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Nalhati Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T16:03:41Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating The Stub Added Tags!

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nalhati
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nalhati.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nalhati Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| constituency_no = 293
| established = 1951
| electors = 176,536
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Nalhati Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 293 Nalhati Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Nalhati I]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Block]], and Kushmore I, Kushmore II and Rudranagar [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Murarai II]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Nalhati Assembly constituency is part of No. 42 [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Mohammad Yeakub Hossain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mohammad Yeakub Hossain
|-
|Sisir Kumar Saha
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shiromani Prasad
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|Golam Mohiuddin
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bhabani Prasad Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Sachidanandan Sau
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Brindaban Saha
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Sattick Kumar Roy
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Kalimuddin Shams
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Dipak Chatterjee
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Abhijit Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2013^
|Dipak Chatterjee
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}} 
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Moinuddin Shams
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalhati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Birbhum politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh (Raju Singh)]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:87744}}|percentage=39.43|change={{decrease}}17.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Kumar Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:74298}}|percentage=33.39|change={{increase}}4.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Karim|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:44991}}|percentage=20.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipak Chatterjee|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes={{formatnum:4415}}|percentage=1.98|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1533}}|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:13446}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:222519}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25293.htm

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, Rajendra Prasad Singh of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Tapas Kumar Yadav of BJP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Nalhati}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Birbhum politician) | Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
|votes = 117,438
|percentage = 56.54
|change = +11.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Tapas Kumar Yadav|votes=60,533|percentage=29.15|change=+18.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Dipak Chatterjee|votes=21,328|percentage=10.27|change=-29.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,900|percentage=0.91|change=+0.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Moinuddin Shams|votes=1,832|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Manik Hansda|votes=1,586|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dinabandhu Mondal|votes=1,031|percentage=0.50|change=-1.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Amarjit Fulmali|votes=984|percentage=0.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Justice And Development Party
|candidate = Md. Monibur Rahaman
|votes = 617
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdus Salam|votes=447|percentage=0.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=207,696|percentage=84.83|change=-0.09}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, [[Moinuddin Shams]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Dipak Chatterjee of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Nalhati}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Moinuddin Shams]]
|votes = 83,412
|percentage = 45.33
|change = +17.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Dipak Chatterjee
|votes = 73,084
|percentage = 39.71
|change = +6.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Singh
|votes = 19,046
|percentage = 10.35
|change = +3.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dinabandhu Mondal
|votes = 4,053
|percentage = 2.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Abdus Salam
|votes = 1,885
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,563
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sukanta Ghosh
|votes = 979
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 184,022
|percentage = 84.92
|change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013 by-election===
The 2013 by-election was necessitated by the election of the sitting MLA [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] to the Lok Sabha from [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/congress-retains-rejinagar-seat-loses-nalhati_832091.html |title = Congress retains Rejinagar seat, loses Nalhati |work= PTI, 28 February 2013| publisher = moneycontrol.com |access-date = 2013-03-01}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2013: Nalhati<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/WB_Nalhati.pdf |title =Annexure XV Return of Election |work = 293 Nalhati constituency| publisher =Election Commission of India |access-date = 2013-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.birbhum.nic.in/ByeElec2013/NalByeNominations.htm|title = Nomination status in Naihati Bye election 2013|work = Nalhati Bye-election 2013| publisher = Official website of Birbhum district |access-date = 2013-03-01}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Dipak Chatterjee
|votes = 55,341
|percentage = 32.99
|change = -5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdur Rahaman
|votes = 47,595
|percentage = 28.38
|change = -20.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Kumar Ojha
|votes = 47,041
|percentage = 28.05
|change = +28.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Singh

|votes = 12,219
|percentage = 7.28
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Md. Noorul Hoda
|votes = 1,953
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhananjoy Bandopadhyay
|votes = 1,368
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Nurul Islam
|votes = 1,227
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kaosar Sekh
|votes = 957
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,746
|percentage = 4.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 167,701
|percentage = 85.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] (son of [[Pranab Mukherjee]]) of Congress defeated his nearest rival Dipak Chatterjee of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Nalhati<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25293.htm |title = Nalhati |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050918/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25293.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=293| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222747/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=293| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nalhati| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nalhati |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030419/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
|votes = 76,047
|percentage = 48.65
|change = +3.22#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Dipak Chatterjee
|votes = 60,887
|percentage = 38.95
|change = -11.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Singh
|votes = 10,656
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bikash Mondal
|votes = 2,717
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rudra Deb Ghosh
|votes = 1,516
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajrail Md.
|votes = 1,258
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Rafiqul Hasan
|votes = 1,123
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhat Kumar Mondal
|votes = 912
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 156,329
|percentage = 88.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = +14.71#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the 2006 assembly state assembly elections, Dipak Chatterjee of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Nalhati assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abdul Walee Mollah of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001 and 1996 [[Kalimuddin Shams]] of Forward Bloc defeated Sharif Hossain of Congress. Sattick Kumar Roy of Forward Bloc defeated Madan Mohan Mandal of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1991, Brindaban Saha of Congress in 1987 and Sachidanandan Sau of Congress in 1982. Bhabani Prasad Chattopadhyay of Forward Bloc defeated Abhoy Charan Das of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp293.htm | title = 293 – Nalhati Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-10-01 }}</ref>

===1951–1972===
[[Golam Mohiuddin]], Independent, won in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967. Shiromani Prasad of Congress won in 1962. In 1957 Nalhati was a joint seat. [[Yakub Hossain|Mohammad Yeakub Hossain]] and Sisir Kumar Saha, both of Congress, won from Nalhati. In independent India's first election in 1951 [[Yakub Hossain|Mohammad Yeakub Hossain]] of Congress won.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Hailakandi Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T09:09:51Z

TeresitaPennell: Adding initial post first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hailakandi
| constituency_no = 121
| type = SLA
| map_image = Hailakandi Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| division = [[Barak Valley]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| district = [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Hailakandi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the Legislative Assembly of Assam state in northeastern India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Hailakandi (constituency number 121) is one of the 2 constituencies located in Hailakandi district. Hailakandi is part of [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
* 1952: [[Abdul Matlib Mazumder]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1957: [[Abdul Matlib Mazumder]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1962: [[Rampirit Rudrapaul]], Independent
* 1967: [[Abdul Matlib Mazumder]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1972: [[Abdur Rahman Chowdhury (politician)|Abdur Rahman Chowdhury]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1978: [[Dipak Bhattacharjee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* 1983: [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1985: [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]], Indian National Congress.
* 1991: [[Chittendra Nath Mazumder]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 1996: [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]], Independent
* 2001: [[Sahab Uddin Choudhury]], Independent
* 2006: [[Hazi Salim Uddin Barbhuiya]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]
* 2011: [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2016: [[Anwar Hussain Laskar]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]
* 2021: [[Zakir Hussain Laskar]],<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
* 2026: Dr. Milon Das, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Hailakandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= Dr. Milon Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=119591 |percentage=63.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Rahul Roy |party=Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance |votes=63774 |percentage=33.9 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Mayukh Bhattacharjee |party=SUCI (C)|votes=631 |percentage=0.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Subhash Goon |party=Independent |votes=699 |percentage=0.37 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=1708 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55817 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188124 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=BJP|loser=AIUDF |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Hailakandi<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Anwar Hussain Laskar]]
|votes = 41,647
|percentage = 36.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Saikat Dutta Choudhury
|votes = 39,039
|percentage = 34.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Zakir Hussain Laskar
|votes = 15,633
|percentage = 13.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anamuddin Laskar
|votes = 9,287
|percentage = 8.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Haji Salimuddin Barbhuiya
|votes = 1,119
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premraj Goala
|votes = 1,104
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Samiruddin Laskar
|votes = 602
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Fakhrul Alam Mazarbhuiya
|votes = 579
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ali Hussain Mira
|votes = 430
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Niren Das
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Paul
|votes = 372
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lutfur Rahman Laskar
|votes = 366
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amit Kumar Deb
|votes = 363
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mituzzaman Laskar
|votes = 244
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Parbej Khasru Laskar
|votes = 228
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amar Chand Bhowmik
|votes = 211
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Burhanuddin Barbhuiya
|votes = 199
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saharuzzaman Laskar
|votes = 180
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abul Hussain Barbhuiya
|votes = 176
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sushil Paul
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Adhir Chanda
|votes = 158
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Roy
|votes = 122
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sankar Chakraborty
|votes = 114
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 281
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,608
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,993
|percentage = 78.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,44,605
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hailakandi]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

E. S. Venkataramiah

2026-05-07T08:48:27Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting A Info

{{short description|19th Chief Justice of India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox judge
| honorific_prefix =
| name = E. S. Venkataramiah
| honorific_suffix =
| image = [[File: Justice E.S. Venkataramiah.jpg|alt|250px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 19th
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = 19 June 1989
| term_end = 17 December 1989
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| predecessor = [[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak|R.S. Pathak]]
| successor = [[Sabyasachi Mukharji]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 8 March 1979
| term_end1 = 18 June 1989
| nominator1 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| appointer1 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = 25 June 1970
| term_end2 = 7 March 1979
| nominator2 = [[M. Hidayatullah]]
| appointer2 = [[V. V. Giri]]
| office3 = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Karnataka]]
| term_start3 = 5 March 1970
| term_end3 = 24 June 1970
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Veerendra Patil]]
| appointer3 = [[Dharma Vira]]
| predecessor3 = [[V. S. Malimath]]
| successor3 = S. G. Sundara Swamy
| children = [[B. V. Nagarathna]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|12|18}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1997|09|24|1924|12|18}}
| death_place =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]], [[L.L.B]]
}}

'''Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah''' (18 December 1924 – 24 September 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/revents/04/19970499.htm |title=Obituary Events in 1997 | newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031231092001/http://www.hindu.com/revents/04/19970499.htm |archivedate=2003-12-31 }}</ref>) was an Indian judge, who served as the 19th [[Chief Justice of India]], from 19 June 1989 until his retirement on 17 December 1989. He began his legal career in 1946, and was appointed as a judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]] in November 1970.

On 8 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice E.S. Venkataramiah {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-e-s-venkataramiah/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128074924/https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-e-s-venkataramiah/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.sci.gov.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> March 1979, he was appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in June 1989. He was the first judge from Karnataka to become the Chief Justice of India. Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Venkataramiah authored 256 judgments and sat on 720 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E.S. Venkataramaiah |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/e-s-venkataramaiah/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He died of a heart attack on 24 September 1997.

He also served as [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] for the [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) from March to June 1970.<ref>https://advg.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/PREVIOUS%20AG'S.pdf{{Dead link | date=July 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
His daughter [[B. V. Nagarathna]] is a sitting judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/former_judges/E_%20S_%20Venkataramiah.htm Brief biography], karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in. Accessed 13 March 2024.

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before = [[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]] | title = [[Chief Justice of India]] | years =19 June 1989– 17 December 1989| after =[[Sabyasachi Mukharji]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataramiah, E. S.}}
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Srishti-drishti-vada

2026-05-06T16:32:46Z

TeresitaPennell: adding new stub

{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Srishti-drishti-vada ''' ([[Sanskrit]]: सृष्टिदृष्टिवाद; sṛīṣṭīdṛīṣṭivāda) or 'the doctrine of perception through creation', is the opponent school of [[drishti-srishti-vada]]. It affirms the world as the primary reality on which perception is dependent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Tom |title=Ramana Maharshi – three theories of reality of the world (shristi-dristi vada, dristi-shristi vada/vivarta vada, ajata vada) |url=https://tomdas.com/2019/09/12/ramana-maharshi-three-theories-of-reality-shristi-dristi-vada-dristi-shristi-vada-ajata-vada/ |website=Tom Das |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> In short, if there were no real world, there would not be any perception of it either. It is regarded as the "common sense view of things".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waite |first1=Dennis |title=Answers... to the Difficult Questions: For Spiritual Seekers |date=2020 |publisher=John Hunt Publishing |location=Hampshire |isbn=9781789042207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoDWDwAAQBAJ&dq=srishti-drishti-vada&pg=PT426 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

==Terminology==
''Srishti'' means "creation", ''drishti'' means "vision" or "perception" and ''vada'' means "philosophy" or "argument". Thus ''srishti-drishti-vada'' is the view that creation precedes perception; ''drishti-srishti-vada'' is the view that perception precedes creation.

== In Hermeneutics ==
While ''drishti-srishti-vada'' is the idealist view of interpretation, ''srishti-drishti-vada'' is the realist view of interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marbaniang |first1=Domenic |title=Hermeneutics of Religion |journal=The Journal of Contemporary Christian |date=2013 |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=44 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38304338 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> The former contends that what one sees defines reality, while the latter contends that what exists defines vision.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deshpande |first1=G.P. |title=Dialectics of Defeat |date=2006 |publisher=Seagull |location=Calcutta |page=124}}</ref> According to [[G.P. Deshpande]], one encounters this hermeneutical problem in any act of interpretation, especially of a text (which is ''srishti'' or artwork created by an author): "the director looks at it in a particular way, and the actor looks at it in a particular way" giving rise to a case of ''drishtisrishtivada''. He argues:
<blockquote>The vision or the way the text is looked at ultimately decides its character. And that is why you have different productions of the same play, productions apparently using the same text but so different that they appear to be based on different texts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deshpande |first1=G.P. |title=Dialectics of Defeat |date=2006 |publisher=Seagull |location=Calcutta |page=124}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Drishti-srishti-vada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]

Venkateswara Temple, Dwaraka Tirumala

2026-05-04T12:50:28Z

TeresitaPennell: adding place

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Venkateswara Temple, Dwaraka Tirumala
| image = East Gopuram of Dwaraka Tirumala Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gopuram of Dwaraka Tirumala temple
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|N|81|16|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| locale = [[Dwaraka Tirumala]]
| deity = [[Venkateswara]] ([[Vishnu]])
| festivals = Tiru Kalyanotsavam, Radhotsavam, Pavithrotsavam
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_board = Sri Venkateswara Swami Vari Devasthanam
| website = {{URL|http://www.dwarakatirumala.org/home.html}}
}}

'''Sri Venkateswara Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple located in [[Dwaraka Tirumala]] of [[Eluru district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=G. V. R. Subba Rao |first= |date=2024-05-17 |title=Vaisakha Maasa Brahmotsavams at Dwaraka Tirumala from May 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vaisakha-maasa-brahmotsavams-at-dwaraka-tirumala-from-may-18/article68187096.ece |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is dedicated to Lord [[Venkateswara]], an incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]]. Known as "Chinna Tirupati" ({{Translation|"Mini Tirupati"}}), it is considered a spiritual alternative to the famous [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=Dwarka Tirumala: ఇవాళ్టి నుంచి ద్వారకా తిరుమల చిన వెంకన్న ఆశ్వయుజ మాస బ్రహ్మోత్సవాలు |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/venkanna-ashvayuja-month-brahmotsavam-of-dwaraka-tirumala-from-today-471957.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> The temple is unique for housing two idols of Lord Venkateswara: a self-manifested idol and a second idol installed for complete worship.<ref name=":2" />

The temple's origins are linked to the sage Dwaraka, who is believed to have discovered the idol after intense penance. The temple attracts around 50 lakh devotees annually, with daily pilgrim counts reaching up to 40,000 on auspicious days.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-05 |title=Rajamahendravaram: Dwaraka Tirumala temple to be developed under PRASAD scheme |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rajamahendravaram-dwaraka-tirumala-temple-to-be-developed-under-prasad-scheme-718210 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The construction of key structures, including the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]], [[Mandapa|mantapa]], [[Gopuram|gopura]], and [[Prakaram|prakara]] is attributed to Dharma Appa Rao ({{Flourished|1762|1827}}), a ruler. Additionally, the golden ornaments and silver [[Vahana|vahanas]] at the temple were donated by Rani Chinnamma Rao, the queen of [[Mylavaram]] in Krishna District, who reigned from 1877 to 1902. These contributions significantly enhanced the temple's grandeur.<ref name=":3" />

== Legend ==
As per legend, the temple's origins trace back to the great sage Dwaraka, who discovered the self-manifested idol of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]] after intense penance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=వెంకన్నకు అభిషేకం లేని ఆలయం.. ఎక్కడుందో తెలుసా..? విశిష్టత ఏంటంటే.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/spiritual/do-you-know-the-secret-uniqueness-of-venkanna-temple-in-dwaraka-tirumala-1068499.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> Dwaraka Maharshi's penance was so intense that a large anthill (Valmikam) formed around him. When the Lord manifested, the lower half of the idol was submerged within the anthill, preventing the customary foot worship (Pada Puja) of the deity. As a solution, a second idol was brought from the main [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati temple]] and placed behind the original idol. This is why the temple at Dwaraka Tirumala houses two deities in its sanctum: the self-manifested idol and the second idol.<ref name=":2" />

According to the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', the region between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers, encompassing Dwaraka Tirumala, is considered highly sacred. Pilgrims unable to visit [[Tirumala]] often offer prayers and donations here, making it a spiritual alternative to the "Pedda Tirupati" ([[Tirupati]]).

The temple's significance is believed to date back to the [[Satya Yuga]] and continues to attract devotees. The deity is venerated as the "Vaikunta Vasa of [[Kali Yuga]]."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=About Temple |url=http://www.dwarakatirumala.org/temple.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Dwaraka Tirumala Official Website |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054100/http://www.dwarakatirumala.org/temple.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A unique feature of the temple is the presence of two main idols under one ''Vimana Sikharam'': a self-manifested half-statue and a complete statue installed by sages to facilitate complete worship, including the Lord's feet. These idols symbolize [[moksha]] and the pursuit of [[dharma]], [[artha]], and [[kama]], respectively.<ref name=":3" />

== Location ==
The temple is located atop Seshachala Hill in [[Eluru district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located approximately is 42 km from [[Eluru]], 15 km from [[Bhimadole railway station|Bhimadole Junction]],<ref name=":3" /> and 75 km from [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":1" />

== Architecture ==
The temple exhibits exquisite [[Dravidian architecture]], featuring a five-storied Rajagopuram and three smaller [[Gopuram|gopurams]]. The sanctum sanctorum houses the deity, visible only up to the bust, with the lower half believed to extend into the earth. The full-sized idol behind it, attributed to [[Ramanuja]], complements the main deity.<ref name=":3" />

Lord Venkateswara in this temple faces south, unlike in most temples where the deity faces east. This is believed to be due to the position of Dwaraka Maharshi, who performed penance facing the north, leading to the manifestation of the deity in the south-facing direction.<ref name=":2" />

Additional shrines within the complex include deities such as [[Padmavathi]], Nanchari, and [[Hanuman|Anjaneya Swamy]], alongside images of Sage Dwaraka and [[Annamacharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-16 |title=Dwaraka Tirimula, known as China Tirupati set for mega fete |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160516/dwaraka-tirimula-known-as-china-tirupati-set-for-mega-fete.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The temple's hill is mythologically associated with [[Adisesha]], symbolizing a harmonious blend of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]].

== Festivals ==
The temple celebrates Tiru Kalyanotsavam twice a year, once in the month of [[Vaisakha]] and again in [[Ashvin (month)|Aswayuja]], honouring both the self-manifested and installed idols.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moorthy |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5HXAAAAMAAJ&q=Dwaraka+aalayam |title=Vishnu Mayam Jagat: A Mini Compendium of 400 Vaishnavate Temples |date=1996 |publisher=Message Publications |page=239 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other major events include Giripradakshina (January), Radhotsavam (April and September), and Teppotsavam (November). These festivals attract thousands of devotees annually.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |date=2024-10-18 |title=Chinna Venkanna Kalyana Mahotsavam Celebrated grandly in Eluru District |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chinna-venkanna-kalyana-mahotsavam-celebrated-grandly-in-eluru-district-915227 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

== Rituals ==
Daily rituals commence with [[Suprabhatam]] and include offerings such as Nityarjita Kalyanam and Ekanta Seva. Weekly highlights include Swarna Tulasidala Seva on Wednesdays and Snapana Pooja on Fridays.<ref name=":3" /> The distribution of prasadam like laddu, pulihora, and appalu is an integral part of temple practices. The rituals performed in the temple as per the Vaikhanasa agama sastra.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2024 |title=Dwaraka Tirumala : నేటినుంచి ద్వార‌కా తిరుమ‌లలో తిరుక‌ల్యాణ ఉత్స‌వాలు.. 16న కోన‌సీమ‌లో విజ‌య‌బేతాళ మ‌హోత్స‌వం |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/andhra-pradesh/dwaraka-tirumala-swamy-thirukalyanam-utsav-starting-from-today-121728790585162.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Devotees often fulfill vows by [[Tonsure|tonsuring]] their heads at the Kalyana Katta near the temple, a tradition linked to Neela Devi's sacrifice for Lord [[Venkateswara]].

At Dwaraka Tirumala, Lord Venkateswara does not receive an abhishekam (ritual bath) due to the presence of red ants (Konijulu) in the inner sanctum. These ants emerge from an anthill-like formation under the idol whenever water is poured, as the lower half of the idol remains inside the anthill. To avoid disturbing the ants, the priests refrain from performing the ritual, and the ants are also said to emerge when metal objects are brought into the temple.<ref name=":2" />

== Management and facilities ==
The temple is managed by the Sri Venkateswara Swami Vari Devasthanam board. Facilities include free annaprasadam for thousands of pilgrims daily, a [[Goshala|Gosala]] housing over 300 cows, and well-maintained lodging for devotees. Ongoing development projects aim to enhance infrastructure, including a new annaprasada complex.<ref name=":3" /> The temple management also runs various educational institutions and an [[Ayurveda]] hospital.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-11 |title=Dwaraka Tirumala to get a facelift |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/Jun/11/dwaraka-tirumala-to-get-a-facelift-56754.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, the temple's annual [[gross income]] was ₹28 [[crore]], with a [[net income]] of ₹12 crore.<ref name=":4" /> In 2020, the temple was included under the Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive (PRASAD) scheme, with ₹83.83 crore sanctioned for phased development to enhance amenities and promote religious tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Rs 84 crore sanctioned for development of Chinna Tirupati |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rs-84crore-sanctioned-for-development-of-chinna-tirupati-660158 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> In December 2022, the administration declared the temple a tobacco-free zone, banning smoking and tobacco products within the premises and imposing strict penalties for violations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Smoking, tobacco products banned at Dwaraka Tirumala |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/smoking-tobacco-products-banned-at-dwaraka-tirumala-773300 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

== Nearby attractions ==
Notable nearby temples within 35 km include:
* Sri Maddi Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Guravaya Gudem
* Sri Seeta Ramachandra Swamy Temple, E. Yadavalli
* Parijata Giri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, [[Jangareddygudem]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://dwarakatirumala.co.in/}}

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Eluru district]]

Pilgrim Centres in Wayanad

2026-05-03T06:46:40Z

TeresitaPennell: made a details from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}Pilgrim centres in the [[Wyanad]] district of [[Kerala]] first arrived in the 19th century.

== Centres ==
*Saint Mary Orthodox Cathedral is a declared "Pilgrim Centre of Saint Mary" and is the oldest church in Sultan Bathery, Wayanad. The church is part of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and has the sacred relics of three saints as well as administrative control over the 48 parishes of the MOSC Church in Wayanad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sultan Bathery Diocese |url=https://www.moscbatherydiocese.com/about/ |website=moscbatherydiocese.com |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diocese of Sultan Bathery |url=https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-sulthan-bathery-diocese/ |website=MOSC.in |publisher=MOSC Publications |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
*Mor Baselious Jacobite Syrian Church, Cheeyambam, [[Pulpally]] on foot pilgrimage from churches in Malabar on fest of St.[[Yeldho Mar Baselios]], It is also known as one and only all religious pilgrim center .
*Thirunelly Temple and Papanashini, [[Thirunelly]], it is believed that the temple is more than 1,000 years old.
*[[Valliyoorkkavu]] Bhagavathi Temple is an important worship place for the Wayanad tribal communities.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Valliyoorkavu Temple {{!}} www.wayanadtravel.com The Exotic Navigator About Wayanad | url=http://www.wayanadtravel.com/where-to-go/valliyoorkavu-temple/ | access-date=2025-03-27 | website=www.wayanadtravel.com}}</ref>
*Lourde Matha Shrine, [[Pallikunnu Church]] was built by a French priest Fr. Jefreno in 1908.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/pallikunnu-church-meenangadi.php|title = Pallikunnu Church, Meenagadi, Wayanad, District, Kerala, India}}</ref>
*Kallody church [[St. George Forane Church Kallody, Wayanad]], one of the old [[Church (building)|Church]].
*Varambetta Mosque [[Mananthavady]], an old [[Mosque]] which is about 300 years old.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Varampetta Mosque {{!}} www.wayanadtravel.com The Exotic Navigator About Wayanad | url=http://www.wayanadtravel.com/where-to-go/varampetta-mosque/ | access-date=2025-03-27 | website=www.wayanadtravel.com}}</ref>
*Malankarakunnu St. Thomas Church, Oldest [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] in [[Malabar region]], part of [[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sultan Bathery Diocese]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Thomas Orthodox Church - Malankarakunnu |url=https://directory.mosc.in/parishes/st-thomas-orthodox-church-43/ |website=directory.mosc.in |publisher=MOSC Publications |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
*Seetha Lava Kusha Temple, Temple is a place dedicated to celestial worship and has a distinctive position among the Kerala temples.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Seetha Lava Kusha Temple {{!}} www.wayanadtravel.com The Exotic Navigator About Wayanad | url=http://www.wayanadtravel.com/where-to-go/seetha-lava-kush-temple/ | access-date=2025-03-27 | website=www.wayanadtravel.com}}</ref>
*Puliyarmala Jain temple is also called as Anathanatha swami temple.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Puliyarmala Jain temple {{!}} www.wayanadtravel.com The Exotic Navigator About Wayanad | url=http://www.wayanadtravel.com/where-to-go/puliyarmala-jain-temple/ | access-date=2025-03-27 | website=www.wayanadtravel.com}}</ref>
*Assumption Forane Church, [[Sulthan Bathery]], French Missionaries who started the church in 1900.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Wayanad district]]

Girish Bhargava

2026-05-01T20:50:35Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting New Stub

{{Short description|American-Indian Film Editor (1941–2017)}}

'''Girish Kumar Bhargava''' (1941–2017) was an Indian-born American film editor who worked in television and cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/the-moving-camera-writes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190318/https://www.villagevoice.com/the-moving-camera-writes/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 16, 2024|title=The Moving Camera Writes|first=Deborah|last=Jowitt|date=April 22, 2003|website=The Village Voice}}</ref> He was nominated multiple times for [[Emmy Awards|Emmys]] and won it for at least two times.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/girish-bhargava|title=Girish Bhargava|website=Television Academy}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bhargava was born in 1941 in Delhi, [[British India]], to a family of judges and lawyers.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=2017-11-17 |title=Girish Bhargava, Film Editor Who Captured Dance, Dies at 76 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/obituaries/girish-bhargava-film-editor-who-captured-dance-dies-at-76.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Bhargava earned an engineering degree from the [[Birla Institute of Technology]] before starting his career at [[All India Radio]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> He then completed an [[internship]] at Germany's [[ZDF]] broadcaster and later moved to the United States, where he joined [[CBS]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==Career==
Bhargava began his career at CBS. His work led to a role at WNET in New York, where he edited several notable shows, including ''The Great American Dream Machine''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gladstone |first=Valerie |date=2002-01-20 |title=DANCE; Turning Bits of Video Into Works of Art |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/arts/dance-turning-bits-of-video-into-works-of-art.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He also made contributions to the dance-focused series ''Dance in America'', which was part of PBS's ''Great Performances'' series.<ref name="auto"/> Bhargava's editing style was known for its musicality and visual storytelling, which earned him praise from many in the field, such as choreographer Martha Graham.<ref name="auto"/>

One of Bhargava's most well-known works was his editing on the 1987 film ''Dirty Dancing'', in which he crafted several memorable scenes.<ref name="auto"/>

==Personal life==
Bhargava married Rosaleen Brannigan in 1970, and they had two daughters, Nina and Anthea.<ref name="auto"/> He also had four brothers and a grandson.<ref name="auto"/>

==Awards and honours==
* 1991, Emmy winner, Outstanding editing for a miniseries or a special(multi-camera production) – "The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson", [[CBS]]<ref name="emmys">{{cite web |title=Girish Bhargava |url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/girish-bhargava |website=Television Academy |access-date=15 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1976, Emmy winner, Outstanding achievement in video tape editing for a series – "The Adams Chronicles", [[PBS]]<ref name="emmys" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhargava, Girish}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American film editors]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, alumni]]
[[Category:Emmy Award winners]]

Agra Graduates constituency

2026-04-29T14:16:00Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Agar Graduates constituency''' is one of the 8 graduates seats and one of 100 Legislative Council seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This constituency covers [[Agra]], [[Firozabad]], [[Mathura]], [[Aligarh]], [[Hathras]], [[Etah]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Etawah]], [[Kannauj]], [[Auraiya]], [[Kasganj]] and
[[Farrukhabad]] districts.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://agra.nic.in/legislative-council-electoral-roll-for-graduate-06-teachers-constituencies/|title= Legislative Council.Electoral Roll for Graduate/06 teacher's constituencies|publisher= Agra, Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mathura.nic.in/agra-division-graduate-constituency-voter-list-addition-deletion-correction-2020/|title=AGRA DIVISION GRADUATE CONSTITUENCY ADDITION, DELETION & CORRECTION VOTER LIST 2020|publisher=District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsonair.com/News?title=Uttar-Pradesh%3A-Counting-underway-for-11-legislative-council-seats&id=405442|title=Uttar Pradesh: Counting underway for 11 legislative council seats|publisher=New Service Division All India Radio|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Council==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Term
! Winner
! colspan="2"|Political Party
|-
|| 1996 - 2002 || [[Harnath Singh Yadav]] ||style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|| 2002 - 2008 || [[Harnath Singh Yadav]] ||style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|| 2008 - 2014 || Vivek Bansal ||style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|| 2014 - 2020 || Dr. Aseem Yadav ||style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|| 2020 - 2026 || [[Manvendra Pratap Singh|Dr. Manvendra Pratap Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-wins-3-out-of-5-graduates-constituency-seats-in-up-legislative-council-elections-2335012|title=BJP Wins 3 Out Of 5 Graduates' Constituency Seats In UP Local Polls|publisher=NDTV|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> ||style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} " |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

Daf

2026-04-25T16:04:06Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting New Post...

{{Short description|Frame drum originating in Central Asia and the Middle East}}
{{Other uses|DAF (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Riq|other uses|RIQ (disambiguation){{!}}RIQ}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| name = Daf
| names = ''Dafli'', ''dap'', ''def'', ''tef'', ''defi'', ''gaval'', ''duf'', ''duff'', ''dof''
| image = Pair of dafs.jpg
| background = Percussion
| classification = [[Directly struck membranophones]]
| range = High sound of jingles, plus some have a skin with a lower sound
| hornbostel_sachs = 211.311
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Handle-less [[frame drum]] with one usable membrane
| related = Buben, [[tambourine]], [[kanjira]], [[frame drum]], [[parai]]
}}

The '''''daf''''' ({{langx|fa|[[wikt:دف|دف]]}}), also known as '''''dap''''' ([[wikt:دپ|دپ]]), '''''dâyere''''' or '''''riq''''', is an [[Persians|Iranian]] [[frame drum]] musical instrument, also used in popular and classical music in Persian-influenced [[Southeast Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]], such as in [[Afghanistan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Iran]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkey]] many regions of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Pakistan]] as well as in parts of [[India]]<ref name="InEx">{{cite web |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=11 February 2020 |title=Who is afraid of the dafli? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dafli-indian-folk-popular-culture-caa-protest-citizenship-amendment-act-6261295 |publisher=Indian Express |accessdate=20 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Russia|Russian]] [[Polar regions of Earth|polar regions]]. It is also popular among [[Balkan people|Balkans]], [[Ethnic groups in the Caucasus|Caucasians]], [[Bukharan Jews]], [[Kurds]], and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Langlois|title=Non-Western Popular Music|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351556156|page=91}}</ref>

The daf is the [[National symbols of Pakistan|national musical instrument]] of [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Shaheen |date=August 31, 2021 |title=THE MAGICAL INSTRUMENT |work=The Victor Magazine |url=https://www.victormagazine.net/the-magical-instrument/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Afshan |year=2021 |title=National Musical Instrument of Pakistan and Provincial instruments |url=https://popularinpakistan.com/national-musical-instrument-of-pakistan/#more-92 |website=Popular in Pakistan |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226165642/https://popularinpakistan.com/national-musical-instrument-of-pakistan/#more-92 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is also depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] and [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Azerbaijani 1 [[Azerbaijani manat|qəpik]] coin and 1 [[Azerbaijani manat|manat]] banknote respectively, since 2006.<ref>[http://www.cbar.az Central Bank of Azerbaijan]. National currency: [http://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/coins/new-generation-coins/ New generation coins]. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.nba.az/default.aspx National Bank of Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516034336/http://nba.az/default.aspx |date=2007-05-16 }}. National currency: [http://www.nba.az/default.aspx?go=178&lng=en 1 manat]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. – Retrieved on 25 March 2009. (Old site -now a dead link- that mentioned the instrument as a ''daf''). [http://www.cbar.az Central Bank of Azerbaijan]. National currency: [http://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/banknotes/azn/ 1 manat]. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010. (Current site that mentions the instrument as a ''drum'').</ref>

It traditionally has a round wooden frame (although in the modern era it may also be made of metal), jingles, and a thin, translucent head made of fish- or goat-skin (or, more recently, a synthetic material).

The sound is produced by hitting the membrane with either hand – the left hand, which also holds the daf, strikes the edges, and the right hand strikes the center. The right-hand fingers are fastened about their neighbours and suddenly released, like the action of finger-snapping, to produce loud, rapid, sharp sounds.<ref name="Birseyogren">{{Cite web |title=''Dayereh'' |url=http://www.birseyogren.com/hakkinda/dayereh/ |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Birseyogren.com}}</ref>

==History ==
[[File:Daf-isfahan.jpg|thumb|200px|Daf in a [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]], [[Isfahan]], Iran]]
The [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] (Middle Persian) name of the ''daf'' is ''dap'' ([[wikt:دپ|دپ]]); the frame drum used in traditional [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] music has the similar name ''dāp'' ([[wikt:داپ|داپ]]).<ref name="Kariagdiev">{{Cite web|date=28 May 2008|title=Ghaval:Drumdojo:By Drummers For Drummers|url=http://www.drumdojo.com/ghaval.htm|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528023203/http://www.drumdojo.com/ghaval.htm|archive-date=2008-05-28}}</ref>

Some pictures of daf have been found in paintings that date before the [[Common Era]]. The presence of the Iranian daf in the 6th–5th century BCE [[Behistun Inscription]] suggests that it existed before the [[Spread of Islam|rise of Islam]] and [[Sufism]].

Iranian music has always been a spiritual tool.

It shows that daf played an important role in [[Zoroastrianism|Mazdean]] Iran emerging as an important element during the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] period, during the [[Sasanian Empire|Kâvusakân]] dynasty.

Also, there is a kind of square frame drum in the stonecutting of [[Taq-e Bostan]] (another famous monument located 5km northeast of [[Kermanshah]] city). These frame drums were played in the ancient [[Middle East]], [[Greece]], and [[Roman Empire|Rome]] and reached [[Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|medieval Europe through Islamic culture]].

[[File:C+B-Music-Fig24-AssyrianQuartet.PNG|thumb|200px|left|Daf depicted in middle Assyrian empire relief 1392 BC–934 BC]]
[[Nowruz]] (the first day of the Iranian New Year and the national festival of [[Iranian peoples|the Iranian people]]) and other festive occasions have been accompanied by daf in the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] periods (224 AD–651 AD). In this period, the daf was played in order to accompany Iranian classical music.

Dafs were likely used in the court to be played in the [[Mode (music)|modes]] and [[Melody|melodies]] of traditional music. This traditional or classical music was created by [[Barbad|Barbod the Great]] and was named the ''khosravani'' after the mythical king [[Khosrow II]].

Recent research reveals that these modes were used in the recitation of Mazdean ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]]) prayers. The modes were passed down from master to student and are today known as the ''[[Radif (music)|radif]]'' and ''[[dastgāh]]'' system.

Many of the melodies were lost, but most of those that remain date to the Sassanid period. Dafs can be played to produce highly complex and intense rhythms, causing one to go under a trance and reach an ecstatic and spiritually-high state. For this reason, they have always been connected with religion in Iran.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

[[File:Aleppomusic.jpg|thumb|200px|Musicians in [[Aleppo]], Syria; the Musician on the far left use the daf.]]
An engraved bronze cup from [[Lorestan province|Lorestan]] at the [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]], portrays a double [[ney]] (end-blown [[Reed pipe|reed pipes]]), [[chang (instrument)|chang]] (harp), and a daf in a [[shrine]] or court processional, as similarly documented in [[Egypt]], [[Elam]], and the Persian province of [[Babylonia]], where music was arranged for performance by large orchestral ensembles.<ref name="Kariagdiev" />

The [[Arabs]] introduced the daf and other Middle Eastern musical instruments to [[Spain]], and the Spanish adapted and promoted the daf and other musical instruments (such as the [[guitar]]) in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]]. In the 15th century, the daf was only used in [[Sufism|Sufi]] ceremonies; the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] reintroduced it to [[Europe]] in the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

The daf still functions as an important part of [[Music of Iran|Iranian music]] (both traditional and classical) as it did in [[Ancient history|ancient times]]. It successfully encourages many young [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] to take up learning this ancient instrument.

Daf, and its smaller version called ''dafli'', is also used across India.<ref name=InEx/> It is believed to have arrived along with other Persian influences in the [[Medieval India|medieval era]], and is a popular [[List of Indian musical instruments|folk instrument]]. In [[South India|southern India]], its use became mainstream, especially in protests, during the early half of the 20th century.<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/why-the-dafli-packs-a-big-protest-punch/articleshow/54269783.cms|title=Why the dafli packs a big protest punch|publisher=Times of India|last=Nair|first=Malini|date=11 September 2016|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Since the 1950s, it has also been used prominently in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]].<ref name=TOI/>

=== In Islam ===
In [[Islam]], the daf holds special importance in conservative Sunni communities as it is the only musical instrument [[Islam and music|whose use is permitted]], specifically by women during celebrations and men in battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewer |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGWmDwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps |publisher=SCM Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0334052333 |quote=The vast majority of Muslims hold all forms of music to be forbidden, others permit certain forms of unaccompanied singing, while others will permit the use of daff or drum like a tambourine (without the cymbals). In some Sufi and Shia circles music is permitted.}}</ref>

It also holds special importance in [[Sufi music|Islamic Sufi music]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zuhur |first=Sherifa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m9WEAAAQBAJ |title=Popular Dance and Music in Modern Egypt |publisher=McFarland |year=2021 |isbn=978-1476681993 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=200 |quote=Daff ... It has been important to Sufi music.}}</ref>

==Structure and construction==
The jingles, which are thin metal plates or rings, are attached to hooks in three or four rectangular holes in the circular wooden frame.

The [[drumhead]] is made of fish or goat skin. The width of the frame is {{convert|45|–|50|cm}} and the depth, {{convert|5|–|7|cm|0}}. In order to bend the frame, the wood ("buka", "orev") may be softened in water before being bent around a hot metal cylinder. The frame is closed by gluing the ends together. Finally, the skin is attached to the frame by fixing it with another wooden frame or by using nails.

Another variation is to have the ring-style jingles arranged around the edge of the inside of the drum the whole way around<ref name="Kariagdiev" /> or to have several tiers half way around the inside edge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhythmweb.com/frame/ |title=semi-ringed frame drum |access-date=2008-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513230157/http://www.rhythmweb.com/frame/ |archive-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notable performers ==

* [[Ulfatmo Mamadambarova]], singer and musician

[[Image: 13981226000162637199477905949705 «دف نوازی» در كردستان.jpg |thumb|200px|[[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurds]] from [[Sanandaj]], Iran]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Music}}
* [[Tar (drum)]]
* [[Bodhrán]]
* [[Bendir]]
* [[Mazhar]]
* [[Davul]]
* ''[[Innaby]]'' – Azerbaijani dance

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nasehpour.com/daf-iranian-frame-drum |title=On Persian Daf, the Spiritual Frame Drum and Sufi Music
|last=Nasehpour |first=Peyman |website=Nasehpour.com |year=2015 |publisher=Peyman Nasehpour}}

* {{Commons category-inline|Dafs}}

{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Frame drums}}
{{Percussion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Medicine drums]]
[[Category:Armenian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Sufi music]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Kurdish musical instruments]]
[[Category:Persian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]
[[Category:Pakistani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Yemeni musical instruments]]

Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre

2026-04-24T06:25:21Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating initial article added tags

{{Short description|Organisation in Lucknow, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Aastha Centre for Geriatric Medicine Palliative Care Hospital and Hospice
| native_name_lang = hi
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_size = 300
| formation = 2003
| founder = Dr. [[Abhishek Shukla]]
| founding_location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| status = Registered Charity, Hospice, Geriatric Hospital
| purpose = Humanitarian, Geriatric
| professional_title = 
| location = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.882153|N|80.950353|E|display=inline,title}}
| services = Geriatric clinics, outpatient facility, acute medical care, intensive care, Long-term care for bed-ridden patients, rehabilitation
| leader_title = Secretary
| leader_name = Dr. Abhishek Shukla
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Dr. Abhishek Shukla
* Dr. Sandeep Kumar
* Dr. Atul Kumar Roy
* Dr. Rajendra Prasad
* Dr. V K Puri
* Dr. Amita Shukla
* Dr. Ram Pratap Singh
* Dr. Sanjay Makheeja
*Dr. Mohit Mohan Singh
*Dr. Deen Bandhu Prasad
*Dr. Kusum Dube
*Dr. Avik Roy
*Dr. Abhishek Kumar Singh
*Dr. Rashmi Kumar
*Dr. Rakesh Jalota
*Dr. Nirupma Jaiswal
}}
| num_staff = 130 (Approx.)
| num_staff_year = 2026
| num_volunteers = 1200
| website = {{URL|https://hospiceindia.org}}
}}

'''Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre''' is an Indian charitable organisation and research institute located at [[Aliganj]] in Lucknow, India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-15 |title=UP should have an all girls' party: Kiran Bedi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-should-have-an-all-girls-party-kiran-bedi/articleshow/7102062.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Best Old Age Homes in Lucknow, UP – ThreeBestRated |url=https://threebestrated.in/old-age-homes-in-lucknow-up |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=ThreeBestRated.in |language=en}}</ref> It provides specialised geriatric services for elderly patients. One of the services provided is an old age shelter home at its Aastha Old Age Home Resort.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aastha Centre for Geriatric Medicine, Palliative Care Hospital & Hospice, leaving an impact to the society |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/health/aastha-centre-for-geriatric-medicine-palliative-care-hospital-hospice-leaving-an-impact-to-the-society |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HFPVS donated to Aastha Centre |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20221223/281638194270536 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== History ==
Aastha Centre for Geriatric Medicine, Palliative Care Hospital & Hospice was established in 2006 by Dr. Abhishek Shukla.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=A holistic approach to palliative care enhances quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/a-holistic-approach-to-palliative-care-enhances-quality-of-life/articleshow/104428805.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Shukla received a letter of gratitude from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for his work on behalf of his organisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal College of Physicians' fellowship for Lucknow doctor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/royal-college-of-physicians-fellowship-for-lucknow-doctor/articleshow/96122209.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Shukla in state council for sr citizens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dr-shukla-in-state-council-for-sr-citizens/articleshow/93720435.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

== Services ==
The organisation provides specialised geriatric services for the elderly<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-11 |title=End-of-life care facility in UP soon, but no policy yet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/end-of-life-care-facility-in-up-soon-but-no-policy-yet/articleshow/44779846.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and also provides hospital services like geriatric clinics, acute medical care, intensive care,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Former IIT prof shifted to KGMU, call on surgery soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/former-iit-prof-shifted-to-kgmu-call-on-surgery-soon/articleshow/100199485.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> long-term care for bed-ridden patients and stroke victims, supportive care, cancer treatment, care and treatment of mentally ill patients, rehabilitation requiring fractures and joint replacements, home health care, and dementia care.

In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha Elections]], the Aastha organization provided free Ambulance service to cast votes for Senior Citizens who are confined to bed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital's initiative keeps their 'aastha' in voting intact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/hospitals-initiative-keeps-their-aastha-in-voting-intact/articleshow/110296128.cms |website=The Times of India |date=21 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bedridden voters to get free ambulance |url=https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=1952321e4eb&imageview=0 |website=Hindustantimes |language=en}}</ref>

The organization also runs various public campaigns, including:
# Giving Saturday campaign, an initiative to support the underprivileged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-02 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Ex-IAS officer Anita Bhatnagar Jain gifts her personal collection to Aastha Centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ex-ias-gifts-her-personal-collection-to-aastha-centre/articleshow/91950359.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
# Fashion show for the elderly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-03 |title=World Elders Day: Aastha Centre for geriatric medicine, palliative care hospital, hospice and social welfare society celebrated World Elders Day with its patients. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gandhi-jayanti-up-cm-extends-greetings-on-the-occasion/articleshow/16635174.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
# Observation of International Day of older persons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-02 |title='Don't take elderly for granted' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dont-take-elderly-for-granted/articleshow/86695092.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-02 |title=When the oldies learnt what's trending |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/when-the-oldies-learnt-whats-trending/articleshow/49192733.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Elderly in Lucknow celebrate their day by walking along forest roads |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/elderly-in-lucknow-celebrate-their-day-by-walking-along-forest-roads-101664646657445.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
# Environmental protection awareness programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-02 |title=Senior citizens pedal through Lucknow, stress on environment protection, curbing pollution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/senior-citizens-pedal-through-lucknow-stress-on-environment-protection-curbing-pollution/articleshow/71404967.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
# Observation of World Bone and Joint Day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-04 |title=Aastha provides free check-ups on world bone and joint day. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/government-transfers-two-senior-ips-officers/articleshow/15347044.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Yogi Adityanath & Dr Abhishek Shukla 2026.jpg|thumb|Dr. Abhishek Shukla Secretary Aastha Hospice & Geriatric care Centre and Secretary General Association Of International Doctors, discussing "Preparing Healthcare for Ageing India” with Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Sri. [[Yogi Adityanath]] on 26th January 2026.]]
"Sehat ka Utsav" Free Medical Camp and Seminar on health ageing organized by Aastha Geriatric Centre and the South Asian Journal of Geriatric Medicine, Surgery, Palliative Care & Hospice on 8 December 2024. Inaugurated by Mr. [[Asim Arun]], Minister, and Justice Rajeev Singh from [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Health mantras for elderly: Socialising, exercise & positivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/essential-health-tips-for-seniors-the-importance-of-social-engagement-and-exercise/articleshow/116115261.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

In April 2026, After a major fire tragedy in the slum area of Vikas Nagar, [[Lucknow]], Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre stepped forward to support the victims by providing essential items. Under its “Giving Saturday” initiative, the centre launched a week-long relief campaign to assist the affected families.<ref>{{cite web |title=From clothing to utensils, on-site supplies for victims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/from-clothing-to-utensils-on-site-suppliesfor-victims/articleshow/130361477.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

== Recognition and Awards ==
# Icons of Health Award by Governor of Uttar Pradesh [[Ram Naik]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Shri Ram Naik presents icons of health award to Aastha. |url=https://hospiceindia.org/acheivements/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
# "Best institution for providing services to the senior citizens" National Award "Vayoshreshtha Samman" in 2016 by [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web |title=President Presents 'Vayoshreshtha Samman' to Older Persons & Institutions on International Day of Older Persons |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=151331 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
# In July 2023, [[King George's Medical University]], Lucknow, honoured the organisation for promoting body donation.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Aastha honoured for promoting body donation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aastha-honoured-for-promoting-body-donation/articleshow/102122409.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2023 |title=Moment of pride: Families of body donors felicitated at KGMU |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/king-george-s-medical-university-honours-families-who-donated-bodies-for-medical-education-101690296618751.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aastha Hospice and Geriatric Care Centre}}
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]

Raghipur

2026-04-22T12:56:51Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raghipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Gauriganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Raghipur (#255) in Gauriganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.179323|N|81.657592|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.60
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1207
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raghipur''' is a village in [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=181–98 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,207 people, in 231 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities and hosts a permanent market but not a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Bahanpur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

== History ==
Raghipur was the only village in the [[pargana]] of [[Amethi]] not held by the [[Raja]] of [[Amethi]] under an 1804 agreement.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=96 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Raghipur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 693 people (341 male and 352 female), in 161 households and 142 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Sultanpur District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=102–3, 198 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 154 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 70 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Amethi and the [[thana]] of Gauriganj.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village had a district board-run primary school with 80 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Raghipur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 789 people (370 male and 419 female), in 189 households and 178 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xl-xli |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 154 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Raghipur as having a population of 895 people, in 190 households, and having an area of 61.92 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Sultanpur |date=1982 |pages=90–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Raghipur as having a total population of 984 people (504 male and 480 female), in 196 households and 196 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Sultanpur|date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 116–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 62.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 170, or 17% of the total; this group was 59% male (100) and 41% female (70).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 259, or 26% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 38% (224 men and 85 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 348 people were classified as main workers (238 men and 110 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 636 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 120 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 186 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 8 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 7 household industry workers; 3 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 9 employed in trade and commerce; 2 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 21 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]

Wakching Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:44Z

TeresitaPennell: adding new entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Wakching Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Wakching
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mon district|Mon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 42
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[W. Chingang Konyak]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16313}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Wakching''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mon district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=2 | Chingwang Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election|1980 by-election]] || P. Enyei || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || P. Ehyol || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Chingwang Konyak
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || P. Enyei || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || P. Enyei Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | M. C. Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Y. M. Yollow Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[W. Chingang Konyak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[W. Chingang Konyak]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=9,166 |percentage=58.56% |change=15.20%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Honang Jess|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=6,433|percentage=41.10%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=52|percentage=0.33%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,733 |percentage=17.46% |change=4.81% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=15,651|percentage=95.94%|change=2.35%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,313 |change =9.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 2.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. M. Yollow Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,808 |percentage=56.02% |change=10.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Konyak |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=6,044 |percentage=43.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=86 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,764 |percentage=12.66% |change=2.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,938 |percentage=93.59% |change= -1.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,892 |change =-22.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. M. Yollow Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=10,063 |percentage=54.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=8,248 |percentage=45.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,815 |percentage=9.91% |change=3.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,314 |percentage=95.33% |change= -1.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,211 |change =-2.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 15.76% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Konyak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,476 |percentage=39.18% |change=-12.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yona |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,213 |percentage=32.56% |change=-15.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=5,539 |percentage=29.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=6.62% |change=2.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,080 |percentage=97.51% |change= 4.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,718 |change =60.24% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -12.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Konyak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,859 |percentage=52.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,408 |percentage=48.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=451 |percentage=4.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,267 |percentage=92.16% |change= 92.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,305 |change =2.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.23% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,990 |change =-17.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,251 |percentage=50.77% |change=1.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,839 |percentage=47.89% |change=-2.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanglow |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=192 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=412 |percentage=2.88% |change=2.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,282 |percentage=98.53% |change= 4.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,527 |change =39.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,853 |percentage=50.23% |change=-6.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,809 |percentage=49.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44 |percentage=0.46% |change=-12.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,662 |percentage=93.63% |change= 4.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,446 |change =-0.07% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,151 |percentage=56.25% |change=12.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=4,007 |percentage=43.75% |change=13.76% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,144 |percentage=12.49% |change=-1.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,158 |percentage=88.65% |change= -4.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,453 |change =34.20% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ehyol |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,123 |percentage=43.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shangkem Konyak |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,146 |percentage=29.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hendok Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,886 |percentage=26.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=977 |percentage=13.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,155 |percentage=93.64% |change= #DIV/0! }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,789 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=Independent politician |votes=3,417 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Konyak |party=INC(I) |votes=3,408 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,397 |percentage=38.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Enyei |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,240 |percentage=36.30% |change=8.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shangkem Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,533 |percentage=24.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=2.54% |change=-32.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,170 |percentage=86.88% |change= -1.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,246 |change =37.81% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -24.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Wakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingwang Konyak |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,814 |percentage=62.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaopa |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,251 |percentage=27.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thanglong Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=408 |percentage=9.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,563 |percentage=34.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,473 |percentage=88.09% |change= #VALUE! }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,258 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.7|94.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Mon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Pernem Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:38Z

TeresitaPennell: made new article with sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pernem
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =2
| map_image = File:Pernem constitution.svg
| mla = [[Pravin Arlekar|Pravin Prabhakar Arlekar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:33212}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
}}
'''Pernem''' is one of the 40 [[Legislative Assembly|Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Pernem is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. Pernem constituency is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Dalits|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/ElectoralRoll.aspx |title=THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICE GOA STATE |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022755/http://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/UIL/ElectoralRoll.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goaassembly.gov.in/member-of-assembly.php |title=Member Of Legislative Assembly |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724183143/http://goaassembly.gov.in/member-of-assembly.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se99/background/S05/ListACs-GOA.html | title=List of Assembly Constituencies — Goa | publisher=Election Commission of India | accessdate=2014-03-10}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| [[Jaiprakash Samant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Jaiprakash Samant]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Jaiprakash Samant]]
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Deu Mandrekar]]
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Shambhu Bandekar]]
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2|[[Parshuram Kotkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jitendra Deshprabhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Dayanand Sopte]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
|-
|rowspan=1|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2 | [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|*2019
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Pravin Arlekar]]
|-
|}
*Defection from MGP to BJP

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pravin Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,063 |percentage=44.47% |change={{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajan Babuso Korgaonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=9,645 |percentage=32.83% |change={{decrease}}23.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujay D. Mhapsekar |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,755 |percentage=9.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Yeshwant Gaonkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,827 |percentage=6.22% |change={{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishnudas Korgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=862 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=363 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pundalik Dhargalkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=273 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Barkelo Kerkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=223 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,418 |percentage=11.64% |change= {{decrease}}10.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,375 |percentage=86.84% |change= {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,212 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=15,745 |percentage=56.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,715 |percentage=35.03% |change={{decrease}}28.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikesh Ramesh Assotikar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,013 |percentage=3.65% |change={{decrease}}27.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=469 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivanand Krishna Pilarnkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=308 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopaldas Anant Arlekar |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=180 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,030 |percentage=21.75% |change= {{decrease}}10.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,730 |percentage=88.42% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,360 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,406 |percentage=63.25% |change={{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,053 |percentage=31.04% |change={{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Barkelo Kerkar |party=Independent politician |votes=824 |percentage=3.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sakharam Vishram Korgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=192 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,353 |percentage=32.20% |change= {{increase}}16.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,940 |percentage=87.72% |change= {{increase}}7.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,515 |ref = |change= {{increase}}52.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Sopte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,272 |percentage=46.48% |change={{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Jitendra Raghuraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,827 |percentage=30.86% |change={{decrease}}17.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teli Apa |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,873 |percentage=18.36% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gawandi Hanumant |party=Shiv Sena |votes=249 |percentage=1.59% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Krishnarao Prabhu Dessai |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Smita Bharat Petkar |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=122 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,445 |percentage=15.63% |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,644 |percentage=80.69% |change= {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,349 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Jitendra Raghuraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,778 |percentage=48.18% |change={{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayanand Raghunath Sopate |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,449 |percentage=31.62% |change={{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Vasudeo Rajendra |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,440 |percentage=17.34% |change={{decrease}}14.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Petkar Bharat Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes=190 |percentage=1.35% |change={{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajgaonkar Bablo Atmaram |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,329 |percentage=16.55% |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,069 |percentage=77.06% |change= {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,223 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Jitendra Raghuraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,129 |percentage=41.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kotkar Parshuram Nagesh |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,963 |percentage=31.93% |change={{decrease}}30.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Dessai Uday Dattram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,762 |percentage=22.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Polji Chandrashekhar Prabhakar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=559 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,166 |percentage=9.39% |change= {{decrease}}23.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,413 |percentage=72.72% |change= {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,069 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kotkar Parshuram Nagesh |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=8,198 |percentage=62.28% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgaonkar Shankar Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,919 |percentage=29.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gawandi Baban Ganesh |party=Independent politician |votes=243 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Korgaonkar Ratikant Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asolkar Arjun Atmaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=176 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adv. Prakash Mahadev Govekar |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=98 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,279 |percentage=32.51% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,164 |percentage=77.46% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,773 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgoankar Shankar Kashinath |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,074 |percentage=60.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talevnekar Raju Bapu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,545 |percentage=30.27% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raul Vassudev Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Assolkar Arjun Atmaram |party=Gomantak Bahujan Samaj Parishad |votes=181 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshparbhu Anantrao |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamulkar Vijay Maruti |party=Shiv Sena |votes=142 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,529 |percentage=30.13% |change= {{increase}}30.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,711 |percentage=74.60% |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,294 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandekar Shambhu Bhavti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,648 |percentage=38.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pednekar Mahohar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,632 |percentage=38.31% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandrekar Deu Gunaji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,216 |percentage=10.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipanikar Balaram Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=416 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panchwadker Mukund Ganesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=260 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawar Durgadas Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harijan Bablo Dhondgo |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16 |percentage=0.13% |change= {{decrease}}25.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,091 |percentage=68.51% |change= {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,878 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deu Mandrekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,701 |percentage=49.99% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morajkar Ramdas Shankar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,290 |percentage=24.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rau Narayan Bhicaji |party=Janata Party |votes=1,118 |percentage=11.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipanikar Balaram Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=5.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harijan Kashiram Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=4.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,411 |percentage=25.64% |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,404 |percentage=58.66% |change= {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,427 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deu Mandrekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,978 |percentage=49.34% |change={{decrease}}10.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morajkar Ramdas Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,990 |percentage=24.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arickar Vishwanath Norsoba |party=Janata Party |votes=1,487 |percentage=18.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amonkar Janardan Arjun |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipanikar Balaram Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pednekar Shantaram Purshottam |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,988 |percentage=24.66% |change= {{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,062 |percentage=51.68% |change= {{decrease}}21.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,303 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rane Jaisingrao Abasaheb |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,477 |percentage=60.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Raghunathrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,828 |percentage=31.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gad Shrikant Krishna |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=190 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Prabhu Desai |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=151 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rau Gopinath Vaman |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=116 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kotar Bablo Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivnath Baburao Valke |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=47 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,649 |percentage=29.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,106 |percentage=71.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,349 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 elections in India#Goa|1971 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311204804/http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |archive-date=11 March 2005}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. Laxman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,806 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. A. Jairam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,993 #DIV/0! |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. N. Atmaram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=123 #DIV/0! |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. S. Vinayak |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=90 #DIV/0! |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,813 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Pernem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. Laxman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,499 |percentage=55.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Desprabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,181 |percentage=27.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. O. S. Govind |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=346 |percentage=4.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Govindrao |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=169 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. D. N. Yeshwant |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. D. S. Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes=89 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. N. Swar |party=Independent politician |votes=26 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,318 |percentage=28.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,069 |percentage=64.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,647 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]
* [[Dargalim (Goa Assembly constituency)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coord|15.72|73.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Patrikeya

2026-04-15T10:15:18Z

TeresitaPennell: made a entry with sources

{{Short description|Indian journalist and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrikeya
| image = PATRIKEYA.jpg
| caption = Patrikeya in 2012
| imagesize =
| website=
| birth_name = Manikeswaram Bhaskara Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chirala]] [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| spouse = Nagamani
| children = 2
| alma mater = [[Telugu University]]
| yearsactive = 1992–present
| known_for =
| occupation = Screenwriter, journalist
}}

'''Patrikeya''' (born 15 August 1971 as '''Manikeswaram Bhaskara Rao''') is a journalist and screenwriter in [[Telugu Cinema]]. Patrikeya introduced as a screenwriter for Telugu movie Krishna Vamsi's ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]''.

==Early life and education==

Patrikeya was born in [[Chirala]], Andhra Pradesh. Patrikeya completed post graduation in Potti Sriramulu Telugu University [[Hyderabad]].

==Career==
Patrikeya works as film journalist in Telugu newspapers. His screenwriter career started with Krishna Vamsi's Telugu movie ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]''.

=== Writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"

! Year !! Title !! Language
|-
|[[Telugu films of 2014|2014]] || ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[Telugu films of 2014|2014]] || ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytech24.com/govindudu-andarivadele-telugu-movie-review/ |title=Govindudu Andarivadele Telugu Movie Review |publisher=Dailytech24.com |date= |accessdate=2014-06-10}}</ref> || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[Telugu films of 2016|2016]] || ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[List of Telugu films of 2022|2022]] || ''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6120812}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Bow Down Mister

2026-04-14T01:44:52Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting Info...

{{Short description|1991 single by Jesus Loves You}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Bow Down Mister
| cover = Jesus Loves You Bow Down Mister.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| type = single
| artist = [[Jesus Loves You (band)|Jesus Loves You]]
| album = [[The Martyr Mantras]]
| B-side = "Love Hurts" (Yes It Doz U Blighter mix)
| released = {{start date|1991|2|11|df=y}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
* [[Acoustic pop]]<ref name="flick1">{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-03-30.pdf|title=Music Meet Face-Off: Labels, Pools Still Discordant|last=Flick|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Flick|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=103|issue=13|page=39|date=30 March 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[House music|house]]<ref name="flick1"/>
| length = 6:32 (album version)
| label = [[More Protein]]
| writer = [[Boy George|Angela Dust]]
| producer = Bruce Forest
| prev_title = One on One
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Generations of Love]]
| next_year = 1991
| misc = {{External music video|header=Audio|{{YouTube|OghqVc-aH8I|"Bow Down Mister"}}}}
}}
"'''Bow Down Mister'''" is a song written by English singer [[Boy George]], under the pseudonym "Angela Dust", and recorded by his first musical group following his departure from [[Culture Club]], [[Jesus Loves You (band)|Jesus Loves You]]. Inspired by a trip George took to [[India]], the song is a tribute to the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna movement]] and incorporates the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]. Indian singer [[Asha Bhosle]] performs the female vocals on the song but is uncredited on the single release.

"Bow Down Mister" was released on 11 February 1991 by record label [[More Protein]] as the fourth single from the project's only studio album, ''[[The Martyr Mantras]]'' (1991). It reached number 27 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and became a bigger hit in several mainland European countries, especially in Austria and Germany, where the song reached the top 10.

==Background and meaning==
[[Boy George]] wrote "Bow Down Mister" shortly after taking a trip to [[India]].<ref name="monitor">{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-01-19.pdf|title=Music Monitor – First Quarter 1991|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=3|page=8|date=19 January 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> George was intrigued that the song was perceived as [[radical politics|radical]] to the public, as this was not his intention; however, he went on to explain, "That is unless you consider a song that encourages love instead of hate as being radical. I am continually amazed at how, with all of the knowledge we have as humans, we continue to be so small-minded."<ref name="flick2">{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-02-02.pdf|title=Boy George Is Back on the Dance Charts|last=Flick|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Flick|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=103|issue=5|page=35|date=2 February 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> The track was written as an [[ode]] to the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna movement]],<ref name="flick1"/> a [[Hindu]] religious organisation whose members dedicate their thoughts and actions to the Hindu deity [[Krishna]], and the song recites the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] several times during the [[bridge (music)|bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90643796|title=What You Need to Know About Hare Krishnas|last=Bradley Hagerty|first=Barbara|website=[[NPR]]|date=22 May 2008|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> Indian [[playback singer]] [[Asha Bhosle]] is featured as the female vocalist on the recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cindybyram.com/artists/ashabhosle.htm|title=Asha Bhosle|publisher=Cindy Byram PR|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> During an interview, Bhosle stated that "Bow Down Mister" was the best song she had contributed to and that she continues to cherish it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000814-asha-bhosle-to-perform-with-boy-george-in-wembley-london-777866-2000-08-14|title=Asha Bhosle to perform with Boy George in Wembley, London|author=Site administrator|website=[[India Today]]|date=14 August 2000|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' writer [[Larry Flick]] called the song "thoroughly original and refreshing" and praised its "anthemic" melody but found the song "too offbeat" for UK hit radio.<ref name="flick1"/><ref name="flick2"/> In the same magazine, a review of the parent album called the homage "quirky".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-02-09.pdf|title=Album Reviews – Dance|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=103|issue=6|page=78|date=9 February 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> [[AllMusic]] reviewer William Ruhlmann referred to "Bow Down Mister" as one of the "oddest" songs on ''The Martyr Mantras''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-martyr-mantras-mw0000313369|title=AllMusic Review by William Ruhlmann|last=Ruhlmann|first=William|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> Alan Jones from ''[[Music Week]]'' named it Pick of the Week, writing, "Boy George's latest project is so bizarre it's not surprising that it takes a little time to reveal its full potency. But there's much to admire here, with some haunting Indian singing before the track resolves itself as a worthy dancefloor contender."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alan|last=Jones|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-02-16.pdf|title=Mainstream: Singles — Pick of the Week|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=16 February 1991|page=6|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> Chris Mellor from ''[[Record Mirror]]'' noted, "Indian dance music, hippy chic [[George Harrison]] style Hare Krishna chants mingle with beautiful [[sitar]]s and Boy George's inimitable vocal style to create something quite stunning."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/51223641937/in/album-72157719345890961/lightbox/|title=DJ Directory — Hot Vinyl|last=Mellor|first=Chris|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|page=37|date=9 February 1991|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> Another editor, Phil Cheeseman felt that it has "a terrible line [...] about [[Hindus]] knowing the score, not enormously subtle given the current flare-up of religious and caste violence in India."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Phil|last=Cheeseman|title=Albums|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/51390302491/in/album-72157719706153454/|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|date=6 April 1991|page=16|accessdate=14 December 2022}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
On the [[UK Singles Chart]], "Bow Down Mister" debuted at number 69 on 17 February 1991, taking a total of five weeks to peak at number 27 on 17 March 1991.<ref name="uk"/> It spent three more weeks in the top 100 before dropping out in early April.<ref name="uk"/> The same month, the track appeared on the [[French Singles Chart]] at number 41, rising to a peak of number 29 on two occasions and spending 13 weeks on the chart.<ref name="fra"/> In late May, the single entered the [[Austrian Singles Chart|Austrian]] and [[German Singles Chart]]. In Austria, it rose to number two and totalled 22 weeks in the top 30, ending 1991 as the country's 10th-highest-selling single.<ref name="aut"/><ref name="autye"/> Meanwhile, in Germany, it peaked at number six for two weeks, logged 27 weeks in the top 100, and finished the year at number 17 on Germany's year-end chart.<ref name="ger"/><ref name="gerye"/> In Switzerland, it reached number 15,<ref name="swi"/> while in the [[Flanders]] region of Belgium, it debuted at its peak of number 44.<ref name="fla"/> On the [[Eurochart Hot 100]], "Bow Down Mister" rose to number 20 in August 1991 and was ranked Europe's 73rd-best-performing hit of the year.<ref name="eur"/><ref name="eurye"/>

==Track listings==
* '''UK 12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Bow Down Mister|year=1991|type=UK 12-inch single sleeve|publisher=[[More Protein]]|id=PROT 8-12, 614 006}}</ref>
:A. "Bow Down Mister" (Sitari Bizzari mix) – 6:24
:B. "Bow Down Mister" (Floating in the Ganges – Grid mix) – 7:04

* '''French maxi-single'''<ref name="aut"/>
# "Bow Down Mister" (A Small Portion 2 B Polite mix) – 3:59
# "Bow Down Mister" (Nayana Banana Govinda Goulash mix) – 6:25
# "Love Hurts" (Yes It Doz U Blighter mix) – 3:59

* '''German 7-inch single'''<ref name="aut"/>
:A. "Bow Down Mister" (A Small Portion 2B Polite mix) – 3:59
:B. "Love Hurts" (Yes It Doz U Blighter mix) – 3:59

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1991)
!Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2022/05/week-commencing-20-may-1991.html|title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing 20 May 1991|publisher=Bubblingdownunder.com|date=20 May 2022|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
| 142
|-
{{single chart|Austria|2|artist=Jesus Loves You|song=Bow Down Mister|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="aut"}}
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|44|artist=Jesus Loves You|song=Bow Down Mister|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="fla"}}
|-
!scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref name="eur">{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-08-10.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=32|page=21|date=10 August 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
| 20
|-
{{single chart|France|29|artist=Jesus Loves You|song=Bow Down Mister|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="fra"}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|6|artist=Jesus Loves You|song=Bow Down Mister|songid=2284|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="ger"}}
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|15|artist=Jesus Loves You|song=Bow Down Mister|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="swi"}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|27|date=19910323|rowheader=true|access-date=11 November 2020|refname="uk"}}
|-
!scope="row"|UK Airplay (''[[Music Week]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-04-06.pdf|title=Playlist Chart|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=6 April 1991|page=14|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
| 13
|-
!scope="row"|UK Dance (''[[Music Week]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-03-09.pdf|title=Top 60 Dance Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=9 March 1991|page=20|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
| 48
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1991)
!Position
|-
!scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref name="autye">{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1991|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 1991|language=de|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
| 10
|-
!scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref name="eurye">{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-12-21.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles – 1991|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=51–52|page=21|date=21 December 1991|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
| 73
|-
!scope="row"|Germany (Media Control)<ref name="gerye">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1991|title=Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1991|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts|GfK Entertainment]]|language=de|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
| 17
|}
{{col-end}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Region
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Format(s)
!scope="col"|Label(s)
!scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row"|United Kingdom
|11 February 1991
|{{n/a}}
|[[More Protein]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boygeorgefever.com/jesus-loves-you-.html|title=Jesus Loves You: Album & single reviews and then some.....|website=boygeorgefever.com|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Australia
|15 April 1991
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl|cassette}}
|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Release Summary – Product Available from : 15/04/91: Singles|magazine=[[The ARIA Report]]|issue=64|page=17|date=14 April 1991}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Boy George}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 songs]]
[[Category:1991 singles]]
[[Category:Asha Bhosle songs]]
[[Category:Bhajan]]
[[Category:British house music songs]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in music]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness media]]
[[Category:Jesus Loves You (band) songs]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]
[[Category:Macaronic songs]]
[[Category:Songs about India]]
[[Category:Songs written by Boy George]]
[[Category:Virgin Records singles]]

Sri Ramakrishna Hospital

2026-04-12T04:32:37Z

TeresitaPennell: adding post

{{Short description|Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| full_name = Sri Ramakrishna Hospital
| logo =
| image =
| formation = 1975
| type = Private
| location = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], 641044, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0228|76.9778|display=inline,title}}
| services = Hospitals, pharmacy, diagnostic centre
| key_people = Shri.Sundar Ramakrishnan (Managing Trustee) Shri. Narendran Soundararaj (Joint Managing Trustee)
| website = {{URL|sriramakrishnahospital.com}}
}}

'''Sri Ramakrishna Hospital''' is a 1000-bedded multi-specialty hospital located in [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]. The hospital was started in 1975. Sri Ramakrishna Hospital was established and is run by the SNR Sons Trust that was founded in the year 1970 by Mr. R. Doraiswamy Naidu (RD) and Sevaratna Dr. R. Venkatesalu,<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 Dec 2015|title=Sevaratna Dr. R. Venkatesalu Naidu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sevaratna-dr-r-venkatesalu-naidu/articleshow/50370849.cms|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> sons of Sri. S.N. Rangasamy Naidu. The trust successfully runs 15 organizations that caters to the social causes of society primarily focusing on [[Healthcare in India|Health Care]], Education and Service.

Sevaratna Dr. R. Venkatesalu (RV) and Mr. R. Doraiswamy Naidu (RD) single-handedly established the Ramakrishna group and the SNR and sons trust on the land owned by his family. RV's wife late Mrs. Velumani ammal, daughter of [[PSG College of Technology|PSG Ganga Naidu]], played a pivotal role in the creation of the trust.

This hospital is accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]] (National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers). The hospital was among the pioneers of [[cardiology]], [[cancer]] treatment,<ref>{{Cite news|title=App-solutely healthy|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/App-solutely-healthy/article14470844.ece}}</ref> [[In vitro fertilisation|IVF]], [[kidney transplantation]], [[neurology]] among others in the [[Kongu (region)|Kongu Region]] performing these procedures for the first time in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BMW Annual report, Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore, 2019.|url=https://www.sriramakrishnahospital.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/tnpcb-form-4.pdf|website=Sri Ramakrishna Hospitals}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The original hospital has 1000 beds with trained staff offering advanced treatments and procedures ranging from advanced [[neurosurgery]] to [[chemotherapy]] to stem cell transplantation to organ transplants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Organs of brain dead man give new lease of life to 7 persons|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/organs-of-brain-dead-man-give-new-lease-of-life-to-7-persons-118031700606_1.html}}</ref>

== Online consultation ==
Sri Ramakrishna Hospital has online doctor consultations<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Covid-19: Precautions to be taken before visiting a hospital for treatment|work=livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-precautions-to-be-taken-before-visiting-a-hospital-for-treatment-11597658847433.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pregnancy during Covid-19: 9 precautions you should take before visiting hospitals|work=Hindustan times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/pregnancy-during-covid-19-9-precautions-you-should-take-before-visiting-hospitals/story-6CuSXN7ytbHHaKKJpZNnyJ.html}}</ref> with all the doctors, it enabled people to connect with the doctors during COVID-19.<ref name=":0" /> A range of doctors from various major and minor departments are available online to answer the patient's health concerns.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Health complications during COVID19: What precautions should be taken before seeking treatment at hospitals?|work=Ani News|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/health-complications-during-covid19-what-precautions-should-be-taken-before-seeking-treatment-at-hospitals20200817145437/}}</ref>

== Laboratory services ==
Sri Ramakrishna Hospital is equipped with diagnostic equipment for various departments including [[clinical pathology]], clinical biochemistry and [[endocrinology]], microbiology, and much more. The hospital has installed a CT scan machine(the first of its kind in Asia).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Advanced CT scanner bought by city hospital|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/advanced-ct-scanner-bought-by-city-hospital-116081801355_1.html}}</ref>

The laboratory facilities are also used to facilitate and enhance the many teaching programs conducted by the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|title=GE Healthcare& Sri Ramakrishna Hospital to train youth for|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ge-healthcare-sri-ramakrishna-hospital-to-train-youth-for-117050900949_1.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College]]
*[[Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science]]
*[[List of hospitals in India|List of Hospitals in India]]
*[[Mirudhubashini Govindarajan]]
*[[Avarampalayam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sriramakrishnahospital.com/ Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore, Official Website]

{{Health in Tamil Nadu|state=Tamilnadu}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Private hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Sarat Nayak

2026-04-12T00:49:04Z

TeresitaPennell: adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian composer and singer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarat Nayak
| image = Sarat_Nayak_01.jpg
| birth_place = [[Pattamundai]], [[Odisha]], India
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]], Bhubaneswar
| occupation = Music Director, Singer
}}

'''Sarat Nayak''' ({{langx|or|ଶରତ ନାୟକ}}) is a music composer and singer in [[Ollywood]] for the state [[Odisha]] in India.

==Life and career==
Sarat Nayak was born in [[Pattamundai]]. He has completed Post Graduation in [[Oriya language|Oriya]] from Utkal University(Vanivihar), Bhubaneswar. He has composed music for different modern albums and has earned name and fame in [[Ollywood]]. He is well known among Oriyas for his devotional songs (Oriya Bhajans) and also popular for his bhajans like "Sabu Mayare Baya" and "He Narayan".

==Filmography (as music director)==
* Chakaa Chakaa Bhaunri
* [[Bande Utkala Janani]]
* [[Shatru Sanghara]]
* Aa Janhare Lekhiba Naa
* Bad Girl

==Selected modern albums==
* Aau Ketedina
* Chakori Jharana Luha
* Mana Rahena
* Sasura Ghara Jindabad
* Janha Raati
* Smruti
* Jibanare Thare Adhe
* E Goura

== Selected Bhajan albums==
* Bada Dian
* Sabu Mayare Baaya
* He Narayana
* Bhaba Jamuna
* Jai Shreeram
* Papa Punya
* Tuma Pade Sarana

==External links==
*[http://odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=0&second=Sarat+Nayak Sarat Nayak-OdiaMusic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103031256/http://odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=0&second=Sarat+Nayak |date=3 November 2014 }}
*[http://gaana.com/artist/sarat-nayak Sarat Nayak-Gaana.com]
*[https://www.facebook.com/sarat.nayak?fref=ts Sarat Nayak-facebook]
*[https://mio.to/artist/Sarat+Nayak Sarat Nayak-MusicOnline]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sarat Nayak|noerror}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Sarat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mumbai LTT – Chhapra Express

2026-04-08T04:51:33Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color =
| name = Mumbai LTT - Chhapra Express
| logo =
| image = Chhapra Mumbai Ltt Express.jpg
| type =
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002|06|17}} (commercial service)
| operator = [[Western Railway zone]]
| start = [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra Jn]] '''''(CPR)'''''
| stops = 26
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]]
| distance = {{convert|1717|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35h 0m
| frequency = Tri - Weekly
| class = AC 2-Tier, AC 3-Tier, Sleeper Class & General
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = [[IRCTC|IRCTC E-Catering]], [[Zomato]] & [[Swiggy]]
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 11059 / 11060
| speed = 130 km/h (max), 52 km/h (avg) including halts
| map =
}}
'''The 11059 / 11060 Chhapra–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express''', also known as the '''Chhapra Express''', is a tri-weekly Mail/Express train operated by the Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It runs between Chhapra Junction in Bihar and Lokmanya Tilak Terminus (LTT) in Mumbai, Maharashtra, covering a distance of approximately 1,800 km.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/central-railway-to-introduce-additional-general-class-coaches-on-84-mail/express-trains/articleshow/112501332.cms|title=Central Railway to introduce additional general class coaches on 84 mail/express trains|work=The Times of India|date=2025-12-26|access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 11059 / 11060 LTT–CPR Express Schedule
|-
| '''Train Type''' || Express
|-
| '''Distance''' || ~1717 km
|-
| '''Average Speed''' || ~52 km/h
|-
| '''Journey Time (LTT → CPR)''' || 35 hrs 45 min
|-
| '''Journey Time (CPR → LTT)''' || 34 hrs 45 min
|-
| '''Classes Available''' ||2A, 3A, SL, GEN
|-
| '''Operating Days''' || LTT–CPR: Tue, Thu, Sat; CPR–LTT: Mon, Thu, Sat
|-
| '''Operator''' || [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]
|}

==Route & Halts==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+'''11059 LTT–CPR Express''' and '''11060 CPR–LTT Express''' Schedule
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr.
! colspan="4" | 11059 LTT–CPR EXPRESS (Tue,Thu,Sat)
! colspan="4" | 11060 CPR–LTT EXPRESS (Mon,Thu,Sat)
|-
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || 1 || — || 10:55 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 1 || — || 05:45
|-
| 2 || Thane || 1 || 11:13 || 11:15 || {{rws|Siwan Junction}} || 1 || 06:40 || 06:45
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Kalyan Junction}} || 1 || 11:37 || 11:40 || Mairwa || 1 || 07:01 || 07:03
|-
| 4 || Nasik Road || 1 || 14:15 || 14:20 || {{rws|Bhatni Junction}} || 1 || 07:30 || 07:40
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}} || 1 || 17:30 || 17:35 || Salempur Junction || 1 || 07:58 || 08:00
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Itarsi Junction}} || 1 || 22:00 || 22:10 || Belthara Road || 1 || 08:29 || 08:31
|-
| 7 || Jabalpur || 2 || 01:00 || 01:10 || {{rws|Mau Junction}} || 1 || 09:10 || 09:15
|-
| 8 || Satna || 2 || 03:45 || 03:50 || Muhammadabad || 1 || 09:39 || 09:41
|-
| 9 || {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}} Train Reversal Point || 2 || 08:10 || 08:35 || Azamgarh || 1 || 10:05 || 10:10
|-
| 10 || Phulpur || 2 || 09:56 || 09:58 || Sarai Mir || 1 || 10:45 || 10:47
|-
| 11 || {{rws|Janghai Junction}} || 2 || 11:03 || 11:05 || Khorason Road || 1 || 11:05 || 11:07
|-
| 12 || Mariahu || 2 || 11:58 || 12:00 || {{rws|Shahganj Junction}} || 1 || 12:00 || 12:10
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Zafarabad Junction}} || 2 || 12:38 || 12:40 || Jaunpur Junction || 1 || 12:41 || 12:43
|-
| 14 || Jaunpur Junction || 2 || 13:14 || 13:16 || {{rws|Zafarabad Junction}} || 1 || 13:00 || 13:02
|-
| 15 || Shahganj Junction || 2 || 14:40 || 14:50 || Mariahu || 1 || 13:28 || 13:30
|-
| 16 || Khorason Road || 2 || 15:12 || 15:14 || Janghai Junction || 1 || 14:13 || 14:15
|-
| 17 || Sarai Mir || 2 || 15:25 || 15:27 || Phulpur || 1 || 14:48 || 14:50
|-
| 18 || Azamgarh || 2 || 15:55 || 16:00 || {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}} Train Reversal Point || 1 || 16:15 || 16:40
|-
| 19 || Muhammadabad || 2 || 16:16 || 16:18 || Satna || 1 || 19:55 || 20:00
|-
| 20 || {{rws|Mau Junction}} || 2 || 16:45 || 16:50 || Jabalpur || 1 || 22:35 || 22:45
|-
| 21 || Belthara Road || 2 || 17:23 || 17:25 || {{rws|Itarsi Junction}} || 2 || 02:40 || 02:50
|-
| 22 || Salempur Junction || 2 || 18:05 || 18:07 || {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}} || 2 || 07:30 || 07:35
|-
| 23 || {{rws|Bhatni Junction}} || 2 || 18:30 || 18:40 || Nasik Road || 2 || 10:57 || 11:00
|-
| 24 || Mairwa || 2 || 19:08 || 19:10 || {{rws|Kalyan Junction}} || 2 || 13:57 || 14:00
|-
| 25 || {{rws|Siwan Junction}} || 2 || 19:35 || 19:40 || Thane || 2 || 14:20 || 14:23
|-
| 26 || {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} || 2 || 21:05 || — || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || 2 || 15:30 || —
|-
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-11060-chhapra-mumbai-ltt-express|title=Chhapra Mumbai LTT Express|website=Railyatri|access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/lokmanyatilak-t-chhapra-chhapra-express-11059-train.html|title=Lokmanyatilak T Chhapra (Chhapra Express) 11059|website=MakeMyTrip|access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref>

==Coach Composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ Coach composition of the train
|-
! Category !! Coaches !! Total
|-
| Luggage/Parcel Van || LPR, SLRD || 2
|-
| General Unreserved (GS) || GEN, GEN, GEN, GEN || 4
|-
| Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 || 9
|-
| AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1 || 1
|-
| AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 || 6
|-
! Total Coaches || || 22
|}

*Primary Maintenance – Mumbai LTT Coaching Depot*

==RSA - Rake Sharing Arrangement==
This Train shares Rake with [[Godaan express]]

==See also==
*[[Godaan Express]]
*[[Pawan Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Chhapra Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

Dorling Kindersley

2026-03-29T23:16:51Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|British publisher of non-fiction books}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = DK (2020).svg
| image_size = 150px
| parent = [[Penguin Random House]]
| status =
| founded = {{start date and age|1974}} [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| founders = [[Christopher Dorling]] [[Peter Kindersley]]
| successor =
| country = United Kingdom
| headquarters = [[Shell Mex House|80 Strand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dk.com/uk/|title=DK UK|website=dkbooks}}</ref> [[London]], England, UK
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints = Alpha, DK Eyewitness Travel, DK Children’s, DK Adult, DK Licensing, DK Learning, Phonic Books, Rebel Girls
| numemployees = 750
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://www.dk.com/}}
}}

'''Dorling Kindersley Limited''' (branded as '''DK''') is a British multinational [[publishing]] company specialising in illustrated reference books for adults and children in 63 languages.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=https://www.dk.com/uk/information/about-dk/|title=About DK|website=dkbooks}}</ref>
It is part of [[Penguin Random House]], a subsidiary of German media conglomerate [[Bertelsmann]].
Established in 1974, DK publishes a range of titles in genres including travel (including [[Eyewitness Travel Guides|DK Eyewitness Travel]]), history, geography, science, space, nature, sports, gardening, cookery, parenting and many others.
DK has offices in New York, Melbourne, London, Munich, New Delhi, Toronto, Madrid, Beijing, and Jiangmen.
DK works with licensing partners such as [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Lego|LEGO]], [[DC Comics]], the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], [[MasterChef]], and the [[Smithsonian Institution]].
DK has commissioned authors such as [[Mary Berry]], [[Monty Don]], [[Robert Winston]], Huw Richards, and [[Steve Mould]] for a range of books.

==History==
[[File:DK logo 2014.svg|150px|thumb|Logo, 2014–2020]]
DK was founded in 1974 by [[Christopher Dorling]] and [[Peter Kindersley]] in London as a [[book packaging|book packager]]. Its first book as a publisher in the UK was ''First Aid Manual'' for the British voluntary medical services.<ref>British Red Cross Society, St. John Ambulance, St. Andrews Ambulance, ''First Aid Manual'', 1982, {{isbn|0863180019}}</ref> In 1988, DK Inc. published the first Eyewitness book. DK Inc. began publishing in the United States in 1991. That same year, [[Microsoft]] bought a 26 percent stake in DK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/Microsoft_Corp_acquires_a_minority_stake_in_Dorling_Kindersley_Ltd-196674040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803093908/http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M%26A/Microsoft_Corp_acquires_a_minority_stake_in_Dorling_Kindersley_Ltd-196674040 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-03 |title=Microsoft Corp acquires a minority stake in Dorling Kindersley Ltd |date=1991-03-18 |publisher=[[Thomson Financial]] |access-date=2008-10-30 }}</ref> In 1996, DK hired Neal Porter, Richard Jackson and Melanie Kroupa from [[Orchard Books]] to start the DK Ink imprint, but [[Grolier]] sued the trio.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/25/business/not-the-usual-farewell-editors-quit-and-are-sued.html | title=Not the Usual Farewell: Editors Quit and Are Sued | newspaper=The New York Times | date=25 November 1996 | last1=Mansnerus | first1=Laura }}</ref> DK and Grolier settled the lawsuit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19970710/38655-grolier-dk-settle-8-million-tampering-suit.html | title=Grolier, DK Settle $8 Million Tampering Suit }}</ref>

In 1999, DK overestimated the market for ''[[Star Wars]]'' books and was left with millions of unsold copies, resulting in crippling debt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/616623.stm |website=www.bbc.co.uk |title=Star Wars book flop hits DK |date=24 January 2000 |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> As a direct result, DK was taken over the following year by the [[Pearson plc]] media company and made part of [[Penguin Group]], which also owned the [[Penguin Books]] label.<ref>{{cite news |author=Charles Goldsmith |title=Media Giant Pearson Acquires U.K. Publisher Dorling Kindersley |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954699553231714048 |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc |date=3 April 2000}}</ref> DK has continued to sell ''Star Wars'' books after the takeover.<ref>{{citation|title=Cover Stories: Political memoirs; the environmental Bible; Dorling Kindersley|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/cover-stories-political-memoirs-the-environmental-bible-dorling-kindersley-828940.html|author=The Literator|date=16 May 2008}}</ref>

In 2013, Bertelsmann and Pearson completed a merger to form Penguin Random House.<ref>{{citation|title=Bertelsmann And Pearson Complete Merger To Form Penguin Random House|publisher=The Random House Group|url=http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/news/2013/07/bertelsmann-and-pearson-complete-merger-to-form-penguin-random-house|date=1 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111759/http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/news/2013/07/bertelsmann-and-pearson-complete-merger-to-form-penguin-random-house|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bertelsmann owned 53% and Pearson 47% of the company. Penguin's trade publishing activity continued to include DK under the newly formed Penguin Random House.<ref>{{citation|title=CEO Markus Dohle Announces Penguin Random House Global Leadership Team|publisher=Penguin Random House Group|url=http://global.penguinrandomhouse.com/press-release/ceo-markus-dohle-announces-penguin-random-house-global-leadership-team/|date=1 July 2013}}</ref>
In July 2017, Pearson agreed to sell a 22% stake in the business to Bertelsmann, thereby retaining a 25% holding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40566637|title=Pearson shares hit by Penguin stake sale|date=2017-07-11|access-date=2020-01-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/11/pearson-sells-50-shades-of-grey-publisher-penguin-random-house-bertelsmann|title=Pearson sells slice of Penguin for $1bn|last=Sweney|first=Mark|date=2017-07-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-09|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
In December 2019, Bertelsmann agreed to acquire Pearson's 25% in Penguin Random House, and therefore DK, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8546649/bertelsmann-penguin-random-house|title=BMG Parent Bertelsmann to Acquire Full Stake in Penguin Random House|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
In 2019, Prima Games was sold to Asteri Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/79526-dk-sells-prima-games-digital-assets.html|title=DK Sells Prima Games Digital Assets |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

==Publications==
{{See also|List of publications of Dorling Kindersley}}
DK publishes a range of titles internationally for adults and children. Most of the company's books are published with "DK" named as the author, as they are produced by teams of editors, designers and cartographers who work with freelance writers and illustrators. Some are endorsed by "imprimaturs": such as the [[British Medical Association]], the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] and the [[British Red Cross]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===BradyGames===
BradyGames was a publishing company in the United States operating as a DK [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]], which specializes in video game [[strategy guides]], covering multiple [[Video game console|video game platforms]]. It published its first strategy guide in November 1993 as a division of [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|MacMillan Computer Publishing]]. In 1998, [[Simon & Schuster]] (which acquired Macmillan in 1994) divested BradyGames as part of its educational division to [[Pearson plc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/04/business/pearson-revises-simon-schuster-deal.html|title=Pearson Revises Simon & Schuster Deal|newspaper=The New York Times|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=4 July 1998}}</ref> BradyGames has grown to publish roughly 90 to 100 guides per year.

On 1 June 2015, BradyGames merged with [[Prima Games]], and future strategy guides made by the publishing company were published under the Prima Games label,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Two big video game strategy guide makers become one|url = http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/1/8700953/prima-games-and-bradygames-merger|website = Polygon|date = June 2015|access-date = 2015-06-02}}</ref> which was sold to Asteri Holdings in 2019.

===Young adult===
DK commenced publishing books aimed at teens with the release of ''Heads Up Psychology'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/62061-dk-enters-the-teen-market-with-nonfiction-line.html |website=www.publishersweekly.com |title=DK Enters the Teen Market with Nonfiction Line |author=Sally Lodge |date=29 April 2014|publisher=PWxyz LLC |access-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal |Children's literature}}
* [[Cartopedia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dorling Kindersley}}
* {{official|https://www.dk.com}}

{{Penguin Random House}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Book packagers]]
[[Category:Kindersley family]]
[[Category:Former Microsoft subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Penguin Random House]]
[[Category:Travel guide books]]

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

2026-03-25T19:23:28Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|Act of Parliament about Indian labour law}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Minimum Wages Act, 1948
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments.
| citation = [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/623/Minimum%20Wages%20Act%201948.pdf Act No. 11 of 1948]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_commenced = 15 March 1948
| repealed_by = [[Code on Wages, 2019]]
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Minimum Wages Act, 1948''' was an [[act of parliament]] concerning [[Indian labour law]] that sets the minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled workers. It has been repealed and replaced by [[Code on Wages, 2019|The Code on Wages, 2019]].

[[Constitution of India|The Indian Constitution]] has defined a '[[living wage]]' that is the level of income for a worker which will ensure a basic standard of living including good health, dignity, comfort, education and provide for any contingency. However, to keep in mind an industry's capacity to pay the Constitution has defined a 'fair wage'.<ref name="labourbureau">
{{cite web
| last= Minisitry of Labour and Empaloyment Labour Bureau
| title= The Working of Minimumzaz Wage Act, 1948 for the year 2008
| url= http://labourbureau.nic.in/MW_Report_2008.pdf
| publisher= Government of India: Misitry of Labour and Employment Labour Bureau
| access-date= 7 November 2012
}}
</ref> Fair wage is that level of wage that not just maintains a level of employment, but seeks to increase it, keeping in perspective the industry's capacity to pay. Due to an unjust attention towards the decades-old law it is now{{When|date=October 2025}} exploited by major businesses to underpay their employees, In public opinion government must set a yearly wage change just like countries internationally do.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

To achieve this in its first session during November 1948, the Central Advisory Council appointed a Tripartite Committee of Fair Wage. This committee came up with the concept of a [[minimum wage]], which not only guarantees bare subsistence and preserves efficiency but also provides for education, medical requirements and some level of comfort.<ref name="labourbureau" />

India introduced the Minimum Wages Act in 1948,<ref name="Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta">{{cite web|last=Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta|title=Minimum Wages in India: Issues and Concerns|url=http://www.paycheck.in/root_files/080415_minimum_wages_in_india.pdf|publisher=Wage Indicator Foundation|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> giving both the Central government and State government jurisdiction in fixing wages. The act is legally non-binding, but statutory. Payment of wages below the minimum wage rate amounts to forced labour. Wage boards are set up to review the industry's capacity to pay and fix minimum wages such that they at least cover a family of four's requirements of calories, shelter, clothing, education, medical assistance, and entertainment. Under the law, wage rates in scheduled employments differ across states, sectors, skills, regions and occupations owing to difference in costs of living, regional industries' capacity to pay, consumption patterns, etc. Hence, there is no single uniform minimum wage rate across the country and the structure has become overly complex. The highest minimum wage rate as updated in 2012 was Rs. 322/day in Andaman and Nicobar<ref name="Paycheck India">{{cite web|last=Paycheck India|title=Minimum Wages in Andaman & Nicobar|url=http://www.paycheck.in/main/salary/minimumwages/andaman-nicobar|publisher=Wage Indicator Foundation|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> and the lowest was Rs. 38/day in Tripura.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paycheck India|title=Minimum Wages in Tripura|url=http://www.paycheck.in/main/salary/minimumwages/tripura|publisher=Wage Indicator Foundation|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> In [[Mumbai]], as of 2017, the minimum wage was Rs. 348/day for a ''safai karmachari'' (sewage cleaner and sweeper), but this was rarely paid.<ref name="tiss2017">{{cite web |title=Interview with Mr. Milind Ranade (Kachra Vahtuk Shramik Sangh Mumbai) |url=http://wastemumbai.tiss.edu/interviews/ |website=TISS Wastelines official website |publisher=Tata Institute of Social Sciences |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101203/http://wastemumbai.tiss.edu/interviews/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
'''1920''': K.G.R. Choudhary recommended setting up boards for determining minimum wages for each industry.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mullookkaaran|title=Minimum Wages Act, 1948|url=https://www.scribd.com/mullookkaaran/info|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

'''1928''': [[International Labour Organization|International Labour Conference]] implemented system to fix wages for different trades.<ref>{{cite book|last=International Labour Office. Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations|title=General Survey of the Reports on the Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention (No.26) and Recommendation (No.30), 1928 : the Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention (No.99) and Recommendation (no. 951: And the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention (no.131) and Recommendation (no. 135), 1970; Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (article 19, 22 and 35 of the Constitution)|publisher=International Labour Office|pages=213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkPtAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9789221079668|year=1992}}</ref> However, the practice was not put into legislation in India.

'''1943''': Standing Labour Committee, a Labour Investigation Committee was appointed on the recommendation of Indian Labour Conference (ILC), 1943 to look into conditions of labour in terms of their wages, housing, social conditions, and employment.<ref name="labour">{{cite web|last=Ministry of Labour|title=Minimum Wages Act, 1948|url=http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Divisions/wage_cell/4fd9bebab42a0mwact.pdf|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

'''1945''': The first bill on minimum wages was drafted in ILC.<ref name="labour" />

'''1946''': A bill on minimum wages was introduced in Central Legislative assembly on the recommendations of 8th Standing Labour Committee. The 8th meeting of the Standing Labour Committee, 1946<ref name="labour" /> also recommended that a separate legislation that specified working hours, minimum wages and paid holidays of unorganised sector be enacted.

'''1947''': Post-independence representatives of labour, employers, and government attended a government-organised conference. They defined minimum wages to be such that they should not only provide for subsistence but should also be enough for education, medical requirements and other amenities and should sustain efficiency.<ref name="Roy">{{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Biren|title=Apathy over Minimum Wages|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=29 November 1997|pages=3050–3051}}</ref>

'''1948''': The Minimum Wages Act was eventually passed and was effective from 15 March. Under the act a tripartite committee "The Tripartite Committee of Fair Wage"<ref>{{cite web|last=Ministry of Labour|title=Minimum Wages Act, 1948|url=http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Divisions/wage_cell/4fd9bebab42a0mwact.pdf|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> was appointed that set definitions and guidelines for formulating a wage structure in India. The Committee of fair wage definition of minimum wage as: "The minimum wages must be provided not merely for the bare subsistence of life but also for the preservation of efficiency of the workers by providing for some measures of education, medical requirement and amenities". Recommendations of this committee have now set the foundations of wage fixation.

'''1957''': The 15th Labor conference added some norms in the fixation of minimum wages such that revision and fixation of wage rates are need-based. The recommendations were:<ref name="Roy" />

*The cost of three consumption units- husband, wife and two children for one earner. Income from women and children should be ignored
*Satisfy the minimum food requirement of 2700 calories per person
*Clothing requirement of 72 yards for a family annually
*Rent of the minimum area as specified by Government's Industrial Housing Scheme
*20% of minimum wage should be the cost of fuel and miscellaneous items of expenditure

'''1987''': Parliamentary sub-committee on unorganised labour concluded that minimum wages fail to ensure a livelihood above the government defined poverty line for the unorganised sector. It also revealed some flaws in implementation of the act. The committee noted that wages are not fixed or revised regularly in some states.<ref name="Narayana 1989">{{cite book|last=Narayana|first=K.V|title=Rural Economy of India|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi}}</ref> The committee recommended that factors such as nutrition requirements, poverty line, shelter, clothing, fuel, light, medical and educational expenses should be taken into account while fixing and revising minimum wages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krishna|first=Chaitanya|title=Myth of Minimum Wages in Unorganised Sector|journal=Myth of Minimum Wages in Unorganised Sector|date=14 December 1991|pages=2858–2860}}</ref>

'''1988''': Labour Minister's Conference recommend the necessity of an allowance that safeguards wages against inflation, called [[Dearness Allowance|Variable Dearness Allowance]] (VDA).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ministry of Labour|title=43 rd SESSION OF STATE LABOUR MINISTERS' CONFERENCE NEW DELHI: 27 TH SEPTEMBER, 2012|url=http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/latest_update/what_new/5056a4e77f4e2AGENDA43SLM.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

'''1991''': Hon’ble Supreme court's judgment in the case of Reptakas & Co. specified that 25% of the minimum wages should also account for Children's education, required medical expenses, recreation in festivals/ceremonies and provision for old age and marriage.
National Commission on Rural Labour (NCRL) recommended the government to introduce a national minimum wage floor level for uniformity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the National Commission on Labour|url=https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=2d87141d70&view=att&th=139f66f5d4b9a19c&attid=0.1&disp=inline&realattid=f_h7h1mqi51&safe=1&zw&saduie=AG9B_P-L_MR1OP42I5HbfNsU7vrg&sadet=1352269297713&sads=yiRCanOpMhji5pp87XVgDvK_9ZQ&sadssc=1|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

VDA became effective. It is revised twice in a year, on 1 April and 1 October.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paycheck India|title=No separate provision for VDA in respect of wages above minimum rates|url=http://www.paycheck.in/main/labour-law-india/workandlaw/salary-wages/no-separate-provision-for-vda-in-respect-of-wages-above-minimum-rates|publisher=Wage Indicator Foundation|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

'''1992''': Thirtieth session of ILC observed the ineffectiveness of states' implementation machinery and labour administration. It urged the civil society especially NGOs and workers' organisations to inspect and ensure payment of minimum wages.<ref name="labourbureau" /> The thirtieth session also discussed that officials should be wary of fixing minimum wage rates to impracticable high levels.

'''1994''': The 9th [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] conference along with insisting a minimum wage floor of Rs. 78.50, raised the following demands
* The family should be taken as five units instead of three.
* The Minimum Wages Act should cover all employments.
* There should be full neutralisation of cost of living with automatic linkage with the consumer prices index and revision after every six months or 50-point rise in the CPI, whichever is earlier.

'''1996''': Government fixed the national minimum wage floor at INR 35/day as per the recommendations of NCRL. Since 2009 it stands at INR 100/day.<ref name="labourbureau" />

'''2007''': The [[Tamil Nadu]] state government announced that it has fixed minimum wages for 90% of all occupations.

The [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] appeals for a "national decent minimum wage" for all industries that would be based on workers' needs.<ref name="labourbureau" />

'''2008''': Working Women in Houses Union marched in Salem demanding statutory fixation of minimum wages for house maids and servants.

'''2009''': The Central government de-linked [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|MGNREGA's]] wage rates from minimum wages through notification under Section 6(1). Wage rates that were initially aligned with respective states' minimum wages were now fixed at a uniform wage rate of Rs. 100/- under the scheme.<ref name="Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey true&css=print">{{cite news|last=Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey|title=The wages of discontent|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article843173.ece?homepage=true&css=print|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

On 12 August, the Andhra Pradesh wrote to the Ministry of Rural Development that workers under the MGNREGA scheme are being paid less than the Minimum wage rate and this could attract "contempt of court". There was no response to this.

On 10 July, the Labour Department responded to the notification of wage rate in MGNREGA scheme as against the minimum wage rate: "Minimum Wages Act, 1948 guarantees minimum wages to workers and there cannot be a wage rate less than the minimum wage rate in any circumstances."<ref name="Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey true&css=print" />

'''2010''': Andhra Pradesh's government says that any payment including that under the MGNREGA scheme, below minimum wage rate is unconstitutional.

'''2011''': As per [[Karnataka High Court]]'s interim order MGNREGA's wage rates are to be aligned with the Minimum Wage rates of the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Banerji|first=devika|title=Centre may match NREGA payouts with minimum wages in states|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-15/news/30283542_1_minimum-wages-wage-rate-nrega|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015504/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-15/news/30283542_1_minimum-wages-wage-rate-nrega|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=15 October 2011}}</ref>

National Human Right Commission convened a zonal workshop on fixation, revision and enforcement of minimum wage is Brick kiln industry.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohan|first=Vibhor|title=Minimum-wages:National Human Rights Commissionconvened a Zonal Workshop O |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speednewsshow/7917269.cms|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

'''2012''': Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan urges the Supreme Court to withdraw the SLP to the PM to rediscuss Karnataka High Court and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh high Court]]'s judgments<ref>{{cite news|last=Special Correspondent|title=Withdraw SLP against court order on minimum wages, Aruna Roy tells Centre|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/withdraw-slp-against-court-order-on-minimum-wages-aruna-roy-tells-centre/article2823219.ece|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

Supreme Court asks the Central Government to consider respective states' minimum wages to bring parity between them.

The Labour Department decides to make revisions in minimum wage rates mandatory within three years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhageshree S|title=Less labour pains this May Day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3372245.ece|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

'''2015''': From 1 July 2015 the National Floor Level of Minimum Wage was raised to Rs 160 per day.

'''2015''': On 1 September 2015 labours in unorganised sector extended their support to one-day nationwide general strike<ref>{{Cite web|title = Unorganised Sector Labourers Extend Their Support to Strike|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Unorganised-Sector-Labourers-Extend-Their-Support-to-Strike/2015/09/01/article3005181.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008062219/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Unorganised-Sector-Labourers-Extend-Their-Support-to-Strike/2015/09/01/article3005181.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 8 October 2015|access-date = 2015-10-06}}</ref> called by central trade unions (CTUs). Later than Shri [[Bandaru Dattatreya]], the Minister of State(IC) for Labour and Employment, elaborated on the initiatives and continuing efforts of the Government to address the issues and concerns of the Trade Unions for the welfare of workers. If the norms are implemented then the minimum wage would be not less than Rs 273 per day which is currently Rs 160 per day.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Government Working Positively on 9 of the 12 Demands of Trade Unions : Bandaru Dattatreya|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126541|website = pib.nic.in|access-date = 2015-10-06}}</ref>

'''2019''': The Parliament of India passed the Code on Wages, 2019, which was notified on August 8, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Code on Wages, 2019|date=8 August 2019 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/15793|publisher=India Code, Ministry of Law and Justice|access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref> This new code is designed to amalgamate, simplify, and rationalize four central labour enactments: the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. A key feature of the new code is the introduction of a national floor wage to be set by the central government. State governments cannot fix minimum wages below this national benchmark, which aims to create more uniformity and reduce regional disparities in wages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Evolution of Minimum Wage in India: From the 1948 Act to the Code on Wages, 2019|url=https://airacle.in/blog/minimum-wages-act-1948/|website=airacle.in|date=16 July 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Contents==
The Act provides for fixing wage rate (time, piece, guaranteed time, overtime) for any industry .

1) While fixing hours for a normal working day as per the act should make sure of the following:

*The number of hours that are to be fixed for a normal working day should have one or more intervals/breaks included.
*At least one day off from an entire week should be given to the employee for rest.
*Payment for the day decided to be given for rest should be paid at a rate not less than the overtime rate.

2) If an employee is involved in work that categorises his service in two or more scheduled employments, the employee's wage will include respective wage rate of all work for the number of hours dedicated at each task.

3) It is mandatory for the employer to maintain records of all employee's work, wages and receipts .

4) Appropriate governments will define and assign the task of inspection and appoint inspectors for the same.

===Fixation and revision of minimum wages===
The Minimum Wages Act 1948 generally specifies minimum wage rates on a per day basis,<ref name="Biju Varkkey and Rupa Korde">{{cite web|last=Biju Varkkey and Rupa Korde|title=Minimum Wage Comparison: Asian Countries.|url=http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/publicationslist/publications-2012/120627Minimum%20Wage%20Comparison_Asian%20Countries_Representation.pdf|publisher=WageIndicator Foundation|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> and extends to the entire country and is revised within a period of not less than five years, however there is a provision to increase dearness allowance every two years. The norms in fixing and revision of minimum wages were first recommended by ILC, 1957.<ref>{{cite web|last=Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta|title=Minimum Wages in India: Issues and Concerns|url=http://www.paycheck.in/root_files/080415_minimum_wages_in_india.pdf|publisher=Wage Indicator Foundation|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>

Revision of minimum wage rates is based on a 'cost of living index' and wages can be fixed for an entire state, part of the state, class or classes and employments pertaining to these categories. The fixation of wages is based on the norms mentioned and a wage board (different for different industry).

Under the Minimum Wages Act, State and Central Governments have the power to fix and revise minimum wages. The act specifies that the "appropriate" government should fix the wages i.e. if the wages to be fixed are in relation to any authority of Central government or Railway administration then the Central government fixes it. However, if the wage rate is to be fixed or revised for a scheduled employment, the respective state governments fix it. The Centre fixes the National floor level Minimum Wage that is lower than most states' respective minimum wages.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Amit|title=Commerce ministry opposes labour ministry's minimum wages proposal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news/34082540_1_minimum-wage-labour-ministry-cabinet-secretary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182535/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news/34082540_1_minimum-wage-labour-ministry-cabinet-secretary|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=10 November 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2012}}</ref> The ambiguity and overlap in the jurisdiction of both these tiers of government have caused debates and controversies. One of such debates revolves around fixing wage rates of MGNREGA scheme, an employment guarantee initiative by the Central Government<ref>{{cite book|last=Press Information Bureau|title=Minimum Wages|publisher=Ministry of Labour and Employment}}</ref>

As per Section 5 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, there are two ways of fixing and/or revising minimum wages
• Committee Method: Committees and Sub-committees are set up to make recommendations or create inquiries.
• Notification Method: The government publishes proposals and an official date in the Official Gazette. All advice and recommendations form various committees and sub-committees as well as representations are collected before the specified official date and the government then proceeds to fix/revise minimum wages.

===Exclusions===
*Workers: Wages to disabled people and those payable to a dependent family member of the employer
*Industries: Un-scheduled industries are generally excluded. For every revision of minimum wages, a state can add a minimum wage for an occupation or specify it for a sector.

===Enforcement===
The Central Government is the proper authority for enforcement of the act. Schedule employment is carried under the railway administration, mines, oilfield, major port and corporation established by Central Act. Chief Labour Commissioner is charged under central level, and at state level officers in industrial relations are charged for enforcement act and other labour laws.

===Offences and penalties===
Violation of the act in regards to minimum wages, working hours and other comes under Central Act as offences, and there is a penalties of 6months imprisonment and fine of Rs. 500/- (under section act 22). Any agreement whereby an employee reduces his right under this act shall be null and void.

===Process of complaints===
To process complaints the appropriate government can appoint a labour commissioner, Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation, or officer with experience as a judge of Stipendiary Magistrate or an officer that is at least above the rank of Labour Commissioner. If an individual feels that he/she is being paid less than the minimum wages specified for his region/sector/occupation, or is not paid for a duration of work, a complaint can be made to the appointed authority.

==Minimum wage rates==
The table below summarizes minimum wages across states. All states specify different minimum wages for different occupations and skill levels within those occupations. The table below briefly shows if the states account for Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) that are linked and fixed according to average Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Enterprises|first=Singhal|title=Minimum Wages Rate India 2020, Area Wise|url=https://www.singhalmanpowersupply.com/minimum-labour-wages-rate/}}</ref> the range of minimum wages, and when these wages were last updated/revised. The period within which minimum wages are revised is different for different states. Some states revise their respective minimum wage rates every six months while some do so in five years.

* Variable Dearness Allowance and Basic Rates for the employees employed in Agriculture w.e.f. 01.10.2020
** Rates of V.D.A.

{| class="wikitable"
|Category of worker
| colspan="3" |Rates of V.D.A. Area wise per day (in Rupees)
|-
|
|'A'
|'B'
|'C'
|-
|Unskilled
|74
|68
|68
|-
|Semi-Skilled / Unskilled Supervisor
|81
|74
|68
|-
|Skilled Clerical
|88
|81
|74
|-
|Highly Skilled
|97
|90
|81
|}
The minimum rates of wages including the basic rates and Variable Dearness Allowance payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 to the employees working in Agriculture shall be as under

* Variable Dearness Allowance and Basic Rates for Industrial Workers w.e.f. 01.10.2020 for employees employed in employments in Gypsum Mines, Barytes Mines, Bauxite Mines, Manganese Mines, China Clay Mines, Kyanite Mines, Copper Mines, Clay Mines, Magnesite Mines, White Clay Mines, Stone Mines, 8teatite Minee (including the mines producing Soap Stores and TalcJ, Ochre Mines, Asbestos Mines, Pire Clay Mines, Chromite Mines, Quartzite Mines, Quartz Mines, Silica Mines, Graphite Mines, Felspar Mines, Laterite Mines, Dolomite Mines, Red Oxide Mines, Wolfram Mines Iron Ore Mines, Granite Mines Rock Phosphate Mines, Hematite Mines, marble and Calcite Mines, Uranium Mines, Mica Mines, Lignite Mines, Gravel Mines, Slate Mines and Magnetite Mines.
** Rates of V.D.A.

{|
|Category of worker
| colspan="2" |Rates of V.D.A. (in Rupees) Per Day
|-
|
|For work above ground
|For work below ground
|-
|Unskilled
|77
|97
|-
|Semi-Skilled / Unskilled Supervisor
|97
|116
|-
|Skilled Clerical
|116
|135
|-
|Highly Skilled
|135
|149
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the basic rates and Variable Dearness Allowance Payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 will be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|Category of worker
| colspan="2" |Rates of wages including V.D.A. (in Rupees) Per Day
|-
|
|For work above ground
|For work below ground
|-
|Unskilled
|350+77=427
|437+97= 534
|-
|Semi-Skilled / Unskilled Supervisor
|437+97=534
|523+ 116=639
|-
|Skilled Clerical
|523+ 116=639
|610+ 135=745
|-
|Highly Skilled
|610+ 135=745
|683+ 149=832
|}

* Variable Dearness Allowance and Basic Rates for Industrial Workers w.e.f. 01.10.2020 for employees employed in construction or maintenance of roads or runways or in building operations including laying down underground electric, wireless, radio, television, telephone, telegraph and overseas communication cables and similar other underground cabling work, electric lines, water supply lines and sewerage pipe lines
** Rates of V.D.A.

{| class="wikitable"
|Category of worker
| colspan="3" |Rates of wages including V.D.A. Area wise per day (in Rupees)
|-
|
|'A'
|'B'
|'C'
|-
|Unskilled
|116
|97
|77
|-
|Semi-Skilled / Unskilled Supervisor
|128
|109
|90
|-
|Skilled Clerical
|140
|128
|109
|-
|Highly Skilled
|152
|140
|128
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the Basic Rates and Variable Dearness Allowance Payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 will be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|Category of worker
| colspan="3" |Rates of wages including V.D.A. Area wise per day (in Rupees)
|-
|
|'A'
|'B'
|'C'
|-
|Unskilled
|523+116=639
|437+97=534
|350+77=427
|-
|Semi-Skilled / Unskilled Supervisor
|579+128=707
|494+109=603
|410+90=500
|-
|Skilled Clerical
|637+140=777
|579+128=707
|494+109=603
|-
|Highly Skilled
|693+152=845
|637+140=777
|579+128=707
|}

* Variable Dearness Allowance and Basic Rates for Industrial Workers w.e.f. 01.10.2020 for employees employed in loading and unloading in (i) goods sheds, parcel offices of railways, (ii) other goods-sheds, godowns, warehouses and other similar employments; (iii) docks and ports; and (iv) passengers goods and cargo carried out at airports (both international and domestic).
** Rates of V.D.A.

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|116
|-
|'B'
|97
|-
|'C'
|77
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the basic rates and Variable Dearness Allowance payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 shall be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF wages plus V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|523+116=639
|-
|'B'
|437+97=534
|-
|'C'
|350+77=427
|}

* Variable Dearness Allowance and Basic Rates for Industrial Workers w.e.f. 01.10.2020 for employees employed In "employment of sweeping and cleaning excluding activities prohibited under the employment of manual scavengers and construction of dry latrines (prohibition) act, 1993".
** Rates of V.D.A.

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|116
|-
|'B'
|97
|-
|'C'
|77
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the Basic Rates and variable Dearness Allowance payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 shall be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF wages plus V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|523+116=639
|-
|'B'
|437+97=534
|-
|'C'
|350+77=427
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the Basic Rates and Variable Dearness Allowance for Industrial Workers payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 to employees employed in WATCH AND WARD (without arms) shall be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF wages plus V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|637+140=777
|-
|'B'
|579+128=707
|-
|'C'
|494+109=603
|}

* The minimum rates of wages showing the Basic Rates and Variable Dearness Allowance for Industrial Workers payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 to employees employed in WATCH AND WARD (with arms) shall be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|AREA
|RATES OF wages plus V.D.A. PER DAY (IN RS.)
|-
|'A'
|693+152=845
|-
|'B'
|637+140=777
|-
|'C'
|579+128=707
|}

* The minimum piece rate wages showing the Basic and Variable Dearness Allowance for Industrial Workers payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 to the employees employed in Store Mines shall be as under:-

{| class="wikitable"
|Category
|Basic wages plus V.D.A (IN RS.)
|-
|Excavation & removal of over burden with 50 meters Lead / 1.5 Meters lift. *

1. Soft Soil

2. Soft Soil with Rock

3. Rock
|
351+80=431

531+117=648

703+155=858
|-
|Removal and stacking of rejected stones with 50 meters lead/1.5 meters lift. *
|283+63=346
|-
|Stone Breaking or Stone Crushing for Stone Size of Category**

1. 1.0 inch to 1.5 inches

2. Above 1.5 inches to 3.0 inches

3. Above 3.0 inches to 5.0 inches

4. Above 5.0 inches
|
2171+471=2642

1857+403=2260

1088+238=1326

893+196=1089
|}
The workers employed on minimum guaranteed time rate of wages per day shall be entitled to time rate of minimum wages plus special allowance, if any, for unskilled category of above ground workers revised from time to time by the Central Government in respect of scheduled employment in stone mines.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Per 2.831 cube meters (100 cubic feet)

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Per truck load of 5.662 cubic meters (200 cubic feet)

* CLASSIFICATION OF AREA

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="6" |AREA – "A"
|-
|Ahmedabad
|(UA)
|Hyderabad
|(UA)
|Faridabad complex
|
|-
|Bangaluru
|(UA)
|Kanpur
|(UA)
|Ghaziabad
|
|-
|Kolkata
|(UA)
|Lucknow
|(UA)
|Gurgaon
|
|-
|Delhi
|(UA)
|Chennai
|(UA)
|Noida
|
|-
|Greater Mumbai
|(UA)
|Nagpur
|(UA)
|Secunderabad
|
|-
|Navi Mumbai
|
|Pune
|(UA)
|
|
|-
| colspan="6" |AREA – "B"
|-
|Agra
|(UA)
|Gwalior
|(UA)
|Port Blair
|(UA)
|-
|Ajmer
|(UA)
|Hubli-Dharwad
|(M. Corpn)
|Puducherry
|(UA)
|-
|Aligarh
|(UA)
|Indore
|(UA)
|Raipur
|(UA)
|-
|Allahabad
|(UA)
|Jabalpur
|(UA)
|Raurkela
|(UA)
|-
|Amravati
|(M.Corpn)
|Jaipur
|(M.Corpn)
|Rajkot
|(UA)
|-
|Amritsar
|(UA)
|Jalandhar
|(UA)
|Ranchi
|(UA)
|-
|Asansol
|(UA)
|Jalandhar-Cantt.
|(UA)
|Saharanpur
|(M.Corpn)
|-
|Aurangabad
|(UA)
|Jammu
|(UA)
|Salem
|(UA)
|-
|Bareilly
|(UA)
|Jamnagar
|(UA)
|Sangli
|(UA)
|-
|Belgaum
|(UA)
|Jamshedpur
|(UA)
|Shillong
|
|-
|Bhavnagar
|(UA)
|Jhansi
|(UA)
|Siliguri
|(UA)
|-
|Bhiwandi
|(UA)
|Jodhpur
|(UA)
|Solapur
|(M.Corpn)
|-
|Bhopal
|(UA)
|Kannur
|(UA)
|Srikakulam
|(UA)
|Srinagar
|(UA)
|-
|Bhubaneshwar
|(UA)
|Kochi
|(UA)
|Surat
|(UA)
|-
|Bikaner
|(M.Corpn)
|Kolhapur
|(UA)
|Thiruvananthapuram
|(UA)
|-
|Bokaro Steel City
|(UA)
|Kollam
|(UA)
|Thrissur
|(UA)
|-
|Chandigarh
|(UA)
|Kota
|(M.Corpn)
|Tiruchirappalli
|(UA)
|-
|Coimbatore
|(UA)
|Kozhikode
|(UA)
|Tiruppur
|(UA)
|-
|Cuttack
|(UA)
|Ludhiana
|(M.Corpn)
|Ujjain
|(M.Corpn)
|-
|Darbhanga
|(UA)
|Dehradun
|(UA)
|Madurai
|(UA)
|Vadodara
|(UA)
|-
|Dhanbad
|(UA)
|Malappuram
|(UA)
|Varanasi
|(UA)
|-
|Durgapur
|(UA)
|Malegaon
|(UA)
|Vasai- Virar City
|(M.Corpn)
|-
|Durg-Bhilai Nagar
|(UA)
|Mangalore
|(UA)
|Vijayawada
|(UA)
|-
|Erode
|(UA)
|Meerut
|(UA)
|Vishakhapatnam
|(M.Corpn)
|-
|Firozabad
|
|Moradabad
|(M. Corpn)
|Warangal
|(UA)
|-
|Goa
|
|Mysore
|(UA)
|Gorakhpur
|(UA)
|-
|NandedWaghala
|(M. Corpn)
|GreaterVisakhapatnam
|(M.Corpn)
|Nasik
|(UA)
|-
|Gulbarga
|(UA)
|Nellore
|(UA)
|Guntur
|(UA)
|-
|Panchkula
|(UA)
|Guwahati
|(UA)
|Patna
|(UA)
|-
| colspan="6" |Area 'C' will comprise all areas not mentioned in this list.

NB: U.A. stands for Urban Agglomeration.
|}

==Issues==
42% of all wage earners in India receive wages below the national minimum wage floor rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Belser|first=Patrick|author2=Uma Rani|title=Extending the Coverage of Minimum Wages in India: Simulations from Household Data|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=28 May 2011|volume=XLVI|issue=22}}</ref> The data used for these statistics includes half of casual labourers and 1/4th of those salaried. Female workers and those in rural areas are more likely to be paid below a minimum wage. Those who are illiterate or have no mid-level education are most likely to be paid below a minimum wage. For Salaried workers, if they are employed in agriculture, it is more likely that they are paid higher than the minimum wage. Whereas casual workers in construction and unorganised workers in production and manufacturing are likely to receive wages at the minimum wage rate. In sum, the implementation and enforcement of minimum wages is dismal and marginalised groups and communities suffer the most. The government has announced that many amendments are underway to improve enforcement such as penal action against violations and mandatory revision of minimum wages every 5 years.<ref name="ET Bureau">{{cite news|last=ET Bureau|title=Minimum wage for unskilled staff gets nod|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/jobs/minimum-wage-for-unskilled-staff-gets-nod/articleshow/18621207.cms|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=22 February 2013}}</ref>

* '''Large unemployment''': Ensuring a payment at the minimum wage rate does not ensure employability to a willing worker. Many workers out of desperation then accept a wage below the minimum wage. Workers are too weak and vulnerable to demand their rights and after liberalisation, collective rights to have grown weaker with decreasing power of trade unions. These two factors combined give the employer the capacity to offer employment at wages below the minimum wage rate. There have also been cases where workers are paid wages below the minimum wage floor in government funded road and construction projects.<ref name="Jhabvala 1998 500–502">{{cite journal|last=Jhabvala|first=Renana|title=Minimum Wages Based on Worker's Needs|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=7 March 1998|pages=500–502}}</ref>
* '''Less protection against inflation''': Real minimum wage rates may decline in the face of accelerating inflation for three main reasons. Firstly, wages are not revised as frequently as prescribed in the norms i.e. not more than five years. In fact it is believed that revision every three years and even alternate years not only to help workers from increasing costs of living but also to improve supervision of the act.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dayal|first=Sahab|title=Wage Policy in India:A critical evaluation|journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations|year=1970|volume=6|issue=2|pages=149–170|jstor=27760946 }}</ref> Secondly, many states do not provide for dearness allowance, a safeguard against inflation and finally minimum wages are not linked to a cost of living index.
* '''Exemptions from payment of minimum wages''': Government projects have been known to resort to various channels for paying wages below the minimum wage rate. They use methods such as special notifications and exemption clause (26-2) of the Minimum Wages Act.<ref name="Jhabvala 1998 500–502" /> The parliamentary sub-committee, 1987 noted that wages of government programs such as NREP and RLEGP were below the prescribed minimum wage rate. Many professions and industries do not fall under the coverage of the act, for the simple reason that no minimum wage has yet been prescribed,<ref name="Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta" /> hence employers pay wages on their own discretion.
* '''Lack of awareness''': Many citizens are not aware of the existence of a statutory provision that ensures a minimum wage rate. "80% of workers earn less than INR 20/day or less than half of government stipulated minimum wage rate (rural INR 49 and urban INR 67)”.<ref name="Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta" /> On certain instances of doubt among workers on existence of a minimum wage rate, officials have denied claims of any statutory act or legislation.<ref name="Narayana 1989" />
* '''Delays and inaction''': There are delays in appointment of committees for fixation, revision and implementation. A lot of industries and industries do not fall under the purview of the act as their specific minimum wage rates are yet to be fixed. Permanent Labour Inspectors have not been posted in many districts and those posted are known to not visit their districts regularly.<ref name="Chaitanya 1991 2858–2860">{{cite journal|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|title=Myth of Minimum Wages in Unorganised Sector|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=14 December 1991|pages=2858–2860}}</ref> For instance in 2008, inspections in Arunachal Pradesh were as low as 7 while Maharashtra reported to have 71651 inspections.
* '''Terminology''': The government and its committees have defined three types of wages: 'living wage', 'minimum wage' and 'fair wage'. These concepts are vague in definition and correspond to a utopia where the government and industry could afford them.<ref name="Chaitanya 1991 2858–2860" />

==Conflict of MGNREGA wage rates and the Minimum Wages Act==
The [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] is an employment guarantee scheme that guarantees employment for 100 days at a wage rate of INR120 per day (as fixed in 2009). These benefits can be secured by any household regardless of whether they fall below or above national poverty line. The central government delinked MGNREGA wage rates from State specific Minimum wage rates in January 2009 when states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra revised and increased their minimum wage rates. This had direct implications on Central Government's budget set aside for MGNREGA scheme. The move of freezing MGNREGA scheme created an upheaval of discontent in various parts and sections of India as the move was considered to breach Minimum Wages Act, 1948. MGNREGA wage rates were less than the minimum wage rates of respective states and in five states they were even below the National Floor level of minimum wage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Varkkey|first=Biju|title=MGNREGA AND MINIMUM WAGE DEBATE – A fight for the right to get minimum wage|url=http://www.paycheck.in/files/MGNREGA-AND-THE-MINIMUM-WAGE-DEBATE.pdf|publisher=WageIndicator Foundation|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> Protests broke out throughout India coupled with controversies over corruption, under-payment of workers, poor quality of infrastructure, ambiguous source of funds and unintended negative effect on poverty. Recommendations made by National Advisory Council and Centre Employment Guarantee Council chaired by [[Jean Drèze]] that MGNREGA's wage rates should be synced with Minimum Wages Act were rejected by the Central Government. The Central Government stuck to its decision of freezing MGNREGA wages even after an order from Supreme Court. Eventually, the Prime Minister agreed to accept recommendations and indexed MGNREGA wages to Minimum wage rates until an expert committee chaired by [[Pranab Mukherjee]] made a satisfactory index. He however maintained a clear distinction between MGNREGA wage rates and Minimum wage rates to avoid inflating budget on revision of state-wise minimum wages.

==Debate==
From the very inception of the idea of minimum wages, the aim of policy makers was to set up a uniform wage rate across the entire country. However, such a policy would not be connected to reality due to regional differences over consumption patterns, paying capabilities of employers, requirements of employees, etc. Hence the modified aim was to achieve floor level minimum wage for regions and then further it to a national floor minimum wage. However, not everyone supported this view. In 1955, during the Tripartite Labour Conference, labour representatives demanded immediate fixation of a minimum wage at national level, at least in agriculture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Minimum Wages in Agriculture|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=21 May 1955|volume=7}}</ref> The most recent development in this debate involves the Labour Ministry and the Commerce and Industry Ministry at loggerheads over the introduction of a National floor level minimum wage rate. The Commerce and Industry Ministry argues that a national rate would further burden the industry that is anyway incurring heavy costs. On the other hand, the Labour Ministry has given a proposal to the centre to impose a national floor to wage rates and most state governments have approved for it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Amiti|title=Commerce ministry opposes labour ministry's minimum wages proposal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news/34082540_1_minimum-wage-labour-ministry-cabinet-secretary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182535/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news/34082540_1_minimum-wage-labour-ministry-cabinet-secretary|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2012}}</ref> After a two-day strike ending on 21 February 2013, PM Manmohan Singh announced that all unskilled workers would be paid the national floor level minimum wage.<ref name="ET Bureau"/> This would be included in one of the many amendments of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 to be introduced this year. Currently the floor level of minimum wages is 115, though Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala have set lower floors.

== See also ==
*[[Indian labour law]]
*[[United Kingdom labour law]]
*[[United States labor law]]
*[[German labour law]]
*[[European labour law]]
*[[Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1948]]
[[Category:Minimum wage law]]
[[Category:1948 in labor relations]]

Sathiyavakku

2026-03-18T14:13:17Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{No plot|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sathya Vaakku.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Aravindraj]]
| writer = R. Aravindraj
| producer = Ramavasudevan P. Balagopi
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Shobana]] [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| cinematography = R. P. Imayavaramban
| editing = G. Jayachandran
| music = [[Manoj–Gyan|Gyan Varma]]
| studio = Commercial Art Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|11|23}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sathiyavakku''''' ({{translation|''True promise''}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]], written and directed by [[R. Aravindraj]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Shobana]], and [[Ramya Krishnan]]. It was released on 23 November 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சத்ய வாக்கு / Sathya Vakku (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/sathya-vakku |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123171927/https://screen4screen.com/movies/sathya-vakku |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Raja / Marudhu
*[[Shobana]]
*[[Ramya Krishnan]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]]
*[[Jai Ganesh]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Manoj–Gyan|Gyan Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathiya Vaaku (1990) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sathiya-vaaku-songs-T0003887 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053509/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sathiya-vaaku-songs-T0003887 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathiyavaakku- En thangachi Padichava Tamil Film Audio cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sathiyavaakku-en-thangachi-padichava-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053752/https://mossymart.com/product/sathiyavaakku-en-thangachi-padichava-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Yelelam Pattupaadi" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || Aravindraj || 3:51
|-
| "Vaigai Nadhiyodum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Aravindraj || 4:24
|-
| "Oraayiram Raagangalil" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Malaysia Vasudevan || Aravindraj || 4:37
|-
| "Vaa Maama Onu Thamaama" || Malaysia Vasudevan, Sasirekha || Aravindraj || 4:56
|-
| "Poovil Oru Vandu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || Aravindraj || 4:24
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "the film survives only because of its low-light photography, nicely choreographed suspense sequences [..] and a high decibel background score".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 1991 |title=Satyavakku |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910104&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1990 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Aravindraj]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kukke Subramanya Temple

2026-03-18T12:05:00Z

TeresitaPennell: expand layout after review for consistency

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Karnataka}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kukke Subramanya Temple
| image = Kukke Subramanya Swami.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = The [[Gopura]] of the Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.66|75.61|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| native_name = Kukke Sri Subramanya Temple
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = Karnataka
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| website = {{URL|1=https://itms.kar.nic.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=21|2=itms.kar.nic.in/..}}
| locale = On banks of river [[Kumaradhara River|Kumaradhara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Kartikeya]] as a [[Nāga]]
| festivals= [[Shashthi (day)|Shasti]], Kiru Shasti, [[Naga Panchami|Nagara Panchami]], [[Nagaradhane]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator = [[Parashurama]]
|architecture_style=[[Architecture of Karnataka]]}}

{{Kaumaram}}

'''Kukke Subramanya''' ([[IAST]]: ''Kukke Subrahmaṇya'') is a [[Hindu temple]] on the banks of [[Kumaradhara River]] in the village [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]] in Kadaba taluk (previously in Sullia taluk) in [[Dakshina Kannada district]], Karnataka, India.<ref name="KarnatakaTourism">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/kukke-subramanya-temple/|title=Kukke Subramanya Temple|publisher=Karnataka Tourism, Govt of Karnataka}}</ref> [[Kartikeya]] is worshipped as Subramanya, lord of all serpents in the temple. Epics say that the divine serpent [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] and other serpents found refuge under Subramanya when threatened by the [[Garuda]].The '''Koojugodu Kattemane family''' served as the chief administrators of the Kukke Shree Subramanya Swamy temple, managing it and exercising its chief administrative authority for generations from The Ikkeri Nayakas period until Encroachment.
The priests in the temple are [[Shivalli Brahmin|Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins]]. The poojas and other daily rituals in the temple are performed as per [[Madhvacharya]]'s ''Tantra Sara Sangraha''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrG1AAAAIAAJ|page=105|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, Karnataka (India)|year=1973}}</ref>

==Legend==
According to legend, Kukke Subramanya is one of the seven sacred sites established by Saint [[Parashurama]]. It is the location where the divine serpent Vasuki sought refuge in Kukke Subramanya to escape Garuda, the celestial bird and vehicle of [[Lord Vishnu]]. It is believed that Lord Kumaraswamy and his brother Lord [[Ganesha]] defeated the demon rulers [[Tharaka]] and [[Śūrapadmā|Shura Padmasura]] at Kumara Parvatha, near Kukke Subramanya. Following his victory, Lord Kumaraswamy married [[Devasena]], the daughter of [[Indra]], in a grand ceremony attended by major deities, who blessed the place with divine energy.<ref name="KarnatakaTourism"/>

== Koojugodu Kattemane Family and their Authority ==
The Koojugodu Kattemane family was a prominent Gowda lineage of the '''Arebhashe Vokkaliga Gowda community''' that historically served as the '''Sankesha Adhikaris''' (chief administrators) of the Kukke Subramanya Temple.<ref name="Gowda">Puttur Anantharaja Gowda. ''In Pursuit of Our Roots''. Bengaluru: Tenkila Publications, First Edition, 23 February 2015. Available at: [https://archive.org/embed/arebhashe.inpursuitofourro0000putt Archive.org]</ref> They traced their ancestry to Thimma Nayaka of Ikkeri and maintained close ties with both the Haleri Maharajas of Kodagu and the Dakshinayana Sringeri Sharada Peetam. The family played a key role in temple management, religious service, and establishing associated shrines within the temple premises.

The family served as the chief administrators of the temple, managing it and exercising its chief administrative authority for generations.<ref name="Gowda"/>

They belonged to the ''Nayar Bali gothra'' of the Arebhasé Vokkaliga Gowda community and traced their ancestry to Thimma Nayaka of Ikkeri, a member of the Ikkeri royal family. The Nayakas of Ikkeri were rulers who performed '''seva''' (service) to Lord Subramanya.<ref name="Gowda"/>

The '''Ballala of Rathnapura''', who ruled parts of Kukke Patana, Harihara, Balgodu, Anekki, and Kollamogru, came into conflict with Thimma Nayaka's lineage. After a confrontation that ended the Ballala's rule, authority over the Kukke Subramanya temple passed directly to the Koojugoodu Kattemane chieftains.<ref name="Gowda"/>

The '''Haleri Maharajas of Kodagu''' were blood relatives of the family.<ref name="Gowda"/> The Koojugodu Kattemane Family was of Lingayat origin, later got converted to Arebhase Vokkaliga Gowdas.<ref name="Gowda"/> The two lineages shared political, cultural, and religious ties, including agreements to exchange offerings between the Kukke Subramanya Temple in Dakshina Kannada and '''Shree Bhagandeshwara Temple''', [[Bhagamandala]] in Kodagu.<ref name="Gowda"/>

The family maintained close spiritual ties with the '''Ubhaya Jagadgurus of the Dakshinayana Sringeri Sharada Peetam'''.<ref name="Gowda"/> Guided by the Jagadguru, they established the '''Shree Chandramouleshwara Temple''' and a Sringeri Mutt within the Kukke Subramanya temple premises. The '''Shiva Linga''' in the Chandramouleshwara temple was installed by the Koojugoodu Kattemane family. They continue to preserve the ''Nirupa'' (written order) and ''Kanchina Belé'' (brass plaque) presented by the Jagadguru.<ref name="Gowda"/>

Notable members include:
* '''Shri Shanthappa Gowda'''<ref name="Gowda"/>
* '''Shri Kushalappa Gowda'''<ref name="Gowda"/>
* '''Shri Venkataramana Gowda''' (popularly K. V. Gowda, MLA of Puttur)<ref name="Gowda"/>
* '''Shri Subrahmanya Gowda''' (MLA of Puttur and Belthangady)<ref name="Gowda"/>

Although the family lost administrative control when the temple was taken over by the Karnataka Endowment Department,<ref name="Gowda"/> they remain recognized as one of the most powerful and philanthropist Gowda families associated with Kukke Subramanya Temple.<ref name="Gowda"/>

==[[Sthanika Brahmins]] of [[Tulu Nadu]]==
Kukke Sri Subramanya is also the main center of the [[Sthanika Brahmins]] (officially called the Subramanya Sthanika Brahmins), the oldest [[Tulu Brahmin]] group and one of the oldest Brahmin groups in South India. Sthanika Brahmins were the original founders of various, prominent temples throughout Tulu Nadu, but their most venerated was Kukke Shri Subramanya. They remained the chief priests of this temple until the early 1900s, when their honorary trusteeship was revoked following a multitude of anti-British independence campaigns spearheaded by this community. After the murder of the Sthanika spiritual leader Sri Padma Theertha in 1845 and hangings of many Sthanika Brahmins under British rule, the community fell to poverty and the priesthood of this temple was transferred to [[Shivalli Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Achyuta |title=Kukke Sri Subrahmanya Kshetra idara Samshodhanatmaka Ithihasika Hinnele |date=October 31, 2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/KukkeSubrahmanyaKshetra/Kukke%20Sri%20Subrahmanya%20Kshetra/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref>

Currently, Sthanika Brahmins are economically and socially well-off, following the establishment of the [[Shri Subramanya Sabha]] in 1908 by various Sthanika leaders to uplift their community. Through the Sabha, Sthanika Brahmins continue to partake in various rituals of Kukke Sri Subramanya and organize charitable events in conjunction with the temple. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabha |first1=Subramanya |title=About Sthanika |url=https://subramanyasabha.com/about-sthanika/ |publisher=Subramanya Sabha}}</ref>

==Popular rituals==
The Ashlesha Bali Puja, a ritual seeking protection from black snakes, and the Sarpa Dosha Parihara, performed to remove curses associated with the snake god, are two of the most popular puja rituals conducted at the Kukke Subramanya Temple.<ref name="KarnatakaTourism"/>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:Adi Subramanya, Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025) 16.jpg|A sculpture at Adi Subramanya, near Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025)
|File:Adi Subramanya, Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025) 01.jpg|A [[Nāga]] sculpture at Adi Subramanya, near Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025)
|File:Adi Subramanya, Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025) 03.jpg|[[Lord Shiva]] and [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] statue at Adi Subramanya, near Kukke Subramanya Temple (2025)
|File:Subramanya temple.jpg|Kukke Subrahmanya Temple
|File:River infront of kukke subramanya swamy temple..JPG|Kumaradhara river in front of the temple
}}

==See also==
*[[Ghati Subramanya Temple]]
*[[Kartikeya]]
*[[Sthanika Brahmin]]
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Subramanya Matha]]
*[[Dharmasthala]]
*[[Sullia]]
*[[Mangalore]]
*[[Saarvajanika Nagabrahmastana Moodanidambooru, Bannanje]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.kukke.org/ Temple's Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118005919/http://www.kukke.org/ |date=18 November 2012 }}
{{Murugan temples}}
{{Holy temples of coastal Karnataka}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Dakshina Kannada district]]

Akbar Saheb

2026-03-16T13:27:13Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akbar Saheb
| image = Akbar Saheb artist painter philanthropist Dubai 2023.jpg
| other_names = Akbar Saheb
| birth_name = Akbar Abdul Ibrahim
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| known_for = [[Painting]], [[Sculpture]]
| notable_works = ''A Royal Journey: H.H Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan'' (1996–2004) ''Chronicles of India's Growth Mann Ki Baat'' (2016–2022)
| style = Depthism, [[Narrative art]], [[Impasto]]
| movement = Depthism
| children = 3
| awards = [[UAE Golden Visa]]
}}

'''Akbar Abdul Ibrahim''' (born 1963) known professionally as '''Akbar Saheb''',<ref name=":13" /> is an Indian-origin contemporary artist, painter, and sculptor, based in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. He is credited with developing the painting style ''Depthism''<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=How UAE Mars Mission inspired this Dubai-based artist to devise a new form of painting |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/how-uae-mars-mission-inspired-this-dubai-based-artist-to-devise-a-new-form-of-painting |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> a conceptually driven painting practice characterized by layered surfaces and structural depth. His paintings explore themes of belonging and displacement, cultural memory, lived heritage, psychological states, and historical experience, and he is also known for his [[narrative art]] and expressive visual storytelling.<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last=Muhammad Yusuf |first=Gulf Today |title=Spectrum of Styles on Canvas of Cultures marks Akbar Saheb's art, Gulf Today, 2025 |date=2025-02-24 |url=http://archive.org/details/of-styles-on-canvas-of-cultures-marks-akbar-sahebs-art-gulf-today-2025 |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Sampras |title=Seeing Without Looking: Indian Art as Ideas |publisher=71Arts |year=2024 |isbn=979-8274893282 |edition=2nd |location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |publication-date=January 7, 2024 |pages=127–142 |language=English}}</ref>

Akbar gained international recognition after meeting [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian-origin artist gifts PM Modi a special painting |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-origin-artist-gifts-pm-modi-a-special-painting-1208622 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=NDTV}}</ref> and later was selected by the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]] to create twelve paintings for his book ''[[Mann Ki Baat|Mann Ki Baat – A Social Revolution on Radio]]'', launched at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]],<ref name=":93">{{Cite web |title=UAE-based artist's work featured in Narendra Modi's new book |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-based-artists-work-featured-in-narendra-modis-new-book |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> and he was personally acknowledged by the Prime Minister during an international broadcast.<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |title=PM's 'Mann ki Baat' programme on All India Radio |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-mann-ki-baat-programme-on-all-india-radio-2/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=PMIndia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's 'Mann ki Baat' programme on All India Radio |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-mann-ki-baat-programme-on-all-india-radio-2/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=PMIndia.gov.in}}</ref>

Akbar is known for his philanthropic contributions,<ref name=":14" /> including donating artworks and proceeds to social causes. His collectors include [[Charles III|Prince Charles]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]], [[M. A. Yusuff Ali|M.A. Yusuff Ali]], [[Lubna Khalid Al Qasimi|Lubna Al Qasimi]], [[Charlie Adams (drummer)|Charlie Adams]], [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]], [[G. Kishan Reddy]], [[Amit Shah]], and [[Hassanal Bolkiah]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Sampras |title=Seeing Without Looking: Indian Art as Ideas |publisher=71Arts |year=2024 |isbn=979-8274893282 |edition=2nd |location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |publication-date=January 7, 2024 |pages=127–142 |language=English}}</ref>

Akbar was awarded the [[UAE Golden Visa|Golden Visa]] by the [[Federal government of the United Arab Emirates|UAE government]] in 2022 for his contribution to the arts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Watch: Indian expat artist marks UAE's Golden Jubilee with a masterpiece |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/watch-indian-expat-artist-marks-uaes-golden-jubilee-with-a-masterpiece-1.83614201 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Gulf News |date=16 November 2021 }}</ref> The same year, the [[Government of India]] and the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]] hosted a nationwide [[travelling exhibition]] of his paintings across six notable art institutions, including the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":113">{{Cite web |title=Artworks inspired by PM Modi inaugurated at NGMA |url=https://www.ptinews.com//news/north/artworks-inspired-by-pm-modi-inaugurated-at-ngma/443147.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Themes in his practice are often treated in series; notable series include ''A Royal Journey'', ''Visions of Sheikh Mohammed'',<ref name=":8">{{Citation |last=Mazhar Farooqui |first=Xpress Newspaper |title=Homage Indian Artist Captures Expo Glory On Canvas, Xpress Newspaper, 2013, Dubai |date=2013-11-28 |url=http://archive.org/details/xpress-newspaper-akbar-saheb-expo-2020-2013- |access-date=2025-08-10}}</ref> ''Chronicles of India's Growth Mann Ki Baat, Prime Minister'', ''Tolerance, Modern Classic, UAE Culture and a collection of Polo and Horses''.<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last=Rezan Oueiti |title=Zayeds Life Story In 38 Frames, Akbar Saheb, The National, 2014 |date=2014-07-03 |url=http://archive.org/details/zayeds-life-story-in-38-frames-akbar-saheb-The-National-2014- |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref> He also co-created a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the largest pop-up greeting card (8.2 sq m), in collaboration with India's highest Guinness record holder Ramkumar Sarangapani.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Indian expat in UAE bags Guinness World Record with 8.2 sq metre giant pop-up greeting card |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/indian-expat-in-uae-bags-guinness-world-record-with-8-2-sq-metre-giant-pop-up-greeting-card-192684/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Akbar Saheb was born in 1963 in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], and spent his childhood in [[Sringeri]], located in the [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru district]]. He was raised in a modest household as one of seven children, his father was a [[coppersmith]] and part-time [[Qawwali]] lyricist who also ran a [[kitchenware]] and [[bicycle]] repair shop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaishgi |first=Amna Ehtesham |title=Artist celebrates Flag Day with dramatic UAE landscape painting |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/artist-celebrates-flag-day-with-dramatic-uae-landscape-painting-1.170247 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

From the age of five, Akbar liked to draw and often made sketches in secret because his father did not support his interest in art. In eighth grade, a school art teacher noticed his talent and urged his father to support his artistic development, but this was not encouraged. Akbar was later introduced to Chandra Shekhar, a Fine Arts student from Sringeri studying in [[Bengaluru]]. During Shekhar's outdoor [[landscape painting]] sessions, Akbar shaded him with an umbrella in the sun and rain, which allowed Akbar to observe painting techniques directly. Nevertheless, at the age of 18, Akbar's father sent him to work in an [[Automobile repair shop|automobile repair shop garage]] in [[Mumbai]]. He returned to Sringeri at age 19 due to an appendix illness, where he painted local shop [[signboards]] and helped international students with [[biology]] illustrations assignments in exchange for small fees.<ref>{{Citation |last=Weekend Magazine |title=More Than Just Face Value, Weekend Magazine, Akbar Saheb, 2004 |date=2004-07-15 |url=http://archive.org/details/more-than-just-face-value-weekend-magazine-akbar-saheb-2-2004 |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=gulftoday |date=2025-02-23 |title=Spectrum of styles on canvas of cultures marks Akbar Saheb's art |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/culture/2025/02/23/spectrum-of-styles-on-canvas-of-cultures-marks-akbar-sahebs-art |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=gulftoday}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1984–1993 ===
In 1984, at the age of 21, Akbar moved to [[Bengaluru]] to pursue an art career. His first professional role was at Graphic Arts, a [[design]] and [[Printing|print]] studio on [[Brigade Road]], [[Bengaluru]], where he worked as a layout artist. Akbar later joined Hindustan Thompson Associates (now [[J. Walter Thompson]]), which was one of India's leading [[Advertising agency|advertising agencies]] at the time,<ref name="TelegIndiaHTA-JWT">Our Correspondent (3 September 2002). "HTA returns as J. Walter Thompson". *The Telegraph India*. Retrieved [date you accessed it].</ref> where he worked as an [[illustrator]]. At the agency, he learned [[airbrush]] painting and later became a lead airbrush artist. In 1989, he moved to [[Mumbai]], where he worked with [[MullenLowe Lintas Group]]. He continued developing his personal painting practice, creating [[narrative art]] inspired by life in the city.'''<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />'''

=== 1994–2004 ===
Akbar visited his cousin brother in [[Dubai]] in 1995, where he worked as a [[Freelancer|freelance]] [[illustrator]] and painter for a three months, and then returned to India.<ref>{{Citation |last=Weekend Magazine |title=More Than Just Face Value, Weekend Magazine, Akbar Saheb, 2004 |date=2004-07-15 |url=http://archive.org/details/more-than-just-face-value-weekend-magazine-akbar-saheb-2-2004 |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> In 1996, he relocated permanently to [[Dubai]], and joined the [[Al-Futtaim Group]] as an illustrator and [[Image editing|Image editor]].<ref name=":5" /> After work, he painted at night in his bedroom,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Abhishek |date=2018-09-15 |title=Artist shattered as paintings denied display |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/artist-shattered-as-paintings-denied-display-1.1565615 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> focusing on themes such as [[Horse|horses]], Arab [[Cultural heritage|heritage]], and regional [[culture]].<ref name=":1" /> He had no formal teacher and built up his skills on his own through regular practice.'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Mubashra Siddiqui |first=Weekend |title=More Than Just Face Value |date=2004-07-15 |url=http://archive.org/details/more-than-just-face-value-weekend-magazine-akbar-saheb--2004 |access-date=2025-08-10}}</ref>''' In 1998, he exhibited his paintings in group exhibitions organised by the Consulate General of India in Dubai, where he exhibited with Indian painter [[M. F. Husain]].<ref name=":5" />

Between 1997 and 2004, Akbar began painting a series of 38 paintings titled ''A Royal Journey'', each depicting a year in the leadership of [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], which captures his role in the formation and development of the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The series was viewed by several Emirati dignitaries,<ref>{{Citation |last=Sajila Saseendran |first=Khaleej Times |title=Telling Strokes Of Shaikh Zayed |date=2013-10-19 |url=http://archive.org/details/telling-strokes-of-shaikh-zayed-akbar-saheb-khaleej-times-october-19-10-2013- |access-date=2025-08-10}}</ref> including [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan|Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]]<ref name=":153">{{Cite web |title=Expressing devotion for UAE in an artistic way |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/expressing-devotion-for-uae-in-an-artistic-way |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> and was later valued at AED 38 million.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Oueiti |first=Rezan |title=Life of Sheikh Zayed depicted in series of paintings |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/life-of-sheikh-zayed-depicted-in-series-of-paintings-1.303606 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> In the same period, Akbar also created 32 paintings titled ''Visions of a Leader,'' which focused on [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] and his vision for [[Dubai|Dubai's]] growth and leadership.<ref name="KT2021">[https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/this-country-has-given-me-everything?_refresh=true This country has given me everything]. ''Khaleej Times''. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2025.</ref><ref name="GNCard">[https://gulfnews.com/uae/worlds-largest-pop-up-greetings-card-record-broken-in-dubai-features-sheikh-mohammed-1.76231731 World's largest pop-up greetings card record broken in Dubai]. ''Gulf News''. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2025.</ref>

=== 2005–2013 ===
Between 2005 and 2013, Akbar began creating a collection of [[narrative art]], [[Contemporary art|contemporary]] style paintings. He used the [[impasto]] technique using [[oil paint]] with [[paintbrush]] and [[palette knife]]. He explored themes on [[cultural identity]], [[history]], [[human nature]], and [[Group cohesiveness|social harmony]].'''<ref name=":10" />''' During this period, his paintings were often figurative or abstract, encouraging multiple interpretations.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Gulf Today: Time Out – Akbar Abdul Ibrahim Saheb |url=https://archive.org/details/Gulf-Today-Time-Out-Akbar-Abdul-Ibrahim-Saheb |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Internet Archive |date=10 September 2009 |publisher=Gulf Today}}</ref> He also experimented with [[Watercolor painting|watercolour paint]], [[acrylic paint]], and [[mixed media]], developing his own [[Style (visual arts)|visual styles]].<ref name=":12" />

Akbar's early narrative art was first exhibited in public In 2009, in group exhibitions at [[Tashkeel Dubai|Tashkeel]] Art Gallery,<ref>{{Citation |title=Tashkeel Art Gallery, Silent Conversations Exhibition, Dubai, 2009 |date=2009 |url=http://archive.org/details/tashkeel-exhibition-akbar-saheb-dubai-c-2009 |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref> and The Art Centre at Dubai Ladies Club alongside [[M. F. Husain]] and [[Abdul Qader Al Rais]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Dubai Ladies Club |first=Dubai |title=Kaleidoscope painting exhibition, Dubai Ladies Club, Dubai, UAE, 2009 |date=2009-01-28 |url=http://archive.org/details/kaleidoscope-akbar-saheb-a-dubai-2009--exhibition |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref> In 2013, Akbar's work was recognised by educational institutions and governmental institutions from different states in the UAE.<ref name=":1" /> [[American University of Sharjah]] held a solo exhibition of his UAE cultural paintings and a few paintings from his series ''A Royal Journey,'' which was inaugurated by then Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan|Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2013 |title="In Memory of the Ancestors" |url=https://archive.org/details/In-memory-of-the-ancestors-Akbar-Saheb-American-University-AUS-Mathrubhumi-Dubai-02-12-2013 |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> That same year, he was invited to exhibit these paintings at [[Ajman University]], which was attended by [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III]].<ref name=":11">{{Citation |last=Amna Ehtesham Khaishgi |first=The National |title=Painter Akbar Saheb Hopes to Capture Moment With Fine Art Gift, The National, 2015 |date=2015-08-16 |url=http://archive.org/details/painter-akbar-saheb-hopes-to-capture-moment-with-fine-art-gift-the-national-2015- |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> In October 2013, Akbar had a solo exhibition titled ''Tribute to the Legends'' in [[Ras Al Khaimah]], held under the Ministry of Culture of [[Ras Al Khaimah]] and the Indian Embassy in [[Abu Dhabi]]. The exhibition commemorated the [[International Day of Non-Violence]] by exhibiting paintings inspired by [[philosophy|Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[philosophy]] of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] and [[peace]], and cultural connections between [[India]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. The exhibition was inaugurated by Sheikh Sultan bin Jamal Al Qasimi of the Ruler's Court, who presented a recognition award to Akbar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Exhibition showcases 38 years of Shaikh Zayed's rule |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/exhibition-showcases-38-years-of-shaikh-zayeds-rule |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, Akbar started a series of twelve paintings titled ''PM series: The Man, The Visionary, The Leader.''<ref name=":0" /> The paintings showed accomplishments, and challenges, from the life and career of the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="KT-ModiPortraits">[https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai-based-artist-views-modi-through-portraits Dubai-based artist views Modi through portraits]. ''Khaleej Times''. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2025.</ref> Akbar stated the series was not made for political reasons, and was inspired by the prime minister's public speeches and campaign pledges before and during the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], presenting his journey through symbolic and imaginative paintings.<ref>{{Citation |last=Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary |first=Gulf News |title=Great expectations from Modi visit |date=2015-08-14 |url=http://archive.org/details/gulf-news-akbar-saheb-modi-visit-2015- |access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref>

=== 2014–2022 ===
Akbar held his first collaboration with the [[Sharjah]] Chamber of Commerce through a solo exhibition''',''' starting his association with the [[Government of Sharjah]] in 2014.'''<ref name=":11" />''' The exhibition featured original prints of his painting series ''A Royal Journey'' and culturally themed paintings. The same year, he presented a display of paintings at the [[Dubai World Trade Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=لوحات تشكيلية تُخلّد ذكرى القادة |url=https://www.aletihad.ae/article/58779/2014 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Al Ittihad |date=3 July 2014 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=معرض تشكيلي يستعرض مسيرة الشيخ زايد |url=https://24.ae/article.aspx?ArticleId=89326 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=24.ae |language=ar}}</ref>

By the mid-2010s, Akbar was receiving commissions from corporate clients. [[Lexus Motors]] commissioned him to create cultural paintings, which were exhibited during the opening of their [[Ras Al Khaimah]] showroom in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Lexus Al-Futtaim UAE Purchases Akbar Saheb's Paintings (2015) |url=https://archive.org/details/lexus-alfuttaim-uae-purchases-akbar-sahebs-paintings-2015 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Lexus Al-Futtaim UAE}}</ref> That same year, [[Patak's]] CEO Kirit Pathak commissioned Akbar to create a series of paintings titled ''Patak's and horses''.<ref name=":1" /> That same year, Akbar was invited to present his paintings at [[VadFest]], a state-sponsored cultural festival in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]. However, his participation drew protest from a group of local artists and former students, leading to his withdrawal after a meeting with the event organiser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VadFest pulls out Dubai artist's paintings of PM |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vadfest-pulls-out-dubai-artists-paintings-of-pm/45984333.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Right-wing and liberals unite in Gujarat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/23/right-wing-liberals/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Desh Gujarat}}</ref> Akbar instead held an independent exhibition at Kalanidhi Art Gallery in [[Vadodara]], attended by collectors, dignitaries, including then Chief Minister [[Anandiben Patel]], [[Charlie Adams (drummer)|Charlie Adams]] and the [[List of Israeli ambassadors|Israeli Consul General David Akov]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title="Sandesh Vadodara: VadFest halted Dubai artist's painting to CM – Akbar Saheb at Kalanidhi Art Gallery" |url=https://archive.org/details/Sandesh-Vadodra-Vadfest-halted-Dubai-artist-painting-to-CM-Akbar-Saheb-Kalanidhi-Art-Gallery-India |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Sandesh Vadodara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai artist's paintings on Modi barred from VadFest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dubai-artists-paintings-on-modi-barred-from-vadfest/article6815931.ece |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Hindu |date=23 January 2015 }}</ref>

Akbar set up the Akbar Saheb Art Foundation in 2014 to support free art classes and workshops for children with [[special needs]] and for underprivileged communities. Through the foundation, he has held art sessions in schools, shelters and special needs centres in India, including Sankalp, MPC Trust and Cambridge School. He has also run programmes in the United Arab Emirates with organisations such as Sanad Village, the Merint Determination Centre and the Widad Centre. The foundation has raised funds through charity sales and auctions linked to his exhibitions. As part of an initiative called ''Art for Silence'', Akbar has used impasto techniques to create heavily textured paintings that blind and visually impaired children can feel. The foundation also takes him into slums, shelters and low-income neighbourhoods, where he paints without publicity. He often undertakes this work together with his children, Naureen, Tanveer and Afsheen.<ref name=":1" />

In 2015, during the first visit by an [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[India–United Arab Emirates relations|to the United Arab Emirates in over three decades]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=In 30 Years, Narendra Modi First Indian Prime Minister To Visit UAE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-30-years-narendra-modi-first-indian-prime-minister-to-visit-uae-1207748 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Akbar had a private meeting with the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] at the [[Emirates Palace Mandarin Oriental, Abu Dhabi|Emirates Palace]] in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Artist's dream comes true as he meets his muse and hero Modi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/artist-s-dream-comes-true-as-he-meets-his-muse-and-hero-modi-1.53494?videoId=5754807360001 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The National}}</ref> Akbar presented Prime Minister Modi with a painting titled ''Mother Blessings'', part of the painting series ''The Man, The Visionary, The Leader.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian-origin artist gifts PM Modi a special painting |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-origin-artist-gifts-pm-modi-a-special-painting-1208622 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian PM meets UAE-based Modi portraits painter |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/indian-pm-meets-uae-based-modi-portraits-painter |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> That same year, the Sharjah Chamber of Commerce organised an exclusive solo exhibition highlighting his works themed around [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] [[Culture]]. His paintings were also displayed at the [[American University of Sharjah]].<ref name=":11" />

During this period, Akbar also received several commissioned assignments, including one for [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan|Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]], which was presented during a [[majlis]] attended by the Indian Ambassador to the UAE,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expressing devotion for UAE in an artistic way |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/expressing-devotion-for-uae-in-an-artistic-way |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref name="KT-Tribute">[https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/this-country-has-given-me-everything?_refresh=true This country has given me everything]. ''Khaleej Times''. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2025.</ref> and themes on [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], the former [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai artist brings paintings on Kalam |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/world/2015/Jul/28/dubai-artist-brings-paintings-on-kalam-254864.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Kannada Prabha |date=29 July 2015 |language=kn}}</ref> Akbar was also commissioned by [[M. A. Yusuff Ali|M.A. Yusuff Ali]], chairman of [[LuLu Group International|Lulu Group International]], to produce a collection of paintings, including a biographical work.'''<ref name=":10" />'''

Akbar was selected by the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and the [[Government of India]] to illustrate ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]: A Social Revolution on Radio'',<ref name="modibook">{{cite book | title=Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio | date=2017 | publisher=LexisNexis | isbn=978-9350359907 }}</ref> a book based on Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s radio address series.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio | date=30 August 2017 | url=https://mattersindia.com/2017/08/mann-ki-baat-a-social-revolution-on-radio/ }}</ref> In 2017, Akbar created all illustrations and the cover design, capturing themes such as [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]], [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]], [[International Day of Yoga|Yoga Day]], and rural empowerment.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mann ki Baat: PM Modi asks 3 generations of families to come together & practice Yoga, lauds Afroz Shah for cleaning Versova Beach | date=28 May 2017 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mann-ki-baat-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-to-address-nation-at-11-am-in-his-32nd-radio-address/689298/ }}</ref> The book was launched at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in the presence of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], and Akbar was formally recognised and awarded for his contribution.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio | date=30 August 2017 | url=https://mattersindia.com/2017/08/mann-ki-baat-a-social-revolution-on-radio/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=UAE-based artist's work featured in Narendra Modi's new book Khalee... |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-based-artists-work-featured-in-narendra-modis-new-book |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250606131218/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-based-artists-work-featured-in-narendra-modis-new-book |archivedate=2025-06-06}}</ref> In the May 28, 2017, edition of ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'', Prime Minister Modi publicly acknowledged Akbar Saheb's contribution.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mann ki Baat: PM Modi asks 3 generations of families to come together & practice Yoga, lauds Afroz Shah for cleaning Versova Beach | date=28 May 2017 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mann-ki-baat-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-to-address-nation-at-11-am-in-his-32nd-radio-address/689298/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio | date=30 August 2017 | url=https://mattersindia.com/2017/08/mann-ki-baat-a-social-revolution-on-radio/ }}</ref> In October 2018, Akbar was awarded by the Consulate General of India in Dubai and Palette Art Training and Consultancy.<ref>{{cite web | title=Schoolchildren show their art skills | date=10 October 2018 | url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/schoolchildren-show-their-art-skills-1.1925062 }}</ref>

In 2019, Akbar collaborated with the UAE-based numismatics company Numisbing to create commemorative Zero Euro souvenir notes, authorised by the [[European Central Bank]].<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/commemorative-notes-to-be-released-to-mark-gandhi-s-150th-birth-anniversary-119022700700_1.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dubai numismatics company releases Euro Souvenir Indian notes on Gandhi | date=27 February 2019 | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/dubai-numismatics-company-releases-euro-souvenir-indian-notes-on-gandhi-1.62346214 }}</ref> These collectable notes featured artwork by Akbar using [[dip pen]], [[Hatching|crosshatch]] techniques and [[India ink]]. Among them was a series commemorating [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s 150th birth anniversary, released on October 2, 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title=Euro souvenir Indian notes on Mahatma Gandhi | date=28 February 2019 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/Feb/28/euro-souvenir-indian-notes-on-mahatma-gandhi-1944751.html }}</ref>

Akbar co-designed a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the largest pop-up greeting card measuring 8.2 square meters with Ramkumar Sarangapani, the man who holds the most Guinness World Records in the region.<ref>{{cite web | title=Meet the man who holds the most Guinness World Records in Dubai | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/meet-the-man-who-holds-the-most-guinness-world-records-in-dubai-1.1140696 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Indian expat in UAE bags Guinness World Record with 8.2 sq mt giant pop-up greeting card | date=2 January 2021 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/guinness-world-record-indian-expatriate-in-uae-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-giant-pop-up-greeting-card-trending-news-indian-express-news-buzz-news-dubai-based-artist-akbar-saheb7130249/ }}</ref> It included a collage of Akbar's paintings from the ''Visions of Sheikh Mohammed'' series, which he painted over 25 years.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":02" /> The card was created as a tribute to the 15th anniversary of the accession of [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] on January 1, 2021. During the United Arab Emirates Golden Jubilee celebration organised by [[Emirates Draw Games|Emirates Draw]] in December 2021, Akbar presented two large-scale paintings, including a ''Depthism'' work titled ''Past, Present and Future,'' which marked the country's 50th anniversary and its achievements.<ref>{{cite web | title=50 people win Dh7,777 each in special UAE Golden Jubilee edition of Emirates Draw | date=5 December 2021 | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/50-people-win-dh7777-each-in-special-uae-golden-jubilee-edition-of-emirates-draw-1.84185949 }}</ref>

=== 2023–2025 ===
In 2023, Akbar Saheb unveiled a series of 55 paintings in oil and acrylic titled ''Mann ki Baat Chronicles of India's Growth'' and the ''Prime Minister series'', which covered themes related to India, including [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]], [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|banknote demonetisation]], Beware of Drugs, Save Our Farmers, [[women's empowerment]], [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat]], [[entrepreneurship]], [[digital India]] and the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2022-10-29 |title=Modi as 'lovable king' who 'dared to dream' — Delhi exhibition captures PM's journey on canvas |url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-as-lovable-king-who-dared-to-dream-delhi-exhibition-captures-pms-journey-on-canvas/1186865/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: PM Modi Inspired Artwork Inaugurated At Delhi's Top Art Gallery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-pm-modi-inspired-artwork-inaugurated-at-delhis-top-art-gallery-3470079 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] and the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]] unveiled these paintings through a nationwide solo [[travelling exhibition]] across six notable art institutions, attracting more than 10,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gulftoday |date=2025-08-09 |title=Canvas and community: Contemporary artmaker Tanveer Akbar's social brush |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/culture/2025/08/09/canvas-and-community-contemporary-artmaker-tanveer-akbars-social-brush |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=gulftoday |language=en}}</ref> The exhibitions started at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in [[Ahmedabad]] from 17 to 23 September 2022, inaugurated by Gujarat [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] and by political leaders including [[Harsh Sanghavi]] and [[Gordhan Zadafia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Gujarat BJP announces fortnight of service to celebrate PM's birthday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/gujarat-bjp-announces-fortnight-of-service-to-celebrate-pms-birthday-8156121/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Guj: New projects, blood donation camps mark PM Modi's birthday in his home state | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=17 September 2022 | url=https://theprint.in/india/guj-new-projects-blood-donation-camps-mark-pm-modis-birthday-in-his-home-state/1132863/?amp }}</ref> The next exhibition took place at [[Vadodara]] at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]] Fine Art Gallery from 26 September to 2 October 2022, inaugurated by BJP Gujarat State President [[C. R. Patil|C. R. Paatil]].<ref>{{cite web | title=दुबई के आर्टिस्ट अकबर ने बनाई Pm मोदी की दिलचस्प तस्वीरें.... शेयर किए बिना नहीं रह पाएंगे | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/state-photogallery/dubais-artist-akbar-made-interesting-pictures-of-pm-narendra-modi-wtach/photoshow/msid-94478207,picid-94479026.cms }}</ref> In [[Surat]], the exhibition was held at Science City Art Gallery from 6 to 11 October 2022, inaugurated by [[C. R. Patil|C. R. Paatil]] and [[Harsh Sanghavi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=સુરતના સાયન્સ સેન્ટર ખાતે વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદીની પેઇન્ટિંગનું પ્રદર્શન યોજાયું |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/daxin-gujarat/an-exhibition-of-prime-minister-narendra-modis-painting-was-held-at-science-center-in-surat |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Gujarat: State BJP to Celebrate 15-Day Long 'Seva Pakhwadiyu' | date=16 September 2022 | url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/gujarat-state-bjp-to-celebrate-15-day-long-seva-pakhwadiyu-on-pms-birthday/ }}</ref> The [[Rajkot]] exhibition, from 17 to 21 October 2022 at Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Art Gallery, was inaugurated by former Gujarat Chief Minister [[Vijay Rupani]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gujarat BJP announces fortnight of service to celebrate PM's birthday | date=17 September 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/gujarat-bjp-announces-fortnight-of-service-to-celebrate-pms-birthday-8156121/ }}</ref> It was then held at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in [[New Delhi]] from 28 October to 3 November 2022, inaugurated by [[G. Kishan Reddy]], Union Minister for Culture and [[Adwaita Gadanayak]].<ref>{{cite web | title=On display in Delhi, exhibition on Modi's life and work | date=29 October 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/modi-museum-delhi-8235864/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Modi as 'lovable king' who 'dared to dream' — Delhi exhibition captures PM's journey on canvas | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=29 October 2022 | url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-as-lovable-king-who-dared-to-dream-delhi-exhibition-captures-pms-journey-on-canvas/1186865/ }}</ref> The next exhibition was held in [[Varanasi]] at the Rudraksh International Cooperation and Convention Centre from 11 to 17 November, inaugurated by [[Uttar Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] and Union Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], with other ministers in attendance.<ref>{{cite web | title=CM Yogi inaugurates exhibition of paintings on PM Modi's achievements, work | work=The Times of India | date=12 November 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/cm-yogi-inaugurates-exhibition-of-paintings-on-pm-modis-achievements-work/articleshow/95463964.cms }}</ref>

Akbar's style of ''Depthism'' was first presented to the public as a complete series at his solo exhibition, ''Touching the Faith: Connecting the Souls'', held at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in [[Mumbai]] in August 2023.<ref>https://chinha.in/news-views-english/akbar-sahebs-solo-exhibition-promotes-unity/
</ref> The exhibition comprised 35 paintings and explored themes of reverence, coexistence, and interfaith understanding through a shared visual framework rather than doctrinal comparison.<ref name=":6" /> ''Depthism'', which the artist developed over more than a decade,<ref name=":12" /> is characterized by layered surfaces, restrained colour palettes, and a process of controlled material removal that exposes successive strata beneath an apparent façade. The resulting cracks, apertures, and embedded elements function as structural features of the composition rather than decorative effects, emphasizing depth, delay, and material presence.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary |date=2021-11-16 |title=Indian expat artist marks UAE's Golden Jubilee with a masterpiece |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/watch-indian-expat-artist-marks-uaes-golden-jubilee-with-a-masterpiece-1.83614201 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Sampras |title=Seeing Without Looking: Indian Art as Ideas |publisher=71Arts |year=2024 |isbn=979-8274893282 |edition=2nd |location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |publication-date=January 7, 2024 |pages=127–142 |language=English}}</ref>

The exhibition included works from the ''Icons as Thresholds (Gods Series)'', in which Akbar, who is Muslim, depicted figures from Hinduism, Christianity, and other religious traditions. Rather than presenting these figures as equivalent or interchangeable, the series was described as an approach to cross-religious depiction grounded in respect and careful representation, inviting viewers to encounter multiple faith traditions within a non-hierarchical visual field.<ref name=":6" /> Media coverage of the exhibition noted the attendance of public figures including [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]], Anil Khumbhare, the [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector-General of Police]], [[Mumbai]], Colonel Ajay Ahlawat, and Rakshanda Hussain, granddaughter of [[M. F. Husain]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Citation |last=Mumbai Mirror |title=Connecting Souls |date=2023-08-06 |url=http://archive.org/details/jehangir-akbar-saheb-depthism-mumbai-mirror-
|access-date=2025-08-10}}</ref>

In February 2025, Akbar was invited by the [[Al Habtoor City|Habtoor]] [[Polo club|Polo Club]] in [[Dubai]] to create a live painting of the [[Bentley]] Cup Finale and the Dubai [[Polo]] Gold Cup Finale. He was on stage to present the completed painting to the winning team, alongside [[Maitha bint Mohammed Al Maktoum|Sheikha Maitha bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Mohammed Bin Khalaf Al Habtoor, CEO of the [[Habtoor Hospitality|Habtoor]] Polo Club, and members of the UAE polo team.<ref name=":6" /> The following day, Akbar was invited to the Ghantoot Racing and Polo Club for ''Al Amal Polo Day'', a charity polo event held under the patronage of Sheikh Falah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, son of the late [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]]. Akbar created a live painting capturing the polo match, which was auctioned for charity to raise funds for programmes supporting children with [[special needs]]. The event also featured his solo painting exhibition, with proceeds from the sale of his paintings donated to the same cause. It was supported by the [[Abu Dhabi]] Sports Council and the Zayed Higher Organization for People of Determination.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=gulftoday |date=2025-03-16 |title=A family of artists is a picture of service |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/culture/2025/03/16/a-family-of-artists-is-a-picture-of-service |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=gulftoday}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saheb, Akbar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kshira

2026-03-11T09:58:25Z

TeresitaPennell: Adding new article needs work

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for milk}}
'''''Kshira''' (''{{Langx|sa|क्षीर|translit=Kṣīra}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gvozdanović |first=Jadranka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-hmNOLuDGsC&dq=K%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABra+Sanskrit+milk&pg=PA286 |title=Indo-European Numerals |date=1992 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-011322-8 |pages=286}}</ref> is a [[Sanskrit]] word for [[milk]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Sir Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&dq=Kshira+milk&pg=PA268 |title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages |date=1872 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=268 |language=en}}</ref> ''Kshira'' is also the archaic name for sweet [[rice pudding]] [[kheer]], popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/ds-group-enters-dairy-market-with-ksheer/article1-1112050.aspx|title=DS group enters dairy market, with 'ksheer'|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220090554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/ds-group-enters-dairy-market-with-ksheer/article1-1112050.aspx |access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref> The term ''kshira'' is used and perceived differently from commonplace milk, termed ''dugdha'' in Sanskrit. ''Kshira'' also variably refers to any liquid or watery substance.

In [[Hindu mythology]] and [[Hindu cosmology|cosmogony]], the [[Kshira Sagara|''Kshira Sagara'']] ({{langx|sa|क्षीरसागर}}, {{IAST3|Kṣīra Sāgara}}; {{langx|ta|Tiruppāṟkaṭal|italic=yes}}; {{langx|ml|Pālāḻi|italic=yes}}; {{langx|te|Pala Samudram|italic=yes}}) is the abode of the god [[Vishnu]]. The [[Vishnu Purana]] narrates the [[Samudra Manthana|''Samudra Manthana'']], or the churning of this ocean, by ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]'' (gods) and [[Asura|asuras]] (demons) to produce sacred items including the [[Banner Theatre|elixir of life]] known as ''[[amrita]]''.<ref>[[Vishnu Purana]]</ref>

==In popular culture==
* [[Kheer]]
* [[Sheer khurma]]
* Kshira Sagara, or milk ocean
* Sheera as a sweet porridge, alternatively known as [[Halva]].
* [[Sheermal]]
* [[Shirodhara]], as an Ayurvedic therapy.
* Kshira, brand name of dairy products produced by DS Group.<ref>[http://www.experienceproject.com/stories/Am-Welcoming-You-To-Kik-Culinary-Corner-And-History-Of-Some/297089 Culinary corner and history]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Ksirodakasayi Vishnu]], expanded form of Vishnu, residing in the Kshira Sagara.

==See also==
* [[Ocean of Milk]]
* [[Kheer]]
* [[Payasam]]
* [[Sheermal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Milk in culture]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Paani Ch Madhaani

2026-03-08T03:05:42Z

TeresitaPennell: made new info and citations...

{{short description|2021 Punjabi language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paani Ch Madhaani
| image = Paani Ch Madhaani.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Vijjay Kumaar Arora
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Mani Dhaliwal
* Sunny Raj
* Dr.Prabhjot Singh Sidhu
}}
| writer = Naresh Kathooria
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* [[Neeru Bajwa]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cinematography = Jailesh Oberoi
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| studio = {{ubl|Dara Films Entertainment |Dara Motion Pictures Pvt Ltd.}}
| distributor = Omjee Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|11|5|}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/paanich-madhaani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzqxodq|title=Paani Ch Madhaani (2021) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INRConvert|17.63|c}}<ref name="bo1:tweet" />
}}

'''''Paani Ch Madhaani''''' ({{translation|Churning of water}}) is a 2021 Indian Punjabi-language [[romantic comedy]]-drama film directed by Vijay Kumar Arora and produced by Mani Dhaliwal, Sunny Raj, and Prabhjot Sidhu under the banner of Dara Films Entertainment. The film, which stars [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], is set in the 1980s and is the story of a group of Punjabi musicians who travel to London to make their mark. It was released on 5 November 2021 to coincide with the [[Diwali]] festival in India.

==Premise==
The story is about a flop singer Gulli and his group who focus on shortcuts (jugaad) for gaining success.

==Cast==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Gulli
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Sohni
* [[Karamjit Anmol]]
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
* [[Iftikhar Thakur]]
* Harby Sangha
* Rupinder Rupi
* Sukhwinder Chahal as Gulli's father
* Gurpreet Bhangu as Gulli's mother
* Honey Mattu
* Shivam Sharma
* Parveen Aawara
* [[Nirmal Rishi]]
'''Special appearance'''
* Vinita Sharma as party guest
* Bikramjit Gurm as party guest
* Malkit Rauni
* Patrick Loh as Rich Chinese couple

==Production==
''Paani Ch Madhaani'' was announced on 16 June 2020 by lead actor Gippy Grewal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/gippy-grewal-announce-new-movie-date-paani-ch-madanni-1219191|title=ਗਿੱਪੀ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਨੇ ਕੀਤੀ ''ਪਾਣੀ ਚ ਮਧਾਣੀ'' ਫ਼ਿਲਮ ਦੀ ਰਿਲੀਜ਼ ਡੇਟ ਅਨਾਊਂਸ|trans-title=Gippy Grewal announces release date of 'Pani Cha Madhani' |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website= Jagbani Punjab Kesari|language=pa}}</ref> Gippy Grewal and co-star Neeru Bajwa last appeared together in the 2011 film ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/paani-ch-madhaani-gippy-grewal-and-neeru-bajwa-to-share-screen-space-after-a-decade/articleshow/76399938.cms |title=Paani Ch Madhaani: Gippy Grewal and Neeru Bajwa to share screen space after a decade|date=16 June 2020|access-date=4 October 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 6 October 2020 in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/lockdown-tales-hukma-to-paani-ch-madhaani-punjabi-movies-announcements-that-are-helping-us-wait-for-better-days/paani-ch-madhaani-as-the-movie-goes-on-the-floor-gippy-grewal-shares-an-all-smiles-bts-picture-from-the-sets/photostory/78508078.cms|title=Paani Ch Madhaani: As the movie goes on the floor; Gippy Grewal shares an all smiles BTS picture from the sets
|date=6 October 2020|access-date=3 October 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref> The film is a period romantic comedy-drama set in the 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Release==
Initially the film was scheduled for release on 12 February 2021 but it was then pushed back to 21 May 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Due to the closure of theaters the May release was then postponed even further.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/punjabi-movies-that-got-postponed/paani-ch-madhaani-gets-a-new-release-date/photostory/81425051.cms|title='Paani Ch Madhaani' gets a new release date|date=24 March 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The film was finally released on 5 November 2021 to coincide with the Diwali festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/neeru-bajwa-and-gippy-grewals-paani-ch-madhaani-to-release-this-diwali/articleshow/86642351.cms|title=Neeru Bajwa and Gippy Grewal's 'Paani Ch Madhaani' to release this Diwali|date=30 September 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/paani-ch-madhaani-which-reunites-gippy-grewal-and-neeru-bajwa-on-screen-after-12-years-is-a-take-on-musical-shows-326414|title= Paani Ch Madhaani, which reunites Gippy Grewal and Neeru Bajwa on screen after 12 years, is a take on musical shows |author= Sheetal|work=The Tribune|date=19 October 2021|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Home Media Release ===
The film is available for viewing on the [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]] OTT platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-09-09 |title=Prime Video adds Punjabi service Chaupal to aggregator offering |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prime-video-adds-punjabi-service-chaupal-to-aggregator-offering-11694235657953.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paani Ch Madhaani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2021|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length =
| label = Humble Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Daaka]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The soundtrack album was released on Humble Music. The music was composed by [[Jatinder Shah]] and all the lyrics were written by [[Happy Raikoti]]. The first single, "Jean", which is sung by Gippy Grewal and Afsana Khan, was released on 19 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/song/jean-from-paani-ch-madhaani |title=Jean (From "Paani Ch Madhaani") |publisher= [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jean-first-song-from-paani-ch-madhaani-will-get-you-in-a-groovy-mood-in-no-time/articleshow/87130974.cms |title= Jean: First song from 'Paani Ch Madhaani' will get you in a groovy mood in no time |access-date=19 October 2021|date= 19 October 2021 |website=Times of India}}</ref> The song "VCR" was released on 30 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/vcr-from-paani-ch-madhaani |title=VCR (From "Paani Ch Madhaani") |publisher= [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| heading = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Jean
| extra1 = [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Afsana Khan]]
| note1 =
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Pind Pind
| extra2 = Gippy Grewal
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = VCR
| extra3 = Gippy Grewal, Afsana Khan
| length3 = 4:16
| title4 = Taqdeere
| extra4 = [[Ranjit Bawa]]
| length4 = 2:45
| title5 = Jigre
| note5 =
| extra5 = Gippy Grewal, Tarannum Malik
| length5 = 3:11
| title6 = Mehmaan
| note6 =
| extra6 = [[Jasbir Jassi]]
| length6 = 2:49
}}

==Box office==
''Paani Ch Madhaani'' opened with a gross of {{INR|2.45}} crore worldwide on its first day of release.<ref name="box:insta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CV7pPSiKgrm/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/gippygrewal/2700933772138384102 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title= Paani Ch Madhaani - 2.45 cr worldwide gross on day 1|date= 7 November 2021|access-date= 8 November 2021|author=Gippy Grewal |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film has grossed {{INR|9.25}} crore worldwide {{As of|2021|11|7|lc=y}}.<ref name="bo1:tweet">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GippyGrewal/status/1457680546096500738 |title= 9.25 cr worldwide box office gross on 3rd day|date=8 November 2021|access-date=8 November 2021|author=Gippy Grewal (official)|website=Twitter}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12839622}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:2021 Punjabi-language films]]

Nallathambi (1949 film)

2026-03-06T03:37:21Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating The Data More To Come!

{{Other uses|Nallathambi (disambiguation){{!}}Nallathambi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nallathambi
| image = Nallathambi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| producer = [[N. S. Krishnan]]
| screenplay = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| story = C. N. Annadurai
| based_on = 
| starring = [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]] [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| music = [[C. R. Subbaraman]]
| cinematography = V. Kumaradevan
| editing = [[Krishnan–Panju|S. Panjabi]]
| studio = N. S. K. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1949|2|4}}
| runtime = 192 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nallathambi''''' is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film starring and produced by [[N. S. Krishnan]]. The film's script was written by [[C. N. Annadurai]] (later chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu]]). This film marked Annadurai's debut in Tamil films.<ref name="guy1">{{Cite news| last= Guy| first= Randor | author-link =Randor Guy|title=blast from the past – Nallathambi 1949 | date=14 December 2007 | url =http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/14/stories/2007121450381600.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071217014205/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/14/stories/2007121450381600.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =17 December 2007| work =[[The Hindu]]| accessdate = 16 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="anandan">{{Cite book| last=Film News Anandan| language= ta| year= 2004 | title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru | publisher=Sivagami Publications| location= Chennai| pages=28:50}}</ref><ref name="velayutham">{{Cite book| first=Selvaraj| last= Velayutham| year= 2008| title= Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |edition= Hardback| publisher= Routledge| location= New York| isbn= 978-0-415-39680-6 | pages=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&pg=PT62}}</ref><ref name="eye">{{Cite book| first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 1996| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher= East West Books| location= Chennai| pages=29 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ&q=nallathambi+annadurai}}</ref> The movie is an adaptation of 1936 American movie ''[[Mr. Deeds Goes to Town]]''.

== Plot ==
Nallathambi (NSK) a simple rural man inherits an estate from his deceased ''[[Zamindar]]'' relative. The Zamindar's daughter Pushpa (Bhanumathi) falls in love with Nallathambi. However he loves another girl (T. A. Madhuram). Bhoopathy (Sahasranamam) the estate manager has his eye on the wealth and tries to cheat Nallathambi out of it. He goads Pushpa into filing a suit that Nallathambi is mentally insane. In the end Nallathambi defeats Bhoopathy's machinations.<ref name="guy1" />

== Cast ==
[[File:Nallathambi 1949 film2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Screenshot from ''Nallathambi'']]
Adapted from the film credits:
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Zamindar Thambidurai
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Bhoopathi
* D. V. Narayanasami
* ''Pulimootai'' Ramasami as Thambidurai's friend
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan|''Kaka'' Radhakrishnan]] as Beggar
* C. S. Pandian
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female Cast
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Rani
* [[P. Bhanumathi]] as Pushpa
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Orphan
* T. K. Kantha
* S. R. Janaki
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
Tamil film actor and Annadurai's friend M.Nallathambi saw the 1936 film ''[[Mr. Deeds Goes to Town]]'' which was having a successful theatrical run in the late 1940s in [[Madras]]. He thought it would be a good story to remake for his friend N.S.Krishnan (NSK). He convinced Annadurai to watch the movie and adapt the film to a Tamil rural setting. The film was titled as ''Nallathambi'' (lit. The good younger brother). However, during filming, NSK heavily modified the script, reducing the role of the character played by [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] and introducing another character to be played by his wife and comedian T. A. Mathuram. The script was further changed to include a number of musical skits to bring out the social satire of NSK. "''Vinganatha Valarkka porendi''" (lit. I am going to the develop science) and ''Kindanar kathakalatchepam '' (a parody of the story of [[Nandanar]] and a telling of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s life story) were two of the musical skits thus included. With the modifications, the plot was sidelined and importance was given to the socio-political messages and themes. The director duo of R. Krishnan and S. Panju were hired to direct the film. C. R. Subburaman composed the music, while [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] wrote the lyrics for the songs. M. N. Rajam, Sahasranamam and V. K. Ramasamy were cast in supporting roles.<ref name="guy1" /><ref name="anandan" /><ref name="willemen">{{Cite book| first1= Ashish | last1=Rajadhyaksha| first2=Paul |last2=Willemen| year= 1994| title= Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema | publisher= British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5| pages=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="ravindran">{{Cite news| last= Ravindran| first= Gopalan|title=Understanding the Making of Nalla Thambi (1949) and the Production Conventions of Tamil Cinema During 1940s I | date=6 September 2009 | url =http://blogs.widescreenjournal.org/?p=1617| work =Widescreenjournal.com| accessdate = 16 January 2010}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was a commercial failure and a critical success. Its songs became hits and were popular. The musical skit "Kindanar Kalatchepam" became popular. To offset the financial loss of his backers, NSK announced a new film project titled ''Thambithurai'' to be written by Annadurai. However furious with the changes made to his ''Nallathambi'' script, Annadurai refused to work with NSK again.<ref name="guy1" /><ref name="narayanan">{{Cite news| last= Naryanan| first= Aranthai| title= Tamil Cinema through the eyes of a politician| url= http://www.tamilcinema.com/general/essay/aranthai.asp| work= tamilcinema.com| access-date= 15 January 2010| language= ta| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091209064635/http://www.tamilcinema.com/general/essay/aranthai.asp| archive-date= 9 December 2009| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="guy2">{{Cite news| last= Guy| first= Randor | author-link =Randor Guy|title= Scripting cinema's role in politics | date=19 June 2009 | url =http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950590200.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090623054341/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950590200.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =23 June 2009| work =[[The Hindu]]| accessdate = 16 January 2010}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[File:Nallathambi 1949 film.jpg|thumb|Nallathambi 1949 film]]
The music was composed by [[C. R. Subbaraman]]. Lyrics by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] and K. P. Kamatchi. Singers are [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]]. [[Playback singer]]s are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[C. S. Jayaraman]], M. M. Mariyappa and [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]].

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Naadu Sezhikka Venum" "Naattukku Sevai Seiyya" "Anniyargal Nammai Aaanda" "Raaja Raaja Maharaaja" "Thalaimudhalaaga Thozhilmuraiyaaga" "Kudi Keduththa Kudi" "Manushanaagi Ponen Ippo" "Kudichu Pazhaganum" "Viduthalai Viduthalai Viduthalai" || Chorus N. S. Krishnan N. S. Krishnan & T. A. Mathuram M. M. Mariyappa N. S. Krishnan N. S. Krishnan & T. A. Mathuram N. S. Krishnan N. S. Krishnan N. S. Krishnan || rowspan=8|Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 00:59 01:42 02:57 02:37 03:27 02:26 01:01 01:01 01:36
|-
| 2 || "Enadhu Uyir Egypttu" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:09
|-
| 3 || "Malardhanil Oru Azhagu Mayil" || Ghantasala & P. Bhanumathi || 02:57
|-
| 4 || "Gaanalolan Madhanagopaalan" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || 02:34
|-
| 5 || "Varuvaare Dear Varuvaare" || P. Bhanumathi || 02:48
|-
| 7 || "Kindhan Saritthirame Kindal Allave Alla" || N. S. Krishnan || 15:09
|-
| 8 || "Naan Vanangum Dheivam" || P. Bhanumathi || 03:01
|-
| 9 || "Vignaanatha Valarkka Porendi" || N. S. Krishnan & T. A. Mathuram || 03:11
|-
| 10 || "Ettu Ezhu Aaru" || T. A. Mathuram || || 02:26
|-
| 11 || "Viduthalai Viduthalai Viduthalai" || T. A. Mathuram || || 01:51
|-
| 12 || "Aazhi Neengi" || C. S. Jayaraman || || 02:00
|-
| 13 || "Aazhi Neengi" || M. M. Mariyappa || || 02:31
|-
| 14 || "Podhunalam Kandomamma" || C. S. Jayaraman & || || 02:10
|-
| 15 || "Sagaadha Charitthira Pugazh" || N. S. Krishnan || || 02:14
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. N. Annadurai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Doli Armaano Ki

2026-03-05T18:25:43Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting Entry...

{{short description|Indian television series (2013–2015)}}
{{Cleanup MOS|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Doliarmaano.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] Drama
| runtime = 22 minute
| creator = Spellbound Productions
| writer = Pearl Grey Shanti Bhushan
| director = Sandeep Vijay Niraj Pandey Inder Das, Gurpreet rana
| producer = Pearl Grey Rajeev Singh
| company = Spellbound Productions Ideaz Pictures Pvt Ltd
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| num_episodes = 482
| country = India
| location = [[Jhansi]] [[Mumbai]]
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2013|12|02}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2015|09|25}}
| image_alt =
| list_episodes =
}}
'''''Doli Armaanon Ki''''' ({{translation|''Palanquin of Dreams''}}) is an Indian television drama series<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Vibhuti-Thakur-Gaurav-Rana-in-Doli-Armaano-Ki/articleshow/25631247.cms |title=Vibhuti Thakur & Gaurav Rana in Doli Armaano Ki – Times Of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Geeta-Tyagi-in-Doli-Armaano-Ki/articleshow/25565025.cms |title=Geeta Tyagi in Doli Armaano Ki – Times Of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-11-10 |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref> which premiered on 2 December 2013,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131122061808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-17/news/44161403_1_zee-tv-neha-marda-pearl-grey Zee TV announces the launch of 'Doli Armanon Ki']</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/zee-tv-axes-punar-vivah-for-doli-armaano-ki |title=ZEE TV axes 'Punar Vivah' for 'Doli Armaano Ki' | BizAsia UK | The UK's only Asian media news site |publisher=Media247.co.uk |access-date=2013-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116022153/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/zee-tv-axes-punar-vivah-for-doli-armaano-ki |archive-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ran until 25 September 2015.<ref name="Doli Armaanon Ki: Episode Guide">{{cite web |title=Doli Armaanon Ki: Episode Guide |url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/doli-armaanon-ki/episode-guide.html |website=ZeeTV |publisher=Zee TV |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> It aired on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Doli-Armaanon-Ki-Telly-actors-perform-at-Urmi-Samrat-wedding/articleshow/28139661.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-31/news-interviews/45738698_1_doli-armaanon-ki-siddharth-arora-ashish-chowdhry |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-01-02 |title=Doli Armaanon Ki: Telly actors perform at Urmi-Samrat wedding |date=2013-12-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-31}}</ref> It stars [[Neha Marda]] and [[Mohit Malik]] as Urmi and Samrat Singh Rathore in the lead roles. Initially [[Mohit Malik]] rejected the role then [[Rahil Azam]] was signed for the show but was eventually replaced by [[Mohit Malik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahil Azam out; Mohit Malik to play the anti-lead in Pearl Grey's next for Zee TV |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rahil-azam-out-mohit-malik-play-the-anti-lead-pearl-grey-s-next-zee-tv-131105 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Urmi Singh, a girl in [[Jhansi]], dreams of marrying the "perfect man", who might be her "prince charming". Her marriage is arranged, with a wealthy businessman, Samrat Singh Rathore, who is selfish, arrogant and short-tempered, unbeknownst to Urmi, as she was told, by Samrat's best friend, Ishaan Sinha that, he is a gentleman. During the wedding preparations, Urmi's cousin, Trisha, sees many red flags in Samrat, but Urmi ignores her and marries Samrat.

On their wedding night, Samrat shows his true colours and Urmi is devastated. He begins abusing Urmi, as no one in Samrat's family is willing to stand up to him for her, because, even they fear his temper. His father, Rudra Singh Rathore and his brother, Dewaker try to help Urmi, but he ignores them and loses his temper. Ishaan discovers he is deceiving Urmi, by abusing and cheating on her, so he breaks ties, with Urmi and flees abroad. Urmi leaves Samrat's house on the day of Holi and returns to her parents' house, but soon returns after finding out that, she is pregnant, with Samrat's child.

===4 years later===
Urmi and Samrat have a son, Shaurya. On Shaurya's birthday, Urmi has an argument, with an old man and is surprised to, know that, he is Samrat's uncle. He helps Urmi to stand up for herself, but it angers Samrat. Samrat beats up Urmi badly. Urmi files a case against Samrat accusing domestic violence, but retracts it, due to her and his family's pressure. With advice from his uncle, Samrat begins changing his rude and disgusting behaviour, with love towards Urmi, only for it to later, be revealed that, he was faking it just so she can stay, with him. Urmi falls for Samrats tricks and decides to forgive him one more time. But a well later, she finds him cheating on her and that, becomes the last straw for her. She leaves the house, with Shaurya. Samrat begins to, make Urmis life hell and, even begins manipulating Shaurya just so she can return, but this time Urmi stays firm. Ishaan returns to India and helps Urmi to get a divorce. Samrat is sentenced to 6 years in prison for domestic violence.

===6 years later===
Urmi owns a restaurant, with Ishaan's help. Ishaan proposes to Urmi. Samrat returns to take revenge on Urmi and Ishaan. He marries Ishaan's sister, Taani to get closer to them. Urmi is revealed to be pregnant. Samrat tries to kill her, but Ishaan dies while saving Samrat. Overcome, by guilt, Samrat kills himself. Ishaan's mother, Damini wrongfully blames Urmi for Ishaan's death.

===20 years later===
Urmi's children, Shaurya and Ishaani are grown up. Manipulated, by Damini, Ishaani hates Urmi believing she had killed Ishaan. Shaurya falls in love, with Diya and they marry. Ishaani realizes Damini's reality and reconciles, with Urmi. Damini is imprisoned. She returns and tries to kill the entire family, but Urmi shoots Damini and the family is reunited.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Neha Marda]]/[[Manasi Salvi]] as Urmi Samrat Singh Rathore/Sinha: Saroj and Devi's elder daughter; Gaurav and Anushka's sister; Trisha's cousin sister; Natasha, Payal, Meena and Sanaya's friend; Samrat's ex-wife; Ishaan's widow; Shaurya and Ishaani's mother (2013–2015)/(2015)
*[[Mohit Malik]] as Samrat Singh Rathore: Shashikala and Rudra's younger son; Diwaker and Aditi's brother; Rashmi's cousin; Ishaan's ex-best friend; Sanaya's ex-boyfriend; Urmi's ex-husband; Taani's husband; Shaurya's father (2013–2015)
*[[Siddharth Arora]]/[[Vibhav Roy]] as Ishaan Sinha: Anirudh and Damini's son; Taani and Ratti's brother; Rohit and Neharika's half brother; Samrat's ex-best friend; Urmi's second husband; Ishaani's father; Shaurya's step-father (2013–2014)/(2014–2015)

===Recurring===
*[[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] as Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathore/Sinha: Urmi and Samrat's son; Ishaan's step-son; Ishaani's half-brother; Mandira and Chiku's cousin; Diya's husband (2015)
**Yash Pandey as Teenge Shaurya (2015)
**Mitansh Gera as Child Shaurya (2014)
*[[Neha Sargam]] as Diya Tiwari Singh Rathore/Sinha: Tiwari's daughter; Shaurya's wife (2015)
*[[Parvati Sehgal]] as Taani Sinha Singh Rathore: Anirudh and Damini's elder daughter; Ishaan and Ratti's sister; Rohit and Neharika's half sister; Samrat's widow (2015)
*[[Geeta Tyagi]] as Shashikala Singh Rathore: Rudra's widow; Diwakar, Samrat and Aditi's mother; Mandira and Shaurya's grandmother (2013-2015)
*Jeetendra Trehan as Rudra Singh Rathore: Garjan's brother; Shashikala's husband; Diwakar, Samrat and Aditi's father; Mandira and Shaurya's grandfather (2013–2014)
*Gaurav Rana as Diwakar Singh Rathore: Shashikala and Rudra's elder son; Samrat and Aditi's brother; Rashmi's cousin; Kanchan's husband; Mandira's father (2013–2015)
*Vibhuti Thakur as Kanchan Singh Rathore: Diwakar's wife; Radha's cousin sister; Mandira's mother (2013–2015)
*Saachi Tiwari as Mandira Singh Rathore: Diwakar and Kanchan's daughter; Shaurya's cousin (2014)
*Shruti Kanwar as Radha: Kanchan's cousin sister; Mandira's aunt (2014)
*Ragini Gakhar as Aditi Singh Rathore Chauhan: Shashikala and Rudra's daughter; Diwakar and Samrat's sister; Rashmi's cousin; Amrit's wife (2013–2014)
*[[Aadesh Chaudhary]]/Harsh Vashisht as Amrit Singh Chauhan: Aditi's husband (2013–2014)/(2014)
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Garjan Singh Rathore: Rudra's brother; Diwakar, Samrat and Aditi's uncle (2014)
*Manisha Thakkar as Rashmi Singh Rathore: Diwakar, Samrat and Aditi's cousin; Gaurav's ex-wife (2013-2014)
*[[Nalini Negi]] as Ishaani Sinha: Urmi and Ishaan's daughter; Shaurya's half-sister; Chiku's cousin (2015)
*[[Sonia Kapoor]] as Anita Sinha: Anirudh's late wife; Rohit and Neharika's mother Ishaan, Taani and Ratti's stepmother (2015)
*[[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Anirudh Sinha: Anita's widower; Damini's husband; Rohit, Neharika, Ishaan, Taani and Ratti's father; Arjun, Niyati and Ishaani's grandfather; Shaurya's step-grandfather (2015)
*[[Kamya Panjabi]] as Damini Sinha: Anirudh's wife; Ishaan, Taani and Ratti's mother; Rohit and Neharika's step-mother; Ishaani's grandmother; Arjun, Niyati and Shaurya's step-grandmother (2015)
*[[Rajat Tokas]]/[[Amit Pachori]] as Rohit Sinha: IAS Anirudh and Anita's son; Damini's step-son; Neharika's brother; Ishaan, Taani and Ratti's half-brother; Pooja's husband Arjun; Niyati's father (2015)
*[[Falaq Naaz]] as Pooja Sinha: Rohit's wife; Arjun and Niyati's mother (2015)
*Gulfisha Mirza as Neharika Garg: Anirudh and Anita's daughter; Damini's step-daughter; Rohit's sister; Ishaan, Taani and Ratti's half-sister; Abhishek's wife (2015)
*[[Karan Suchak]] as Abhishek Garg: Neharika's husband (2015)
*[[Rohit Khurana]] as Arjun Sinha: Rohit and Pooja's son; Niyati's brother; Shaurya's cousin; Ishaani's cousin; Amrita's husband (2015)
*[[Deblina Chatterjee]] as Amrita Sinha: Arjun's wife; Rohit and Pooja's daughter-in-law (2015)
*[[Shilpa Raizada]] as Niyati Sinha: Rohit and Pooja's daughter; Arjun's sister; Shaurya's cousin; Ishaani's cousin (2015)
*Ayesha Singh as Ratti Sinha: Anirudh and Damini's younger daughter; Ishaan and Taani's sister; Rohit and Neharika's half-sister (2015)
*Amita Udgata as Gayatri Singh: Devi's mother; Gaurav, Urmi and Anushka's grandmother; Shaurya, Chiku and Ishaani's great-grandmother (2013-2015)
*[[Anjali Mukhi]] as Saroj Singh: Nirmala's sister; Devi's wife; Gaurav, Urmi and Anushka's mother; Shaurya, Chiku and Ishaani's grandmother (2013-2015)
*Jayant Rawal as Devi Singh: Gayatri's son; Saroj's husband; Gaurav, Urmi and Anushka's father; Shaurya, Chiku and Ishaani's grandfather (2013-2015)
*Hemant Thatte as Gaurav Singh: Saroj and Devi's son; Urmi and Anushka's brother; Rashmi's ex-husband; Asha's husband; Chiku's father (2013-2015)
*[[Sameeksha Sud]] as Asha Singh: Gaurav's second wife; Chiku's mother (2014-2015)
*[[Kunal Jaisingh]]/Shashank Sethi as Chiku Singh: Asha and Gaurav's son; Shaurya and Ishaani's cousin (2015)
*Mehendi Jain as Anushka "Anu" Singh: Saroj and Devi's younger daughter; Gaurav and Urmi's sister; Trisha's cousin (2013-2014)
*Snigdha Srivastava as Trisha Singh: Nirmala and Mr. Singh's daughter; Urmi, Gaurav and Anushka's cousin (2013-2014)
*Massheuddin Qureshi as Mr. Singh: Nirmala's husband; Trisha's father (2013-2014)
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Snidhu Bua (2013-2014)
*Shaji Chaudhary as Inspector Anshuman Singh (2014)
*[[Varun Sharma (TV actor)|Varun Sharma]] as Karan: Anushka's friend and ex-fiance (2014)
*Priya Shinde as Urmi's NRI friend Natasha (2014)
*Vertika Verma as Payal: Urmi's friend (2014)
*Deepali Saini as Meena: Urmi's hostel friend (2014)
*Ayush Mehra as Ravi Darshan Tiwari (2014)
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Sushma Tiwari (2014)
*[[Raju Kher]] as Darshan Tiwari (2014)
*[[Vishal Puri]] as Niranjan Khanna (2014-2015)
*[[Nidhi Jha]] as Nidhi Khanna (2014)
*[[Shefali Rana]] as Chhavi (2014)
*[[Swati Nanda]] as Sanaya Seth: Urmi's Mumbai friend, Samrat's ex-lover (2015)
*Shashwita Sharma as Sandhiya Sinha (2015)
*Rajesh Balwani as Alok Sinha (2015)
*Mehul Kajaria as Sundar Sinha: Ishaan's cousin (2015)
*[[Keith Sequeira]] as James: A blackmailer (2015)
*[[Neetha Shetty]] as Kiran, Samrat's love interest(2015)
*[[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Yash Singhania(2015)
*[[Kapil Arya]] as Karan Tripathi(2015)
*[[Pankaj Dheer]] as Mr. Jaamdar(2015)
*[[Gaurav Chopra]] as Akash Kumar(2015)
*Pallavi Dutt as Sheeba Kumar; Mrs. Akash Kumar (2015)
*Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma (2015)
*Shahab Khan as Mr Tiwari: Diya's father (2015)
*[[Sunayana Fozdar]] as Simran: Akash Kumar's fashion designer (2015)
*Krishnam Sharma as Rahul(2015)
*Karan Mishra as Deepak (2015)

===Guest Appearances===
*[[Shabir Ahluwalia]] as Abhishek “Abhi” Prem Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
*[[Sriti Jha]] as Pragya Arora Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
*[[Shikha Singh]] as Aaliya Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
*[[Toral Rasputra]] as Anandi Singh from [[Balika Vadhu]]
*[[Shashank Vyas]] as Jagdish Singh from [[Balika Vadhu]]
*[[Sidharth Shukla]] as Shivraj Singh from [[Balika Vadhu]]
*[[Sargun Mehta]] as Ganga Singh from [[Balika Vadhu]]
*[[Ashish Sharma]] as Rudra Pratap Ranawat from [[Rangrasiya]]
*[[Sanaya Irani]] as Paro Ranawat from [[Rangrasiya]]
*[[Avinash Sachdev]] as Shlok Agnihotri from [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]
*[[Shrenu Parikh]] as Aastha Agnihotri from [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]
*[[Sameer Sharma]] as Varad Agnihotri from [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]
*[[Shalmalee Desai]] as Sonal Agnihotri from [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]
*[[Harshad Arora]] as Zain Abdullah from [[Beintehaa]]
*[[Preetika Rao]] as Aaliya Zain Abdullah from [[Beintehaa]]
*[[Mrunal Jain]] as Akash from [[Uttaran]]
*[[Tina Datta]] as Meethi from [[Uttaran]]
*[[Ankita Lokhande]] as Ankita Naren Karmarkar from [[Pavitra Rishta]]
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Naren Karmarkar from [[Pavitra Rishta]]
*[[Rithvik Dhanjani]] as Arjun Deshmukh Kirloskar from [[Pavitra Rishta]]
*[[Asha Negi]] as Purvi Deshmukh Kirloskar from [[Pavitra Rishta]]
*[[Karan Patel]] as Raman Bhalla from [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]
*[[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Ishita Raman Bhalla from [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]
*[[Shakti Arora]] as Ranveer Vaghela from [[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]
*[[Radhika Madan]] as Ishani Parekh from [[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]
*[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] as Prem Bharadwaj from [[Sasural Simar Ka]]
*[[Dipika Kakar]] Ibrahim as Simar Prem Bharadwaj from [[Sasural Simar Ka]]
*[[Avika Gor]] as Roli Bharadwaj from [[Sasural Simar Ka]]
*[[Manish Raisinghan]] as Siddhant Bharadwaj from [[Sasural Simar Ka]]
*[[Ronit Roy]] as Dr. Nachiket Khanna from [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]
*[[Pallavi Kulkarni]] as Dr. Ragini Khanna from [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]
*[[Surbhi Jyoti]] as Sanam Ahmed Khan from [[Qubool Hai]]
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Aahil Raza Ibrahim from [[Qubool Hai]]

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
| rowspan="12" |'''2014'''
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]'''
|''Favourite Beti''
| rowspan="12" |Neha Marda
|{{Won}}
|-
|''Favourite Nayi Jodi''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''Favourite Behen''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''Favourite Jodi (along with Mohit Malik)''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Favourite Naya Sadasya
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="11" |'''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''
|GR8! Performer of the Year – Female
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Actor In A Negative Role (Male)
|''[[Doli Armaanon Ki|Mohit Malik]]''
|{{Won}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohit Malik|ITA Award]]
|GR8! Performer of the year- Male
| rowspan="2" |''Mohit Malik''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2015
|Best Actor In A Negative Role (Male)
|{{Won}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
| rowspan="11" |'''2014'''
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]'''
|''Favourite Khalnayak''
| rowspan="11" |Mohit Malik
|{{Won}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Saas-Sasur
|''[[Punar Vivah|Geeta Tyagi]] (Along with Jetendra Trehan)''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Best Dialogue
|''[[Punar Vivah|Shanti Bhushan]]''
|{{Won}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Best Dialogue
|''[[Punar Vivah|Pearl Grey]]''
|{{Won}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Dharavahik (Fiction)
|''[[Punar Vivah|Spellbound Productions]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Behen
|''[[Punar Vivah|Ragini Ghakar (along with Neha Marda)]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Beta
|''[[Punar Vivah|Mohit Malik]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Parivaar
|''[[Punar Vivah|Doli Armaanon ki]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Bhai
|''[[Punar Vivah|Hemant Thatte]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Popular Face - Male
| rowspan="2" |Mohit Malik
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Favourite Saas-Jamai''[[Punar Vivah|(along with Anjali Mukhi)]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/doli-armaanon-ki/0-6-117}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Domestic violence in television]]

Aasha (1983 film)

2026-03-03T22:10:25Z

TeresitaPennell: cleaned up details as per guidelines and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aasha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[A. T. Raghu]]
| producer = R. F. Manik Chand
| writer = H. V. Subba Rao
| screenplay = [[A. T. Raghu]]
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Arjun Sarja]] [[Kalaranjini]] [[Kumari Indira]] [[Charan Raj]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = N. R. K. Murthy
| editing = J. Stanly
| studio = Varuna Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|02|10|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Aasha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಆಶಾ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by [[A. T. Raghu]] and produced by R. F. Manik Chand. The film stars [[Ambareesh]], [[Arjun Sarja]], Kumari Indira and [[Kalaranjini]] in the lead roles.<ref>[https://kannada.filmibeat.com/interview/arjun-sarja-exclusive-interview-on-the-movie-abhimanyu-016912.html Interview on the movie Abhimanyu] Filmbeat</ref> The film has musical score by [[G. K. Venkatesh]]. The movie was remade in Hindi in 1984 as ''[[Meri Adalat (1984 film)|Meri Adalat]]'' starring Rajinikanth<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada director AT Raghu of 'Mandyada Gandu' fame passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-director-at-raghu-passes-away-mandyada-gandu-ambareesh/article69357118.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323135944/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-director-at-raghu-passes-away-mandyada-gandu-ambareesh/article69357118.ece |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> and in Malayalam in 1984 as ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]'' starring [[Mohanlal]] and in Tamil as ''Nyayam Ketkiren'' starring Anand Babu. Ambareesh went on to star in a 1991 movie with a similar storyline titled ''[[Garuda Dhwaja]]''.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Arjun Sarja]]
*Kumari Indira
*[[Kalaranjini]]
*[[Charan Raj]]
*[[Vijay Kashi|Vijayakashi]]
*Ravichandra
*B. R. Prasanna Kumar
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]]
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
*Shashikala
*Goodooru Mamatha
*Ashwath Narayana
*Sampangi
*Shankara Swamy
*Manjunath
*Srinivas
*Lakshman
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] in Guest Appearance
*[[Shakti Prasad]] in Guest Appearance
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==

# Dance with Me - Lyrics R N Jayagopal - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
# Mutto Muttu - Lyrics R N Jayagopal - Vani Jairam and Rajkumar Bharati
# Nanda Deepa - Lyrics R N Jayagopal - Vani Jairam and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
# Love Me Yenuva Vayassu - Lyrics Geethapriya - Jayachandran and Vani Jairam

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Bhale Dongalu (2008 film)

2026-03-03T18:02:58Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating basic info w/ infobox...

{{Short description|2008 Telugu film by K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhale Dongalu
| image = Bhale Dongalu 2008.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| producer = Sakhamuri Panduranga Rao [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] {{small|(presents)}}
| screenplay = K. Vijaya Bhaskar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Abburi Ravi]]}}
}}
| story = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]] [[Jagapati Babu]]
| music = [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| cinematography = Jagan JRJ
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Devi Productions
| released = {{Film date|2008|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bhale Dongalu''''' is a 2008 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Confidence trick|con]] film directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] and co-produced by [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] on Sri Lakshmi Devi Productions banner. A remake of the film ''[[Bonnie and Clyde]]'' and the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005), the film stars [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]], [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]], [[Jagapati Babu]] and music composed by [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/25slid1.htm|title=rediff.com: 'Acting was never my dream'|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> It received mixed reviews upon release.

==Plot==
The film begins with Ramu, a young charm with lofty dreams of becoming a business tycoon. However, his middle-class father always warns him regarding his livelihood and proclaims him to acquire a fine job. Similarly, Jyothi, a pretty girl, aspires to become a top-most model, but her elders forcibly fix her alliance. So, the two quit the house to make their dreams come true and become acquainted on the train journey. On board, they stand on the road as a thief steals their baggage. Presently, the pair split on their ways where they face backlash. A pawn vendor deceives Ramu, and the beauty contest judges kick off Jyothi. At night, the duet reconciles at the railway station and mutually shares their grief. Thus, the match discerns the mainstream of the world and chooses the path of crime with the title ''Romeo & Juliet''.

From there, the twosome begins swindling the elite parties, helping needy people, fruitfully making con after con, and falling in love. Presently, they shift to Hyderabad and, en route, amiable to cute kid Chinnari. Forthwith, they wittily loot a showroom owned by a bloodthirsty drug kingpin, Veeraraju, who incenses him and ascertains to hunt them regardless. Besides, the department charges DCP Yugandhar, a jokester, to seize Romeo & Juliet. Veeraraju browbeats Yugandhar regarding Romeo & Juliet when he flares up on him that panicky Veeraraju. Plus, Yugandhar challenges to get hold of him along with Romeo & Juliet.

Meanwhile, Romeo & Juliet knows that Chinnari is an ailed heart patient who must get operated on soon, for which {{INRConvert|1000000}} is necessary. Hence, they directly practice Veeraraju by sticking fake drugs to him, and his men continuously chase them. Following the night, Yugandhar encounters Romeo & Juliet in an unbeknownst pub and makes fun of them. The next day, Veeraraju rages at Yugandhar and accuses him of mingling with Romeo & Juliet, and even higher officials give him an ultimatum. Parallelly, Romeo & Juliet succeeds in helping pay for Chinnari's surgery and attempts to abscond. Unfortunately, Veeraraju captures them when Yugandhar rescues them and apprehends them. Now Veeraraju ploys to slaughter Yugandhar with Romeo & Juliet and plants a bomb at the Police Station, which explodes. Here, Yugandhar tactically makes the counterattack by skipping Romeo & Juliet from prison, destroying their criminal career, and returning to their home. At last, Veeraraju is in prison, Yugandhar transfers to traffic, and the turtle dove's parents decide to knit them. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ramu & Jyothi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]] as Ramu (Ram) / Romeo
*[[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]] as Jyothi / Juliet
*[[Jagapati Babu]] as DCP Yugandhar
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Veerraju
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Veerraju's brother-in-law
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Ram's father
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Vengala Rao
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Kotaiah
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as cab driver
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as truck driver
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Adarsham
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Manmadha Rao, Veerraju's brother-in-law
*[[Chitram Srinu]] as bouquet seller
*[[Ananth Babu]] as jewellery shop owner
*Kallu Krishna Rao as TC
*Kadambari Kiran as thief on train
*[[Gundu Sudharshan]] as passenger on bus
*[[Uttej]] as cleaner in a modelling agency
*Malladi Raghava
*[[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]]
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Jyoti's father
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as jewellery shop owner
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsing, Veerraju's henchman
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Jyoti's grandmother
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Swarajyam, Ram's mother
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Susheela, Manmadha Rao' wife
*[[Shanoor Sana]] as Lakshmi, Jyoti's mother
*[[Charmy Kaur]] as Raksha in an [[item number]] "Neethone"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhale Dongalu
| type = film
| artist = [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:50
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]]
| prev_title = [[Siddu From Sikakulam]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Baladur|Baladoor]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

The music was composed by [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]]. The music was released by the [[Aditya Music]] company at a function on 13 March 2008 at [[Annapoorna Studios]] with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Ravi Teja]] as the chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-bhaledongalu.html|title=Music launch - Bhale dongalu|date=13 March 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:50
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Romeo Juliet
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Neethone
| lyrics2 = Vanamali
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Panchadara Yedarilo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Gayatri
| length3 = 4:14
| title4 = Manasulo Nuvvena
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Pasandaina Vela
| lyrics5 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 4:37
| title6 = Chota Chota
| lyrics6 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra6 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Gopika Poornima]]
| length6 = 4:10
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "''Bhale Dongalu'' might disappoint if you had already watched ''Banti aur Babli''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bhaledongalu.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Bhale Dongalu|date=11 April 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1213910|Bhale Dongalu}}

{{K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. M. Radha Krishnan]]

Halar

2026-03-01T18:56:48Z

TeresitaPennell: enhance page per sources to improve readability

{{sources|date=May 2019}}
{{about|the historical region of India|the polymer|ECTFE}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Halar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Historical region]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map = Kathiawar map.jpg
| map_caption = 1855 map of [[Kathiawar]]
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|47|N|70|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Gujarat
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Hala branch of [[Jadeja]] Rajputs.
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19,365
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 764,992
| population_as_of = 1901
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GJ
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Halar''' (Haalaar) is a [[historical region]] of western [[India]], located by the [[Gulf of Kutch]] coast on the northwestern area of [[Jamnagar|Nawanagar]], now Jamnagar, in [[Gujarat]] State, on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula, roughly corresponding to the present [[Jamnagar District]], [[Devbhumi Dwarka district]], [[Morbi District]] and [[Rajkot District]].

In 1901 it had an area of 19,365 km2 and a population of 764,992 inhabitants.

== History ==
The name is derived from Jam Sri Halaji Jadeja who is supposed to be the 9th-generation grandfather of Jam Sri [[Jam Rawal|Rawalji Lakhaji]] Jadeja (who is the founder of the region and the first king to reign in the region); Halar was first established with this name by Jam Shri [[Jam Rawal|Rawalji Lakhaji]], a [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]], in 1540.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/jadejaorigins/home/history|title=Jadeja History – Jadeja Rajputs|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022105512/https://sites.google.com/site/jadejaorigins/home/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[British Raj]] Halar region was the western of the four ''[[prant]]s'' or historical districts of [[Kathiawar]], belonging to the [[Bombay Presidency]], the others being [[Gohelwar]] (southeast), [[Jhalawar prant|Jhalawar]] ''[[prant]]''(north) and [[Saurashtra (region)|Sorath]] (southwest).

== Princely States in Halar region ==
{{princely states topics}}
At that time the region included numerous [[princely state]]s belonging to the [[Kathiawar Agency]], mostly ruled by [[Jadeja]] [[Rajputs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_015.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 9 — Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Its [[salute states]] were :
* First Class states :
** [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], title Maharaja Jam Sahib, Hereditary salute of 15-guns (19-guns locally)
** [[Gondal State|Gondal]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
** [[Morvi State|Morvi]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* Second Class states :
** [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
** [[Rajkot State|Rajkot]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns

Its major non-salute states (mostly minor, usually several village) included :
* Fourth Class states : Kotda Sangani, Malia, [[Virpur-Kherdi State|Virpur]]
* Fifth Class states : Gavridad, [[Jalia Devani]], [[Kotharia, Rajkot|Kotharia]], [[Rajpara State (Halar)|Rajpara]], Mengni, [[Pal State|Pal]]
* Sixth Class states : [[Bhadva]].
* Seventh Class states : Khirasra, Lodhika

Other non-salute state, granted no class, were :
* multiple villages, yet mostly minor except the first : DHRAFA State (known as DHRAFA 24C , means 24 villages under Dhrafa's rule) [[Amran, Gujarat|Amran]], [[Kanpar Ishwaria]], [[Mulila Deri]], Satodad Vavdi, Sisang Chandli,
* single village, petty states : [[Bhalgam Baldhoi]], Kansiali, [[Kotda Nayani]], [[Makaji Meghpar]],<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/23McLeod.pdf |first=John |last=Mcleod |title=The Rise and Fall of the Kutch Bhayati |publisher=Eighteenth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, University of Lund |date=6–9 July 2004 |page=5 |access-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204736/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/23McLeod.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Virvao]].

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmrUykZPLpoC&q=ahir&pg=PA293 | title=Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr| year=1882}}

== See also ==
* [[Kathiawar Peninsula]]
* [[Ranchhodji Diwan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Regions of Gujarat]]

Sandeep Saurav

2026-02-17T08:37:11Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Saurav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence = Bihar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Paliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Liberation)]]
| occupation = Politics
}}
'''Sandeep Saurav''' (born 1988) is an Indian politician from Bihar and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Paliganj Assembly constituency]] in [[Patna district]]. He is from [[CPI(ML)L]] and was elected in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 Bihar election]], securing 67,917 votes against the incumbent MLA [[Jai Vardhan Yadav]] from [[JD(U)]] who secured 37,002 votes. He was nominated to contest the 2024 Indian General Election in Bihar from the [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda seat]] against the incumbent MP [[Kaushalendra Kumar]] of JD(U).

== Early life and education ==
Saurav hails from Maner, a satellite town in Patna metropolitan region, Bihar. His father was a farmer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=He chose politics over Hindi professor's post in JNU; now gets a Lok Sabha ticket from Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-politics-ex-jnusu-general-secretary-left-ticket-9244242/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his graduation from Patna University. Later, he joined the Centre of Indian Languages under School of Languages in Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, where he also completed his M.A. in 2009, M.Phil. and Ph.D. in 2014 in Hindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=2 former students of JNU set to make electoral debut in Bihar assembly polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/2-former-students-of-jnu-set-to-make-electoral-debut-in-bihar-assembly-polls/story-Nm978JtPDNUWUrDLCk3BmN.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saurav left his job as an assistant professor and joined politics. He contested as an MLA candidate for the first time in 2020 and was elected from Paliganj seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Election Results: Key Seats and Crucial Takeaways From the Campaign Trail |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-key-seats |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Student leader ===
Saurav was the National General Secretary of [[All India Students Association]], a left wing students organisation. He is the leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Liberation)]]. Earlier, he was the councillor and general secretary of the JNU Students' Union in 2013.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

=== MLA ===
Saurav won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election]] representing (CPI-ML) (Liberation) from Paliganj Assembly Constituency in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar State Legislative Assembly]] as a Mahagathbandhan nominee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Paliganj Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Sandeep Saurav of CPIMLL Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/paliganj-election-result-2020-live-updates-paliganj-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061685.html|access-date=2020-11-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandeep Saurav Election Result Paliganj Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Sandeep Saurav Paliganj Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/sandeep-saurav-paliganj-candidate-s04a190c06/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=News18}}</ref> He defeated JD (U) candidate [[Jai Vardhan Yadav]] by a margin of 30,915 votes and with a vote share of 44.27 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paliganj (Bihar) Elections Results 2020 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/paliganj |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
===2024 Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Nalanda<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nalanda">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nalanda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0429.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731181720/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0429.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nalanda Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Nalanda Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/nalanda |access-date=9 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209053859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/nalanda |archive-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 5,59,422
|percentage = 48.9
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandeep Saurav
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = 3,90,308
|percentage = 34.1
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=169114|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bihar State Legislative Assembly Election 2020===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Paliganj]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sandeep Saurav
|votes = 67,917
|percentage = 43.73
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|votes = 37,002
|percentage = 23.83
|change=

}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Usha Vidyarthi]]
|votes = 16,102
|percentage = 10.37
|change=

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Madhu Manjari
|votes = 5,467
|percentage = 3.52
|change=

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = 5,261
|percentage = 3.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gopal Chaudhari
|votes = 4,444
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,881
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,915
|percentage = 19.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saurav, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo

2026-02-14T09:04:19Z

TeresitaPennell: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganga Maiya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Kundan Kumar
| producer = [[Bishwanath Prasad Shahabadi]] and [[Om Prakash Lal|Jai Narayan Lal]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Nazir Hussain]]
| story = Nazir Hussain
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] Ashim Kumar [[Nazir Hussain]] Tiwari
| music = [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| cinematography = R. K. Pandit
| editing = Kamalakar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1962|02|05|Benares}}
| runtime = 120 min.
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget = {{INR|5 [[lakh]]}}<ref name="GHOSH2010"/> (equivalent to ₹4 [[Crore]] or US$500,000 in 2022)
| gross = {{INR|75 lakh}}<ref name="GHOSH2010"/>
}}
'''''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo''''' is a [[Bhojpuri film]] released in 1962 [[Film director|directed]] by [[Kundan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharan|first=Renu|title=History of Indian Cinema|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|year=2014|isbn=978-9350836514}}</ref> It was the first-ever Bhojpuri film, and starred [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Ashim Kumar and [[Nazir Hussain]]. It had music by [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]], lyrics by Shailendra and songs sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Mohammad Rafi]]. The film is based on author [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay]]'s short story ''Kahani Ka Plot''.

''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' was released on 5 February 1962 at Prakash Talkies, Benares.{{sfn| Ghosh|2010|pages=15}} The film was directed by Kundan Kumar and produced by [[Bishwanath Prasad Shahabadi]] and his partner [[Om Prakash Lal|Jai Narayan Lal]] on behest of the first president of India, Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]], with initial budget of Rs.150,000 eventually ending up at approximately 500,000. It was shown to [[Desh Ratna]] Dr. Rajendra Prasad at a special screening organized at Sadaqat Ashram, Patna before its release.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/first-bhojpuri-film-to-be-screened-during-bihar-divas-92406 | title=First Bhojpuri Film To Be Screened During Bihar Divas | publisher=NDTV/Indo-Asian News Service | date=17 March 2011 | access-date=3 February 2014 | archive-date=23 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223171354/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/first-bhojpuri-film-to-be-screened-during-bihar-divas-92406 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-journey/558114 | title=Such a long journey | first=Jaskiran |last=Kapoor | date=23 December 2009 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>

The theme is based on widow remarriage.

== Plot ==
Shyam is a wealthy boy who falls in love with a poor girl named Sumitri. The boy's father, a [[Loan|moneylender]], demands a [[dowry]], but the boy objects. In response, the father says, "I invested in your education and raised your value, so why shouldn't I take the dowry?" Unable to marry the girl he loves, Shyam leaves home. Meanwhile, Sumitri is forced to marry a sixty-year-old man. The groom dies before consummating the marriage. After becoming a young widow, she is mistreated by her in-laws. She attempts suicide but survives, ultimately becoming a dancing girl. Shyam eventually finds her and marries her.<ref name="GHOSH2010" />

==Cast==
*[[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]
* Jagannath Shukla (Jaggi Baba)
* Ashim Kumar as Shyam
* [[Nazir Hussain]]
* [[Ramayan Tiwari]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Padma Khanna]]
* [[Sujit Kumar]]
* [[Leela Mishra]]
* [[Tun Tun]]
* Bhagwan Sinha

==Soundtrack==
''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' has music by [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]], with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Ganga Maiya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo Songs|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana.com]]| url = http://gaana.com/album/ganga-maiya-tohe-piyari-chadhaibo| access-date = 2014-02-06}}</ref>

* "Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
* "Sonwa Ke Pinjra Mein" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* "More Karejwa Men Pir " - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
* "Kahe Bansuria Bajaile" (Happy) - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Ab To Lagat Mora Solvwa Saal" - [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
* " Luk Chuk Badra" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Kahe Bansuria Bajaile" (Sad) - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]

==Production==

===Development===
At an award function in Mumbai in the late 1950s, character actor [[Nazir Hussain]] met then president Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who also belonged to Bihar. During their conversation Prasad asked Hussain, "Why don't you make films in Bhojpuri?" The conversation inspired Hussain. He had already written the screenplay of the ''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'', meaning "Ganges Mother I will offer you the auspicious yellow sari" (if my wishes come true) and had first given it to [[Bimal Roy]], with whom he had worked in ''Devdas'' (1955).<ref name="GHOSH2010"/><ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Adjunct Fellow East-West Center Hawaii Scholar in Residence Wimal Dissanayake|author3=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA155|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=155–}}</ref>

In a chance encounter, Hussain met [[Bishwanath Prasad Shahabadi]], a businessman from [[Arrah]] in Bihar, at a film studio in Bombay. Shahbad, owned cinema halls in [[Dhanbad]] and [[Giridih]]. When Hussain narrated the story to Shahabadi, Alongside his partner [[Om Prakash Lal|Jai Narayan Lal]], they both agreed to produce the film. Shahabadi and Lal immediately agreed to finance the film at {{INR Convert|1.5|l}}, though eventually it cost {{INR Convert|5|l}}. Kundan Kumar, who hailed from Varanasi, and had made the film ''Bade Ghar Ki Bahu'' (1960) with [[Geeta Bali]] and [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] was chosen.<ref name="GHOSH2010"/>

===Filming===
The [[muhurat shot]] was shot at [[Shaheed Smarak]] (Martyr's Memorial) in [[Patna]] on 16 February 1961. The shooting formally started the next day. The film was mostly shot in [[Maner]], a small town 30 km west of Patna and pilgrimage town of [[Varanasi]]. It has sequences shot at [[Gol Ghar]] in Patna and [[Arrah]] railway station.<ref name="GHOSH2010"/>

==Release and reception==
At the First Bhojpuri Film Awards for Bhojpuri and [[Magadhi]] films, organized by the ''Bhojpuri Film Samaroh Samiti'' and held on 27 April 1965, at Ananda Bazar Patrika Bhawan, Calcutta, ''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' won numerous awards, including Best Film, Best Actress (Kum Kum), Best Supporting Actor ([[Nazir Hussain]]), Best Lyrics (Shailendra), Best Story ([[Nazir Hussain]]) and Best Playback Singer - Male (Mohammed Rafi - "Sonwa Ke Pinjre mein").<ref name="GHOSH2010">{{cite book|first=Avijit | last = Ghosh|title=Cinema Bhojpuri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&pg=PT46|date=22 May 2010|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-256-4|pages=46–}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2011, it was shown during 99th ''Bihar Divas'' (Bihar Day) celebrations.<ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Strong at 50, Bhojpuri cinema celebrates |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/strong-at-50-bhojpuri-cinema-celebrates/749762/0 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=14 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |title=First Bhojpuri Film To Be Screened During Bihar Divas |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110171729&keyword=&subcatg= |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |date=17 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0233774}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]
[[Category:1960s Bhojpuri-language films]]

Nimai Bhattacharya

2026-02-09T04:56:01Z

TeresitaPennell: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian writer (1931–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox person
| name = Nimai Bhattacharya নিমাই ভট্টাচার্য
| image =
| birth_date = 10 April 1931
| death_date = 25 June 2020 (aged 89)
| birth_place = [[Shalikha Upazila|Shalikha]], [[Magura District|Magura]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] ([[Bangladesh]])
| death_place = [[Tollygunge]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| notable_works = ''Memsaheb''}}

'''Nimai Bhattacharya''' (10 April 1931 – 25 June 2020) was a writer of [[Bengali literature]] who was born in [[Magura District|Magura's]] [[Shalikha Upazila|Shalikha]].<ref name=dd>{{cite web|url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/9349|title=নিমাই ভট্টাচার্য বাংলাদেশেরই সন্তান
|website=Ekushey TV|accessdate=26 July 2019|date=10 February 2017}}</ref> He died on 25 June 2020 in [[Kolkata]], aged 89.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Early life==
Bhattacharya's mother died when he was three years old. He matriculated {{where|date=June 2020}} in 1948. He moved to [[West Bengal]] from [[East Bengal]].<ref name=dd/> Then he had passed IA and BA from [[Ripon College, Calcutta]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} He started his career in journalism. A novel which was written by him was published in ''Amritobazar'' in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/author/14353/নিমাই-ভট্টাচার্য|title= নিমাই ভট্টাচার্য}}</ref> His next four novels were published in the newspaper. After that, he became professional author.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Notable works==
He wrote more than 150 books,<ref name="a"/> one of the most lauded of which was ''Memsaheb''.<ref name="a">{{cite web|url=https://www.arts.bdnews24.com/?p=19220|title='মেমসাহেব'-এর নিমাই ভট্টাচার্য: একাত্তরের মুক্তিযুদ্ধে বুদ্ধিজীবী হত্যার পেছনেও মৌলবাদীরা ছিল|website=bdnews24.com|access-date=2 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826075741/https://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=19220|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15775344|title=Nimai Bhattacharya profile|website=goodreads|accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> A film was made based on the book, ''Mem Saheb'' (starring [[Uttam Kumar]] and [[Aparna Sen]]) in leading roles.<ref name="b">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/8-tollywood-actors-who-essayed-out-every-facet-of-being-a-journalist/Uttam-Kumar-in-Memsaheb-1972/photostory/64170129.cms|title=8 Tollywood Actors Who Essayed Out Every Facet Of Being A Journalist|access-date=26 July 2019|newspaper=Times Of India}}</ref> Some of his notable books are:
* ''Memsaheb''
* ''Minibus''
* ''Matal''
* ''Inquilab''
* ''Bachelor''
* ''Kerani''
* ''Rajdhani Express''
* ''Anglo Indian''
* ''Darling''
* ''Your Honour''
* ''Cocktail''
* ''Pother Sheshe''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9406072}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Nimai}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Magura District]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

3rd Telangana Assembly

2026-02-03T21:24:30Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating initial data added tags...

{{Short description|2023 legislature of Telangana, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 3rd Telangana Legislative Assembly
| image = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Telangana Legislative Assembly Building
| body = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place =
| election = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition = '''Official opposition (17)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (17)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other opposition]] (15)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}}} [[BJP]] (7)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (7)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Independent}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
| term_start = {{Start date|2023|12|07|df=y}}
| term_end = 
| before = [[2nd Telangana Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
| after =
| website = {{URL|https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/home|Telangana Legislative Assembly}}
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| chamber1_leader2_type =
| chamber1_leader2 =
| chamber1_leader3_type =
| chamber1_leader3 =
| chamber1_leader4_type =
| chamber1_leader4 =
| chamber2 = Telangana Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image = [[File:India Telangana Legislative Assembly November 2025.svg]]
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 119
| control2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]] (2023 – present)
}}
| chamber2_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Telangana Legislative Assembly#List_of_Deputy_Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]] 7 December 2023
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka|Bhatti Vikramarka Mallu]] (2023 – present)
| chamber2_leader5_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader5 = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}
The '''Third Legislative Assembly of Telangana''' was constituted after the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly elections]] which were concluded on 5 December 2023. Polling took place on 30 November 2023.

The majority needed to form the government is 60 seats in the assembly of 119 MLAs. The incumbent Congress crossed the majority of 60 seats needed in the assembly by winning a total of 64 seats.

==History==
===Election results===
{{main|2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election}}
The results of the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] were announced on 3 December 2023. The majority needed to form the government is 60 seats in the assembly of 119 MLAs.
== Notable members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Office Taken
|-
!1
|Speaker
| [[File:Gaddam_Prasad_Kumar.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
| [[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] (SC)
| 14 December 2023
|-
!2
|Deputy Speaker
|
| [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
| |
| 
| 
| 
|-
!3
|Leader of the House
|[[File:Revanth_Reddy.png|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|7 December 2023
|-
!4
|Leader of Opposition
| [[File:Kalvakuntla_Chandrashekar_Rao.png|frameless|100x100px]]
| [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]]
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti]]
| [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
| 9 December 2023
|}

== Members ==
Source: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-9050593/ |title=Telangana Election Results 2023: Full list of winners |date= 4 Dec 2023 |access-date= 6 December 2023}}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
|Kumuram Bheem Asifabad
|1
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
| [[Palvai Harish Babu]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|BJP Deputy Floor Leader
|-
| rowspan="3" |Mancherial
|2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar|Gaddam Vinod]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|[[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Kumuram Bheem Asifabad
|5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]] (ST)
|[[Kova Laxmi]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|Nirmal
|6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|[[Vedma Bhojju]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Adilabad
|7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Payal Shankar|Payal Shanker]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath (ST)]]
|[[Anil Jadhav]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Nirmal
|9
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|BJP Floor Leader
|-
|10
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|[[Rama Rao Pawar|Pawar Ramarao Patel]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Nizambad
|11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|[[Paidi Rakesh Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Kamareddy
|13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
|[[Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |Nizambad
|rowspan=2 |14
|rowspan=2 |[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2024-06-21 |title=Former Speaker Pocharam Srinivas Reddy fourth BRS MLA to switch to Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-mla-and-former-speaker-pocharam-srinivas-reddy-defects-to-congress/article68315584.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kamareddy
|15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
| [[K. V. Ramana Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|BJP Deputy Floor Leader
|-
| rowspan="3" |Nizambad
|17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban)]]
|[[Dhanpal Suryanarayana Gupta]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|[[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Jagital
|20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
|[[Kalvakuntla Sanjay]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|21
|rowspan=2|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. Sanjay Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC<ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-23 |title=Jagtial MLA quits BRS, joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jagtial-mla-quits-brs-joins-congress/article68325174.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Peddapalli
|23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|Makkan Singh Raj Thakur
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|[[Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]
|Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Karimnagar
|26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Gangula Kamalakar]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]] (SC)
|[[Medipally Sathyam]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rajanna Sircilla
|28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|Aadi Srinivas
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Karimnagar
|30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]] (SC)
|Kavvampally Satyanarayana
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|Padi Kaushik Reddy
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Siddipet
|32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|Medak
|34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
||[[Mynampally Rohit|Mynampally Rohith]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sangareddy
|35
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
|[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|Medak
|37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Sangareddy
|38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]] (SC)
|Koninty Manik Rao
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|Chintha Prabhakar
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |40
|rowspan=2 |[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Siddipet
|41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|[[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|Leader of Opposition
|-
| rowspan="5" |Medchal Malkajgiri
|43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|[[Malla Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|Marri Rajashekar Reddy
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
|[[K. P. Vivekanand Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|[[Madhavaram Krishna Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|Bandari Lakshma Reddy
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Ranga Reddy
|48
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|Malreddy Ranga Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|L. B. Nagar]]
|[[Devireddy Sudheer Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|51
|rowspan=2|[[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency|Rajendranagar]]
|rowspan=2|[[T. Prakash Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|52
|rowspan=2|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|rowspan=2|[[Arekapudi Gandhi]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |53
|rowspan=2 |[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[Kale Yadaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Vikarabad
|54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|T. Ram Mohan Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|B. Manohar Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |Hyderabad
|57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|Muta Gopal
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala|Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|Kaleru Venkatesh
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |60
|rowspan=2 |[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Danam Nagender]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-03-17 |title=Telangana: Chevella BRS MP Ranjith Reddy, Khairatabad BRS MLA Danam Nagender Join Congress |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-chevella-brs-mp-ranjith-reddy-khairatabad-brs-mla-danam-nagender-join-congress-lok-sabha-elections-2024-1672636 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|61
|rowspan=2|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
| [[Maganti Gopinath]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|Died on 08 June 2025<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away-at-63/article69670631.ece/amp/</ref>
|-
| [[Naveen Yadav|Vallala Naveen Yadav ]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| Won By-election
|-
|62
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|[[Mohammad Majid Hussain]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|[[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|65
|rowspan="2"|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[T. Raja Singh]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Resigned from BJP in 2025
|-
|66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|AIMIM Floor Leader
|-
|68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Jaffer Hussain]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|[[Mohammed Mubeen]]
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
|-
|70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|71
|rowspan=2|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
| [[G. Lasya Nanditha]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|Died on 23 February 2024<ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/cantonment-mla-lasya-nandita-death-in-patancheru-orr-883043</ref>
|-
| [[Sri Ganesh (Politician)|Narayanan Sri Ganesh]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| Won By-election
|-
|Vikarabad
|72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Chief Minister of Telangana]]
|-
|Narayanpet
|73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|Chittem Parinika Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Mahabubnagar
|74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|Yennam Srinivas Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|Janampalli Anirudh Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Narayanpet
|77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|Vakiti Srihari
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Wanaparty
|78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|Tudi Megha Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Jogulamba Gadwal
|79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]] (SC)
|Vijayudu
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Nagarkurnool
|81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
|Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ranga Reddy
|83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|Kasireddy Narayan Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|K. Shankaraiah
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Nagarkurnool
|85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="3" |Nalgonda
|86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
|Nenavath Balu Naik
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|Bathula Laxma Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Suryapet
|89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[Nalamada Padmavathi Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Nalgonda
|92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Yadadri Bhuvanagari
|94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Nalgonda
|95
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]] (SC)
|[[Vemula Veeresham]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Suryapet
|96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi]] (SC)
|Mandula Samual
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Yadadri Bhuvanagari
|97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[Beerla Ilaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Jangoan
|98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|[[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |99
|rowspan=2 |[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur (Station)]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2024-03-31 |title=Kadiyam Srihari, daughter Kavya desert BRS, join Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/kadiyam-srihari-daughter-kavya-desert-brs-join-congress/article68012431.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|100
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|[[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Mahabubabad
|101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] (ST)
|[[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|Murali Naik Bhukya
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |Warangal Rural
|103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|Donthi Madhava Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|Revuri Prakash Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|Naini Rajender Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|106
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|[[Konda Surekha]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]] (SC)
|K. R. Nagaraj
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Jayashankar Bhupalpalle
|108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|Gandra Satyanarayana Rao
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|Mulug
|109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|[[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya (Seethakka)]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bhadradri Kothagudem
|110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] (ST)
|Payam Venkateswarlu
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
|[[Koram Kanakaiah]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |Khammam
|112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|[[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Deputy Chief Minister Of Telangana.
|-
|115
|[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra]] (ST)
|Maloth Ramdas
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]] (SC)
|[[Matta Ragamayee]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Bhadradri Kothagudem
|117
|[[Kothagudem (Assembly constituency)|Kothagudem]]
|[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|-
|118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]] (ST)
|Jare Adinarayana
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |119
|rowspan=2 |[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|rowspan=2 |[[Tellam Venkata Rao]]
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2|Defected BRS to join INC<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-08 |title=Exodus continues from BRS as MLA Tellam joins Congress in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/exodus-continues-from-brs-as-mla-tellam-joins-cong/articleshow/109117092.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[2nd Telangana Assembly|2nd Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Telangana topics}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Terms of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Telangana ]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028| ]]

Veraval Lighthouse

2026-01-25T13:03:15Z

TeresitaPennell: adding new entry

{{Short description|Lighthouse in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox lighthouse
| image_name = [[File:Veraval New Lighthouse.jpg]]
| caption =
| location = [[Veraval]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.9112833|70.3531833|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| yearbuilt = 1865 (first)
| yearlit =
| foundation = reinforced concrete
| construction = masonry tower
| marking = Black and white horizontal bands
| shape = Cylindrical tower D shaped in cross section with balcony and lantern
| height = {{convert|30|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|33|m}} above [[mean sea level|MSL]]
| lens = 250 mm 4th order cut & polished drum optic inside 1.8 m diameter Lantern House (BBT)
| intensity = 500W halogen lamp (220/250 volt) AC
| range = {{convert|24|nmi}}
| characteristic = Fl W 5s.
}}

'''Veraval Lighthouse''' is a prominent [[lighthouse]] located on the [[Arabian Sea]] near the historic port city of [[Veraval]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lighthouses of India: Southern Gujarat and Diu |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/indnw.htm? |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Situated approximately 2.5 kilometers west of the Veraval harbor, the lighthouse stands as both a vital aid to maritime navigation and a symbol of the region's rich seafaring heritage. Originally established in the 19th century with a simple lamp system by [[British Raj]], it has evolved into a fully modernized concrete structure equipped with advanced optics and automated lighting.

==History==
[[File:Old Lighthouse Veraval.jpg|thumb|Old Lighthouse photo captured in 1900]]
Veraval, an important fishing and trade port on Gujarat's Arabian Sea coast, initially relied on a simple wick lamp hoisted on a flag mast to guide sailors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Veraval Lighthouse - World of Lighthouses |url=https://www.lightphotos.net/photos/displayimage.php?album=138&pid=10049 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.lightphotos.net}}</ref> In the 1860s an ordinary wick lamp used to be hoisted from a flag mast. During the same period construction of a 14m high tower, octagonal in shape was taken up in the port premises at the root of break water. It was completed in 1865 when the wick lamp was shifted on to the new tower. In the year 1876, alterations were carried out and a 4th order optical equipment supplied by M/s. Chance Bros., Birmingham was installed in place of the old equipment. The new illuminant consisted of large diameter single wick oil burner; special mirrors were placed at the back of the apparatus for the reflection of the light.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Veraval Lighthouse {{!}} Directorate General of Lighthouses And Lightships |url=https://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/about-jamnagar/veraval-lighthouse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121034851/https://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/about-jamnagar/veraval-lighthouse |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=dgll.nic.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 1927 Mr D. Alan Stevenson, the lighthouse expert visited the light house and recommended for shifting of lighthouse to another site. In 1935 modifications in the same lighthouse were carried out and an occulting light equipment was installed in place of the fixed wick lamp. And a fixed Red light was also provided on the nearby Bhirria Beacon. In 1964–65, a new site approximately 2.5 km west of the old port was selected, and a modern 30-meter high concrete tower was constructed. The current lighthouse was commissioned on 1 July 1967, equipped with advanced French optics from Barbier, Bénard & Turenne and a 3.5 kW filament lamp system.

Over time, the lighthouse underwent several technological upgrades. The fog signal, once a critical feature, was discontinued in 1987. In 1996, the light source was modernized to a 500 W halogen-based automatic Dhoomketu system, which remains operational today. The lower tier of the original twin-lantern design was deactivated during this update. In recent years, as part of India's “Lighthouse Tourism” initiative, Veraval Lighthouse was transformed into a heritage and tourism site. On 1 July 2023, it was formally opened to the public with added visitor facilities, educational exhibits, and panoramic coastal views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enjoy A Lighthouse Tour In Gujarat {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/travel/domestic/enjoy-a-lighthouse-tour-in-gujarat-270385.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTravelWorld.com |title=Gujarat Lighthouses get tourism facilities; to have heritage exhibits, guided tours |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/gujarat-lighthouses-get-tourism-facilities-to-have-heritage-exhibits-guided-tours/101431540 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=ETTravelWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 state lighthouses to be tourist hotspots |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/3state-lighthouses-to-be-tourist-hotspots/76842913.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Structure and technical specifications==
The structure stands at a height of 35 meters, with its focal plane at 38 meters above mean sea level, ensuring optimal visibility for sea traffic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrivastava |first=Abhishek |url=https://fliphtml5.com/bltdc/buty/Lighthouses_of_India/ |title=Lighthouses of India |language=en}}</ref> The lighthouse is constructed from reinforced cement concrete, giving it durability against the corrosive marine environment. Its cylindrical tower with a D-shaped cross section is architecturally unique and designed to minimize wind resistance. The exterior is painted in distinct black and white horizontal bands, which enhances its identification during daylight hours. The optical system of the Veraval Lighthouse was initially a dual-tier setup, each equipped with 1000 mm Fresnel drum optics—a sophisticated lens type known for its high efficiency in focusing light. Originally, the light source consisted of a powerful 3.5 kW filament lamp, which produced a strong white light. After modernization in 1996, this was replaced by a Dhoomketu system: an automated, energy-efficient lighting setup that uses three 500-watt halogen lamps with a built-in redundancy mechanism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lighthouse Ledger |url=https://www.dgll.nic.in/sites/default/files/2022-12/dj7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121035239/https://www.dgll.nic.in/sites/default/files/2022-12/dj7.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=dgll.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref> This system ensures that if one lamp fails, another automatically takes over, preventing any interruption in the light signal. The lighthouse displays an occulting white light—meaning the light is visible for most of the cycle and briefly eclipsed once every 15 seconds—making it distinguishable from other lights on shore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veraval Light - ARLHS IND-166 |url=https://wlol.arlhs.com/lighthouse/IND166.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=wlol.arlhs.com}}</ref>

Historically, the lighthouse was also equipped with a fog signal, which operated until 1987. This auditory aid was especially useful during low-visibility conditions, though it was later deemed obsolete due to advancements in electronic navigation. In addition, a [[Decca Navigator System]] was installed nearby in the 1960s and later replaced by [[Loran-C]] (Long Range Navigation) technology in the early 1990s to provide enhanced positional data to ships. The entire system is now fully automated and managed remotely by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL)]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-07-03 |title=Lighthouses in Dwarka, Gopnath, and Veraval transformed into tourism Sites dedicated to the public |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/07/03/lighthouses-in-dwarka-gopnath-and-veraval-transformed-into-tourism-sites-dedicated-to-the-public/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> which ensures round-the-clock monitoring and maintenance.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}
* [[List of lighthouses in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Lighthouse Digest|6386}}
* [https://wlol.arlhs.com/lighthouse/IND166.html ARLHS World lists of Lights]

[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1865]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Veraval]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1967]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]

Lakhani taluka

2026-01-25T04:31:55Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating Basic Entry Needs Work!

{{refimprove|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakhani Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in [[Bhandara district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhandara district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lakhani, Maharashtra|Lakhani]] City
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 1,28,545
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 7,576
|population_rural = 1,20,969
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 391.03
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.96
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 984
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lakhani Taluka''', is a [[Taluka]] in Sakoli subdivision of [[Bhandara district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/bhandara/lakhani-population.html Lakhani Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Bhandara district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bhandara.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bhandara district - Tehsils |access-date= 11 September 2021}}</ref> The seat is the city of [[Lakhani, Maharashtra|Lakhani]].

==Demographics==
As per Indian government census of 2011, the population was 128545.<ref name="2011cen"/>

== Villages ==

* [[Palandur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Lakhani Taluka of Bhandara, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4041-lakhani-bhandara-maharashtra.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |61256
| style="text-align:right;" |60484
| style="text-align:right;" |121740
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |84.202
| style="text-align:right;" |1.286
| style="text-align:right;" |0.072
| style="text-align:right;" |0.032
| style="text-align:right;" |14.193
| style="text-align:right;" |0.047
| style="text-align:right;" |0.126
| style="text-align:right;" |0.043
|-
|2011<ref name="2011cen">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |64785
| style="text-align:right;" |63760
| style="text-align:right;" |128545
| style="text-align:right;" |0.056
| style="text-align:right;" |84.692
| style="text-align:right;" |1.350
| style="text-align:right;" |0.114
| style="text-align:right;" |0.031
| style="text-align:right;" |13.340
| style="text-align:right;" |0.045
| style="text-align:right;" |0.145
| style="text-align:right;" |0.282
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.84202,0.84692
| y2=0.01286,0.0135
| y3=0.00072,0.00114
| y4=0.00032,0.00031
| y5=0.14193,0.1334
| y6=0.00047,0.00045
| y7=0.00126,0.00145
| y8=0.00043,0.00282
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.84202,0.84692
| y2=0.01286,0.0135
| y3=0.00072,0.00114
| y4=0.00032,0.00031
| y5=0.14193,0.1334
| y6=0.00047,0.00045
| y7=0.00126,0.00145
| y8=0.00043,0.00282
}}
==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lakhani Taluka
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sakoli Taluka]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Lakhandur Taluka]]
|Southwest = [[Pauni Taluka]]
|West = [[Bhandara Taluka]]
|Northwest =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]

{{Bhandara-geo-stub}}

A. C. N. Nambiar

2026-01-22T20:01:05Z

TeresitaPennell: updated details

{{Short description|Indian Nationalist and friend and colleague of Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Subhas Bose with Emilie, Nambiar, and others, Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937.jpg
| caption = l.t.r.: A. C. N. Nambiar, Heidi Fülöp-Miller, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Emilie Schenkl]] and [[Amiya Nath Bose|Amiya Bose]], [[Bad Gastein]], Austria, December 1937
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| termstart = 1955
| termend = 1958
| name = A. C. N. Nambiar
| birth_date = {{birth year |1896}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|01|17|1896|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[Subimal Dutt]]
| occupation = Journalist, diplomat
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]] |1919|end=div}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1958)
}}

{{Given name hatnote|Narayanan Nambiar|Arathil Candeth|lang=Malayali}}'''Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar''' (1896 – 17 January 1986)<ref>Sonia Gandhi, ''Two Alone Together'', page xxvii, Penguin Books India, 2004 {{ISBN|0143032453}}.</ref> was an Indian Nationalist and a friend and colleague of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Originally from [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]],<ref>Jan Kuhlmann, ''Subhas Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte'', page 170, 2012 {{ISBN|3844237364}} (in German).</ref> Nambiar spent much of his life serving the [[Indian independence movement]] in Europe.<ref>Bose, Sugata. ''His Majesty's Opponent''. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011.</ref>

== In Europe ==
[[File:A_C_N_Nambiar.jpg|thumb|left]]
Nambiar had been working in Europe as a left-wing journalist for some time when the [[Second World War]] broke out. In the 1930s he had been beaten up by Nazi stormtroopers, imprisoned, and then deported, at first to [[Prague]]. At the outbreak of war he was working in Paris.<ref name=Hayes>Romain Hayes, ''Bose in Nazi Germany'', Random House India {{ISBN|8184002351}}.</ref>

According to [[MI5]] documents that remained classified until 2014, the British believed Nambiar was a [[Soviet spy]] before the war. The documents show that a Soviet defector in the 1950s said Nambiar had been an agent of the [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]] in the 1920s. Nambiar had visited Moscow in 1929 while active in Indian communist organisations. (The declassified documents also included correspondence between Nambiar and Bose captured after the surrender of [[German submarine U-234|German submarine ''U-234'']].)<ref name=dna/>

In January 1942 he joined the [[Free India Centre]] as second in command to Bose. This organisation was set up by Bose to promote Indian independence and to assist the enemies of the British Empire, namely [[Nazi Germany]], the [[Empire of Japan]], and the other [[Axis powers]]. Nambiar was a reluctant recruit; his anti-Nazi politics put him in an uncomfortable position, but he finally succumbed to Bose's persuasiveness and moved to Berlin. Nambiar established a branch of the Free India Centre in Paris before leaving. The Berlin Centre was given the status of a foreign mission by Germany and ran [[Azad Hind Radio|a propaganda radio station]]. It also controlled and recruited the [[Indian Legion]]. This had been founded by Bose and was mainly recruited from Indian prisoners of war and officered by Germans. It was originally intended to use it to fight the British in India, but it was eventually deployed to defend the French coast. It was never a significant military force, never consisting of more than a few thousand men.<ref name=Toye>Hugh Toye, ''Subhash Chandra Bose: The Springing Tiger'', Jaico Publishing House, 2007 {{ISBN|8172244010}}.</ref>

In January 1943 Bose secretly transferred by submarine to the Japanese theatre of war, leaving Nambiar in charge in Germany. There was more potential there for recruitment to Bose's cause amongst Indian prisoners; large numbers had been taken in the [[Fall of Singapore]]. The attitude of Bose and Nambiar towards Nazi Germany slowly transformed from seeing it as a convenient way of obtaining material support for their cause to believing that German victory was essential for them to succeed. As a consequence, they more and more accepted use of the Legion in the German cause as opposed to exclusively in India. In April Nambiar had to deal with a mutiny in the Legion, who were reluctant to move to the Netherlands as ordered. They had believed they would be fighting in India or somewhere from where they could attack towards India such as North Africa. By August the Centre's operations became severely disrupted by Allied bombing and Nambiar's own house was destroyed. Most activity was moved out of Berlin, but Nambiar remained there as Bose's official representative. In March 1944 Nambiar was appointed [[Minister of State]] in Bose's Provisional Government.<ref name=Toye/>

In August 1943 the Legion, now with a strength of three battalions, was moved from the Netherlands to [[Bordeaux]] where they found the climate more agreeable. However, as the threat of Allied invasion started to loom morale severely deteriorated. In a tour in April and May 1944 Nambiar concluded that morale could only be improved by action. He persuaded the reluctant German commander of the Legion (Lieutenant Colonel Krappe) to allow a small contingent into action as an experiment. The 9th Company was sent to Italy, where some Legion personnel were already being used in intelligence and propaganda roles. The experiment was a complete failure. They were positioned opposite a Polish force. The initial reconnaissance party immediately deserted, followed by the entire company refusing to go into action on the grounds that the Poles were not their enemy.<ref name=Toye/>

== Post-war ==
Nambiar was imprisoned after the war for collaboration with the enemy. He escaped to Switzerland and, against the wishes of Britain, was given an Indian passport by [[Nehru]]'s [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]].<ref name=Cho>Joanne Miyang Cho, Eric Kurlander, Douglas T McGetchin, ''Transcultural Encounters Between Germany and India'', page 148, Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1317931645}}.</ref> He then worked as a counsellor at the Indian Legation in Berne. He was appointed Indian ambassador to Scandinavia,<ref name=dna>''dna'', [https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-deputy-jawaharlal-nehru-aide-was-soviet-spy-british-documents-2029048 "Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose deputy, Jawaharlal Nehru aide was Soviet spy: British documents"], 25 October 2014</ref> then, in 1955 he was appointed the second Indian Ambassador to the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], succeeding Subimal Dutt.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Serving India. A political Biography of Subimal Dutt (1903-1992)|last=Das Gupta|first=Amit|publisher=Manohar|year=2017|isbn=978-93-5098-163-4|location=New Delhi|pages=244}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1958. Nambiar finished his career as European correspondent of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name=dna/>

== Personal life ==
He was the fourth son of writer [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]] and Arathil Candeth Kallyani Amma. Nambiar got his family name, ''Arathil Candeth'', through [[matrilineal succession]].

He married [[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]], the sister of [[Sarojini Naidu]], and the first woman Communist member of India in 1919. Later they separated.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/acn-nambiar A.C.N. Nambiar materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-lpj12&cid=1-1-74#1-1-74 Arathil Candeth Narian Nambiar: collaboration with Nazis; activities in Europe; refusal of passport facilities Jan 1946-Jan 1949] in [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/default.htm UK National Archives]
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-lpj12&cid=1-1-73#1-1-73 Arathil Candeth Narian Nambiar, Indian Information Bureau, Berlin: assault and detention by Nazis and deportation from Germany Mar 1933-May 1939] in [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/default.htm UK National Archives]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiar, A.C.N.}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Sweden]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to West Germany]]
[[Category:Azad Hind]]
[[Category:Indian collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]

Upper Chandmari Ward

2026-01-17T14:39:39Z

TeresitaPennell: adding new data

{{About|the ward in Kohima, Nagaland|other uses|Chandmari (disambiguation){{!}}Chandmari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Upper Chandmari Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.657265|N|94.103539|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Upper Chandmari Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 12 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Upper Chandmari Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2012%20-%20Chandmari%20Upper%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 12|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201093116/https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2012%20-%20Chandmari%20Upper%20Ward|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Chandmari Higher Secondary School
* Genesis School
* Government High School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map12.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016075150/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map12.html |date=16 October 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Nainital Lake

2026-01-04T04:13:20Z

TeresitaPennell: Creating Initial Pg Initial Version

{{Short description|Lake in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Nainital Lake
| other_name = Nainital
| image = The Boat and The Lake.jpg
| caption = Scenic view of [[Nainital]] from Tallital
| location = [[Nainital|Nainital Town]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|29|23|15|N|79|27|27|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = Natural Freshwater Body
| pushpin_map = Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|1432|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|457|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|48.76|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|30.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|8495053|m3|abbr=on}}
| elevation = {{convert|1938|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| cities = [[Nainital|Nainital Town]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
}}

'''Naini Tal,''' also known as '''Naini Lake''', is a natural freshwater body, situated amidst the town of [[Nainital]] in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is [[tectonic]] in origin and was almost circular, until frequent landslides made it crescent shaped and has an [[outfall]] at the southeastern end.<ref name = execut>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/lda/ExecutiveSummary-Nainital%20Lake27-8-2002.pdf Executive Summary, Conservation and Management Plan for Nainital Lake]</ref><ref name = invent>{{Cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf |title=Inventory of Wetlands, Nainital, p.431 |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183104/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nainital, along with other [[Lakes of Kumaon hills|lakes of Kumaon]], is integral to tourism and recreation in Kumaon. The lake is also an integral part of Kumaoni folklore.

Nainital Lake in Nainital Town of the [[Nainital district]], often called the Lake District of India, is one of the four important lakes of Kumaon; the other three are Sattal Lake, [[Bhimtal Lake]] and [[Naukuchiatal|Naukuchiyatal]] Lake.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050529014441/http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/Management_of_lakes_in_India_10Mar04.pdf Management of Lakes in India, Annex 2]}}</ref> It's the 3rd [[List of lakes of India#Uttarakhand|biggest lake by surface area in Uttarakhand]].

[[File: Boat-Man at Naini Lake.jpg|thumb|A Kumaoni man on the Lake in Nainital]]

== History ==
[[File:Nainital Lake 1866.jpg|thumb|A view of the south end of the lake, 1866]]
The first European to visit Naini Tal was P. Barron, an English sugar trader. Barron accidentally came across the lake after getting lost on a hunting expedition and was so captivated that he decided to leave the sugar business and build a [[Europe]]an colony on shores of the lake. The news magazine, the ''Englishman Calcutta'', reported in 1841 discovery of this lake near [[Almora]].<ref name = history>{{cite web
|author = District Administration Nainital, Government of Uttarakhand
|date = 22 December 2025
|title = History
|url = https://nainital.nic.in/history/
|website = District of Nainital, Government of Uttarakhand {{pipe}} The Lake District of Uttarakhand {{pipe}} India
|publisher = [[National Informatics Centre]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260104035750/https://nainital.nic.in/history/
|archive-date = 4 January 2026
|access-date = 4 January 2026
}}</ref>

==Topography and Hydrology==

The lake is bounded by the high and steep Naina peak on the North West side, by the Tiffin Top to the south west side and snow view peaks on the north. Coniferous forest trees cover these hill ranges. The annual [[rainfall]] in the basin area of the lake is reported to be {{convert|1294.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Tropical monsoon climate with maximum temperature 24.6 °C and minimum of 0.5 °C are recorded. The water is reported to be alkaline in nature (ph value of 8.4–9.3).<ref name = invent/>

The lake receives flows from the surrounding catchment basin which comprises the hill slopes and [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]]. The hydrologic studies related to [[water balance]] and [[sedimentation]] was done using [[radioisotopes]] for estimating/measuring the various components of the [[inflow (hydrology)|inflow]] and [[Discharge (hydrology)|outflow]] into the lake. Studies indicated that the subsurface inflow and outflow were significant – ranging from 43 to 63% and 41 to 54%, respectively, of the total inflow and outflow, except in years of exceptionally heavy rainfall. The components of outflows were the surface outflow, the subsurface outflow through the springs on the downstream side and draft through wells for meeting the water supply of Nainital town and [[evaporation]] loss from the lake surface. The mean water retention time for the lake was computed as 1.16 years for the mean annual rainfall.<ref name = execut/>

==Geology==
The [[Krol]] group of rocks, comprising [[slate]]s, [[marls]], [[sandstones]], [[limestones]] and [[dolomites]] with a few small dykes intrusives, is the dominant geological formation of the lake's surroundings. The lake is deduced to have been formed [[tectonic]]ally. Balia Nala, which is the main stream feeding the lake is along a [[fault line]] and the subsequent streams align parallel to major [[joints]] and [[fault (geology)|faults]]. 26 major drains feed the lake including the 3 perennial drains. The lake catchment has highly folded and faulted rocks due to poly phase deformation. [[Landslides]] are a frequent occurrence in the hill slopes surrounding the lake, which are steep. The slopes are highly vulnerable to landslides and mass movement due to various geological and human factors. Several landslides have occurred in the past (pictured) around the lake. Many settlements around the lake are located in landslide areas.<ref name = execut/>

==Flora and fauna==
While the Nainital district where the lake is situated (in the middle [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] ranges up to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}, a [[temperate zone]]), is rich in flora (typical [[temperate climate]] plants) and fauna, the details of the [[flora]] and [[fauna]] specific to the lake and its surroundings recorded are the following.<ref name=flora>[http://nainital.nic.in/flora.htm Introduction, Horticulture, Medicinal flora, Animals and Fishes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407212245/http://nainital.nic.in/flora.htm|date=7 April 2008}}</ref>

===Vegetation===
The trees and bushes grown in the region (lake's basin) with their botanical and common Indian names (in parentheses) are reported to be: a) ''[[Quercus leucotrichophora]]'' [[Oak]] (Banj); b) ''[[Aesculus indica]]'' (Pangar or Horse chestnuts); c) ''[[Juglans regia]]'' (Akhrot or walnut), d) ''[[Populus ciliata]]'' (Hill Pipal, a sacred tree); e) ''[[Fraxinus micrantha]]'' (Ash tree or Angu); f) ''[[Platanus orientalis]]'' (Chinar); g) ''[[Rubus lasiocarpus]]'' (Hisalu); h) ''[[Rosa moschata]]'' (Kunj or Musk rose); i) ''[[Berberis asiatica]]'' (Kilmora);j) ''[[Cupressus torulosa]]'' (Surai or [[Himalayan cypress]]); k) ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'' (Buruns); ''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' (Deodar); l) ''Salix acmophylla'' ([[Salix babylonica#Horticultural selections and related hybrids|Weeping Willow]]); and m) ''[[Pinus]]'' (Pine).<ref name = flora/>

The Aquatic Macrophytic vegetation recorded are the a) ''[[Potamogeton pectinatus]]'', 2) ''Potamogeton crispus'', 3) ''Polygonum glabrum'', 4) ''Polygonum amphibium'' and ''[[Polygonum hydropiper]]'' ([[Water pepper]]).<ref name = flora/>

Several species of medicinal flora and horticulture plants have also been reported.

===Aqua fauna===
[[File:Hill trouts in Nainital Lake.jpg|thumb|Hill trout found abundant in Nainital Lake]]
The fishes found in the lake are generally [[carps]]: species of [[mahseer]],{{efn|The [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] term ''mahāsir'', ''mahāser'', or ''mahāsaulā'' is used for a number of fishes of the group.}} hill trout, and the [[mirror carp]] which breed several times during one spawning season during May to September. Two species of mahaseer fish are present: ''[[Tor tor]]'', the red-finned mahseer, and ''[[Tor putitora]]'' the yellow-finned mahseer, a food fish which grows to varying sizes from {{convert|20|to|60|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} are reported. The three species of hill trout found in the lake are ''[[Schizothorax]] sinuatus'', ''S. richardsoni'' and ''S. plagiostornus''. The imported fish bred in the lake is mirror carp, a variety of the common carp ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]''.<ref name = flora/> The mosquitofish ''[[Gambusia affinis]]'' has been introduced in the lake for the [[biocontrol]] of [[mosquito]] [[larva]]e.<ref name = flora/>

===Fauna===
Seven hundred species of birds and have been recorded in the Nainital district.

==Water quality==
A scientific study indicates that the open drains feeding the lake introduce [[toxic]] substances from the catchment of the lake, particularly [[heavy metals]] which get [[adsorb]]ed onto the suspended sediments, which in turn settle down in the bottom of the lake. A study of the risk assessment code has revealed that 4–13% of [[manganese]], 4–8% of [[copper]], 17–24% of [[nickel]], 3–5% of [[chromium]], 13–26% of [[lead]], 14–23% of [[cadmium]] and 2–3% of [[zinc]] exist in exchangeable fraction which puts the lake under the low to medium risk category and infers that it could enter into [[food chain]] and also cause deleterious effects to [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] life. This study provides the basic database to formulate guidelines for the [[dredging]] operations and/or restoration programmes in the lake.<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18803276 Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of Lake Nainital, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttaranchal, India]</ref>

The water quality studies carried out by the National Institute of Hydrology during 1999–2001 on physico-chemical parameters ([[pH]], [[temperature]] profile, Secchi's transparency, [[dissolved oxygen]], [[Biochemical oxygen demand|BOD]], [[Chemical oxygen demand|COD]] and [[nutrients]]), biological profile (density of population, [[biomass]] and species diversity of phyto, [[zooplankton]] and [[macrobenthos]]) and bacteriological characteristics have led to the conclusion that long-term [[limnological]] changes have occurred in the lake. Excess of nutrients inflow have contributed to the [[eutrophic]] conditions and the internal recycling of nutrients from sediments during water circulation has resulted in luxurious growth of [[phytoplankton]]. The lake is thus anoxic and has reduced [[hypolimnion]], winter circulation, large phytoplankton and relatively lower animal population.<ref name = execut/>

==Threats to the lake==
The problems facing the lake which were also listed in the plea in a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) before the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1995 seeking court directive for redress measures could be summarised as below:<ref name = execut/>
* The lake is [[eutrophic]] to high [[nutrient]] accumulation and growth of phytoplankton. [[Algal blooms]] had caused loss of transparency. In spite of installing sewer lines to prevent sewage entering the lake still some effluents from drains, leakage and open defecation add to the [[eutrophication]].
* High [[Siltation]] resulting in reduction of lake depth (the depth of lake is reported to have reduced from its original depth of 27.97 m to only 19.6m.<ref name = shukla>http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010205/profile.shtml Lady of the lake, Profile: Aradhana Shukla</ref>),
* Clogging of water channels (drains) in the surrounding hills because of [[Structural encroachment|encroachment]], leading to poor drainage.
* [[Landslides]] from the unstable hill slopes draining into the lake
* Inadequate sanitation facilities for the poor section of society, commuters and tourists.

==Lake restoration==
The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) of [[Roorkee]] who prepared a plan for the restoration of the lake, at an estimated cost of Rs 50 crore (about US$10 million), sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, are also now guiding the restoration measures.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/07/10/stories/2004071001901900.htm Renewed focus on urban, rural water supply]</ref> The Conservation and Management Plan evolved by NIH is not only lake centric but also proposes to tackle the immediate periphery of the lake which contributes an adverse impact on the lake. The "Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran", the Lake Development Authority notified under U.P. Special Area Development Act 1986 is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) set up for implementing the restoration works.<ref name = execut/> The restoration works that have been implemented or are in different stages of implementation are the following:
* Limnological measures such as bottom aeration,<ref>[http://www.lakeandriverrestoration.com/ company that proposed, installed and commissioned aeration work]</ref> [[siphon]]ing of hypolimnetic water, biomanipulation and limited [[sediment]] removal from the deltas of drains which lead to the lake.
* Soil Conservation & Slope Stabilization measures in the form of soil conservation and [[watershed management]] activities in the catchment area of the lake, slope stabilization, [[Drainage]] line treatment, [[landslide]] scars to be treated with [[Coir]] [[geotextiles]] with [[gabion]] cross-barriers and proper maintenance and cleaning of drainage system
* Provide 100% coverage of the town surrounding the lake with sewers and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)
* Improved [[sanitation]] around the lake and in the catchment with new community toilets to cover all sections of the society, improved design of household [[toilets]]
* Better [[solid waste management]] by disposing of the solid waste through a chute to the downhill outside the catchment, developing [[landfill]] sites is developed and in isolated habitations in the upper reaches of hills, introduce composting measures with support from NGOs.
* Limited [[dredging]] of the lake, particularly near the deltas of drains that bring sediments
* Fish [[Gambusia affinis]] introduced a few years ago to control mosquito larvae, the fish have started feeding on the larger [[zooplankton]] resulting due to scanty [[larva]]e population resulting in adverse impact on the lake water quality. This needs to be controlled by putting minnow traps in the lake and introducing some other fish species
* The outflow from the lake is into the Balia Nala drain controlled by a set of sluices located at the lake bridge. The sluices which are old need renovation and replacement. The Balia Nala also needs slope stabilization measures to check landslides
[[File:Nainital landslip1880 BLcopyright2.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Landslide]] in 1880]]

* [[Shoreline]] Development and improvement of facilities at all important monuments and temples located in the periphery of the lake and providing avenue paths and roads
* Improved Public Awareness and Public Participation programmes
* The "Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran" could function better in a limited role as a promoter and a facilitator for developmental and commercial activities with jurisdiction extended to cover all four lakes in the district, as at present a plethora of organizations are functioning in the notified area such as Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad, Jal Nigam, Irrigation Department, Power Corporation, Forest Department and Fisheries Department who are directly involved with the lake.

The Honourable Supreme Court of India in its judgment of 1995, in response to the Public Interest Litigation, gave the following recommendations which have also been addressed in the restoration measures mentioned above.<ref name = execut/><ref name = shukla/>

<blockquote>
(i)Sewage water has to be prevented at any cost from entering the lake; (ii) So far as the drains which ultimately fall in the lake are concerned, it has to be seen that building materials are not allowed to be heaped on the drains to prevent siltation of the lake;(iii) Care has been taken to see that horse dung does not reach the lake. If for this purpose the horse stand has to be shifted somewhere, the same would be done. The authorities would examine whether trotting of horses around the lake is also required to be prevented;(iv) Multi-storeyed group housing and commercial complexes have to be banned in the town area of Naini Tal. Building of small residential houses on flat areas could, however, be permitted;(v) The offence of illegal felling of trees is required to be made cognizable.(vi) Vehicular traffic on the Mall has to be reduced. Heavy vehicles may not be permitted to ply on Mall;(vii) The fragile nature of Ballia Ravine has to be taken care of. The cracks in the revetment of Ballia Nullah have to be repaired urgently.
</blockquote>

In the "India Today" magazine, Prasanta Rajan, a journalist, in a preamble to the particular interest shown by the Lady [[District Magistrate]] of Nainital in restoration works of the lake has very vividly described the lake in these words: <blockquote>
Look for the lake through the colonial windows of Pant House, a vintage [[England|English]] bungalow on the hilltop, now submerged in wintry night, solitary with a kind of [[Wuthering Heights]] mystery. Down below, the lake is a laminated stillness, protected by seven never-sleeping hills. In the dead darkness of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], this magnificence is a distant, partially lit vision, less than real, as the hills of frozen memories make the lake a footnote in water.</blockquote>

==Other attractions==
The [[Nainital Yacht Club]], housed in the Boat House Club, offers yachting facilities at the lake, where a fleet of Half Raters, designed by [[Linton Hope]], sails.<ref>Hogan, Lauren (27 April 2016). [https://nmmc.co.uk/object/boats/thames-half-rater-black-cap/ Thames Half Rater “Black Cap” – BAE0002]. National Maritime Museum Cornwall.</ref><ref>Kamath, Sucharita (16 Oct, 2015). [https://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/186191/Governors-Gold-Cup-2015 Governor's Gold Cup 2015 at Nainital Yacht Club]. YachtsandYachting.com.</ref> It is also known for its boating, birding, and scenic views. The Annual Kingfisher Yachting Competition ([[Regatta]]) is held here in the third week of June.<ref name =fest>[http://www.destinationsindia.com/hill-resorts-in-india/nainital-travel.html Nainital Tourism]</ref> The [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] festival which brings out the local cultures and traditions is organized every year during the winter months of October and November, by the Tourism Department.<ref name =fest/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Naini Lake (After).jpg|Picturesque view of the lake from the top of a hill
Boats on the Lake.jpg|Boats warm the shores of the lake with all their colours
Mosquitofish.jpg|Mosquitofish introduced as a biocontrol measure to Control Mosquito Larvae in lake
Polygonum hydropiper (1832).jpg|Water pepper or [[Polygonum hydropiper]]
Cedrus-deodare-habit.JPG|Deodar tree
Rhododendron arboreum .jpg|[[Rhododendron]]
BerberisAculeata.jpg|[[Berberis]] aristata, Uttarakhand
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Nainital]]
* [[Bhimtal Lake]]
* [[Lakes of Kumaon hills]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.uk.gov.in Official website of Uttarakhand Government]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002232420/http://nainitalhotels.info/ Official Nainital places directory]

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Lakes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Nainital]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]

Janhavi Acharekar

2025-12-10T14:27:38Z

TeresitaPennell: Adding initial page with sources

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
''' Janhavi Acharekar ''' (born 1973) is an Indian writer of fiction and travel. She is the author of the novel Wanderers, All (2015), a collection of short stories Window Seat: Rush-hour stories from the city (2009), both published by HarperCollins and a travel guide Moon Mumbai and Goa (2009), by Moon Handbooks.

==Early life and education==
Janhavi Acharekar grew up in the cities of [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] and obtained a degree in English from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College, Mumbai]], She has a master's degree in English from the [[University of Mumbai]] and a diploma in mass communication from the Xavier Institute of Communications. She began her writing career as a freelance journalist for ''The Independent'' while still a student at St. Xavier's and then went on to work as a copywriter in advertising.

==Career==
Acharekar's novel ''Wanderers, All'' was published by HarperCollins India<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=HarperCollins India |url=http://www.harpercollins.co.in/author.asp?Author_Code=1609 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184046/http://www.harpercollins.co.in/author.asp?Author_Code=1609 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=HarperCollins India}}</ref> in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Shikha|date=20 April 2015|title=The present overwhelms the past, says, author, Janhavi Acharekar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-present-overwhelms-the-past-says-author-janhavi-acharekar/|access-date=24 May 2021|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Her short stories appear in the collection ''Window Seat'' (HarperCollins India, 2009)<ref name="auto" /> (3) as well as in anthologies of short fiction such as the Indo-Australian Fear Factor: Terror Incognito and Only Connect: Short Fiction about Technology and Us from Australia and the Indian Subcontinent (5) (6) edited by Meenakshi Bharat and Sharon Rundle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Table Writing |url=http://www.roundtablewriting.com/ |publisher=Round Table Writing |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323072201/http://www.roundtablewriting.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her story A Good Riot was shortlisted for The Little Magazine's new writing award<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Little Magazine |url=http://www.littlemag.com/newwriting/ |publisher=Round Table Writing}}</ref> in 2006

She is the author of Moon Mumbai & Goa (Avalon, 2009) (7), the first Indian destination travel guide to be published by the American travel book series Moon Handbooks<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Moon Travel Guides |url=http://moon.com/ |publisher=Moon Travel Guides}}</ref>

It was a finalist in the Travel Guide category at Foreword Magazine's Book Of The Year Awards (BOTYA, USA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Win A Book Award |url=https://publishers.forewordreviews.com/awards/ |publisher=Win A Book Award}}</ref> A condensed version, Moon Spotlight Goa, was published in 2010. She was a special contributor to the travel guide Driving Holidays Across India by Outlook Traveller.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outlook Traveller |url=http://www.outlooktraveller.com/ |publisher=Outlook Traveller}}</ref>

Acharekar is a freelance travel writer and arts journalist. She is a contributing editor at Conde Nast Traveller India (8) and writes book reviews and features for The Hindu. Her articles have appeared in The Statesman, [[The Times of India]], Biblio, [[Vancouver Sun]], and other publications. She has also curated several literary festivals in India and written two books for children<ref>{{Cite web |title=Childrenbooks |url=http://www.janhavistories.com/childrenbooks.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414124417/http://www.janhavistories.com/childrenbooks.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 |publisher=Childrenbooks}}</ref> (9).

Acharekar was awarded the Charles Wallace Visiting Writer's Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Wallace Fellowship |url=http://www.stir.ac.uk/arts-humanities/research/areas/charleswallacefellowship/ |publisher=Charle Wallace Fellowship |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014060045/http://www.stir.ac.uk/arts-humanities/research/areas/charleswallacefellowship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> at the [[University of Stirling]] in 2009. She was declared one of nine prominent Mumbai residents of the year by Asian Age (10) for her writing, in the same year.
She has also been invited to writing residencies at Sangam House in Pondicherry, H.A.L.D. in Denmark, and to the International Writers' and Translators' House in Ventspils, Latvia. An occasional curator of literary festivals, she has curated/ co-curated the Kala Ghoda, Crossword and Celebrate Bandra litfests in Mumbai. She was the founder-curator of Lit.mus, a multi-disciplinary litfest in Bangalore.

In 2023, she was awarded a stipend-funded fellowship of three months in Germany at the renowned Foundation Künstlerdorf [[Schöppingen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stiftung Künstlerdorf Schöppingen — Fellows |url=https://stiftung-kuenstlerdorf.de/en/stipendiatinnen |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=stiftung-kuenstlerdorf.de}}</ref> The residency program that hosts international writers, visual artists, and composers was started in 1989 and is funded by the state of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] and its [[Kunststiftung NRW]]. The foundation has more than a thousand applicants per year, the process is highly selective.

==Books==
* '' Wanderers, All ''(HarperCollins, 2015). {{ISBN|9789351770152}}.
* ''Window Seat'' (HarperCollins, 2009). {{ISBN|978-81-7223-800-1}}.
* ''Moon Mumbai & Goa'' (Avalon, 2010). {{ISBN|9781598802412}}.
* ''Moon Spotlight Goa'' (Avalon, 2010). {{ISBN|1598803581}}.
* ''The Little Maharaja and Sher Khan'' (Crossover, 2010) {{ISBN|8190659707}}.
* ''The Maharaja's Last Prank'' (Crossover, 2010) {{ISBN|9788190659710}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*[https://archive.today/20150408145910/http://www.harpercollins.co.in/author.asp?Author Code=1609 HarperCollins India ]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090315/spectrum/book5.htm Mosaic of life in Mumbai, The Tribune ]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-mumbai-montage/article661777.ace A Mumbai Montage, The Hindu ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150426084059/http://rupapublications.co.in/books/only-connect-short-fiction-about-technology-and-us-indian-subcontinent-and-australia Only Connect, Rupa]
*[http://betweenthelines.in/2014/11/book-review-connect-edited-meenakshi-bharat-sharon-rundle/ Only Connect, Between The Lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161510/http://betweenthelines.in/2014/11/book-review-connect-edited-meenakshi-bharat-sharon-rundle/ |date=3 April 2015 }}
*[http://archive.outlooktraveller.com/article.aspx?264081/ Moon Mumbai & Goa in Outlook Traveller]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.cntraveller.in/author/janhavi-acharekar Conde Nast Traveller India]
*[http://www.janhavistories.com/childrenbooks.html Childrenbooks]

==External links==
* [http://www.janhavistories.com Janhavi Acharekar’s ]
* [http://moon.com/2009/10/mumbai-goa-with-janhavi-acharekar/ Author Q&A on Mumbai and Goa ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104021151/https://moon.com/2009/10/mumbai-goa-with-janhavi-acharekar/ |date=4 November 2018 }}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/article662233.ece ‘We’re going to the fair’, Article in The Hindu ]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/call-of-the-curtain/article601161.ece ‘Call of the curtain’, Article in The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/much-ado-about-reading/article5080524.ece ‘Much ado about reading’, Article in The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/call-of-the-white-desert/article5929521.ece’Call of the white desert’, Article in The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/through-1857/article5970185.ece ‘Through 1857’, Review in The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-rot-within/article19426789.ece The rot within]
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/mumbai-tea-party-festival-takes-poetry-to-citys-tea-houses-4395560/ Mumbai Tea Party festival takes poetry to city’s tea houses]
* [https://www.cntraveller.in/story/to-spiti-with-love/ To Spiti with love]
* [https://www.stir.ac.uk/arts-humanities/research/areas/indianwritersatstirling/janhaviacharekar/ Arts and Humanities | About] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809170848/https://www.stir.ac.uk/arts-humanities/research/areas/indianwritersatstirling/janhaviacharekar/ |date=9 August 2017 }}
* [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7508591-window-seat Window Seat]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharekar, Janhavi}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women travel writers]]

List of Tamil soap operas

2025-12-08T11:12:17Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|none}}
{{see also|Tamil television drama}}
{{see also|List of Tamil-language streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}
This is an incomplete list of '''Tamil television soap operas''', broadcast on nationwide networks [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[STAR Vijay]], [[Kalaignar TV]], [[Zee Tamil]], [[Jaya TV]], [[Raj TV]], [[Polimer TV]], [[Puthuyugam TV]], [[Vendhar TV]], [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]], [[Makkal TV]], [[DD Podhigai]], [[Captain TV]], [[Vasanth TV]], [[Shakthi TV]], [[Vasantham TV]], [[Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation|Nethra TV]], [[MediaCorp Vasantham]], [[Astro Vaanavil]], [[Astro Vinmeen HD]], [[IBC Tamil]], [[Global Tamil Vision]], and [[Deepam TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilo.com/tv-serial-list.html|title= Tamil Serial List|publisher= tamilo.com}}</ref>

{{Compact TOC|nobreak=yes||num=yes|seealso=yes|custom1=Currently airing}}

==By debut year==
===2023===
{{main|2023 in Tamil television}}

{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:30%;" |Title
! style="width:30%;" |Tamil Title
! style="width:20%;" |Network(s)
! style="width:10%;" |Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''January'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''23'''
| ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| ''சிறகடிக்க ஆசை''
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/siragadikka-aasai-serial-cast-vijay-tv-wiki-story-release-date-tv-telecast-timings-latest-promo|title=Siragadikka Aasai serial Comingsoon|website=www.tellybest.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahanathi]]''
| ''மகாநதி''
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-mahanathi-set-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/96985338.cms|title=New TV serial 'Mahanathi' set to be launched soon|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''February'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''6'''
| ''Kaalavarai''
| ''காலவரை''
| [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]
|Ended
|
|-
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma 2]]''
| ''பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2''
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 6 February 2023
| <ref>{{cite web |title=New TV serial 'Bharathi Kannamma 2' to premiere today; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-2-to-premiere-today-deets-inside/articleshow/97647168.cms?from=mdr|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com| date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''20'''
| ''[[Seetha Raman]]''
| ''சீதா ராமன்''
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Nalkari Is All Set To Appear In Her New TV Show Seetharaman, Check Promo|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/priyanka-nalkari-is-all-set-to-appear-in-her-new-tv-show-seetharaman-check-promo-6990337.html|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''21'''
| ''Yaar? 4''
| ''யார்? 4''
| [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]
| Ended
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''27'''
| ''[[Malar (2023 TV series)|Malar]]''
| ''மலர்''
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=பெப்ரவரி 27 ஆம் திகதி முதல் மலர் புதிய தொடர் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/21/sun-tv-new-serial-malar-telecaste-from-feb-27-chiththi-2-serial-fam-venba-acts-lead-4004856.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=21 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''March'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''6'''
| ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
| ''மிஸ்டர் மனைவி''
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''20'''
| ''[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]]''
| ''ஆஹா கல்யாணம்''
| [[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Nalkari Is All Set To Appear In Her New TV Show Seetharaman, Check Promo|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/priyanka-nalkari-is-all-set-to-appear-in-her-new-tv-show-seetharaman-check-promo-6990337.html|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''27'''
| ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]''
| ''பொன்னி''
| [[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=விஜய் டிவி-யின் புதிய சீரியல் பொன்னி! - கதைகளம் என்ன தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-ponni-serial-premiere-soon-vaishu-sundar-896882.html |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-

|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''April'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''24'''
| ''Modhalum Kaadhalum''
| ''மோதலும் காதலும்''
| [[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''May'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''8'''
| ''[[Sandakozhi (TV series)|Sandakozhi]]''
| ''சண்டக்கோழி''
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=சண்டக்கோழி புதிய தொடர்|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/112853/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Riya-Viswanath-acting-in-new-serial.htm|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date=27 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-27|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''17'''
| ''Dear Diary''
| ''டியர் டைரி''
| [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]
| Ended
|
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''18'''
| ''Vinaivazhi''
| ''வினைவழி''
| [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]
| Ended
|
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''22'''
| ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''
| ''அண்ணா''
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/senthil-kumar-and-nithya-ram-to-play-lead-roles-in-upcoming-show-anna/articleshow/99085142.cms|title=Senthil Kumar and Nithya Ram to play lead roles in upcoming|website=The Times of India |date=29 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''June'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''26'''
| ''[[Pudhu Vasantham (TV series)|Pudhu Vasantham]]''
| ''புது வசந்தம்''
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-puthu-vasantham-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/101124670.cms|title=New TV serial 'Puthu Vasantham' to launch soon; deets inside|website=The Times of India |date=20 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''July'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''17'''
| ''Ranjithame''
| ''ரஞ்சிதமே''
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-unnai-ninaithu-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/99140028.cms|title=New TV serial 'Unnai Ninaithu' to be launched soon|website=The Times of India |date=31 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Meena (2023 TV series)|Meena]]''
| ''மீனா''
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-sabash-meena-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/101180107.cms|title=New TV serial 'Sabash Meena' to launch soon; deets inside|website=The Times of India |date=22 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''August'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|Kizhakku Vaasal]]''
| ''கிழக்கு வாசல்''
| [[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title='சீரியலில் நடிக்கும் எஸ்.ஏ.சி'; தயாரிப்பாளர் ராதிகா சரத்குமார்; தயாராகும் தொடர்|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-vijays-father-sachandrasekar-to-act-in-new-serial|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=3 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;" |'''28'''
| ''[[Idhayam (2023 TV series)|Idhayam]]''
| ''இதயம்''
| [[Zee Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=சின்னத்திரை: ஜீ தமிழில் 'இதயம்' ஆக.28 முதல் ஒளிபரப்பாகிறது|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/others/1105260-idhayam-streaming-in-zee-tamil.html|access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|}

==0–9==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''10 Manik Kathaigal'' ''10 மணிக் கதைகள்'' (''Ethir Veetu Payan'', ''Theriyaamal Oru Kolai'', ''Meendum Varuven'', ''Kannamoochi'', ''Karai'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/10-manik-kathaigal|title= 10 Manik Kathaigal Serial on Sun TV|work=Nettv4u}}</ref>
| 6 January 2014 – 30 May 2014
| [[Aravind Akash]], [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
| 102 (seasons: 05)
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], Crime, Comedy, Romance, Drama
|-
| ''63 Nayan Margaal'' ''63 நாயன்மார்கள்''
| 16 February 2014 – 5 June 2014
| Sanjaym [[Santhoshi]], Lavanya, [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]], Sai Shakthi
| 71
| [[Thanthi TV]]
| Social-Mythology
|-
| ''[[7aam Uyir (TV series)|7aam Uyir]]'' ''7ஆம் உயிர்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screen4tv.com/vendhar-tv-7aam-uyir-200th-episode/|title=வேந்தர் டிவி – 7ம் உயிர் – திகில் நெடுந்தொடர்|website=screen4tv.com|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610012754/https://screen4tv.com/vendhar-tv-7aam-uyir-200th-episode/|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1 June 2015 – 31 March 2016
| Lakshmi, [[Suzane George|Suzane]], Sowpna
| 210
| [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
|-
| ''[[7C (TV series)|7C]]'' ''7ஆம் வகுப்பு சி பிரிவு''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/7c|title= 7C Serial on Vijay TV|website=www.nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 7 May 2012 – 20 September 2013
| Stalin, [[Senthil Kumar]], Subathira, Aishwarya
| 343 + 9 Farewell Episode
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Drama school|school]], [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''777''
| 2009
| Shilpa, [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], Shipa, Rithiya, Bhanuprakash
| 20+
| [[Polimer TV]]
| Family, Drama
|}

==A==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''Aachi International'' ''ஆச்சி இன்டர்நேஷனல்''
| 5 January 1997 – 28 January 1998
| [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Crazy Mohan]], [[Maadhu Balaji]], Shivam, Vasukhi, [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Kamala Kamesh]]
| 56
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Aaha (TV series)|Aaha]]'' ''ஆஹா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/straddling-screens/article3387515.ece|title= Aaha on Vijay TV|website=The Hindu|date= 5 May 2012}}</ref>
| 7 May – 14 September 2012
| [[Bhanupriya]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], Benito Alex, Vani Bhojan
| 93
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance, Family
|-
| ''[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]]'' ''ஆஹா கல்யாணம்''
| 20 March 2023 – 3 October 2025
| [[Mounika]] Vikram Shri, Akshaya Kandamuthan, Gayathri Sri
| 643
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance, Family
|-
| ''[[Aanpavam (TV series)|Aanpavam]]'' ''ஆண்பாவம்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennai365.com/news/aan-pavam-new-serial-in-sun-tv/|title=new serial on sun tv as Aanpavam |website=chennai365.com}}</ref>
| 3 February – 15 June 2012
| [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Meera Krishnan]], [[Indraja]], Aishwarya, Sujibala, Barath Kalyan
| 93
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Aaram Arivu]]'' ''ஆறாம் அறிவு''
| 27 June – 28 August 2016
| Shafinah Banu, Karthik Moorthy, Janani Devi, Dhurrgah Mathivanan
| 32
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
|-
| ''[[Aarthi (TV series)|Aarthi]]'' ''ஆர்த்தி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/aarthi|title= Aarthi serial on Raj TV|website=nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 3 January 2005 – 27 December 2008
| [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], Raja Ravindra, Y.Vijaya
| 1054
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Aasai'' ''ஆசை''
|6 January 2002 – 21 January 2005
| Priya Mahalaskhmi, Sarath Sinivasan, [[Premsai]], A.Santhy, Rajkanth, [[Neelima Rani]]
|735
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Aasai'' ''ஆசை''
| 6 June 2005 – 2 November 2007
|
|577
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Aathira (TV series)|Aathira]]'' ''ஆதிரா''<ref>{{cite web|title=Aadhira|url=https://www.tamiltvshows.net/2015/04/aadhira-07-04-2015-sun-tv-serial-aathira-07-04-15-episode-07/|website=Tamil TV Shows|accessdate=12 April 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| 30 March 2015 – 24 June 2016
| Sree Vani, Charutha Baiju, Kanmani, Jai Dhanush, Boopathy
| 313
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Horror film|Horror]], Revenge
|-
| ''Abhayam'' ''அபாயம்''
| 1995–2003
| [[Neelima Rani]], Manjari, Vasuki, Rajasekhar, Manohar
| 300
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Abhi Tailor]]'' ''அபி டெய்லர்''
| 19 July 2021 – 19 August 2022
| Reshma Muralidharan, Madhan Pandian
| 398
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| [[Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' ''அபியும் நானும்''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Abhiyum Naanum' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-abhiyum-naanum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/97915956.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 February 2023 }}</ref>
| 26 October 2020 – 25 February 2023
| Riya Manoj, [[Vidhya Mohan]], Nidhish
| 726
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Abirami (TV series)|Abirami]]'' ''அபிராமி''
| 18 January 2010 – 30 December 2010
| [[Gautami]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Shanthi Williams]], Krishna Kumar
| 175
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]]
|-

| ''Acham Madam Airyppu Brindhavanam'' ''அச்சம் மடம் ஐரிப்பு பிருந்தாவனம்''
|2001–2004
| [[Neelima Rani]], Vanaja, Rajkandh, Manohar
|323
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Adhe Kangal (TV series)|Adhe Kangal]]'' ''அதே கண்கள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/adhe-kangal|title= Adhe Kangal Serial on Jaya TV|publisher=Nettv4u}}</ref>
| 17 February – 26 September 2014
| [[Maheswari]], [[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]]
| 156
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Horror film|Horror]], Thriller
|-
| ''[[Adhiparasakthi]]'' ''ஆதி பராசக்தி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sukanya-cineactress.blogspot.ch/2009_04_01_archive.html|title= Sukanya -As The God(Adhi Parasakthi) |website= sukanya-cineactress.blogspot.ch}}</ref>
| 2009–2010
| [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Abitha]], Sathish, [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]], Birla Bose
| 41
| [[Raj TV]]
| Devotional, Mythology
|-
| ''Adhiparasakthi'' ''ஆதி பராசக்தி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2010/09/23/17596/Vijay-TV-presents-Aadhi-Parasakthi-from-24th-September/|title= Vijay TV presents 'Aadhi Parasakthi' from 24th September |website=indiainteracts.in}}</ref>
| 24 September 2010 – 25 March 2011
| [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Praveena]], O.A.K. Sundar, Anand, [[Mohan Vaidhya]], [[Dr. Sharmila]]
|211
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Devotional, Mythology
|-
| ''[[Adugiran Kannan]]'' ''ஆடுகிறான் கண்ணன்''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abinaya Creations Next serial|url=https://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2007_12_23_archive.html|website=filmschannels.blogspot.ch|accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref>
| 3 February 2003 – 21 January 2005
| [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], Abishek, Gayathiri, [[Dr. Sharmila]], [[Venu Arvind]]
|426
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Agal Vilakkugal (TV series)|Agal Vilakkugal]]'' ''அகல் விளக்குகள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/15/stories/2002021501020801.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020325164407/https://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/15/stories/2002021501020801.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-03-25|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-02-15|title= Agal Vilakkugal serial }}</ref>
| 18 February 2002 – 2003
| [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Nithya Ravindran]]
| 491
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]'' ''அக்னி நட்சத்திரம்''
| 27 May 2019 – 3 April 2021
| Varshini Arza, Gayathri Raj, Vasanth Kumar, Raj Kumar Manoharan
| 414
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Agni Pravesham'' ''அக்னி பிரவேசம்''
| 14 September 2009 – 23 April 2010
| [[Yuvarani]], [[Deepa Venkat]]
| 785
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Agni Paravai (TV series)|Agni Paravai]]'' ''அக்னி பறவை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindiancinema.com/2013/10/new-channel-puthuyugam-details-and.html|title= New channel PuthuYugam details and Simran's Agni Paravai Serial in new channel PuthuYugam |publisher= newindiancinema.com}}</ref>
| 4 November 2013 – 16 May 2014
| [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Madhumila]], Manush, [[Dr. Sharmila]]
| 134
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Agni Satchi'' ''அக்னி சாட்சி''
| 2002–2004
| [[Easwari Rao]], [[Venu Aravind]], Devipriya
| 677
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Ahalya (TV series)|Ahalya]]'' ''அகல்யா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ahalya|title=Ahalya serial Page|website= nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 3 May 2004 – 22 September 2006
| Manjari, Shyam Ganesh, Sakthi Kumar, Abser, [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]], Dinki, [[Dhivyadharshini]], [[Shreekumar]]
| 616
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Akka (TV series)|Akka]]'' ''அக்கா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kausalya-back-tv-serial-030726.html| title= kausalya back tv serial| date= 10 September 2014| publisher= Tamil.filmibeat.com }}</ref>
| 15 September 2014 – 9 April 2015
| [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Nithya Das]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]
| 143
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Akka Thangai]]'' ''அக்கா தங்கை''
| 2007–2008
| [[Sujitha]], Rajkumar, Srikanth, Bhavani
| 250+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Akshaya'' ''அக்ஷயா''
|1999-1999
|
| 37
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Alai Osai'' ''அலை ஓசை''
|1 April 2001 – 31 December 2004
| [[Venu Arvind]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Santhoshi]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
| 875
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]'' ''அலைகள்''<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay primes new soaps for new eyeballs|date=22 October 2002|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/22/stories/2002102200370600.htm|work=Business Line|author=Rina Chandran}}</ref>
| 29 October 2001 – 28 May 2003
| [[Venu Arvind]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[Raaghav]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| 403
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Revenge, Family, Drama
|-
| ''Alaipayuthey'' ''அலைபாயுதே''
| 23 December 2009 – 2010
| [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], Fathima Babu, Lakshmi, Gowtham
| 200+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Psychological thriller]], Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Alaipayuthey (2017 TV series)|Alaipayuthey]]'' ''அலைபாயுதே''
| 16 January – 30 March 2017
| A. Panneeirchelvam, [[Puravalan Narayanasamy]], Jenani, Jayaganesh
| 43
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| Romance, Family, Drama
|-
| ''All in All Alamelu'' ''ஆல் இன் ஆல் அலமேலு''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/all-in-all-alamelu|title= All in All Story|work=nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 30 April – 12 November 2012
| [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], Kumareshan, [[Swaminathan]], [[Roopa Sree]], Shopnam
| 133
| [[KTV (India)|KTV]]
| [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''Ambigai'' ''அம்பிகை''
| 2002–2006
| [[Roopa Sree]], Manjari, Kavitha, Neepa
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Amma'' ''அம்மா''
|6 October 2002 – 30 April 2004
| [[Bhanupriya]], Ajaykapoor, [[Ajay Rathnam]], [[Vadivukkarasi]]
| 613
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Amman'' ''அம்மன்''
| 9 May 2009 – 30 February 2010
| Yamuna, Gayathiri, Rajasekar, Bharath Kalyan
| 80
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Devotional, Mythology
|-
| ''Amman'' ''அம்மன்''
|
| [[Praveena]]
| 334
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Devotional, Mythology
|-
| ''[[Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri]]'' ''அமுதா ஒரு ஆச்சரியக்குறி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/amudha-oru-aacharyakuri/article3478022.ece|title=amudha-oru-aacharyakuri|work=The Hindu |date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>
| 4 June 2012 – 30 August 2013
| [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]], [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]], Kavya, Apser, Shilpa
| 266
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Ananda Bhavan'' ''ஆனந்தபவன்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/31/stories/13310697.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-05-31|title=Ananda Bhavan serial on Sun TV}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| 2001–2002
| [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], [[Delhi Kumar]], [[Sachu]], [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]], Vanaja, Anand
| 60
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Anandham]]'' ''ஆனந்தம்''
| 24 November 2003 – 27 February 2009
| [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], Brinda Das, [[Delhi Kumar]], Kamalesh, [[Saakshi Siva]], Vanaja, Janavi.
| 1297
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]], Drama
|-
| ''Anantham Vilayadum Veedu'' ''ஆனந்தம் விளையாடும் வீடு''
| 17 November 2008 – 26 June 2009
| [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], Devipriya
| 250+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Anantharamanin Thirumanam'' ''ஆனந்தராமனின் திருமணம்''
|1999–2002
| [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Kutty Padmini]]
| 360+
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Comedy drama|Comedy]], Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Anbe Vaa (2009 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]'' ''அன்பே வா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/anbe-vaa|title= Anbe Vaa Serial on Vijay TV|website=nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 15 June 2009 – 11 February 2010
| Arjun, Sonu Satheeshkumar, Abirami, [[Hemalatha]], Arun Piravu, Gowtham, [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
| 122
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance
|-
| ''Anbu Manam'' ''அன்பு மனம்''
| 1998–2000
| [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi]], [[Gayatri Jayaraman]], [[Siva Kumar]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Anbulla Snegithey'' ''அன்புள்ள சிநேகிதி''
| 2001–2002
| [[Anu Hasan]], [[Swarnamalya]]
| 102
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Friendship, Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Andal Alagar (TV series)|Andal Alagar]]'' ''ஆண்டாள் அழகர்''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-tv-s-aandal-alagar-serial-romantic-village-story-035717.html|title=Vijay TV Aandal Alagar serial Romantic Village Story|website=Tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 8 September 2014 – 6 May 2016
| Rishikesh, [[Poornitha|Kalyani]], Stalin, Ramya
| 416
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance, Family
|-
| ''[[Andha Pathu Naatkal]]'' ''அந்த 10 நாட்கள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/curtains-siripulokam-new-serial-begin-157733.html|title= Ansha 10 Naatkal new serial|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date= 15 July 2012}}</ref>
| 16 July 2012 – 27 July 2012
| [[Srividhya]], Kumar, [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
| 10
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Psychological thriller|Thriller]]
|-
| ''Anitha Vanitha'' ''அனிதா வனிதா''
| 2005
| Vanaja, Gayatri
| 67
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]]'' ''அஞ்சலி''
| 27 November 2006 – 25 April 2008
| [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]], [[Prajin]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Poovilangu Mohan]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
| 358
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Psychological thriller]], Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' ''அண்ணி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/12/stories/2003051200710100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630040156/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/12/stories/2003051200710100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-06-30|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-05-12|title= Small-screen "Anni" thinks big }}</ref>
| 2003 -2005
| [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Deepak Dinkar]]
| 339
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum]]'' ''அன்னக்கொடியும் ஐந்து பெண்களும்''
| 23 February 2015 – 9 December 2016
| [[Shruthi Raj]], Lakshmi, Venkat, Deepa, Jagathish
| 460
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| [[Legal drama]], Romance, Family
|-
| ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]'' ''அண்ணாமலை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/30/stories/2002073000390403.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020928042221/https://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/30/stories/2002073000390403.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-09-28|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-07-30|title=Annamalai serial on Sun TV}}</ref>
| 11 February 2002 – 21 January 2005
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], Shyam Ganesh, [[Ponvannan]], [[Devadarshini]]
| 757
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Annamalai (2014 TV series)|Annamalai Season 1]]'' ''அண்ணாமலை'' 1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.toggle.sg/en/shows/annamalai/info|title=Annamalai serial on MediaCorp Vasantham|publisher=tv.toggle.sg'|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603193356/https://tv.toggle.sg/en/shows/annamalai/info|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 22 December 2014 – 31 March 2015
| James Kumar, Karthik Samasundram, Bharathi, Varman, Sri, Jemes Dorairaj
| 48
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| [[Historical drama|Historical]], Romance, [[Drama|Family Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Annamalai (2014 TV series)|Annamalai Season 2]]'' ''அண்ணாமலை 2''
| 29 June 2015 to 1 October 2015
| James Kumar, Karthik Samasundram
| 52
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| [[Historical drama|Historical]], Romance, Drama, Family
|-
| ''[[Annamalai (season 3)|Annamalai Season 3]]'' ''அண்ணாமலை'' 3<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.toggle.sg/en/vasantham/shows/annamalai-s3/info|title=Annamalai S3 serial Page|publisher=tv.toggle.sg'|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604090016/https://tv.toggle.sg/en/vasantham/shows/annamalai-s3/info|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 28 December 2015 – 31 March 2016
| Sri Venkatarageaven, Karthik Samasundram, James Kumar, Gayathri Segaran
| 52
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| [[Historical drama|Historical]], Romance, Family Drama
|-
| ''Anupallavi'' ''அனு பல்லவி''
| 26 April 2010 – 12 January 2012
| [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]], Yuvasri, Deepa, Sangeetha
| 445
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Raagangal (TV series)|Apoorva Raagangal]]'' ''அபூர்வ ராகங்கள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/35714/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Sruti-raj-in-new-serial.htm|title= Apoorva Raagangal new Serial on Sun TV|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date= 6 August 2015}}</ref>
| 10 August 2015 – 7 July 2018
| [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Mithun Tejasvi|Mithun]]
| 859
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''Appa'' ''அப்பா''
| 29 May – 21 November 2003
| [[Mohan Sharma]], [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Neelima Rani]], Meenakumari, [[Nithya Ravindran]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Appa'' ''அப்பா''
| 2007
| Kamlesh, Devipriya
|
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Appanum Aathalum'' ''அப்பனும் ஆத்தாளும்''
| 2011–2012
| [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], Viknesh, Rama
| 100+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Arangetram (TV series)|Arangetram]]'' ''அரங்கேற்றம்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/arangetram| title=Arangetram Serial on Puthuyugam TV| publisher=Neetv4u}}</ref>
| 26 May – 10 October 2014
| Sivaranjani, Sham, AC.Murali, Vijay Pirasanth
| 91
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| Suspense, [[Melodrama]], [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''Arasi'' ''அரசி''
| 2 January 2007 – 11 September 2009
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Siva Chandran]], [[Venu Arvind]], [[Santhoshi]], [[Ajay Rathnam]], Latha
| 685
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Police procedural]]
|-
| ''Asai Nilavu'' ''ஆசை நிலவு''
| 2008–2009
|
|
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'' ''அரண்மனை கிளி''
| 24 September 2018 – 27 March 2020
| Monisha, Surya Darshan, [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]], [[Neelima Rani]]
| 462
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Melodrama
|-
| ''[[Arundhati (2016 TV series)|Arundhati]]'' ''அருந்ததி''
| 10 October 2016 – 6 January 2017
| Reshmi, Senthilnathan
| 75
| [[Raj TV]]
| Mystery, Thriller
|-
| ''Arundhathi'' ''அருந்ததி''
| 13 May 2019 – 9 November 2019
| Nikitha Rajesh, Darshak Gowda, [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia Bose]]
|150
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Mystery, Thriller
|-
| ''Athu Mattum Ragasiyam'' ''அது மட்டும் ரகசியம்''
| 2005–2006
| [[Devadarshini]], [[Neepa]], [[Sneha Eshwar]], [[M. N. Nambiar|Nambiar]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Horror film|Horror]], Thriller, Devotional
|-
| ''Atthai'' ''அத்தை''
| 2005–2006
| [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], [[Roopa Sree]], [[Dhivyadharshini]]
| 378
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Athipookal]]'' ''அத்திப்பூக்கள்''
| 3 December 2007 – 14 December 2012
| [[Devadarshini]], Sandhya, Sathish, Venkat
| 1272
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''[[Athiyaayam]]'' ''அத்தியாயம்''
| 25 September – 21 December 2017
| Jabu deen Faruk, Varman Chandra Mohan, J. Arabvind Naidu
| 49
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| Workplace, Family
|-
| ''[[Aval (Tamil series)|Aval]]'' ''அவள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/aval-mega-serial-on-vijay-tv/|title=Aval – New Mega Serial on Vijay TV, Every Monday To Friday at 7 P.M|publisher=indiantvinfo.com|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624162306/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/aval-mega-serial-on-vijay-tv/|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 7 November 2011 – 15 March 2013
| [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]], Mahalakshmi, [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]], [[Sreekala Sasidharan|Sreekala]]
| 339
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''[[Avalum Penthane]]'' ''அவளும் பெண்தானே''
| 2004–2008
|
| 344
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Aval Appadithan (TV series)|Aval Appadithan]]'' ''அவள் அப்படித்தான்''
| 7 November 2011 – 15 March 2013
| [[Easwari Rao]], Shilpa, O.R. Sundhar
| 109
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Revenge]], Family
|-
| ''[[Aval Oru Minsaram]]'' ''அவள் ஒரு மின்சாரம்''
| 26 October 2009 – 16 30 April 2010
| Sharavani, Rajasekhar, Shivan Sinivasan, [[Shanthi Williams]], G. Rani
| 100+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Avalukendru Oru Manam (TV series)|Avalukendru Oru Manam]]'' ''அவளுக்கென்று ஒரு மனம்''
| 2008–2009
| [[Santhoshi]], Gowshik
| 100+
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|- s
| ''[[Avalum Naanum]]'' ''அவளும் நானும்''
| 26 February 2018 – 22 June 2019
| Mounika, Amruth
| 380
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Melodrama
|-
| ''Avarkal'' ''அவர்கள்''
|6 January 2002 – 2 November 2007
|Premsai, Gayathri Shastry, [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]], [[Nithya Ravindran]], [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Neelima Rani]], Manohar
| 1351
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Azhagana Natkal]]'' ''அழகான நாட்கள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2008/02/azhagana-natkkalkalaignar-tv.html| title=AZHAGANA NATKKAL—Kalaignar Tv | publisher=filmschannels.blogspot.ch}}</ref>
| 2008
| Chaithanya, Neepa, Venkat, Iswarya, [[S.N.Lakshmi]], [[A. C. Murali Mohan]], [[Nithya Ravindran]], Amarasikamani
| 150+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Romance
|-
| ''Azhagana Ratchasi'' ''அழகான ராட்சசி''
| 2007
|
|
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]'' ''அழகி''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/television/59928-azhagi-serial-teams-emotional-time.art|title="எங்கள் கண்கள் கலங்கிய தருணம் அது" நிறைவுக்கு வந்தது அழகி சீரியல்! |work=vikatan.com}}</ref>
| 10 October 2011 – 4 March 2016
| [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], Kamal Deep, Soniya, [[Ilavarasan]], [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]]
| 1101
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]]'' ''அழகிய தமிழ் மகள்''
| 28 August 2017 – 14 June 2019
| Sathya Sai, [[Puvi (actor)|Puvi Arasu]], Subalakshmi
| 457
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Romance, Sport, Family
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Thamizh Magal]]'' ''அழகிய தமிழ் மகள்''
| 26 September – 9 December 2016
| Vikneswary Se, Bharathi, Narain, Leena, Shamini Gunasagar, Mahalakshmi
| 43
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| [[Drama|Family]], Romance
|-
| ''[[Azhagu (TV series)|Azhagu]]'' ''அழகு''
| 20 November 2017–present
| [[Revathi]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Gayatri Jayaraman]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
| 478
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|}

==B==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| Badri
|
|
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|-
| ''Baktha Vijayam'' ''பக்தவிஜயம்''
|
|
| 200
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Social-Mythology
|-
| ''Bala Ganapathy'' ''பால கணபதி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/#!/bala-ganapathy-5480-s|title= Bala Ganapathy Home Page|website=hotstar.com}}</ref>
| 14 September – 18 December 2015
| Haripriya
| 65
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Fantasy, Drama
|-
| ''Bhairavi'' ''பைரவி''
|
| [[Neelima Rani]]
| 100
|
| Social-Mythology
|-
| ''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]'' ''பைரவி ஆவிகளுக்கு பிரியமானவள்''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/sundra-travels-radha-new-television-serial-153980.html|title=Bhairavi: Aavigalukku Priyamanaval new on SUN TV|website=tamil.filmibeat.com |date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>
| 29 January 2012 – 10 September 2017
| [[Nithya Das]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], Aishwarya, Suhashini
| 285
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Supernatural, [[Fantasy]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], [[Procedural drama]], [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
|-
| ''[[Bhantham]]'' ''பந்தம்''
| 25 September 2006 – 29 May 2009
| Rinthiya, [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Deepak Dinkar]], Neepa, [[Shreekumar]]
| 678
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Bharathi (TV series)|Bharathi]]'' ''பாரதி''
| 2007–2008
| [[Poornitha|Kalyani]], [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjay]], [[Kaveri]]
| 150+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' ''பாரதி கண்ணம்மா''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/a-serial-bharathi-kannamma-on-vendhar-tv-033788.html|title=Bharathi Kannamma Serial on Vendhar TV|newspaper=Tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 25 February 2019 – 4 February 2023
| [[Roshni Haripriyan]], [[Arun Prasath]], Raksha Chauhan, Lisha Khelge, [[Farina Azad]], Sweety, Akhil, [[Roopa Sree]], Rishi Keshav
| 1036
| [[Star Vijay]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Bhavani (TV series)|Bhavani]]'' ''பவானி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/24346_Kalaignar-TV-indulges-viewers-with-mega-serials-and-more-movies|title=Bhavani Serial}}</ref>
| 11 May 2009 – 23 April 2010
| Bhavana, [[Neelima Rani]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Vadivukkarasi]]
| 116
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Bommalattam (TV series)|Bommalattam]]'' ''பொம்மலாட்டம்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/glamour-re-enters-bommalattam-serial-176485.html|title=Bommalattam serial on Sun TV|website=tamil.filmibeat.com |date=3 June 2013 }}</ref>
| 15 October 2012 – 22 October 2016
| Sirija, [[Shreekumar]], Absar, Preethi, [[Delhi Kumar]]
| 1150
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Romance, Drama
|-
| ''[[Brindavanam(TV series)|Brindavanam]]'' ''பிருந்தாவனம்''
|
| Sujitha, Ambika
|
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Bumperkulukal]]'' ''பம்பர் குலுக்கல்''
|
| [[Nirosha]], [[Anand Babu]]
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|}

==C==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''Chandralekha'' ''சந்திரலேகா''
|
|
|
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
|
|-
| ''Chandralekha'' ''சந்திரலேகா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/chandraleka-new-serial-on-sun-tv-031050.html|title= Chandralekha new serial on Sun TV |website=tamil.filmibeat.com |date= 28 September 2014 }}</ref>
| 6 October 2014 – 8 October 2022
| [[Shwetha Bandekar]], Nagashree GS, Meenakumari, [[Baby Athina]], [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]], Surekha, Rishi, [[Saakshi Siva]]
| 2304
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]], Romance
|-
| ''Chellakili'' ''செல்லக்கிளி''
| 2 December 2013 – 12 April 2014
| Vithiya, [[Saakshi Siva]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
| 109
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chellamadi Nee Enakku]]'' ''செல்லமடி நீ எனக்கு''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2007/11/chellamadi-nee-enakku-touches-climax.html|title= chellamadi-nee-enakku Serial|publisher= FILMS-CHANNELS}}</ref>
| 11 December 2006 – 5 September 2008
| Ajay Kapoor, Gayathri Priya, Sri Devi, Krithiga, [[Vadivukkarasi]], Devi Priya
| 400
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Romance
|-
| ''[[Chellamay]]'' ''செல்லமே''<ref name="Chellamae">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/09/04/stories/2009090450311400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908082917/https://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/09/04/stories/2009090450311400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2009|title=Chellamae|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 September 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=4 September 2009}}</ref>
| 14 September 2009 – 18 January 2013
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Saakshi Siva]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)]], Devipriya
| 845
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]'' ''சிதம்பர ரகசியம்''<ref>{{cite news|title=Drama awards 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2004|url=https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111800380200.htm|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329114231/https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111800380200.htm|archive-date=29 March 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| 2004–2006
| [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]], [[Asok (actor)|Asok]], Abirami, Arun
| 100+
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Social-Mythology, [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], Devotional
|- style=
| ''Chinnathirai'' ''சின்னத்திரை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shakthitv.lk/chinnaththireyi/|title=chinnaththireyi on Shakthi TV|work=shakthitv.lk|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419022330/https://shakthitv.lk/chinnaththireyi/|archivedate=19 April 2015}}</ref>
| 2014–2017
|
|
| [[Shakthi TV]]
| Drama
|-
| ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' Season 1–3 ''சின்ன பாப்பா பெரிய பாப்பா'' 1–3
| 2005–2007
| [[Sripriya]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Nirosha]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Mohan Raman]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], Pallavi Menon, [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Devadarshini]]
| 216
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' Season 4 ''சின்ன பாப்பா பெரிய பாப்பா'' 4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dinakaran.com/cdetail.asp?Nid=14311|title=Chinna Papa Periya serial|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124518/https://m.dinakaran.com/cdetail.asp?Nid=14311|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 15 November 2014 – 5 May 2018
| [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Nirosha]], [[Jangiri Madhumitha]], Chitra, Vetri
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 174
| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'' ''சித்தி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/indextam.php4?startperiod=30/9/2001&endperiod=6/10/2001 |title=TAM's top 10 in Cable & Satellite homes |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |accessdate=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035514/https://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/indextam.php4?startperiod=30%2F9%2F2001&endperiod=6%2F10%2F2001 |archivedate=29 June 2011 }}</ref>
| 20 December 1999 – 10 November 2001
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radika]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]], [[Latha Sethupathi]], [[Yuvarani]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Hemalatha]], [[Poovilangu Mohan]], [[Ajay Rathnam]], [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Tharika]]
| 467
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''[[Chithi 2]]'' ''சித்தி 2''
| 27 January 2020 – 28 May 2022
| [[Preethi Sharma]], [[Nandan Loganathan|Nandan]]
| 580
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''Chithra'' ''சித்ரா''
| 2007–2008
| Anusha
| 150+
| [[Deepam TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi (2013 TV series)|Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' ''சித்திரம் பேசுதடி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/chithiram-pesuthadi-new-serial-on-jaya-tv-188541.html| title= ரதி, ரம்யா நடிக்கும் சித்திரம் பேசுதடி: 5 சகோதரிகளின் கதை| date= 30 November 2013| publisher= tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 9 December 2013 – 17 October 2014
| [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]], Priyanka, Vidhiya, [[V. Thiruselvam]], [[Sathyapriya]]
| 217
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Chinthamani'' ''சிந்தாமணி''
|2 January 2024
|Maanya Anand,Arun,Vinitha Jaganathan,Venkat Subramanian,Sri Priyanka, [[Anandaraj]]
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| ''Costly Mapillai'' ''காஸ்ட்லி மாப்பிள்ளை''
| 2000
| Kovai Anuradha, [[Sachu]], [[Venu Arvind]], Chanthirakala, [[Vatsala Rajagopal]]
| 45
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Comedy
|-
|}

==D==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''[[Deepangal]]'' ''தீபங்கள்''
| 14 July 2008 – 8 May 2009
| Rajkanth, Vanaja, Bhavana, [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' ''தெய்வம் தந்த வீடு''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/23frserials/article5056457.ece | title=DEIVAM THANTHA VEEDU serial on Vijay TV| work= The Hindu | date=25 August 2013 | accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref>
| 15 July 2013 – 26 May 2017
| [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Roopa Sree]], Meghna Vincent, Sravan Rajesh
| 992
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]], Romance
|-
| ''[[Deivamagal]]'' ''தெய்வமகள்''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=9224&id1=6|title = New serial Deivamagal at 8:00 pm(Tamil source)|accessdate = 6 April 2015|website = |publisher = Dinakaran}}</ref>
| 25 March 2013 – 2018
| [[Vani Bhojan]], [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]], Rekha Krishnappa
| 1466
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Romance, [[Melodrama]], [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''Devathai'' ''தேவதை''
|
|
|
| [[Raj TV]]
| [[Horror film|Horror]]
|-
| ''[[Devathai (2013 TV series)|Devathai]]'' ''தேவதை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balancinema.blogspot.ch/2013/06/blog-post.html|title= சன் டிவியில் நாள் தோறும் பகல் பன்னிரண்டு மணிக்கு ' தேவதை' |website= abalancinema.blogspot.ch}}</ref>
| 1 July 2013 – 20 August 2016
| Subhadra, Bhagya, T. Durairaj, Shobana
| 924
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Dharmayutham'' ''தர்மயுத்தம்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2008_12_21_archive.html|title=DHARMAYUDHAM CROSSES 150TH EPISODE|website= filmschannels.blogspot.ch}}</ref>
| 2008–2009
| [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Ajay, Gayathripriya, O.A.K. Sundar
| 200+
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
| [[Legal drama|courtroom]]
|-
| ''[[Dharmayutham]]'' ''தர்மயுத்தம்''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dharmayutham – Vijay TV Launches Lawyers With Differing Ideologies Whose Paths Cross|url=https://www.dishtracking.com/blog/2012/08/dharmayutham-on-vijay-tv/|publisher=dishtracking.com|accessdate=27 November 2012}}</ref>
| 2 August 2012 – 11 January 2013
| [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Anuja Iyer]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], [[Ravi Raghavendra]], [[Raja Krishnamoorthy]]
| 104
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Legal drama|courtroom]], Romance
|-
| ''Dhik Dhik Dhik'' ''திக் திக் திக்''
| 1999
| [[Sivakumar]]
| 40
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], Crime
|-
| ''Dhik Dhik Dhik'' ''திக் திக் திக்''
| 2007
|
|
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Horror film|Horror]]
|-
| ''Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali'' ''தினம் தினம் தீபாவளி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2007/12/dhinam-dhinam-deepavali-in-mega-channel.html|title=DHINAM DHINAM DEEPAVALI IN MEGA CHANNEL |website= filmschannels.blogspot.ch}}</ref>
| 2007–2008
| [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Sadhana (Tamil actress)|Sadhana]], Oorvambhu Lakshmi, [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], Balaji, [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]], Chaplin Balu
| 150+
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''Dinesh Ganesh'' ''தினேஷ் கணேஷ்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/dinesh-ganesh|title=Dinesh Ganesh serial page|website= nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 1990s
| [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], Oorvambhu Lakshmi, [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
|
| [[Doordarshan]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''Dr. Narendiranin Vinodha Vazhakku'' ''டாக்டர். நரேந்திரனின் வினோத வழக்கு''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/dr-narendiranin-vinodha-vazhakku|title=Dr Narendiranin Vinodha Vazhakku serial page|website= nettv4u.com}}</ref>
| 1980s
| [[Sarath Babu]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]]
|
| [[Doordarshan]]
| [[Legal drama|courtroom]], [[Psychological thriller]]
|}

==E==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''[[EMI-Thavanai Murai Vazhkai (TV series)|EMI-Thavanai Murai Vazhkai]]'' ''இ.எம்.ஐ தவணை முறை வாழ்க்கை''
| 7 March – 29 July 2016
| Shyam Sunder, Naresh, Vijay, Vikram, Haripriya, Pop Suresh, Naren Ram, Bhavani
| 104
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Workplace, Romance
|-
| ''Enakkaga Vaa'' ''எனக்காக வா''
| 1998–1999
| [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], Devi Sri, Shivam, [[Radhabhai]]
| 365
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| ''Ennakul Oruthi'' ''எனக்குள் ஒருத்தி''
|
| Vinothini, Suresh Chakravarthi, Balaji
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
|
|-
| ''[[En Iniya Iyanthira]]'' ''என் இனிய இயந்திரா''
| 1991
| [[Charu Haasan]], Sivaranjani, Nila
|
| [[Doordarshan]]
| Fantasy, Family
|-
| ''[[En Iniya Thozhiye]]'' ''என் இனிய தோழியே''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/yennuir-thozhiye-new-mega-serial-will-telecast-raj-tv-031615.html|title= En Iniya Thozhiye new serial on Raj TV|website= tamil.filmibeat.comm|date= 3 November 2014}}</ref>
| 10 November 2014 – 26 February 2016
| [[Srithika]], Apsar, Ekavalli, Jeyaram, Reshma Pasupuleti, Apsara
| 332
| [[Raj TV]]
| Friendship, [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''[[Ennuyire (TV series)|Ennuyire]]'' ''என்னுயிரே''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.toggle.sg/en/vasantham/shows/ennuyire/info|title=Ennuyire serial on MediaCorp Vasantham|publisher=tv.toggle.sg'|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415124026/https://tv.toggle.sg/en/vasantham/shows/ennuyire/info|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 7 December 2015 – 30 March 2016
| Aravind Naidu, Nithiya Rao, Jobu Deen Faruk and Bharathi Rani Arunachalam
| 62
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| Romance, [[Psychological thriller]]
|-
| ''[[En Peyar Meenakshi (TV series)|En Peyar Meenakshi]]'' ''என் பெயர் மீனாட்சி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/en-peyar-meenatchi|title=En Peyar Meenakshi Serial on Vijay TV|website=nettv4u.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031947/https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/en-peyar-meenatchi|archivedate=31 May 2015}}</ref>
| 6 September 2010 – 4 March 2011
| Harsha, Sidharth, Ravinthiran, Sindhu, Balaji, [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Delhi Ganesh]]
| 120
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family, Romance
|-
| ''Ennavale'' ''என்னவளே''
| [[Radhika Preethi]], [[Thaman Kumar]], Nikhila Rao,Shamili Sukumar
|19 February 2024
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''[[En Peyar Ranganayaki]]'' ''என் பெயர் ரங்கநாயகி''
|7 February 2000 – 7 January 2002
| [[Abhishek Shankar]], [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], Indhu, S.N Lakshmi, [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
|675
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[En Thangai (TV series)|En Thangai]]'' ''என் தங்கை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/30642/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Pandiya-Rajans-Enn-Thangai.htm|title= En Thangai New Serial|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date= 25 April 2015}}</ref>
| 4 May 2015 – 2 January 2016
| [[Pandiarajan]], Ramya, [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]], Lakshmi Raj
| 405
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Enakkul Avan'' ''எனக்குள் அவன்''
| 1999–2002
|
|456

|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| ''Enga Veettu Penn'' ''எங்க வீட்டுப் பெண்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screen4tv.com/enga-veettu-penn-new-serial-in-zee-tamil/|title=Enga Veettu Penn new serial on Zee Tamil|publisher=screen4tv.com|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617075215/https://screen4tv.com/enga-veettu-penn-new-serial-in-zee-tamil/|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 8 June – 30 October 2015
| Harshitha, [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]], Yuvashree, Sonia, Birla bose
| 102
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family
|-
|-
| ''Enga Veettu Penn'' ''எங்க வீட்டுப் பெண்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screen4tv.com/enga-veettu-penn-new-serial-in-zee-tamil/|title=Enga Veettu Penn new serial on Zee Tamil|publisher=screen4tv.com|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617075215/https://screen4tv.com/enga-veettu-penn-new-serial-in-zee-tamil/|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 8 June – 30 October 2015
| Harshitha, [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]], Yuvashree, Sonia, Birla bose
| 102
|-
| ''[[Engiruntho Vandhaal]]'' ''எங்கிருந்தோ வந்தாள்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/05/12/stories/2005051200360100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-05-12|title=Engiruntho Vanthal serial in Kavya Shekar }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|
| [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], Kavya Shekar, [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]]
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family, Romance, Drama
|-
| ''Ethanai Manithargal'' ''எத்தனை மனிதர்கள்''
| 31 December 2000 – 2002
| [[Sivakumar]], [[Sarath Babu]]
| 502+
| [[DD Podhigai]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/01/stories/13010697.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-02-01|title=Big success on small screen }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

==G==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''Galatta Kudumbam 1'' ''கலாட்டா குடும்பம் 1''
| 1999
| [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]], Ilavarasan, [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
| 47
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''Galatta Kudumbam 2'' (''Galatta Sirippu'') ''கலாட்டா குடும்பம் 2'' (''கலாட்டா சிரிப்பு'')
| 1999
| [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], Sairam, Crazy Kumar, [[S. Ve. Shekher]],
| 29
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]'' ''கங்கா யமுனா சரஸ்வதி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ganga-yamuna-saraswathi |title=Ganga Yamuna Saraswati Serial |website=www.nettv4u.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709111447/https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/ganga-yamuna-saraswathi |archivedate=9 July 2015 }}</ref>
| 2006–2008
| [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Manivannan]], [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]
| 391
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''Ganga Yamuna Saraswathi Sangamam'' ''கங்கா யமுனா சரஸ்வதி சங்கமம்''
|
|
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Gayathri'' ''காயத்ரி''
|
| [[Malavika Avinash]]
|
| [[Peppers Tv]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Gayathri (TV series)|Gayathri]]'' ''காயத்ரி''
| 20 January 2004 – 7 November 2014
| Neema, Veenu, Vijay, Akhila, Ragavi, Varalakshmi
| 201
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Geethanjali (2008 TV series)|Geethanjali]]'' ''கீதாஞ்சலி''
| 2009–2011
| [[Deepa Venkat]], Rajasekar, Banumathi, Shilpa, Bharath
| 450
| [[Raj TV]]
| [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''[[Girija MA]]'' ''கிரிஜா எம்.ஏ''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/new-mega-from-avm/article3231512.ece|title=New mega from AVM |website=The Hindu |date=30 November 2006 }}</ref>
| 4 December 2006 – 2007
| [[Priya Raman]], [[Abhishek Shankar]]
| 150+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Workplace, Family
|-
| ''[[Gokulathil Seethai (2008 TV series)|Gokulathil Seethai]]'' ''கோகுலத்தில் சீதை''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaitv.wordpress.com/category/gokulathil-seethai/|title= Gokulathil Seethai serial|website=chennaitv.wordpress.com}}</ref>
| 22 September 2008 – 23 October 2009
| [[Sanghavi]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], [[Delhi Kumar]], [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
| 200+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| [[Psychological thriller]], [[Melodrama]], Family
|-
| ''Gopi'' ''கோபி''
|
| [[Bhanupriya]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], Jeeva, Master. Bharathkumar, [[Mohan Raman]],
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Gopuram'' ''கோபுரம்''
|
| [[Sarath Babu]], [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]], Amritha, Tilakji, Vijay krishna raj, [[Deepa Venkat]]
| 321
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Gowravam'' ''கௌரவம்''
|
| [[Vadivukkarasi]]
|
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Guhan'' ''குகன்''
|
| [[Ravi Raghavendra]], Sathish, Ravi Rakul, [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], Yuvasri, [[Dr. Sharmila]]
| 70+
|
| Family
|}

==I==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]'' ''இதயம்''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chennailivenews.com/Entertainment/TV/20102818072818/Idhayam-serial-nearing-300th-episode.aspx|title='Idhayam' serial nearing 300th episode|website='www.chennailivenews.com}}</ref>
| 10 August 2009 – 3 February 2012
| [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Nithya Das]], [[Shreekumar]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]]
| 627
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[medical drama|medical]], Romance, Drama
|-
| ''Iru Malargal'' ''இருமலர்கள்''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chennailivenews.com/Entertainment/TV/20102818072818/Idhayam-serial-nearing-300th-episode.aspx|title='Idhayam' serial nearing 300th episode|website='www.chennailivenews.com}}</ref>
| 22 September 2025
| [[Hima Bindhu]], Santhosh, Jeevitha, Arun Karthi, Maanya Anand
| 030
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[medical drama|medical]], Romance, Drama
| ''Idho Boopalam'' ''இதோ பூபாளம்''
| 1990s
| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Yugendran]], [[Venkat Prabhu]], Krishnan, Inba,
| 5
|
| Family, Romance, Drama
|-
| ''Idhu Oru Kadhal Kadhai'' ''இது ஒரு காதல் கதை''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092300670802.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-09-23|title=Idhu Oru Kadhal Kadhai Serial}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| 28 March 2005
| [[Prajin]], Saravanan, Deepa
| 150+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance
|-
| ''Ilakkanam Maarudho'' ''இலக்கணம் மாறுதோ''
| 1990s
| [[Pratap K. Pothen]], [[Nirosha]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
| 5
|
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''Ilakkanam Marumo'' ''இலக்கணம் மாறுமோ''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/k-balachanders-tele-serial-ilakkanam-maarudho-goes-on-air-71667.html|title=K.Balachander's tele-serial Ilakkanam Maarudho goes on air|website=kollytalk.com}}</ref>
| 5 November 2012 – 2013
| Kavya, Aishwarya, Vicky, Vijay Anand
| 100+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]]'' ''இளவரசி''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/a-turning-point-arrives-elavarasi-serial-166310.html|title= a turning point arrives elavarasi serial|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date= 15 December 2012}}</ref>
| 19 January 2010 – 1 November 2014
| [[Santhoshi]], Shrikar, [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], Anuradha
| 1263
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]], Romance
|-
| ''Illatharasi'' ''இல்லத்தரசி''
| 2013
| [[Santhoshi]]
| 50+
| [[Captain TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Inai Kodugal'' ''இணை கோடுகள்''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Indhira'' ''இந்திரா''
|10 January 2000 – 30 April 2004
|[[Gowthami (actress)|Gowthami]], Vanaja, Rajeev, Baby prahasitha, [[Ravi kumar (actor)|Ravi Kumar]], Premi
|1166
|Sun TV
|family, romance, thrilling
|-
| ''Inthavaanuku'' ''இந்த வானுக்கு''
| 1990s
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Irandam Chanakyan'' ''இரண்டாம் சாணக்யன்''
| 2002
| [[Venu Arvind]], [[Mohan Raman]], Dr. Shamili, Sangeetha
| 51
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Social-Mythology, Family
|-
| ''Iru Kudukal'' ''இரு கூடுகள்''
|
| [[Sujitha]]
|
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)]]
| Family
|-
| ''Iru Thaikku Oru Pillai Pirapathu Undu'' ''இரு தாய்க்கு ஒரு பிள்ளை பிறப்பது உண்டு''
|
|
|
| Sun tv
| Family
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Ilakkiya 10 October Present

2022

==J==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''Jathimalli'' ''ஜாதி மல்லி''
|
|
|
|
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Jalakreedai'' ''ஜலக்கிரீடை''
|
|
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Drama
|-
| ''Janani'' ''ஜனனி''
|
| [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Drama
|-
| ''Jananam'' ''ஜனனம்''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/14-mega-tv-jananam-makes-waves.html|title=மெகா டிவியின் ஜனனம்|website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 2008–2009
| [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], Chandra Bose, Jaya Sathya
| 150+
| [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]]
| Thriller, Drama
|-
| ''Jannal: Ammavukku Rendula Ragu'' ''ஜன்னல்: அம்மாவுக்கு ரெண்டுல ராகு''
| 1999
| [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Anu Hasan]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
| 21
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]], Comedy
|-
| ''Jannal: Adutha Veetu Kavithai'' ''ஜன்னல்: அடுத்த வீட்டு கவிதை''
| 1999
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Poovilangu Mohan]]
| 39
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''Jannal: Marabu Kavithaigal'' ''ஜன்னல்: மரபு கவிதைகள்''
| 1999
|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]], [[Ravikumar (actor)]], [[T. V. Varadarajan]]
| 55
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''Jannal: Sila Nijangal Sila Nyayangal'' ''ஜன்னல்: சில நிஜங்கள் சில நியாயங்கள்''
| 1999
| [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Poovilangu Mohan]], [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
| 42
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''Jeevan'' ''ஜீவன்''
| 1990
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jenmam X'' ''ஜென்மம் எக்ஸ்''
| 1990
|
|
|
| Thriller, Drama
|-
| ''Jeyam'' ''ஜெயம்''
| 2008–2009
| [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Sudha Chandran]]
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family, [[Melodrama]], Revenge
|-
| ''Jeyippathu Nijam'' ''ஜெயிப்பது நிஜம்''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==K==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''[[Kaalabairavan]]'' ''காலபைரவன்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kalabairavan-new-serial-on-jaya-tv-190011.html| title= ஜெயா டிவியில் காலபைரவனின் கதை| date= 21 December 2013| publisher= tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 9 December 2013 – 25 August 2014
| [[Sanghavi]], Ragavan, [[Roopa Sree]]
| 177
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]], [[Police procedural|Police]], Family
|-
| ''Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu'' ''கடமை கண்ணியம் கட்டுப்பாடு''
| 2014
| [[Prajin]], [[Suzane George]], [[Syed Anwar Ahmed]]
| 10
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| [[Police procedural|Police]], Crime
|-
| ''Kadambari'' ''காதம்பரி''
| 2012
| [[Sudha Chandran]], Mithuna, Balaji
| 90+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]], [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''Kolangal-2'' ''கோலங்கள்-2''
| 14 October 2024
| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]],[[Chandra Lakshman]],[[Nirosha]],Varun Udhai, Sri Priyanka,Nikhila Rao
| 300+
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Pagadai]]'' ''காதல் பகடை''
| 1996–1998
| [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[T. V. Varadarajan]], [[Renuka (Tamil actor)|Renuka]], [[Venu Arvind]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Mohan V. Ram]]
| 65
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Romance, Family, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (TV series)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' ''காதலிக்க நேரமில்லை''
| 26 November 2007 – 2008
| [[Chandra Lakshman]], [[Prajin]], [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]], [[Attakathi Dinesh]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[O. A. K. Sundar]]
| 155+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance
|-
| ''Kaialavu Manasu'' ''கையளவு மனசு''
| 1990
| [[Prakash Raj]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| 55
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Romance, [[Melodrama]]
|-
| ''[[Kairasi Kudumbam]]'' ''கைராசிக்குடும்பம்''
| 22 April 2015 – 24 November 2017
| [[Prakash Raj]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| 686
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kakki'' ''காக்கி''
| 22 September 2008 – 2009
| Karate Raja, Mathiazhagan
| 80+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Action, [[Police procedural|Police]]
|-
| ''[[Kalasam (TV series)|Kalasam]]'' ''கலசம்''
| 14 July 2008 – 26 June 2009
| [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Kutty Padmini]], [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]]
| 234
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''[[Kalathu Veedu]]'' ''களத்து வீடு''
| 2 November 2015 – 25 March 2016
| Shankara Pandian, Devi Priya, Sivan Srinivasan, Anila
| 102
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance, Family, Drama, [[Revenge]]
|-
| ''[[Kalki (TV series)|Kalki]]'' ''கல்கி''
| 2004–2006
| [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]], Shyam Ganesh, Pooja, [[Gandhimathi]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Aravind Akash]]
| 300+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Drama
|-
| ''[[Kallikattu Pallikoodam]]'' ''கள்ளிக்காட்டு பள்ளிக்கூடம்''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennai365.com/news/vijay-tv-launches-kallikaatu-pallikoodam/|title= Kallikaatu Pallikoodam on Vijay TV|website=chennai365.com}}</ref>
| 19 October 2009 – 6 May 2010
| [[Sreeja Chandran|Sreeja]], Ashwin
| 126
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Teen, [[School Drama|School]]
|-
| ''Kalyana Parisu'' ''கல்யாண பரிசு''
| 2008–2009
| Gayathri Priya, Abser
| 300+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
|''[[Kannana Kanne]]'' 
''கண்ணான கண்ணே''
|2 November 2020 – 4 March 2023
|Nimeshika Radhakrishnan, [[Rahul Ravi]]
|727
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]]'' ''கல்யாண பரிசு''
| 10 February 2014 – 27 March 2020
| [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]], [[Arnav (TV actor)|Arnav]], Keerthi
| 1840
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|Kalyanam]]'' ''கல்யாணம்''
| 2 March – 7 August 2009
| [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Yuvarani]], [[Saakshi Siva]], [[Delhi Kumar]], [[Shanthi Williams]]
| 110
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama, [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
|-
| ''[[Kalyanam (2016 TV series)|Kalyanam]]'' ''கல்யாணம்''
| 4 April – 23 June 2016
| Karthikeyan Somasundram, [[Nithya Shree]], Jaya Ganesh Isuran
| 45
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| Family, Romance
|-
| [[Kalyanam (season 2)|''Kalyanam'' (season 2)]] ''கல்யாணம் 2''
| 3 July – 21 September 2017
| Karthikeyan, [[Nithya Shree]], Jayaram, Vishnu M. Anandh
| 45
| [[MediaCorp Vasantham]]
| Family, Romance
|-
| ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'' கல்யாணம் முதல் காதல் வரை
| 3 November 2014 – 27 January 2017
| [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Amit Bhargav]], Nivashini
| 583
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family, Romance
|-
| ''Kalyani'' ''கல்யாணி''
|
|
|
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kalyani'' ''கல்யாணி''
| 2012–2013
| [[Santhoshi]], Raja, Vandhana, Swapana, Shree Devi, Nesan
| 210
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' ''கனா காணும் காலங்கள்''
| 30 October 2006 – 28 April 2009
| [[Hemalatha]], [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], Shiva, [[Pandi (actor)|Lingeswaran]]
| 500+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]], [[Teen drama|Teen]], Romance
|-
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal Oru Kallooriyin Kadhai]]'' ''கனா காணும் காலங்கள் ஒரு கல்லூரியின் கதை''
| 2011–2012
| [[Karthik (TV actor)|Karthik]], [[Nisha Krishnan]], Vetri, [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| 250+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]], [[Teen drama|Teen]], Romance
|-
| ''[[Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal Kalloori Saalai]]'' ''கனா காணும் காலங்கள் கல்லூரி சாலை''
| 2013–2014
| [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], Vetri, [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| 200+
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]], [[Teen drama|Teen]], Romance
|-
| ''Kana Kandenadi Thozhi'' ''கனா கண்டேனடி தோழி''
| 2007–2008
|
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kanavarukaaga'' ''கணவருக்காக''
| 25 October 2004 – 18 August 2006
| [[Sujitha]], Srinivas, Sulkshashana, Manjari
| 414
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Kanavugal Ayiram'' ''கனவுகள் ஆயிரம்''
| 2004 – 2005
| [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Dhivyadharshini]]
| 150+
| [[Jaya TV]]
| [[Teen drama|Teen]], Family
|-
| ''[[Kanchana (Tamil series)|Kanchana]]'' ''காஞ்சனா''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilspy.com/archives/23126| title=சின்னத்திரையிலும் கலக்க வருது காஞ்சனா பேய்!| publisher=tamilspy.com}}</ref>
| 23 July – 9 November 2012
| [[Pooja Ramachandran]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
| 70
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
|-
| ''Kanden Seethayai'' ''கண்டேன் சீதையை''
|
| [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
|
| [[Vijay TV]]
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], Family
|-
| ''Kanmaniye'' ''கண்மணியே''
| 28 October 2008 – 16 April 2010
| Sadhana, Illavarasan,
Shilpa, Bhuvana,
Srisha, Neepa
| 340
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Kanmany'' ''கண்மணி''
| 5 April 2004 – 13 January 2007
| [[Shreekumar]], Shamitha,
Vanaja
| 700
| Vijay TV
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kannamma (TV series)|Kannamma]]'' ''கண்ணம்மா''
| 2 November 2015 – 29 April 2016
| [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]], Pollachi Babu, Kiruthika
| 100+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kannamoochi'' ''கண்ணாமூச்சி''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karthigai Pengal]]'' ''கார்த்திகை பெண்கள்''
| 30 July 2012 – 23 August 2013
| [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Dr. Sharmila]], [[Bhanu Chander]]
| 266
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Karunamanjari]]'' ''கருணமஞ்சரி''
| 2009–2010
| [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Ajay Rathnam]], Vanaya, Puspalatha
| 182
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''Karuppu Vettai'' ''கருப்பு வேட்டை''
|
|
|
| [[Polimer]]
| Thriller
|-
| ''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]'' ''காசளவு நேசம்''
| 1999
| [[Venu Arvind]], [[Revathi Sankaran]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Raj TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]'' ''கஸ்தூரி''
| 21 August 2006 – 31 August 2012
| [[Easwari Rao]], Niya, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Neelima Rani]], Sujatha Panju, [[Jai Krishnan]]
| 1,532
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Melodrama, Revenge
|-
| ''Kathu Karupu'' ''காத்து கருப்பு''
|
|
|
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Thriller, Document
|-
| ''Kavarimaangal'' ''கவரிமான்கள்''
|
| [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], Birla Bose
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kaveri'' ''காவேரி''
|
| [[Madhoo]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Ajay Rathinam]], [[Fathima Babu]]÷
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kayitham]]'' ''காயிதம்''
| 23 November 2013 – 16 May 2014
| [[Divya Padmini]], Dheena
| 139
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|Keladi Kanmani]]'' ''கேளடி கண்மணி''
| 6 April 2015 – 7 October 2017
| [[Arnav (TV actor)|Arnav]], Krithika Krishnan, Sai Priyanka ruth
| 767
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kelunga Maamiyare'' ''கேளுங்க மாமியாரே''
| 2001–2002
| Gayathri
| 457
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''Kodi Mullai'' ''கொடி முல்லை''
| 1 June 2009 – 14 October 2011
| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], Shri Durga, [[Nithya Ravindran]],
[[My Dear Bootham Abhilash|Abhilash]], [[Charu Hassan]]
| 785
| [[Raj TV]]
| Family, Revenge
|-
| ''Kokila Enge Pogiraal'' ''கோகிலா எங்கே போகிறாள்''
| 1997–2001
| [[Easwari Rao]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' ''கோலங்கள்''
| 24 November 2003 – 4 December 2009
| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Chandra Lakshman]], [[Deepa Venkat]]
| 1,533
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Melodrama, Revenge
|-
| ''Krishna Cottage'' ''கிருஷ்ணா காட்டேஜ்''
|
| [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Malavika Avinash]]
|
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''Krishna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya'' ''கிருஷ்ணா லட்டு தின்ன ஆசையா''
| 2013–2014
| [[Sandra Amy]]
|
| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]'' ''கிருஷ்ணதாசி''
| 14 February 2000 – 25 October 2002
| [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Ranjitha]]
| 359
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Romance, Family
|-
| ''Kudumbam'' ''குடும்பம்''
|
| [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], Gayathri, [[Vadivukkarasi]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kudumbam Oru Kovil'' ''குடும்பம் ஒரு கோவில்''
|
|
|
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kula Deivam (TV series)|Kula Deivam]]'' ''குலதெய்வம்''
| 11 May 2015 – 13 April 2018
| [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Srithika]]
| 897
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kulavilakku'' ''குலவிளக்கு''
|2002–22 October 2004
|
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''Kungumam'' ''குங்குமம்''
| 2002–18 June 2004
| [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Kurunji Malar (TV series)|Kurunji Malar]]'' ''குறிஞ்சி மலர்''
| 2013 – 25 September 2014
| Vijay babu, [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], Sai Latha
| 240
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|}

==L==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:220pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="width:160pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Cast
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Genre
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]'' ''லட்சுமி''
| 24 July 2006 – 8 June 2008
| [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
| 483
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' ''லட்சுமி கல்யாணம்''
| 7 February 2017 – 23 June 2017
| [[Yuvarani]], Deepika, Sathiya Sai, [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]], Shyam
| 98
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Romance, Family
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Vanthachu (TV series)|Lakshmi Vanthachu]]'' ''லட்சுமி வந்தாச்சு''
| 2 February 2015 – 24 November 2017
| Vani Bhojan, Saran Rajesh, Haripriya, [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
| 720
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Family, Meloderama
|-
| ''Latchiyam'' ''லட்சியம்''
| 2008–2009
| Manjari, [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
| 250+
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
| Family
|-
| ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' ''லொள்ளு சபா''
| 2004–2007
| [[N. Santhanam]], [[Swaminathan]], [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]], [[Lollu Sabha Balaji]], [[Lollu Sabha Manohar|Manohar]]
| 156
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]'' ''லட்சுமி ஸ்டோர்ஸ்''
| 24 December 2018 – 25 January 2020
| [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Nakshathra Nagesh]], Hussain
| 322
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Family, Drama
|}

==M==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Maadhu— Cheenu''
* ''Maama Maaple''
* ''[[Madhavi (TV series)|Madhavi]]''
* ''[[Madipakkam Madhavan]]''
* ''Madisaar Maami''
* ''Madurai''
* ''[[Magal (TV series)|Magal]]''
* ''Mahaangalum Adhisayangalum''
* ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''
* ''[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|Mahalakshmi]]''
* ''Mahan''
* ''Maharani''
* ''Mahanadhi''
* ''Malargal''
* ''[[Malli (2013 TV series)|Malli]]''
* ''Mama Mapillai''
* ''[[Mamiyar Thevai]]''
* ''Manathil Uruthi Vendum''
* ''Mangai''
* ''Mangalyam''
* ''Manikoondu''
* ''Manjal Magimai''
* ''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]''
* ''Manthira Vaasal''
* ''Maragatha Veenai''
* ''Marakka Mudiyuma''
* ''[[Marmadesam]]''
* ''[[Marmadesam]]'' – ''Edhuvum Nadakkum''
* ''[[Marmadesam]]''-''Vidaathu Karuppu''
* ''Marudhani''
* ''Masala Kudumbam''
* ''Maya''
* ''Mayavi Mareechan''
* ''Meendum Jeeno''
* ''[[Meera (2010 TV series)|Meera]]''
* ''[[Megala (TV series)|Megala]]''
* ''[[Mella Thiranthathu Kathavu (TV series)|Mella Thiranthathu Kathavu]]''
* ''Merku Mambalathil Oru Kaadhal''
* ''[[Metti Oli]]''
* ''Micro Thodargal''
* ''[[Mohini (TV series)|Mohini]]''
* ''Mr. Brain''
* ''Mr.Thenaliraman''
* ''Mudhal Mariyaadhai''
* ''[[Mudivalla Arambam (TV series)|Mudivalla Arambam]]''
* ''Muhurtam''
* ''Mullum Malarum''
* ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
* ''Mundru Mugam''
* ''[[Muthaaram (TV series)|Muthaaram]]''
* ''Muthukkal'' (1996)
* ''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bootham]]''
* ''[[My Name Is Mangamma]]''
* ''Mythili''
}}

==N==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Naan Aval Illai''
* ''[[Naanal (TV series)|Naanal]]''
* ''Naanayam'' (1991)
* ''Naanayam'' (2007–2008)
* ''[[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|Nadhaswaram]]''
* ''Nagamma''
* ''Nagamma'' (Raj TV)
* ''Nagavalli''
* ''[[Nalla Neram (TV series)|Nalla Neram]]''
* ''Nambikkai''
* ''Namma Kudumbam''
* ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''
* ''Nathi Enge Pogirathu''
* ''Nayanmargal''
* ''Nee Naan Aval''
* ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2014 TV series)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]''
* ''Netraya Manithargal'' (1988)
* ''Nila''
* ''Nila Surian'' ([[MediaCorp Vasantham]])
* ''Nilavai Pidipom''
* ''Nimmathi''
* ''[[Nimmathi Ungal choice-1 (1997)]]''
* ''[[Nimmathi Ungal choice-2 (Kannamavin Kadhai)]]''
* ''Nimmathi Ungal choice-3'' (Triveni Sangamam)
* ''Nimmathi Ungal choice-4'' (Mavilai Thoranam)
* ''Nimmathi Ungal choice-5'' (Manasaatchi)
* ''Nishakanthi''
}}

==O==
{{columns-list|
* ''[[Office (2013 series)|Office]]''
* ''[[Oru Kai Osai (TV series)|Oru Kai Osai]]''
* ''Oru Kaidhiyin Sila Kilai Kathaigal''
* ''Oru Manithanin Kathai'' (1986)
* ''Oru Penninn Kathai'' (1998)
* ''[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]''
}}

==P==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Pandian Stores]]''
* ''Paarijatham''
* ''[[Paartha Gnabagam Illayo]]''
* ''Paasam''
* ''Paava Mannippu''
* ''Panam''
* ''Panchavarna Kili''
* ''Pandavargal''
* ''Panjami''
* ''Paasamalargalae''
* ''[[Pasamalar (TV series)|Pasamalar]]''
* ''Pattikal Jakkirathai''
* ''[[Penn (2006 TV series)|Penn]]''
* ''Penn'' ([[Makkal TV]])
* ''Perai Solla Va''
* ''[[Pillai Nila (TV series)|Pillai Nila]]''
* ''[[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Santhippom Season 1]]''
* ''[[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Santhippom Season 2]]''
* ''[[Priyasaki (TV series)|Priyasaki]]''
* ''Poi Solla Porom''
* ''Pondatti Thevai''
* ''[[Ponnoonjal (2013 TV series)|Ponnoonjal]]''
* ''Poo Vilangu''
* ''Porandha Veeda Pugundha Veeda''
* ''Premi''
* ''[[Priyamanaval]]''
* ''Pudhayal Bhoomi''
* ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
* ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]''
* ''Pudhumai Pengal''
* ''[[Puguntha Veedu]]''
* ''Puriyaamal Pirinthom''
* ''Pushpanjali''
}}

==R==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Raguvamsam''
* ''Raja Rajeswari''
* ''[[Rajakumari (TV series)|Rajakumari]]''
* ''[[Ramanujar (TV series)|Ramanujar]]''
* ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]''
* ''Ramany Vs Ramany Part 2''
* ''Ranga Vilas''
* ''[[Rekha IPS]]''
* ''Rekkai Kattiya Manasu''
* ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi (Tamil series)|Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]''
* ''Revathi''
* ''Roja'' ([[Jaya TV]])
* ''Roja'' ([[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]])
* ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''
* ''[[Roja Kootam (TV series)|Roja Kootam]]''
* ''[[Romapuri Pandian]]''
* ''Rudhraveenai''
* ''Rudra''
* ''Rudram''
* ''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]'' }}

==S==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Sabitha Allies Sabapathi]]''
* ''Sahana''
* ''Sakthi''
* ''[[Sakthi (TV series)|Sakthi]]''
* ''Saradha''
* ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' Season 1
* ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' Season 2
* ''Sathileelavathi''
* ''Selvangal''
* ''Selvi''
* ''Savithri''
* ''Samsaram''
* ''[[Sembaruthi]]''
* ''Senthoorapoove''
* ''Shanthi Nilayam''
* ''Sherlock Mami''
* ''Simran Thirai''
* ''Singaaram Theru''
* ''Sirappu Pattimandram''
* ''[[Srippulogam]]''
* ''Sithara''
* ''Siva''
* ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]''
* ''[[Siva Ragasiyam]]''
* ''Sivamayam''
* ''Sivasakthi''
* ''[[Sivasankari (2012 TV series)|Sivasankari]]''
* ''Sollathan Ninaikiren''
* ''[[Sondha Bandham (TV series)|Sondha Bandham]]''
* ''Sontham''
* ''Sondhame Endrallum''
* ''Soolam''
* ''Soorya IPS''
* ''Soundaravalli''
* ''Sorgam''
* ''Sridevi''
* ''[[Sundharakandam]]''
* ''[[Suryaputhri]]''
* ''Surya''
* ''SuryaVamsam'' ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
* ''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]''
* ''Sutramum Natpum''
* ''Super Sundari''
* ''[[Sumangali (TV series)|Sumangali]]''
}}

==T==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Take It Easy Vazhkai''
* ''Thadayam''
* ''Thamarai''
* ''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]''
* ''Thangamana Purushan''
* ''Thanthira Bhoomi''
* ''Tharkappu Kalai Theeratha''
* ''Thavam''
* ''[[Thayumanavan (TV series)|Thayumanavan]]''
* ''Thee''
* ''Theekkul Viral''
* ''Theerka Sumangali''
* ''[[Thekkathi Ponnu]]''
* ''[[Thendral]]''
* ''Thenmozhiyal''
* ''[[ThenNilavu]]''
* ''Thirumagal''
* ''Thiru Mangalyam'' ([[Kalaignar TV]])
* ''[[Thiru Mangalyam]]'' ([[Zee Tamil]])
* ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
* ''Thiruppaavai''
* ''Thiruvilayadal''
* ''[[Thiyagam]]''
* ''Thulasi'' ([[Kalaignar TV]])
* ''Thulasi'' ([[Zee Tamil]])
* ''Thuppaki Munaiyil Thenilavu'' }}

==U==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Udhayam''
* ''[[Uravugal]]''
* ''[[Uravugal Sangamam]]''
* ''Uravugal Oru Thodarkathai''
* ''Uravukku Kai Koduppom''
* ''[[Uthiri Pookal (TV series)|Uthiri Pookal]]''
* ''Uyirin Niram Ootha''
* ''[[Uyirmai]]''}}

==V==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Vaadagai Veedu''
* ''Vaazhkkai Kovilgal''
* ''Valaiyosai''
* ''Vallamai Tharayo'' ([[MediaCorp Vasantham]])
* ''Vaira Nenjam''
* ''Vaidhegi''
* ''Vairaakkiyam''
* ''[[Vallamai Tharayo (TV series)|Vallamai Tharayo]]''
* ''[[Valli (2012 TV series)|Valli]]''
* ''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]''
* ''Vanakkam Chennai''
* ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''
* ''Vanthale Maharasi''
* ''Vanthana Thanthana''
* ''Varam''
* ''Varisukal''
* ''Vasantham''
* ''Vasool Chakravarthy''
* ''Vazhve Mayam''
* ''Veettukku Veedu''
* ''Velai'' (1998)
* ''Velaikkaran''
* ''Velan''
* ''[[Vellai Thamarai]]''
* ''Vennila''
* ''Veppilaikkaari''
* ''[[Vilakku Vacha Nerathula]]''
* ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesha|Vinayagar]]''
* ''Visaranai''
* ''Vishalam''
* ''Vazhnthu kaatukiren''
* ''Vazhkai''
}}

==Y==
{{columns-list|
* ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
* ''Yathumaki Nindrai''
* ''[[Yazhini (TV series)|Yazhini]]'' }}

==See also==
* [[List of Tamil-language streaming television series]]
* [[Tamil television drama]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Tamil Television}}
{{Dramatic television series}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television-related lists|Soap]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows|+]]

Resident welfare association

2025-08-19T17:17:29Z

TeresitaPennell: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Type of Indian non-governmental organisation}}
A '''resident welfare association''' (frequently abbreviated as RWA) is a '''Non-governmental organization''' that represents the interests of the residents of a specific urban or suburban locality, particularly in [[India]]n cities.<ref name="jumani2006">{{Citation | title=Empowering Society: An Analysis of Business, Government and Social Development Approaches to Empowerment |author=Usha Jumani | publisher=Foundation Books | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7596-317-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rST0UFkFBlcC | quote=Snippet: ''... In this programme the Delhi government enters into a partnership with interested Resident Welfare Associations (RWA) in housing colonies to solve urban infrastructure related problems ...''}}</ref>

== Membership ==

Membership is voluntary, and the leadership is usually elected by fee-paying members. Members who do not pay the voluntary subscription fee in any year may not vote in the general body and other meetings of the association since they would be deemed to have opted out of membership in the voluntary association. Such associations cannot force residents to become members and pay annual or other fees, but they can suspend services to non-paying members. In some localities, such associations may bear the word "Development" in their nomenclature, such as development and welfare associations.<ref name="hooja2006">{{Citation | title=Survey of 5 RWAs in Delhi | author=Rakshat Hooja | date=2006-07-21 | accessdate=2008-11-12 | url=http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list/2006-July/007776.html | quote=Snippet: ''... This is 22 year old RWA where membership charges are Rs 800 per annum. Members of the RWA among the sample – 100%. Percentage satisfied with the civic amenities in the colony/residential area – 100%. Percentage satisfied with the electric supply in the colony/residential area– 87.5%. Percentage satisfied with the water supply in the colony/residential area – 100%. Percentage satisfied with security in the colony/residential area – 42.8%. Percentage that vote in the RWA elections – 100% ...'' | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610111320/http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list/2006-July/007776.html | archivedate=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

== Registration ==
RWAs are not official organs of government, and even slums and [[illegal housing in India|illegal housing localities in India]] can form RWAs to represent citizen interests.<ref name="thehindu2007">{{Citation | title= Maken meets RWA officials of illegal colonies | date=2007-08-20 | accessdate = 2008-11-12 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082054650300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116131200/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082054650300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-11-16 | newspaper= [[The Hindu]] | quote=Snippet: ''... Union Urban Development Minister Ajay Maken has said that the development of unauthorised colonies was a vital step in Delhi's quest of being viewed as a global city. Addressing a gathering of residents' welfare association functionaries from the 1500-odd unauthorised colonies in the city here on Sunday, Mr. Maken said unauthorised colonies were a "part and parcel of the economic growth of the region". ...''}}</ref> RWAs are typically registered under co-operative society acts, which require groups to have a minimum of fifteen members from a given area, or under the Apartment Owners Act of the state as "association of apartment owners", or under the Societies Registration Act (central Act or state Act), which requires a minimum of ten members. These acts also set the rules for the establishment of RWA bye-laws, which include such things as membership criteria, voting rights, and the conditions under which RWA officers can initiate legal proceedings on behalf of the registered society.<ref name="dcs">{{Citation | title= The Delhi Co-operative Societies Act, 2003 | author=Registrar of Cooperative Societies, Government of Delhi| year=2003 | accessdate = 2013-05-01 | url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_rcs/RCS/Home/Acts+and+Rules/ | quote=Snippet: ''An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to co-operative societies, to facilitate the voluntary formation and democratic functioning of co¬operatives as people's institutions based on self help and mutual aid to enable them to promote their economic and social betterment and to provide for better regulation, management, functional autonomy of such societies and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto in the National Capital Territory of Delhi.''}}</ref> Despite the prevalence of RWAs in slums and unauthorized colonies, however, government programs aimed at involving RWAs in strategic governance decisions, such as Delhi's [[Bhagidari System|Bhagidari Scheme]], include only RWAs based on planned neighborhoods.<ref name="IJURR2011">{{Citation | title= Gentrifying the State, Gentrifying Participation: Elite Governance Programs in Delhi | author=D. Asher Ghertner| journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=504–532| year=2011 | quote=Snippet: ''... The Bhagidari Cell quickly defined three primary 'stakeholders' considered worthy Bhagidars [participants]: market/trader and industrial associations, bureaucrats across the municipal, state and central government departments operating in Delhi, and Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) based in DDA-approved residential colonies, membership of which is open only to property owners. This meant that residents of slums and unauthorized colonies (as well as renters across the city) were excluded from this 'citizen–government partnership'... From the beginning, then, Bhagidari was designed as an instrument to incorporate the voices of private property owners into urban governance...'' | doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01043.x| url=http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.1/rucore30130500001.Manuscript.000065926| doi-access=free }}</ref> RWAs have become increasingly involved in municipal politics and decision-making since the early 2000s and continue to grow in importance.<ref name="EPW2007">{{Citation | title= Neighbourhood Associations and Local Democracy: Delhi Municipal Elections 2007 | author=Stephanie Lama-Rewal| newspaper=Economic and Political Weekly XLII| year=2007 | accessdate = 2013-01-12 | url=http://www.epw.in/special-articles/neighbourhood-associations-and-local-democracy-delhi-municipal-elections-2007.html | quote=Snippet: ''Democratisation of local bodies has been hindered because of the nature of neighbourhood associations. However, neighbourhood associations are themselves being democratised and are therefore bound to strengthen local democracy...''}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Community-based organization]]
* [[NGO]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Local government in India]]
[[Category:Neighborhood associations]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]

E-Clearance for Afterlife Remains

2025-08-13T09:08:49Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting A Post...

{{Short description|Indian government portal}}
{{Infobox website
| name = e-Clearance for Afterlife Remains
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| type = Government services
| language = English
| owner = [[Government of India|Indian Government]]
| author =
| key_people = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| parent = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| url = {{URL|https://ecare.mohfw.gov.in}}
| commercial = No
| registration = Required
| launch_date = October 2023
| current_status = Active
}}'''The e-Clearance for Afterlife Remains''' '''(e-CARe)''' is an Indian government portal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Govt taking steps to increase organ donation in the country, says Mansukh Mandaviya |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/govt-taking-steps-to-increase-organ-donation-in-the-country-says-mansukh-mandaviya/articleshow/102388118.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgidubai.gov.in/docs/1691743072eCARe%20Portal.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref> It was established to conduct clearance procedures electronically to ensure timely transportation of [[Cadaver|human remains]] across [[Border|international borders]], for public and their families in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2023-08-02 |title=Health Ministry’s e-portal seeks to avoid delays in transporting human remains |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-ministrys-e-portal-seeks-to-avoid-delays-in-transporting-human-remains/article67150613.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is owned and operated by the International Health Division of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health]].

It was established in October 2023, by [[Mansukh Mandaviya]], minister of health at the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] in India..<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Govt taking steps to increase organ donation in the country, says Mansukh Mandaviya |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/govt-taking-steps-to-increase-organ-donation-in-the-country-says-mansukh-mandaviya/articleshow/102388118.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
'''Process'''

Notifications and updates regarding clearance status will be disseminated via email, [[SMS]], and [[WhatsApp]] to relevant parties, including CIHD, the Nodal Officer and APHOs, consignees, and airlines. To minimize delays, officials will receive periodic updates during first 48 hours, allowing stakeholders to track the application status through the e-CARE portal using a registration number.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |date=2023-08-02 |title=Govt to launch e-CARe portal for seamless transfer of bodies of Indians abroad |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-to-launch-e-care-portal-for-seamless-transfer-of-bodies-of-indians-abroad-11690997236376.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]] will serve as the central hub for all international airports in India, approving the process within 48 hours. Under this system, airport health officers will grant clearance via [[email]], working closely with transporting airlines. Required documents include the [[death certificate]], embalming certificate, NOC from the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]], and the canceled passport of the deceased. Delays often result from document clarifications and time zone differences. The portal will unify all stakeholders, provide continuous support, ensure process uniformity, and remove subjectivity associated with Airport Health Organisations.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2023-08-02 |title=Health Ministry’s e-portal seeks to avoid delays in transporting human remains |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-ministrys-e-portal-seeks-to-avoid-delays-in-transporting-human-remains/article67150613.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
[https://ecare.mohfw.gov.in Official website]

[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government services web portals in India]]
[[Category:E-government in India]]

Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency

2025-08-02T12:05:36Z

TeresitaPennell: adding a article

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sivakasi
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year = 2004
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Sivakasi''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[India]]<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> which existed until the 2004 Lok sabha elections. It was converted into [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar constituency]] after [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2008.

==Assembly segments==
Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-13
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
#[[Sattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sattur]] (moved to [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]] constituency)
# [[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar]] (moved to [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]] constituency)
# [[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi]] (moved to [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]] constituency)
#[[Rajapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rajapalayam]] (moved to [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] constituency)
#[[Srivilliputhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivilliputhur]] (moved to [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] constituency)
#[[Kovilpatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Kovilpatti]] (moved to [[Thoothukudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukudi]] constituency)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|P. Ramamoorthy
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|[[V. Jeyalakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[N. Soundararajan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|R. Kanga Govindarajulu
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[V. Alagirisamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vaiko]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[A. Ravichandran]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|29.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|45.8}}
}}
=== 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Sivakasi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[A. Ravichandran]]|votes=469,072|percentage=56.44|change=+15.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Kannan. P|votes=304,555|percentage=36.64|change=+4.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Dheepa Valentina]]|votes=27,130|percentage=3.26|change=n/a}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Venkatesan. K|votes=10,156|percentage=1.22|change=n/a}}
{{Election box majority||votes=164,517|percentage=19.79|change=+10.34}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=831,167|percentage=63.27|change=+0.41}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +15.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|'''[[Vaiko]]'''
|'''325,829'''
|'''41.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|V.Ramasamy
|251,048
|31.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|A.Gunasekharan
|152,817
|19.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|[[R. Thamaraikani|R.Thamaraikani]]
|36,977
|4.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|A.Somasundaram
|4,660
|0.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|A.C.Cheenasamy thevar
|4,330
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|V.Seenivasagan
|944
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Subbukalai
|669
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|PID.Thiyagarajan alias Yogakannan
|500
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.Sahadevan
|454
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|I.Ramasamy
|378
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|V.Kannan
|234
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Ganesan
|224
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|N.Gunasekharan
|163
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Manmathan
|154
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Muthupandian
|83
|0.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|74,781
|9.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|790,751
|62.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1998===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|'''[[Vaiko]]'''
|'''387,694'''
|'''49.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|[[V. Alagirisamy|V.Alagirisamy]]
|252,771
|32.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}"|
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|S.Sathiyamoorthy
|106,726
|13.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|K.Rajendran
|9,745
|1.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Mariappan
|1,922
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|C.Ponnusamy
|1,756
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Manmathan
|1,021
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Thiyagarajan alias Yogakannan
|793
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Gurusamy
|639
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|A.Rajasekhar
|627
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.V.Rengyananam
|583
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|V.Kannan
|369
|0.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|R.P.Ramasamy
|271
|0.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|134,923
|17.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|781,757
|65.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] '''gain''' from [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1996===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|[[V. Alagirisamy|'''V.Alagirisamy''']]
|'''238,483'''
|'''29.5%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|Sanjay Ramasamy
|214,861
|26.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|[[Vaiko]]
|204,339
|25.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Sathiyamoorthy
|39,427
|4.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|S.Mohan Rajalu
|18,941
|2.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|R.Boosaperumal
|8,947
|1.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|P.Lakshmanan
|6,255
|0.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|23,622
|2.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|808,460
|69.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] '''gain''' from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1991===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''R.Govidarajalu'''
|'''365,155'''
|'''53.4%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|A.Srinivasan
|202,065
|29.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|R.Thamaraikani
|50,258
|7.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Muthu pillai
|18,217
|2.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|K.Ponnaiah
|11,208
|1.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Party|Jharkhand party]]
|E.Chandran
|3,323
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Ramachandran
|1,372
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.P.Jeyapal
|1,340
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Manmathan
|1,271
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|[[Tharasu makkal mandram]]
|I.Kannan
|1,146
|0.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|163,090
|23.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|683,293
|63.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1989===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |'''Party'''
!'''Candidate'''
!'''Votes'''
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|[[K. Kalimuthu|'''K.Kalimuthu''']]
|'''450,376'''
|'''57.5%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Vaiko]]
|313,308
|40.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|J.S.Balaiah
|1,918
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|E.Chandran
|1,346
|0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Pannerselvam
|920
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Kanagavel
|651
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Manmathan
|594
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|[[Tharasu makkal mandram]]
|P.Pasupon
|580
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|C.Pandi
|522
|0.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|D.Periyasamy
|433
|0.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Majority'''
|137,068
|17.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |'''[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]'''
|783,252
|72.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1984===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[N. Soundararajan|N.Soundararajan]]'''
|'''323,786'''
|'''51.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|A.Sreenivasan
|257,308
|41.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Kaliappan
|12,498
|2.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Ramar
|4,921
|0.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)|INC(J)]]
|P.Subba Reddyiar
|4,521
|0.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|66,478
|10.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|627,315
|74.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
|
|}

===General Election 1980===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[N. Soundararajan|N.Soundararajan]]'''
|'''234,654'''
|'''45.3%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|V.Jayalakshmi
|228,042
|44.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|R.M.Sreeram
|21,157
|4.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.P.Raju
|12,422
|2.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|G.A.Appan
|2,455
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.P.Shenbagamoorthy
|2,402
|0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]]
|R.Sooriyanarayanan
|1,856
|0.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|6,612
|1.3%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|517,475
|68.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''gain''' from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1977===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''V.Jayalakshmi'''
|'''271,568'''
|'''53.3%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|NCO]]
|G.Ramanujan
|156,720
|30.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.P.Raju
|41,707
|8.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.Muthu Ramanuja devar
|10,551
|2.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|A.K.Kandasamy Pandian
|6,457
|1.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Kaliappanadar
|4,713
|0.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|R.Subba Reddiar
|3,459
|0.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.Selvaraj
|2,840
|0.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|114,848
|22.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|509,445
|70.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''gain''' from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1971===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''V.Jayalakshmi'''
|'''235,491'''
|'''56.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|R.Gopalakrishnan
|149,829
|36.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.P.Muthuramanuja Thevar
|5,233
|1.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.S.Reddy
|4,126
|1.0%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|85,662
|20.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|394,679
|68.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''gain''' from [[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
!
|
|}

===General Election 1967===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|'''P.Ramamoorthy'''
|'''194,364'''
|'''45.8%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|P.A.Nadar
|162,692
|38.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|S.Alagarsamy
|55,753
|13.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|31,672
|7.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|412,809
|78.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]] '''Win''' (New Seat)
!
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Sivakasi]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|9.5|77.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakasi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Battle of El Agheila

2025-08-01T09:10:36Z

TeresitaPennell: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Brief engagement of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{missing information|details about the strength of Allied forces as well as the total number of casualties they sustained during the battle|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Battle of El Agheila
|partof = the [[Western Desert campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
|image = File:AfricaMap5.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
|caption = The withdrawal of the [[Axis powers|Axis forces]] through North Africa
|date = 11–18 December 1942{{efn|There is a one-day difference in the dates in Rommel's memoirs and those of his rearguard commander, [[Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte|Friedrich von der Heydte]] and the contributor has tried to reconcile the two sources.}}
|place = [[El Agheila]], [[Libya]]
|coordinates = {{coord|30|16|N|19|12|E|region:LY_type:city|display=inline}}
|result = (see [[Battle of El Agheila#Analysis|Analysis]] section)
|territory = [[Axis powers|Axis forces]] retreated from [[Cyrenaica]] to [[Tripolitania]].
|combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
|combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bernard Montgomery]]
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Ettore Bastico]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]]
|units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]
|units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}{{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Panzer Army Africa]]
|strength1=
|strength2 = 60,000 men{{sfn|Turner|1999|pp=133–134}} 30 tanks 20 armoured cars 86 guns{{sfn|Ford|2012|p=37}}
|casualties1 =
|casualties2 =
|campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Desert}}
}}
The '''Battle of El Agheila''' was a brief engagement of the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]. It took place in December 1942 between [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] (General [[Bernard Montgomery]]) and the [[Axis powers|Axis forces]] of the [[German-Italian Panzer Army|German-Italian ''Panzer'' Army]] ({{lang|de|Generalfeldmarschall}} [[Erwin Rommel]]), during the long Axis withdrawal from [[El Alamein]] to [[Tunis]]. The Eighth Army planned to outflank and trap the Axis forces as they withdrew to Tunis.

The Eighth Army plan was thwarted when a frontal attack by the British 7th Armoured Division was repulsed by an Italian rearguard action and the outflanking New Zealand units became dispersed in the desert. The engagement ended with the German-Italian ''Panzer'' Army withdrawing into Tripolitana towards Tunisia, where the [[Tunisia Campaign]] had begun with the [[Operation Torch]] the Allied invasion of French North Africa {{nowrap|(8–16 November 1942).}}

==Background==
===German–Italian retreat: Egypt===
[[File:WesternDesertBattle Area1941 en.svg|thumb|{{centre|Area of Rommel's retreat from El Alamein to El Agheila, 4–23 November 1942}}]]
On 4 November 1942, Rommel decided to end the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] and withdraw west towards [[Libya]]. In doing so, he defied the "Stand to the last" orders of [[Adolf Hitler]], to save the remainder of his force.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=561}} The {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} reached the village of [[Fuka, Egypt|Fuka]] the next day. Italian forces had arrived earlier, having withdrawn from El Alamein from {{nowrap|3 to 4 November}} and formed a defensive line. The Italians resumed their withdrawal on the same day, after an Allied attack and the Germans followed suit.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=81–90}} Montgomery rested some of his formations after their efforts at El Alamein, leading with the [[4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East|4th Light Armoured Brigade]]. Rain on the afternoon of 6 November impeded the Eighth Army pursuit as the Axis forces continued their withdrawal. {{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=83}}

A new defence line was established at [[Mersa Matruh]] on the following day, some {{cvt|110|mi}} west of El Alamein. Rommel received a warning from Hitler of an expected Allied landing between [[Tobruk]] and [[Benghazi]] but on 8 November, he discovered that this was wrong. There were Anglo-American landings in [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]] and [[French Algeria|Algeria]] ([[Operation Torch]]). The Eastern Task Force—aimed at [[Algiers]]—landed with 20,000 troops and began moving east towards Rommel. Facing the prospect of a large Allied force to his rear, he decided to withdraw in one bound to [[El Agheila]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=96–91}} Axis forces retired from [[Sidi Barrani]] on 9 November and [[Halfaya Pass]] (on the Libyan–Egyptian border) the last position in Egypt, on 11 November. [[Cyrenaica]] was abandoned without serious resistance.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=69}}

===German–Italian retreat: Cyrenaica===
[[File:The British Army in North Africa 1942 E19587.jpg|thumb|{{centre|A Stuart light tank being refuelled from an RAF fuel bowser outside Sidi Barrani, 15 November 1942}}]]
Rommel wanted to save {{cvt|10000|ST}} of equipment in Tobruk but it fell to the Eighth Army on 13 November.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=602}} An attempt by Montgomery to trap the Tobruk garrison by an encirclement toward [[Acroma]], west of Tobruk, failed and the garrison retreated along the {{lang|it|[[Via Balbia]]}} toward Benghazi with few losses.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=69}} [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and the airfield at [[Martuba Air Base|Martuba]] were captured on 15 November and the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] quickly occupied the airfield to provide air cover for [[Operation Stoneage]], a [[Malta convoys|Malta convoy]], on 18 November.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=14}} The Axis forces had withdrawn {{cvt|400|mi}} in ten days. Despite the importance of Benghazi to the Axis supply system, Rommel abandoned the port to avoid a repeat of the disastrous entrapment suffered by the Italians at the [[Battle of Beda Fomm]] in February 1941.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=604}} Rommel ordered the demolition of port facilities and supplies in Benghazi, writing afterwards that

{{quote|...in Benghazi, we destroyed the port facilities and platforms and the chaos overwhelmed the civilians in this miserable town.|Rommel{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=610}}}}

Benghazi was occupied by the Eighth Army on 20 November and three days later, the Axis forces retreated from [[Ajdabiya|Agedabia]] to [[Brega|Mersa Brega]]. During their withdrawal to Mersa Brega, Axis forces faced many difficulties, including Allied [[Air supremacy|air superiority]]. The [[Desert Air Force]] (DAF) attacked Axis columns that were crowded on the coast road and short of fuel. To delay the Eighth Army advance, Axis [[sapper]]s laid [[Land mine|mines]] in the Mersa Brega area; steel helmets were buried to create false readings on the [[Polish mine detector|mine detector]]s used by the Eighth Army.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=611}}

For much of the pursuit to El Agheila, the Eighth Army commanders were uncertain of Rommel's intentions. They had been caught out in earlier campaigns by an opponent that had drawn them in and then counter-attacked. Montgomery had intended to build the morale of the Eighth Army by banishing the habit of defeat and retreat. The [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] and [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|2nd New Zealand Division]] were held at [[Bardia]], resting and providing a defence. Despite Rommel's concerns of entrapment by a rapid Allied advance across the Cyrenaica bulge, Montgomery was aware that an extended and isolated force could also be vulnerable, as in early 1941 and early 1942. When a reconnaissance force of armoured cars was sent across country, it was delayed by waterlogged ground.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=70}} [[Signals intelligence]] revealed to the Eighth Army that the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} was virtually immobilised by lack of fuel, prompting Montgomery to order a stronger force to move cross-country. Having heard of the presence of the reconnaissance force, Rommel brought forward his retirement from Benghazi and was able to brush the armoured cars aside, untroubled by the stronger force which had yet to arrive.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|p=455}}

==Prelude==

===German-Italian ''Panzer'' Army===

{{main|German-Italian Panzer Army}}

During the eighteen days between the evacuation of Agedabia on 23 November and the beginning of the Battle of El Agheila on 11 December Rommel described disagreements with his political and military superiors and he engaged in fruitless bitter arguments with Hitler, [[Hermann Göring]], the head of the ''Luftwaffe'', General [[Albert Kesselring]] the {{lang|de|[[Oberbefehlshaber Süd]]}} ({{lang|de|OB Süd}}, commander of German units in the Mediterranean theatre), [[Ugo Cavallero]] the Italian chief of staff at {{lang|it|[[Comando Supremo]]}} and the governor of Libya, [[Ettore Bastico]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=93}} Rommel wanted to withdraw to Tunis as soon as possible and the others wanted him to make a stand on the El Agheila–Mersa Brega position.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|pp=621, 626}} Mussolini ordered Rommel to stand on the Agheila line to defend [[Tripolitania]] and this was supported by Hitler, who ordered that El Agheila should be held "in all circumstances".{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|p=456}} Although the Agheila position was naturally strong, being surrounded by [[salt marsh]]es, soft sand or broken ground and a "chain of minefields", restricting the ability of vehicles to manoeuvre.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=217}}

Rommel judged that he would be able to hold the position only if he received artillery and tank replacements, if the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} was strengthened and his fuel and ammunition supplies were restored.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=217}} By this time, all available men and equipment were being diverted to Tunis, following the Allied landings of Operation Torch, to prevent Tunisia falling to the Allied advance from Algeria. By the time of Rommel's visit to Berlin at the beginning of December, Mussolini and Hitler had accepted the reality of the situation and agreed for preparations to be made for a withdrawal to Buerat, some {{cvt|250|mi}} to the west and by 3 December, the [[Mechanized infantry|un-mechanised]] Italian infantry had begun a retirement.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=455–457}} Rommel's supply position did not improve, Tunisia kept supply priority and of the ships which were sent to Tripoli to supply the ''Panzer'' Army in November, three-quarters had been sunk. Rommel was short of men and equipment and very short of fuel and ammunition. He intended to hold out as long as possible but to retire in the face of strong pressure.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=457–458}}

===Eighth Army===

{{main|Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|l1=Eighth Army}}

The Eighth Army had to supply their forces from [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] to Agedabia. Supplies could be moved {{cvt|440|mi}} from [[Alexandria]] to Tobruk by rail, the {{cvt|390|mi}} from Tobruk to Agedabia was slightly shorter but supplies had to go by road on the {{lang|it|Via Balbia}} or by sea to Benghazi and then by road to Agedabia. On 26 November, [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] (Lieutenant-General [[Brian Horrocks]]) was taken into reserve and [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] (Lieutenant-General [[Oliver Leese]]) took over the Eighth Army front line with the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] (Major-General [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|John Harding]]), [[51st (Highland) Division|51st (Highland) Infantry Division]] (Major-General [[Douglas Wimberley]]) and the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] (Major-General Sir [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Bernard Freyberg]]).{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=200–221}} At the end of November, Montgomery planned for the 2nd New Zealand Division with the 4th Light Armoured Brigade under command, to commence a wide outflanking movement on 13 December. The manoeuvre was to be masked by bombardments and infantry raids on the forward positions of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}}, commencing on the night of {{nowrap|11/12 December,}} to divert attention. A frontal attack by the 51st (Highland) Division on the coast and the 7th Armoured Division inland on their left would begin on the night of {{nowrap|16/17 December,}} once the New Zealanders were in position behind the Axis position.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|p=457}} Dakotas of the U.S. [[316th Operations Group|316th Troop Carrier Command]] flew {{cvt|130000|impgal}} of aviation fuel in drums from [[Gamal Abdel Nasser Airbase|El Adem]] to supply the Desert Air Force.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=216}} Air operations pushed Axis aircraft from their forward bases and bombers hit Tripoli harbour, other ports and Crete. Though about 20 Axis aircraft were shot down, over 500 were found abandoned on the ground during the advance to El Agheila. Aerial reconnaissance over El Agheila and on to Tripoli was constant.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=222}}

==Battle==
When preliminary attacks began on 11 December, Rommel took this to be the start of the Eighth Army's attack and began to withdraw. By mid morning on 12 December, patrols detected that the Axis were starting to thin out their positions. Montgomery ordered the New Zealand Division to move immediately and brought forward the main assault to the night of 14/15 December.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=457–458}} By the evening of 12 December, the Axis withdrawal was under way, except for rearguards.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=642}}

On 13 December, Axis reconnaissance aircraft discovered some 300 vehicles north of [[Marada, Libya|Marada]] oasis {{cvt|75|mi}} south of El Agheila (the New Zealand column), which meant for the Axis forces the danger of being outflanked. Rommel wished to launch his remaining armour at this outflanking force but was prevented by lack of fuel and ordered the withdrawal to continue.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=224}} An attack by the 7th Armoured Division was repulsed in a rearguard action by the Italian [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"|Tactical Group ''Ariete'']]. In his diary, Rommel wrote:

{{quote|Late in the morning, a superior enemy force launched an attack on Tactical Group Ariete, which was located south-west of El Agheila, with its right flank resting on the Sebcha Chebira and its left linking up with 90th Light Division. Bitter fighting ensued against 80 British tanks and lasted for nearly ten hours. The Italians put up a magnificent fight, for which they deserved the utmost credit. Finally, in the evening, the British were thrown back by a counter attack of the [[131st Armored Division "Centauro"|Centauro]]'s armoured regiment, leaving 22 tanks and 2 armoured cars burnt out or damaged on the battlefield. The British intention of cutting off the 90th Light Division had been foiled.|Rommel{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=373}}}}

The Eighth Army change of plan had come too late and when the New Zealand Division completed their "left hook" on 15 December, they were dispersed after a difficult journey across difficult terrain which left them with only 17 serviceable tanks. They found the [[15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|15th ''Panzer'' Division]] on the escarpment guarding the coast road and the [[6th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|6th New Zealand Brigade]], further west, was ordered to form a block on the coast road, while the [[5th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|5th Brigade]] protected the divisional supply and transport vehicles.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=225}} During the night of 15/16 December, most of the remaining elements of the ''Panzer'' Army were able to withdraw towards Nofilia, moving in small fast columns through the gaps in the dispersed New Zealand units, under cover of dark.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=226}} On 18 December, a brief engagement took place at [[Nofaliya]] ({{cvt|100|mi}} west of El Agheila). The Eighth Army was not able to outflank the Axis force, which continued to withdraw westward.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|pp=61–67}}

==Aftermath==

===Analysis===
Due to shortages of fuel, ammunition and equipment, Rommel had decided to withdraw rather than to make a determined stand at El Agheila and started withdrawing troops days before the battle.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=217–220}} Montgomery intended to trap the Axis force by pinning them down with a frontal attack near the coast, while the New Zealand Division circled around Rommel's inland flank to cut the Via Balbia to the west of El Agheila. {{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=221–222}} The New Zealand Division became dispersed during their encirclement attempt and when the Eighth Army started its frontal attack, Rommel commenced his final withdrawal. The last units of the Axis force escaped through the gaps between the scattered New Zealand units, and the planned entrapment failed.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=224–226}}

The New Zealand official historian, W. G. Stevens, wrote that
{{quote|...The high hopes of cutting off even some of the retreating enemy had come to nothing, partly because greater speed was possible along the road than across the desert, partly because the enemy was well seasoned and adopted the orthodox safeguards of flank and rear guards, and partly because of the difficulties of deploying by night in unknown country at the end of a long and tiring move...{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=226}}}}

Rommel later commented that experience should have told Montgomery that there was a good chance that

{{quote|...we should not accept battle. He should not therefore have started bombarding our strong points and attacking our line until his outflanking force had completed its move and was in a position to advance on the coast road in timed co-ordination with the frontal attack.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=458–459}}}}

===Casualties===
In 1962, W. G. Stevens, the author of the [[Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45]] volume ''Bardia to Enfidaville'' (1962), recorded 2nd Zealand Division casualties of 11 killed, 29 wounded and 8 prisoners.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=57}} In 1966, [[I. S. O. Playfair|Ian Playfair]], the British official historian, gave an estimate of 450 Axis prisoners, 25 guns and 18 tanks destroyed from 13 to 17 December.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=226}}

===Subsequent operations===
Rommel planned to defend the Gabes Gap in Tunisia, east of the pre-war French [[Mareth line]], by holding the port of [[Buerat]], while 5th Panzer Army of ''[[Generaloberst]]'' [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]], already in Tunisia, confronted the Allied [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]].{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=214}} The front was {{cvt|400|mi}} from Tobruk and with such difficulties of supply the Eighth Army was unable to use all its units. Buerat was not strongly defended and despite intelligence of the state of the Axis forces, Montgomery paused until 16 January 1943, when the Eighth Army had a {{nowrap|4:1 superiority}} in infantry and a {{nowrap|7.5:1 advantage}} in tanks. Bombing began on 12 January and XXX Corps attacked on 15 January, picking its way along the coast road, through minefields, demolitions and booby-traps. The New Zealand and 7th Armoured divisions swung inland via Tarhuna, supply being provided by the RASC and the [[Royal New Zealand Corps of Transport|New Zealand Army Service Corps]], the operation being dependent on the quick capture of the port. Rommel withdrew on 15 January and by 19 January had retired from Tripoli, after destroying the port. The Axis troops then conducted delaying actions into Tunisia. The 7th Armoured Division entered Tripoli on the night of {{nowrap|22/23 January}} and the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} reached the Mareth line, another {{cvt|200|mi}} west, on 23 January.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=218–219}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Italian Army equipment in World War II]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Ford |first=Ken |date=2012 |title=The Mareth Line 1943: The End in Africa |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-78-096094-4}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Hinsley|1981}}|last1=Hinsley |first1=F. H. |last2=Thomas |first2=E. E. |last3=Ransom |first3=C. F. G. |last4=Knight |first4=R. C. |author-link1=Harry Hinsley |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its influence on Strategy and Operations |volume=II |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-11-630934-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Robin |last=Neillands |title=Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7195-5647-0}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004}} |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=C. J. C. |last2=and Molony |first3=F. C. |last3=Flynn | first4=T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |volume=IV |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |series=[[History of the Second World War]] United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1966 |year=2004 |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |edition=pbk. facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=978-1-84574-068-9 |display-authors=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Rommel |first=Erwin |year=1982 |orig-year=1953 |editor-last=Liddell Hart |editor-first=B. H. |title=The Rommel Papers |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-80157-0}}
* {{cite book |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=Bardia to Enfidaville |last=Stevens |first=W. G. |year=1962 |publisher=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs |location=Wellington, NZ |edition=online scan |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard.html |oclc=637332820}}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Adrian |date=1999 |title=Eighth Army's Greatest Victories: Alam Halfa to Tunis 1942–43 |location=Barnsley |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=0-85052-6663}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bauer |first=E. |editor-last=Young |editor-first=Peter |title=The History of World War II |publisher=Orbis |location=London |edition=partwork |year=1983 |oclc=153898230}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boog |first1=H. |last2=Rahn |first2=W. |last3=Stumpf |first3=R. |last4=Wegner |first4=B. |translator1-last=Osers |translator1-first=E. |translator2-last=Brownjohn |translator2-first=J. |translator3-last=Crampton |translator3-first=P. |translator4-last=Willmot |translator4-first=L. |series=Germany in the Second World War |title=The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 |year=2001 |volume=VI |publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History) |location=Potsdam |edition=Eng. Trans. Oxford University Press, London |isbn=978-0-19-873830-5}}

==External links==
* [http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/WH2-24Ba-fig-WH2-24Ba142a.html Map, New Zealand Official History]

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Agheila, Battle Of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 in Libya]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:Libya in World War II]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:December 1942 in Africa]]

Chaand, Madhya Pradesh

2025-04-26T00:16:35Z

TeresitaPennell: Starting Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chaand
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.93|N|79.14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 508
| population_total = 6,926
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 480115
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaand''' is a Town and a [[Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Chhindwara District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]], it is also a [[Tehsil]] Headquarter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chhindwara.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Tehsil | District Chhindwara, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Chaand is located on {{coord|21.93|N|79.14|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 508 [[metre]]s (1669 [[foot (length)|feet]]).
Chaand is located in Satpura Ranges on bank of [[Kulbehra River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Chand_Dhana.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chand Dhana, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In 2011, Chaand's population was 6,926, of which 3,621 were males while 3,305 were females.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/494350-chand-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Chand Village Population - Chaurai - Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> In 2011, the literacy rate owas 79.06%.

==Administration==
Chaand Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 1,452 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chhindwara.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/municipality/|title=Municipalities | District Chhindwara, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Chhindwara| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company

2025-03-26T21:06:36Z

TeresitaPennell: improve content for accuracy

{{Short description|Former British company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company
| logo =
| type =
| foundation = 1856
| defunct = 1862
| location = [[London]]
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Transport]]
| products = Mail Shipping
| successor = [[British-India Steam Navigation Company]]
| revenue =
| parent =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company''' (C&BSN) was a British steamship company formed in 1856 and absorbed into the [[British-India Steam Navigation Company]] in 1862.

==History==
The Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company (Limited) was formed in [[London]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in 1856. Its directors were J. Halliday, [[Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet|William Mackinnon]] and Robert Mackenzie. It was founded with an initial capital fo [[Pound Sterling|£35,000]] in 700 £50 shares. The company was set up to provide a [[steamship]] service between [[Calcutta]], [[Company rule in India|India]] and [[Moulmein]], [[British Burma|Burma]] and the intermediate ports of [[Akyab]] and [[Rangoon]], on behalf of the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]], with any spare accommodation being offered to the public. Services were to commence on or before 15 November 1856.<ref name=Times151056>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(advertisement) |date=15 October 1856 |page=5 |issue=22499 |column=C }}</ref><ref name=TEFP021056>{{cite news |title=The Epitomist |newspaper=Trewman's Exeter Flying Post |date=2 October 1856 |location=Exeter |issue=4721 }}</ref>

The contract was renewed in 1862, when the service was extended to [[Singapore]]. From October 1862, the C&BSN served Akyab, [[Bimlipatam]], Calcutta, [[Chittagong]], [[Coconada]], [[Curlew Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)|Curlew Island]], [[Kurrachee]], [[Kyook Phyoo]], [[Madras]], [[Malacca]], [[Mergui]], Moulmen, [[Negapatam]], [[Penang]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Poorie]], [[Port Blair]], Rangoon, [[Sandoway]], Singapore, [[Tavoy]] and [[Vizagapatam]].<ref name=DN190862>{{cite news |title=Money Market |newspaper=Daily News |date=19 August 1862 |location=London |issue=5078 }}</ref><ref name=DN290962>{{cite news |title=The Overland Mail |newspaper=Daily News |date=29 September 1862 |location=London |issue=5113 }}</ref> In November 1862 its name was changed to British India Steam Navigation Company (Limited) [BISNCo.].<ref name=E151162>{{cite news |title=Commerce |newspaper=The Era |date=15 November 1862 |location=London |issue=2859 }}</ref> Robert Mackenzie had died in 1853, even before the company had been formed but William Mackinnon, who was chairman of the shipowning companies from the earliest years until his death in 1893, is considered the 'father' of the company. He was created baronet in 1889.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

At the time of its inauguration and for many years afterwards, C&BSN and then BISNCo. were supervised by Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co as Managing Agents. This company acquired many trading interests during its life, including [[tea]], [[jute]] and management of BI's [[coal]] mines in India.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

==Ships==
The C&BSN operated the following ships:- 
*''Cape of Good Hope'', an auxiliary steamship.<ref name=MC271056>{{cite news |title=Advertisements & Notices |newspaper=Morning Chronicle |date=27 October 1856 |location=London |issue=28030 }}</ref>
*{{SS|Burmah|1858|2}}, Built by [[Scotts of Greenock|Messrs. Scott & Co]], [[Greenock]] and launched on 3 February 1858.<ref name=Burmah>{{cite web |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=19968&vessel=BURMAH |title=Burmah |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=2 February 2024 }}</ref>
*{{SS|Calcutta|1860|2}}, built by Messrs. William Simons & Co., [[Renfrew]] and launched on 24 March 1860.<ref name=Calcutta>{{cite web |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=21197&vessel=CALCUTTA |title=Calcutta |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=2 February 2024 }}</ref> Wrecked on the Arklow Bank, in the [[Irish Sea]] off the coast of [[County Wicklow]], on 21 May 1860 whilst being delivered to Madras. All on board were rescued.<ref name=NWC260560>{{cite news |title=Loss of Two Steamers |newspaper=North Wales Chronicle |date=26 May 1860 |location=Bangor |issue=1730 }}</ref>
*{{SS|Coringa|1861|2}}, built by Messrs. Alexander Stephen & Sons, [[Kelvinhaugh, Glasgow|Kelvinhaugh]] and launched on 24 January 1861.<ref name=GH250161>{{Cite news |title=Launch |newspaper=Glasgow Herald |location=Glasgow |date=25 January 1861 |issue=6565 }}</ref>
*{{SS|Moulmein|1861|2}}, built by Messrs. William Simons & Co., and launched on 12 February 1861.<ref name=Times230261>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Steam Shipbuilding on the Clyde |date=23 February 1861 |page=11 |issue=23864 |column=C }}</ref><ref name=GH130261>{{Cite news |title=Launch |newspaper=Glasgow Herald |location=Glasgow |date=13 February 1861 |issue=6581 }}</ref>
*{{SS|Bussorah|1862|2}}, built by Messrs L. Hill & Co., Greenock, and launched in November 1862.<ref name=Times221162>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Steam Shipbuilding on the Clyde |date=22 November 1862 |page=7 |issue=24410 |column=F }}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.biship.com/ BI Ship (British India Steam Navigation) site]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:British companies established in 1856]]
[[Category:Defunct shipping companies of India]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 1862]]

Anandan Geetha

2025-02-27T03:36:59Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Geetha Anandan''' is the MLA elected from [[Neravy T R Pattinam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Neravy T.R.Pattinam constituency]] of the Karaikal district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myneta.info/puducherry2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=84|title=A.Geetha(DMK):Constituency- NERAVY T.R. PATTINAM(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She belongs to the party of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and the only DMK MLA in Karaikal region in 2016 assembly election.

==Election==
Anandan Geetha contested as the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] candidate in the election of 2011. [[V.M.C. Sivakumar]], the former DMK candidate for long years, left the party and contested as an independent candidate. Geetha Anandan lost that election to him in a difference of about 300 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianballot.com/Puducherry-Assembly-Election-2011-location-1-810.html|title=NERAVY-T.R.PATTINAM Constituency Result in Puducherry Assembly Election 2011|website=www.indianballot.com|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173439/https://www.indianballot.com/Puducherry-Assembly-Election-2011-location-1-810.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the election of 2016, Geetha was selected as the DMK candidate. Once again she fought against [[V.M.C. Sivakumar]] who contested the election for AIADMK. Anandan Geetha won the election defeating Sivakumar with a margin of 6936 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/neravy-t-r-pattinam-pondicherry-assembly-election-2016-mla-voters-winner-candidates-parties-and-politics-data/|title=Neravy T.R. Pattinam 2016 Assembly MLA Election Pondicherry - Entranceindia|first=M.|last=Prakash|publisher=}}</ref> She also created history in the constituency as she emerged as the first MLA rather from Sivakumar's family. [[V.M.C. Sivakumar|V.M.C. Sivakumar's]] family had dominated the constituency for about 40 years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geetha, Anandan}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Amrit (disambiguation)

2024-11-16T07:57:50Z

TeresitaPennell:

{{wiktionary|amrit}}
'''[[Amrit]]''' was an ancient Phoenician city located near Tartus in Syria.

'''Amrit''' may also refer to:
* [[Amrit, Egypt]], a village in Abou Hammaad, Sharqia Governorate
* ''[[Amrit (1941 film)|Amrit]]'', a 1941 Indian Black-and-white film
* [[Amrit (1986 film)|''Amrit'']], a 1986 Indian Hindi film
* [[Amrit (album)|''Amrit'' (album)]], a 1992 album by Nusrat Hussain
* [[Amrita (disambiguation)|Amrita]], name for objects, ceremonies, people, etc. stemming from ancient India
** [[Amrit Sanskar]], the Sikh ceremony of initiation or baptism
** [[Amrita]], the elixir of life in Indian religions

== People with the given name ==
* [[Amrit Abhijat]]
* [[Amrit Bhattarai]]
* [[Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari]]
* [[Amrit Desai]]
* [[Amrit Gangar]]
* [[Amrit Kaur|Amrit Kaur (politician)]]
* [[Amrit Kaur of Mandi]]
* [[Amrit Kaur (actress)]]
* [[Amrit Keshav Nayak]]
* [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]]
* [[Amrit Lal (1940s Southern Punjab cricketer)]]
* [[Amrit Lal (1960s Southern Punjab cricketer)]]
* [[Amrit Lugun]]
* [[Amrit Maan]]
* [[Amrit Maghera]]
* [[Amrit Mahal]]
* [[Amrit Mangat]]
* [[Amrit Manthan]]
* [[Amrit Nahata]]
* [[Amrit Pal (athlete)]]
* [[Amrit Pal (actor)]]
* [[Amrit Patel]]
* [[Amrit Pritam]]
* [[Amrit Rai]]
* [[Amrit Sagar]]
* [[Amrit Sanchar]]
* [[Amrit Singh (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amrit Singh (cyclist)]]
* [[Amrit Tewari]]
* [[Amrit Velā]]
* [[Amrit Wilson]]

== See also ==
* {{look from|Amrit}}
* [[Amrita (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|given name}}

Andhra in Indian epic literature

2024-07-28T15:06:52Z

TeresitaPennell: further enhance formatting per sources and added references

#REDIRECT [[Andhras]]

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