recorder]]s.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=86}}<br /> <br /> No mechanical issues were reported, and the centre of gravity and weight of the DC-8 were within permitted parameters.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=86}}<br /> <br /> === Crew ===<br /> Nine crew members were aboard the flight. The cockpit crew consisted of:<br /> * [[Pilot in command|Captain]] Luigi Quattrin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/121258319/|title=The Sydney Morning Herald from Sydney, New South Wales on July 8, 1962 · Page 2|work=Newspapers.com|access-date=2017-12-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; who was 50 years old and had been a pilot since 1939. He had accumulated 13,700 flight hours, of which 1,396 were on the Douglas DC-8. He had previously flown the Rome-Bombay route on [[Douglas DC-6|DC-6]] and [[Douglas DC-7|DC-7]] aircraft but did not go all the way to Bangkok. On the familiarization flight for the Bangkok-Bombay route, which was required by Alitalia in order for him to be permitted to fly the route as pilot-in-command, he flew the route to Bangkok via the Tehran-Karachi-Bombay route.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=85}}<br /> * The [[First officer (aeronautics)|co-pilot]], Ugo Arcangeli,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Seduta di Lunedì 9 Lugio 1962 Presidenza del Vicepresidente Bucciarelli Ducci&quot; ''III Legislatura — Discucioni — Seduta del 9 Luglio 1962'' http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg03/lavori/stenografici/sed0640/sed0640.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; was 33 years old and had been a pilot since 1956. He had accumulated a total of 3,480 flight hours, of which 1,672 had been from flying as co-pilot on the DC-8.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=85}}<br /> * The [[flight engineer]], Luciano Fontana,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; was 31 years old and had 4,070 flight hours, of which 386 were from flying on the DC-8.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=85}}<br /> The remaining six members of the crew were flight attendants. Both the captain and co-pilot were trained navigators, but there was no individual navigator in the flight crew.<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> After starting initially with 45 passengers in Sydney and taking on more passengers on the stops to Darwin and Singapore,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5RXoc5o89Pu4jDnPIMCMbL/The-origin-of-the-black-box.html|title=The origin of the black box|last=Vadukut|first=Sidin|date=2015-03-27|work=Live Mint|access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flight 771 departed from Bangkok at 15:16 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] with 94 people aboard as stated by the load sheet, although the official flight plan stated there was to be 98 people aboard. The flight plan was not signed by the pilot-in-command, a violation of the Alitalia Operations Manual.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=88}}{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=87}}<br /> <br /> Flight 771 first made communications with Bombay Flight Information Center at 17:20, during which the flight requested a weather forecast for landing, as well as stating their estimated time of arrival to be 18:45 and their altitude to be {{convert|36,000|ft|m}}. Between the times of 17:30 and 17:47 they were informed of the local weather forecast; Various weather reports for Bombay at the time of the accident indicated that there was light rain but no thunderstorms or other dangerous conditions.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=83}}<br /> <br /> At 18:20 the flight switched to the Bombay approach frequency and requested to initiate descent when over the point of Aurangabad to an altitude of {{convert|20,000|ft|m}}. The descent was approved and the weather information provided was acknowledged.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=83}}<br /> <br /> The flight initiated descent at 18:24:36 UTC, descending from {{convert|35,000|to|20,000|ft|m}} approximately twenty minutes before it was due to land at Bombay with an ETA at 18:45. At 18:25 the flight was cleared to take a transition level of {{convert|4,000|ft|m}}. Weather information was transmitted again at 18:28:04, with the [[QNH]] at 29.58 inches. At 18:29 the air traffic controller was informed of the flight's preference to land on runway 27. At 18:38:34 the flight was asked if it would be making a 360° over the beacon or landing in directly.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=83}} At 18:38:49 the flight only replied &quot;OK&quot; leading to some confusion as to which approach would be taken. The flight clarified shortly thereafter that it would make a 360° over the outer beacon.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=84}}<br /> <br /> At 18:38:54 the DC-8 reached an altitude of 5,000 feet; the flight plan provided by Alitalia prescribed a {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} descent to Bombay in 13 minutes. The flight continued descending further to {{convert|3,600|ft|m}}, well below the minimum safety altitude at {{convert|9,000|ft|m}} as well as below the {{convert|4,000|ft|m}} minimum initial approach altitude.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=84}}<br /> <br /> The last communication heard from the aircraft was at 18:39:58 again confirming the 360° over the beacon. The DC-8 crashed into Davandyachi hill on a bearing of 240°. The wreckage of the aircraft was found scattered among trees on the hill with the remains of the cockpit altimeter at an altitude of {{convert|3,600|ft|m}}, only {{convert|5|ft|m}} short of the top.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=87}} The DC-8 was completely destroyed and all persons aboard perished in the crash.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=84}}<br /> <br /> == Causes ==<br /> Investigators explored several potential causes, including: navigational errors which led the pilot to believe that he was nearer to his destination than he actually was; failure to maintain the recommended safe altitude; and pilot's unfamiliarity with the flight route.&lt;ref&gt;{{ASN accident|id=19620707-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilot intoxication was initially suggested but ruled out as a contributing cause. Chart number 21 from the radio facility did not show the terrain the flight crashed into and only indicated the presence of a location {{convert|13|mi|nmi km}} to the north at a height of {{convert|5,400|ft|m}}.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=91}}<br /> <br /> Investigators concluded that errors in navigation led the pilot to think he was closer to the necessary point of descent than in reality, resulting in a premature descent for a straight-in instrument approach at night, resulting in controlled flight into terrain.{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=92}}<br /> <br /> Secondary causes of the accident were cited as follows by the ICAO:{{sfn|ICAO Circular|p=92}}<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> &quot;1. Failure on the part of the pilot to make use of the navigational facilities available in order to ascertain the correct position, of the aircraft.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 2. Infringement of the prescribed minimum safe altitude.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 3. Unfamiliarity of the pilot with the terrain on the route.&quot;<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Italy|Aviation}}<br /> * [[Air Inter Flight 148]]<br /> * [[Crossair Flight 3597]]<br /> * [[Indian Airlines Flight 605]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/sites/default/files/import/uploads/2017/11/I-DIWD.pdf|title=ICAO Circular 71-AN/63|date=1966|publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-09|ref={{harvid|ICAO Circular}}}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210707003807/https://www.tailstrike.com/060762.htm Alitalia Flight 771 CVR Transcript]<br /> <br /> {{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1962}}<br /> {{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}<br /> {{coord|19|12|00|N|73|52|48|E|type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain]]<br /> [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]<br /> [[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]<br /> [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8]]<br /> [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Alitalia accidents and incidents|771]]<br /> [[Category:July 1962 in Asia]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porbandar%E2%80%93Muzaffarpur_Express&diff=526010 2026-02-16T07:34:43Z

<p>Terrence5904: created.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express<br /> | logo = <br /> | image = Porbandar–Muzaffarpur_Express.jpg<br /> | image_width = 300<br /> | caption = MFP-PBR Express at Muzaffarpur Junction.<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|10|04}}<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Porbandar}} (PBR)<br /> | stops = 16<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction||Muzaffarpur}} (MFP)<br /> | distance = {{convert|2443|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 46 hrs 30 mins<br /> | frequency = Bi-weekly <br /> | class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = No<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = Pantry Car, &lt;br&gt; On-board catering, &lt;br&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = Large windows <br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = <br /> | trainnumber = 19269 / 19270 <br /> | speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 19269 / 19270 '''Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Porbandar}} and {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 19269/19270 train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;LHdivertedRoute&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = पोरबंदर-मुजफ्फरपुर एक्सप्रेस का बदला रूट; अब इन स्टेशनों पर नहीं जाएगी<br /> | url = https://www.livehindustan.com/gujarat/indian-railways-porbandar-muzaffarpur-express-will-run-on-diverted-route-201741778928297.html<br /> | work = LiveHindustan<br /> | publisher = Hindustan Media Ventures Limited<br /> | date = 12 March 2025<br /> | language = hi<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;ETVBharatStonePelt&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = पोरबंदर-मुजफ्फरपुर एक्सप्रेस पर पथराव, एसी कोच का शीशा टूटा — यात्री बाल-बाल बचे<br /> | url = https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/anti-social-elements-pelted-stones-on-muzaffarpur-porbandar-express-in-bettiah-bihar-news-brs25063001714<br /> | work = ETV Bharat (Bihar)<br /> | publisher = ETV Bharat<br /> | date = 30 June 2025<br /> | language = hi<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;DainikBhaskarCancellation&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = मुजफ्फरपुर-पोरबंदर ट्रेन आज रहेगी रद्द<br /> | url = https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/dausa/bandikui/news/muzaffarpur-porbandar-train-will-be-canceled-today-133360508.html<br /> | work = Dainik Bhaskar (Bandikui, Rajasthan)<br /> | publisher = Dainik Bhaskar<br /> | date = 22 July 2024<br /> | language = hi<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Schedule==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 19269 / 19270 Train Schedule<br /> |-<br /> | '''Train Type''' || Mail/Express<br /> |-<br /> | '''Distance''' || 2448&amp;nbsp;km<br /> |-<br /> | '''Average Speed''' || ~51&amp;nbsp;km/h<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (PBR → MFP)''' || 47 hrs 45 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Journey Time (MFP → PBR)''' || 46 hrs 20 min<br /> |-<br /> | '''Classes Available''' || 1A, 2A, 3A, SL, GEN, PWD<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operating Days''' || PBR–MFP: Thursday, Friday; MFP–PBR: Monday, Sunday<br /> |-<br /> | '''Operator''' || [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Route &amp; halts==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ '''19269/19270 Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express Schedule'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sr.<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 19270 MFP–PBR<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 19269 PBR–MFP<br /> |-<br /> ! Station !! Arr. !! Dep. !! Dist. (km) !! Station !! Arr. !! Dep. !! Dist. (km)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || SRC || 15:15 || 0<br /> | {{rws|Porbandar}} || SRC || 19:40 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | {{rws|Mehsi}} || 15:58 || 16:00 || 39<br /> | {{rws|Bhanvad}} || 20:27 || 20:28 || 52<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | {{rws|Chakia}} || 16:11 || 16:13 || 48<br /> | {{rws|Jamnagar}} || 21:57 || 22:02 || 139<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Bapudm Motihari || 16:38 || 16:40 || 79<br /> | {{rws|Hapa}} || 22:18 || 22:20 || 147<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 17:08 || 17:10 || 101<br /> | {{rws|Rajkot Junction}} || 23:52 || 23:57 || 221<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | {{rws|Bettiah}} || 17:28 || 17:30 || 123<br /> | {{rws|Wankaner Junction}} || 00:38 || 00:40 || 262<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} || 18:20 || 18:25 || 159<br /> | {{rws|Surendranagar}} || 01:42 || 01:44 || 337<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | {{rws|Bagaha}} || 19:04 || 19:07 || 201<br /> | {{rws|Viramgam Junction}} || 03:15 || 03:17 || 401<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | {{rws|Siswa Bazar}} || 20:33 || 20:35 || 244<br /> | Chandlodiya B Cabin || 04:05 || 04:10 || 455<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> | {{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}} || 22:12 || 22:20 || 310<br /> | {{rws|Mahesana Junction}} || 05:02 || 05:04 || 517<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> | {{rws|Gonda Junction}} || 01:40 || 01:50 || 464<br /> | {{rws|Palanpur Junction}} || 06:28 || 06:30 || 582<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> | {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 04:15 || 04:25 || 580<br /> | {{rws|Abu Road}} || 07:10 || 07:20 || 635<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> | {{rws|Shahjahanpur}} || 06:51 || 06:53 || 744<br /> | {{rws|Marwar Junction}} || 09:20 || 09:25 || 800<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> | {{rws|Bareilly Junction}} || 07:50 || 07:55 || 815<br /> | {{rws|Beawar}} || 10:32 || 10:34 || 888<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> | {{rws|Moradabad}} || 09:08 || 09:13 || 906<br /> | {{rws|Ajmer Junction}} || 11:45 || 11:55 || 940<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Junction}} || 12:50 || 13:05 || 1066<br /> | {{rws|Jaipur Junction}} || 14:00 || 14:10 || 1074<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} || 13:19 || 13:21 || 1071<br /> | {{rws|Bandikui Junction}} || 15:32 || 15:34 || 1164<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Cantonment}} || 13:38 || 13:40 || 1081<br /> | {{rws|Alwar Junction}} || 16:21 || 16:24 || 1225<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> | {{rws|Gurgaon}} || 13:56 || 13:58 || 1098<br /> | {{rws|Rewari Junction}} || 17:53 || 17:55 || 1299<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> | {{rws|Rewari Junction}} || 14:43 || 14:45 || 1149<br /> | {{rws|Gurgaon}} || 18:35 || 18:37 || 1350<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> | {{rws|Alwar Junction}} || 15:47 || 15:50 || 1223<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Cantonment}} || 18:53 || 18:55 || 1367<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> | {{rws|Bandikui Junction}} || 16:34 || 16:36 || 1283<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} || 19:15 || 19:17 || 1377<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> | {{rws|Jaipur Junction}} || 18:15 || 18:25 || 1374<br /> | {{rws|Delhi Junction}} || 20:20 || 20:35 || 1381<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> | {{rws|Ajmer Junction}} || 20:50 || 21:00 || 1508<br /> | {{rws|Moradabad}} || 23:35 || 23:40 || 1542<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> | {{rws|Beawar}} || 21:42 || 21:44 || 1560<br /> | {{rws|Bareilly Junction}} || 01:00 || 01:02 || 1632<br /> |-<br /> |26<br /> | {{rws|Marwar Junction}} || 23:00 || 23:05 || 1647<br /> | {{rws|Shahjahanpur}} || 02:11 || 02:13 || 1703<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> | {{rws|Abu Road}} || 01:10 || 01:20 || 1812<br /> | {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 05:15 || 05:25 || 1868<br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> | {{rws|Palanpur Junction}} || 02:20 || 02:22 || 1865<br /> | {{rws|Gonda Junction}} || 08:05 || 08:10 || 1984<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> | {{rws|Mahesana Junction}} || 03:10 || 03:12 || 1930<br /> | {{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}} || 10:45 || 10:55 || 2138<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> | Chandlodiya B Cabin || 04:33 || 04:38 || 1992<br /> | {{rws|Siswa Bazar}} || 12:36 || 12:38 || 2204<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> | {{rws|Viramgam Junction}} || 05:28 || 05:30 || 2046<br /> | {{rws|Bagaha}} || 14:11 || 14:14 || 2247<br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> | {{rws|Surendranagar}} || 07:01 || 07:03 || 2111<br /> | {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} || 15:05 || 15:10 || 2289<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> | {{rws|Wankaner Junction}} || 07:57 || 07:59 || 2185<br /> | {{rws|Bettiah}} || 15:42 || 15:45 || 2325<br /> |-<br /> |34<br /> | {{rws|Rajkot Junction}} || 08:55 || 09:05 || 2227<br /> | {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 16:06 || 16:08 || 2347<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> | {{rws|Hapa}} || 10:13 || 10:15 || 2300<br /> | Bapudm Motihari || 16:24 || 16:27 || 2369<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> | {{rws|Jamnagar}} || 10:27 || 10:32 || 2309<br /> | {{rws|Chakia}} || 16:55 || 16:57 || 2400<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> | {{rws|Bhanvad}} || 12:10 || 12:11 || 2395<br /> | {{rws|Mehsi}} || 17:06 || 17:08 || 2408<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> | {{rws|Porbandar}} || 13:35 || DSTN || 2448<br /> | {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 19:25 || DSTN || 2448<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Goibibo19270Detail&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = 19270 PBR EXPRESS Train Time Table (Muzaffarpur Junction to Porbandar)<br /> | url = https://www.goibibo.com/trains/19270-detail/<br /> | website = Goibibo<br /> | publisher = Goibibo (MakeMyTrip Group)<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ '''19269 / 19270 Coach Composition'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Category !! Coaches !! Total !! Description<br /> |-<br /> | AC First Class (1A) || H1 || 1 || Air-conditioned First Class coach<br /> |-<br /> | AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2 || AC 2-Tier sleeper coaches<br /> |-<br /> | AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 || 6 || AC 3-Tier sleeper coaches<br /> |-<br /> | Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 || 6 || Non-AC sleeper coaches<br /> |-<br /> | Pantry Car (PC) || PC || 1 || Pantry car for onboard catering<br /> |-<br /> | General Unreserved (GEN) || GEN1, GEN2, GEN3, GEN4 || 4 || General class coaches (unreserved)<br /> |-<br /> | SLR (Seating–Luggage Rake) || SLR || 1 || Guards and luggage coach<br /> |-<br /> | EOG (End-On Generator) || EOG || 1 || Power car for LHB rake<br /> |}<br /> *Primary Maintenance - Porbandar Coaching Depot<br /> *Secondaryary Maintenance - Muzaffarpur Coaching Depot<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;ZoopCoachPosition&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Coach Position Pbr Mfp Express 19269<br /> | url = https://www.zoopindia.com/check-train-coach-position/19269-pbr-mfp-express-coach-position<br /> | website = Zoop India<br /> | publisher = Zoop Web Services Pvt. Ltd.<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Zoop19270CoachPosition&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Coach Position Pbr Express 19270<br /> | url = https://www.zoopindia.com/check-train-coach-position/19270-pbr-express-coach-position<br /> | website = Zoop India<br /> | publisher = Zoop Web Services Pvt. Ltd.<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Rake sharing ==<br /> The train shares its rake with 20937/20938 [[Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]].<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Muzaffarpur to Porbandar and vice versa.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express]]<br /> * [[Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]]<br /> * [[Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Western India}}<br /> {{Railways in Bihar}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Porbandar-Muzaffarpur Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Porbandar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2006]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_Special_Award&diff=450895 2026-02-11T16:11:09Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual award for Hindi films}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Filmfare Special Award<br /> | image = {{Photomontage <br /> | photo1a = Filmfare Cine Icon Awards.png<br /> | spacing = 2<br /> | position = centre<br /> | size = 300<br /> | border = 0<br /> | color = #FFFFFF<br /> | foot_montage =<br /> }}<br /> | caption = The 2025 recipients: [[Bimal Roy]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nutan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kajol]], [[Karan Johar]] {{small|(as Cine Icons)}}<br /> | awarded_for = Contribution to Cinema OR in a particular film.<br /> | presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''<br /> | country = India<br /> | year = [[Balraj Sahni]] ([[18th Filmfare Awards|1971]])<br /> | holder = [[Bimal Roy]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nutan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kajol]], [[Karan Johar]] and ''[[Sholay]]'' {{small|(for completing 50 years)}}, ([[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]])<br /> | website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare winners]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Filmfare Special Award''' or '''Special Performance Award''' or '''Special Mention''' or '''Special Jury Award''' is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.<br /> <br /> It acknowledges a special and unique performance and encourages artistes, filmmakers and musicians to break new ground in drama, direction, music and acting. It is only given if someone has done something really different. However, it is also given occasionally to film personalities for their contribution to the film industry.<br /> <br /> == Winners ==<br /> ===1970s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes <br /> |-<br /> | '''1971 &lt;br/&gt;([[18th Filmfare Awards|18th]])''' || [[File:Balraj Sahni in 1941.png|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Balraj Sahni]]''' || actor || for outstanding contribution to Indian films&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=18 Th Annual Filmfare Awards winners | date=3 May 2025 | url=https://archive.org/details/18-th-annual-filmfare-awards-winners }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''1972&lt;br/&gt;([[19th Filmfare Awards|19th]])''' || [[File:Jaya B Big B’s birthday (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Jaya Bachchan]]''' || actress || for the film '''''[[Uphaar]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File: Prithviraj Kapoor in the film Ek Raat.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]''' || actor || Special Commendation <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''1973&lt;br/&gt;([[20th Filmfare Awards|20th]])''' || [[File:V. Shantaram.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[V. Shantaram]]''' || filmmaker || Special Commendation award<br /> |-<br /> | {{dash}} || '''''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]''''' || film || Special Citation for '''[[Basu Bhattacharya]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1974&lt;br/&gt;([[21st Filmfare Awards|21st]])''' || [[File:Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India (actual crop).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Rajesh Khanna]]''' || actor || for the film '''''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1975&lt;br/&gt;([[22nd Filmfare Awards|22nd]])''' ||{{dash}} || '''''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]''''' || film ||{{•}} '''Mohan J. Bijlani&lt;br&gt;{{•}} Freni Variava'''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3| '''1976&lt;br/&gt;([[23rd Filmfare Awards|23rd]])''' || [[File:Farida Jalal.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Farida Jalal]]''' || actress || for her acting in the movie '''''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:PreetiSagar.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Preeti Sagar]]''' || singer || for her rendition of the song &quot;My Heart is Beating&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Uttam Kumar 2009 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Uttam Kumar]]''' || actor || For his acting in the film '''''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1977&lt;br/&gt;([[24th Filmfare Awards|24th]])''' ||[[File:Yesudas K.J.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[K. J. Yesudas]]''' || singer ||for the film '''''[[Chitchor]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3| '''1978&lt;br/&gt;([[25th Filmfare Awards|25th]])''' || [[File:Blank.svg|centre|95px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images here per WP:IPH --&gt; || '''Bhimasain Khurana''' || director || for the film '''''[[Gharaonda]]''''' <br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Amol Palekar - Kolkata 2016-02-04 0749.JPG|centre|95px]] || '''[[Amol Palekar]]''' || actor || for his acting in '''''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Naseeruddin Shah Audio release of 'Maximum' 06 (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Naseeruddin Shah]]''' || actor || for his acting in '''''[[Manthan]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1979&lt;br/&gt;([[26th Filmfare Awards|26th]])''' ||[[File:Blank.svg|centre|95px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images here per WP:IPH --&gt; || '''[[Master Raju]]''' || child actor || for his performance in the film '''''[[Kitaab]]'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===1980s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | '''1980&lt;br/&gt;([[27th Filmfare Awards|27th]])''' || [[File:Muzaffar Ali (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Muzaffar Ali]]''' || director || for the film '''''[[Gaman]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1981&lt;br/&gt;([[28th Filmfare Awards|28th]])''' ||[[File:Blank.svg|centre|95px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images here per WP:IPH --&gt; || '''Mushir Riaz Alam''' || producer || for '''''[[Apne Paraye]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''1982&lt;br/&gt;([[29th Filmfare Awards|29th]])''' || [[File:PadminiKolhapure.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Padmini Kolhapure]]''' || actress || for her performance in '''''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> || [[File:Shashi Kapoor during a media interaction at 36th IFFI, 2005.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Shashi Kapoor]]''' || producer || for '''''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===1990s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | '''1990&lt;br/&gt;([[35th Filmfare Awards|35th]])''' || [[File:Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Rajesh Khanna]]''' || actor || for completing 25 years in the Indian film industry.<br /> |-<br /> | '''1993&lt;br/&gt;([[38th Filmfare Awards|38th]])''' || [[File:LataMangeshkar10.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Lata Mangeshkar]]''' || singer || Mangeshkar could not be nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award as many years back she requested that her name be not considered for a nomination in order to promote new talent, the jury awarded her for her rendition of the song &quot;[[Didi Tera Devar Deewana]]&quot; from '''''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1996&lt;br/&gt;([[41st Filmfare Awards|41st]])''' || [[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Asha Bhosle]]''' || singer || Like her elder sister Lata, Bhosle could not be nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award as she requested that her name not be considered for a nomination in order to promote new talent. The jury awarded her for her rendition of the song &quot;Tanha Tanha&quot; from the movie '''''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'''''.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4| '''1997&lt;br/&gt;([[42nd Filmfare Awards|42nd]])''' ||[[File:Shobhana Samarth as Seeta in Bharat Milap (1942).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Shobhna Samarth]]''' || actress || rowspan=3| for their contribution to the Hindi film industry.<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Blank.svg|centre|95px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images here per WP:IPH --&gt; ||'''[[Nasir Hussain]]''' || filmmaker<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Pran 90th bday (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]''' || actor<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Govinda snapped at Indian Pro Music League.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]''' || actor || for his role '''Shyamsundar''' in the film '''''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]'''''.<br /> |-<br /> | '''1998&lt;br/&gt;([[43rd Filmfare Awards|43rd]])''' ||[[File:Jaya B Big B’s birthday (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Jaya Bachchan]]''' || actress || for her role '''Sujata Chatterjee''' in the film '''''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''''' and her contribution to the film industry.<br /> |-<br /> | '''1999&lt;br/&gt;([[44th Filmfare Awards|44th]])''' || [[File:Shekhar kapur 02.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Shekhar Kapur]]''' || filmmaker || for his contribution to the film industry and for his achievement in international cinema.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2000s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | '''2000&lt;br/&gt;([[45th Filmfare Awards|45th]])''' || [[File:Amitabh Bachchan December 2013 (cropped).png|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' || actor || crowned as &quot;Superstar of the Millennium&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2001&lt;br/&gt;([[46th Filmfare Awards|46th]])''' || [[File:Anu Malik 2009 - still 88210 crop.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Anu Malik]]''' || music director || special award for his compositions for the film '''''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''2002&lt;br/&gt;([[47th Filmfare Awards|47th]])''' || [[File:The glamorous Film Star Amisha Patel at the ‘India – The Big Picture Conference – 2005’ organized by CII as part of IFFI events, in Panaji, Goa on November 24, 2005.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Ameesha Patel]]''' || actress || for her role '''Sakina''' in the film '''''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> ||[[File:RaveenaTandon1.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Raveena Tandon]]''' || actress || for her role '''Neeta''' in the film '''''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2004&lt;br/&gt;([[49th Filmfare Awards|49th]])''' || [[File:Kareena Kapoor at TOIFA16.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Kareena Kapoor]]''' || actress || for her role '''Chameli''' in the film '''''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4| '''2005&lt;br/&gt;([[50th Filmfare Awards|50th]])''' || [[File:LataMangeshkar10.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Lata Mangeshkar]]''' || singer || rowspan=4|Golden trophy presented on the occasion of Filmfare Awards completing 50 years.<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Ali-peter-dilip-kumar-745x699.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Dilip Kumar]]''' || actor <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Naushadsaab1 (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Naushad]]''' || music director <br /> |-<br /> | || '''''[[Sholay]]''''' {{small|(presented to [[Ramesh Sippy]])}}|| film <br /> |-<br /> | '''2007&lt;br/&gt;([[52nd Filmfare Awards|52nd]])''' ||[[File:Deepak Dobriyal in 2013.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Deepak Dobriyal]]''' || actor || for his role '''Rajoh Tiwari''' (certificate) in the film '''''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''''' <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''2009&lt;br/&gt;([[54th Filmfare Awards|54th]])''' || [[File:Prateik Babbar at the Lakme Fashion Week 2017 (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Prateik Babbar]]''' || actor || for his role '''Amit Mahant''' (certificate) for the film '''''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''''' <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Purab Kohli.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Purab Kohli]]''' || actor || for his role '''Kedar''' (certificate) for the film '''''[[Rock On!! (2008 film)|Rock On!!]]''''' <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2010s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | '''2010&lt;br/&gt;([[55th Filmfare Awards|55th]])''' || [[File:Nandita Das still6.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Nandita Das]]''' || director || for her work for the film '''''[[Firaaq]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''2011&lt;br/&gt;([[56th Filmfare Awards|56th]])''' || [[File:Amitabh Bachchan December 2013 (cropped).png|centre|95px]] || '''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' || actor || for completing 40 years in the Indian film industry.<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Madhuri Dixit snapped on sets Dance Deewane (05) (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Madhuri Dixit]]''' || actress || for completing 25 years in the Indian film industry.<br /> |-<br /> | '''2012&lt;br/&gt;([[57th Filmfare Awards|57th]])''' || [[File:Partho Gupte.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Partho Gupte]]''' || actor || for his role '''Stanley Fernandes''' (certificate) in the film '''''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]'''''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2013&lt;br/&gt;([[58th Filmfare Awards|58th]])''' || [[File:Sridevi.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Sridevi]]''' || actress || for her roles in ''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]'' (1986) and ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987)<br /> |-<br /> | '''2019&lt;br/&gt;([[64th Filmfare Awards|64th]])''' || [[File:Hema malini bhungama1.jpg|centre|95px]] ||'''[[Hema Malini]]''' || actress || 50 Years of Outstanding Contribution to Cinema&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= WINNERS OF THE FILMFARE AWARDS 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2019/winners|publisher= filmfare.com|access-date=23 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2020s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Image !! Recipient !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| '''2020&lt;br/&gt;([[65th Filmfare Awards|65th]])''' || [[File:Manish Malhotra graces the HT Style Awards 2018.jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Manish Malhotra]]''' || costume designer || 30 Years of Outstanding Contribution to Bollywood Fashion<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Govinda snapped at Indian Pro Music League.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]''' || actor || for completing 35 years in the Indian film industry.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=11| '''2025&lt;br/&gt;([[70th Filmfare Awards|70th]])''' || [[File:Bimal Roy, Film producer, director - pencil sketch (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]] || '''[[Bimal Roy]]''' || filmmaker <br /> | rowspan=10 | Cine Icon Award for their enduring legacy in Hindi Cinema&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Winners of The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out<br /> |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html|date=12 October 2025|website=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=70th Filmfare Awards 2025 Winners: Complete List Out<br /> |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2025/winners|date=12 October 2025|website=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:2011 India Post Brochure cropped on Meena Kumari (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Meena Kumari]]''' || actress <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Dilip Kumar in Jwar Bhata.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Dilip Kumar]]''' || actor <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Nutan.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Nutan]]''' || actress <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Amitabh Bachchan December 2013 (cropped).png|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Amitabh Bachchan]]''' || actor<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Jaya B Big B’s birthday (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Jaya Bachchan]]''' || actress <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Sridevi b-w (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Sridevi]]''' || actress<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Shah Rukh Khan graces the launch of the new Santro (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Shah Rukh Khan]]''' || actor <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Kajol at filmfare 2018 (cropped).jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Kajol]]''' || actress <br /> |-<br /> | [[File:PadmaShri Karan Johar.jpg|centre|95px]]|| '''[[Karan Johar]]''' || filmmaker<br /> |-<br /> | || '''''[[Sholay]]''''' {{small|(presented to [[Ramesh Sippy]])}}|| film <br /> | Celebrating 50 years of the film's release.<br /> |- <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Filmfare Award]]s<br /> * [[Bollywood]]<br /> * [[Cinema of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf Filmfare Nominees and Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }}<br /> *[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare Special Awards] <br /> {{Filmfare Awards}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards|Special Award]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myorabad&diff=519418 2026-02-05T04:38:21Z

<p>Terrence5904: Started First Info V1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> '''Myorabad''' is ward number 27 of [[Allahabad]]&lt;ref&gt;Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security, [https://books.google.com/books?id=U6NsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA55 p 55]&lt;/ref&gt; (officially [[Prayagraj]]),&lt;ref&gt;Climate Change and Environmental Impacts: Past, Present and Future Perspective. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SC6oEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA442 p 442].&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is ward number 8 in Allahabad [[Nagar Nigam]] elections,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.india.com/news/india/allahabad-nagar-nigam-elections-2017-results-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-bsp-sp-congress-aap-aimim-in-up-2700730/amp/ &quot;Allahabad Nagar Nigam Elections 2017 Results Winners List&quot;]. India.com.&lt;/ref&gt; and a village in the district of Allahabad.&lt;ref&gt;The Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, section 3(ii), No 3416, 28 October 2020, [https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.e.2020-10-28.222821/page/8/mode/1up p 8].&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2001 census, the ward of Myorabad had a population of 19,270.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ward wise population of million plus cities&quot;. Census of India 2001. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7EUAQAAMAAJ Provisional Population Totals]. Annexure 3. p 151.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Muirabad''' was a village near Allahabad, named after [[Sir William Muir]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muirabad&quot; (1881)  7 Church Missionary Gleaner [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxoFAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA75 75] (No 91: July 1881).&lt;/ref&gt; It had a population of six hundred in 1882.&lt;ref&gt;William Arthur. Woman's Work in India. T Woolmer. 1882. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcsHAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA19 p 19].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> St Peter's Church, which dates from 1872, is in both Myorabad&lt;ref&gt;Ankur Tripathi. [https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-150th-anniversary-of-st-peter-church-in-prayagraj-celebrated-by-cutting-cake-22720331.html &quot;प्रयागराज में सेंट पीटर चर्च की 150वीं वर्षगांठ, केक काटकर मनाई खुशियां और किया बाइबल पाठ&quot;]. [[Dainik Jagran]]. 17 May 2022. [150th anniversary of St Peter's Church in Prayagraj celebrated by cutting cake.]&lt;/ref&gt; and Muirabad.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;St Peter's, Muirabad, celebrates Centenary&quot; (1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=xfbYAAAAMAAJ 93] National Christian Council Review 44&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *&quot;Muirabad&quot;. Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East. Ninety-First Year, 1889-90. 1890. Church Missionary House, Salisbury Square, London. 1890. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sfJAAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA103 p 103].<br /> *[https://books.google.com/books?id=gv5FAQAAIAAJ Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers]. p 361.<br /> *[https://prayagraj.nic.in/hi/voterlist-1/ प्रयागराज नगर निगम निर्वाचक नामावली – 2022 (अन्तिम प्रकाशन सूची)]. [[National Informatics Centre]].<br /> <br /> {{coord|25|29|N|81|51|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jogbani&diff=452187 2026-01-21T13:07:52Z

<p>Terrence5904: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jogbani<br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = File:Jayaprakash Narayan gate Jogbani (3).JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Jayaprakash Narayan gate, Jogbani<br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = bottom<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|23|46|N|87|15|35|E|display=inline}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Araria district|Araria]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Nagar Parishad]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Chairman]]<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 67<br /> | population_total = 39281<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801305-jogabani-bihar.html |title= Jogabani Census| publisher=censusindia.gov.in | date= |accessdate=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Regional <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 854328<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 06455<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Forbesganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Forbesganj]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Jogbani''' is a municipal council area, in [[Araria district|Araria]] [[List of districts of India|District]] of [[Bihar]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India. It lies on the [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal border]] with [[Morang District|Morang]] [[List of districts of Nepal|District]], [[Koshi Zone|Koshi]] [[List of zones of Nepal|Zone]] and is a gateway to [[Biratnagar]] [[List of cities in Nepal|city]]. There is a [[Geography of Nepal#Border crossing|customs checkpoint]] for goods at the border.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> * First Mukhiya :- Late Sri Amilal Sah<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> ===List of Schools===<br /> ===Bihar board===<br /> * DS Memorial English Public School<br /> * Mala Memorial English School<br /> * Adarsh Shiksha Niketan<br /> * DNP School<br /> * Sarswati Vidhya Mandir<br /> * High School Jogbani<br /> * Rajkiya Madhya Vidhyalaya Jogbani<br /> * Balika High School<br /> * Saint Francisco English Boarding School<br /> * Prathmik Vidyalay Khajur Bari<br /> * Lila Public School<br /> <br /> ===CBSE===<br /> * Radhakrishna Saraswati Vidyamandir<br /> * Zenith Public School<br /> <br /> ==Public utilities==<br /> ===List of Banks===<br /> * [[State Bank of India]]<br /> * [[Central Bank of India]]<br /> * [[UCO Bank]]<br /> * [[Punjab National Bank]]<br /> * [[Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank]]<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}<br /> Jogbani is the economical town of [[Bihar]], situated in the eastern region, having a dense population of 39,281 since the 2011 census.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jogabani Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801305-jogabani-bihar.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jogbani city is located near [[Forbesganj]], in the northern part of Bihar.<br /> <br /> ===Rail===<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}<br /> [[Jogbani railway station]] is the last railway station of [[Barauni-Katihar section|Barauni-Katihar, Saharsa and Purnia sections]]. {{rws|Jogbani}} has a good connectivity to [[North India]] and [[East India]]. DEMU trains are available for {{rws|Purnia}} and {{rws|Katihar}}. Two express trains originate for {{rws|Delhi}} and {{rws|Kolkata}}. People of [[Biratnagar]] and other nearby region of Nepal take their train from here because of no railway in their locality.<br /> This district serves as a good connectivity for trade routes and public movement<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}<br /> [[National Highway 527 (India)|NH 527]] starts from Jogbani that connects it to [[Forbesganj]]. [[Forbesganj]] is well connected to all part of India by [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]]. So, Jogbani has direct connectivity to [[Purnia]], [[Katihar]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Saharsa]], [[Patna]], [[Siliguri]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Gorakhpur]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of railway stations in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.3961|N|87.2597|E|display=title|scale:250000}}<br /> {{Purnia Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Araria district]]<br /> [[Category:Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border]]<br /> <br /> {{Araria-geo-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Mahila_Griha_Udyog_Lijjat_Papad&diff=535373 2026-01-06T03:20:48Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating first info added tags!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian women's worker cooperative}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad<br /> | logo = [[Image:SMGULP logo.png|center]]<br /> | logo_caption = Logo of Lijjat Pappad since 1959<br /> | type = [[Worker cooperative]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and years ago|1959|03|15|df=y|p=y|br=y}}<br /> | location_city = [[Mumbai]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | area_served = In [[India]] and 25 other countries<br /> | key_people = Swati Paradkar, &lt;small&gt;President&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | industry = [[Papad]]s&lt;br /&gt;Soaps and [[Detergent]]&lt;br /&gt;Bakery products&lt;br /&gt;[[Spice mix#Masala|Masala]] (Spices)&lt;br /&gt; [[Flour]]<br /> | revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1600|c}} As of 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet 7 Indian women who run Rs 1600 crore business empire with 42,000 employees, started with Rs 80, all are homemakers |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-7-indian-women-lijjat-papad-run-rs-1600-crore-business-empire-42000-employees-started-rs-80-homemakers-3050104 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Lijjat Papad: How seven women came together to create an iconic brand of taste, trust, and quality with just Rs 80 initial capital |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/lijjat-papad-how-seven-women-came-together-to-create-an-iconic-brand-of-taste-trust-and-quality-with-just-rs-80-initial-capital/3235271/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | operating_income = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | num_employees = 45000 (May 2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijjat Website&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= http://www.lijjat.com/Organisation/BriefInformation.aspx<br /> |title=Home &gt; Organisation &gt; About Us<br /> |date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | homepage = [http://www.lijjat.com/ www.lijjat.com]<br /> | founder = [[Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat]],&lt;br/&gt;Parvatiben Ramdas Thodani, &lt;br/&gt;Ujamben Narandas Kundalia,&lt;br/&gt;Banuben. N. Tanna,&lt;br/&gt; Laguben Amritlal Gokani,&lt;br/&gt; Jayaben V. Vithalani,&lt;br/&gt; Diwaliben Lukka<br /> }}<br /> '''Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad''' ({{Translation| &quot;Women Home Industry Tasty Papad&quot;}}), popularly known as '''Lijjat''', is an [[women in India|Indian women]]'s [[worker cooperative]] involved in manufacturing of various [[fast-moving consumer goods]]. The organisation's main objective is empowering women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in 1959 by seven gujarati women in [[Mumbai]] with a seed capital of only [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]80 (Rs.6,800 adjusting for inflation ) ([[United States dollar|US$]]80 in today's money), it had an annual turnover of more than Rs.1600 [[crore]] (over $224 million) in 2019.{{cn|date=May 2023}} It provides employment to 45,000 (in 2021) women across the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The amazing Lijjat Papad story: from Rs 80 to Rs 800 crore|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/amazing-lijjat-papad-story-rs-80-rs-800-crore-130350826.html|work=Yahoo Finance|access-date=2 October 2018|date= 4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lijjat started out as a [[Cottage Industry|cottage industry]] in an urban area, but spread to the rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; It is considered one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that is identified with female empowerment in India.&lt;ref&gt;Seema Sharma and Kanta Sharma. Encyclopaedia of Indian Women. Vol. VII: Women Employment. New Delhi, Anmol, 2005, 11 vols., cxliii, 4476 p., {{ISBN|81-261-2292-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to standardization in the [[Papadam|Papad]], 4.8 billion Papads made by 45,000 Lijjat sisters all over India have a similar taste.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Lijjat was started by seven [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] women from Mumbai. The women lived in Lohana Niwas, a group of five buildings in [[Girgaum]]. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking. The seven women were [[Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat]], Parvatiben Ramdas Thodani, Ujamben Narandas Kundalia, Banuben. N. Tanna, Laguben Amritlal Gokani, Jayaben V. Vithalani, and Diwaliben Lukka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=ગૃહિણીઓ દ્વારા, ગૃહિણીઓ માટે ગૃહિણીઓને રોજગાર આપતો ગૃહઉદ્યોગ લાજવાબ લિજ્જત|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/articles/in-conversation-with-owner-of-lijjat-papad-jaswanti-popat-winner-of-padma-award-134006|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Gujarati Mid-day|language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/Women%20and%20Entrepreneurship9.htm<br /> |title=Successful Women Entrepreneurs: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (Lijjat) <br /> |publisher=ICFAI Center for Management Research <br /> |access-date=31 January 2021<br /> |url-status=live <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003175408/http://www.icmr.icfai.org/casestudies/Women%20and%20Entrepreneurship9.htm <br /> |archivedate=3 October 2006 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The women borrowed Rs 80 from [[Chhaganlal Karamsi Parekh]], a member of the [[Servants of India Society]] and a social worker.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt; They took over a loss-making [[papad]] making venture by one Laxmidas bhai,&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.pcr.uu.se/conferenses/myrdal/pdf/Malathi_Ramanathan.pdf<br /> |title = Grassroots Developments in Women's Empowerment in India: Case Study of Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (1959–2000)<br /> |author = Malathi Ramanathan<br /> |access-date = 15 January 2007<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070315185105/http://www.pcr.uu.se/conferenses/myrdal/pdf/Malathi_Ramanathan.pdf<br /> |archivedate = 15 March 2007<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and bought the necessary ingredients and the basic infrastructure required to manufacture papads. On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the terrace of their building and started with the production of 4 packets of papads.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=6<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080611/http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=6<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-date = 27 September 2007<br /> |title = organization – The Beginning<br /> |publisher = Lijjat<br /> |access-date = 4 February 2006<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; They started selling the papads to a known merchant in [[Kalbadevi|Bhuleshwar]]. From the beginning, the women had decided that they would not approach anyone for donations or help, even if the organisation incurred losses.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi_queens&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/<br /> |title=Queens of PAPADom<br /> |date=6 December 2001<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |access-date=15 January 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- TODO: exact URL --&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhaganlal Parekh, popularly known as Chaganbapa, became their guide.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Surekha Kadapa-Bose|title=A model of modern development|url=http://www.tmtctata.com/journal/Dec%202003/Pg-35-40-Lijjat%20case%20study.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=15 January 2007|publisher=The tmtc Journal of Management|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106185346/http://tmtctata.com/journal/Dec%202003/Pg-35-40-Lijjat%20case%20study.pdf|archivedate=6 January 2007|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, the women were making two different qualities of papads, to sell the inferior one at a cheaper rate. Chaganbapa advised them to make a standard papad and asked them never to compromise on quality. He emphasised to them the importance of running it as a business enterprise and maintaining proper accounts.&lt;ref name=&quot;punyashlok_pathak&quot;&gt;Pathak, Ramnarayan Nagardas, ''Punyashlok Chhaganbapa'', translated into English by Prof.V.T.Yardi, Published by Shri Mahila Griha Udyag Lijjat Papad, Jan. 1980, p.114-117&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lijjat expanded as a [[Worker cooperative|cooperative]] system. Initially, even younger girls could join, but later eighteen was fixed as the minimum age of entry. Within three months there were about 25 women making papads. Soon the women bought some equipment for the business, like utensils, [[cupboard]]s, [[stove]]s, etc. In the first year, the organisation's annual sales were Rs. 6196.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/137931468259467850/Empowering-women-in-urban-India-Shri-Mahila-Griha-Udyog-Lijjat-Papad<br /> |title=Empowering Women in Urban India: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad<br /> |author=Deepti Bhatnagar ([[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad|IIM-A]]), Animesh Rathore (([[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad|IIM-A]])), Magüi Moreno Torres ([[World Bank]]), Parameeta Kanungo ([[World Bank]]).<br /> |publisher=The tmtc Journal of Management<br /> |access-date=16 January 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The broken papads were distributed among neighbours.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the first year, the women had to stop production for four months during the rainy season as the rains would prevent the drying of the papads.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; The next year, they solved the problem by buying a cot and a stove. The papads were kept on the cot and the stove below the cot so that the process of drying could take place in spite of the rains.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The group got considerable publicity through [[word of mouth]] and articles in vernacular newspapers. This publicity helped it increase its membership. By the second year of its formation, 100 to 150 women had joined the group, and by the end of the third year it had more than 300 members.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt; By this time, the terrace of seven founders could no longer accommodate the members and the ingredients, so the kneaded flour was distributed among the members who would take it to their homes and make papads.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; The papads were brought back for weighing and packaging.<br /> <br /> An attempt to start a branch in [[Malad]] suburb of Mumbai, in 1961, was unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;patrika_1979_3&quot;&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1,Issue 3, March 1979, p.6.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1962, the name ''Lijjat'' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] for &quot;tasty&quot;) was chosen by the group for its products. The name, suggested by Dhirajben Ruparel, was chosen in a contest held for the purpose, with prize money of Rs. 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt; The organisation was named Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt; In many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], ''Mahila'' means women, ''Griha'' means home, ''Udyog'' means industry. By 1962–63, its annual sales of papads touched {{INR}} 182,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1966, Lijjat registered itself as a society under the Societies Registration Act 1860.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt; In the same month, on Chaganbapa's recommendation, U N Dhebar, the chairman of [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|KVIC]] personally inspected the Lijjat.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; KVIC or [[Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission]] is a statutory body set up by the [[Government of India]] for development of rural industries. In September 1966, KVIC formally recognised Lijjat as a unit belonging to the &quot;processing of cereals and pulses industry group&quot; under the Khadi and Village Industries Act. It was also recognised as a &quot;village industry&quot;. In 1966, KVIC granted it a working capital of Rs. 800,000 (0.8 million) and was allowed certain tax exemptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> An attempt to start a branch in [[Sangli]] town, in 1966, was unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;patrika_1979_3&quot;/&gt; The first branch outside Maharashtra was established at Valod, [[Gujarat]] in 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; After tasting tremendous success with their papads, Lijjat began producing other products like [[khakhra]] (1974), [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]] (1976), vadi, wheat atta, and bakery products (1979). In the 1970s, Lijjat set up flour mills (1975), printing division (1977) and [[polypropylene]] packing division (1978). The group also initiated some unsuccessful ventures such as cottage leather (1979), matches (1979), and ''agarbatti''s (incense sticks).&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 3, March 1979, pp.7–11&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1979, the general secretary of a trade union tried to interfere in Lijjat's affairs, making certain demands on behalf of a few member-sisters. L. C. Joshi, Labour Advocate of Bombay and a well-known industrial relations expert, was called for consultations. In his observations on &quot;Who owns Lijjat?&quot;, he clarified that member-sisters were competent to take a decision for their own and it was not open for an outside agency to interfere with the internal working of Lijjat.&lt;ref&gt;Irresponsible Trade Union Activities in Lijjat, Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 11, Jan.1980, p.3-5&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1985, the Lijjat branch at [[Jabalpur]] was taken over by one Shantilal Shah as his own unit, which he ran with the help of a ''Sanchalika'' (branch head), who was wife of his employee. Lijjat went through tremendous pressures and court stay orders to retrieve the situation.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.6, Issue 12, February 1985, pp.5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1987, Lijjat purchased new premises at Kamal Apartments in [[Bandra]], a suburb of Mumbai. The registered office shifted to the Bandra with effect from July 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt; In 1988, Lijjat entered the soap market with Sasa detergent and soap.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 11, Issue 8, Dec. 1988, p.7.&lt;/ref&gt; Sasa had annual sales of Rs 500 million, accounting for 17 percent of Lijjat's total turnover in 1998. In March 1996, the 50th branch of Lijjat was inaugurated in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 17, Issue 4, April 1996 p.3&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, Lijjat also started taking part in several trade fairs and exhibitions, which improved its sales and made the brand name &quot;Lijjat&quot; well known among the people.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt; The advertising was undertaken through the vernacular newspapers, television and radio. The institution sponsored programs and gave away gifts for the winners of specific shows in the television.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 18, Issue 3, March 1997, 8&lt;/ref&gt; The money for advertisements was spent by the Polypropylene Division, which recovered the same by adding it to the price of the bags that it supplied to all the branches and divisions throughout India.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 6, Issue 7, Sept. 84, p.6; Vol. 8, issue 2, April, 86, p.3; Vol. 9, issue 10, Jan. 87, p.3.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s and 1990s, Lijjat started attracting attention of foreign visitors and officials. The Vice-President of Uganda, Dr. [[Specioza Kazibwe|Speciosa Wandira-Kazibwe]], visited Lijjat's central office in January 1996, since she wanted to start a similar institution in Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.17, Issue 2, Feb. 96, pp.1, 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Lijjat started exporting its products with the help of merchant importers in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Middle East, Singapore, the Netherlands Thailand, and other countries. Its annual exports accounted for more than US$2.4 million in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2005/apr/15spec.htm<br /> |title=The incredible story of Lijjat Papad!<br /> |work=[[Rediff.com]]<br /> |date=15 April 2005<br /> |access-date=4 February 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; As its popularity grew, Lijjat started facing the problem of fake Lijjat papads being introduced in the market. In June 2001, three persons were arrested in this connection, in [[Bihar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; Lijjat's website [https://web.archive.org/web/20030714114247/http://lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=2 explains] the identification features of original Lijjat papads.<br /> <br /> Lijjat received the &quot;Best Village Industries Institution&quot; award from [[Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission|KVIC]] for the period 1998–99 to 2000–01.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijjat_milestone&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=28<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080518/http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=28<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-date = 27 September 2007<br /> |title = Organization: Milestone<br /> |publisher = Lijjat<br /> |access-date = 4 February 2006<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the &quot;Businesswoman of the Year&quot; award was given to &quot;The Women Behind Lijjat Papad&quot; at The [[Economic Times Awards]] for Corporate Excellence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence <br /> |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etawards/intro.html <br /> |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] <br /> |access-date=4 February 2007 <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070237/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etawards/intro.html <br /> |archivedate=17 February 2007 <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the awards ceremony, the President of Lijjat urged the State Governments of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to reconsider their decision of withdrawing the tax exemption on Lijjat's Sasa Detergent.<br /> <br /> In 2002, Lijjat had a turnover of Rs 3 billion and exports worth Rs. 100 million. It employed 42,000 people in 62 divisions all over the country.(2002) &lt;ref name=&quot;icfai_Lijjat&quot;/&gt; The 62nd branch became operational at [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2002, enrolling over 150 members.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2003, Lijjat received the &quot;Best Village Industry Institution&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijjat_milestone&quot;/&gt; It also received the PHDCCI Brand Equity Award 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://phdccimail.com/pressrel.php?sid=370<br /> |title = PHDCCI Awards for Excellence: 2005<br /> |access-date = 4 February 2007<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071008153202/http://phdccimail.com/pressrel.php?sid=370<br /> |archive-date = 8 October 2007<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |df = dmy-all<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lijjat marked its 50th year of existence on 15 March 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7932979.stm<br /> |title=Indian meal starter lasts 50 years<br /> |access-date=11 March 2009<br /> | work=BBC News | date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Exports ==<br /> Lijjat Papad Business is spread in 82 branches in 17 states of India. Lijjat Papad currently exports its products with the help of Merchant Exporters. They export their products to 25+ countries including [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Middle East|Middle Eastern countries]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[China|Hongkong (China)]], [[Netherlands]], [[Japan]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and many other Countries.<br /> <br /> ==Organization structure and management==<br /> Lijjat believes in the philosophy of ''[[sarvodaya]]'' and collective ownership. It accepts all its working members as the owners and an equal partaker in both profit and loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi_queens&quot;/&gt; The members are co-owners and fondly referred to as &quot;sisters&quot;. All the decisions are based on consensus and any member-sister has the right to veto a decision.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 6, Issue 10, Dec. 1984, p.4-B&lt;/ref&gt; Men can only be salaried employees (accountants, drivers or security guards), and not the members of the organisation (i.e. they are not the owners).&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:SMGULP-organization-structure.png|thumb|600px|center|Lijjat organisation structure]]<br /> <br /> The running of the organisation is entrusted to a managing committee of twenty-one members, including the President, the Vice-President, two secretaries, and two treasurers.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; ''Sanchalika''s are in-charge of various branches and divisions. The office bearers of the managing committee and the ''sanchalika''s are elected from among the member-sisters every three years.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot; /&gt; Each branch has a committee of eleven member-sisters, again chosen by consensus.<br /> <br /> The central office at [[Mumbai]] previously coordinated the activities of various branches. But, as the organisation grew, the authority was decentralised in terms of work and sharing of profits at the branch level. However, the ''sanchalika''s still need the managing committee's approval before they undertake any new project or activity.<br /> <br /> All the branches follow the same set of instructions and have similar accounting system. To co-ordinate various branches in a region or state, there are branch co-ordination committees and area [[meeting]]s of the various branches in a state. The annual general meeting is attended by member-sisters representing branches and divisions from all over India.<br /> <br /> Currently, Lijjat has branches in seventeen Indian states&amp;nbsp;– [[Andhra Pradesh]], Bihar, [[Delhi]], Gujarat, [[Haryana]], Jharkhand, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Karnataka, [[Kerala]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Maharashtra]], Orissa, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Rajasthan, [[Tamil Nadu]], Uttar Pradesh, and [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> Account books are easily accessible to all the member-sisters, ensuring transparency. Lijjat follows its own financial accountability principle. There is no credit method for running operations in the organisation. Every payment is done on a daily basis, except for the outside supply of raw material. [[profit (accounting)|Profit]]s and losses are shared equally among the members of a given branch. In the initial days of Lijjat, the profits of the first six months were shared equally among all sisters in the form of gold. This sharing practice is still in effect, but now the decision whether to share the profits in gold or in [[cash]] is made at the branch level.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020919/edit.htm<br /> |title=Editorial: Reflecting Women's Real Strength<br /> |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]<br /> |date=19 September 2002<br /> |access-date=4 February 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The cost of national-level advertising is borne by all branches and divisions, depending on their individual production abilities.<br /> <br /> The [[Quality (business)|quality]] of ''papad''s can vary due to quality of water used in various parts of India. To avoid any inconsistencies, the final products are tested in the Lijjat's laboratory in Mumbai. In the monthly meetings, the quality issue and modifications are tested.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmtc_case_study&quot;/&gt; The central office purchases and distributes all ingredients to maintain the quality of the final product. For example, the [[Urad (bean)|urad dal]] is imported from [[Myanmar]], [[asafetida]] is imported from [[Afghanistan]], and [[black pepper]] comes from Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=3619<br /> |title= Pappadums and the Path to Empowerment<br /> |publisher=[[WIPO]]<br /> |date= 30 October 2015<br /> |access-date=19 June 2019<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The committee often makes surprise visits to various branches to assure that production conditions are hygienic.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; When a new branch of Lijjat opens, a neighbouring Lijjat branch helps it by guiding and training new members.<br /> <br /> On successive failures of a branch to abide by the organisation's philosophy of consistent quality and production of papads, the central committee reduces the daily wages of its members by 1 rupee. The member-sisters are also rewarded for extra effort. For instance, in 2002, the member-sisters at the [[Rajkot]] branch received Rs 4,000 each as bonus, while the member sisters at [[Mumbai]] and [[Thane]] branches received a 5-gram gold coin as an incentive.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; Several issues of Lijjat Patrika enumerate the names of the names/numbers of the member-sisters, who were rewarded with the cash or gold, for their extra efforts.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:SMGULP-collection-flowchart.png|thumb|600px|center|Lijjat collection flowchart]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:SMGULP-distribution-flowchart.png|thumb|600px|center|Lijjat distribution flowchart]]<br /> <br /> ==Products and divisions==<br /> Lijjat manufactures several products, of which the [[papad]] is the most famous:<br /> * [[Papad]] (Fourteen flavours, including [[garlic|lasan]], [[Mung bean|moong]], [[chili pepper|mirch]], Punjabi and [[urad (bean)|urad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;toi_queens&quot;/&gt;)<br /> * [[Khakhra]]<br /> * [[Appalam]]<br /> * [[Spice mix#Masala|Masala]]<br /> * [[Vadi (product)|Vadi]]<br /> * ''Gehu Atta'' ([[wheat flour]])<br /> * Bakery products<br /> * [[Chapati]]<br /> <br /> Lijjat has several divisions and manufacturing units:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=8<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080445/http://www.lijjat.com/Content.asp?id_Section=8<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-date = 27 September 2007<br /> |title = Organization: Diversification<br /> |publisher = Lijjat<br /> |access-date = 4 February 2006<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Flour Division ([[Vashi]])<br /> * Masala Division and Quality Control Laboratory ([[Cotton Green]])<br /> * Printing Division ([[Cotton Green]])<br /> * Advertising Division, [[Bandra]]<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> ''Lijjat Patrika'', the in-house magazine, is published and circulated for a nominal rate to those interested in the activities of Lijjat. It is published in many languages [[Hindi]], English, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. It has emerged as a strong mode of communication for information related to significant events and initiatives at Lijjat, in addition to presenting articles on women.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Member sisters across all branches of Lijjat recite an all-religion prayer before beginning their daily activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; The sisters are free to choose their activities and each activity is given equal importance.<br /> <br /> Leaving the organisation is voluntary. No member sister can be asked to leave unless or until she goes against the organizational principles. There is no fixed retirement age at Lijjat. Once, when the president [[Jyoti Naik]] was questioned about this anomaly, she said that there was no need to make provision for a retirement age, as the emphasis obviously was on earning one's bread through daily work, all through one's life.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Role in women empowerment==<br /> The growth of the Lijjat is often seen in the larger canvas of women and their empowerment. The organisation has undertaken various efforts to promote literacy and computer education for member-sisters and their families. A literacy campaign for sisters began through literacy classes at Girgaum on 18 June 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=Rs 80 Loan to Rs 1,600 Crore Icon: The 7 Women Behind India's Favourite Lijjat Papad|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/232694/make-in-india-manufacturing-favourite-brands-90s-lijjat-papad-women-empowerment-history-inspiring-gop94/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the managing committee decided to start such classes in all its branches.&lt;ref name=&quot;empowering_iim_worldbank&quot;/&gt; From 1980 onwards, Lijjat started giving Chhaganbapa Smruti Scholarships to the daughters of the member-sisters.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.2, Issue 6, August 1980, p.5; Vol.2, Issue 7, Sept. 1980;Vol. 6, Issue 4, June 1984, p.4; Vol.6, Issue 7, Sept. 1984, p.3; Vol.7, Issue 7, Sept. 1985, p.3; Vol. 7, Issue 8, Oct. 85, p.6&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The member-sisters used their organisation as a medium to promote their and their families' welfare. In the Valod centre, they set up an educational and hobby centre for the rural women. Orientation courses in typing, cooking, sewing, knitting and toy making as well as other courses like child welfare, first aid and hygiene were taught.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 12, Feb. 1980, p.7&lt;/ref&gt; The first ever pucca (tarred) road in Valod to be built and inaugurated in 1979 was with the help of the Lijjat, Valod branch.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 6, June 1979, p.7&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1979, Lijjat teamed up with [[UNICEF]] to organise a seminar in Mumbai on &quot;Child Care and Mother Welfare&quot;, as part of the International Year of the Child celebrations.&lt;ref&gt;UNICEF-Lijjat Seminar of Child Care and Mother Welfare, Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 1, Issue 10, Dec.1979, p.4&lt;/ref&gt; In October 1984, Bhadraben Bhatt represented Lijjat at the UNESCO sponsored international workshop on &quot;The role of women in the assimilation and spread of technological innovation&quot; held at [[NITIE]], [[Powai]].&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 6, Issue 9, Nov. 1984, p.7&lt;/ref&gt; Alkaben Kalia represented Lijjat at the national level meeting on women convened by the National Commission on Self Employed Women.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.10, Issue 9, Dec. 1987, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the behest of [[Mother Teresa]], the member-sisters also took part in some activities of Asha Dhan, an institution to care for destitute women.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.1, Issue 10, p.4; Vol. 2, Issue 2, April 80, p.1;Vol. 2, issue 7, Sept.1980, p.4&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lijjat member-sisters also tried to start a co-operative bank, but the effort was not very successful.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol.2, Issue 9, Nov.1980, p.4&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contribution to social service==<br /> On several occasions, the Lijjat member-sisters have undertaken [[social service]] activities such as distributing nutritious food for poor children, donating money for conducting community marriage, instituting prize-money for spread of primary education, undertaking blood donation drive, organising health camps, plantation drives and even making donations to Government bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;grassroots_malathi&quot;/&gt; In 1999, the Mumbai City felicitated Rukminiben B. Pawar, Lijjat President, as an outstanding woman in the field of social work.&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vol. 18, Issue 10, Oct. 1997, p.16&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lijjat undertook the rehabilitation of Chincholi (Jogan), the earthquake affected village in the [[Latur]] district of Maharashtra. The institution provided the finance and supervised the work of construction of fifty-eight houses for the people of the village. Member-sisters donated money from their daily ''vanai'' (wage).&lt;ref&gt;Lijjat Patrika, Vl.14, Issue 8-9-10, Nov. 93- Jan.94, pp.1 and 3;Vol. 17, Issue 1, Jan.96; p.; Vol.20, Issue 7, July 1999, p.1&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], all the branches of Lijjat gave a total donation of more than {{INR}} 4.8 million, including Rs 1 million from the central office. Lijjat built forty houses for the rehabilitation of the people of Bhujpur ([[Bhachau]]) in [[Kutch District]].&lt;ref&gt;Bhujpur Punarvas, Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Amul]]<br /> * [[Cooperative movement in India]]<br /> * [[Khadi]]<br /> * [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.lijjat.com/ Official Site: Lijjat.com]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cooperatives in India]]<br /> [[Category:Worker cooperatives of India]]<br /> [[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1959]]<br /> [[Category:1959 establishments in Bombay State]]<br /> [[Category:Women in Mumbai]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Records_of_the_Western_Regions&diff=530139 2026-01-04T18:43:50Z

<p>Terrence5904: post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Record of the travels of Buddhist monk Xuanzang}}<br /> {{Italic title}}<br /> {{Infobox Chinese<br /> |title=''Records of the Western Regions''<br /> |pic=大唐西域記（四庫）.jpg<br /> |piccap=A page from the edition of the ''Records of the Western Regions'' compiled as part of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'', an 18th-century [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] encyclopedia<br /> |t=《大唐西域記》<br /> |s=《大唐西域记》<br /> |p=Dàtáng Xīyùjì&lt;br&gt;Dà Táng Xīyùjì&lt;br&gt;Dàtáng Xīyù Jì&lt;br&gt;Dà Táng Xīyù Jì<br /> |w=Ta T'ang Hsi-yü Chi<br /> |l=Records of the [[Western Regions]] during the [[Tang Empire|Great Tang]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''''Records of the Western Regions''''', also known by its [[Classical Chinese|Chinese name]] as the '''''Datang Xiyuji''''' or '''''Da Tang Xiyu Ji''''' and by various other translations and [[Romanization of Chinese|Romanized transcriptions]], is a narrative of the Chinese [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Monk #Buddhism|monk]] [[Xuanzang]]'s 19 year journey from [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] through the [[Western Regions]] to [[medieval India]] and back during the mid-7th century CE.<br /> <br /> The book was compiled in 646, describing travels undertaken between 626 and 645.&lt;ref name=uhpress/&gt; [[Bianji]], a [[Śrāvaka|disciple]] of Xuanzang, spent more than one year editing the book through Xuanzang's dictation. The text presents an account of Xuanzang's route with religious details as well as reports of the people and places he encountered.&lt;ref name=columbia/&gt; It is now considered not merely a landmark work in the [[history of Buddhism]] and [[Indo-Chinese relations]] but also in [[cross-cultural studies]] across the world.&lt;ref name=columbia/&gt;<br /> <br /> Xuanzang's [[Buddhist pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] began in the [[Capitals of China|imperial capital]] of [[Chang'an]] (now [[Xi'an]] in China's [[Shaanxi Province]]) and followed the overland [[Silk Road]] through what is now [[Gansu]] and [[Xinjiang]] in northwest China. He travelled through [[Central Asia]] around the [[Himalayas]] to [[India]], where he reached as far south as [[Kanchipuram]].&lt;ref name=columbia&gt;{{cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/travel_records.pdf|title=The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing|publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then returned to [[China]] where, despite the illegality of his departure, his travels and scholarship were celebrated by the [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]].<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> While trade relations between India and China had been ongoing from at least the 1st century CE, and had been strengthened through the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|expansion of Buddhism into China]] from the time of the [[Three Kingdoms]], it was not until the expansion of the [[First Turkic Khaganate|Turkic Khaganate]] began to threaten the borders of India and China that embassies were sent between the two regions for military alliances.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Haraprasad|title=Indo-Chinese Diplomatic Relations in Historical Perspectivethe South Indian Chapter |date=2000|jstor=44144424|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=61|pages=1093–1103}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xuanzang is credited as being one of the first diplomats to establish such a relation between [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] and the Kingdom of Kannauj.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Tansen|date=2001|title=In Search of Longevity and Good Karma: Chinese Diplomatic Missions to Middle India in the Seventh Century|jstor=20078877|journal=Journal of World History|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1353/jwh.2001.0025|s2cid=153696415 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Xuanzang's travels were motivated by his deep interest in Buddhist lore. While he was not legally authorized by the Tang court to leave China, he managed to journey to India and record his meetings with the kings of [[Medieval India|various Indian kingdoms]]. Of particular note is emperor [[Harsha]], whom Xuanzang managed to convince to send an emissary to [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]. These [[Indo-Chinese relations|diplomatic relations]] allowed Xuanzang to return to China without facing legal repercussions, instead granting him an audience with Taizong, who ultimately commissioned Xuanzang to write a record of his journeys to be entered into the official Tang records.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> The book contains more than 120,000 [[Chinese characters]] and is divided into twelve volumes, which describe the geography, land and maritime transportation, climate, local products, people, language, history, politics, economic life, religion, culture, and customs in 110 countries, regions and city-states from [[Xinjiang]] to [[Afghanistan]], [[Eastern Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Northern India]], and [[Sri Lanka]], among other regions.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> The text is of a great value to modern historians and archaeologists.&lt;ref name=uhpress&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-4509-9781886439023.aspx|title=The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Records'' is an important document of [[Central Asia]] during the early 7th century, as it provides information of a [[Buddhism in Afghanistan|Buddhist culture existing in Afghanistan]] during that time and the earliest textual evidence for [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Buddhist sculptures at Bamiyan]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iMwnIv89hH3Q7rvdzmDQH9zCL6KA New Bamiyan Buddha find amid destruction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505224108/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iMwnIv89hH3Q7rvdzmDQH9zCL6KA |date=May 5, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His travels are also credited with being partially responsible for the spread of sugar-making technology in [[medieval China]] and [[Medieval India|India]]. This is significant because sugar plays a crucial role in Buddhist doctrine.&lt;ref&gt;Sen, Tansen. &quot;In Search of Longevity and Good Karma: Chinese Diplomatic Missions to Middle India in the Seventh Century.&quot; Journal of World History, vol. 12, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–28. JSTOR, JSTOR, {{JSTOR|20078877}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The text also has equal importance in the study of the [[history of India]], and archaeologists have been using it to fill in certain gaps in Indian history.&lt;ref name=uhpress/&gt; It also allowed historians to locate important archaeological sites in the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uhpress&quot; /&gt; The book is known for having &quot;exact descriptions of distances and locations of different places&quot;,&lt;ref name=uhpress/&gt; and has served as a guidebook for the excavation of many important sites, such as [[Rajagrha]], the Temple at [[Sarnath]], the [[Ajanta Caves]], the ruins of the [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda ''mahāvihāra'']] (great monastery) in [[Bihar]],&lt;ref name=uhpress/&gt; and the ruins of [[Vasu Vihara|Vasu Bihar]] in the [[Pundravardhana|ancient city of Pundra]]. The text inspired ''[[Journey to the West]]'', a [[Classic Chinese Novels|Classic Chinese novel]] published in the [[Ming dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uhpress&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Translations==<br /> * Beal, Samuel (1884). ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang''. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft Volume 1] (PDF 21.5 MB) [https://archive.org/download/siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft/siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft.pdf Volume2] (PDF 16.9 MB)<br /> * Beal, Samuel (1911). ''The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li'' by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. [https://archive.org/details/ajf4729.0001.001.umich.edu Internet Archive] (PDF 14.3 MB)<br /> * Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858). ''Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales'', L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris. [https://archive.org/details/mmoiressurlesco01juligoog Vol.1] [https://archive.org/details/mmoiressurlesco00juligoog Vol.2]<br /> * Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995). ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions''. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|1-886439-02-8}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Watters |first=Thomas |title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Volume1|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924071132769#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1904|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London}} [https://archive.org/details/onyuanchwangstr01wattgoog Volume 2]<br /> *Sen, Tansen. &quot;In Search of Longevity and Good Karma: Chinese Diplomatic Missions to Middle India in the Seventh Century.&quot; Journal of World History, vol. 12, no. 1, 2001, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–28. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20078877.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> * Zhu, Yunqiu and Wang, Lixin. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015640/http://engine.cqvip.com/QK/85080X/200501/20166491.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP Da Tang Xiyu Ji Zhong De Yinduren Xingxiang (The Image of Indians in the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions)]''. Journal of Shenyang University. 2005.2. p.&amp;nbsp;98–102. ISSN 1008-9225.<br /> * Tang, Qinfu (2001). ''History of Chinese Historiography''. Taiyuan: Shanxi Education Press. {{ISBN|7-5440-2111-4}}. p.&amp;nbsp;230–232.<br /> * Xie, Fang, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095916/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=51048&amp;Query=1 &quot;Da Tang Xiyu Ji&quot; (&quot;Great Tang Records on the Western Regions&quot;)]. ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'', 1st ed.<br /> * Zhang Xiuping et al. (1993). ''100 Books That Influenced China: Da Tang Xiyu Ji''. Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Press. {{ISBN|7-219-02339-1}}. p.&amp;nbsp;392–398.<br /> * T. C. Kuo and H. M. Chou, &quot;The contribution of Xuanzang's Great Tang Records on the Western Regions to the research of religious culture,&quot; 2016 International Conference on Advanced Materials for Science and Engineering (ICAMSE), Tainan, 2016, pp. 322–324.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Wikisource|Zh:大唐西域記|大唐西域記}}<br /> <br /> *Bhat, R. B., &amp; Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014.<br /> *Jain, Sandhya, &amp; Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.chinaknowledge.org/Literature/Science/datangxiyuji.html Da Tang Xiyu Ji &quot;Records from the Regions West of the Great Tang Empire&quot;] — Chinaknowledge.de.<br /> * 10 part (high quality) documentary [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVEJzp4h_MY ''Xuanzang's Pilgrimage'']<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Great Tang Records On The Western RegiOns}}<br /> [[Category:7th-century Chinese books]]<br /> [[Category:Chinese classic texts]]<br /> [[Category:Chinese prose texts]]<br /> [[Category:Tang dynasty literature]]<br /> [[Category:Texts about the history of Buddhism]]<br /> [[Category:Travel books]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanchi_Kamakoti_Peetham&diff=447415 2025-12-22T00:00:09Z

<p>Terrence5904: edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu monastery in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham<br /> | image = Kamakoti Vimana Gopuram.jpg<br /> | caption = Moolamnaya Sarvajna Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam<br /> | founder = <br /> | type = Religious<br /> | location = [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | leader_title = First Jagadguru<br /> | leader_name = [[Adi Shankara]] (disputed)<br /> | leader_title2 = Present Jagadguru<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswati]]<br /> | leader_title3 = Successor<br /> | leader_name3 = [[Satya Chandrashekharendra Saraswati]]<br /> | affiliations = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.kamakoti.org/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham''', also called the '''Sri Kanchi Matham''' or the '''Moolamnaya Sarvagnya Peetham''',&lt;ref group=web&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Peetham |url=https://www.kamakoti.org/peeth/aboutpeetham.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.kamakoti.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious center of [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning|Vedic learning]], located in [[Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu. It is located near the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] of the [[Shaktism]] tradition, which also contains a shrine dedicated to the alleged final resting place (disputed) of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] teacher [[Adi Shankara]].{{sfn|Krishna|2006|p=100}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Jagadguru Shankara Vijayendra Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Jagadguru [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswathi Swamigal]], the 70th and Current Peetadhipathi of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam]]<br /> <br /> The matha-tradition attributes its founding to [[Adi Shankara]], but this and the reliability of the matha's succession list has been questioned.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=25}}{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=224}} According to the Sri Kanchi math tradition, the matha was founded at Kanchipuram, and shifted south to the temple city of [[Kumbakonam]] in the mid-18th century due to the on-going wars, when there was warfare in the region, and returned to Kanchipuram in the 19th century.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=192}}<br /> <br /> Historically, the Kanchi Math was established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 as a branch of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Mutt]], and became involved with the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram in 1839,{{sfnp|Sunil|1987}} &quot;set[ing] up shop in Kanchipuram at the turn of the last [19th] century.&quot;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Guruswamy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The peetham gained a good reputation under the leadership of Sri [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]] (born 20 May 1894; 68th Shankaracharya 1907 – 8 January 1994), who was regarded as an ''avatara purusha'', a realised seer.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; The peetham lost authority and standing under the leadership of Sri [[Jayendra Saraswati]] (born 1935; appointed successor 1954; 69th Shankaracharya 3 January 1994 - 28 February 2018), who favoured an outreach to a broader audience beyond the Brahmins, but was implicated and later given a clean chit by the courts in a murder-trial.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; He was succeeded in February 2018 by [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal]].<br /> <br /> == Establishment ==<br /> [[File:Adishankara.jpg|thumb|A digital art of Jagadguru Adi Shankaracharya offering discourses at the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]].]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional accounts===<br /> The founding of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam is traditionally attributed by its adherents to Adi Shankara.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=25}}{{efn|See also {{Cite web |title=Sri Shankaracharya and his connection with Kanchipuram |url=https://sriadishankarastutis.org/wp-content/uploads/files/Shri-Shankaracharya-and-His-Connection-With-Kanchipuram.pdf |archive-url=}}}} According to the Kanchi matha's tradition, Adi Shankara was born in 509 BCE and died in 477 BCE,{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=376}} and founded Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham in 482 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Traditional Age of Sri Sankaracharya and The Mathas {{!}} PDF {{!}} Indian Religions {{!}} Religious Comparison |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/280916745/The-Traditional-Age-of-Sri-Sankaracharya-and-the-Mathas |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Scribd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chronology stated in Kanchi matha texts recognizes five major Shankaras: Adi, Kripa, Ujjvala, Muka and Abhinava. According to the Kanchi matha tradition, it is &quot;Abhinava Shankara&quot; that western scholarship recognizes as the Advaita scholar Adi Shankara.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=376}}<br /> <br /> According to the Sri Kanchi matha documents, the ''matha'' relocated completely to Kumbakonam in the mid-18th century to escape wars and persecution,{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=192}}&lt;ref group=web&gt;{{Cite web |author =N. Ramesan | title=Preceptors of Advaita 59 SRI KAMAKOTI PITHA OF SRI |url=https://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/articles/Preceptors%20of%20Advaita%20-%2059.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.kamakoti.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; returning to Kanchi in the 19th century.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=192}} According to Jonathan Bader and other scholars, the monastic tradition gives &quot;fear of Muslim atrocities&quot; from Nawab of Arcot, Mysore's Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan as the reason, but the details remain unclear.{{sfn|Bader|2000|p=289–290}}{{sfn|Kasturi|Madhavan|2007|pp=173–174}}{{sfn|Sarasvati|Mahadevan|2003|pp=436–437}}<br /> <br /> According to [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]], copperplate inscriptions show that the matha was located at Kanchipuram until 1686 CE,{{sfn|Rao|1916|p=2}} and relocated to Kumbakonam, Tanjore, in the 18th century.{{sfn|Rao|1916|p=3}} Sharma disputes Rao's interpretations of the copper plates, arguing that the dating is dubious, and that most plates do not refer to Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham at all.{{sfn|Sharma|1987|p=59-72}} According to Rao, based on the oldest record found in the respective mathas (1291 and 1346 respectively), Kanchipuram matha ''may'' be older than Sringeri Pitham.{{sfn|Rao|1916|p=6}}<br /> <br /> ===Disputed chronology===<br /> [[File:68th Peetadhipathi Kanakabisekham.jpg|thumb|Kanakabhishekam (ceremonial shower of gold coins donated by devotees) of the 68th Jagadguru [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]], also known as ''Mahaperiyava'' being performed by his successor, the 69th Jagadguru [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal]]. At his feet is the 70th Jagadguru [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal]]. Together, all three were considered the trinity of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham.]]<br /> The foundation-story of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, and it's chronology of Shankaracharyas, is widely disputed.{{sfn|Scheifinger|2016|p=106}}{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=25}} [[Sringeri matha]] rejects the claims of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam, and does not count it among the mathas established by Shankara.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|loc=&quot;Kanchipuram&quot;}}<br /> <br /> Modern scholarship places Shankara in the 8th century CE, and the story of the four cardinal mathas founded by Shankara dates from the 16th century, putting in question the founding stories of all those mathas,{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=224}} though Christopher Fuller and David Smith regard the Kanchi Shankaracharyas as his &quot;spiritual descendants.&quot;{{sfn|Scheifinger|2016|p=106}} According to Sunil, the history of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham has been rewritten in the 20th century, when Chandrashekharendra Saraswati was the Paramacharya.{{sfnp|Sunil|1987|p=13}}<br /> <br /> ===Historical account===<br /> Historically, the Kanchi Math was established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 by the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha king of Tanjore]], [[Serfoji II|Serfoji II Bhonsle]],{{sfn|Sharma|1987|p=17}}{{sfnp|Sunil|1987|p=374-382}}{{efn|name=&quot;Sunil_1987&quot;|See also:&lt;br&gt;* Vidyasankar Sundaresan (3 August 1994), [https://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/alt_hindu_msg.html ''Real history of the Kanchi math'']&lt;br&gt;* Vidyasankar Sundaresan (sept 6, 2000), [https://list.indology.info/pipermail/indology/2000-September/022632.html ''kanchi Shankara Mutt'']}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Guruswamy&quot;/&gt; as a branch of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Mutt]].{{sfnp|Sunil|1987}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Guruswamy&quot;/&gt; It became an [[apostate]] [[Schism#Hinduism|schismatic]] institution in 1839 when the Kumbakonam Mutt applied for permission to the English Collector of Arcot to perform the &quot;[[kumbhabhishekham]]&quot; of the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram]].{{sfn|Sharma|1987|p=18}} In 1842, the [[East India Company]] headquartered at [[Fort William, India|Fort William, Calcutta]] appointed the head of the mutt as the sole trustee of the Kamakshi temple, despite the protests of the traditional priests of the Kamakshi temple, which are well documented and preserved.{{sfn|Sharma|1987|p=18}}{{sfn|Veeramani|1988|p=217}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Guruswamy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Guruswamy|first=Mohan|date=2021-11-30|title=Mohan Guruswamy {{!}} The Kumbakonam of the Kanchi Shankaracharya|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/291121/mohan-guruswamy-the-kumbakonam-of-the-kanchi-shankaracharya.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=web&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-01|title=ஆதி சங்கரர் நிறுவியதா காஞ்சி சங்கரமடம்? - முரண்படும் தகவல்கள்|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-43233728|access-date=2022-01-04|website=BBC News தமிழ்|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohan Guruswamy recalls,<br /> {{blockquote|My own ancestral village, Nagavedu, is a few miles from Kanchipuram. I remember my father telling me that his father was a young man when the Kanchi Shankaracharya set up shop in Kanchipuram at the turn of the last century. He also said that his father always referred, and as did others in the area, to this new Shankaracharya as the Kumbakonam Shankaracharya. This is a nice play on the word Kumbakonam for in colloquial Tamil it is also used to refer to a shady deal.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Guruswamy&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==20th-21st century==<br /> <br /> ===Tensions in the temple leadership===<br /> Under the leadership of Sri [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]] (born 20 May 1894; 68th pontiff 1907 – 8 January 1994), who was regarded as an ''avatara purusha'', a realised seer,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;&gt;T.M. Krishna (Mar 04, 2018), [https://scroll.in/article/870688/jayendra-saraswathi-redefined-kanchi-mutts-role-but-never-earned-the-stature-of-his-forerunners ''Jayendra Saraswathi redefined Kanchi Mutt's role – but did not earn the stature of his predecessor''], scroll.in&lt;/ref&gt; the peetham gained a significant role as a traditional center of religious studies, focusing on male Brahmin students.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His successor Sri [[Jayendra Saraswati]] was appointed as successor in 1954,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;TIE_2018&quot;&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-was-sri-jayendra-saraswathi-dead-successor-kanchi-peetam-5081186/ ''Who was Sri Jayendra Saraswathi?''], The Indian Express, February 28, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; and succeeded him at 3 January 1994, staying in office until his death at 28 February 2018. Jayendra favoured an outreach to a broader audience beyond the Brahmins, propagating Hindu-values and lifestyle in general,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; leading to tensions between Chandrashekharendra and Jayendra.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt;{{sfnp|Sunil|1987}} Due to these tensions, in August 1987 Jayendra disappeared for a couple of days, apparently withdrawing from the temple leadership, but returning just a couple of days later and eventually succeeding Chandrashekharendra Saraswati.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt;{{sfnp|Sunil|1987}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;TIE_2018&quot;/&gt; Jayendra broadened the scope of the peetham, supporting &quot;schools, colleges, hospitals, and rural programmes.&quot;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; He opposed Christian conversion efforts by active oureach toward the poor and down-throdden, visiting slums and poor neighborhoods.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; Jayendra was also politically involved, maintaining contacts with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sankararaman murder case (2004)===<br /> {{main|Sankararaman murder case}}<br /> <br /> In 2004, Jayendra Saraswathi and his junior [[Vijayendra Saraswati]] were arrested in connection with the [[Sankararaman murder case]] on [[Diwali]] day.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramani_2018_ToI&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=A. Subramani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathi-a-spiritual-colossus-till-his-arrest-in-2004/articleshow/63106383.cms|title=Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanchi-seer-Sri-Jayendra-Saraswathi-others-acquitted-in-auditor-assault-case/articleshow/52039635.cms|title=Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, others acquitted in auditor assault case - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 2016 |access-date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the murder trial negatively impacted both his standing and his role in society,&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt; and the image and influence the Kanchi Mutt.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;T.M.Krishna_scroll.in_2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Subramani_2018_ToI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious center==<br /> <br /> ===Vedic studies===<br /> The matha offers Vedic studies to male Brahmin students in a number of ''[[pathasala]]s''.{{sfn|Cenkner|1995|p=117–121}} Under the leadership of Jayendra Saraswati, the peetham took a more liberal stance, also reaching out to a non-Brahmin audience.<br /> <br /> ===Cultural preservation===<br /> The Kanchi monastery, along with other monasteries across India, has been an important preserver and source of historic palm leaf manuscripts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=National Mission for Manuscripts (India)|title=National Mission for Manuscripts: Report of the Third Year, 7 February 2005 - 7 February 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADk_IFkV4WIC|year= 2006|publisher= National Mission for Manuscripts|pages= 42–43}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Saṃskr̥ta Āyoga|title=Report of the Sanskrit Commission, 1956-1957| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R7CvAAAAIAAJ|year= 1958|publisher= Manager of Publications, Government of India|page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chronological list of Shankaracharyas==<br /> According to the Peetham, the chronological list of Guru Paramapara of the matham is follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History of the Kanchi Sankaracharya Math and Acharaparampara|url=http://www.kamakoti.org/peeth/origin.html|website=www.kamakoti.org|access-date=1 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Div col|small=yes}}<br /> # Sri [[Adi Shankaracharya]] (482 BCE–477 BCE)<br /> # Sri [[Sureshwaracharya]] (477 BCE–407 BCE)<br /> # Sri Sarvajnatmanendra Saraswati (407 BCE–367 BCE)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies|title=Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-3061-5 |page=435}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Sri Satyabodhendra Saraswati (367 BCE–268 BCE)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Schools of Philosophy|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Schools_of_Philosophy|website=hindupedia.com|access-date=1 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Sri Jnanandendra Saraswati (268 BCE–205 BCE)<br /> # Sri Shuddhanandendra Saraswati (205 BCE–124 BCE)<br /> # Sri Anandaghanendra Saraswati (124 BCE–55 BCE)<br /> # Sri Kaivalyananda Yogendra Saraswati (55 BCE–28 CE)<br /> # Sri Kripashankarendra Saraswati (28 CE–69 CE)<br /> # Sri Sureshwara Saraswati (69 CE–127 CE)<br /> # Sri Shivananda Chidghanendra Saraswati (127 CE–172 CE)<br /> # Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati I (172–235)<br /> # Sri Satchidghanendra Saraswati (235–272)<br /> # Sri Vidyaghanendra Saraswati (272–317)<br /> # Sri Gangadharendra Saraswati (317–329)<br /> # Sri Ujjwala Shankarendra Saraswati (329–367)<br /> # Sri Sadashivendra Saraswati (367–375)<br /> # Sri Shankarananda Saraswati (375–385)<br /> # Sri Martanda Vidyaghanendra Saraswati (385–398)<br /> # Sri Mukhashankarendra Saraswati (398–437)<br /> # Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati II (437–447)<br /> # Sri Bodhendra Saraswati I (447–481)<br /> # Sri Satchisukhendra Saraswati (481–512)<br /> # Sri Chitsukhendra Saraswati (512–527)<br /> # Sri Satchidanandaghanendra Saraswati (527–548)<br /> # Sri Prajnaghanendra Saraswati (548–565)<br /> # Sri Chidvilasendra Saraswati (565–577)<br /> # Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati I (577–601)<br /> # Sri Purnabhodhendra Saraswati (601–618)<br /> # Sri Bhodhendra Saraswati II (618–655)<br /> # Sri Brahmanandaghanendra Saraswati (655–668)<br /> # Sri Chidanandaghanendra Saraswati (668–672)<br /> # Sri Satchidananda Saraswati (672–692)<br /> # Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati III (692–710)<br /> # Sri Chitsukhendra Saraswati (710–737)<br /> # Sri Chitsukhanandendra Saraswati (737–758)<br /> # Sri Vidyaghanendra Saraswati III (758–788)<br /> # Sri Abhinava Shankarendra Saraswati (788–840)<br /> # Sri Satchidvilasendra Saraswati (840–873)<br /> # Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati II (873–915)<br /> # Sri Gangadharendra Saraswati II (915–950)<br /> # Sri Brahmanandaghanendra Saraswati (950–978)<br /> # Sri Anandaghanendra Saraswati (978–1014)<br /> # Sri Purnabhodhendra Saraswati II (1014–1040)<br /> # Sri Paramashivendra Saraswati I (1040–1061)<br /> # Sri Chandranandabhodhendra Saraswati (1061–1098)<br /> # Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati IV (1098–1166)<br /> # Sri Advaitanandabodhendra Saraswati (1166–1200)<br /> # Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati III (1200–1247)<br /> # Sri Chandrachudendra Saraswati I (1247–1297)<br /> # Sri Vidyatirthendra Saraswati (1297–1385)<br /> # Sri Shankaranandendra Saraswati (1385–1417)<br /> # Purnananda Sadashivendra Saraswati (1417–1498)<br /> # [[Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati]] (1498–1507)<br /> # Chandrachudendra Saraswati II (1507–1524)<br /> # Sri Sarvajna Sadashivabodhendra Saraswati (1524–1539)<br /> # Sri Paramashivendra Saraswati II (1539–1586)<br /> # [[Atmabodhendra Saraswati]] (1586–1638)<br /> # [[Bodhendra Saraswati II]] (1638–1692)<br /> # Sri Advaitatma Prakashendra Saraswati (1692–1704)<br /> # Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati IV (1704–1746)<br /> # Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati V (1746–1783)<br /> # Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati V (1783–1813)<br /> # Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VI (1813–1851)<br /> # Sudarshana Mahadevendra Saraswati (1851–1891)<br /> # Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VII (1891 – 7 February 1907)<br /> # Sri [[Mahadevendra Saraswati V]] (7 February 1907 – 13 February 1907)<br /> # Sri [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]] (born 20 May 1894; pontiff 1907 – 8 January 1994)<br /> # Sri [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Jayendra Saraswati]] (born 18 July 1935; appointed as successor 1954; pontif 3 January 1994 – 28 February 2018)<br /> # Sri [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswati]] (28 February 2018 – Present){{sfn|Meena|1974|p=46}}&lt;ref group=web&gt;{{cite news |title=Leaders mourn Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi's death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathi-passes-away/article22875781.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 February 2018 |access-date=12 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Sri [[Satya Chandrashekharendra Saraswati]] (born 2001; appointed as successor 2025)<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Maha periyava.jpg|68th Shankaracharya Sri [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Chandrashekharendra Saraswati]] Mahaswamigal<br /> File:Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal.jpg|69th Shankaracharya Sri [[Jayendra Saraswathi]] Mahaswamigal<br /> File:Shri Shankara Vijayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamy.jpg|70th Shankaracharya Sri [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswathi]] Mahaswamigal<br /> File:Sri Satya Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi Mahaswamy.jpg|71th Shankaracharya Sri [[Satya Chandrashekharendra Saraswati]] Mahaswamigal<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sankararaman murder case==<br /> {{main|Sankararaman murder case}}<br /> <br /> In 2004, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal and his junior Vijayendra Saraswati were arrested in connection with the [[Sankararaman murder case]] on [[Diwali]] day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathi-a-spiritual-colossus-till-his-arrest-in-2004/articleshow/63106383.cms|title=Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanchi-seer-Sri-Jayendra-Saraswathi-others-acquitted-in-auditor-assault-case/articleshow/52039635.cms|title=Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, others acquitted in auditor assault case - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 2016 |access-date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> ;Printed sources<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last =Bader | first =Jonathan Bader | year =2000 | title =Conquest of the Four Quarters: Traditional Accounts of the Life of Śaṅkara | publisher =Aditya Prakashan | isbn =978-81-7742-002-9 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6XWAAAAMAAJ}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last =Cenkner | first =William | year =1995 | title =A Tradition of Teachers: Śaṅkara and the Jagadgurus Today | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0932-1 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LsD9oPZA2OMC}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Clark | first =Matthew | year =2006 | title =The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs. The Integration Of Ascetic Lineages Into An Order | publisher =BRILL}}<br /> &lt;!-- D --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2010 | title =Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&amp;pg=PA376}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2014 | title =Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | publisher =Penguin UK}}<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last1 =Kasturi | first1 =Prema | last2=Madhavan | first2 =Chithra |year=2007|title=South India heritage: an introduction|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|publisher=East West|isbn=978-81-88661-64-0|pages=173–174}}<br /> * {{cite book|last =Krishna | first =Nanditha | year =2006 | title =Kanchipuram: a heritage of art and religion | publisher =Aiyar Foundation | isbn =978-81-901484-1-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d18MAQAAMAAJ}}<br /> &lt;!-- M --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last =Meena | first =V. | year =1974 | title =Temples in South India | publisher =Harikumar Arts| location =Kanniyakumari | edition =1st}}<br /> &lt;!-- R --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Rao | first =T. A. Gopinatha | year =1916 | title =Copperplate Inscriptions of the Kamakothi Pita | publisher =The Law Printing House |url =https://kamakotikosh.org/books/copper-plate-inscriptions-of-the-kamakoti-pitha/}}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last1 =Sarasvati | first1 =Jayēdra | last2=Mahadevan | first2 =T. M. P. | year =2003 | title =Preceptors of Advaita | publisher =Samata Books | isbn =9788185208510 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OMLWAAAAMAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book |last =Scheifinger | first =Heinz | date =23 May 2016| chapter =Online Connections, Online Yatras | editor1 =Ajaya Kumar Sahoo | editor2 =Johannes G. de Kruijf | title =Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-1-317-11740-7 | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5i83DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA106}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Sharma | first =Varanasi Rajgopal | year =1987 | title =Kanchi Kamakoti Math - A Myth | publisher =Ganga-Tunga Prakashan | url =https://archive.org/details/KanchiKamakotiMathAMyth}}<br /> * {{cite journal | last =Sunil | first =K. P. | title =The Curious Case of the Missing Monk | journal =The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=September 13, 1987 |volume=108| issue = 26-49 | url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110088}}<br /> * {{cite book| last =Suthren Hirst | first =Jacqueline G. | year =2005| title =Samkara's Advaita Vedanta: A Way of Teaching | publisher = Routledge | isbn =978-1-134-25441-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YsN-AgAAQBAJ}}<br /> &lt;!-- V --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Veeramani | first =K. | year =1988 | title =Kanchi Sankarachariar, Saint Or Sectarian? | publisher =Dravidar Kazhagam}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ;Web-sources<br /> {{reflist|group=web}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official website|http://www.kamakoti.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.843214|79.700834|display=title}}<br /> {{Hinduism footer small}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhori_Mata_Tirthalaya&diff=496902 2025-11-29T08:29:54Z

<p>Terrence5904: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | name = Shrine of Miraculous Mother of the Coal Mines<br /> | fullname = <br /> | other name = <br /> | native_name = ढ़ोरी माता तीर्थालाय (''Dhori Mata Tirthalaya'')<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> <br /> | pushpin map = India#India Jharkhand<br /> | pushpin label position = <br /> | pushpin map alt = <br /> | pushpin mapsize = <br /> | relief = <br /> | map caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23.7736782|85.9122474}}<br /> | osgridref = &lt;!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} --&gt;<br /> | osgraw = &lt;!-- TEXT --&gt;<br /> | location = [[Jarangdih]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> <br /> | language(s) = [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santhali]]<br /> | denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]<br /> | previous denomination = <br /> | tradition = <br /> | religious institute = &lt;!-- or | religious order = --&gt;<br /> | churchmanship = <br /> | membership = <br /> | attendance = <br /> | campuses = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL| example.com}} --&gt;<br /> <br /> | former name = &lt;!-- or | former names = --&gt;<br /> | bull date = <br /> | status = <br /> | founded date = &lt;!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} - but see note below --&gt;<br /> | founder = <br /> | dedication = <br /> | dedicated date = <br /> | earlydedication = <br /> | otherdedication = <br /> | consecrated date = <br /> | cult = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|''Dhori Mata'' (Miraculous Mother of the Coal Mines)]]<br /> | relics = <br /> | events = <br /> | past bishop = <br /> | people = <br /> <br /> | functional status = <br /> | heritage designation = <br /> | designated date = <br /> | previous cathedrals = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architectural type = <br /> | style = <br /> | years built = <br /> | groundbreaking = 1956<br /> | completed date = 1983<br /> | construction cost = <br /> | closed date = <br /> | demolished date = <br /> <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | length nave = <br /> | length choir = <br /> | width = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | width nave = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | width transepts = <br /> | height = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | height nave = <br /> | height choir = <br /> | diameter = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | other dimensions = <br /> | floor count = <br /> | floor area = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | dome quantity = <br /> | dome height outer = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | dome height inner = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | dome dia outer = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | dome dia inner = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | tower quantity = <br /> | tower height = <br /> | spire quantity = <br /> | spire height = &lt;!-- {{convert| }} --&gt;<br /> | materials = <br /> | bells = &lt;!-- or | bells hung = --&gt;<br /> | bell weight = &lt;!-- {{long ton|0| }} --&gt;<br /> <br /> | parish = <br /> | benefice = <br /> | deanery = <br /> | archdeaconry = <br /> | episcopalarea = <br /> | archdiocese = <br /> | metropolis = <br /> | diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hazaribag|Hazaribag]]<br /> | diocese start = <br /> | province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]<br /> | presbytery = <br /> | synod = <br /> | circuit = <br /> | district = <br /> | division = <br /> | subdivision = <br /> <br /> | archbishop = <br /> | bishop = Jojo Anand<br /> | auxiliary bishop = <br /> | cardinal protector = <br /> | abbot = <br /> | prior = <br /> | subprior = <br /> | provost-rector = <br /> | exarch = <br /> | provost = <br /> | viceprovost = <br /> | rector = <br /> | vicar = <br /> | dean = <br /> | subdean = <br /> | archpriest = <br /> | precentor = <br /> | succentor = <br /> | chancellor = <br /> | canonchancellor = <br /> | canon = <br /> | canonpastor = <br /> | canonmissioner = <br /> | canontreasurer = <br /> | prebendary = <br /> | priestincharge = <br /> | priest = <br /> | asstpriest = <br /> | honpriest = <br /> | curate = <br /> | asstcurate = <br /> | nonstipendiaryminister = <br /> | minister = <br /> | assistant = <br /> | seniorpastor = <br /> | pastor = <br /> | chaplain = <br /> | archdeacon = <br /> | deacon = <br /> | deaconess = <br /> <br /> | reader = <br /> | student intern = <br /> | organistdom = <br /> | director = <br /> | organist = <br /> | organscholar = <br /> | chapterclerk = <br /> | laychapter = <br /> | sessionclerk = <br /> | treasurer = <br /> | warden = <br /> | verger = <br /> | businessmgr = <br /> | liturgycoord = <br /> | reledu = <br /> | rcia = <br /> | youthmin = <br /> | flowerguild = <br /> | musicgroup = <br /> | parishadmin = <br /> | serversguild = <br /> | sacristan = <br /> <br /> | logo = <br /> | logosize = <br /> | logolink = <br /> | logoalt = <br /> <br /> | embedded = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhori Mata Tirthalaya''', also known as the '''Shrine of Miraculous Mother of the Coal Mines''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] Church dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]]. It is located in [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], 2.2&amp;nbsp;km north-west of [[Jarangdih]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=catholicsandcultures&gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Dhori Mata Shrine |url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/india-history-dhori-mata-shrine |website=Catholics &amp; Cultures |access-date=27 April 2022 |language=en |date=21 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ढोरी माता की शोभा यात्रा में श्रद्धालुओं का कारवां {{!}} |url=https://jagatprahari.com/news-jharkhand-dhori-mata-mahotsav/ |access-date=27 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It has a statue of Mother Mary and [[Infant Jesus|baby Jesus]]. The statue was named Dhori Mata, after the place in which it was found. A large number of people attend the 9-day festival every year that concludes with the Missa Puja on the last Sunday of October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Dhori-Mata fest concludes at Jarandih |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dhori-mata-fest-concludes-at-jarandih.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=झंडोत्तोलन के साथ ढोरी माता वार्षिक समारोह प्रारंभ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/bokaro/story-dhori-mata-annual-function-begins-with-flag-hoisting-4894102.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Hindustan |language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhori Mata is considered to be the patroness of the coal miners.&lt;ref name=Jagran&gt;{{cite news |title=खनिकों की संरक्षिका रही ढोरी माता |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/bokaro-dhori-mata-16924565.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ढोरी माता तीर्थालय वार्षिक समारोह में देश भर से 30 हजार श्रद्धालु पहुंचे |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/dumka/1218796 |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The statue of Dhori Mata was accidentally found on 12 June 1956 by a coal field worker name Rupa Satnami from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]] working in the mines of [[Jarangdih]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]]. While excavating coal he heard a voice saying in Hindi &quot;Strike gently, I am here.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Oct 31 |first1=TNN / |title=Harmony at shrine {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/harmony-at-shrine/articleshow/10559353.cms |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the arms of statue of Mother Mary had been broken off by the axe of Satnami.<br /> <br /> In the month of October 1957, the statue of Dhori Mata was placed in the Saint Anthony Church in Jarangdih. The statue was brought out of the church and installed in the shrine in May 1964.&lt;ref name=Jagran /&gt; The statue of Dhori Mata was specially blessed by Pope Paul VI during his pastoral visit to Mumbai in 1964.&lt;ref name=catholicsandcultures /&gt; Later in 1967, the statue was sent to Belgium and was found to be made of jackfruit wood and dated to be approximately 400-500 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dhori Mata Tirthalaya, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India, Video |url=https://www.indiavideo.org/jharkhand/travel/dhori-mata-tirthalaya-hazaribagh-3757.php |website=IndiaVideo |access-date=27 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30th October, 1983 the Shrine was formally inaugurated. The shrine is decorated with lamps and is having many paintings of Jesus Christ.<br /> <br /> The statue was stolen in January 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mother Mary's statue stolen near Bokaro - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mother-mary-s-statue-stolen-near-bokaro/266500/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=archive.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but recovered the next day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Stolen Marian statue found, people rejoice in Jharkhand |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2008/02/01/stolen-marian-statue-found-people-rejoice-in-jharkhand&amp;post_id=29228 |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=ucanews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Black Madonna]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic pilgrimage sites]]<br /> [[Category:Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in India]]<br /> [[Category:Black Madonnas]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Da_Ladla&diff=514149 2025-11-29T04:27:54Z

<p>Terrence5904: Started New Data With Sources.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{for|the 2008 song|Dostana (soundtrack)}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Maa Da Ladla<br /> | image = Maa Da Ladla film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | alt = <br /> | director = Uday Pratap Singh<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Manpreet Johal<br /> * Ashu Munish Sahni<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Deep Jagdeep Jaedy<br /> | starring = [[Tarsem Jassar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Neeru Bajwa]]&lt;br&gt;[[Roopi Gill]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iftikhar Thakur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Naseem Vicky]]<br /> | cinematography = Jaype Singh<br /> | editing = Bharat S Raawat<br /> | music = Rao Inderjeet Singh<br /> | studio = Vehli Janta Films<br /> | distributor = Omjee Star Studio<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|16}}<br /> | runtime = 127 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Punjabi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Maa Da Ladla''''' is an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language comedy film directed by Uday Pratap Singh. The film was initially released on 16 September 2022 in India and USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title='Maa Da Ladla' movie OTT platform and release date: Will Neeru Bajwa, Tarsem Jassar's comedy-drama release online? |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/maa-da-ladla-movie-ott-platform-and-release-date-will-neeru-bajwa-tarsem-jassars-comedy-drama-release-online |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=PTC Punjabi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madaan |first=Shivam |date=2022-09-05 |title='Maa Da Ladla' is all Set to Give us an Entertaining Ride, Here's the Trailer Review! |url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/maa-da-ladla-is-all-set-to-give-us-an-entertaining-ride-heres-the-trailer-review/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.hindustanmetro.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The story revolves around three characters: Gora, Sehaj and Kevin. Gora is a struggling actor, while Sehaj is a single mother who lives with her son Kevin. Sehaj hires Gora to play Kevin's father.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Tarsem Jassar]] as Gora<br /> * [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Sehaj<br /> * [[Iftikhar Thakur]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Punjabi actress Neeru Bajwa talks about fellow Pakistani actors, legends |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/20-Sep-2022/neeru-bajwa-shares-heartwarming-words-for-fellow-pakistani-actors |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |date=20 September 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Safri (Bagga's Uncle)<br /> * [[Naseem Vicky]] as Bagga<br /> * Qaiser Piya as doctor<br /> * Olivia McGuinness as School teacher<br /> * [[Nirmal Rishi]] as Bachhno (Gora's grandmother)<br /> * [[Roopi Gill]] as Binder<br /> * Praveen Kumar Aawara as Money Lender<br /> * Swastik Bhagat as Kevin (Sehaj's son)<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The music of the film is composed by Rao Inderjeet Singh (Head of Gem Tunes) . Wazir Patar, [[Tarsem Jassar]], Mehar Vaani, Kiran Sandhu &amp; Kulbir Jhinjer are the playback singers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title='Maa Da Ladla' movie OTT platform and release date: Will Neeru Bajwa, Tarsem Jassar's comedy-drama release online? |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/maa-da-ladla-movie-ott-platform-and-release-date-will-neeru-bajwa-tarsem-jassars-comedy-drama-release-online |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=PTC Punjabi }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> | title1 = Maa Da Ladla<br /> | length1 = 2:43<br /> | music1 = Dr Zeus<br /> | writer1 = Tarsem Jassar Jagdeep Warring<br /> | extra1 = [[Tarsem Jassar]] &amp; Mehar Vaani<br /> | title2 = Punjab Jeha<br /> | length2 = 1:58<br /> | music2 = [[Wazir Patar]]<br /> | writer2 = Tarsem Jassar<br /> | extra2 = Wazir Patar and Kiran Sandhu<br /> | title3 = Swag<br /> | music3 = Wazir Patar<br /> | writer3 = Tarsem Jassar<br /> | extra3 = Tarsem Jassar<br /> | title4 = Ishq Da Rog<br /> | music4 = Dr Zeus<br /> | writer4 = Kulbir Jhinjer<br /> | extra4 = Kulbir Jhinjer<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was originally released on 16 September 2022 in India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Among the new releases this week is Punjabi film Maa Da Laadla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/among-the-new-releases-this-week-is-punjabi-film-maa-da-laadla-432297 |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service }}&lt;/ref&gt; and United States of America and also released in France on 23 September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kahlon |first=Sukhpreet |title=Maa Da Ladla trailer: Neeru Bajwa recruits a father for her son in this romantic comedy |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/sep/6/35606/maa-da-ladla-trailer-neeru-bajwa-recruits-a-father-for-her-son-in-this-romantic-comedy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102125925/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/sep/6/35606/maa-da-ladla-trailer-neeru-bajwa-recruits-a-father-for-her-son-in-this-romantic-comedy |url-status=live |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{IMDb title|21874530}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Punjabi-film-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about single parent families]]<br /> [[Category:Films about actors]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in schools]]<br /> [[Category:Films about sham marriage]]<br /> [[Category:Films about grandparent–grandchild relationships]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matheran_Light_Railway_Locomotives_1_to_4&diff=516794 2025-11-17T20:30:06Z

<p>Terrence5904: Started The Details Added Tags.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox locomotive<br /> | name = MLR nos. 1-4<br /> | image = LBNGR MR740 05-09-11.jpeg<br /> | caption = MLR no.740<br /> | powertype = Steam<br /> | builder = [[Orenstein &amp; Koppel]]<br /> | serialnumber = 1766, 2342, 2343, 1777&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52882732|title=Matheran Light Railway 1 to 4|website=www.wikidata.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Hughes|1994|p=55}}<br /> | builddate = 1905,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/markcarter/5732318612/|title=Matheran|date=June 20, 2018|via=Flickr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Hughes|1994|p=55}} 1907{{sfn|Hughes|1994|p=55}}<br /> | totalproduction = 4<br /> | whytetype = {{whyte|0-6-0|T}}<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|2ft}}<br /> | driverdiameter = {{convert|30|in|m|3|abbr=on}}<br /> | locoweight = 15 tons (empty), 17 tons (working)<br /> | fueltype = <br /> | fuelcap = <br /> | watercap = {{convert|450|impgal|abbr=on}}<br /> | firearea = {{convert|7|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}<br /> | boilerpressure = 176 psi<br /> | totalsurface = {{convert|452|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE40AQAAMAAJ | title=Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage &amp; Wagon Review | date=1907 | publisher=Locomotive Publishing Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | cylindercount = 2<br /> | cylindersize = {{convert|11.81|x|13.78|in|mm|abbr=on}}<br /> | maxspeed = <br /> | tractiveeffort = {{convert|81101|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}} at 85% boiler pressure &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irps-wl.org.uk/232-mlr|title=Matheran Light Railway 740 - IRPS Night Mail|website=www.irps-wl.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | operator = [[Matheran Hill Railway]]<br /> | fleetnumbers = MLR 1-4 (original){{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=68}}&lt;br&gt;MLR 738-741 (All-India numbers){{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=68}}<br /> | firstrundate = 1907<br /> | retiredate = 1982<br /> | disposition = All four preserved<br /> }}<br /> '''MLR nos. 1-4''' were four steam locomotives that operated on the [[Matheran Hill Railway]], supplied by German engineering company [[Orenstein and Koppel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv20newy |title=Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock |date=1901 |publisher=New York : A. Sinclair Co |others=Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh |pages=383}}&lt;/ref&gt; These locomotives served the railway from its inauguration in 1907, until 1982, when they were withdrawn from service, and completely replaced by diesel locomotives.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Matheran Light Railway 740 - IRPS Night Mail |url=http://www.irps-wl.org.uk/232-mlr |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.irps-wl.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To navigate the tight curves on the MLR, the locomotives were fitted with an articulated wheel design, based on a patent by one John Clark in 1870.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE40AQAAMAAJ |title=Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage &amp; Wagon Review |date=1907 |publisher=Locomotive Publishing Company |pages=49 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The design allowed for the rods to remain parallel to the engine at all times, while the wheels would follow the track's curves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv20newy |title=Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock |date=1901 |publisher=New York : A. Sinclair Co |others=Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt; The driving axles were [[Klien-Lindner axle|Klien-Lindners]].<br /> <br /> The locomotives served on the line exclusively until 1965, when diesel traction was introduced on the line. Eventually, the four engines were retired in 1982,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Matheran Light Railway 740 - IRPS Night Mail |url=http://www.irps-wl.org.uk/232-mlr |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.irps-wl.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; with all of them preserved at various locations.<br /> <br /> == Preserved examples ==<br /> Out of the four Locomotives, only three remain in India, while the fourth has been transported to the UK in 1986, where it passed through multiple owners.<br /> <br /> No.738 is plinthed at a mini-garden near the premises of the [[Neral Junction railway station|Neral Toy Train station]]. No. 739 is situated at [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]], New Delhi, while No. 741 is plinthed within the yard premises of [[Matheran railway station|Matheran Railway Station]]. No.740 was the locomotive ferried to UK, and was acquired by Amberley Chalk Pits Museum. It was then overhauled to working order. Between 2003 and 2008, it was on service on [[Leighton Buzzard Light Railway|Leighton Buzzard Railway]] After a period at the [[South Tynedale Railway]] it was sold to the [https://darnall.org.uk/Matheran740/ Darnall Locomotive and Railway Heritage Trust].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;gallery heights=&quot;115&quot;&gt;<br /> File:MNR-Delhi-Orenstein-Koppel-MLR-739.JPG|Locomotive MLR-739<br /> File:LBNGR_MR740_05-09-11.jpeg|Locomotive MLR-740<br /> File:Locomotive_MLR-741ː_Front_view.jpg|Locomotive MLR-741<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Railwaylocomotiv20newy-p383-Matheran-leaving-Neral.jpg|A Train departing Neral station: Sometime between 1904 and 1907<br /> File:Narrow Gauge Steam Railway, Matheran Hill, Maharashtra, India.jpg|Photo of one of the locomotives on a train, around 1910<br /> File:740-at-Amberley-Chalk-Pits.jpg| MLR 740 at the Amberley Chalk Pits Museum<br /> File:MLR-741, as Plinthed at Matheran Station.jpg|MLR 741 plinthed at Matheran<br /> File:MLR-741ː Interior.jpg|Interior of the Locomotive<br /> File:Plaque for MLR-741.jpg|A plaque on the plinth of MLR no. 741<br /> File:Railwaylocomotiv20newy-p382-ML-class-articulation.jpg|Diagram of the articulation mechanism<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> *{{Hughes-IndianLocos3}}<br /> *{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category|Matheran Light Railway 1 to 4 → CR 738–741}}<br /> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aE40AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA48 Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage &amp; Wagon Review, Volume 13- 1907] See pg 48 for an article on Matheran Railway<br /> * [[iarchive:railwaylocomotiv20newy/page/382/mode/2up|Railway and locomotive engineering]] See pg 383.<br /> * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/49044461791/in/photostream/ MLR no.2 (O&amp;K 2342) and train: Postcard]<br /> * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/markcarter/5732318612/ MLR 738 navigating a curve on MLR, 1978]<br /> * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/asienman/16166649345 Interior view of MLR 739, at NRM]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIeUugjvoC8&amp;list=WL&amp;index=2&amp;t=194s Old Footage of the Matheran Railway in 1975] Shows the Steam locomotives in action on the railway. Timestamps:(3:14-6:35)<br /> * [https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Steam/mlr/ IRFCA Photo Gallery of MLR class Locomotives]<br /> * Page for [https://darnall.org.uk/Matheran740/ MLR 740] at Darnall Locomotive and Railway Heritage Trust's website. Contains updates and images of the ongoing restoration works.<br /> <br /> {{Narrow gauge locomotives of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]<br /> [[Category:0-6-0T locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:Orenstein &amp; Koppel locomotives]]<br /> [[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1905]]<br /> [[Category:2 ft gauge locomotives]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nedumala_Caves,_Piralimattam&diff=521418 2025-11-11T10:53:15Z

<p>Terrence5904: Started Initial Biography Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Caves in Kerala state, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{No footnotes|date=April 2018}}<br /> [[File:Cave1-entrance.jpg|thumb|cave entrance]]<br /> [[File:Cave2-entrance.jpg|thumb|cave entrance]] <br /> [[File:Cupules-image-2.jpg|thumb|Cupules in cave piralimattam nedumala]]<br /> The '''Nedumala Caves''' are in [[Piralimattam]], on the border of [[Idukki district]] and [[Ernakulam District]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Piralimattom Nedumala hills is a [[prehistoric]] site. [[Caves]] feature carvings on granite rock and stone shelter. According to archaeologist P. Rajendran, UGC Research Scientist, the caves may date to the [[Neolithic]] period around 4000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Giji K. |last2=Raman |first2=Giji K. |date=2013-11-23 |title=A hamlet steeped in history, hidden in the mists of time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-hamlet-steeped-in-history-hidden-in-the-mists-of-time/article5382383.ece |access-date=2018-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=K.raman |first=Giji |last2=K.raman |first2=Giji |date=2014-04-17 |title=Prehistoric rock shelter discovered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/prehistoric-rock-shelter-discovered/article5920960.ece |access-date=2018-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ajith |date=2014-04-10 |title=Inscriptions Discovered at Piralimattam Cave |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Inscriptions-Discovered-at-Piralimattam-Cave/2014/04/10/article2159258.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073818/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Inscriptions-Discovered-at-Piralimattam-Cave/2014/04/10/article2159258.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2018-04-24 |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Three caves discovered at Piralimattam in Nedumala have elaborate [[petroglyphs]] in [[Rock cupule|cupules]] and shallow grinding surface. Many concave cupules and grinding surfaces are visible, both completed and incomplete. <br /> <br /> == Prehistoric rock-shelter (Muniyara) ==<br /> [[File:Stone-shelter.jpg|thumb|Prehistoric stone shelter]]<br /> A man-made shelter of the prehistoric past features a single rock slab 4 meters in length, 2 m in width and .5 m thick rests on two rock out-crops of 1.5 m height. Its opening is on the eastern side. The shelter can accommodate two or three people. The shelter has no characteristics of a [[Dolmen]] or Muniyara of the [[Megalithic]] culture.<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Piralimattam nedumala is in [[Manjalloor]] panchayath of [[Ernakulam]] district, Kerala. It is 3&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kadalikkadu]] and 5&amp;nbsp;km from [[Vazhakulam]]. <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{commons category|Nedumala Caves, Piralimattam}}<br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{Tourism in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Caves of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Kerala]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yashwant_Singh_(scientist)&diff=459219 2025-10-28T01:41:45Z

<p>Terrence5904: general added formatting per standard format and updated info for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist (born 1944)}}<br /> [[File:MVIMG 20181006 162226.jpg|thumb]]<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> '''Yashwant Singh''' (born 28 July 1944) is an Indian theoretical physicist known for his contributions to soft matter physics. He is at present Distinguished Professor and INSA Senior Scientist at [[Banaras Hindu University]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Dr. Yashwant Singh born on 28 July 1944 in a village near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Physics from [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]] (Now DDU University) in 1962 and 1964. He then joined [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences (IACS)]], Jadavpur, Kolkata, where he worked on transport phenomenon in gaseous state and obtained D. Phil. from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] (1969). He started his professional career as lecturer at [[Banaras Hindu University]] where he continues to work as a Distinguished Professor. In between he has worked at [[IBM Research Laboratory|IBM Research Laboratory, California]] (1976–78).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=F. F. |last2=Singh |first2=Y. |title=The structure of a hard‐sphere fluid in contact with a soft repulsive wall |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=1977 |volume=67 |issue=5 |page=2384 |doi=10.1063/1.435080 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[University of Illinois]], [[Urbana Champaign]] (1982–84) [[United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chandler |first1=D |last2=Singh |first2=Y. |title=Excess electrons in simple fluids. I. General equilibrium theory for classical hard sphere solvents |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=1984 |volume=81 |issue=4 |page=1975 |doi=10.1063/1.447820 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Y. |last2=Stoessel |first2=J.P. |last3=Wolynes |first3=P.G. |title=Hard-Sphere Glass and the Density-Functional Theory of Aperiodic Crystals |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=1985 |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1059–1062 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1059 |pmid=10030918 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh has made contributions to the theory of [[liquids]], [[liquid crystals]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Y. |title=Density-functional theory of freezing and properties of the ordered phase |journal=Physics Reports |date=1991 |volume=207 |issue=6 |pages=351–446 |doi=10.1016/0370-1573(91)90097-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[polymer]] statistics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=P.K. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=Y. |title=Force-induced desorption of a linear polymer chain adsorbed on an attractive surface |journal=EPL (Europhysics Letters) |date=2005 |volume=69 |page=102 |url=http://stacks.iop.org/0295-5075/69/i=1/a=102|doi=10.1209/epl/i2004-10304-5 |arxiv=cond-mat/0404191 |s2cid=119093167 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and to the theory of liquid-solid and solid-solid transitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=A.S. |last2=Singh |first2=Y. |title=Density-functional theory for fluid-solid and solid-solid phase transitions |journal=Phys. Rev. E |date=2017 |volume=95 |issue=3 |article-number=032120 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.95.032120 |pmid=28415240 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> He is an elected Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Fellows, IAS (Bangalore) Vol. 2, 2009. |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Singh,_Prof._Yashwant}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The National Academy of Sciences, India]] and The [[Indian National Science Academy|Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Biographical Notes, A platinum Jubilee Publication, INSA (New Delhi) Vol. II, 2009 |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/index.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yashwant}}<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-academic-bio-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokalpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=467438 2025-10-17T21:52:59Z

<p>Terrence5904: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gokalpur<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | state = [[Delhi]]<br /> | district = [[North East Delhi]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 68<br /> | mla = [[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<br /> | party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Gokalpur''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. Gokalpur assembly constituency is a part of [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. This constituency was created by reorganisation by [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]] in 2008.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |[[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> | Ranjeet Singh Kashyap<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> | [[Fateh Singh (politician)|Fateh Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2025&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Gokalpur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 - Surendra Kumar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 - Surendra Kumar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0568.htm |accessdate=14 February 2025 |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214062238/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0568.htm |archivedate=14 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = [[Surendra Kumar]]<br /> | votes = 80,504<br /> | percentage = 48.48%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|<br /> candidate=Praveen Nimesh<br /> |votes= 72,297<br /> |percentage= 43.54%<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate=Ishwar Bagri<br /> |votes= 5,905<br /> |percentage= 3.56%<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes= 8,207<br /> |percentage=<br /> |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> | winner = Aam Aadmi Party <br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Gokalpur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = Surendra Kumar<br /> | votes = 88,452<br /> | percentage = 53.22<br /> | change = +4.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ranjeet Singh<br /> | votes = 68,964<br /> | percentage = 41.50<br /> | change = +14.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Praveen Kumar<br /> | votes = 4,599<br /> | percentage = 2.77<br /> | change = -17.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = SP Singh<br /> | votes = 2,233<br /> | percentage = 1.34<br /> | change = -0.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None of the above<br /> | votes = 456<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = -0.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | candidate = Fateh Singh<br /> | votes = 420<br /> | percentage = 0.25<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 19,488<br /> | percentage = 11.74<br /> | change = -10.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 1,66,510<br /> | percentage = 70.92<br /> | change = -3.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> | winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Gokalpur]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = [[Fateh Singh (politician)|Fateh Singh]]<br /> | votes = 71,240<br /> | percentage = 48.71<br /> | change = +25.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ranjeet Singh<br /> | votes = 39,272<br /> | percentage = 26.85<br /> | change = -0.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = [[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<br /> | votes = 30,080<br /> | percentage = 20.56<br /> | change = +12.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Rinku<br /> | votes = 3,344<br /> | percentage = 2.28<br /> | change = -10.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None of the above<br /> | votes = 526<br /> | percentage = 0.35<br /> | change = -0.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 31,968<br /> | percentage = 21.86<br /> | change = +20.36<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 1,46,310<br /> | percentage =74.23<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> | winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = +25.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2013 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Gokalpur]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=68 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ranjeet Singh<br /> | votes = 34,888<br /> | percentage = 27.24<br /> | change = +2.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = [[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<br /> | votes = 32,966<br /> | percentage = 25.74<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> | candidate = Devi Dayal<br /> | votes = 29,633<br /> | percentage = 23.14<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Balzor Singh<br /> | votes = 15,902<br /> | percentage = 12.42<br /> | change = -13.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Choudhary Balraj<br /> | votes = 10,899<br /> | percentage = 8.51<br /> | change = -20.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Peace Party of India<br /> | candidate = Dharm Raj Singh<br /> | votes = 1,034<br /> | percentage = 0.81<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian Justice Party<br /> | candidate = Roop Kishor<br /> | votes = 346<br /> | percentage = 0.27<br /> | change = -0.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Lok Jan Shakti Party<br /> | candidate = Anil Kumar<br /> | votes = 339<br /> | percentage = 0.26<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Ashok Kumar Gautam<br /> | votes = 272<br /> | percentage = 0.21<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Satyendri Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 184<br /> | percentage = 0.14<br /> | change = -0.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Mukti Morcha<br /> | candidate = Rajesh Kumar<br /> | votes = 136<br /> | percentage = 0.11<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> | candidate = Rupesh Kumar<br /> | votes = 117<br /> | percentage = 0.09<br /> | change = -2.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = None<br /> | votes =1,338<br /> | percentage = 1.04<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 1,922<br /> | percentage = 1.50<br /> | change = -1.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 128,122<br /> | percentage = 71.68<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | swing = +2.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2008 ===<br /> &lt;!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --&gt; &lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2008&quot;/&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2008&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Gokalpur&lt;ref&gt;[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3876-delhi-2008 Delhi 2008, Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Surendra Kumar<br /> | votes = 27,449<br /> | percentage = 28.89<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Balzor Singh<br /> | votes = 24,442<br /> | percentage = 25.68<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Ranjeet Singh<br /> | votes = 23,364<br /> | percentage = 24.55<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Fateh Singh<br /> | votes = 10,262<br /> | percentage = 10.78<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Choudhary Balraj<br /> | votes = 4,290<br /> | percentage = 5.17<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> | candidate = Roop Chand<br /> | votes = 2,095<br /> | percentage = 2.20<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Rup Kishor<br /> | votes = 972<br /> | percentage = 1.02<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian Justice Party<br /> | candidate = Hari Babu<br /> | votes = 589<br /> | percentage = 0.62<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party<br /> | candidate = Surander Singh<br /> | votes = 548<br /> | percentage = 0.58<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Jai Pal Singh<br /> | votes = 482<br /> | percentage = 0.51<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 3,057<br /> | percentage = 3.21<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 95,173<br /> | percentage =61.6<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> | winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}<br /> {{coords|28.703|77.283|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:North East Delhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surkhab_TV&diff=538631 2025-10-12T22:02:31Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating a pg basic info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox newspaper<br /> | name = Surkhab TV<br /> | type = Digital News Channel<br /> | format = online<br /> | owners = Surkhab Media Opc. Pvt. Ltd<br /> | founded = 2018<br /> | language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | website = http://surkhabtv.com/<br /> }}'''Surkhab TV'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-20|title=Surkhab TV – A Foremost Channel for Regional News|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/surkhab-tv-a-foremost-channel-for-regional-news-23174181|access-date=2021-05-29|website=[[Mid-day]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Punjabi language]] news channel, owned by the Surkhab Media Opc Pvt. Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Surkhab TV – A YouTube Channel Which Is Known For Authenticity|url=https://www.apnnews.com/surkhab-tv-a-youtube-channel-which-is-known-for-authenticity/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=APN News Channel|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Surkhab TV – A YouTube Channel with a difference|url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/270421/surkhab-tv-a-youtube-channel-with-a-difference.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=[[Rozana Spokesman]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The channel launched in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Surkhab TV – A Cutting Edge Channel about Everything That Affects Everyone|url=https://assianews.com/surkhab-tv-a-cutting-edge-channel-about-everything-that-affects-everyone/3785/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Asian News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel deliver news in Punjabi Language on all online digital Platform.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Facebook|SurkhabTV}}<br /> * {{YouTube|user=surkhabtv|Surkhab Tv}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Television in India]]<br /> [[Category:Television in Pakistan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-newspaper-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulabo_Devi&diff=451660 2025-09-14T17:49:06Z

<p>Terrence5904: Updated article with clearer structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian politician<br /> | honorific-prefix = <br /> | name = Gulabo Devi<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|6|1}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chandausi]], Uttar Pradesh<br /> | constituency1 = [[Chandausi (Assembly constituency)|Chandausi]]<br /> | office = Minister of state (independent charge), Secondary Education&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]<br /> | term_start = 25 March 2022<br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2017<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = [[Laxmi Gautam]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | term_start2 = 1996<br /> | term_end2 = 2007<br /> | predecessor2 = Karan Singh <br /> | successor2 = Girish Chandra<br /> | constituency2 = [[Chandausi (Assembly constituency)|Chandausi]]<br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | birthname = Gulab<br /> | parents = Babu Ram <br /> Savitri Devi<br /> | spouse = Ram Pal Singh<br /> | children = 3 daughters<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | residence = [[Chandausi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | alma_mater = Rohilkhand university<br /> | occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | profession = Politician {lecturer in political science&lt;nowiki&gt;}&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gulab Devi''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[India]]. She represents the [[Chandausi Assembly constituency|Chandausi]] of [[Sambhal]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is the current Minister of State (Independent charge) of Secondary Education in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. <br /> <br /> She was appointed lecturer in political science and later became principal in Bhartiya municipal girls inter college Chandausi district Sambhal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1381|title=National Election Watch|publisher=myneta.info|accessdate=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/chandausi/|title=Chandausi – Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2017|publisher=india.com|accessdate=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Gulab Devi contested Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate and defeated her close contestant Vimlesh Kumari from [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 45,469 votes. She was state vice president of [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] from 2008 to 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2431.htm | title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS &amp; RESULT 2017 | publisher=eciresults.nic.in | accessdate=23 June 2017 | archive-date=13 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413092204/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2431.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She spent two separate terms as Member of legislative Assembly of Chandausi [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She was the [[Uttar Pradesh|Minister of state (women welfare, child development and pustahar) in Uttar Pradesh government from 2017 to 2022]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> ==Posts held==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br /> |-<br /> | 01 || 2017 || 2022 || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 02 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 03 || 2022 ||Incumbent ||MOS (Independent Charge), Secondary Education, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> {{Yogi ministry}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Gulab}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Yogi ministry]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chandausi]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivna_River&diff=535175 2025-07-25T13:51:22Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating some place v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|River in India}}<br /> {{one source|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Shivna River<br /> | name_other = Shivna River<br /> | name_etymology = <br /> | image = 0111321 Pasupatinath temple, Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 138.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Pashupati Nath Mandir Mandsaur on Bank of Shivna River<br /> | map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India<br /> | pushpin_map_size = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Indian River Map<br /> | source1 = <br /> | source1_location = <br /> | source1_coordinates = <br /> | source1_elevation = 358 m<br /> | mouth = [[Chambal River]]<br /> | mouth_location = <br /> | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|15|N|75|22|E|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | subdivision_type1 = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type5 = Cities<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[Mandsaur]]<br /> | length = 102 km<br /> | discharge1_avg = <br /> | basin_size = <br /> | tributaries_right = <br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Shivna''' is a river that flows through [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is a tributary of the [[Chambal River]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ruhiexpress24.com/history/sevana-the-place-of-origin-of-the-unique-tree-shivna | title=अनोखा पेड़ शिवना का उदगम स्थल सेवना - Ruhi Express 24 News }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://epco.mp.gov.in/uploads/media/Detailed_Project_Report_(DPR)_of_Water_Quality_of_Shivna_River_M_P_.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807123249/https://epco.mp.gov.in/uploads/media/Detailed_Project_Report_(DPR)_of_Water_Quality_of_Shivna_River_M_P_.pdf | archive-date=2024-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shivna river is an important tributary of Chambal river. It is Originated in Rajasthan and flows along the border of Madhya Pradesh and enters Mandsour district near Achera.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Malwa]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-river-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recce_(web_series)&diff=530126 2025-07-09T11:52:51Z

<p>Terrence5904: created.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language crime thriller series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | genre = [[Crime thriller]]<br /> | creator =<br /> | based_on = <br /> | developer = Poluru Krishna<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Poluru Krishna<br /> | story = <br /> | director = Poluru Krishna<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1980)|Sriram]]<br /> * [[Siva Balaji]]<br /> * [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]<br /> * [[Aadukalam Naren]]<br /> * [[Ester Noronha]] <br /> }}<br /> | music = Sriram Maddury<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 7<br /> | executive_producer = Akhil Konakalla<br /> | producer = K. V. Sriram<br /> | cinematography = Ram K. Mahesh<br /> | editor = Kumar P. Anil<br /> | runtime = 22–30 minutes<br /> | company = South Indian Screens<br /> | network = [[ZEE5]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Recce''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime-thriller]] [[web series]] directed by Poluru Krishna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=రెక్కీ (Recce)పై దర్శకుడు వేగేష్న సతీష్ ప్రశంసలు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/satish-vegesna-praises-on-recce-web-series-kbk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1822061609295135 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It featured [[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1980)|Sriram]], [[Siva Balaji]], [[Dhanya Balakrishna]], Saranya Pradeep, [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], [[Aadukalam Naren]] and [[Ester Noronha]] in main roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-03 |title=ZEE5 to stream a novel thriller web series titled 'Recce' from June 17 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/zee5-to-stream-a-novel-thriller-web-series-titled-recce-from-june-17 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Recce'' premiered on 17 June 2022 on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Recce Web Series: ZEE5 నుంచి మరో కొత్త వెబ్ సిరీస్‌.. జూన్ 17 నుంచి స్ట్రీమింగ్! తాడిపత్రి హత్య ఆధారంగా |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/sriram-shva-balaji-and-ester-noronha-starrer-reiki-web-series-motion-poster-out-streaming-from-june-17-on-zee5-65853 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[Zee Telugu|Zee News Telugu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-02 |title=Recce: ఆసక్తికరంగా రెక్కీ మోషన్ మోస్టర్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పటినుంచంటే.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/recce-web-series-will-stream-on-june-17th-in-zee-5-ott-au55-720402.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 22 June 2022, it has 40 million streaming minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-22 |title='Recce' clocks 40 million streaming minutes |url=https://telanganatoday.com/recce-clocks-40-million-streaming-minutes |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> In 1992, in [[Tadipatri]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], a son consumed by greed and lust hires people to kill his own father and ends up falling to his own demise. S.I Lenin who investigates these murders uncovers the underbelly of familial relationships that when consumed by jealousy, lust and greed, even families can turn lethal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=A |first=Rajababu |date=2022-06-01 |title=RECCE web series స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఎప్పుడు.. రెక్కీ వెబ్ సిరీస్ కథ ఏమిటంటే? |url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/ott/recce-web-series-stream-from-june-17-on-zee5-110089.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=telugu.filmibeat.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1980)|Sriram]] as Lenin<br /> * [[Siva Balaji]] as Chalapathi<br /> * [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Gouri<br /> * [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Varadarajulu<br /> * [[Ester Noronha]] as Rekha<br /> * [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as MLA Guruva Reddy<br /> * Saranya Pradeep as Bujjamma<br /> * [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Devakamma<br /> * [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Ranganayakulu<br /> * Thotapalli Madhu as Kullayappa<br /> * [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Police Officer<br /> * Sammeta Gandhi as Paradesi<br /> * Uma Daanam Kumar as Basha<br /> * Krishna Kanth Subbadu<br /> * Murali Basava<br /> * Surya Theja as E.O<br /> * Mani Nallanji<br /> * Koteshwar Rao as S.P. Sanjay<br /> * Swami Naidu Constable Swami<br /> * Prabhavathi Constable Swami's Wife<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Episodes ==<br /> {{Episode table|background=#9F260E|overall=|title=Recce|director=Poluru Krishna|writer=Poluru Krishna|airdate={{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}|country=India|episodes={{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |Title = The Contract<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |Title = The Sketch<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |Title = The Betrayal<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 4<br /> |Title = The Twist<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 5<br /> |Title = The Clue<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 6<br /> |Title = The Reveal<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 7<br /> |Title = The Revenge<br /> |DirectedBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |WrittenBy = Poluru Krishna<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> | LineColor = 9F260E<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Recce'' was premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 17 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=OTT releases: Latest movies and shows to watch on Disney+ Hotstar, Zee5- O2, Masoom, Recce, She more |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ott-releases-latest-movies-and-shows-to-watch-on-disney-hotstar-zee5-o2-masoom-recce-she-more-71655457059735.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[Hindustan Times|HT Tech]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and stated that &quot;Poluru Krishna, who also worked on story adaptation, screenplay and dialogues, did a fabulous job narrating this bold and gripping crime thriller&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Recce Season 1 Review: This original crime thriller takes Telugu web series up by a notch |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/recce/season-1/seasonreview/92249155.cms |access-date=2022-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] opined that ''Recce'' is &quot;one of the finest political crime thrillers with some decent performances, and excellent background score&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Recce Telugu web series Review |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/recce-telugu-web-series-review.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Nadu]]'' appreciated cinematography, background score and screenplay by Poluru Krishna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2022-06-16 |title='రెక్కీ' వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ: కామకోరిక ఎంత దూరం తీసుకువెళుతుంది? ఏయే పనులు చేయిస్తుందంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/recce-web-series-review-sriram-siva-balaji-aadukalam-naren-ester-noronha-starrer-zee5-original-recce-review-in-telugu-37949 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title|id=20784064}}<br /> * ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/recce/0-6-4z5156060 Recce]'' at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 web series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language web series]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br /> [[Category:Crime thriller web series]]<br /> [[Category:Crime drama web series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myanmar_Tamils&diff=477848 2025-06-27T19:25:51Z

<p>Terrence5904: new!</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Myanmar Tamils&lt;br/&gt;மியான்மர் தமிழர்கள் / பர்மா தமிழர்கள்<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | population = '''1,000,000 - 1,500,000'''&lt;br/&gt;2.5 - 3.0% of the Burmese population<br /> | popplace = Mainly in [[Lower Burma]] and [[Mandalay]]<br /> | langs = [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | rels = '''Majority:''' [[Hinduism]] (with significant influences from [[Buddhism]])&lt;br/&gt; '''Minority:''' [[Islam]] {{·}} [[Christianity]] {{·}} Buddhism<br /> | related_groups = <br /> | related-c = [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysian Tamils]], [[Singapore Tamils]] and [[Tamil diaspora]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Tamils}}{{Short description|Ethnic community}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}'''Myanmar Tamils''' or '''Burmese Tamils''' are people of ethnic [[Tamils|Tamil]] ancestry who reside in [[Myanmar]]. Tamils form the majority of Indians in [[Myanmar]] (Burma).{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}<br /> [[File:Hindutempleyangon.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Kali Temple, Burma]], a Tamil [[Hindu temple]] with [[Dravidian architecture]] in [[Yangon]]]]<br /> [[File:Hindu woman in Myanmar, wearing thanakha.jpg|thumb|A Burmese-Indian Hindu woman wearing Pottu/[[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]] and [[Thanaka]] which is worn by ethnic Burmese.]]<br /> <br /> Tamils had the earliest contact with Myanmar during the first or second century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamils 2007&quot;&gt;Historical Dictionary of the Tamils (2007), Vijaya Ramaswamy, 258p.&lt;/ref&gt; The Tamil [[Chola Dynasty|Chola empire]] had trade relationships with various Burmese kingdoms.&lt;ref&gt;My Myanmar Years: A Diplomat’s Account of India’s Relations with the Region (2015), Preet Malik, 3 introduction&lt;/ref&gt; The massive Tamil migration to Myanmar began during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]]. Historically, Burmese Tamils made their livelihoods as merchants, traders, and shopkeepers as well as manual laborers such as indentured servants (pejoratively called &quot;coolies&quot;); dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw drivers, and pony cart drivers. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as civil servants, university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers, engineers, and doctors. According to a report from 1966, there were 200,000 Tamils in Myanmar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamils 2007&quot;/&gt; Since the [[Second World War]], the number of Tamils has declined dramatically and many fled back to [[India]] and other countries such as [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. The [[Burma Bazaar]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] was set up in 1969 by Myanmar Tamil refugees.<br /> <br /> Between 1940 and 1942, many Malaysian and Myanmar Tamils were forced by Japanese occupiers to labour on a {{convert|415|km}} [[Burma Railway|railway track between Thailand and Burma]]. Over 150,000 Tamils died during the project due to venomous animals, illnesses, exhaustion and Japanese torture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The real Kwai killed over 1.50 lakh Tamils|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-real-Kwai-killed-over-1.50-lakh-Tamils/article14593113.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 August 2016|access-date=30 January 2017}} Retrieved 30 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The majority of Tamils in Myanmar are [[Hindus|Hindu]], and there are many Tamil Hindu temples in and around [[Yangon]] (Rangoon) as well as in [[Lower Burma]]. Many Myanmar Tamils have a Burmese name and some don't speak much [[Tamil language|Tamil]], but they work to preserve their Tamil identity. The Tamil community sometimes faces discrimination in Myanmar but much less so than the [[Rohingya people]] and [[Muslims]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Myanmar's Tamil community works to maintain their culture|url=http://www.mizzima.com/latest-news-life-news-features/myanmar%E2%80%99s-tamil-community-works-maintain-their-culture|work= Mizzima.com|date=13 February 2016|access-date=30 January 2017}} Retrieved 30 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After he seized power through a [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|military coup in 1962]], General [[Ne Win]] ordered a large-scale expulsion of Tamils. Although many Tamils had been living in [[Burma]] for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Tamils from Burma.{{CN|date=November 2021}} Many Tamils returned and were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to fly ethnic Tamils (and other ethnic Indians) out of Burma.&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy-1999&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=March 1999 | title=India and Burma: working on their relationship | url=http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170|magazine= The Irrawaddy |volume=7 |issue=3 |access-date=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Tamils|Myanmar}}<br /> * [[Tamils]]<br /> * [[Burmese Indians]]<br /> * [[Hinduism in Myanmar]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ethnic groups in Myanmar}}<br /> {{Tamil diaspora}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia|Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janathipathiya_Samrakshana_Samithy&diff=461358 2025-06-09T03:45:20Z

<p>Terrence5904: rework formatting and cleaned formatting based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = Janadhipathya Samrakshana Samithi<br /> | abbreviation = JSS<br /> | logo = [[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|200px|center]]<br /> | colorcode = #FE0000<br /> | founder = [[K. R. Gouri Amma]]<br /> | president = [[A. V. Thamarakshan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/trivandrum/--847829|title=പ്രഫ. എ.വി. താമരാക്ഷന്‍ ജെ.എസ്.എസ് സംസ്ഥാന പ്രസിഡൻറ് &amp;#124; Madhyamam|date=14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | general_secretary = [[A. N. Rajan Babu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gouri-removed-as-jss-general-secretary/article33710725.ece|title=Gouri removed as JSS general secretary|newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1994|03|19}}<br /> | split = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | ideology = [[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marxism]]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br /> | headquarters = Kerala State Committee Office, Iron Bridge P.O., Alleppey-688011, [[Kerala]]<br /> | symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|200px]]<br /> | national = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (1994-2013, 2021-Present)&lt;br&gt;[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (2013–2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/jss-left-ldf-says-rajan-babu/articleshow/81156401.cms | title='ജെഎസ്എസ് ഇടതുമുന്നണി വിട്ടു'; കടുത്ത അവഗണന നേരിട്ടെന്ന് രാജൻ ബാബു }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> '''Janadhipathya Samrakshana Samithi''' ( [[translation]]: ''Association for Defence of Democracy'') is a political party in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The party was formed in 1994 when the CPI(M) leader [[K.R. Gowri Amma]] was expelled from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/veteran-communist-leader-k-r-gouri-amma-no-more/article34531990.ece|title=Veteran Communist leader K R. Gouri Amma no more|first=S. Anil|last=Radhakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> JSS Sathjith group is allianced with United Democratic Front in Kerala led by [[Indian National Congress|Indian National congress]]. JSS won four seats in the 2001 Legislative Assembly election in Kerala (the party had launched candidates in five constituencies).<br /> K.R. Gowri Amma, elected from the Aroor constituency, was the Minister for Agriculture in the [[A.K. Antony]] state government.<br /> <br /> == Special Notes ==<br /> 1. One of their prominent state leader from the beginning of the party, Adv. Sathjith's faction make outside alliance with LDF after discussions with state leaders of LDF in March 2016.<br /> <br /> 2. The Rajan Babu faction of the JSS Joined the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] on 11 March 2016. This was Announced by Rajan Babu. After Discussions with BJP State President Kummanam Rajasekharan and BDJS Leader Vellappally Natesan at Kayamkulam. And he left NDA in 2019 and merge with JSS (Gowri amma)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}<br /> [[File:Kerala2006 (20).JPG|thumb|right|JSS mural in [[Alappuzha]]]]<br /> *K.R. Gouri Amma's page at the official site of Kerala government [https://web.archive.org/web/20050226235802/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/gov/gouri.htm]<br /> *K.R. Gouri Amma's page at Kerala Legislative Assembly site [http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/min17.htm]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050310092256/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/pollupd/ac/states/S11/Aconst97.htm Election Result Aroor]<br /> {{Indian political parties}}<br /> {{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Communist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) breakaway groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1994]]<br /> [[Category:State political parties in Kerala]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandar_Bhandari&diff=468117 2025-04-04T00:31:25Z

<p>Terrence5904: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1994)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Mandar Bhandari<br /> | image = <br /> | country = India<br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|6|15|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Narayangaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = <br /> | role = Wicket-keeper<br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]<br /> | year1 = 2018–<br /> | clubnumber1 = <br /> | club2 = <br /> | year2 = <br /> | clubnumber2 =<br /> <br /> | date = 1 October 2019<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1159729.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mandar Bhandari''' (born 15 June 1994) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159729.html |title=Mandar Bhandari|access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[List-A cricket|List-A]] debut for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] in the [[2018-19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A#Round 1|2018-19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 19 September 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/game/1156785/goa-vs-maharashtra-elite-a-vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group A: Goa v Maharashtra at Alur, Sep 19, 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Maharashtra in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 22 December 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;FC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157043.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Raipur, Dec 22-25 2018 |access-date=22 December 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links==<br /> *{{cricinfo|id=1159729}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Mandar}}<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1994-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi_Stadium&diff=504326 2025-02-05T05:39:43Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Indira Gandhi Stadium''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Arena]], an indoor games stadium in Delhi, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], a football stadium in Guwahati, Assam, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]], a multipurpose sports stadium in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Sports Stadium]], a multipurpose sports stadium in Puducherry, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Kohima)]], a multipurpose sports stadium in Kohima, Nagaland, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Alwar)]], a cricket stadium in Alwar, Rajasthan, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Solapur)]], a cricket stadium in Solapur, Maharashtra, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Una)]], a cricket stadium in Una, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Purnia)]], a 10,000-capacity cricket stadium in [[Purnia]], Bihar, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Vijayawada)]], a cricket stadium in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]] (Haldwani)<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Revnath_Chore&diff=544409 2025-02-02T00:53:00Z

<p>Terrence5904: Creating new stub v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Saunsar Assembly constituency|Saunsar]]<br /> | term_start = 2018<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = Nana Mohod<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Vijay Revnath Chore''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Saunsar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sausar, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates &amp; Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/saunsar-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a125/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sausar assembly election results 2023: Sausar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sausar-assembly-result-12125 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saunsar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Saunsar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/saunsar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chore, Vijay Revnath}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavantar_Bhugtan_Yojana&diff=452761 2024-08-18T20:59:02Z

<p>Terrence5904: further adjusted lead for consistency and fixed typos for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Policy of Madhya Pradesh government}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox project|name=Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana|launch_date=16 October 2017|motto=To provide compensation to farmers for agricultural products whenever their prices fall below the announced Minimum Support Price (MSP)|state=[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]|chiefminister=[[Shivraj Singh]]}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The '''Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana''' (price difference payment scheme) is a program of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in which the government compensates farmers for the difference between the official [[Minimum support price (India)|Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) and the rate at which they sell their crops, or the Model Price, whichever is higher.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveMint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bera |first1=Sayantan |date=30 August 2017 |title=Madhya Pradesh launches new farm scheme to hedge price risks in farming |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/uDdclMv4VKUhGvpSEqtmqL/Madhya-Pradesh-launches-new-farm-scheme-to-hedge-price-risks.html |accessdate=12 August 2018 |work=LiveMint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The objective of the scheme is to provide compensation to farmers for agricultural products whenever their prices fall below the announced Minimum Support Price (MSP), thereby protecting them from losses incurred due to distress sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-10-30 |title=Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana: MP CM asks ministers to get feedback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhavantar-bhugtan-yojana-mp-cm-asks-ministers-to-get-feedback/articleshow/61347129.cms |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The scheme was launched by Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj Singh]] on 16 October 2017. In its first year, the state government introduced the scheme for eight crops, mainly in the oilseeds and pulses category. Later, in 2018, the scheme was extended to a total of 13 Kharif crops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-10-16 |title=MP CM launches 'Bhawantar' scheme to douse farm embers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-cm-launches-bhawantar-scheme-to-douse-farm-embers/articleshow/61106499.cms |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Government schemes in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural subsidies]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministership of Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-agri-stub}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hawkes_(VC)&diff=470158 2024-03-13T15:21:12Z

<p>Terrence5904: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> |name=David Hawkes<br /> |birth_date= c. 1822<br /> |death_date= 14 August 1858 (aged 35-36)<br /> |birth_place=[[Witham, Essex]]<br /> |death_place=[[Faizabad]], [[British India]]<br /> |placeofburial=<br /> |image= Victoria Cross Medal without Bar.png<br /> |image_size=125<br /> |caption=<br /> |nickname=<br /> |allegiance= {{UK}}<br /> |serviceyears=<br /> |rank=[[Private (rank)|Private]]<br /> |branch=[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]<br /> |commands= <br /> |unit=[[Rifle Brigade]]<br /> |battles=[[Indian Mutiny]]<br /> |awards= [[Victoria Cross]]<br /> |laterwork=<br /> |relations=<br /> }}<br /> '''David Hawkes''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (c. 1822 – 14 August 1858) was an [[England|English]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[British Empire|Imperial]] forces.<br /> <br /> ==Details==<br /> Hawkes was 35 years old, from Witham, Essex and a [[private (rank)|private]] in the 2nd Battalion, [[The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)]], [[British Army]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed took place at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] for which he, [[Sir Henry Wilmot, 5th Baronet|Henry Wilmot]] and [[William Nash (VC)|William Nash]] were awarded the VC:<br /> {{quote|Rifle Brigade, 2nd Battalion. Private David Hawkes<br /> <br /> Date of Act of Bravery, 11th March, 1858<br /> <br /> For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow on the 11th March, 1858. Captain Wilmot's Company was engaged with :a large body of the enemy, near the Iron Bridge. That officer found himself at the end of a street with only four of his men, opposed to a considerable body. One of the four was shot through both legs, and became utterly helpless: the two men lifted him up, and although Private Hawkes was severely wounded, he carried him for a considerable distance, exposed to the fire of the enemy, Captain Wilmot firing with the men's rifles, and covering the retreat of the party.<br /> Despatch of Brigadier-General Walpole, C.B., dated 20th of March, 1858.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=22212|page=5515|date=24 December 1858}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was [[killed in action]] at [[Faizabad]], [[British India]], on 14 August 1858. As he was killed before he could hear news of the award of a VC (24 December 1858) it was decided to send his father William the award. His VC is located at The [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] in [[Cambridge]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbhawkes.htm]<br /> * [http://www.vconline.org.uk/david-hawkes-vc/4586951190]<br /> * [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbhawkes.htm]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hawkes, David}}<br /> [[Category:1820s births]]<br /> [[Category:1858 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Rifle Brigade soldiers]]<br /> [[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> [[Category:People from Witham]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel killed in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<br /> [[Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from Essex]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makarpur&diff=515254 2024-02-06T13:16:01Z

<p>Terrence5904: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Tarar, Bhagalpur #Makarpur]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stardust_Style_Icon_of_the_Year_Award_%E2%80%93_Female&diff=537535 2024-01-29T03:16:36Z

<p>Terrence5904: created redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Stardust Awards]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dangi_in_India&diff=495522 2024-01-04T11:13:09Z

<p>Terrence5904: Created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dangi people]] {{R from merge}}</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vannia_Kula_Kshatriya&diff=543587 2023-12-12T03:22:15Z

<p>Terrence5904: new redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Vanniyar]]</div>

Terrence5904 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupalantham_Poigaimalai_Jain_Cave_Temple&diff=511221 2023-12-08T01:51:44Z

<p>Terrence5904: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Kupalantham Poigai malai Jain Cave Temple]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Terrence5904