Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

IMbesharam

2026-05-06T17:25:07Z

TeresitaBunch: new the post initial version

{{Short description|Indian online sex shop}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = Logo IMbesharam.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| type =
| industry = [[E-commerce]]
| founded = 2013
| founder = Raj Armani and Salim Rajan
| defunct = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|https://in.imbesharam.com/}}
}}

'''IMbesharam''' is an Indian e-commerce website that sells [[sex toy]]s, sexual wellness products and accessories. It was founded in 2013<ref name="HT">{{cite web |date= 1 October 2016 |title=Pleasure seekers from non-metros drive up sex toys sales|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/pleasure-seekers-from-non-metros-drive-up-sex-toys-sales/story-ekaIyEfzg8lsN258HdOxGN.html |access-date= 13 January 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> by Raj Armani and Salim Rajan. The website sells sex toys,<ref name="sexual pleasure brands">{{cite web |date= 25 May 2022 |title=6 best sexual pleasure and wellness brands to shop from – all homegrown!|url=https://www.gqindia.com/relationships/content/6-best-sexual-pleasure-and-wellness-brands-to-shop-from-all-homegrown |publisher=[[GQ India]]}}</ref> accessories such as [[lingerie]] and [[Strap-on dildo|strap-ons]], sexual wellness products such as [[lubricant]]s and [[condom]]s,<ref name="sexual pleasure brands"/> and other products such as games and [[edible underwear]].<ref name="sexual pleasure brands">{{cite web |date= 25 May 2022 |title=6 best sexual pleasure and wellness brands to shop from – all homegrown!|url=https://www.gqindia.com/relationships/content/6-best-sexual-pleasure-and-wellness-brands-to-shop-from-all-homegrown |publisher=[[GQ India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/batman-erotic-ecommerce-startup-imbesharam|title=Batman of bedrooms: Trials and triumphs of an erotic ecommerce startup|work=[[Tech in Asia]]|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

== Founding ==
IMbesharam was founded in 2013 by entrepreneurs Salim Rajan and Raj Armani in response to the lack of comprehensive online resources catering to [[Sexuality in India|adult needs in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/startups-like-imbesharam-thatspersonal-go-into-war-zone-to-capture-a-share-of-rs-2500-crore-adult-toys-market/47839337|title=Startups like ImBesharam, ThatsPersonal go into war zone to capture a share of Rs 2,500-crore adult toys market|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

== Business model ==
According to a 2020 article by ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', three of the brand's five best-selling products were female vibrators.<ref name="Made-in-India sex toys">{{cite web |date= 18 June 2020 |title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Made-in-India sex toys coming soon|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/relationships/it-s-complicated/atmanirbhar-bharat-made-in-india-sex-toys-coming-soon-111634459806001.html |access-date= 13 January 2023 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Among the company's customers, 54% were women and 46% were men. According to a 2022 estimate, the company was projected to exceed {{currency|400 million|INR|passthrough=yes}} in sales by 2023.<ref name="imbesharam moneycontrol" />

In 2022, IMBesharam provided seed funding to the Sangya Project, an Indian sex-tech startup, to manufacture inexpensive sexual wellness products and sex toys in India.<ref name="imbesharam moneycontrol">{{cite web |date= 21 September 2022 |title=Is it sextech brand IMBesharam's phata-poster-nikla-hero moment?|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/storyboard-18-exclusive-sextech-brand-imbesharam-bets-on-expansion-invests-in-sangya-project-9211181.html |access-date= 13 January 2023 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== Cooperations ==
IMbesharam has partnered with [[Lovense]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/243413/lovense-inks-deal-with-imbesharam-for-distribution-in-india|title=Lovense Inks Deal With IMbesharam for Distribution in India|work=[[XBIZ]]|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> Additionally, IMbesharam has partnered withadult actress [[Sunny Leone]] to launch exclusive product lines and promotional campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/sunny-leone-gay-lesbian-adult-webstore-112444-2012-08-05|title=Sunny Leone excited about imbesharam.com|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Sex businesses]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Sex industry in India]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Anna Canteen

2026-05-06T15:28:19Z

TeresitaBunch: adding info

{{Short description|Subsidised meal initiative by the government of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Anna Canteen
| logo =
| image = Anna canteen, RTC complex rajam.jpg
| image_caption = Anna Canteen at [[Rajam]]
| type = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Government-owned Restaurant]]
| founder = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| area_served = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| industry = Restaurant services
| genre = South Indian vegetarian cuisine
| products = Food
| services = Subsidised low cost food
| revenue = Non-profit organisation
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| footnotes =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2018|9|11}} (initially) {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2024|8|15}} (re-opened)
| location_city =
| location_country =
| num_locations = 205 canteens
| location =
| dissolved =
| rating =
| website = {{url|https://annacanteenstrust.ap.gov.in/#/home/|Official website}}
}}

'''Anna Canteen''' is a subsidised food service initiative launched by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] on 11 September 2018, under Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. The program was named in honor of [[N. T. Rama Rao]], popularly known as "Anna," who introduced subsidised rice at ₹2 per kilogram in 1983. Anna Canteen was designed to offer meals at a subsidised rate of ₹5 which would be ₹15 per day including breakfast, lunch and dinner. The Akshaya Patra Foundation initially managed the canteens.

The initiative was discontinued by the [[YSR Congress Party]] government in 2019 was re-opened on 15 August 2024 with 100 canteens in phase 1,<ref>{{Cite web |title=203 Anna Canteens to be launched across Andhra Pradesh: CM Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/203-anna-canteens-to-be-launched-across-andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu20240815203711/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> following the [[National Democratic Alliance]]'s success in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 polls]]. The revival aims to continue providing affordable and nutritious meals to all individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=CM Chandrababu Naidu launched 'Anna Canteen' in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cm-chandrababu-naidu-launched-anna-canteen-in-andhra-pradesh-1282539-2018-07-11 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-11 |title=Andhra Pradesh government launches 'Anna Canteens' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-govt-launches-anna-canteens-as-promised/articleshow/64947910.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-06-16 |title=Discontinued by YSRCP, TDP relaunches Anna Canteens in Andhra |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/discontinued-by-ysrcp-tdp-relaunches-anna-canteens-in-andhra |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=Anna canteens, closed by previous YSRCP govt, all set to reopen soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/anna-canteens-set-to-reopen-after-closure-by-previous-ysrcp-govt/articleshow/111009712.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 2025, there are a total of 205 canteens in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Canteen: జనవరిలో మరో 70 అన్న క్యాంటీన్లు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-government-focus-on-anna-canteens/1702/125121532 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

==Menu and timings==
The canteens operate from 7:00 AM to 10:00 AM for breakfast offering South Indian dishes such as ''[[Idli]]'', ''[[Upma]]'', ''[[Puri (food)|Puri]]'', and ''[[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]]''. Lunch is served from 12:30 PM to 3:00 PM, and dinner is available from 7:30 PM to 9:00 PM. The meals include white rice, vegetable curry, ''[[Dal]]/[[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]'', ''[[Chutney]]'', and curd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Here's The Menu Of Anna Canteens |url=https://www.m9.news/politics/here-the-menu-of-anna-canteens/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Amma Unavagam]], a similar scheme in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Government welfare schemes in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Restaurants in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Chillai Kalan

2026-04-27T07:01:48Z

TeresitaBunch: created a entry

{{Short description|40 days of intense cold in Kashmir}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''''Chillai Kalan''''' or '''''Chilla-i-Kalan'''''{{Efn| Kashmiri pronunciation: [t͡ʃilaj kalaːn]}} ({{Langx|fa|چلّه کلان|4=Forty grand [days]}})<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&q=chillai+kalan&pg=PT36|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|date=2015-09-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-622-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=AYAZ |first=AHMAD |date=2025-12-22 |title=Chillai Kalan in Kashmir: Forty days of endurance, resilience, and stark beauty |url=https://risingkashmir.com/chillai-kalan-in-kashmir-forty-days-of-endurance-resilience-and-stark-beauty/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> refers to a forty-day period of intense cold and harsh winter weather experienced annually from 21 December to 29 January, in the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Kashmir continues to shiver as 'Chillai Kalan' begins|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/kashmir-continues-to-shiver-as-chillai-kalan-begins-929861.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> It represents the coldest phase of winter in the region and has long held climatic, cultural, and social significance<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fazili |first=Er Mohammad Ashraf |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kashmir_Jhelum_Valley_Civilization/iYVTEAAAQBAJ |title=Kashmir-Jhelum Valley Civilization: History and Geography of Kashmir |date=2021-11-21 |publisher=Ashraf Fazili |pages=223-226 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Understanding_Kashmir_and_Kashmiris/a19eCwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-622-0 |page=24 |language=en}}</ref>

Chillai Kalan is followed by two shorter cold periods; ''Chill-i-Khurd''{{Efn| Kashmiri pronunciation: [t͡ʃilaj xɔrɨd]}} ({{lit|forty small [days]}}), a twenty-day phase from 30 January to 18 February, and ''Chill-i-Bachha''{{Efn| Kashmiri pronunciation: [t͡ʃilɨ bat͡ʃi]}} ({{lit|forty baby [days]}}) which is from February 19 to February 28.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Intense winter begins in Jammu & Kashmir with sub-zero temperatures|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/intense-winter-begins-in-jammu-kashmir-with-sub-zero-temperatures/story-rm8hE0s1coZKQuIYp8mtEP.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-21 |title=Kashmir's harshest winter period 'Chilla-i-Kalan' begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kashmirs-harshest-winter-period-chilla-i-kalan-begins/articleshow/106172730.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Etymology and origins==
The term Chilla-i Kalan derives from [[Persian language|Persian]], where {{Lang|fa|چِهل}} (''chil'') means "forty" and {{Lang|fa|کلان}} (''kalan'') means "major" or "greater",<ref name=":3" /> reflecting both the duration and severity of the cold spell.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-28 |title=Wandeh: The Kashmir Winter |url=https://kashmirlife.net/wandeh-the-kashmir-winter-vol-14-issue-39-306860/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref> This naming stems from the period's historical associations and linguistic influence of [[Persian culture]] in Kashmir during the medieval and early modern eras.
==Weather patterns==
Chillai Kalan corresponds climatically with the [[winter solstice]] and deep winter conditions in the [[western Himalayas]], when temperatures reach their annual lows and cold continental air masses dominate the region. During this period, temperatures often remain below freezing, particularly at night.<ref name=":0" /> Water bodies such as lakes and rivers may freeze, including portions of the iconic [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]].
[[File:Snow in Jammu and Kashmir (MODIS 2018-12-22).jpg|thumb|[[Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] image showing widespread snow cover across [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Ladakh]].]]
Snowfall is frequent and heavy, especially in higher elevations. Snow that falls during Chillai Kalan typically accumulates and persists for extended periods,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jammu And Kashmir Braces For Harsh Winter As 'Chillai Kalan' Begins |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chillai-kalan-jammu-and-kashmir-braces-for-harsh-winter-as-chillai-kalan-begins-2662669 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211221094137/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chillai-kalan-jammu-and-kashmir-braces-for-harsh-winter-as-chillai-kalan-begins-2662669 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> contributing to glacier mass and replenishing downstream water reservoirs, streams and rivers used for irrigation and municipal water in warmer months.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=AYAZ |first=AHMAD |date=2024-12-22 |title=Chillai Kalan: Kashmir’s Harshest Winter Period |url=https://risingkashmir.com/chillai-kalan-kashmirs-harshest-winter-period/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Reduced snowfall in recent years ===
[[File:Lack of snow in Gulmarg, Western Himalayas (Copernicus 2024-01-29).jpg|thumb|Satellite Imagery showing lack of snow in [[Gulmarg]] in 2024 compared to 2023]]
In the recent years, Chillai Kalan has sometimes seen unusually low levels of snowfall and precipitation, particularly in the early and mid-winter months.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-08 |title=Kashmir’s Chillai Kalan Records Driest Start in Recent Years |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmirs-chillai-kalan-records-driest-start-in-recent-years-337717/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref> Reports by local meteorological sources have recorded periods where the first weeks of Chillai Kalan passed with little to no wet weather, extending dry spells that are uncommon for this period traditionally associated with frequent snow and rain. In some seasons, snowfall in the plains was minimal or absent for several weeks, prompting concerns among residents, farmers, and tourism stakeholders about water resources and winter economic activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-17 |title=Low snowfall this winter may trigger water crisis in Kashmir: Experts |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/low-snowfall-this-winter-may-trigger-water-crisis-in-kashmir-experts/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Qayoom |first=Irfan Yattoo & Aatif |date=2025-02-24 |title=Kashmir’s tourism struggles as snowless winter hits local businesses |url=https://risingkashmir.com/kashmirs-tourism-struggles-as-snowless-winter-hits-local-businesses/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-17 |title=Will Kashmir’s Low Snowfall Lead To Water Crisis This Summer? |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/04/17/will-kashmirs-low-snowfall-lead-to-water-crisis-this-summer/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

These anomalies have been linked in part to shifting weather patterns and warming trends, as observed by climate researchers noting higher snowlines and shifts from snow to rain during winter in parts of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-30 |title=Fading Snowlines |url=https://kashmirlife.net/fading-snowlines-vol-14-issue-17-297124/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Why Kashmir and Ladakh are without snow this winter, its implications |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/kashmir-ladakh-without-snow-why-implications-9110841/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact on daily life==
The prolonged and severe cold of Chillai Kalan has significant effects on daily life and infrastructure in the Valley. Essential services such as water supply lines frequently freeze, disrupting supply in residential areas.<ref name=":0" /> Use of heating devices rises sharply, increasing energy consumptions and occasionally resulting in electricity shortages or blackout. Traditional heating methods often remain in use alongside modern devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Rayan |title=40 days of biting cold: Life during chillai kalan, Kashmir's harshest period of winter |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/825765/40-days-of-biting-cold-life-during-chillai-kalan-kashmirs-harshest-period-of-winter |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
[[File:Indian railways train in snow at Hiller station, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian Railways|Indian railways]] train in snow at the Hiller Shahabad railway station in the territory of Jammu and Kashmir.]]
During Chillai Kalan transportation can be hampered by snowfall and icy conditions, and reduced visibility, especially on higher mountain passes.<ref name=":1" /> The Srinagar–Jammu National Highway ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]), the road linking the valley with the rest of India, is often closed temporarily due to snow accumulation, landslides, shooting stones, and icy conditions, stranding vehicles and necessitating clearance operations before traffic can resume.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinagar-Jammu National Highway Reopens for Traffic After Days of Heavy Snowfall |url=https://thehawk.in/news/states-and-uts/srinagar-jammu-national-highway-reopens-for-traffic-after-days-of-heavy-snowfall |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=thehawk.in |language=en}}</ref>

Heavy snowfall, rain and low visibility frequently disrupt air transportation in and out of Kashmir Valley. Adverse winter weather has led to cancellation and delays of multiple flights at [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar International Airport]], as poor visibility and snow accumulation affect runway operations and flight schedules.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-22 |title=Chille-i-Kalan Begins with Rain and Snow, Flights Cancelled, Key Mountain Roads Closed |url=https://news39.in/chille-i-kalan-begins-with-rain-and-snow-flights-cancelled-key-mountain-roads-closed/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=News 39 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11 flights cancelled at Srinagar airport due to bad weather |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/11-flights-cancelled-at-srinagar-airport-due-to-bad-weather/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Health issues associated with cold, such as respiratory ailments, may rise among vulnerable populations.<ref name=":0" /> The extreme cold increases the incidence of cold-induced skin conditions such as [[chilblains]] (locally known as ''shuh''), which are inflamed, itchy, swollen lumps typically affecting extremities like toes. Medical observations in Kashmir have found chilblains prevalent among children and individuals with lower body mass or genetic susceptibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-11 |title=Chillaikalan to posh-e-teer: Kashmiris going old-school to save their skin {{!}} Free Press Kashmir |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/03/11/chillaikalan-to-posh-e-teer-kashmiris-going-old-school-to-save-their-skin/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Cultural practices and traditions ==
Chilla-i Kalan is deeply embedded in [[Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri culture]] and traditional practices, influencing clothing, food, and social customs:
[[File:Pheran2.jpg|thumb|A group of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] men wearing [[Pheran]]]]
The [[Pheran]], a long woollen cloak native to [[Kashmir Valley]], is widely worn during this period for warmth. 21 December is observed annually as [[Pheran Day]] to celebrate and preserve this winter tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-21 |title=Chillai Kalan Begins in Kashmir as Valley Gets Snowfall, World Pheran Day Observed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kashmir-marks-beginning-of-chillai-kalan-with-snowfall-and-world-pheran-day-celebrations-ytvd-2839384-2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-21 |title=Kashmir Pheran Day: Div Com Anshul Garg Celebrates Jashn-e-Chillai Kalan |url=https://risingkashmir.com/kashmir-pheran-day-div-com-anshul-garg-celebrates-jashn-e-chillai-kalan/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2020-12-21|title=Kashmiris welcome 'chillai kalan' with cool pictures|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kashmiris-welcome-chillai-kalan-with-cool-pictures/article33386840.ece|access-date=2021-01-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Kanger]], an earthen pot filled with embers carried under the pheran, is a traditional portable heating device used during the coldest days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=The Pheran: Traditional Kashmiri Dress|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/the-pheran-traditional-kashmiri-dress/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-18 |title=As chill sets in, Kangri season warms up Kashmir’s markets |url=https://www.dailygoodmorningkashmir.com/as-chill-sets-in-kangri-season-warms-up-kashmirs-markets/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Daily Good Morning Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Harisse]] (a slow-cooked meat dish) and high-calorie foods are consumed for warmth and energy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Syed Shadab Ali |date=2023-11-18 |title=Harissa: From Ancestral Pots to Modern Plates in Kashmir |url=https://kashmirlife.net/harissa-from-ancestral-pots-to-modern-plates-in-kashmir-333134/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-14 |title=Harissa: The one-dish winter wonder |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/harissa-the-one-dish-winter-wonder/story-b19QZPAKnXLgI7S7SxFTIM.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2017-12-21|title=Harissa is a hot favourite in freezing Kashmir|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/harissa-is-a-hot-favourite-in-freezing-kashmir/article22175366.ece|access-date=2020-12-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Economic dimensions==
While Chillai Kalan presents challenges, it also influences local economic activities and social rhythms. Traditional crafts and apparel productions, such as woollens, see seasonal demand.
[[File:Panorama of Kongdoori Station, Gulmarg.jpg|thumb|Kandoori station in [[Gulmarg]]]]
Winter tourism, particularly in snowy areas such as [[Gulmarg]], [[Sonamarg]], and [[Pahalgam]], attracts visitors interested in winter sports and scenic landscapes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=Kashmir: Chillai Kalan arrives as fresh snowfall turns the Valley into a winter wonderland — what exactly is it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/kashmir-chillai-kalan-arrives-as-freshsnowfall-turns-valley-into-winter-wonderland/photostory/126122265.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=skiing in kashmir News and Updates from The Economic Times - Page 5|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/skiing-in-kashmir/news/5/5|access-date=2020-12-22|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rantas]]
* [[Yalda Night]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri culture]]
[[Category:Cold waves in Asia]]

Shiv Rattan Dev Singh

2026-04-27T04:28:43Z

TeresitaBunch: Added First Bio Nd Citations.

{{short description|Raja of Poonch from 1940 to 1967}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Raja-i-Rajgan Raja Kalan Bahadur
| image = Shiv Rattan Dev Singh.jpg
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]]
| reign = {{circa|1940}} – {{circa|1967}}
| predecessor = [[Jagatdev Singh]]
| birth_date = April 1925
| death_date = {{circa|1967}}
| spouse = Nalini Rajya Lakshmi Devi
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Hemlata Rajye]]
* Rajni Kumari
* Urmila Kumari
* Raman Dev Singh
* Ratish Dev Singh
}}
| house = [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]]
| father = [[Jagatdev Singh]]
| mother = Padmavati
| dynasty = [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]]
| module = {{infobox person
| embed = yes
| education = {{plain list|
* [[Aitchison College]]
* [[Mayo College]]
* [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
| signature =
}}
}}
'''Shiv Rattan Dev Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]] from 1940 until his death in 1967.

== Birth==
He was born in April 1925 to [[Jagatdev Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]], and his wife, Padmavati.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Brigadier J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOl-EAAAQBAJ |title=Poonch: India's Invincible Citadel |date=2022-08-01 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-345-8 |pages=133–134,138–139,142–143 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706/ |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=105}}</ref>

== Education ==
He was educated at [[Aitchison College]], [[Lahore]], under the supervision of a European tutor.<ref name=":1" /> He was later enrolled at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloeria |first=Sudhir S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan's Insurgency Vs India's Security: Tackling Militancy in Kashmir |date=2000 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-116-3 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[LL.B.]] at [[University of Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sufi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3451/ |title=Kashir--being a History of Kashmir from earliest times vol 2 |date=1974 |pages=830}}</ref>

== Succession ==
Upon the death of his father in 1940, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref name=":1" /> As he was a minor at the time, the affairs of the state were administered by a regency council.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Maharaja]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] appointed Sheikh Abdul Qayum as the administrator of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]] and Baldev Singh Pathania as his guardian.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.242995/ |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Yearbook |publisher=Ranbir Publications |pages=90}}</ref> The latter remained in this role until October 1941.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanji Deshmukh Collection |url=https://archive.org/details/PUkf_encyclopedia-1920-urdu-partly-damaged-nanji-deshmukh-collection/ |title=Encyclopedia 1920, Urdu ( Partly Damaged) Nanji Deshmukh Collection |pages=307}}</ref> During his minority, Hari Singh continued appointing civilian and military officers to oversee the administration of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Duschinski |first1=Haley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUrCEAAAQBAJ |title=The Palgrave Handbook of New Directions in Kashmir Studies |last2=Bhan |first2=Mona |last3=Robinson |first3=Cabeiri deBergh |date=2023-06-01 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-28520-2 |pages=45–47 |language=en}}</ref> However, this was not well received by Shiv’s family and the people of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Raja of Poonch at Kathmandu, Nepal.jpg|thumb|Shiv Rattan Dev Singh at [[Narayanhiti Palace]] in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]]]
He married Princess Nalini Rajya Lakshmi Devi, the daughter of [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|Tribhuvan]] and his wife, [[Queen Ishwari of Nepal|Ishwari]].<ref name=":0" /> He and his wife had issue: three daughters—[[Hemlata Rajye]], Rajni Kumari, and Urmila Kumari—and two sons, Raman Dev Singh and Ratish Dev Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Following the [[partition of India]], he, along with his family, moved from [[Lahore]] to [[Delhi]], losing his property in [[Lahore]] and [[Rawalpindi]] in the process.<ref name=":0" /> They then relocated to a [[haveli]] in [[Haridwar]], built by his ancestor [[Dhian Singh]], before finally settling in [[Dehradun]], where he had purchased a house.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
He died in [[Dehradun]] in 1967.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Raja of Poonch]]

Rajeev Kumar Rai

2026-04-23T21:45:20Z

TeresitaBunch: Added The Bio W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Indian politician, educationist, and businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Kumar Rai
| image =
| caption = Rajeev Rai during a public event in 2026
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Atul Rai]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], Educationist, Businessperson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|09|06}}
| birth_place = Surhi, [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| parents = Raj Narayan Rai (Father)
| spouse = Nikita Rai
| children = 2
| alma_mater = Doctorate (Honorary)
| website = {{URL|https://rajeevrai.in/}}
}}

'''Rajeev Kumar Rai''' (born 6 September 1969) is an Indian politician, educationist, and philanthropist currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) in the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. He represents the [[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency]] and is a senior leader of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="indiatv">{{Cite web |title=Political Profile of Rajeev Rai |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2024/uttar-pradesh/ghosi-constituency/candidate-list/rajeev-rai-lok-sabha-candidate |website=India TV News |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajeev Rai was born in Surhi village in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh to Raj Narayan Rai. He pursued his education in healthcare management and was later awarded an honorary doctorate for his contributions to the education sector. He is the founder and chairman of the AVK Group of Institutions and Impact Group in Bengaluru, which provide professional education in nursing, management, and technology.<ref name="toi_bengaluru">{{cite news |last=TNN |date=2 December 2025 |title=UP MP Rajeev Rai slams Bengaluru traffic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/uttar-pradesh-mp-slams-bengaluru-traffic-dk-shivakumar-says-will-show-him-delhi-traffic/articleshow/125700887.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="myneta24">{{Cite web |title=Affidavit, Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/ |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rai has been a long-standing associate of the Samajwadi Party and is considered a close strategist of the party leadership. He gained national prominence as the party's National Spokesperson, representing the SP on various national media platforms. He was a key member of "Team Akhilesh" during the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Team Akhilesh's key members |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/akhilesh-yadav-key-team-members-367237-2012-03-11/4 |website=India Today |date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

In the [[18th Lok Sabha]], Rai has been an active voice for the Purvanchal region. During the 2025 and 2026 sessions, he raised critical issues regarding agricultural distress and electoral roll transparency, notably highlighting concerns over the "Special Intensive Revision" (SIR) process in his constituency.<ref name="toi_sir">{{cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title=SP set to raise SIR anomalies in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sp-set-to-raise-sir-anomalies-in-parliament-and-on-roads/articleshow/125664242.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Electoral performance ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Election !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Margin !! Result
|-
| 2014 || [[2014 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|16th Lok Sabha]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || 1,65,887 || 15.95% || -2,13,910 || {{lost}}
|-
| 2024 || [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|18th Lok Sabha]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || 5,03,131 || 43.73% || +1,62,943 || {{won}}
|}
In 2024, he defeated Arvind Rajbhar of the SBSP by a margin of 1,62,943 votes.<ref name="ecuresults">{{Cite web |title=Ghosi Election Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2470.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Nikita Rai, and they have two sons, Ritvik Rai and Aditya Rai. Rai is recognized for his philanthropic efforts in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, particularly in healthcare and education support for underprivileged communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Rajeev Rai |url=https://rajeevrai.in/ |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Boisar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:50Z

TeresitaBunch: created stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Boisar
| map_image = 131-Boisar.svg
| mla = [[Vilas Tare]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Palghar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 131
| electors= 411,373
}}
'''Boisar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Palghar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> [[Vilas tare]] is the current legislator of this constituency.

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Palghar taluka]] viz. revenue circles Saphala, Boisar and
Manor, parts of [[Vasai|Vasai Taluka]] viz. revenue circles Mandvi, [[Waliv]] (CT),
and Gokhiware (CT).<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boisar Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/boisar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Vilas Tare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Rajesh Raghunath Patil|Rajesh Patil]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Vilas Tare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Boisar<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Boisar">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Boisar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13131.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224063507/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13131.htm |archivedate=24 December 2024 |accessdate=24 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vilas Tare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,26,117 |percentage = 45.93% |change={{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 81,662 |percentage = 29.74% |change={{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vishwas Valvi |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 50,571 |percentage = 18.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhutkade Shailesh Dashrath |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,049 |percentage = 2.57% |change={{decrease}}4.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naresh Prakash Dhodi |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,144 |percentage = 2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,613 |percentage = 1.32% |change={{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajinath Balu Bhavar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,029 |percentage = 1.10% |change={{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,455 |percentage = 16.19% |change= {{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,78,185 |percentage = 67.62% |change= {{increase}}0.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,74,572}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,11,373|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Boisar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 78,703 |percentage = 37.80% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vilas Tare]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 75,951 |percentage = 36.47% |change={{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Janathe Santosh Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,952 |percentage = 14.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Dattatrey Wadhan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,780 |percentage = 7.10% |change={{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,622 |percentage = 2.22% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Rajesingh Manga Koli |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,882 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rupesh Ramachandra Dhangada |party=Sangharsh Sena |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Dasharath Guhe |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,752 |percentage = 1.32% |change= {{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,13,254 |percentage = 67.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,08,230}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,15,434|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Boisar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vilas Tare]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 64,550 |percentage = 38.39% |change={{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamalakar Anya Dalavi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,677 |percentage = 30.73% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhodi Jagdish Bhagwan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,228 |percentage = 17.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Pandurang Dhanava |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,702 |percentage = 3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Raghu Ravate |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,503 |percentage = 2.68% |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhupendra Lalit Madhavi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,005 |percentage = 2.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vanga Heena Harichandra |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,639 |percentage = 2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,126 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,873 |percentage = 7.66% |change= {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,71,278 |percentage = 67.86% |change= {{increase}}9.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,68,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,52,411|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Boisar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vilas Tare]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 53,727 |percentage = 38.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanva Sunil Pandugrang |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,649 |percentage = 29.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Baliram Sutar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 18,104 |percentage = 13.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhodhade Kaluram Kakdya |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,360 |percentage = 5.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Gopal Savara |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,556 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudheer Shankar Nam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,361 |percentage = 2.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vartha Haribhau Soma |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,515 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,078 |percentage = 9.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,37,940 |percentage = 56.64% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,37,939}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,557|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.80|72.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Palghar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mahendragarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:41Z

TeresitaBunch: put up a details more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahendragarh
| type = SLA
| map_image = Mahendragarh Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 69
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,13,494
}}

'''Mahendragarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Hari Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nehal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Dalip Singh || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=4 | [[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=3 | [[Rao Dan Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Rao Dan Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||[[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mahendragarh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mahendragarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0769.htm |access-date=6 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106050439/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0769.htm |archive-date=6 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kanwar Singh Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=63,036 |percentage=40.56% |change={{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rao Dan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,388 |percentage=38.86% |change={{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=20,834 |percentage=13.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Kaushik |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=3,933 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Manish Yadav |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,740 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Fauji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,695 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Bhup Singh Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=1,488 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=421 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,648 |percentage=1.70% |change= {{decrease}}5.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,55,401 |percentage=74.00% |change= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,494 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rao Dan Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,478 |percentage=32.43% |change={{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=36,258|percentage=25.30%|change={{decrease}}34.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sandeep Singh Ex. SDM|party=Independent politician|votes=33,077|percentage=23.08%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Foji Ramesh Palri|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=12,118|percentage=8.45%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surender Kaushik|party=Independent politician|votes=5,302|percentage=3.70%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakesh Tanwar|party=Rashtriya Janta Party|votes=3,435|percentage=2.40%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakesh Alias Gautam Budeen|party=Independent politician|votes=3,351|percentage=2.34%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharmender|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=859|percentage=0.60%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,220 |percentage=7.13% |change= {{decrease}}17.54 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,43,340|percentage=73.26%|change={{decrease}}7.69}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,655 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}27.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=83,724 |percentage=59.89% |change={{increase}}27.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,233 |percentage=35.22% |change={{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Tanwar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=3,396 |percentage=2.43% |change={{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Sigriya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,132 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,491 |percentage=24.67% |change= {{increase}}19.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,805 |percentage=80.96% |change= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,693 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,286 |percentage=37.76% |change={{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,833 |percentage=32.89% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=14,553 |percentage=12.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Palri |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=9,848 |percentage=8.79% |change={{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagirath Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,764 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukesh Diwan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,465 |percentage=1.31% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar So Gaj Raj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=928 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanuman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=617 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=566 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,453 |percentage=4.87% |change= {{decrease}}13.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,992 |percentage=74.87% |change= {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,580 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,128 |percentage=52.04% |change={{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,479 |percentage=33.86% |change={{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh Kalwari |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=9,454 |percentage=8.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,800 |percentage=1.58% |change={{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyapal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,318 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,029 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Briju Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=836 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,649 |percentage=18.17% |change= {{decrease}}19.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,629 |percentage=73.65% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,280 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=68,472 |percentage=66.88% |change={{increase}}53.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,622 |percentage=28.93% |change={{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Singh Shekhawat |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=789 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=756 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=663 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanuman Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=548 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,850 |percentage=37.95% |change= {{increase}}33.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,380 |percentage=73.83% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,840 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}46.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,015 |percentage=20.84% |change={{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,307 |percentage=16.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,564 |percentage=13.77% |change={{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,504 |percentage=11.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhana Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=7,163 |percentage=7.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anup Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=6,905 |percentage=7.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,283 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siri Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,433 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhailu Ram |party=Samata Party |votes=2,135 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,329 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,708 |percentage=4.06% |change= {{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,264 |percentage=70.00% |change= {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,039 |percentage=26.42% |change={{decrease}}31.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=16,413 |percentage=24.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,465 |percentage=16.79% |change={{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raohtas Singh S/O Moti Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=10,401 |percentage=15.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghu Yadav |party=Sarvajati Janta Panchayat |votes=4,580 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=2,682 |percentage=3.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh S/O Mamraj |party=Lokdal |votes=879 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash Singh S/O Umraoo Singh |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=486 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,626 |percentage=2.38% |change= {{decrease}}33.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,271 |percentage=60.65% |change= {{decrease}}13.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,735 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}31.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,481 |percentage=57.87% |change={{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,049 |percentage=22.18% |change={{decrease}}15.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,156 |percentage=17.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madansingh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,297 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,432 |percentage=35.69% |change= {{increase}}23.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,868 |percentage=72.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,793 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,096 |percentage=50.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,735 |percentage=38.08% |change={{increase}}34.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,918 |percentage=7.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=866 |percentage=1.28% |change={{decrease}}42.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder |party=Independent politician |votes=361 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,361 |percentage=12.37% |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,573 |percentage=74.01% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=25,091 |percentage=48.17% |change={{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] |party=Janata Party |votes=22,933 |percentage=44.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishamber Dayal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,969 |percentage=3.78% |change={{decrease}}60.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,423 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,158 |percentage=4.14% |change= {{decrease}}26.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,093 |percentage=68.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,158 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,622 |percentage=64.51% |change={{increase}}40.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=14,440 |percentage=33.72% |change={{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jewana |party=Independent politician |votes=757 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,182 |percentage=30.79% |change= {{increase}}14.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,819 |percentage=71.18% |change= {{increase}}18.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,520 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=11,246 |percentage=40.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,623 |percentage=23.71% |change={{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,448 |percentage=23.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes=2,998 |percentage=10.73% |change={{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=617 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,623 |percentage=16.55% |change= {{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,932 |percentage=53.19% |change= {{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahendragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,558 |percentage=29.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,636 |percentage=26.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,472 |percentage=25.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Gopal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,229 |percentage=12.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,012 |percentage=6.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=922 |percentage=2.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,907 |percentage=65.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,230 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mahendragarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.27|76.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Mahendragarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

M. Dharmaraju M.A.

2026-04-14T13:26:29Z

TeresitaBunch:

{{short description|1994 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = M. Dharmaraju M.A.
| image = M. Dharmaraju MA.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| based_on = ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' (Tamil)(1994) by [[Manivannan]]
| producer = Jonnada Ramana Murthy G. K. Reddy {{small|(Presenter)}}
| screenplay = Ravi Raja Pinisetty
| story = [[Manivannan]]
| starring = [[Mohan Babu]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas|Surabhi]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash
| editing = Siva - Krishnamurthy
| studio = Sri Ravicharan Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|11|11}}
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''M. Dharmaraju M.A.''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language political drama film directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=M Dharmaraju M A (1994) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AORW/info |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Produced by Jonnada Ramana Murthy, the film features [[Mohan Babu]] in a [[dual role]], including the title character, M. Dharmaraju. The supporting cast includes [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas|Surabhi]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] and [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]. The music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref name=":2" /> The film is a remake of the 1994 Tamil film ''[[Amaidhipadai|<bdi>Amaidhi Padai</bdi>]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-12 |title=Director Manivannan returns with 'Amaidhipadai' sequel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Oct/12/director-manivannan-returns-with-amaidhipadai-sequel-414681.html#:~:text=The%201994%20film%20revolves%20around,%22%20and%20%22Jallaad%22%20respectively. |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521144243/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/oct/12/director-manivannan-returns-with-amaidhipadai-sequel-414681.html#:~:text=The%201994%20film%20revolves%20around,%22%20and%20%22Jallaad%22%20respectively. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2012 |title=No dual role for Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-dual-role-for-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla/articleshow/17168257.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424002350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/No-dual-role-for-Nagaraja-Cholan-MA-MLA/articleshow/17168257.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mohan Babu's performance as the titular character was widely acclaimed. The film also marked the acting debut of [[M. S. Narayana]], who later became one of Telugu cinema's most celebrated comedians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2015-01-24 |title=Telugu comedian M S Narayana passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150123/entertainment-tollywood/article/telugu-comedian-m-s-narayana-passes-away-0 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527030841/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150123/entertainment-tollywood/article/telugu-comedian-m-s-narayana-passes-away-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Hemanth Kumar |date=23 January 2015 |title=MS Narayana loved his drink |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ms-narayana-loved-his-drink/articleshow/45993927.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127064815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/MS-Narayana-loved-his-drink/articleshow/45993927.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows the rise of M. Dharmaraju, a shrewd man who transitions from a lazy individual to a powerful, corrupt politician. Initially assisting a politician (Satyanarayana), he wins a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative seat]] and becomes increasingly arrogant and ruthless. Dharmaraju's son, Satyam, raised unknowingly about his father's deeds, seeks revenge upon discovering the truth about Dharmaraju's past. As Dharmaraju's corrupt actions intensify, Satyam, now a police officer, challenges him, ultimately confronting his father and ending his reign by killing him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohan Babu]] as M. Dharmaraju and Satyam (dual role)
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Seetha
* [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas|Surabhi]] as Thulasi
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]]
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* Saraswati
* Anuja
* Baby Sudeepa
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[P. L. Narayana]]
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
* [[Nalinikanth]]
* [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]]
* [[Potti Prasad]]
* Kota Sankara Rao
* [[M. S. Narayana]] (debut)<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ironleg Sastri]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence-661445|title=An actor par excellence!|work=[[The Hans India]]|first=HVRS|last=Prasad|date=12 December 2020|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
* Juttu Narasimham
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote = Ravi Raja Pinisetty forced me to play a small role in ''M. Dharmaraju M.A.'' against my wishes. He firmly believed I had great potential as an actor, and because of him, I am now successful. Sometimes, life forces you to change direction against your will, but it will be beneficial in the long run.
| source = M. S. Narayana<ref name=123T/>
| width = 30%
}}
''M. Dharmaraju M.A.'' was directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]], who also wrote the screenplay. The film is a remake of the 1994 Tamil film ''[[Amaidhipadai]]''.<ref name=":0" /> It was produced by Jonnada Ramana Murthy and presented by G. K. Reddy, the father of actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Chitchat with Vishal |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vishal.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112205339/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vishal.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2006 |title=Pandem Kodi Pressmeet |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-pandemkodi.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006230857/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-pandemkodi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]], who appeared in a supporting role, wrote the dialogues for the film.

[[M. S. Narayana]], initially a writer, contributed to the comedy track in the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7p0gQha2UwA&t=118s |title=M Dharmaraju MA Telugu Full Length Movie |time=1:58 |access-date=2024-12-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Director Ravi Raja Pinisetty, seeking an actor with a distinct appearance described as "Dosakai Mokham" (cucumber face), cast Narayana, who was then working as a writer, after an assistant suggested his name.<ref name=":1" /> Although hesitant to act, Narayana accepted the role following Pinisetty's encouragement. This marked his acting debut and became a defining moment, leading to his rise as one of Telugu cinema's most celebrated comedians.<ref name="123T">{{Cite web |date=2012-06-18 |title=The man behind M.S.Narayana's acting debut |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/the-man-behind-m-s-narayanas-acting-debut.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[123Telugu.com]] |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902014715/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/the-man-behind-m-s-narayanas-acting-debut.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = M. Dharmaraju M.A.
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1994}}
| recorded = 1994
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Raj–Koti
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music for ''M. Dharmaraju M.A.'' was composed by [[Raj–Koti]], with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. Audio soundtrack was released on [[Aditya Music]] label.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIv82mODTgY |title=M Dharmaraju MA (యమ్ ధర్మరాజు MA) Telugu Movie Full Songs Jukebox |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |access-date=2024-12-15 |via=YouTube |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIv82mODTgY&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }} Credits in video description.</ref>

Source:<ref>{{Citation |title=M. Dharmaraju M.A. - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/m.-dharmaraju-m.a./oG0lqUbj-JU_ |access-date=2024-12-15 |publisher=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=M. Dharma Raju M. A. (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/m-dharma-raju-m-a-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1041882465 |access-date=2024-12-15 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:00
| title1 = Em Papa
| length1 = 03:56
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Varevva Varahala
| length2 = 04:46
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Erra Errani Kurradhana
| length3 = 04:41
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Oppuko Sundari
| length4 = 05:01
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = Mano
| title5 = Sarasakura Dora
| length5 = 05:36
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Malgudi Subha]]
}}

== Reception ==
''M. Dharmaraju M.A.'' was released on 11 November 1994. Mohan Babu's performance as the title character received praise for his portrayal. However, the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sri |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231093834/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt1431723}}
{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s political drama films]]
[[Category:1990s political satire films]]
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Srikalahasti Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:47Z

TeresitaBunch: Added New Article V1.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Srikalahasti
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (168-Srikalahasti highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Srikalahasti Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bojjala Sudhir Reddy|Bojjala Sudheer Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 168
| electors = 237,666
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Srikalahasti Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Bojjala Sudhir Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 237,666 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|06}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Renigunta mandal|Renigunta]]
|-
| [[Yerpedu mandal|Yerpedu]]
|-
| [[Srikalahasti mandal|Srikalahasti]]
|-
| [[Thottambedu mandal|Thottambedu]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Adduru Balarami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Patra Singaraiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Adduru Balarami Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Bojjala G. S. Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Adduru Balarami Reddy
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Vunnam Subramanyam Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Adduri Dasradharami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Sathravada Muniramaiah]]
|-
| 1988 by-election
| [[Thatiparthy Chenchu Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[S. C. V. Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bojjala Sudhir Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bojjala Sudhir Reddy]]
|votes =121565
|percentage = 58.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]|votes=78261|percentage=37.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=JBNP|candidate=Niranjan Reddy Rommala|votes=146|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Rajesh Naidu Pothugunta|votes=3002|percentage=1.43|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1975|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,304|percentage=20.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,09,316|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
|votes = 109,541
|percentage = 55.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Bojjala Sudheer Reddy
|votes = 71,400
|percentage = 36.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Nagaram Vinutha
|votes = 5,274
|percentage = 2.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K Anand Kumar
|votes = 4,004
|percentage = 2.04%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,141
|percentage = 19.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 195,994
|percentage = 82.47%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
|votes = 89,953
|percentage = 48.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
|votes = 82,370
|percentage = 10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,583
|percentage = 4.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 184,241
|percentage = 82.59
|change = +6.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
|votes = 70,707
|percentage = 43.34
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[S. C. V. Naidu]]
|votes = 58,244
|percentage = 35.70
|change = -18.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Doctor Cipai Subramanyam]]
|votes = 24,349
|percentage = 14.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,463
|percentage = 7.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163,129
|percentage = 76.49
|change = -0.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[S. C. V. Naidu]]
|votes = 69,262
|percentage = 53.76
|change = +8.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
|votes = 56,185
|percentage = 43.61
|change = -8.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,078
|percentage = 10.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 128,837
|percentage = 76.99
|change = +8.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|13.75|79.71|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah

2026-04-11T03:38:29Z

TeresitaBunch: new new article v1!

{{short description|Dargah (mausoleum) of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya}}
{{redirect|Jamat Khana Masjid|the saint|Nizamuddin Auliya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah
| image = Nizamuddin Dargah and Jamaat Khana Masjid, Delhi.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = [[Amir Khusrau]]'s tomb (left), [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Nizamuddin]] Dargah (right) and Jamaat Khana Masjid (background)
| coordinates = {{coord|28.59140|77.24197|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| location = Amir Khusro Gate, [[Nizamuddin West]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the dargah and mosque complex in [[Central Delhi]]
| sect = [[Sufism]]
| festivals = ''[[Urs]]'' {{nowrap|{{small|(17th{{endash}}18th of ''[[Rabi' al-awwal]]'')}}}}
| consecration_year =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| functional_status = Active
| status = [[Dargah]] and [[mosque]]
| leadership =
| ownership = [[Delhi Waqf Board]]
| website = {{URL|nizamuddinaulia.org}}
| architect = [[Sunni]] [[Khilji]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| established =
| year_completed = {{ubl|1325 {{small|(dargah and mosque)}}|1562 {{small|(dargah dome)}}}}
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = West
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Many {{small|(unqualified number)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = [[Red sandstone]]
| image_size =
| groundbreaking =
| shrine_quantity = One
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Baoli at Ghiaspur {{small|(also known as Nizamuddin Baoli)}} | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-DL-54 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value =
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Tomb of Amir Khusro, Ghiaspur | designation2_number = N-DL-56
| designation3 = MANI | designation3_offname = Tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya, Ghiaspur No. 197 | designation3_number = N-DL-58
| designation4 = MANI | designation4_offname = Grave of Jahanara Begum | designation4_number = N-DL-124
| designation5 = MANI | designation5_offname = Grave of Mohammed Shah | designation5_number = N-DL-125 }}
}}
The '''Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-01-27 |title=Watch {{!}} French President Emmanuel Macron at Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/french-president-emmanuel-macron-sufi-music-hazrat-nizamuddin-dargah-delhi-watch-video-republic-day-2024-chief-guest-11706336510088.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> is the [[dargah]] and [[mosque]] complex of the [[Sufi]] [[saint]] [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], located in the [[Nizamuddin West]] area of [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The dargah, or [[mausoleum]], is a [[Sufi shrine]] and is visited by thousands of pilgrims every week.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2020 |title=Nizamuddin Dargah: Who was Nizamuddin Auliya? |location=Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/who-was-nizamuddin-auliya/articleshow/74924333.cms|access-date=20 July 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The site is also known for its evening ''[[qawwali]]'' devotional music sessions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/rockstar-music-launch-at-nizamuddin-dargah_96390.html|title='Rockstar' music launch at Nizamuddin Dargah|date=15 September 2011|work=Zee News|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/799th-birthday-celebrations-of-Hazrat-Nimazuddin-Auliya-held-recently-at-the-Hazrat-Nizamuddin-Dargah-in-Delhi/articleshow/28510106.cms|title=799th birthday celebrations of Hazrat Nimazuddin Auliya, held recently at the Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi | first=Piyali | last=Dasgupta | date=7 January 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>

The complex comprises the Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah, including several tombs, the Jamat Khana Masjid (or Khilji Mosque), and a ''[[baoli]]''. Many of the structures are [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]],<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=":0" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Dargah_Hazrat_Nizamuddin_Auliya.jpg|thumb|Dome of Dargah Sharif]]
The tombs of [[Amir Khusrau]], Nizamuddin's disciple, and [[Jehan Ara Begum]], [[Shah Jahan]]'s daughter, are located at the entrance to the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahman returns to Nizamuddin dargah|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Rahman-returns-to-Nizamuddin-dargah/articleshow/15891194.cms|access-date=20 July 2020|first=Suruchi|last=Sharma|date=29 August 2012|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Ziauddin Barani]] and [[Muhammad Shah]] are also buried here. Overall, the dargah complex has more than 70 graves.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mayank Austen|last=Soofi|author-link=Mayank Austen Soofi|date=30 March 2019|title=Delhiwale: The dargah's grave arithmetic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhiwale-the-dargah-s-grave-arithmetic/story-8TVSbFJS01tfbqYt1SCQcI.html|access-date=23 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="HinduAfternoon15">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudarshana |date=22 August 2015 |title=An afternoon with the saints |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-heritage-walk-through-three-chisti-shrines-in-new-delhi/article7568849.ece |access-date=21 July 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="CitizenWalking18">{{Cite web |last=Ali Khawaja |first=Saif |date=5 October 2018 |title=Walking Through History to Reach Nizamuddin's Dargah |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/15174/Walking-Through-History-to-Reach-Nizamuddins-Dargah |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=The Citizen}}</ref>

The complex was renovated and restored in {{circa|2010}} by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.<ref name="NHBaolis20">{{Cite web |title=Baolis: Water conservation through intermingled traditions and faiths |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/baolis-water-conservation-through-intermingled-traditions-and-faiths |first=Syed |last=Wajid |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=National Herald}}</ref>

===Dargah===
Nizamuddin's tomb has a white dome. The main structure was built by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1325, following Nizamuddin's death. [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] later repaired the structure and suspended four golden cups from the dome's recesses. Nawab Khurshid Jah of [[Hyderabad]]’s legendary Paigah Family gifted the marble [[balustrade]] that surrounds the grave. The present dome was built by Faridun Khan in 1562. The structure underwent many additions over the years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2017 |title=Celebrating the mystic tradition |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/Celebrating-the-mystic-tradition/article17194923.ece |access-date=23 July 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The dome diameter is approximately {{convert|6|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Firoz |last=Bakht Ahmed |date=30 July 2011 |title=Legacy of Hazrat Nizamuddin |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/180155/legacy-hazrat-nizamuddin.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The dargah is surrounded by a marble patio and is covered with intricate ''[[jali]]s'' ({{Translation|[[Trellis (architecture)|trellis walls]]}}).<ref name="CitizenWalking18" /> The dargah complex also has a ''wazookhana'' ({{Translation| ablution area}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2001 |title=No new structures at Nizamuddin dargah |location=Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-new-structures-at-Nizamuddin-dargah/articleshow/134613785.cms |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASI seeks action on illegal construction at Nizamuddin|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/jun/13/asi-seeks-action-on-illegal-construction-at-nizamuddin-1989670.html|date=13 June 2019|access-date=22 July 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The tombs of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusro, and the graves of Jahanara Begum and Mohammed Shah, are listed as [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]].<ref name="ASI MNI"/>

===Jamat Khana Masjid===
Next to the dargah is the '''Jamat Khana Masjid''', also known as the '''Khilji Mosque'''. The mosque is built of [[red sandstone]]<ref>{{Cite web |first=Richi |last=Verma |date=19 February 2017 |title=Khilji-era mosque getting a facelift |location=Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/khilji-era-mosque-getting-a-facelift/articleshow/57227497.cms |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and has three bays. Its stone walls are carved with inscriptions of texts from the [[Quran]]. The mosque has arches that have been embellished with lotus buds, in addition to the [[façade]] of its dome having ornamental medallions. The structure was built during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]] by his son [[Khizr Khan]]. Completed between 1312 and 1313, Khizr was responsible for the central dome and hall, and was a follower of Nizamuddin. Around 1325, when Muhammad bin Tughlaq took over the reign, he constructed the two adjoining halls, each of which has two domes. The southern hall, ''chhoti masjid'' ({{Translation|small mosque}}) is restricted to women and features a wooden door. The large dome of the mosque features a golden bowl that is suspended from the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoring an era of pious glory |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2019/jul/21/restoring-an-era-of-pious-glory-2006968.html |first=Parvez| last=Sultan |date=21 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Baoli===
[[File:Nizamuddin Boali.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Stepwell|baoli]]'']]
At the back entrance of the complex is a ''[[baoli]]'' ({{Translation|stepwell}}), commissioned by Nizamuddin<ref name="HinduAfternoon15" /> and completed in 1321. It is close to the [[Yamuna]] river and is always filled. People believe that its waters have magical powers and bathe in it.<ref name="NHBaolis20" /> According to legend, [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]] had commissioned the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] at the same time the baoli was being built. Because he forbade all workers from working on the baoli, they would work on it at night. Upon discovering this, the supply of oil was restricted. The masons then lit their lamps with the water of the baoli, after a blessing.<ref name="HinduAfternoon15" />

The ''baoli'' is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref name="ASI MNI"/>

==Location==
{{see also|Nizamuddin West}}
The neighborhood surrounding the dargah, Nizamuddin Basti, is named after the saint. The area was initially the site of the settlement of Ghiyaspur, where Nizamuddin lived, and was later named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamgain |first=Asheesh |date=8 December 2017 |title=Nizamuddin Basti: 700 Years of Living Heritage |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/12456/Nizamuddin-Basti--700-Years-of-Living-Heritage |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=The Citizen |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722065832/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/12456/Nizamuddin-Basti--700-Years-of-Living-Heritage |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Basti's population mainly grew after refugees settled here during the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="HTRefugees16">{{Cite web |first=Prerna |last=Lidhoo |date=10 May 2016 |title=Once a colony for refugees, now Capital's green heart|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/once-a-colony-for-refugees-now-capital-s-green-heart/story-OPY9j8AY7ArmF0erHVRbvN.html |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Prior to that, the area was mainly occupied only by the ''pirzade'', the direct descendants of Nizamuddin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlDaAAAAMAAJ |title=Frogs in a Well: Indian Women in Purdah |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-300-0 |page=10}}</ref>

The dargah complex is immediately surrounded by the [[Sabz Burj]] at the intersection of Lodhi Road and Mathura Road, the Urs Mahal (a stage for the ''qawwalis''), and the [[Chausath Khamba]].<ref name="CitizenWalking18" />


===Culture===
The area is referred to as the "nerve centre of Sufi culture in India". On the 17th and 18th day of the Islamic month of [[Rabi' al-awwal]], thousands gather to observe the birth anniversary and ''[[urs]]'' (death anniversary) of the saint. Besides this, thousands also visit on the birth and death anniversaries of [[Amir Khusrau]], Nizamuddin's disciple. Hundreds visit the dargah everyday throughout the year to pray and pay their respects. The dargah has a tradition of ''[[qawwali]]'', especially the one on every Thursday night attracting approximately 1,500 visitors.<ref name="HTSufiCentral20">{{Cite web |first=Adrija |last=Roychowdhury |date=3 April 2020 |title=Nizamuddin dargah: Sufi central suffers ripples of Jamaat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nizamuddin-dargah-sufi-central-suffers-ripples-of-jamaat/story-4NnomWLvZkxRBFaVzxGwqM.html |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The regular ''qawwalis'' occur every evening after the [[Maghrib prayer]]. The dargah has multiple intergenerational darbari qawwals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=For the qawwals of Nizamuddin Dargah, it's a long wait for a real live performance |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2020/06/08/it-is-a-long-wait-for-the-qawwals-of-nizamuddin-dargah.html |first=Sneha |last=Bhura |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=The Week}}</ref> Women are traditionally not allowed inside the dargah’s inner sanctum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2018 |title=Plea seeks entry of women inside Nizamuddin dargah |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/plea-seeks-entry-of-women-inside-nizamuddin-dargah/article25713798.ece |access-date=21 July 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Besides this, the dargah organizes a daily ''[[Langar (Sufism)|langar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=5 December 2019 |title=Hazrat Nizamuddin basti celebrates diversity |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/hazrat-nizamuddin-basti-celebrates-diversity/article30189487.ece |access-date=22 July 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The evening prayers in which lamps are lit, called the Dua-e-Roshni, is an important ritual. Pilgrims gather around the ''khadim'', the caretaker, who prays for the wishes of all those gathered to be granted.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mayank Austen |last=Soofi |author-link=Mayank Austen Soofi |date=14 March 2017| title=Discover Delhi: The Hindu connection to Nizamuddin dargah's evening ritual|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/discover-delhi-the-hindu-connection-to-nizamuddin-dargah-s-evening-ritual/story-lY9y4pn4GYt0C09R6pOmSJ.html |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

Death is celebrated in most Sufi orders. As part of the ''urs'', the dargah complex and the tombs are lit up in the tradition of ''charaghan''. Lakhs of people from different religions come from across the world and recite verses in the tradition of ''fateha''. Plates of rose petals and sweets are offered to the tombs and fragrant ''chaddars'' ({{Translation|sheets}}) are draped on them. People tie colourful threads on the jaalis and make vows (''mannat'') to the saints. Each thread symbolizes a wish.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nawaid |last=Anjum |date=18 June 2020|title=While the world is at pause, the world of the Sufis can never end |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/urs-sufi-urdu-rekhta-nizami-brothers-6454008/ |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The festival of [[Basant Panchami]] is also celebrated at the dargah. According to legend, Nizamuddin was deeply attached to his nephew, Khwaja Taqiuddin Nuh, who died due to an illness. Nizamuddin grieved over him for a long time. Khusrau, his disciple, wanted to see him smile and dressed up in yellow and began celebrating the onset of Basant, after spotting some women do the same. This caused Auliya to smile, an occasion that is commemorated to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safvi |first=Rana |date=12 February 2016 |title=How Delhi's Hazrat Nizamuddin dargah began celebrating Basant Panchami |url=http://scroll.in/article/702044/how-delhis-hazrat-nizamuddin-dargah-began-celebrating-basant-panchami |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Basant The Sufi Way At Nizamuddin Dargah |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/taimur-shamil/celebrating-basant-the-sufi-way-at-nizamuddin-dargah_a_21706239/ |first=Taimur |last=Shamil |date=3 February 2017 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=[[Huffington Post]] India}}</ref>

==== In popular culture ====
"Arziyan", a ''qawwali'' in the 2009 film ''[[Delhi 6]]'' composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] is dedicated to Nizamuddin Auliya. "Kun Faya Kun", a song in the 2011 movie ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' and again composed by Rahman, is also shot at the dargah, featuring [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and Nizami Bandhu, the traditional qawwal of the dargah.<ref name="ToIZafarVisit">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ali-Zafar-visits-Nizamuddin-Dargah/articleshow/12004488.cms |title=Ali Zafar visits Nizamuddin Dargah |work=The Times of India |first=Piyali |last=Dasgupta |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> The dargah has also been featured in movies like ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' featuring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], and in "Aawan Akhiyan Jawan Akhiyan" a ''qawwali'' in the 2006 film ''[[Ahista Ahista (2006 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' featuring [[Soha Ali Khan]] and [[Abhay Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Samira |last=Sood |date=26 February 2016 |title=How to experience qawwali at Hazrat Nizamuddin |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/how-to-experience-qawwali-at-hazrat-nizamuddin/ |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India}}</ref>

==Management==
The dargah is a property that belongs to the [[Delhi Waqf Board]]. Offerings are collected under the ''baridari'' system through ''[[pirzada]]s'', who are the custodians of the Sufi shrines. This usually comprises descendants of those buried at the dargah. The committee, Anjuman Peerzadan Nizamiyan Khusravi, looks after the dargah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah: New board to look into 'mishandling of funds'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2018/dec/17/new-board-to-look-into-mishandling-of-funds-1912579.html|date=17 December 2018|access-date=21 July 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Nezamaldin complex 11-2010 (3).JPG|Nizamuddin's mausoleum
Nizamuddin Dargah Mosque mhirab (3545005499).jpg|The mosque [[mihrab]]
Basant Celebrations at Dargah.jpg|Basant celebrations at the dargah
Qawwali hazrat nizamuddin delhi.jpg|[[Qawwali]] session at Nizamuddin
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[:Category:Dargahs in India|List of dargahs in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
* [[Sufism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Sufi Courtyard: Dargahs of Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13dQsd7D6EsC |first=Sadia |last=Dehlvi |author-link=Sadia Dehlvi |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2012 |isbn=978-9350290958}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Snyder|first=Michael|year=2010|title=Where Delhi Is Still Quite Far: Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya and the Making of the Nizamuddin Basti|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cujsas/Volume%20I/Issue%20II/Michael%20Snyder%20-%20Where%20Delhi.pdf|journal=Columbia Undergraduate Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=I|issue=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zuberi |first=Irfan |title=Art, Artists & Patronage: Qawwali in Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti |url=https://www.academia.edu/10298757 |journal=Academia |publisher=Aga Khan Trust for Culture |via=academia.edu}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Nizamuddin Dargah}}
** {{commons category-inline|Khilji Mosque}}
* {{Official website|http://www.dargahsharif.org}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Delhi|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]
[[Category:Sufism in Delhi]]

Sun Marathi

2026-04-04T09:00:31Z

TeresitaBunch: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sun TV Network]]

{{pp|small=yes}}

St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty

2026-04-04T08:34:40Z

TeresitaBunch: Added Basic Details Basic Info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Joseph's Parish Shrine
| fullname = St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty
| image = St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty.jpg
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| map caption = Location of St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty in Kerala.
| coordinates = {{coord|10.563231|N|76.062865|E|display=inline,title}}
| founded date = {{Start date and age|1876|04|13}}
| location = [[Chavakkad]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = Syro-Malabar Catholic
| website = [https://www.pavarattyshrine.com/ www.pavarattyshrine.com]
| archdiocese = Metropolitan Archeparchy of Thrissur
}}
'''St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty''' is a Christian church located in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Located in a small town named [[Pavaratty]], the church is popularly known as '''Pavaratty Palli'''. It is a parish of Syro-malabar traditions under the auspices of the Syro Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur. The first structure of this church was blessed on 13 April 1876. It is exactly 4.4 km away from '''[[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur|Palayur Mar Thoma Major Archiepiscopal Church]].''' The church is also under the Palayur Mar Thoma Major Archiepiscopal Church Forane. Considering the importance of this church as a pilgrim centre, the [[India Post|Indian postal department]] has provided a pictorial cancellation stamp for Pavaratty post office from 13 May 1996. It is recognized as the '''biggest church dedicated to St. Joseph in Asia'''.

==Overview==
St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty is a Christian church located in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], India. Located in a small town named [[Pavaratty]], the church is popularly known as Pavaratty Palli. It is a parish of Syro-malabar traditions under the auspices of the Syro Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur.<ref name="Tou"/>

==History==
The Pavaratty area was once under the [[Chittattukara]] Parish. Since the Chittattukara church is little far from Pavaratty, people of Pavaratty requested to extend the commencement of Tirukarma ceremonies a little. But the church officials ignored the requests, so the believers from Pavaratty decided to build a church of their own, which later became St. Joseph's Church.<ref name="Tou">{{cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Monsoon festival |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/monsoon-festivals/festival.php?id=49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209052940/https://www.keralatourism.org/monsoon-festivals/festival.php?id=49 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of tourism, Government of Kerala}}</ref>

The simple church structure was blessed on 13 April 1876, on a [[Maundy Thursday]].<ref name="Feast">{{cite web |title=Pavaratty Perunnal |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507751070-0.pdf |website=www.keralatourism.org |date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209052346/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507751070-0.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> After that, they set out to construct a permanent church building and it was completed in 1880.<ref name="Feast" /> To accommodate more people in the church hall, in 1934, a spacious hall constructed facing the main altar from the southern side, and in 1961 another one was constructed to the Northern side. The church was renovated in 1975 and later in 2004. The altar of the church which was built in the [[Portuguese Architecture|Portuguese style of architecture]], was kept unchanged during these renovations.<ref name="MM"/>

==Geography==
The church is located in [[Pavaratty]] town in [[Chavakkad]] taluk, [[Thrissur district]], Kerala. The church is located 23 km northwest of Thrissur and 4 km south of [[Guruvayur]].<ref name="Tou"/> The nearest railway station is Guruvayur and the nearest airport is [[Kochi International Airport]] (59 km).<ref name="Tou"/>

==Church feast==
The annual grand feast of the shrine falls on the third Sunday after [[Easter]]. It is one of the most significant church festivals of Kerala.<ref name="Feast" /> In 2019, it was the 143rd annual festival.<ref name="fire">{{cite web |title=Pavaratti-Thirunal-fire-work-approved |url=http://keralaonlinenews.com/Nattuvartha/Pavaratti-Thirunal-fire-work-approved-78601.html |website=keralaonlinenews.com |date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209055428/http://keralaonlinenews.com/Nattuvartha/Pavaratti-Thirunal-fire-work-approved-78601.html |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref>

At the last day, the feast is concluded with a mass procession carrying the holy images along with golden crosses and decorated umbrellas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=പാവറട്ടി തിരുനാൾ സമാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/district-news/-85521/-72092 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> The images of St. Joseph, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostle Peter were carried in a decorated cenotaph along the procession route.<ref name=":1" /> People singing prayer songs and playing musical instruments accompanies with the procession.<ref name=":1" />

The fireworks connected to the grand annual feast on the third Sunday after Easter is famous.<ref>{{cite web |title=സാമൂഹ്യ-സാംസ്കാരിക ചരിത്രം {{!}} Thrissur District Panchayat |url=http://www.thrissurdp.lsgkerala.gov.in/history |website=www.thrissurdp.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref> Following the Kollam [[Puttingal temple fire]] disaster, the fireworks display, which had been held for 140 years, did not receive permission from the government in 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-05-08 |title=പരവൂര്‍ ദുരന്തം മാറി ചിന്തിപ്പിച്ചു; പാവറട്ടി പള്ളിയില്‍ കരിമരുന്ന് ഒഴിവാക്കി ഡിജിറ്റല്‍ വെടിക്കെട്ട് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/2018/05/08/4285-Digital-fireworks-at-Pavaratty-St-Joseph-church |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> Following this, the church authorities prepared a safe digital fireworks display that year.<ref name=":2" /> The 2024 fireworks display was carried out with utmost precautions and regulations as per the instructions of the Kerala High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-17 |title=ഗുണ്ടും അമിട്ടും കുഴിമിന്നലും വേണ്ട, ബാരിക്കേഡ് കെട്ടി കാണികളെ മാറ്റി നിര്‍ത്തണം; പാവറട്ടി പെരുന്നാള്‍ വെടിക്കെട്ടിന് അനുമതി |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/news/kerala/permission-to-pavaratty-perunnal-fireworks |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |language=ml |agency=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Permission for fireworks was denied in 2025 as well, following the firework accidents that occurred in Thrissur, Ernakulam and Kasaragod districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പാവറട്ടി സെന്റ് ജോസഫ്‌സ് ദേവാലയത്തിലെ തിരുനാൾ- വെടിക്കെട്ട് പൊതുദർശനത്തിന് അനുമതി നിരസിച്ചു {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/294984 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2020, the festival was cancelled due to corona prevention protocols.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ഹൃദയത്തിലുണ്ട് ഈ പുണ്യാളൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2020/05/01/thrissur-no-pavaratty-saint-jospeh-thirunnal-celebration-this-year.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> On that day, the church was closed to the public and only important ceremonies related to the festival were held by the authorities.<ref name=":0" />

==Honors==
The Indian Postal Department issues a special pictorial cancellation stamp to post offices connected to popular tourist destinations and pilgrimages in India. The postal department has provided pictorial cancellation at Pavaratty post office from 13 May 1996.<ref name="MM">{{cite web |title=pavaratty st joseph church {{!}} വിശ്വാസികളുടെ നേർച്ചപ്പണം ധൂർത്തടിക്കില്ല; രണ്ട് കോടിയോളം രൂപ നിരാലംബർക്കും അശരണർക്കും നൽകും; പള്ളിപ്പെരുന്നാളിന് ധൂർത്തും ആർഭാടവും ഉണ്ടാകില്ല; പൂരമാതൃകയിൽ കോടികൾ ഒഴുക്കുന്ന മത്സരത്തിനും തെക്കും ഭാഗവും വടക്കും ഭാഗവും ഇത്തവണ ഇല്ല; പാവറട്ടി സെന്റ് ജോസഫ് ദേവാലയം മാതൃകയാവുന്നത് ഇങ്ങനെ - MarunadanMalayalee.com |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/news/special-report/pavaratty-st-joseph-church-105915 |website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com |date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209053557/https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/news/special-report/pavaratty-st-joseph-church-105915 |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent Pictorial Cancellations of Kerala |url=http://www.indianphilately.net/ppcker.html |website=www.indianphilately.net |date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209065309/http://www.indianphilately.net/ppcker.html |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> Pavaratti Church is the fourth Christian church in Kerala to receive this honor ([[Malayattoor Saint Thomas Church|Malayattoor Church]], [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Bharananganam|Bharananganam Church]] and [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur|Palayur Church]] are the other three churches).<ref name="MM"/>

==Institutions under the church==
Source:<ref name="his">{{cite web |title=പാവറട്ടി തീർത്ഥകേന്ദ്രം |url=https://www.pavarattyshrine.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/pavaratty-SHRINE.pdf |website=www.pavarattyshrine.com |date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209060945/https://www.pavarattyshrine.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/pavaratty-SHRINE.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref>

===Schools===
* St. Lois LP School, Venmenad (Started in 1903)
* St. Joseph's LP School, Pavaratty (started in 1908)
* St. Antony's UP School, Poovathur (Started in 1925)
* St. Mary's LP School, Puthumanassery (Started in 1925)
* Sanjoe's School of Nursing, Pavaratty (Started in 1994)

===Hospitals===
* Sanjoe's Parish Hospital, Pavaratty (Started in 1949)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty}}
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]

Hafizullah Newalpuri

2026-04-03T21:49:53Z

TeresitaBunch: new new stub first draft!

{{Short description|Indian Urdu writer, translator, and educator (1936–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Hafizullah Newalpuri
| native_name = حفیظ اللہ نیولپوری
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = 5 January 1936
| birth_place = Newalpur, [[Cuttack district]] , [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], British India (now part of [[Jajpur district]], Odisha)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|5|8|1936|1|5}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], Odisha, India
| resting_place = [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack]]
| occupation = Writer, translator, educator
| language = Urdu, Odia, Hindi, Bengali, English, Persian
| nationality = Indian
| education = M.A. (Urdu), Fazil (Persian), B.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Bihar University]], [[Utkal University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| genre = Prose, translation, criticism, biography
| notableworks = ''Odisha Mein Urdu'', ''Taboot Ki Sada'', ''Sirf Tumhare Liye''
| awards = [[Odisha Urdu Academy]] Award (1989){{sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=34–35}}
}}

'''Hafizullah Newalpuri''' (1936–2019), also written as '''Hafeezullah Newalpuri''', was an Indian Urdu-language prose writer, translator, researcher, and educator from Odisha. He authored fiction, critical essays, translations, biographies, and research-based works, and was noted for his multilingualism and literary versatility.

== Early life and education ==
Hafizullah Newalpuri was born on 5 January 1936 in [[Neulpur|Newalpur]] which was then part of Cuttack district in [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Orissa]] (now in [[Jajpur district]], Odisha).<ref name="Who">{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1OAAAAYAAJ |title=Who's Who of Indian Writers: 1999 (A-M) |date=1999 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |edition=End-Century |volume=1 |page=879 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[M.A.]] in Urdu at [[Bihar University]] and earned a [[B.Ed.]] from [[Utkal University]]. He earned an [[M.Phil.]] in 1980 from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) under Mohammad Hasan with a thesis titled ''Mughal Tamasha ka Tajziyati Pehlu'' (The Analytical Aspect of Mughal Tamasha).{{Sfn|Dutt|1999|p=878}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shan |first=Shahana Maryam |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hindustan-ki-universitiyon-mein-urdu-tahqeeq-shahana-maryam-shan-ebooks |title=Hindustān ki Universityon mein Urdu Tahqeeq |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8223-921-0 |location=Lal Kunuan, Delhi |pages=119, 150 |language=ur |trans-title=Urdu research in Indian universities}}</ref>{{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|pp=315–316}}

In 1982, he was awarded a [[Ph.D.]] for his thesis titled ''Odisha Mein Urdu'', under the supervision of Mohammad Hasan. This work was later published by the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] (NCPUL) in 2001.<ref name="Newalpuri">{{cite book |last=Newalpuri |first=Hafizullah |title=Odisha mein Urdu |trans-title=Urdu in Odisha |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/odisha-mein-urdu-hafeezullah-newalpuri-ebooks |date=2001 |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] |location=Delhi |language=ur |page=223}}</ref><ref name="Hafīz">{{cite book |last1=Karāmat |first1=Karāmat Ali |author-link=Karamat Ali Karamat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shakh-e-sanobar-karamat-ali-karamat-ebooks#11 |title=Shakh e Sanobar |date=October 2006 |publisher=Vidyasagar Printers |edition=1st |location=[[Cuttack]] |page=10 |language=ur |chapter=Foreword by Hafeezullah Newalpuri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Shahid |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/chitthi-aai-hai-mushahir-ke-khutoot-dr-imam-azam-ke-naam-ebooks#206 |title=Chitthi Aayi Hai! (Mashāhīr ke Khutoot Dr. Imam Azam ke Naam) |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-89733-95-2 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |page=207 |language=ur |trans-title=The letter has arrived! (Letters from celebrities addressed to Dr. Imam Azam)}}</ref>

== Career ==
Newalpuri joined the Odisha Education Service as a Class I officer and retired as Head of the Department of Urdu and Persian at [[Ravenshaw College]], Cuttack.{{Sfn|Dutt|1999|p=878}} He served as an external examiner for multiple Ph.D. and [[D.Litt.]] [[Oral exam|viva voce examinations]] at [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University|L.N. Mithila University]].<ref name="Azam">{{Cite journal |last=Azam |first=Imam |date=June 2019 |editor-last=Shamail |editor-first=Zohra |title=Mujhe Kuchh Kehna Hai |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tamseel-e-nau-shumara-number-070-073-zohra-shumael-magazines#72 |journal=Tamseel-e-Nau |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=70–73 |page=70 |issn=2249-636X |quote= Published in the annual issue covering July 2018 to June 2019}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Newalpuri began his literary career in 1955 with a short story published in the children's magazine ''Phulwari'' (Delhi).<ref name="Nazish">{{Cite book |last=Nazish |first=Motiullah |author-link=Motiullah Nazish |title=Odisha mein Urdu Nasr Nigari |trans-title=Urdu Prose Writing in Odisha |date=2018 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Odisha Urdu Academy]] |location=Bhubaneswar |language=ur |page=158}}</ref>

Newalpuri contributed to the Urdu monthly Aaj Kal during the 1970s and 1980s. His published work in the magazine included articles on the establishment and development of Urdu libraries in Odisha, the state of Urdu journalism in the region, literary profiles of Muslim writers from Odisha, and the growth of novel writing in the state. He also authored a research-based article on Mughal Tamasha and its relationship with the Urdu stage in Odisha. In addition to critical essays, his contributions included a translation of a poem by Sourindra Barik from Odia, and a review of the Urdu poetry collection of Muhammad Sharafuddin Sāhil titled ''Bayān Merathi: Hayāt-o-Shā'irī''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akhtar |first=Jameel |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/isharia-aaj-kal-ebooks#496 |title=Ishāriya-Aaj Kal (1942–2000) |date=August 2002 |publisher=International Urdu Foundation |location=Jamia Nagar, [[New Delhi]] |page=496 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maghribi-bengal-men-urdu-adab-ek-jayeza-ebooks#36 |title=Maghribi Bangāl mein Urdū adab: ek jāʼiza |publisher=West Bengal Urdu Academy |year=2002 |edition=1st |page=36 |language=ur |trans-title=Urdu Literature in West Bengal: A Review}}</ref>

He also wrote [[character sketch]]s (khāke), blending vivid description with subtle wit. A notable example appears in his preface to Shakh-e-Sanobar, a poetry collection by [[Karamat Ali Karamat]], where he sketches the poet's personality through lively imagery and everyday references—such as describing him sipping tea while immersed in thought.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=156–157}}

According to [[Motiullah Nazish]], his body of work includes approximately 30 short stories, 72 research articles, 79 essays, 25 literary papers, and 20 critical reviews.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=158}}

=== Translations ===
Newalpuri was a multilingual translator. He translated from Odia, Bengali, and English into Urdu. His notable works include:
* ''Taboot Ki Sada'' – translations of poems by Niranjan Padhi from Odia (1991)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padhi |first=Niranjan |title=Taboot Ki Sada |date=November 1991 |publisher=Qutub Kāmrān, Kāmrān Publications |location=Deewan Bazar, Cuttack |page=8 |language=ur |translator-last=Newalpuri |translator-first=Hafizullah |trans-title=The sound of the coffin |chapter=Ta'āruf by the Publisher, Qutub Kamran |trans-chapter=Introduction by the Publisher, Qutub Kāmrān |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/taboot-ki-sada-niranjan-padhi-ebooks#7}}</ref>
* ''Sirf Tumhare Liye'' – translated from Manorama Biswal Mohapatra's Odia poems{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=153–154}} (1994)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sirf Tumhare Liye|last=Mohapatra|first=Manorama Biswal|translator=Hafeezullah Newalpuri|publisher=Manorama Biswal Mohapatra|year=1994|edition=1st|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|language=ur|page=3|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/sirf-tumhare-liye-manorama-biswal-mohapatra-ebooks#3}}</ref>

He also translated Bengali stories such as ''Balu Ghat ki Machhli'' and Odia fiction like ''Nachiketa ka Haath''. These were noted for blending linguistic features of both the source and target languages.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=155–156}}

=== Books ===
His notable works include:
* ''Odisha Mein Urdu'' (Research, 2001)<ref name="Newalpuri" />
* ''Taboot Ki Sada'' (Translation, 1991){{Sfn|Padhi|1991|p=8}}
* ''Sirf Tumhare Liye'' (Translation)
* ''Cuttack: As Known from Persian Sources'' (English){{Sfn|Dutt|1999|p=878}}
* ''Oriya–Urdu Dictionary'' (Compiler){{Sfn|Dutt|1999|p=878}}
* ''Harf-e-Aarzoo'' (Compilation of congratulatory poems by the country's eminent poets on the occasion of Khalid Rahim's inauguration ceremony) {{Sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=449}}
* ''Orissa Library Ke 20 Saal'' (Booklet)<ref>{{Cite web |title=library ke bees (20) saal by Hafeezullah Newalpuri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/library-ke-bees-20-saal-hafeezullah-newalpuri-ebooks |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Newalpuri died on 8 May 2019 at his residence in [[Cuttack]] after a prolonged illness. He was buried the same day at [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack|Qadam e Rasool cemetery]].<ref name="Azam" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Editorial |date=June 2019 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Sheikh Aqeel |editor2-last=Hayy |editor2-first=Abdul |title=Urdu Duniya Ki Khabrein |trans-title=Urdu World News |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-duniya-new-delhi-shumara-number-006-shaikh-aquil-ahmad-magazines#97 |journal=Urdu Duniya |language=ur |location=Delhi |publisher=[[NCPUL]] |volume=21 |issue=6 |page=97}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]
* [[Odisha Urdu Academy]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newalpuri, Hafizullah}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]

Hemal Kheri

2026-04-02T05:51:18Z

TeresitaBunch: new basic stub added tags!

{{Orphan|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hemal Kheri
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.576|N|75.938|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ramganj Mandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| leader_title1 = Panchayat
| leader_name1 = Dharnawad
| leader_title = Dharnawad
| leader_name4 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total = 556
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=113235|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 326519
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07459
| registration_plate = RJ33
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hemal Kheri''' is a small village located in [8 km] [[Ramganj Mandi]] Tehsil of [[Kota, Rajasthan]] with a total of 117 families Living. The Hemal Kheri village has a population of 556 of which 295 are males and 261 are females as per Population [[2011 Indian census|Census 2011]].

In Hemal Kheri village population of children with age 0–6 is 63 which makes up 11.33% of the total population of the village. Average [[human sex ratio]] of Hemal Kheri village is 885 which is lower than the [[Rajasthan]] state average of 928. Child sex ratio for the Hemal Kheri as per census is 1250, higher than Rajasthan average of 888.

Hemal Kheri village has a higher literacy rate compared to Rajasthan. In 2011, the [[literacy rate]] of Hemal Kheri village was 70.18% compared to 66.11% of Rajasthan. In Hemal, Kheri Male literacy stands at 84.27% while the female literacy rate was 53.54%.

As per the constitution of India and [[Panchyati Raaj Act]], [[Hemal Kheri village]] is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.

== Demographics ==
The village is home to 556 people by providing details of [[Census of India|census of INDIA]], among them 295 (53%) are male and 261 (47%) are female. 1% of the whole population are from general caste, 29% are from [[scheduled caste]] and 70% are [[scheduled tribes]]. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Hemal Kheri village is 11%, among them 44% are boys and 56% are girls. There are 117 households in the village and an average of 5 persons live in every family.

== Languages ==
[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Hindi]]

== Sports ==
The village is generally known for [[cricket]], but the children also play a number of games like [[Association football|football]], [[badminton]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[long jump]] etc. However, there is no such facility for the youth which is not great for the talented sportsmen.

== Transport ==
The [[motorcycle]] is the main vehicle of [[transportation]] however there are many cars and tractors. There are few public means of transport like
Train: 3 km at [[Jhalawar Road railway station|Jhalawar Road]] and 8 km [[Ramganj Mandi]]
Bus 8 km Ramganj Mandi, Flight 80 km Kota.

== Literacy ==
Total 346 people in the village are literate, among them 225 are male and 121 are female. Literacy rate (children under 6 are excluded) of Hemal Kheri is 70%. 84% of male and 54% of the female population are literate here. Overall literacy rate in the village has decreased by -6%. Male literacy has gone down by -8% and the female literacy rate has gone down by -4%.

== References ==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
* http://census2011.co.in/data/village/102317-hemal-kheri-rajasthan.html
* https://www.censusindia.co.in/villages/hemal-kheri-population-kota-rajasthan-102317
* https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/kota/ramganj-mandi/hemal-kheri-population.html

[[Category: Villages in Kota district]]

L. K. Advani

2026-03-29T11:09:27Z

TeresitaBunch: quick expanded formatting per standard format

{{short description|7th Deputy Prime Minister of India (born 1927)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = L. K. Advani
| image = File:Lalkrishna Advani.jpg
| caption = Advani in 2022
| order =
| office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start = 29 June 2002
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| predecessor = [[Devi Lal]] (1991)
| successor = ''Vacant''
| office1 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor1 = [[Indrajit Gupta]]
| successor1 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 1998
| term_end1 = 22 May 2004
| office3 = 17th [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Union Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| term_start3 = 29 January 2003
| term_end3 = 21 May 2004
| primeminister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office2 = 16th [[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal and Mines]]
| primeminister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start2 = 1 July 2002
| term_end2 = 26 August 2002
| predecessor2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor2 = [[Uma Bharati]]
| office4 = 6th [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 22 May 2004
| term_end4 = 21 December 2009
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| successor4 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| term_start5 = 24 December 1990
| term_end5 = 25 July 1993
| primeminister5 = * [[Chandra Shekhar]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor5 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| successor5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar, Gujarat]]
| term_start6 = 28 February 1998
| term_end6 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Vijay Patel (politician)|Vijay Patel]]
| successor6 = [[Amit Shah]]
| term_start7 = 26 November 1989
| term_end7 = 7 May 1996
| predecessor7 = [[Krishna Chandra Pant]]
| successor7 = [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| constituency7 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi, Delhi]]
| office8 = 2nd [[President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start8 = 2004
| term_end8 = 2005
| predecessor8 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| successor8 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| term_start9 = 1993
| term_end9 = 1998
| predecessor9 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| successor9 = [[Kushabhau Thakre]]
| term_start10 = 1986
| term_end10 = 1991
| predecessor10 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor10 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| office11 = 5th [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
| vicepresident11 = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| term_start11 = 21 January 1980
| term_end11 = 7 April 1980
| successor12 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| predecessor12 = [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
| office13 = 11th [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting]]
| term_start13 = 24 March 1977
| term_end13 = 28 July 1979
| primeminister13 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| predecessor13 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| successor13 = [[Purushottam Kaushik]]
| office14 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start14 = 3 April 1988
| term_end14 = 30 November 1989
| predecessor14 = [[Hans Raj Bhardwaj]]
| successor14 = Jinendra Kumar Jain
| constituency14 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start15 = 3 April 1982
| term_end15 = 2 April 1988
| predecessor15 = [[Sawai Singh Sisodiya]]
| successor15 = Radhakishan Malviya
| constituency15 = Madhya Pradesh
| term_start16 = 3 April 1976
| term_end16 = 2 April 1982
| predecessor16 = [[Devdatt Kumar Kikabhai Patel]]
| successor16 = [[Kumud Ben Joshi]]
| constituency16 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start17 = 3 April 1970
| term_end17 = 2 April 1976
| predecessor17 = Sardar Santokh Singh
| successor17 = Charanjit Chanana
| constituency17 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Delhi]]
| office18 = 2nd [[1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election|Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council]]
| term_start18 = 28 March 1967
| term_end18 = 19 April 1970
| predecessor18 = Jag Parvesh Chandra
| successor18 = Shyam Charan Gupta
| birth_name = Lal Krishna Advani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1927|11|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present{{endash}}day [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/l-k-advani-profile-bharat-ratna-9142199/|title=From Swayamsevak to the man behind the rise of BJP in India: The journey of LK Advani|date=4 July 2024}}</ref>)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980{{endash}}present)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Janata Party]] {{nowrap|(1977–1980)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/l-k-advani-profile-bharat-ratna-9142199/|title=From Swayamsevak to the man behind the rise of BJP in India: The journey of LK Advani|date=3 February 2024}}</ref> |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] {{nowrap|(1951–1977)}}}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Kamla Advani|1965|2016|end=died}}
| children = [[Pratibha Advani]] (daughter) Jayant Advani (son)
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|diplomat|trade unionist|politician}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Patrick's High School, Karachi]] [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/9?from=members|title=Lal Krishna Advani profile|publisher= Digital Sansad
}}</ref>
| residence = {{ubl|30, Prithviraj Road, [[New Delhi]]}}
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| signature = Lal Krishna Advani Signature.png
| image_size =
}}
'''Lal Krishna Advani''' (born 8 November 1927) is an Indian [[politician]] and [[statesman]] who served as the 7th [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] from 2002 to 2004. He is one of the co-founders of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation. He was the longest serving [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] serving for 6 years and 64 days from 1998 to 2004, until his protége [[Amit Shah]] overtook him in 2025. He is also the longest serving [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], as well as the longest serving President of the BJP, the current ruling party of India. He was the party's prime ministerial candidate during the [[1989 Indian general election|1989]], [[1991 Indian general election|1991]], and [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]].

Advani was born in [[Karachi]] and migrated to India during the [[Partition of India]] and settled down in [[Bombay]] where he completed his college education. Advani joined the RSS in 1941 at the age of fourteen and worked as a pracharak (RSS officer) in [[Rajasthan]]. In 1951, Advani became a member of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] party founded by [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]] and performed various roles, including supervisor of parliamentary affairs, general secretary, and president of the Delhi unit. In 1967, he was elected as the chairman of the First [[Delhi Metropolitan Council|Delhi metropolitan council]] and served till 1970 while becoming a member of the RSS national executive. In 1970, Advani became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] for the first time and would go on to serve four terms until 1989. He became the president of Jan Sangh in 1973, and it merged into the [[Janata Party]] before the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]]. Following the Janata party's victory in the elections, Advani became the union minister for [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]] and leader of the house in Rajya Sabha.

In 1980, Lal Krishna was one of the founding members of the BJP along with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and served as the president of the party three times. He was elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time in 1989 where he served seven terms. In 1992, he was alleged to have been part of the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]], but was acquitted by the courts due to lack of evidence. Following the same, he was one of the chief proponents of the movement to build a [[Hindu temple|temple]] over the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed]] [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site in [[Ayodhya]] and the subsequent rise of [[Hindutva]], a Hindu nationalist ideology, in the late 1990s. He has served as leader of opposition in both the houses. He was the minister of home affairs from 1998 to 2004 and deputy prime minister from 2002 to 2004. He served in the [[Indian parliament]] until 2019 and is credited for rise of BJP as a major political party. In 2015, he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honour and in 2024, he was conferred with [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/l-k-advani-33187.html|title=Lal Krishna Advani: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==

Advani was born on 8 November 1927 in [[Karachi]], [[British Raj|British India]], in a [[Sindhi Hindu]] [[Lohana]] family<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |date=27 June 2014 |title=The fading memory of amity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-fading-memory-of-amity/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=BJP leader L.K. Advani, in his autobiography My Country, My Life (2008), writes: "The Advani family belonged to the Amil branch of Sindhi Hindus. Traditionally, the Amil was a revenue official who assisted munshis in the administrative set-up of Muslim kings. It was one of the two main divisions of the Lohano clan which was linked to the Vaishya (business) community. In time, Amils came to dominate government jobs and professions in Sindh."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |author-link=Aakar Patel |date=10 February 2011 |title=BJP's sole currency is its anger |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/yEjs0XsHbJsNnT1Mi4xzaL/BJP8217s-sole-currency-is-its-anger.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |quote=L.K. Advani is different, and from the same Lohana caste as Jinnah.}}</ref><ref name="lka">{{cite news |last=Patel |first=Aakar |author-link=Aakar Patel |title=Analysis: Trading with India |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110930&page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006183815/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110930&page=7 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |work=[[The Friday Times]] |quote=Incidentally, BJP's LK Advani is a Sindhi-speaking Amil from the Lohana caste.}}</ref> to Kishanchand D. Advani and Gyani Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/lk-advani-41833-2009-03-15|title=Bhartiya Janata Party's Prime Ministerial candidate and the Leader of Opposition, Lal Krishna Advani will once again seek re-election from his Gandhinagar constituency|date=18 March 2009|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117140944/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/lk-advani-41833-2009-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

Advani was educated at [[St. Patrick's High School, Karachi]], and [[D. G. National College]] in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=L.K. Advani: Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/l-k-advani|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108063917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/l-k-advani|url-status=live}}</ref> His family was forced to flee [[Sindh]] and came to India during the [[partition of India]] and settled in [[Mumbai]], where he graduated in law from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]].<ref name="LSMB">{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|publisher=Lok Sabha of India/National Informatics Centre, New Delhi|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617072553/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=MalikSingh>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Yogendra K. |last2=Singh |first2=V.B. |title=Hindu Nationalists in India: The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party |date=1994 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-8810-6|pages=40–43}}</ref>

Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965, and had a son, Jayant, and a daughter, [[Pratibha Advani|Pratibha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Will LK Advani's son live up to his father's image? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-lk-advanis-son-live-up-to-his-fathers-image-1523797.html |access-date=5 April 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002906/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-lk-advanis-son-live-up-to-his-fathers-image-1523797.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pratibha is a television producer and also supports her father in his political activities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahgal |first1=Priya |title=A Tale of Two Daughters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/a-tale-of-two-daughters-45777-2009-04-27 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509172927/https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/a-tale-of-two-daughters-45777-2009-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age.<ref>{{cite news |title=LK Advani bids adieu to wife Kamla; Swaraj, Manmohan, Amit Shah at funeral |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/l-k-advanis-wife-kamla-advani-passes-aways-rare-family-pics/ |access-date=5 April 2019 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=10 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110034557/http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/l-k-advanis-wife-kamla-advani-passes-aways-rare-family-pics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Advani resides in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan|date=29 June 2019|title=Lutyens' Zone: Sushma Swaraj to vacate, LK Advani & MM Joshi may retain bungalows|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lutyens-zone-sushma-swaraj-to-vacate-lk-advani-mm-joshi-may-retain-bungalows/articleshow/69998385.cms|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921061840/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lutyens-zone-sushma-swaraj-to-vacate-lk-advani-mm-joshi-may-retain-bungalows/articleshow/69998385.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early political career==
===1941–1951: Early years===
Advani joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1941 at the age of fourteen.<ref>{{cite news|title='My idea of happiness is good books':Advani|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/my-idea-of-happiness-is-good-books/|newspaper=Indian Express|date=19 September 2010|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163812/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/my-idea-of-happiness-is-good-books/|url-status=live}}</ref> He became a [[pracharak]] (full-time worker) conducting [[shakhas]] and became the secretary of the Karachi unit in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-incomplete-without-sindh-advani/|title=India 'incomplete' without Sindh: Advani|date=15 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115121812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-incomplete-without-sindh-advani/|archive-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> After the partition of India, Advani was a pracharak in [[Rajasthan]] working across [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Bundi district|Bundi]] and [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] districts until 1952.<ref name=Jaffrelot>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |page=237}}</ref>

===1951–1970: Jan Sangh and Delhi council chairman===
Advani became a member of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), a political party founded in 1951 by [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]] in collaboration with the RSS. He was appointed as the secretary to [[S. S. Bhandari]], then general secretary of the Jan Sangh in Rajasthan. In 1957, he moved to [[Delhi]] and became the general secretary and later, president of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh. From 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of BJS in the [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]] (DMC). After the [[1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election]], he was elected as the chairman of the council and served till 1970.<ref name="LSMB"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2783364 |title=Proposal to nominate a member to the Delhi Metropolation [sic] Council Vice Shri L.K. Advani |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs: Delhi Section |year=1971 |location=New Delhi |pages=2 |quote="Shri L. K. Advani who was the chairman of the Metropolitan Council, was elected as member of the Rajya Sabha in the last elections and his seat has fallen vacant in the Council. He was from the Jan Sangh Party." |access-date=21 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]] |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921135504/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2783364 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also assisted [[K. R. Malkani]] with the publication of [[Organiser (newspaper)|''Organiser'']], the weekly newsletter of the RSS and became a member of its national executive in 1966.<ref name="Jaffrelot" />

===1971–1975: Parliament entry and Jan Sangh leader===
In 1970, Advani became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Delhi for the six-year tenure.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1973, he was elected as the president of BJS at the [[Kanpur]] session of the party working committee meeting.<ref name="LSMB"/>

===1976–1980: Janata party and cabinet minister===
Advani was reelected to the Rajya Sabha from [[Gujarat]] in 1976 for the second time.<ref name="Rajya Sabha"/> After the imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] and a crackdown on opposition parties by then-[[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[Indira Gandhi]], BJS and other opposition parties merged to form the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zarhani|first=Seyed Hossein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3tqDwAAQBAJ|title=Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-25518-9|pages=189}}</ref> In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 election]], the Janata Party won a landslide victory due to the widespread unpopularity of the state of emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi.<ref name="B">{{cite book|author=G. G. Mirchandani|title=320 Million Judges|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7017-061-3|pages=90–100}}</ref> [[Morarji Desai]] became the prime minister with Advani becoming the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Amrita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|date=30 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08963-1|pages=69}}</ref> The government did not complete its five year term and was dissolved to call fresh elections in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] where Janata party lost to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web |title=General Election of India 1980, 7th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=13 January 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830930-as-general-elections-loom-large-new-four-party-united-front-formed-to-counter-congi-771046-2013-07-18|title=As general elections loom large, new four-party United Front formed to counter Cong(I) |first=Prabhu |last=Chawla|date=30 September 2013|website=[[India Today]] |access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> Subsequently, Advani became the [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="LSMB"/>

==Formation of BJP==
===1980–1989: Early years===
On 6 April 1980, Advani along with few of the erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as the first president.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 April 2019|title=BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511143721/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> Though the previous government lasted briefly from 1977 till 1980 and was marred with factional wars, the period saw a rise in support for the RSS which culminated into the formation of the BJP.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Guha |first1 = Ramachandra |author-link = Ramachandra Guha |title = India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date = 2007 |publisher = Picador |location = India |isbn = 978-0-330-39610-3 |edition = 1st|title-link = India after Gandhi|pages=563–564}}</ref> In 1982, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for the third time from [[Madhya Pradesh]] representing the BJP.<ref name="Rajya Sabha" /> BJP won only two seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 election]] with the Congress winning a landslide on the back of a sympathy wave due to the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]]. This failure led to a shift in the party's stance with Advani being appointed party president and the BJP turning to [[Hindutva]] ideology of Jana Sangh.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Guha |first1 = Ramachandra |author-link = Ramachandra Guha |title = India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date = 2007 |publisher = Picador |location = India |isbn = 978-0-330-39610-3 |edition = 1st|title-link = India after Gandhi|pages=633}}</ref>

Under Advani, BJP became the political face of the [[Ayodhya dispute]] over the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site when the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) began a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] at the site of the [[Babri mosque|Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/744403/in-the-times-of-yakub-memon-remembering-the-babri-masjid-demolition-cases|title=In the times of Yakub Memon, remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases|date=29 July 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231427/http://scroll.in/article/744403/in-the-times-of-yakub-memon-remembering-the-babri-masjid-demolition-cases|archive-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The dispute centered on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]] with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) supporting the claim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Evidence of temple found: ASI|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm|date=25 August 2003|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm|archive-date=11 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm |title=Layers of truth|work = The Week|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050323101829/http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm|archive-date = 23 March 2005}}</ref> BJP supported the campaign and made it a part of their election manifesto for the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 elections]], helping it win 86 seats with Advani getting elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time. Advani became the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition in Lok Sabha]] when [[VP Singh]] formed the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] government.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |first=Ananth V. |last=Krishna |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131734650 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC|page=347}}</ref>

=== 1990–1997: Rath yatras and rise of BJP ===

[[File:Lkadvani.jpg|right|thumb|Advani in 2009]]

Advani often organised ''rath yatras'' or processions to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify Hindutva ideology. He organised six {{Lang|hi-Latn|rath yatras}} across the country with the first one in 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278312|title=The Eternal Charioteer|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518072411/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278312 |archive-date=18 May 2012|url-status=live }}</ref>

#''[[Ram Rath Yatra]]'': Advani started his first yatra from [[Somnath]] in [[Gujarat]] on 25 September 1990 which concluded at [[Ayodhya]] on 30 October 1990. The procession was linked to the [[Ayodhya dispute|dispute]] at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site at Ayodhya and was stopped in [[Bihar]] by then [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Yadav]] with Advani himself being arrested on the orders of [[V. P. Singh]], then Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/lalu-yadav-on-why-and-how-he-arrested-lk-advani-on-october-23-1990-1784734|title=Why And How I Arrested LK Advani By Lalu Yadav|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207105505/https://www.ndtv.com/blog/lalu-yadav-on-why-and-how-he-arrested-lk-advani-on-october-23-1990-1784734|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=live|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
#''Janadesh Yatra'': Four processions starting on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country were organised and Advani led the yatra from [[Mysore]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lkadvani.in/eng/content/view/451/295/ |title=LK Advani – Portal – Janadesh Yatra |publisher=Lkadvani.in |date=11 September 1993 |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627154935/http://www.lkadvani.in/eng/content/view/451/295/ |archive-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Traversing through 14 states and two Union Territories, the processions were organised with the purpose to seek the people's mandate against the two bills, the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People (Amendment) Bill and congregated at [[Bhopal]] on 25 September.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=467 |title=Janadesh Yatra : Shri L K Advani |publisher=Bjp.org |date=11 September 1993 |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614225113/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=467 |archive-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#''Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra'': The procession was organised between May and July 1997 and was conducted in celebration of 50 years of [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]] and to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Itemid=468 |title=Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : Shri L K Advani |publisher=Bjp.org |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613001601/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Itemid=468 |archive-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#''Bharat Uday Yatra'': The yatra took place in the run-up to the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 election]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Press Trust India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=29187 |title=Advani kickstarts Bharat Uday Yatra |work=Express India |date=10 March 2004 |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102741/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=29187 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#''Bharat Suraksha Yatra'': The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign from 6 April to 10 May 2006 consisting of two yatras – one led by Advani from [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] in Gujarat to Delhi and the other led by [[Rajnath Singh]] from [[Puri]] to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17yatra.htm |title=Advani to begin from Gujarat; Rajnath from Orissa – Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=17 March 2006 |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524114751/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17yatra.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The yatra was focused on fighting left wing terrorism, minority politics, price rise and corruption, protection of democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=470 |title=Bharat Suraksha Yatra : Shri L K Advani |publisher=Bjp.org |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611053223/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=470 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#''Jan Chetna Yatra'': The last of the yatras was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara in Bihar for the purposes of mobilising public opinion against perceived corruption of the then-ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government and promoting the BJP's agenda of good governance and anti-corruption.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2011 |title=About Jan Chetna Yatra |url=http://www.janchetnayatra.com/index/about-jan-chetna-yatra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626120403/http://www.janchetnayatra.com/index/about-jan-chetna-yatra/ |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=11 July 2012 |publisher=Janchetnayatra.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2025}}
In 1990, Advani embarked on [[Ram Rath Yatra]], a procession with a chariot to mobilise volunteers for Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The procession began from [[Somnath]] in Gujarat and headed to converge at Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=1993|title=Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya|journal=Social Scientist|volume=21|issue=7/8|pages=63–78|doi=10.2307/3520346|jstor=3520346 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> In the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general election]], the BJP became the second largest party after the Congress with Advani winning for the second time from [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]] and becoming the leader of opposition again.<ref>{{cite news|title=1990-L.K. Advani's rath yatra: Chariot of fire|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1990-l.k.-advanis-rath-yatra-chariot-of-fire-741621-2009-12-24|last=Sahgal|first=Priya|date=28 December 2009|website=India Today|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514152536/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1990-l.k.-advanis-rath-yatra-chariot-of-fire-741621-2009-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid was demolished]] with Advani alleged to have delivered a provocative speech prior to the demolition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims can never forgive Kalyan over Babri issue|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|work=Express India|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102810/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Babri demolition & failure of Muslim leadership|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|publisher=Zee News India|access-date=27 April 2011|date=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002222522/http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html|archive-date=2 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Advani fuelled fire that razed Babri: IPS officer|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ips-officer-testifies-to-cbi-on-babri-demolition/20100326.htm|first=Sharat|last=Pradhan|date=26 March 2010|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Rediff|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230835/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ips-officer-testifies-to-cbi-on-babri-demolition/20100326.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Advani was among the accused in the demolition case but was acquitted on 30 September 2020 by a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] special court.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vakasha|last=Sachdev|date=6 December 2019|title='Vindicated' LK Advani Remains on Trial in Babri Demolition Case|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/babri-masjid-demolition-criminal-case-conspiracy-lk-advani-vindicated-ayodhya-verdict|access-date=28 June 2020|newspaper=The Quint|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225658/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/babri-masjid-demolition-criminal-case-conspiracy-lk-advani-vindicated-ayodhya-verdict|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Advani on being acquitted from Babri demolition case.|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-shri-ram-advani-on-being-acquitted-from-babri-demolition-case/articleshow/78402831.cms|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001044037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-shri-ram-advani-on-being-acquitted-from-babri-demolition-case/articleshow/78402831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the judgement, it was mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that Advani was trying to stop the mob and not incite them.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Nation of Donkeys to 'Black Day for Democracy': English Editorials Slam Babri Verdict |url=https://thewire.in/media/newspaper-editorials-babri-masjid-demolition-verdict |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001162639/https://thewire.in/media/newspaper-editorials-babri-masjid-demolition-verdict |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Babri accused tried to stop mob, not incite them |url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/sep/30/babri-accused-tried-to-stop-mob-not-incite-them/577b595b886fd7890e30173a4bdff9c0 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174319/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/sep/30/babri-accused-tried-to-stop-mob-not-incite-them/577b595b886fd7890e30173a4bdff9c0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]], the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the [[President of India|president]] to form the government. Advani did not contest the elections over allegations of involvement in the [[Hawala scandal]], and resigned his seat on 16 January 1996,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Preston |editor-first1=Ian|editor-last2=Rowe |editor-first2=Annamarie |title=A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia|edition=1st |publication-place=London |publisher=Europa Publications Ltd. |publication-date=2005 |page=112|isbn=0-203-40308-8}}</ref> but was later cleared of charges by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lk-advani-parliamentary-history-2019-lok-sabha-elections-1077707-2017-11-01|title =How Advani will create Parliamentary history whether he contests 2019 Lok Sabha elections or not|publisher =[[India Today Group]]|location =[[New Delhi]]|date =1 November 2017|website =[[India Today]]|first =Kumar|last =Shakti Shekhar|access-date =15 July 2020|archive-date =15 July 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173257/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lk-advani-parliamentary-history-2019-lok-sabha-elections-1077707-2017-11-01|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html|title=SC clears Advani, Shukla in hawala case|newspaper=Indian Express|date=3 March 1998|access-date=27 September 2008|archive-date=22 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122210136/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While Vajpayee was sworn in as prime minister in May 1996, the government collapsed after just thirteen days.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Atal Bihari Vajpayee showed the world how to resign in style|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/atal-bihari-vajpayee-parliament-trust-vote-1996-speech-resign-1316838-2018-08-17|last=Goswami|first=Dev|date=17 August 2018|work=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109124004/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/atal-bihari-vajpayee-parliament-trust-vote-1996-speech-resign-1316838-2018-08-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==1998–2004: Home minister and deputy prime minister==
In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), came to power with Vajpayee returning as prime minister in March 1998.<ref name="Atal">{{cite news|title=How Atal Bihari Vajpayee ended BJP's untouchability|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ended-bjp-s-untouchability-1317105-2018-08-17|last=Shakti Shekhar|first=Kumar|date=17 August 2018|website=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807231033/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ended-bjp-s-untouchability-1317105-2018-08-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Advani was elected to the Lok Sabha for the third term and became the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]].<ref name="LSMB"/> However, the government again collapsed after only thirteen months when [[All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] withdrew its support to the government.<ref name="Atal"/> With fresh elections being called, the BJP-led NDA again won a majority in the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]] and Advani won from Gandhinagar for a fourth term. He assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Advani appointed deputy prime minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-appointed-deputy-prime-minister/articleshow/14487268.cms|date=29 June 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advani-appointed-deputy-prime-minister/articleshow/14487268.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dZC9ITxgwC|title=Wondering Man, Money & Go(l)d|publisher=Wondering Man|isbn=978-1-84693-016-4|pages=24|language=en|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174520/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dZC9ITxgwC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2004–2009: Opposition leader==
[[File:Condoleezza Rice meets L.K. Advani, New Delhi, 2005.jpg|thumb|Advani with then [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] in 2005]]
In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the BJP suffered a defeat with [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the Congress coming to power, with [[Manmohan Singh]] as prime minister.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ruparelia|first=Sanjay|date=2005|title=Managing the United Progressive Alliance: The Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=24|pages=2407–2412|jstor=4416746|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Advani won his fifth term to the Lok Sabha and became the leader of opposition.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 January 2014|title=LK Advani warns of 2004 redux, showers praise on party's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lk-advani-warns-of-2004-redux-showers-praise-on-partys-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi/articleshow/29082888.cms|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512231533/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lk-advani-warns-of-2004-redux-showers-praise-on-partys-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi/articleshow/29082888.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lal Krishna Advani {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Krishna-Advani|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119153656/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Krishna-Advani|url-status=live}}</ref> Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat, promoting Advani to lead the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=31 December 2005|title=Former Premier Vajpayee Retires From Indian Politics at 81|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/world/asia/former-premier-vajpayee-retires-from-indian-politics-at-81.html|access-date=10 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125205/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/world/asia/former-premier-vajpayee-retires-from-indian-politics-at-81.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2005, while on a visit to Karachi, Advani described [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] as a secular leader, which led to criticism from the RSS. Advani was forced to resign as BJP president but withdrew the resignation a few days later.<ref>{{cite news|title=L K Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/l-k-advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/articleshow/20524464.cms|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102132821/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/l-k-advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/articleshow/20524464.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2005, RSS chief [[K. S. Sudarshan]] opined that Advani should step aside.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=68121|title=Atal, Advani should step aside, let young rise: RSS chief|date=11 April 2005|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423012539/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=68121|url-status=live}}</ref> At the silver jubilee celebrations of the BJP in [[Mumbai]] in December 2005, Advani stepped down as party president and [[Rajnath Singh]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] was elected in his place. In March 2006, following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at [[Varanasi]], Advani undertook a ''Bharata Suraksha Yatra'' ('Sojourn for National Security'), to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 June 2013|title=Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/story-28cfjVrLxsbMXxNYXv3QgI.html|access-date=6 August 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615101906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/story-28cfjVrLxsbMXxNYXv3QgI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2009–2015: Prime Minister candidacy and later years==
[[File:Advani on black money - Al Jazeera English - 5483x3368 crop.jpg|thumb|Advani during an election campaign in 2009]]
In December 2006, Advani stated that as the leader of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the next general elections in May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|title=I'll be candidate for PM: Advani|date=11 December 2006|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27823025_1_l-k-advani-rajnath-singh-pakistan-visit|archive-date=19 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> While not everyone was supportive of his candidacy, Vajpayee endorsed Advani's candidacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|title=Advani opens his heart, and a can of worms|date=11 December 2006|work=The Economic Times|location=India|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214143219/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/764246.cms|archive-date=14 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 May 2007, BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that Advani is the natural choice for the next prime minister if BJP won the next elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/LK-natural-choice-for-PM-Rajnath/articleshow/1986518.cms|title=LK 'natural' choice for PM: Rajnath|date=2 May 2007|author=Mohua Chatterjee|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/india/27883339_1_mohan-rao-bhagwat-vajpayee-and-advani-suresh-soni|archive-date=19 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 December 2007, the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L. K. Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, BJP announces Advani as PM candidate|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-week-that-was/finally-bjp-announces-advani-as-pm-candidate/articleshow/2625253.cms|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174320/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-week-that-was/finally-bjp-announces-advani-as-pm-candidate/articleshow/2625253.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though Advani won his sixth term in Lok Sabha, the BJP lost to Congress and its allies in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], allowing then incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office. Following the defeat in the elections, L. K. Advani handed over the position of leader of opposition to [[Sushma Swaraj]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8421132.stm|title=New India opposition leader named|work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 December 2009|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423012542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8421132.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article67005.ece |title=Advani quits as Leader of Opposition |access-date=18 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2009 |last1=Vyas|first1=Neena |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article67005.ece |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected working chairman of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2010|title=NDA elects Advani 'working chairman'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/nda-elects-advani-working-chairman/story-aO8FS7uLOopcwWwOrojczL.html|access-date=3 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615111520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/nda-elects-advani-working-chairman/story-aO8FS7uLOopcwWwOrojczL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Advani contested the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] from Gandhinagar, winning for the fifth consecutive time. Later he was part of the ''Marg Darshak Mandal'' (vision committee) of the BJP along with [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html|title="No Advani, Joshi, Vajpayee in BJP Parliamentary Board, party makes Marg Darshak Mandal for them"|date=29 August 2014|work=IBN Live|access-date=26 August 2014|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829023013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Elections contested==
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent party
! Opponent votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2"|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
| 129,256
| 55.54
| [[V. Mohini Giri]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
| 97,415
| 41.85
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 31,841
| 13.69
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| 93,662
| 43.4
| [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| 92,073
| 42.66
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 1,589
| 0.74
|-
| rowspan="6"|[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| 356,902
| 57.97
| G. I. Patel
| 231,223
| 37.56
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 125,679
| 20.41
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 541,340
| 59.86
| P. K. Datta
| 264,639
| 29.26
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 276,701
| 30.6
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 453,299
| 61.14
| [[T. N. Seshan]]
| 264,285
| 35.65
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 189,014
| 25.49
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| 516,120
| 61.04
| [[Gabhaji Mangaji Thakor]]
| 298,982
| 35.36
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 217,138
| 25.68
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 434,044
| 54.89
| Sureshkumar Chaturdas Patel
| 312,297
| 39.49
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 121,747
| 15.4
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 773,539
| 68.12
| Kiritbhai Ishvarbhai Patel
| 290,418
| 25.58
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 483,121
| 42.54
|}

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[1970 Rajya Sabha elections|1970]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
| [[Delhi]]
| 3 April 1970
| 2 April 1976
| {{ayd|1970|4|3|1976|4|2}}
|-
| [[1976 Rajya Sabha elections|1976]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 3 April 1976
| 2 April 1982
| {{ayd|1976|4|3|1982|4|2}}
|-
| [[1982 Rajya Sabha elections|1982]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 3 April 1982
| 2 April 1988
| {{ayd|1982|4|3|1988|4|2}}
|-
| [[1988 Rajya Sabha elections|1988]]
| 3 April 1988
| 27 November 1989
| {{ayd|1988|4|3|1989|11|27}}
|}

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Positions held
|-
! Position !! Duration
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India#Ad hoc committees|Joint Parliamentary Committee on Maintenance of Heritage Character and Development of Parliament House Complex]]|| October 2014 – May 2019
|-
| Chairperson, Committee on Ethics || 15 September 2014 – 25 May 2019
|-
| Member, Standing Committee on Information Technology || 1 September 2014 – 25 May 2019
|-
| Member, [[Committee on Public Undertakings]] || August 2014 – May 2019
|-
| Member, [[16th Lok Sabha]] || June 2014 – May 2019 (7th term)
|-
| Member, Joint Parliamentary Committee on Maintenance of Heritage Character and Development of Parliament House Complex || December 2009
|-
| Member, [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] || August 2009
|-
| Member, Committee on Installation of Portraits/Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians in Parliament House Complex || August 2009
|-
| [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha]] || May–December 2009
|-
| Member, [[15th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 2009 (6th term)
|-
| Member, Standing Committee on Home Affairs || August 2006 – May 2009
|-
| Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha || Unspecified
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Member, 14th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 2004 (5th term)
|-
| [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister, Personnel, Pensions and Public Grievances]] (additional charge) || January 2003 – May 2004
|-
| [[Ministry of Coal|Minister, Coal and Mines]] (additional charge) || July–August 2002
|-
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] || June 2002 – May 2004
|-
| [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister, Home Affairs]] || October 1999 – May 2004
|-
| Member, [[13th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1999 (4th term)
|-
| Chairman, Committee on Official Language || Unspecified
|-
| Minister, Home Affairs || 1998–1999
|-
| Member, [[12th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1998 (3rd term)
|-
| President, [[BJP]] || 1993–1998
|-
| Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha || 1991–1993
|-
| Member, [[10th Lok Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1991 (2nd term)
|-
| Chairman, Committee of Parliament on Pay and Allowances || April–May 1990
|-
| Chairman, Committee to Review the Lok Sabha Secretariat || 1990–1991
|-
| Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha || Unspecified
|-
| Leader, BJP parliamentary party, Lok Sabha || 1989–1991
|-
| Member, [[9th Lok Sabha]] || Elected in 1989
|-
| Member, [[Rajya Sabha]] || Re-elected in 1988 (4th term)
|-
| President, BJP || 1986–1991
|-
| Member, Rajya Sabha || Re-elected in 1982 (3rd term)
|-
| Leader, BJP, Rajya Sabha || Unspecified
|-
| General Secretary, BJP || 1980–1986
|-
| [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|Leader of Opposition, Rajya Sabha]] || January–April 1980
|-
| Minister, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] || 1977–1979
|-
| [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the House, Rajya Sabha]] || March 1977 – August 1979
|-
|General Secretary, [[Janata Party]] || 1977–1980
|-
| Member, Rajya Sabha || Re-elected in 1976 (2nd term)
|-
| Leader, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]], Rajya Sabha || 1974–1976
|-
| President, BJS || 1973–1977
|-
| Member, Rajya Sabha || Elected in 1970
|-
| President, BJS, Delhi || 1970–1972
|-
| Chairman, [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]] || 1967–1970
|-
| Leader, BJS, Interim Metropolitan Council || 1966–1967
|-
| Secretary, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], Karachi || 1947
|}

==Awards and honours==
[[File:Bharat Ratna Shri Lal Krishna Advani.jpg|thumb|Advani receiving the [[Bharat Ratna]] award in 2024]]

*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (9 February 2024)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lk-advani-to-receive-bharat-ratna-pm-modi/articleshow/107379045.cms?from=mdr|title=LK Advani to receive Bharat Ratna|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 February 2023|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203065313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lk-advani-to-receive-bharat-ratna-pm-modi/articleshow/107379045.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advani-bachchan-dilip-kumar-get-padma-vibhushan/article6821421.ece|title=Advani, Bachchan, Dilip Kumar get Padma Vibhushan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2015|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120063253/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advani-bachchan-dilip-kumar-get-padma-vibhushan/article6821421.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''A Prisoner's Scrap-Book'' (2002) {{ISBN|978-81-88322-10-7}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Advani, L. K., 1927-|title=A prisoner's scrap-book|date=2002|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=81-88322-10-5|location=New Delhi|oclc=51752185}}</ref>
* ''New Approaches to Security and Development'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-981-230-219-9}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Advani, L. K., 1927-|title=New approaches to security and development|date=2003|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|others=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.|isbn=978-981-230-614-2|location=Singapore|oclc=867796807}}</ref>
* ''[[My Country My Life]]'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-81-291-1363-4}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Advani, L. K., 1927–|title=My country my life|date=2008|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn=978-81-291-1363-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=221287960}}</ref>
* ''[[As I See It]]: LK Advani's Blog Posts'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-81-291-1876-9}}<ref>{{cite book|title="As I See it: LK Advani's Blog Posts"|isbn=978-81-291-1876-9 |last1=Advani |first1=L. K. |date=2011 |publisher=Rupa & Company }}</ref>
* Nazarband Loktantra (2016) {{ISBN|81-7315-399-X}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Āḍavāṇī, Lālakrishńa.|title=Nazarbaṇda lokataṇtra|date=2002|publisher=Prabht̄a Prakāśana|isbn=81-7315-399-X|location=Dill ̄|oclc=50640962}}</ref>
* Drishtikon (2016) {{ISBN|978-93-5048-142-4}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Advani, L. K., 1927-|title=Dr̥shṭikoṇa : blôga para bāteṃ|year=2012|isbn=978-93-5048-142-4|edition=Saṃskaraṇa prathama|location=Dillī|oclc=823027286}}</ref>
* Rashtra Sarvopari (2014) {{ISBN|978-93-5048-549-1}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Advani, L. K., 1927-|title=Rāshṭra sarvopari|date=January 2014|isbn=978-93-5048-549-1|edition=Saṃskaraṇa prathama|location=Dillī|oclc=904246754}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Electoral history of L. K. Advani]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Atmaram Kulkarni. ''The Advent of Advani: An Authentic Critical Biography'' (1995). (Hardcover) {{ISBN|978-81-85345-22-2}}.
* Sudheendra Kulkarni. ''Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra: The story of Lal Krishna Advani's patriotic pilgrimage'' (1997). ASIN: B0000CPBO7.
* Pentagon Press. ''Lal Krishna Advani: Today's Patel'' (2002). (Paperback) {{ISBN|978-81-86830-57-4}}.
* Gulab Vazirani: ''Lal Advani, the Man and his Mission'' (1991)
* G. Katyal, K. Bhushan. ''Lal Krishna Advani: Deputy Prime Minister''. (Hardcover) ASIN: B001G6MAZA
* Pentagon Press. ''Lala Krishna Advani'' (2007). (Paperback) {{ISBN|978-81-86830-59-8}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Indrajit Gupta]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=1998–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shivraj Patil]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]|years=2002–04}}
{{s-vac}}
{{s-end}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}
{{Indian Emergency}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Fascism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Advani, Lal Krishna}}
[[Category:L. K. Advani| ]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian deputy prime ministers]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (India)]]
[[Category:Ministers of internal affairs of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]
[[Category:Coal ministers of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Sindhi politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]

YouTuber

2026-03-28T04:14:58Z

TeresitaBunch: corrected section for clarity

{{Short description|Creator producing YouTube videos}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Connor Franta, Sam Pottorff, Trevor Moran, Kian Lawley, JC Caylen & Ricky Dillon (14350777487).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|YouTubers [[Connor Franta]], Sam Pottorff, [[Trevi Moran]], [[Kian Lawley]], [[JC Caylen]] and [[Ricky Dillon]] at [[VidCon]], a convention for YouTubers, in 2014.]]

A '''YouTuber''' is a content creator and [[social media influencer]] who [[upload]]s or creates videos on the online [[video-sharing]] website [[YouTube]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTuber |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/youtuber |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211535/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/youtuber |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Cambridge Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> typically posting to their personal YouTube channel.<ref name="Jerslev 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Jerslev |first=Anne |date=October 14, 2016 |title=In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2016 |pages=5233–5251 |issn=1932-8036 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024024710/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |access-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> The term was first used in the English language in 2006, and subsequently appeared in the [[You (Time Person of the Year)|2006 ''Time'' Person of the Year]] issue.<ref name="Mashable2016">{{Cite web |last=Hamedy |first=Saba |date=2016-12-28 |title='YouTuber' is a real word now because the Oxford English Dictionary says so |url=https://mashable.com/article/youtuber-oxford-english-dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020032956/https://mashable.com/article/youtuber-oxford-english-dictionary/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Person of the Year 2006 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2019341,00.html?xid=fblike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621012348/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2019341,00.html?xid=fblike |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=2023-08-10 |magazine=TIME |language=en-us }}</ref>

== Influence ==
{{See also|Social impact of YouTube}}
Influential YouTubers are sometimes described as [[Celebrity|microcelebrities]].<ref name="Jerslev 2016" /> Since YouTube is widely conceived as a bottom-up [[social media]] video platform, microcelebrities do not appear to be involved with the established and commercial system of celebrity culture; rather, they appear self-governed and independent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marwick |first=Alice Emily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZv9AQAAQBAJ |title=Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-300-19915-4 |location=New Haven |oclc=862745861 |access-date=July 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019113939/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Status_Update/YZv9AQAAQBAJ |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamson |first=Joshua |date=2011 |title=The Unwatched Life Is Not Worth Living: The Elevation of the Ordinary in Celebrity Culture |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.4.1061 |url-status=live |journal=Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=1061–1069 |doi=10.1632/pmla.2011.126.4.1061 |issn=0030-8129 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019113942/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/pmla/article/abs/unwatched-life-is-not-worth-living-the-elevation-of-the-ordinary-in-celebrity-culture/AB0199BBF38BD1BA643A54260F31F3FA |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021 |s2cid=59355773}}</ref> This appearance, in turn, leads to YouTubers being seen as more relatable and authentic, also fostered by the direct connection between [[artist]] and viewer using the medium of YouTube.<ref name="Jerslev 2016" /><ref name="Dredge 2018">{{Cite web |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Why are YouTube stars so popular? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/03/why-youtube-stars-popular-zoella |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203133703/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/03/why-youtube-stars-popular-zoella |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[University of Southern California]] surveyed 13{{ndash}}18-year-olds in the [[United States]] on whether ten YouTube celebrities or ten traditional celebrities were more influential; YouTube personalities took the first five spots of the ranking, with the YouTube duo [[Smosh]] ranking as most influential.<ref name="Dredge 2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ault |first=Susanne |date=2014-08-05 |title=Survey: YouTube Stars More Popular Than Mainstream Celebs Among U.S. Teens |url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/survey-youtube-stars-more-popular-than-mainstream-celebs-among-u-s-teens-1201275245/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207065234/http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/survey-youtube-stars-more-popular-than-mainstream-celebs-among-u-s-teens-1201275245/ |archive-date=February 7, 2015 |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The survey was repeated in 2015, and found six YouTubers on the first ranks, with [[KSI (entertainer)|KSI]] ranked as most influential.<ref name="Dredge 2018" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ault |first=Susanne |date=July 23, 2015 |title=Digital Star Popularity Grows Versus Mainstream Celebrities |language=en-US |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtubers-teen-survey-ksi-pewdiepie-1201544882/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501164355/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtubers-teen-survey-ksi-pewdiepie-1201544882/ |archive-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref> Several YouTubers and their influence were subjects for scientific studies, such as [[Zoella]],<ref name="Jerslev 2016" /> and [[PewDiePie]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beers Fägersten |first=Kristy |date=August 1, 2017 |title=The role of swearing in creating an online persona: The case of YouTuber PewDiePie |journal=Discourse, Context & Media |language=en |volume=18 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.dcm.2017.04.002 |issn=2211-6958}}</ref> Numerous studies in the late 2010s found that YouTuber was the most desired career by children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Geoff |date=May 24, 2017 |title=The Most-Desired Career Among Young People Today Is 'YouTuber' (Study) |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210035151/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/ |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=July 17, 2019 |title=American kids want to be famous on YouTube, and kids in China want to go to space: survey |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/american-kids-youtube-star-astronauts-survey-2019-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305213625/https://www.businessinsider.com/american-kids-youtube-star-astronauts-survey-2019-7 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dzhanova |first=Yelena |date=August 3, 2019 |title=Forget law school, these kids want to be a YouTube star |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/02/forget-law-school-these-kids-want-to-be-a-youtube-star.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302221225/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/02/forget-law-school-these-kids-want-to-be-a-youtube-star.html |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>
[[File:MrBeast 2023.jpg|thumb|[[MrBeast]] is the most-subscribed YouTuber on the platform, with over 400 million subscribers.]]
YouTubers' influence has also extended beyond the platform. Some have ventured into mainstream forms of media, such as [[Liza Koshy]], who, among other pursuits, hosted the revival of the [[Nickelodeon]] show ''[[Double Dare (franchise)|Double Dare]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=May 22, 2018 |title='Double Dare' Reboot Taps YouTube Star Liza Koshy as Host |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/double-dare-reboot-taps-youtube-star-liza-koshy-as-host-1113637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053306/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/double-dare-reboot-taps-youtube-star-liza-koshy-as-host-1113637 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> and starred in the [[Netflix]] dance-comedy film ''[[Work It (film)|Work It]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Catherine |date=August 11, 2020 |title='Work It': How Did Liza Koshy Learn to Dance Like That? |url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/work-it-how-did-liza-koshy-learn-to-dance-like-that.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023005906/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/work-it-how-did-liza-koshy-learn-to-dance-like-that.html/ |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=Showbiz CheatSheet}}</ref> Syrian-Emirati YouTuber, [[Hayla Ghazal]], opened two fashion boutiques as a result of her online success.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Arab YouTube star appointed by UN to fight for gender equality |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2016/03/07/Arab-YouTube-star-appointed-by-UN-to-fight-for-gender-equality- |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab.Power100.2016-63.Hayla Ghazal - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/100-under-40-world-s-most-influential-young-arabs-625956-htmlitemid625918 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.arabianbusiness.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[Ryan's Mystery Playdate]]'', a show starring Ryan Kaji, the then-seven-year-old host of the toy review and vlog channel [[Ryan's World]], began airing on the [[Nick Jr. Channel]];<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Nickelodeon Embarks on New Direction with Its Biggest, Most Wide-Ranging Content Slate Ever – New Shows Are ''All That'' and Much More |date=February 14, 2019 |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/02/14/nickelodeon-embarks-on-new-direction-with-its-biggest-most-wide-ranging-content-slate-ever-new-shows-are-all-that-and-much-more-281001/20190214nickelodeon01/ |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=[[Nickelodeon]] |via=[[The Futon Critic]] |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106172558/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/02/14/nickelodeon-embarks-on-new-direction-with-its-biggest-most-wide-ranging-content-slate-ever-new-shows-are-all-that-and-much-more-281001/20190214nickelodeon01/ |url-status=live }}</ref> later that year, [[NBC]] debuted ''[[A Little Late with Lilly Singh]]'' in its 1:35 am [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]] time slot. [[Lilly Singh|Singh's]] digital prominence was cited as a reason for her selection as host by then-NBC Entertainment co-chairman George Cheeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=September 17, 2019 |title=Lilly Singh's NBC series debut proves late night TV and YouTube need each other |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/17/20847627/lilly-singh-late-night-youtube-jimmy-fallon-jimmy-kimmel-seth-meyers-nbc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521210505/https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/17/20847627/lilly-singh-late-night-youtube-jimmy-fallon-jimmy-kimmel-seth-meyers-nbc |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Canadian YouTuber [[Jus Reign|Jasmeet Singh Raina]], otherwise known as JusReign, released his half-hour comedy series titled ''[[Late Bloomer (TV series)|Late Bloomer]]''. In 2025, Italian YouTuber [[PANDA BOI|Panda boi]] was awarded the Grand Prix Award at [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kryshtofovych |first=Yana |date=2025-05-26 |title=World's Top Influencers Honored at 2025 WIBA Awards During Cannes Festival |url=https://www.timesmonaco.com/worlds-top-influencers-honored-at-2025-wiba-awards-during-cannes-festival/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Times Monaco |language=en-US}}</ref>

In addition to expanding into other forms of media, several YouTubers have used their influence to raise money for [[Charity (practice)|charity]] or [[Activism|speak out on social issues]]. Notable examples include [[MrBeast|James Stephen "MrBeast" Donaldson]] and [[Mark Rober]], who helped raise over $20 million with their [[Team Trees]] campaign,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=David |date=October 31, 2019 |title=YouTube star MrBeast wants to plant 20 million trees. Elon Musk, Jack Dorsey, and more are helping him do it. |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/youtube-mrbeast-trees-trnd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030234714/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/youtube-mrbeast-trees-trnd/ |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#teamtrees |url=https://teamtrees.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517210957/https://teamtrees.org/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> and [[Felipe Neto]], who publicly criticized Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] for his response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Dom |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Felipe Neto: how a YouTuber became one of Jair Bolsonaro's loudest critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/12/felipe-neto-youtube-brazil-jair-bolsonaro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314203454/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/12/felipe-neto-youtube-brazil-jair-bolsonaro |archive-date=March 14, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Neto and fellow YouTuber [[JoJo Siwa]] to its [[Time 100|annual list]] of the world's 100 most influential people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Felipe Neto Is on the 2020 TIME 100 List |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888282/felipe-neto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303033248/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888282/felipe-neto/ |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=JoJo Siwa Is on the 2020 TIME 100 List |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888473/jojo-siwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207222527/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888473/jojo-siwa/ |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

Research suggests political YouTubers can have a highly "disruptive" influence in mainstream television news. This includes in 2018, when YouTuber [[Ash Sarkar]], of the Novara Media channel, experienced a "rapid rise" to fame by calling Piers Morgan an "idiot" - breaking with the norms of behavior on ''Good Morning Britain'' (ITV) whereby guests defer to his "authority."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Symons |first=Alex |date=December 2024 |title=Disruptors in media rituals: Ash Sarkar's 'Playful Rebellion' in converging television news |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392397.2024.2436195?src=exp-la |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=208–226 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2024.2436195 |via=Routledge|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She later appeared on ''Newsnight'' (BBC) in which she broke with the program's "unreservedly respectful coverage" of the Royal family by referring to them as "weird people."<ref name=":0" />

Due to this level of influence, in 2013, [[University of Michigan]] associate professor [[Robert Holden (politician)|Robert Hovden]] argued for the creation of a new index similar to the [[g-index]] and [[h-index]] to evaluate a person's output and impact on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hovden |first=Robert |date=September 12, 2013 |title=Bibliometrics for Internet media: Applying the ''h''-index to YouTube |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=2326–2331 |arxiv=1303.0766 |doi=10.1002/asi.22936 |issn=1532-2882 |s2cid=38708903}}</ref>

== Monetization ==
[[File:2017- Top earners on YouTube - column chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.25| Total annual earnings of the top ten YouTuber accounts, and the income of the single highest-earning account]]
YouTubers can earn revenue from [[Google AdSense]]. Additionally, they can supplement their income through [[affiliate links]], [[merchandising]], and 3rd party memberships using platforms such as [[Patreon]].<ref name="BBCnewsbeat2017">{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Evan Edinger: The five ways YouTubers make money |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-42395224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710071357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/42395224/evan-edinger-the-five-ways-youtubers-make-money |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=BBC Newsbeat |language=en-GB}}</ref> Popular channels have garnered corporate sponsors, who pay to be included in the videos.<ref name="BBCnewsbeat2017" /> In 2018, [[Walmart]], [[Nordstrom]], and others sought YouTube stars as [[influencer marketing|influencers]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Charisse |date=August 6, 2018 |title=Walmart, Nordstrom and others look to YouTube stars to woo millennials and Gen Z |work=[[CNBC]] |publisher=[[NBCUniversal]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/06/walmart-nordstrom-others-look-to-youtube-stars-millennials-and-gen-z.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806231256/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/06/walmart-nordstrom-others-look-to-youtube-stars-millennials-and-gen-z.html |archive-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>

In the early days of YouTube, there was no way to monetize videos on the platform. Much of the site's content was homemade and produced by hobbyists with no plans for making money on the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2006 |title=YouTube hits 100m videos per day |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5186618.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5186618.stm |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Lee |date=August 30, 2006 |title=Will All of Us Get Our 15 Minutes On a YouTube Video? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115689298168048904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002163044/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115689298168048904 |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> The first targeted advertising on the site came in the form of participatory video ads, which were videos in their own right that offered users the opportunity to view exclusive content by clicking on the ad.<ref name="NBCNews">{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2006 |title=YouTube expands types of advertising |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14464285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171720/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14464285 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> The first such ad was for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] show ''[[Prison Break]]'' and solely appeared above videos on [[Paris Hilton|Paris Hilton's]] channel.<ref name="NBCNews" /><ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |last=Morrissey |first=Brian |date=August 22, 2006 |title=YouTube Shuns Pre-Roll Video Advertising |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/youtube-shuns-pre-roll-video-advertising-86148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117221906/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/youtube-shuns-pre-roll-video-advertising-86148/ |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |magazine=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> At the time, the channel was operated by [[Warner Bros. Records]] and was cited as the first brand channel on the platform.<ref name="Morrissey" /> Participatory video ads were designed to link specific promotions to specific channels rather than advertising on the entire platform at once. When the ads were introduced in August 2006, YouTube CEO [[Chad Hurley]] rejected the idea of expanding into areas of advertising seen as less user-friendly at the time, saying, "We think there are better ways for people to engage with brands than forcing them to watch a commercial before seeing content. You could ask anyone on the net if they enjoy that experience and they'd probably say no."<ref name="Morrissey" /> However, YouTube began running in-video ads in August 2007, with preroll ads introduced in 2008.<ref name="Jackson">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Nicholas |date=August 3, 2011 |title=Infographic: The History of Video Advertising on YouTube |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/08/infographic-the-history-of-video-advertising-on-youtube/242836/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310113305/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/08/infographic-the-history-of-video-advertising-on-youtube/242836/ |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> In December 2007, YouTube launched the Partner Program, which allows channels that meet certain metrics (currently 1000 subscribers and 4000 public watch hours in the past year)<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Partner Program overview & eligibility |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/72851?hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916175325/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/72851?hl=en |archive-date=September 16, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=YouTube Help}}</ref> to run ads on their videos and earn money doing so.<ref name="Jackson" /> The Partner Program allowed for the first time YouTube personalities to make a living from the platform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strangelove |first=Michael |title=Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4426-8703-5}}</ref>{{Rp|7}}

During the 2010s, the ability for YouTubers to achieve wealth and fame due to success on the platform increased dramatically. In December 2010, ''[[Business Insider]]'' estimated that the highest earner on YouTube during the previous year was [[Dane Boedigheimer]], creator of the web series ''[[Annoying Orange]]'', with an annual income of around $257,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Will |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Meet The YouTube Stars Making More Money Than EMTs, Cops, Firefighters, And Teachers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/richest-youtube-stars-of-2010-2010-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171720/https://www.businessinsider.com/richest-youtube-stars-of-2010-2010-12 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |magazine=Business Insider}}</ref> Five years later, ''[[Forbes]]'' released its first list of the highest-earning YouTube personalities, estimating top earner [[PewDiePie]]'s income during the previous fiscal year at $12 million, more than some popular actors such as [[Cameron Diaz]] or [[Gwyneth Paltrow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Madeline |date=October 14, 2015 |title=The World's Highest-Paid YouTube Stars 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2015/10/14/the-worlds-highest-paid-youtube-stars-2015/?sh=2d91ab2c3192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171720/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2015/10/14/the-worlds-highest-paid-youtube-stars-2015/?sh=2d91ab2c3192 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> ''Forbes'' estimated that the tenth-highest earner that year was [[Rosanna Pansino]] at $2.5 million.{{Efn|In December 2020, ''Forbes'' estimated that the highest-earning YouTuber was [[Ryan Kaji]] at $29.5 million. The tenth-highest was [[Jeffree Star]] at $15 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Madeline |last2=Brown |first2=Abram |date=December 18, 2020 |title=The Highest-Paid YouTube Stars Of 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2020/12/18/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-of-2020/?sh=bf083346e508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171722/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2020/12/18/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-of-2020/?sh=bf083346e508 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref>}} That year, [[NME]] stated that "[[vlog]]ging has become big business."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassett |first=Jordan |date=August 13, 2015 |title=NME Investigation: Are YouTubers The New Pop Stars? |url=https://www.nme.com/features/nme-investigation-are-youtubers-the-new-pop-stars-756865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128105557/https://www.nme.com/features/nme-investigation-are-youtubers-the-new-pop-stars-756865 |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=January 28, 2020 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> The rapid influx of wealth within the YouTube community has led some to criticize YouTubers for focusing on earnings more than the creativity and connection with their fanbase that some claim was at the heart of the platform before expanded monetization.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tufnell |first=Nicholas |date=November 27, 2013 |title=The rise and fall of YouTube's celebrity pioneers |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-community |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035757/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-community |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloom |first=David |date=July 3, 2014 |title=YouTuber Dilemma: Staying 'Authentic' Amid 4K Cameras, Studio Money, Ad Dollars |url=https://deadline.com/2014/07/youtube-creators-authenticity-technology-brands-studios-797141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211230440/https://deadline.com/2014/07/youtube-creators-authenticity-technology-brands-studios-797141/ |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2018 |title=YouTubers: Money First, Fans Later |url=https://chris6d.medium.com/youtubers-money-first-fans-later-fcc36ac3b116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019113942/https://chriskirsch.medium.com/youtubers-money-first-fans-later-fcc36ac3b116 |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}</ref> In August 2021, it was reported [[Kevin Paffrath]] made $5 million in just the first 3 months of 2021 and his YouTube analytics showed he made "several million" in ad revenue within the prior 12 months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whelan |first=Robbie |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Social-Media Stars Who Move Markets |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-social-media-stars-who-move-markets-11630056601 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828063025/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-social-media-stars-who-move-markets-11630056601 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> By 2021, YouTuber earnings had expanded even more, with Forbes estimating that the highest earner that year was [[MrBeast]] at $51 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brown |first1=Abram |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2022/01/14/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-mrbeast-jake-paul-and-markiplier-score-massive-paydays/?sh=3b802a241aa7|title=The Highest-Paid YouTube Stars: MrBeast, Jake Paul and Markiplier Score Massive Paydays|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=April 5, 2022|archive-date=April 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405155023/https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2022/01/14/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-mrbeast-jake-paul-and-markiplier-score-massive-paydays/?sh=3b802a241aa7|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[List of YouTubers]]
* [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]]
* [[List of most-viewed YouTube channels]]
* {{annotated link|VTuber}}
* [[YouTube Creator Awards]]
* [[Online streamer]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Jean |date=2011-10-28 |title=YouTube |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0066.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies Online |language=en |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791286-0066}}

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:YouTubers| ]]
[[Category:2000s neologisms]]
[[Category:Journalism occupations]]

Kutch district

2026-03-27T22:28:27Z

TeresitaBunch: added references

{{short description|District in Gujarat, India}}
{{About|the modern district|other uses|Kutch (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kutch district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]
| total_type = Total
| official_name = Kachh district
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Prag Mahal Back side view, Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg
|photo1b = Sun Tample.jpg
|photo2a = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg
|photo2b = Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg
|photo3a = Safed Rann, Kutch.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Prag Mahal]], Sun Temple in [[Kotai]], [[Mundra Port]], [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Dholavira]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Bhuj
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bhuj]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 10
| area_total_km2 = 45674
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,092,371
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 6
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.908 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 70.59%
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 1
| website = {{URL|https://kutch.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Dholavira]]: A Harappan City
| designation1_date = 2021 (44th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}(iii)(iv)
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1645 1645]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
| registration_plate = GJ-12, GJ-39
| image_map = Gujarat Kachchh district.png
| map_caption1 = Location of Kutch district in Gujarat
}}

'''Kutch district''' ({{ipa|kfr|kətːʃʰ|lang}}), is a [[district]] of [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]], with its headquarters (capital) at [[Bhuj]]. Covering an area of 45,674 km2,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/images/pdf/kutch-district-profile.pdf |title=Kutch |publisher=Vibrantgujarat.com |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021095259/http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/images/pdf/kutch-district-profile.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref> Kutch is the largest district of India. The area of Kutch is larger than the entire area of other Indian states like [[Haryana]] (44,212 km2) and [[Kerala]] (38,863 km2), as well as the country of [[Estonia]] (45,335 km2).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake|url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Academia|language=en|last1=Sen|first1=Kavita|date=January 2001}}</ref> The population of Kutch is about 2,092,371.<ref name="kutch.gujarat.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://kutch.gujarat.gov.in/about-kutch|title=About Kutch | About Us | Collectorate - District Kutch|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173454/https://kutch.gujarat.gov.in/about-kutch|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has 10 [[talukas]], 939 villages, and 6 [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]].<ref name="kutch.gujarat.gov.in"/> The Kutch district is home to the [[Kutchi people]] who speak the [[Kutchi language]].

Kutch literally means something which intermittently becomes wet and dry; a large part of this district is known as [[Rann of Kutch]] which is shallow [[wetland]] which submerges in water during the rainy season and becomes dry during other seasons. The same word is also used in [[Sanskrit]] origin for a [[tortoise]]. The Rann is known for its marshy [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] which become snow white after the shallow water dries up each season before the [[monsoon]] rains.

The district is also known for [[ecology|ecologically]] important [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni grasslands]] with their seasonal [[marsh]]y [[wetland]]s which form the outer belt of the Rann of Kutch.

Kutch is surrounded by the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the south and west, while the northern and eastern parts are surrounded by the [[Great Rann of Kutch|Great]] and [[Little Rann of Kutch|Little Rann]] (seasonal wetlands) of Kutch. It is also next to the [[Indo-Pakistani border|border]] with [[Pakistan]], a neighbouring country of India. When there were not many dams built on its rivers, the Rann of Kutch remained wetlands for a large part of the year. Even today, the region remains wet for a significant part of year. The district had a population of 2,092,371 as of 2011 census, of which 30% were urban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 }}</ref> Motor vehicles registered in Kutch district have a registration number starting with GJ-12. The district is well connected by road, rail and air. There are four airports in the district: Nalia, Anjar, Mundra, and Bhuj. Bhuj and Anjar are well connected with [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai airport]]. Being a border district, Kutch has both an [[Indian Army|army]] and an [[Indian Air Force|air force]] base.

== History ==
{{main|History of Kutch|Cutch State}}

[[File:Maharao Khengarji III of Cutch - c1900.jpg|thumb|left|Maharao Khengarji III of Cutch - {{Circa|1900}}]]
The history of Kutch can be traced back to prehistoric times. There are several sites related to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] in the region, and it is mentioned in [[Hindu mythology]]. The region is also mentioned in Greek writings during the reign of [[Alexander the Great]]. For a time, it was ruled by [[Menander I]] of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], which was then overthrown by [[Indo-Scythians]]. The region was later ruled by the [[Maurya Empire]] and [[Indo-Parthians|Saka]]s. In the first century CE, it was under the [[Western Satraps]], followed by the [[Gupta Empire]]. By the fifth century, the [[Maitraka|Maitraka dynasty]] of [[Valabhi]] took over from which its close association with the ruling clans of Gujarat started.

[[Xuanzang|Hieun Tsang]] refers to Kutch as ''Kiecha'' in his writings. In the seventh century, Kutch was being ruled by [[Charan]]s, [[Kathi people|Kathis]], and [[Chavda dynasty|Chavdas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwVuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |date=2005 |publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan |language=en |quote=In the seventh century Kachchh formed part of the province of Sindh . Hieun Tsang refers to it as Kiecha . Invasions of Charans, Kathis and Chavadas Rajputs followed . In the ninth century the Arabs settled on the coast .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Laurence Frederic Rushbrook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RxAAAAAMAAJ |title=The Black Hills: Kutch in History and Legend: a Study in Indian Local Loyalties |date=1958 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |language=en |quote=From the eastern quarter, on the mainland, came Charans and Ahirs. These immigrants seem to have divided Kutch between them; their chiefs became territorial barons, with their own strongholds. Soon afterwards, the entire coast of western India was thrown into confusion by the Arab invasion of Sind.}}</ref> The [[Chavda dynasty|Chavdas]] ruled the eastern and central parts by the seventh century, but Kutch came under the rule of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] by the tenth century. After the fall of Chaulukya, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]]s ruled the state. By the thirteenth century, the Vaghelas controlled the whole of Kutch and adopted a new dynastic identity, [[Jadeja]].

For three centuries, Kutch was divided and ruled by three different branches of the [[Jadeja]] brothers. In the sixteenth century, Kutch was unified under one rule by Rao [[Khengarji I]] of these branches, and his direct descendants ruled for two centuries and had a good relationship with the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. One of his descendants, Rayadhan II, left three sons, of whom two died, and a third son, [[Pragmalji I]] took over the state and founded the current lineage of rulers at the start of the seventeenth century. The descendants of the other brothers founded states in [[Kathiawar]]. After turbulent periods and battles with the armies of Sindh, the state was stabilized in the middle of the eighteenth century by a council known as [[Bar Bhayat ni Jamat]] who placed Rao as a titular head and ruled independently. The state accepted the sovereignty of the [[British East India Company]] in 1819, when Kutch was defeated in battle. That same year, the state was devastated by an [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|earthquake]]. The state stabilized and flourished in business under subsequent rulers.

Upon the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Kutch acceded unto the [[dominion of India]] and was constituted an independent [[commissionaire]]. It was made a [[states and territories of India|state]] within the union of India in 1950. The state witnessed an [[1956 Anjar earthquake|earthquake in 1956]]. On 1 November 1956, [[Kutch State]] was merged with [[Bombay state]], which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]], with Kutch becoming part of [[Gujarat]] as Kutch district. The district was affected by a tropical cyclone in 1998 and the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in 2001]]. The state saw rapid industrialization and growth in tourism in subsequent years.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|[[Dholavira]], one of the largest cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, with [[stepwell]] steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs.<ref name=news>{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj|access-date=18 November 2009}}</ref>
The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|Ten [[Indus script|Indus characters]] from the northern gate of [[Dholavira]], dubbed the [[Dholavira Signboard]].
CoA Kutch 1893.png|Coat of Arms of [[Princely State of Cutch]] dating back to 1893 CE.
Kachchhflag.png|Flag of the [[Cutch State|Princely State of Cutch]]
</gallery>

== Topography ==
Kutch District, at {{Convert|45674|sqkm|sqmi}}, is the largest [[Districts in India|district in India]]. The administrative headquarters is the city of [[Bhuj]] which is geographically in the center of the district. [[Gandhidham]] is the largest city and [[Financial]] centre of Kutch. Other main towns are [[Rapar]], [[Nakhatrana]], [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], [[Mandvi]], [[Madhapar]], [[Mundra]] and [[Bhachau]]. Kutch has 969 villages. Kala Dungar (Black Hill) is the highest point in Kutch at {{Convert|458|m|ft|0}}.
[[File:A state highway through the Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|A state highway through the Rann of Kutch]]
Kutch is virtually an island, as it is surrounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west; the [[Gulf of Kutch]] in south and southeast and [[Rann of Kutch]] in north and northeast. The border with Pakistan lies along the northern edge of the Rann of Kutch, of the [[Sir Creek]]. The Kutch peninsula is an example of active [[Thrust fault|fold and thrust]] [[tectonism]]. In Central Kutch there are four major east-west hill ranges characterized by [[Fault (geology)|fault propagation]] folds with steeply dipping northern limbs and gently dipping southern limbs. From the gradual increasing dimension of the linear chain of hillocks towards the west along the Kutch mainland [[Fault plane|fault]] and the [[epicentre]] of the earthquake of 2001 lying at the eastern extreme of Kutch mainland fault, it is suggested that the eastern part of the Kutch mainland fault is progressively emerging upward. It can be suggested from the absence of distinct [[surface rupture]] both during the [[1956 Anjar earthquake]] and [[2001 Bhuj earthquake]], that movements have taken place along a [[Blind thrust earthquake|blind thrust]]. Villages situated on the blind [[thrust]] in the eastern part of the Kutch mainland hill range (viz. Jawaharnagar, Khirsara, Devisar, Amarsar and Bandhdi) were completely erased during the 2001 earthquake.<ref name="karanth">{{Cite journal |last1=Karanth |first1=R. V. |last2=Gadhavi |first2=M. S. |date=10 November 2007 |title=Structural intricacies: Emergent thrusts and blind thrusts of central kachchh, western india |journal=Current Science |issue=9 |pages=1271–1280 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/nov102007/1271.pdf |volume=93 }}</ref>

=== Rivers and dams ===
There are ninety-seven small rivers in Kutch District, most of which flow into the [[Arabian Sea]], but some of which feed the Rann of Kutch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers of Kachchh Region|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/images/Katch_big.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608032050/http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/images/Katch_big.jpg|archive-date=8 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Twenty major dams,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat: Disaster Management Plan: Operation of gates and rule curve levels for Irrigation Projects|publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department|page=28|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/disaster_man_plan_1.8.pdf}}</ref> and numerous smaller dams, capture the rainy season runoff.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2001 Kutch Earthquake Gujarat State, India: Investigation into Damage to Civil Engineering Structures: Dams|publisher=The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)|url=http://www.jsce.or.jp/report/12/Indian/Report/PDF/indo6.pdf}}</ref> While most of these dams do not affect the Ranns, as they are on rivers that feed directly into the Arabian Sea, storage of rainy season water upstream from Kutch and its use in irrigation has resulted in less fresh water coming into the Ranns of Kutch during the rainy season. This is true of the Great Rann, but particularly true of the Little Rann which is fed by the [[Luni River|Luni]], [[Rupen River|Rupen]], the Bambhan, the Malwan, the [[Kankawati River|Kankawati]], and the [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]] rivers. However sea water from the Arabian Sea still continues to be driven into the Great Rann by storm tides aided by high winds.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gupta, Vishal Jaishankar|year=2011|chapter=Chapter 2. Environmental Outlines of the little Rann of Kutch|title=Geomorphodynamics and morphoecological management in the little Rann of Kutch|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8899/9/09_chapter%202.pdf}}, [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/8899 full document]</ref> Water remains a serious issue in Kutch.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bhagat, Pamela|date=6 June 2004|title=A desert weeps|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600140200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627184933/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600140200.htm|archive-date=27 June 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kutch's thirst for water is satisfied by Narmada river flowing from Sardar Sarovar dam.
[[File:Rudramata Dam. A rain water reservoir that supplies water to deserted areas around capital city of Bhuj.jpg|thumb|Rudramata Dam. A rain water reservoir that supplies water to deserted areas around capital city of Bhuj]]
[[File:Mandvi Rukmavati River1 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Rukmavati River, Mandvi]]
[[File:View from kala dunger kutch.JPG|thumb|Kalo dunger]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" align="center" class=wikitable
|+ '''Dams in Kutch District'''
|-
! style="background: #efefef;" | Dam
! style="background: #efefef;" | Reservoir
! style="background: #efefef;" | River
! style="background: #efefef;" | depth in meters when full
! style="background: #efefef;" | near
|-
| Bhukhi Dam || || Bhukhi || 72.78 ||
|-
| Berachiya Dam || || Nyara || 70.40 ||
|-
| Chang Dam || || || 18.00 ||
|-
| Don Dam || || Kharod || 47.75 ||
|-
| Fatehgadh Dam || || Malan || 22.70 ||
|-
| Gajansar Dam || Gajansar || Panjora || 31.08 ||
|-
| Gajod Dam || || Nagmati || 90.82 ||
|-
| Godhatad Dam || || Mitiariwali || 23.00 ||
|-
| Goyala Dam || Goyala || Sugandhi || 8.00 ||
|-
| Jangadia Dam || Janghadia || Khari || 38.60 ||
|-
| Kaila Dam || || Kaila || 79.25 ||
|-
| Kalaghogha Dam || || Phot || 37.00 ||
|-
| Kankawati Dam || || Kankawati || 131.67 ||
|-
| Kaswati Dam || || Kaswati || 51.20 ||
|-
| Mathal Dam || || Dhadodh || 82.78 ||
|-
| [[Mitti Dam]] || Mitti || Mitti || 18.50 ||
|-
| Nara Dam || || Nara || 27.43 ||
|-
| Nirona Dam || || Bhurud || 43.58 ||
|-
| Rudramata Dam || || Rudramati (Khari) || 66.44 ||
|-
| Sanandro Dam || || Kali || 59.74 ||
|-
| Suvi Dam || || Suvi || 42.67 || Lilpar
|-
| Tappar (W.S) Dam || || Sakara || 40.85 ||
|-
|Vijay sagar Dam
|
|
|33.00
|
|}

=== Divisions ===

Kutch is divided into four zones:

* Wagad (including Rapar, Bhachau taluka and Little Rann)
* Kanthi (coastal area, derived from Gujarati:કાંઠો), comprising Mundra and half of Mandvi taluka.
* Banni (with Pascham; includes Bhuj, Nakhatrana and surrounding areas)
* Makpat (includes part of Nakhatrana and Lakhapat taluka).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA2|title=Gujarat|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911044|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:IndianWildAss (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Indian wild ass]] (''Equus hemionus khur''), or ''khur'' or ''ghodkhur'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] language.]]
Under the [[Cutch State|Kutch]] [[princely state]], Kutch was divided into Bani, Abdasa, Anjar, Banni, Bhuvad Chovisi, Garado, [[Halar]] Chovisi, Kand, Kantho, Khadir, Modaso, Pranthal, Prawar, and Vagad.

Kutch District is further divided into six subdistricts, each comprising one or two [[taluka]]:

* Bhuj ([[Bhuj]] taluka)
* Anjar ([[Anjar, India|Anjar]] and [[Gandhidham]])
* Bhachau ([[Bhachau]] and [[Rapar]])
* Mundra ([[Mundra]] and [[Mandvi]])
* Nakhatrana ([[Nakhatrana]] and [[Lakhpat]])
* Naliya ([[Abdasa Taluka|Abdasa]]-Naliya)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kachchh District Panchayat: Taluka Panchayat|publisher=Kutch District|url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915111800/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archive-date=15 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wildlife sanctuaries and reserves ===

From the city [[Bhuj]] various [[ecology|ecologically]] rich and [[wildlife conservation]] areas of the Kutch district can be visited such as [[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]] and [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]].

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,88,022|13=1911|14=5,13,429|15=1921|16=4,84,547|17=1931|18=5,20,496|19=1941|20=5,07,880|21=1951|22=5,67,606|23=1961|24=6,96,440|25=1971|26=8,49,769|27=1981|28=10,50,161|29=1991|30=12,62,507|31=2001|32=15,83,225|33=2011|34=20,92,371|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|align=middle}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kutch District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,092,371,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Kutch |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/374/download/1144/DH_2011_2401_PART_A_DCHB_KACHCHH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[North Macedonia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Macedonia 2,077,328 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=New Mexico – 2,059,179 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 217th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 46 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 32.16%. Kutch has a [[sex ratio]] of 908 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 71.58%. 34.81% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.37% and 1.05% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kutch district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|21.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|pink|1.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.76}}
}}

Kutch district has a Hindu majority and Muslim minority with around 1% of Jains. Most Muslims are rural and Kutchi-speaking, and are concentrated in areas closest to the Pakistan border such as [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni]]. Lakhpat (41.20%) and Abdasa (38.01%) taluks have significant concentration of Muslims, while rural areas of Bhuj taluk have nearly 40% Muslims. Elsewhere, Gujarati Hindus and Muslims are in proportions consistent with the rest of Gujarat.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Kutch district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] | value1 = 54.91 | color1 = skyblue
| label2 = [[Kutchi language|Kachchhi]] | value2 = 33.50 | color2 = springgreen
| label3 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | value3 = 5.92 | color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] | value4 = 1.42 | color4 = limegreen
| label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] | value5 = 0.56 | color5 = gold
| label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] | value6 = 0.52 | color6 = maroon
| label7 = others | value7 = 3.17 | color7 = grey
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Total<ref name="language"/>
!Percentage
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|1,148,926
|54.91
|-
|[[Kutchi language|Kachchhi]]
|700,880
|33.50
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|123,914
|5.92
|-
|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
|29,810
|1.42
|-
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|11,692
|0.56
|-
|[[Marwari language|Marwari]]
|10,920
|0.52
|-
|Others
|66,229
|4.24
|}

According to the 2011 Census, Kachchhi speakers are a majority in 5 out of the 10 tehsils: Abdasa (76.06%), Lakhpat (69.71%), Mandvi (62.48%), Nakhatrana (54.54%) and Mundra (50.66%). In addition, they are 43.39% in Bhuj, 18.06% in Anjar and 14.13% in Gandhidham. However in Rapar and Bhachau, they are only 0.14% and 1.05% respectively.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Kutchi is classified as a dialect of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. A common misconception is that it is a dialect of Gujarati. The script of the Kutchi language has become extinct. It is now mainly written in the [[Gujarati script]]. Samples of Kutch script are available in the [[Kutch Museum]]. The increased use of Gujarati language is mainly because of its being a medium of instruction in schools.

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Kutch district}}
|}

==Notable religious sites==
* [[Narayan Sarovar]] Temple and [[Koteshwar, Kutch|Koteshwar Temple]]
* [[Ashapura Mata]] temple at [[Mata no Madh]]. The village is located about 100 km from Bhuj. Ashapura Mata is the household deity (Kuldevi) of former Jadeja rulers of Cutch State.
* The [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]] has a huge following in this Kutch region. Their main temple in this district is [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj]].
* The [[Muslims]] have a following in the Kutch region. Their main dargah-shrine in this district is Shah Zakariya Ali Akbar, [[Hajipir]].
* [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] city also has a Swaminarayan Mandir
* [[Lakhpat]] has religious significance for three of India's most populous religions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/346|title=Lakhpat, Islam, Sikhism, Kutch, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India|website=www.gujarattourism.com|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819061443/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/346|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The temple of Gudthar Vara Shri Matiya Dev, a deity of the Maheshwari sect, is located in Kutch. Shri Matiya Dev is considered very revered in the Maheshwari sect.
* [[Siyot Caves]]
* [[Mundra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/354|title=Mundra, Port Town, Kutch, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India|website=www.gujarattourism.com|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819061442/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/354|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Khetabapa, Vithon

Important Jain places of Pilgrimage are -
* [[Bhadreshwar|Shri Bhadreshwar Jain Tirth Derasar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/355|title=Bhadreshwar, Jainism, Mandvi, Kutch, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India|website=www.gujarattourism.com|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819061442/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/355|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Koday Jain tirth<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/352| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831083405/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/352| archive-date = 2014-08-31| title = Koday, Jain Temple, Mandvi - Kutch, Jainism, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India}}</ref> (72 Jinalaya Jain Temple here is the most famous)
* Vanki Mahavir Jain Temple, Vaanki, Gujarat 370425
* [[Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara|Kothara Shantinath Jain Tirth]], Kothara, Abdasa Taluka
* [[Naliya]] Thirth Jain Derasar
* [[Jakhau]] Mahavirswami Sw. Jain Tirth
* Suthri Dhrutkallol Parshwanath Maha Tirth, [[Suthari]]

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Narayan Sarovar, awesome temple.JPG|[[Narayan Sarovar]] Temple
File:Ashapura Mata Tempe, Matano Madh, Kachchh.jpg|Ashapura Mata Temple, [[Mata no Madh]]
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Bhadreshwar]]
File:Lakhpat Gurdwara 2014-01-27 13-07.jpg|[[Lakhpat]] Gurdwara
File:Haji Peer Dargah from backsyd - panoramio.jpg|[[Hajipir]] Dargah
</gallery>

== Education ==
[[File:Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Varma Kutch University Main Gate Bhuj.jpg|thumb|Krantiguru [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] [[Kachchh University]], Bhuj]]
Higher education in Kutch has been regulated by [[Kachchh University]] since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/Kutch%20Uni%20Act%202003.pdf|title=Kutch Uni. Index_comb_.doc|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616055024/https://kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/Kutch%20Uni%20Act%202003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 43 colleges in total are affiliated to the university, offering courses in humanities, science, commerce, medicine, nursing, education and computer science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/List_of_Affiliated_Colleges%20-%2013-14_New.pdf |title=List of Affiliated Colleges Up to 2013-14 |date= |website=KRANTIGURU SHYAMJI KRISHNA VERMA KACHCHH UNIVERSITY}}</ref> Professional courses in engineering, pharmacy and management are regulated through the [[Gujarat Technological University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gtu.ac.in/affiliatedInstitute.asp |title=Gujarat Technological University |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421074116/http://www.gtu.ac.in/affiliatedInstitute.asp |archive-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== People ===
{{main|Kutchi people}}

Kutch district is inhabited by various groups and communities. One can find various nomadic, semi nomadic and artisan groups living in Kutch. [[Rabari]] constitute a comparatively large group in Kutch. There is also an [[Ahir]] community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/aboriginal-tribes/aboriginal-tribes.pdf |title=Aboriginal Tribes of India And Pakistan: The Bhils & Kolhis |author=Hawabai Mustafa Shah |website=Academy of the Punjab in North America}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Caravan 1.jpg|Caravan near [[Mundra]], Kutch
File:Megwhal woman.jpg|A [[Meghwal]] woman in the [[Hodka]] village, north of [[Bhuj]].
</gallery>

=== Food and drink ===
[[File:Dhamakedar Dabeli.jpg|thumb|left|Kutchi Dabeli]]
[[File:Kutchi thali.JPG|thumb|Kutchi thali]]

Because most of the population of the Kutch district is [[Hindu]] or [[Jain]], the food of the region is largely vegetarian. Jains also refrain from eating [[root vegetables]] (''kandmool'' in Hindi) such as [[potatoes]], [[garlic]], [[onion]]s, and [[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius|yams]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Food & Drink|url=https://kachchh.nic.in/food-drink/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=District Kachchh, Government of Gujarat|language=en-US}}</ref> The district also features a sizeable population of Muslims, who eat vegetables, chicken, mutton and occasionally camel meat.

In the villages of the district, staple foods include [[Khichri|kadi-khichdi]], milk, and [[Pearl millet|bajra]] (pearl millet). The latter of these was introduced to the region by a king named Lakho Fulani, who was himself introduced to the grain during his period of exile.<ref name=":0" /> Bajara na rotla with curd and buttermilk is also a staple among the Gujarati people.

In the region, milk is considered to be a sacred food; an offering of milk is considered a gesture of friendship and welcoming, and dispute settlements invariably involve the parties offering milk to each other. Similarly, in Kutchi engagement ceremonies, the bride's family offers milk to the groom's family as a symbol of accepting their relationship. They also extensively drink buttermilk during lunch.<ref name=":0" />

[[Tea]] is the most popular drink in this region.

== Economy ==
[[File:The port of Mundra in Gujarat.jpg|thumb|The port of Mundra, Kutch]]
Historically Kutch was always considered a [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|backward region]] due to its location and submerged geography. The situation seemed to have worsened after the disastrous [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Kutch earthquake]] in 2001. But in the next decade, the economy took an almost miraculous jump start due to the intense efforts of the Gujarat government. Kutch today is a growing economic and industrial hub in one of India's fastest growing states – Gujarat. Its location on the far western edge of India has resulted in the commissioning of two major ports: [[Kandla]] and [[Mundra]]. These ports are closest to the Gulf of Arabia (and thus to Europe by sea). The hinterland of north-western India hosts more than 50% of India's population.

Quality of roads is good in Kutch. The large part of the growth of Kutch came after intense development by the state government as part of 2001 earthquake relief.

Due to the existence of two major ports i.e. [[Kandla Port|Kandla]] and [[Mundra Port|Mundra]] transportation as a business has thrived. Since historical times the people of Kutch have formed the backbone of trade between Gujarat mainland and Sindh. After the formation of Pakistan this trade stopped for good, but due to the inception of the Kandla port, trade boomed again. Kandla port is also in Kutch. It is considered Gateway to India's North. It is managed by the Kandla Port trust.

=== Mineral ===
[[File:Lignite-coal.jpg|thumb|[[Lignite]]]]
Kutch is a mineral rich region with a very large reserve of [[Lignite]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328007012200.htm|title=The brown gold of Kutch – By tapping the huge mineral deposits of the Kutch region, Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. plans to turn the backward area into a prosperous one|first=V.K.|last=Chakravarti|volume=20|issue=6|date=15–28 March 2003|publisher=Frontline Magazine|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107132043/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328007012200.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bauxite]], [[Gypsum]] and other minerals. Kutch received tax break for industries for 15 years after the major earthquake on 26 January 2001.
Lignite is mined only by Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC) at its two mines in Panandhro and [[Mata no Madh]]. The Panandaro mines has now been reserved for GEB and GMDC power plants and [[Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation|GMDC]] has stopped supplying other industries from there.<ref>http://steelguru.com/news/index/2008/08/10/NTgyNzg%3D/GMDC_to_soon_start_lignite_mining_at_4_locations_in_Gujarat.html{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Cement and power ===
Kutch also houses cement plants Gujarat Anjan Cement Limited promoted by infrastructure conglomerate Anjan Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anjangroup.com/|title=ANJAN GROUP - INFRASTRUCTURE FOR LIFE|date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801012635/http://anjangroup.com/|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> and Sanghi Industries Ltd's promoted by Sanghi Group. The companies are now planning to increase the capacity at Abdasa location from 3–9 million tons per annum.<ref name=toi_1>{{cite news |title=SIL to set up cement plant in Kutch |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2162629.cms |format=cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Ahmedabad |date=30 June 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103095250/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2162629.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> By 2015, the company plans to produce 20 million tons.<ref name=toi_1 />

=== Forestry ===
Kutch district has a scanty forest cover. Hence there is negligible risk of illegal cutting of forests. This coupled with the adequate facilities available at Kandla port has helped establish the timber market. In 1987, Kandla Timber Association was formed in order to resolve the specific problems of timber importers and timber allied industries coming up during the period. The timber industry is growing at a faster pace with 300 saw mills working in Gandhidham-Kandla Complex.

=== Salt ===
[[File:Salt worker in Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|Salt worker in Rann of Kutch]]
The Little Rann of Kutch is known for its traditional salt production and various references mention this to be a 600-year-old activity. During the British period, this activity increased manifold. It was used to fund a substantial part of the military expenses of the British government.

Communities involved in salt production are mainly Chunvaliya Koli, Ahir and Miyana (Muslim), residing in 107 villages in the periphery of Lesser Rann of Kutch. These communities are traditionally known to have the skills of salt production and are known as 'Agariyas'. Water quality in 107 villages of Lesser Rann of Kutch is saline, thus agriculture is not an option. Hence salt production is the only livelihood option for Agariyas. As per the Salt Commission's report there are 45000 Agariyas working in the salt pans of Kutch. Out of the estimated total annual production of India of about 18 million tonnes, Gujarat contributes 75% – mainly from Kutch and other parts of Saurashtra.

=== Textile art ===
[[File:Antique Kutch Embroidery.jpg|thumb|An example of Kutch Embroidery – Antique Dowry Bag]]
[[File:Ajrak.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ajrak]]]]
Kutch is one of the most prolific regions in India in the area of textile art. Kutch Embroidery is dense with motifs, and a variation with mirrors sewn into the embroidery is one of the signature arts of this region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=word |first=Few |date=2025-09-09 |title=Kutch Embroidery: The White Desert's 16 Alphabet |url=https://www.craftcentres.com/post/kutch-embroidery-16-types |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Bhujodi Saree |language=en}}</ref>

Within the category of Kutch embroidery there are several sub-categories as each tribe and sub-tribe produces a unique signature form of art.
[[File:Rogan Painting.jpg|thumb|"Tree of Life" Rogan painting]]
Kutchi embroidery is an evolving expression of the craft and textile traditions of the Rabaris, a nomadic tribe in Gujarat. Kutch embroidery is unique in the sense that a net is woven on a cloth using thread. The net is then filled in using the same thread by intricate interlocking stitches. The patterns are usually built around geometric shapes. This embroidery follows its own traditional design logic and juxtaposition of colours and motifs. The Rohanas tribals of Kutch specialise in skirt work. The Sodhas use a geometric style for their embroidery. The Garacia Jats are experts in tiny embroidery on the yoke, which intermingles with red, orange, blue and green threads. The Dhanetah Jats love embroidering broad pear-shaped mirrors using orange, black, yellow and red in chain stitch. [[Rogan painting|Rogan art]] textile is a traditional fabric painting technique in the Kutch region of Gujarat, India, believed to be over 1,550 years old. It involves applying a thick paste made from castor oil and natural pigments onto cotton fabric using a metal rod to create intricate decorative designs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Rogan Art (Rogan Painting): History, Technique, and Living Tradition |url=https://roganart.com/rogan-art-rogan-painting-history-technique-and-living-tradition/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In culture ==
[[File:White Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|White Rann of Kutch]]
[[J. P. Dutta]]'s [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' is shot on location in the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] and other locations in the Kutch district of [[Gujarat]], India. This film is attributed to have been inspired by the famous story by [[Keki N. Daruwalla]] based around the Great Rann of Kutch titled ''Love Across the Salt Desert''<ref>[http://learnhub.com/lesson/8204-love-across-the-salt-desert Love Across the Salt Desert] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222431/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8204-love-across-the-salt-desert|date=2 December 2013}}; by Keki N. Daruwalla. Pdf of full story posted at [[Boston University]] at [http://cns.bu.edu/~sat/satblog/fotos/lasd.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719155552/http://cns.bu.edu/~sat/satblog/fotos/lasd.pdf|date=19 July 2011}}. [http://learnhub.com/lesson/8205-love-across-the-salt-desert-know-more Bollywood connection – J. P. Dutta's "Refugee" is said to be inspired by this story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231316/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8205-love-across-the-salt-desert-know-more|date=2 December 2013}}; learnhub, [[University of Dundee]]</ref> which is also included as one of the short stories in the School Standard XII syllabus English text book of [[NCERT]] in India.<ref>[http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/hr_c_syll_enggen.asp (iii) Supplementary Reader; Selected Pieces of General English for Class XII; English General – Class XII] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129003324/http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/hr_c_syll_enggen.asp|date=29 January 2011}}; Curriculum and Syllabus for Classes XI & XII; [[NCERT]]. Also posted at [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:7ntDKDdv7C8J:www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%2520for%2520ISC%25202011/ISC%2520Appendix%2520-%2520I%2520-%2520List%2520of%2520Prescribed%2520Text%2520Books.pdf+love+across+the+salt+desert+school+book&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgJ2u5Zn9VJb8UC3LXk1MDsfBERX-6E1YnXt26Zlk-U0eZUQUcI9sYBSYRsT0kWnjkODYtCiUrkQ5FFA0zNmU2iH6SusNqJp69XsZRKb9NGE5CbIDuH7jKqGHt-5Zq1ohU1Ese-&sig=AHIEtbTRkblCLszaeaAoijZrBVDt84XjRA] / [https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193543/http://www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%20for%20ISC%202011/ISC%20Appendix%20-%20I%20-%20List%20of%20Prescribed%20Text%20Books.pdf], {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164431/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> The [[film crew]] having traveled from [[Mumbai]] was based at the city of [[Bhuj]] and majority of the [[film shooting]] took place in various locations around in the Kutch District of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] including the Great Rann of Kutch (also on BSF controlled "snow white" Rann within), Villages and [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) Posts in [[Banni grasslands]] and the Rann, Tera fort village, [[Lakhpat]] fort village, Khera fort village, a village in southern Kutch, some ancient temples of Kutch and with parts and a song filmed on set in Mumbai's Kamalistan Studio.

Just after the film shooting of ''Refugee'' finished, the film crew of another Bollywood film ''[[Lagaan]]'' descended on Bhuj in Kutch and shot the entire film in the region, employing local people and villagers from miles around. A set of a full period Village was constructed for the film with typical Kutch style mud houses or huts with thatched straw roofs called ''boongas''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LgyDSNoCLYEC Google Books Preview: "The spirit of Lagaan – The extraordinary story of the creators of a classic"]; by Satyajit Bhatkal; Published by Popular Prakshan Pvt. Ltd.; {{ISBN|81-7991-003-2}} (3749)</ref>

==Towns and villages==


* [[Anjar, India|Anjar]]
* [[Amarapar]]
* [[Bhachau]]
* [[Bhuj]]
* [[Chher]]
* [[Dhavda Nana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhavda Nana |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Dhavda--Nana/OTTrpws8B6 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>
* [[Gandhidham]]
* [[Gagodar]]
* [[Hodka]]
* [[Khavda]]
* [[Lakhpat]]
* [[Madhapar]]
* [[Mandvi]]
* [[Mundra]]
* [[Nakhatrana]]
* [[Naliya]]
* [[Rapar]]
* [[Sonalnagar]]
* [[Khatiya]]

== See also ==
* [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]
* [[Banni grasslands]]
* [[Bhuj]], [[Gandhidham]], [[Mandvi]]
* [[Cutch State]] / [[Kutch State]]
* [[Dabeli]]
* [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Kutchi (disambiguation)|Kutchi]]
* [[Kutchi language]]
* [[Kutchi people]]
* [[Princely State of Cutch]]
* [[Rann of Kutch]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Kutch}}
* {{Official website|https://www.kutchrannutsavbooking.in/}}
*[https://kutch.gujarat.gov.in Katch District Collectorate]
*[https://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in Katch District Panchayat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162346/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,693641&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL of Kutch Peninsula and the Great Rann; The Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines, Government of India]
*{{OSM relation|8269590}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kutch district
|North = ''[[Badin District|Badin]] and [[Tharparkar District|Tharpakar]] districts, [[Sindh]]''
|Northeast = [[Barmer district]], [[Rajasthan]] [[Banaskantha district]]
|East = [[Patan district]]
|Southeast = [[Surendranagar district]] [[Morbi district]]
|South = ''[[Gulf of Kutch]]''
|Southwest =''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest = ''[[Thatta District]], [[Sindh]]''}}

{{Gujarat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kutch district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Joravarsinh Jadav

2026-03-27T10:13:34Z

TeresitaBunch: improved article

{{Short description|Indian folklorist (1940–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Joravarsinh Jadav
| image = Joravarsinh jadav photo.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1940|1|10}}
| birth_place = Akru, [[Dhandhuka]], Bomaby Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|11|07|1940|1|10}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Vice-chairman of [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], Folklorist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| genre =
| notableworks =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sajjankunwarba|May 1963|1968|end=her death}} {{marriage|Hemkunwarba |6 March 1969}}
| children =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
| signature = Joravarsinh Jadav autograph.jpg
| years_active =
| website = 
}}

'''Joravarsinh Danubhai Jadav''' (10 January 1940 – 7 November 2025) was an Indian [[folklore studies|folklorist]] and proponent of the [[folk arts]] from [[Gujarat]]. Exposed to folk culture as a child, he studied history and culture in [[Ahmedabad]]. He wrote and edited more than 90 works on [[Folklore|folk culture]], [[Oral literature|folk literature]], and folk arts. He established the Gujarat Lok Kala Foundation for the promotion of folk arts. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2019. He was also the Vice-chairman of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/who-is-who|title=Vice Chairman|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jadav was born on 10 January 1940 in Akru village near [[Dhandhuka]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]] (now in [[Ahmedabad district]], Gujarat) to a karadiya [[Rajput]] Jagirdar family. His parents were Danubhai Halubhai Jadav and Pamba. He was the second of six children.<ref name="GVK" />{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=8–9}} He was raised by his stepmother, Gangaba.{{snf|Vaghela|2011|p=12}}

He was exposed to folk literature and folk arts as a child due to his living in a rural area.<ref name="GVK" /> He received his primary school education in his village and in Sheth Hasanali High School in [[Dholka]]. He received his secondary school education from [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] in 1956–57.{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=16–19}} In 1961, he completed his bachelor of arts degree in [[Gujarati language]] and History at [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad|St. Xavier's College]], Ahmedabad.<ref name="GVK" />{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=19–20}}

Jadav found the remains of a Late [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan]] site on a mound near the Khalavi lake near his native village of Akru.<ref name="GVK"/> This whetted his interest in archaeology and history, and he completed his master of arts in Ancient Indian Culture at the Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research, Ahmedabad, in 1963.<ref name="GVK" />{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=19–20}} His interests in folk literature, folk culture, and folk arts developed further during these years.<ref name="GVK">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Madia|first=Amitabh|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|date=January 2002|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=XV|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=883–884|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|language=gu|oclc=248968453}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his master's degree, he became a teacher of Gujarati at Panchsheel High School in Saraspur, Ahmedabad. He left and joined St. Xavier's College as a part-time lecturer.{{snf|Vaghela|2011|p=26}} In 1964, he joined the ''Sahkar'' weekly published by the Gujarat State Co-operative Union as a publication officer. He was later promoted to the post of chief executive officer in 1994 and served there until his retirement in 1998. He also edited and published the ''Gramswaraj'' monthly<ref name="GVK"/>{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=26–27}} and edited the ''Jinmangal'' monthly.<ref name="GVK"/>

Jadav popularised folk arts and patronised folk artists by promoting them on various mass media sites, including television and radio. In 1978, he established the Gujarat Lok Kala Foundation for the promotion of the folk arts and to give folk artists from Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]] wider exposure and employment. The Foundation provided a platform for folk artists at the national and international levels.<ref name="GVK"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/six-from-gujarat-get-padma-awards/articleshow/67694811.cms|title=Six from Gujarat get Padma awards|date=26 January 2019|website=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Jadav married Sajjankunwar, the daughter of Vadansinh Chavda, in May 1963. They had two daughters before his wife died in an accident in 1968. Jadav then married Hemkunwar, the daughter of Pethabhai Solanki, in 1969; they had two daughters and a son.{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feelingsmultimedia.com/life-is-the-hallmark-of-my-wife-joravar-singh-jadav/|title=જીવન સંસ્કૃતિની ધરોહર છે મારી પત્ની'- જોરાવરસિંહ જાદવ|last=Trivedi|first=Pradeep|date=7 June 2017|website=Feelings Magazine|publisher=Feelings Multimedia Ltd.|language=gu|trans-title=My wife is the foundation of my life: Joravarsinh Jadav|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

Jadav died on 7 November 2025, at the age of 85.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/veteran-folk-artistejoravarsinh-jadav-dies-at-85-10352121/lite/ Veteran folk artiste who mentored many, Joravarsinh Jadav dies at 85]</ref>

==Works==
As of 2019, Jadav had written and edited 110 Books on folk literature, folk culture, and folk arts.<ref name=":0" />{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=30–31}} Since 1958, his articles on folk literature and folk arts have been published in various magazines and dailies, including ''[[Buddhiprakash]]'', ''Nutan Gujarat'', ''Rang Tarang'', ''Akhand Anand'', ''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', and ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]''.<ref name="GVK"/>{{snf|Vaghela|2011|pp=30–31}}

His collections of folk stories set in a rural background are ''Marad Kasumbal Rang Chade'' (1968), ''Maradai Matha Sate'' (1970), ''Loksahityani Chaturaikathao'' (1974), and ''Rajput Kathao'' (1979). His collections of children's stories include ''Bhatigal Lokkathao'' (1973) and ''Manoranjak Kathamala'' (1977). His reference works on folk literature and arts include ''Aapna Kasabio'' (1972), ''Lokjivanna Moti'' (1975), ''Gujaratni Loksanskriti'' (1976), ''Loksanskritina Pashuo'' (1979), and ''Prachin Bharatna Shastrashastro'' (1981). For ''Gujarati Loksahityamala'' (Gujarati Folk Literature Series), he edited folk songs from the [[Bhal region]]. He has edited several works of folk literature, including ''Saje Dharati Shangar'' (1972), ''Loksahityani Nagkathao'' (1973), and ''Gujaratni Lokkathao'' (1984).<ref name="GVK"/><ref name="Guj1984">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byIbAAAAIAAJ|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Ahmadabad District Gazetteer|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1984|page=762}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Jadav was awarded the Meghani Suvarna Chandrak in 1978 by the Loksanskriti Sodh Sansthan for his work ''Lokjivanna Moti''. The [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] awarded a prize for his ''Loksanskritima Pashuo''. ''Aapna Kasabio'' Volume I received the first prize from the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]], and ''Doshino Deekro Bayadi Lavyo'' received a prize from the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name="GVK"/>

In 2019, Jadav was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian honour from the [[Government of India]], for his contributions to the field of art.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2019|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|pages=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171903/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-6-padma-shri-awardees-gujarat-5567459/|title=The 6 Padma|date=4 February 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite thesis |last= Vaghela|first=Virbhadrasinh J. |date=September 2011 |title=Shri Joravarsinh Jadav: Ek Adhyayan|script-title=gu:શ્રી જોરાવરસિંહ જાદવ : એક અધ્યયન|trans-title=Mr. Joravarsinh Jadav: A Study |type=PhD thesis |publisher= Department of Gujarati, [[Saurashtra University]] |docket=VAGVJ11GU12 |url= http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/854/|access-date=22 March 2019|language=gu}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9fSG-pDLc0 A Documentary produced by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi (in Gujarati)]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadav, Joravarsinh}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Bombay Legislative Council

2026-03-24T23:36:42Z

TeresitaBunch: rework references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Former legislature in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Bombay Legislative Council''' was the legislature of the [[Bombay Province]] and later the [[upper house]] of the [[bicameral]] legislature of [[Bombay Province]] in [[British Raj|British India]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian]] state of [[Bombay State|Bombay]].

==History==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] set up the '''Bombay Legislative Council''' as an advisory body through which the colonial administration obtained advice and assistance. The act empowered the provincial governor to nominate four non-English Indian members to the council for the first time. Under the act, the nominated members were allowed to move their own bills and vote on bills introduced in the council. However, they were not allowed to question the executive, move resolutions or examine the budget and not interfere with the laws passed by the Central Legislature. The governor was also the president of the council and he had complete authority over when, where and how long to convene the Council and what to discuss. Two members of his Executive Council and the Advocate-General of Bombay were also allowed to participate and vote in the council.

The first meeting of the erstwhile Legislative Council of the then Bombay Province was held on 22 January 1862 at the Durbar Hall of the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall|Town Hall]] in [[Bombay]]. The meeting was then chaired by the then Governor, Sir [[George Russell Clerk]].<ref name=ADC2011>{{cite news|title=75 years and at it|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/75-years-and-at-it/article_30704|access-date=23 August 2013|newspaper=Afternoon Despatch & Courier|date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The first five Indian members of the council were chosen such that three of them did not know English.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civil Society, Public Sphere and Citizenship: Dialogues and Perceptions|pages=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc0QXo7RQOEC|isbn=9780761998327|last1=Bhargava|first1=Rajeev|last2=Reifeld|first2=Helmut|date=2005-05-27|publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

The role of the council was expanded by the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] and increased the total number of members of the council to twenty. The non-official members were to be nominated from the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]], the Fellows of [[Bombay University]], the Chamber of Commerce of Bombay, the Chamber of Commerce of [[Karachi]], the zamindars of [[Sind Division|Sind]], the sardars of the Deccan, the municipalities of the Northern Division, the local boards of the Southern Division and three representatives of the Central Division.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cashman|first=Richard|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/64 64]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|isbn=9780520024076}}</ref> The council could discuss the annual financial statement and ask questions subject to certain limitations.

The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] officially introduced the method of electing members to the council, but did not provide for direct election of the members. It abolished automatic official (executive) majorities in the council and gave its members the power to move resolutions upon matters of general public interest and the budget and also to ask supplementary questions.

Based on the recommendations of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford]] report, the [[Government of India Act 1919]] was enacted. The act enlarged the Bombay legislative council and increased the strength of elected members to be greater than that of nominated and official members. It introduced a system of [[dyarchy]] in the Provinces.

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] abolished dyarchy and established provincial autonomy. It created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature in the Bombay province. The legislature consisted of the governor and two legislative bodies - a [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a Legislative Council. The council was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the governor and one-third of its members retired every three years.

After India became [[Indian independence movement|independent]] in 1947 and the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] was adopted in 1950, the Legislative Council continued to be the upper chamber of the legislature of the [[Bombay State]].

The legislature of [[Bombay State]] ceased to exist in 1960 after the bifurcation of Bombay into [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].

==List of members (1862–1909)==
<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1971|publisher=Haskell House Publishers Ltd.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Council of the Governor of Bombay Assembled for the Purpose of Making Laws|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03UZAAAAYAAJ|last1=Legislative Council|first1=Bombay (India : State). Legislature|year=1880}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Year
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Governor
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Officials
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Non-officials
|-
|align=left| 1862–1867
|align=left| [[Henry Bartle Frere]]
|align=left| [[Walter Richard Cassels]], [[Michael Roberts Westropp|M. R. Westropp]], [[William Barrington Tristram|W. B. Tristram]], [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|General Sir William Mansfield]], [[Henry Wilson Reeves|H. Reeves]]
|align=left| [[Jaganath Shunkerseth]] (1862–1865), [[Savanur State|Nawab of Savanur Abdul Tabriz Khan Diler Jung Bahadur]] (1862), Rustomji Jamshetji Jejeebhoy, [[Vinchurkar family|Sardar Madhavrao Vinchurkar]], Seth Premabhai Hemchand,<ref name=MahGazette>{{cite web| url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html | title=PUBLIC LIFE AND VOLUNTARY SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANISATIONS | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606104244/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html | archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> [[Mangaldas Nathubhoy]] (1866–1867), Parashuramrao Shrinivas of [[Aundh State]] (1866–1867)
|-
|align=left| 1867–1872
|align=left| [[Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald]]
|align=left| [[Sir Alexander Grant, 10th Baronet|Sir Alexander Grant]] (1868), [[Andrew Scoble]] (1870–1877)
|align=left| Parashuramrao Shrinivas of [[Aundh State]] (1867–1868), [[Mangaldas Nathubhoy]] (1867–1872), [[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon]] (1868–1872), [[Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel]], [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 2nd Baronet]]
|-
|align=left| 1872–1877
|align=left| [[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Wodehouse]]
|align=left| [[Andrew Scoble]] (1870–1877), [[Charles Staveley]]
|align=left| [[Mangaldas Nathubhoy]] (1872–1874), [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 2nd Baronet]], Narayan Vasudev Dabholkar (1872–1877), [[Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik]] (1874–1880), Padamji Pestanji (1874–1876), Sorabji Shapurji Bengali (1876), [[Dosabhai Framji Karaka]] (1877), [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet]], Nakhuda Mohammad Ali Roghay, Bechardas Ambaidas Laskari
|-
|align=left| 1877–1880
|align=left| [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Richard Temple]]
|align=left| [[Henry Warre]], [[James Gibbs (judge)|J. Gibbs]], [[Lionel Robert Ashburner|L. R. Ashburner]], [[Edward William Ravenscroft|E. W. Ravenscroft]], Col. [[Charles James Merriman|C. J. Merriman]], Col. [[William Coussmaker Anderson|W. C. Anderson]], [[Mackintosh Balfour|M. Balfour]], [[Magnus Mowat (merchant)|M. Mowat]]
|align=left| [[Dosabhai Framji Karaka]] (1877–1879), Narayan Vasudev Dabholkar (1877–1880), [[Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik]] (1877–1880), Madhoji Rao Janrao Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltan (1878–1880), Morarjee Goculdas (1879), Syud Hussan El Edroos (1879), [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet]] (1880)
|-
|align=left| 1880–1885
|align=left| [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|James Fergusson]]
|align=left| [[Henry Warre]], [[Lionel Robert Ashburner|L. R. Ashburner]], [[Edward William Ravenscroft|E. W. Ravenscroft]], Col. [[Charles James Merriman|C. J. Merriman]], Col. [[William Coussmaker Anderson|W. C. Anderson]], James M. Graham
|align=left| [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet]] (1880), [[Solomon David Sassoon]] (1880), [[Aga Khan II]] (1880), [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]] (1880–1882), [[Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik|Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik]] (1880–1884), Narayan Vasudev Dabholkar (1880–1884), [[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]] (1880–1885), [[Badruddin Tyabji]] (1882–1886), [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]] (1884), Sir Jaswanthsinghji Fatehsinghji of [[Limbdi State]] (1884), Khanderao Vishwanath Raste (1884–1885)
|-
|align=left| 1885–1890
|align=left| [[Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay|Lord Reay]]
|align=left| [[James Bellett Richey|J. B. Richey]], Raymond West, [[Francis Law Latham]], J. Macpherson, [[Frank Forbes Adam]], J. R. Naylor
|align=left| [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] (1885–1886), Khanderao Vishwanath Raste (1885–1886), [[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]] (1885–1890), [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] (1885), Khan Bahadur Shahabuddin Kazi (1886), [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] (1887), [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] (1888–1889), Jawansinghji of [[Idar State]], Bechardas Veharidas Desai (1888), [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]], Mahadeo Vasudeo Barve
|-
|align=left| 1890–1895
|align=left| [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]]
|align=left| [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]], A. C. Trevor, Basil Lang, Sir R. West, [[Charles Bradley Pritchard|Sir Charles Pritchard]], T. D. Little, [[George William Vidal|G. W. Vidal]],
|align=left| [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] (1890–1891)(1893–1894), [[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]] (1894–1895), Dorabjee Padamjee, [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]], [[Hassan Ali Effendi]]
|-
|align=left| 1895–1900
|align=left| [[William Mansfield, 1st Viscount Sandhurst|Lord Sandhurst]]
|align=left| John Nugent, [[Charles Ollivant]], A. S. Moriarty, T. R. McLellan, [[Reginald Macaulay|R. H. Macaulay]], E. Giles, H. M. Thompson, C. T. Burke, Andrew Wingate, W. C. Hughes, H. Batty, P. C. H. Snow, [[H. E. M. James]], F. S. P. Lely, A. Abercombie, T. L. F. Beaumont, J. Tate, H. F. Aston, [[John Muir-Mackenzie|J. W. P. Muir-Mackenzie]]
|align=left| [[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]] (1895–1896), [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] (1895–1897), [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], Daji Abaji Khare, [[Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad]], Mir Allahbakshkhan Shahwani Talpur, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] (1899–1900), Dhondo Shamrao Garud, [[N. G. Chandavarkar]], Vijbhukhandas Atmaram Mehta, Chunilal Venilal, Achyut Bhaskar Desai<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings Council of the Governor of Bombay Assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations|year=1897|publisher=Authority of His Excellency the Governor}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| 1900–1903
|align=left| [[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote|Henry Northcote]]
|align=left| [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]], [[Charles Ollivant]] (1900–1902), [[Edmund McGildowny Hope Fulton]] (1902), [[James Monteath]]
|align=left| [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] (1901), [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], Sir Bhalchandra Krishna Bhatavdekar, Daji Abaji Khare, Gokuldas Parekh, Sardar Narayanrao Govindrao Ghorpade (Chief of Ichalkaranji), Shripad Anant Chhatre, Fazulbhoy Visram
|-
|align=left| 1903–1907
|align=left| [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington|Lord Lamington]]
|align=left| [[James Monteath]], [[John Muir Mackenzie]], [[Edmund McGildowny Hope Fulton|E. McG. H. Fulton]], C. H. Armstrong, [[Montagu de Pomeroy Webb|M. de P. Webb]], W. H. White, E. Giles, [[John Lewis Jenkins|J. L. Jenkins]], R. A. Lamb, J. Tate, W. C. Hughes, [[Silas Meyer Moses]]
|align=left| Mir Allahbakshkhan Shahwani Talpur (1903), Gokuldas Parekh (1903–1904), [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] (1903), Daji Abaji Khare (1903), Hari Sitaram Dikshit (1903–1904), Navroji Khandalavala (1903), [[Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad]] (1903–1904), [[Vithaldas Thackersey]] (1903–1904), Chintamanrao Patwardhan of [[Kurundvad Senior]] (1903–1904), [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] (1904), Darasha Chichgar (1904), [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] (1904), Ganpatrao Vinchurkar (1904)<ref name=ILIOL>{{cite book|title=The India List and India Office List|year=1905|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ|last1=India Office|first1=Great Britain}}</ref>
|}

==Indian Councils Act 1909==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] expanded the strength of the legislative council to 49 (including the Governor) and introduced the indirect election of members to the Council. The legislative council was composed of
* Ex-officio members (4): Executive council members (3) and the Advocate-General (1)
* Nominated members (21): Officials (up to 14), Experts (2) and Non-Officials
* Elected members (21): [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] (1), Municipalities (4), [[University of Bombay]] (1), Landholders (3), Muslims (4), Bombay Chamber of Commerce (1), Karachi Chamber of Commerce (1), Millowners' associations of Bombay (1) and Ahmadabad (1) and the Indian commercial community (1).
[[Rafiuddin Ahmed]], [[Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal, 1st Baronet|Sir Chinubhai Ranchhodlal]], [[Lallubhai Samaldas]] (1910-1912), [[R. P. Paranjpye]] (1912-1915), Sir Gokuldas Parekh (1912-1915), [[Vithalbhai Patel]] (1913-1920), [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]] (1915), Balkrishna Sitaram Kamat, Wadero Ghulam Kadir Dayo,(1913-1920) and [[Chunilal Mehta]] (1916)<ref name=GLMehta/> were among the notable members.

==Government of India Act 1919==
The [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act of 1919]] which introduced the concept of diarchy in the province further enlarged the council and gave the elected members a majority.

The composition of the Council was as follows:
*Nominated Members
**Ex-officio Members of the Governor's Executive Council
**Nominated Officials (25)
**Nominated from special interest groups (5): Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, Labour, Depressed Classes, Cotton Trade
*Elected Members (86)
**Non-Muhammadan (General) (46):
***Urban (11): Bombay City (North) (3), Bombay City (South) (3), Karachi, Ahmedabad, Surat, Sholapur, Poona
***Rural (35): Ahmedabad (2), Broach, Kaira (2), Panch Mahals, Surat (2), Thana (2), Ahmednagar (2), East Khandesh (3), Nasik (2), Poona (2), Satara (3), Belgaum (2), Bijapur, Dharwar (2), Kanara, Ratnagiri (2), Eastern Sind, Western Sind, Sholapur, Kolaba, West Khandesh
**Muhammadan (27):
***Urban (5): Bombay City (2), Karachi City, Ahmedabad & Surat, Poona & Sholapur
***Rural (22): Northern Division (3), Central Division (3), Southern Division (3), Hyderabad (2), Karachi (2), Larkana (3), Sukkur (2), Thar & Parkar (2), Nawebshah, Upper Sind Frontier
**European (2): Bombay City, Presidency
**Landholders (3): Deccan Sardars, Gujarat Sardars, Sind Jagirdars & Zamindars
**University (1): University of Bombay
**Commerce & Industry (7): Bombay Chamber of Commerce (2), Karachi Chamber of Commerce, Bombay Trades Association, Bombay Millowners' Association, Ahmedabad Millowners' Association, Indian Merchants' Chamber & Bureau

7 of the constituencies were reserved for Marathas.<ref name="act1919">{{cite book | title=The Govt of India ACT 1919 Rules Thereunder and Govt Reports 1920| first=H.N.|last=Mithra| year=2009| pages=186–199| publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-113-74177-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw5r4QyRijMC&pg=RA2-PA186}}</ref>

Indians were elected as the President of the Council such as [[N. G. Chandavarkar]] (1921-1923), [[Ibrahim Rahimtullah]] (1923)<ref name=GLMehta>{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Aparna|title=G.L. Mehta, a Many Splendoured Man|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0P9ahUa7wrgC|isbn=9788170228912|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> and [[Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi]] (1927).

==See also==
*[[List of governors of Bombay Presidency]]
*[[1937 Bombay Presidency election]]
*[[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bombay Legislative Council}}
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses in India]]
[[Category:Bombay State]]
[[Category:Legislatures of British India]]

Rastriya Prajatantra Party

2026-03-24T19:52:18Z

TeresitaBunch: cleanup

{{Short description|Political party}}
{{Distinguish|Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = National Democratic Party
| colorcode = {{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}|border=darkgray}} yellow
| general_secretary =
| leader1_title = Senior Deputy Chairman
| leader1_name = [[Rabindra Mishra]]
| spokesperson = [[Gyanendra Shahi]]
| membership = 150,000<ref name="members"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/08/699799|title = राप्रपाले सुरु गर्‍यो सक्रिय सदस्य वितरण अभियान}}</ref>
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1990|05|29}}
| abbreviation = RPP
| ideology = {{ublist|class = nowrap
| [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s Driving Hindu Nationalism in Nepal? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/whats-driving-hindu-nationalism-in-nepal/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Constitutional monarchism]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=RPP submitted a 40-point memorandum to the government |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2024/02/21/en/rpp-submitted-a-40-point-memorandum-to-the-government-44-01.html |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=ekantipur.com |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Economic liberalism]]<ref name=":10"/>
}}
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| headquarters = Charumati Bihar, [[Chabahil]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
| international = [[International Democracy Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idu.org/members/|title=Members | International Democracy Union|date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> [[Asia Pacific Democrat Union]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/ |title=International Democrat Union » Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU) |website=idu.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616235358/http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/ |archive-date=16 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://rpp.org.np}}
| country = Nepal
| leader2_title = Deputy Chairman
| leader2_name = [[Bikram Pandey]] [[Budhhiman Tamang]] [[Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan]] [[Rosan Karki]]
| chairman = [[Rajendra Lingden]]
| native_name = राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी Rāṣṭriya Prajātantra Pārṭī
| flag = Rppnepalflagnewversion.png
| student_wing = [[National Democratic Student Organization]]
| youth_wing = [[National Democratic Youth Front]]
| womens_wing = [[National Democratic Women's Union]]
| seats1_title = [[Election Commission (Nepal)|ECN]] Status
| seats1 = [[List of political parties in Nepal#National parties|National Party {{small|(6th largest)}}]]
| seats2_title = Seats in [[Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|5|275|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| seats3_title = Seats in [[Rastriya Sabha]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|59|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| seats4_title = Seats in [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|Provincial Assemblies]]
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|28|550|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| seats5_title = [[List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal|Mayors]]/[[List of chairpersons of rural municipalities in Nepal|Chairs]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|4|753|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| seats6_title = [[Local government in Nepal|Councillors]]
| seats6 = {{composition bar|305|35011|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Logo RPP, Nepal.png{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] '''[[Plough (politics)|Plough]]'''
| slogan = Nationalism! Democracy!! Liberalism!!!
}}

The '''Rastriya Prajatantra Party''' ({{IPA|ne|rasʈrijʌ prʌˈd͡zatʌntrʌ ˈpa(r)ʈi}}; {{langx|ne|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी|lit=National Democratic Party}}; {{Small|[[Abbreviation|abbr.]]}} {{Abbr|RPP|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}, {{Abbr|RaPraPa|}} ({{langx|ne|राप्रपा}})) is a [[monarchist|constitutional monarchist]] and [[Hindu nationalist]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party in Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=RPP demands reinstatement of constitutional monarchy in Nepal |url=https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/rpp-demands-reinstatement-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal-353943 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=WION |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Rastriya Prajatantra Party is currently the sixth largest political party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] after winning 5 seats at the [[2026 Nepalese general election|2026 general election]] and is one of six national parties recognized by the [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]].<ref name=":8" />

The party was formed by [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] era [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime ministers]] [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] and [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] in 1990. The party led two coalition governments in 1997 under Thapa and Chand. The two were also appointed [[prime minister]] by [[King Gyanendra]] in the 2000s; Chand in 2002 and Thapa in 2003.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Previous Election Facts and Figures |url=http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021001831/http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html |archive-date=21 October 2008 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=Election Commission of Nepal}}</ref>

[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]] is currently serving as party chairman after being elected at the party's [[2021 general convention of Rastriya Prajatantra Party|general convention]] in December 2021.<ref name="kathmandupost.com" /> Rastriya Prajatantra Party remained as the fifth-largest political party in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] after winning 14 seats at the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]] and was one of seven national parties recognized by the [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=प्रतिनिधिसभामा १२ दल, राष्ट्रिय पार्टी ७ मात्रै |trans-title=12 parties in the House of Representatives, only 7 national parties |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/12/06/167034242099737230.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Ekantipur |language=ne}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding and early years, 1990–1994 ===
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was formed by the ruling elite of the Panchayat era on 29 May 1990. The party split in the same year after another group also registered itself with the [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]]. The two parties had the same name, ideology and statute but different flags and election symbols. The two parties, one led by [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] zand the other led by [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]], contested the [[1991 Nepalese legislative election|1991 elections]]. The two parties won four seats between them with Chand's party winning three seats and Thapa's party winning one seat. Following their performance at the elections the two parties agreed to merge into a single Rastriya Prajatantra Party on 8 February 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://rppn.org/about/history.html|title=History of Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|work=RPP|access-date=2017-06-25|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

The party held its first general convention from in 1992 from 11 to 16 June in Kathmandu and unanimously elected [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] as its chairman. [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] and [[Rajeshwor Devkota]] were elected leader and co-chairman, respectively.<ref name=":7">{{Cite thesis |last=Giri |first=Rajesh Chandra |title=नेपालको संसदीय अभ्यासमा राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पाटी (वि.सं. २०४७ देखि २०७४ सम्म) (Rastriya Prajatantra Party in the parliamentary practice of Nepal (B.S. 2047 to 2074)) |date=2022 |degree=PhD |publisher=Tribhuvan University |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/handle/123456789/11707 |language=ne}}</ref> The party emerged as a third force at the 1992 local elections and the [[1994 Nepalese legislative election|1994 general elections]]. The party received 18 percent of the votes and won 20 seats to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]], making them the third largest party in the parliament.<ref name=":3" />

=== Government and second split, 1995–1999 ===

==== Coalition governments, 1995–1997 ====
The party initially supported the minority government of [[CPN (UML)]] but later withdrew their support and backed a no-confidence motion [[Man Mohan Adhikari|Manmohan Adhikari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 1995 |title=Communist regime teeters in Nepal |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/06/11/Communist-regime-teeters-in-Nepal/2282802843200/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=1 May 1997 |title=Left-right-left-right |url=https://www.himalmag.com/left-right-left-right/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref> The party then joined a coalition government with [[Nepali Congress]] and [[Nepal Sadbhawana Party]] under the premiership of Congress leader [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 1995 |title=New ruling cabinet formed in Nepal |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/09/12/New-ruling-cabinet-formed-in-Nepal/6984810878400/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A faction of the party led by former prime minister [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] were dissatisfied with the coalition government and in March 1996 some cabinet ministers close to Chand withdrew their support for the Deuba government and resigned before a no-confidence vote was set to table by the opposition [[CPN (UML)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 1996 |title=Split in Nepali party aggravates crisis |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/21/Split-in-Nepali-party-aggravates-crisis/8138827384400/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> The ministers withdrew their resignation before the no-confidence vote and Deuba won the confidence vote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 1996 |title=Nepal government wins confidence vote |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/24/Nepal-government-wins-confidence-vote/8265827643600/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Six cabinet ministers close to Chand again resigned from the government in December 1996 but supported Deuba in the confidence vote later and rejoined the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 1996 |title=Nepal government thrown in crisis |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/08/Nepal-government-thrown-in-crisis/3177850021200/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 1996 |title=Nepal rulers faces no-confidence vote |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/12/11/Nepal-rulers-faces-no-confidence-vote/6266850280400/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 1997 |title=Nepali PM tries to shore up coalition |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/01/08/Nepali-PM-tries-to-shore-up-coalition/6831852699600/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

==== Chand and Thapa governments, 1997–1998 ====

In March 1997, a faction of the party led by [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] joined a [[Chand–Gautam coalition|coalition government]] with [[CPN (UML)]], with Chand as prime minister.<ref name=":5" /> On 3 October 1997, the faction led by [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] voted for a no-confidence motion tabled by [[Nepali Congress]] and toppled the government. Thapa was then made the prime minister on 6 October 1997 with the support of Congress.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanal |first=Y. N. |date=February 1998 |title=Nepal in 1997: Political Stability Eludes |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2645672 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=148–154 |doi=10.2307/2645672 |jstor=2645672 |via=University of California Press|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After losing support within his party Thapa asked [[King Birendra]] to dissolve the house and call for fresh elections. After the recommendation of the Supreme Court, the King called forth a special session of the parliament to debate the no-confidence motion filed against Thapa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gyawali |first=Dipak |date=1 March 1998 |title=Political Pus |url=https://www.himalmag.com/nepal-political-pus/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref> Thapa survived the no-confidence vote and expelled six central committee members for threatening to back a no-confidence motion against him.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" />

The second general convention of the party took place from 12 to 16 November 1997 in [[Birgunj]]. [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] was re-elected for a second term as chairman. [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]], [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] and [[Kamal Thapa]] were nominated as vice-chairman, general secretary and spokesman respectively. [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] however created his own [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Chand)|Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] on 9 January 1998 claiming that Thapa had mismanaged the party, did not listen to the directions of the central committee and accused Thapa of not holding the general election in a fair manner. He broke off with 10 members of parliament including 8 from the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] and 2 from the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]].<ref name=":7" /> Thapa resigned as prime minister on 10 April 1998 and was replaced by [[Nepali Congress]] president [[Girija Prasad Koirala]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |date=Jan–Feb 1999 |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2645605 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.2307/2645605 |jstor=2645605 |via=University of California Press|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The two parties contested the [[1999 Nepalese legislative election|1999 elections]] and fared badly in the election with the party winning 11 seats and the party led by Chand not winning any seats. Following the elections, the parties decided to merge again on 31 December 1999. A group led by [[Rajeshwor Devkota]] however decided not to rejoin the party and formed their own [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist)]].<ref name=":7" />

=== Direct rule and internal conflicts, 2002–2015 ===

==== Second Chand and Thapa governments, 2002–2006 ====

[[King Gyanendra]] dismissed the government of [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] on 4 October 2002 after failing to conduct the elections following the dissolution of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] on May earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2002 |title=King of Nepal sacks cabinet and takes over government |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/05/nepal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713165023/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/05/nepal |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattarai |first1=Kamal Dev |title=Can Nepal's New Prime Minister Avert a Crisis? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/can-nepals-new-prime-minister-avert-a-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095506/http://thediplomat.com/2017/06/can-nepals-new-prime-minister-avert-a-crisis/ |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=16 September 2017 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] was then appointed as prime minister on 11 October 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2002 |title=Nepal's King Names a Monarchist as Premier |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/12/world/nepal-s-king-names-a-monarchist-as-premier.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713053354/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/12/world/nepal-s-king-names-a-monarchist-as-premier.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He resigned on 31 May 2003 after protests from opposition parties calling for the restoration of the parliament and the formation of a national consensus government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2003 |title=Nepal's Prime Minister Resigns Amid Protests |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-05-30-30-nepal-s-67463857/385633.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2003 |title=Nepal PM Lokendra Bahadur resigns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nepal-pm-lokendra-bahadur-resigns/articleshow/47958190.cms |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yogi |first=Bhagirath |date=8 November 2022 |title=Divided they fall |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5146 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref> Chand had also faced accusations from within his party of failing to address these issues. He was replaced by [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] on 5 June 2002.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2003 |title=Nepal Appoints New Prime Minister |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-06-04-26-nepal/298853.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Pashu and Surya.jpg|left|thumb|Former party chairmen, [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] and [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]]]]

At the third general convention of the party held in [[Pokhara]] from 12 to 14 December 2002, [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] completed his second four-year term as party chairman and could not compete for the post of chairman again as per the party constitution. [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] was elected chairman during the convention and [[Padma Sundar Lawati]], [[Kamal Thapa]] and [[Rosan Karki]] were nominated vice-president, general secretary and spokesperson respectively.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Rajendra |date=24 January 2003 |title=A spring thaw? |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=4989 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref>

There were calls within the party for [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] to resign as prime minister for undermining democracy by failing to form a national [[consensus government]].<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Rana |first=Pashupati SJB |title=An all-party government is the only way out. |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5968 |publisher=Nepali Times |date=12 December 2003}}</ref> He resigned on 7 May 2004, and was replaced by [[Nepali Congress (Democratic)]] leader [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2004 |title=Nepal's PM resigns amid opposition protests |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/nepal-s-pm-resigns-amid-opposition-protests-1.978654 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haviland |first=Charles |date=7 May 2004 |title=Nepal's embattled PM |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3694141.stm |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> On 4 November 2004, Thapa announced that he would be quitting the party and forming a new centre-right [[Liberalism|liberal]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2004 |title=Unity efforts in the RPP fail, new party to be launched |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2004/nov/nov04/nov_04_news16.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223114341/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2004/nov/nov04/nov_04_news16.php |archive-date=23 February 2005 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=nepalnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2004 |title=RPP dissidents open contact office |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2004/nov/nov21/nov_21_news8.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223114223/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2004/nov/nov21/nov_21_news8.php |archive-date=23 February 2005 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=nepalnews.com}}</ref> The party was formally launched on 13 March 2005 as [[Rastriya Janashakti Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lansford |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_a2s3 |title=Political handbook of the world 2012 |publisher=Sage |year=2012 |isbn=9781608719952 |language=en |oclc=794595888 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

On [[2005 Nepal coup d'état|1 February 2005]], [[King Gyanendra]] dismissed Deuba as prime minister and seized executive powers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randeep |first=Ramesh |date=1 February 2005 |title=King of Nepal seizes power |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/02/nepal |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The party announced their support for the pro-democracy agitation led by the [[Seven Party Alliance]] but ten members of the party's central committee, including [[Kamal Thapa]] who had rejoined the party after leaving for Janashakti, supported the [[2005 Nepal coup d'état|coup]]. Thapa along with six central committee members were appointed to the King's cabinet in December 2005 with Thapa becoming [[Home Minister (Nepal)|Home Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Rajendra |date=9 December 2005 |title=All the king's (new) men |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9305 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref>

On 10 January 2006, members of the central committee close to [[Kamal Thapa]] voted to replace [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] as party chairman with Thapa. Thapa's claim as new chairman was dismissed by other members of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2006 |title=Kamal Thapa not RPP chief, says Khapung |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kamal-thapa-not-rpp-chief-says-khapung |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> Thapa's faction of the party contested the 2006 local elections that was boycotted by the [[Seven Party Alliance]] and the Rana faction of the party. The party won mayoral positions in major cities including [[Kathmandu]], [[Pokhara]], [[Bharatpur, Nepal|Bharatpur]] and [[Dhangadhi]] in an election marred by a lack of candidates, violence and low turnout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2006 |title=Nepal: Pro-king party wins most mayoral posts in municipal polls |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-pro-king-party-wins-most-mayoral-posts-municipal-polls |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |agency=Deutsche Presse Agentur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2006 |title=Polls see independent candidates winning majority of mayoral posts |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/polls-see-independent-candidates-winning-majority-of-mayoral-posts |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> The party members that supported Thapa, including six incumbent cabinet ministers, were expelled. On 28 October 2006, they formed their own party, the royalist [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]], under the leadership of [[Kamal Thapa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" />

==== Constituent Assembly, 2007–2015 ====
The party held its fourth general convention from 9 to 11 December 2007 and re-elected Pashupati SJB Rana as party chairman.<ref name=":7" /> Following the [[2006 Nepalese revolution|2006 revolution]] a national consensus government under the leadership of [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] was formed. The parliament was reinstated and eventually transformed into the [[Interim legislature of Nepal|Interim Legislature Parliament]] after including the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Maoists]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2006 |title=Full text: King Gyanendra's speech |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4940876.stm |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> The party had eight seats in the parliament but two MPs, [[Budhhiman Tamang]] and [[Brijesh Kumar Gupta]], were dismissed because of their support of the royal coup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2006 |title=11 MPs to lose job |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/11-mps-to-lose-job |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref>[[File:Pashupati Sahamsher.JPG|thumb|214x214px|[[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB]] Rana: former chairperson of the party]]

In the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 elections]] the party failed to win a seat from the constituency vote but got 2.45% of the party list votes and won 8 seats to the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]] through the [[party-list proportional representation]] system. Party chairman Pashupati SJB Rana also lost from [[Sindhupalchok 1 (constituency)|Sindhupalchowk 1]].<ref name=":1" /> On 28 May 2008, at the first session of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party voted in favor of abolishing the monarchy and turning Nepal into a republic. [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] who was serving as the parliamentary party leader of the party was absent during the vote.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=28 May 2008 |title=Nepal Becomes a Republic, Ending Monarchy |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2008/05/28/90880179/nepal-becomes-a-republic-ending-monarchy |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> The party joined the [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] led government in June 2009.

At the party's fifth general convention from 17 to 19 May 2013, the [[Rastriya Janashakti Party]] merged into the party and [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] was elected as the chairman of the unified party. It was also decided that the senior leadership would rotate annually between [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]], [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]], [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] and [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Binod |date=7 September 2015 |title=RPP feud: Chair 'ousted' |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2015/09/07/rpp-feud-chair-ousted |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 elections]], the party won constituency seats in [[Rupandehi 2 (constituency)|Rupandehi 2]], [[Chitwan 5 (constituency)|Chitwan 5]] and [[Dhankuta 2 (constituency)|Dhankuta 2]] and got 2.75% of the party list votes and won 10 seats through the [[Party-list|party-list proportional representation]] system for a total of 13 seats in the [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|2nd Constituent Assembly]]. The party supported the [[CPN (UML)]]–[[Nepali Congress]] [[Koirala cabinet, 2013|coalition government]] under [[Sushil Koirala]] following the election and sent two ministers to the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political handbook of the world 2015|first=Tom|last=Lansford|isbn=9781483371573|oclc=912321323|date = 2015-04-24}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

=== Federal Nepal, 2016–present ===
[[File:Flag of Rastriya Prajatantra Party.svg|left|thumb|Flag of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party until 2016]]

==== Continued internal conflicts, 2016–2020 ====
On 21 November 2016, the party announced its unification with the [[Kamal Thapa]] led [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]]. The new party retained the name of Rastriya Prajatantra Party. The new party had a total strength of 37 in the [[Parliament of Nepal]], becoming the fourth largest party.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=21 November 2016 |title=RPP merges with RPP-N |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rastriya-prajatantra-party-merges-with-rastriya-prajatantra-party-nepal/ |access-date=5 June 2017 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2016 |title=Kamal Thapa becomes leader of RPP Parliamentary Party, Dipak Bohora clinches deputy's position |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/kamal-thapa-becomes-leader-rpp-parliamentary-party-dipak-bohora-clinches-deputys-position.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref> Thapa was elected as chairman of the party in a special general convention in Kathmandu in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2017 |title=Kamal Thapa reelected as RPP chairman |language=en |work=The Kathmandu Post |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-20/kamal-thapa-reelected-as-rpp-chairman.html |access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> The party joined the [[Dahal cabinet, 2016|coalition government]] on 9 March 2017 under [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] chairman [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] with [[Kamal Thapa]] serving as deputy prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=Kamal Thapa, 2 more RPP leaders join Dahal Cabinet |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/kamal-thapa-join-dahal-cabinet-dpm-today |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]] split away from the party following the decision to join the government and because of issues regarding the electoral symbol of the party. He announced the formation of Ekikrit Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist) on 29 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2017 |title=Lohani launches new party |language=en |work=República |url=http://www.República.com/news/17321/ |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Another split occurred on 6 August 2017 after [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] broke away forming [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic)]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2017 |title=RPP splits; Pashupati Shamsher Rana forms RPP-Prajatantrik |work=República |publisher= |url=http://www.República.com/news/25173/ |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The party joined the [[Deuba cabinet, 2017|coalition government]] under Nepali Congress president [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] on 13 October 2017 with [[Kamal Thapa]] again serving as deputy prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2017 |title=PM Deuba expands cabinet; Kamal Thapa appointed DPM |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/10/13/pm-deuba-expands-cabinet-kamal-thapa-appointed-dpm |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref>

In the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 general]] and [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]], Rastriya Prajantatra Party formed an alliance with [[Nepali Congress]] and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2017 |title=Nepali Congress to form democratic alliance to counter leftist forces |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/oct/04/nepali-congress-to-form-democratic-alliance-to-counter-leftist-forces-1666829.html |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> The party only won one seat to the House of Representatives and party chairman [[Kamal Thapa]] lost in [[Makwanpur 1 (constituency)|Makwanpur 1]]. Only general secretary [[Rajendra Lingden]] was elected from [[Jhapa 3 (constituency)|Jhapa 3]] after forging an electoral pact with the Left Alliance against [[Nepali Congress]] in some eastern districts including [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=NC, RPP say alliance intact savefor Jhapa-3 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nc-rpp-say-alliance-intact-savefor-jhapa-3/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2017 |title=Betrayed by Congress, RPP to partner with leftist alliance in Mechi |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/betrayed-by-congress-rpp-to-partner-with-leftist-alliance-in-mechi.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2017 |title=Lingden defeats NC leader Sitaula ni Jhapa-3 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/12/10/lingden-defeats-nc-leader-sitaula-ni-jhapa-3 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> The party got 2.06% of the party list votes and could not become a national party after failing to pass the 3% threshold in [[proportional representation|party list voting]]. The party also won one seat each to [[Pradesh Sabha|provincial assemblies]] of [[Provincial Assembly of Province No. 1|Province 1]], [[Provincial Assembly of Province No. 3|Province 3]] and [[Provincial Assembly of Karnali|Province 6]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2017 |title=Provincial PR seat allocation to parties complete |language=en-US |work=The Himalayan Times |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-secures-74-seats-followed-ncs-72-seats-provincial-assembly/ |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>

==== Re-unification and new leadership, 2020–2023 ====
{{See also|2021 general convention of Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}
The [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)]], created through the merger of Rana and Lohani's splinter groups, merged with the party on 12 March 2020, with [[Kamal Thapa]], [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] and [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]] all acting as chairs.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Three chairs of RPP promise not to split again at merger meeting |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/three-chairs-of-rpp-promise-not-to-split-again-at-merger-meeting.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=OnlineKhabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Binod |date=12 March 2020 |title=Rastriya Prajatantra Party leaders swear by Gita to stay united |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2020/03/12/rastriya-prajatantra-party-leaders-swear-by-gita-to-stay-united |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> In July 2020, [[Sunil Bahadur Thapa]], the son of former prime minister [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]], resigned from the party and joined [[Nepali Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Sunil Bahadur Thapa joins Nepali Congress |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/sunil-bahadur-thapa-joins-nepali-congress.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref> The party conducted its general convention from 1 to 3 December 2021 and elected [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]] as the party's chairman. He defeated former deputy prime minister and incumbent party chairman [[Kamal Thapa]] at the general convention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=RPP's general convention begins with fanfare |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rpps-general-convention-begins-with-fanfare |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kathmandupost.com">{{Cite web|title=Rajendra Lingden defeats Kamal Thapa in pro-Hindu party election|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/12/05/rajendra-lingden-defeats-kamal-thapa-in-pro-hindu-party-election|access-date=8 December 2021|website=The Kathmandu Post|language=en|date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The party also announced that it had 150,000 active party members.<ref name="members">{{Cite news |last=Adhikari |first=Ashok |date=8 December 2021 |title=जनाधार बलियो बनाउँदै दल |trans-title=Parties strengthening base |pages=1 |work=Gorkhapatra |location=Nepal |type= |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/viewer?file=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/ArchiveNewsFile/61aff9d050832_gopa_pdf.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> The general convention also elected [[Nepalgunj]] mayor [[Dhawal Shamsher Rana]] as the party's general secretary and former member of constituent assembly [[Bikram Pandey]] as the party vice-president.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Lingden elected new RPP chairperson |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/lingden-elected-new-rpp-chairperson |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> Following the general convention, Kamal Thapa left the party and revived the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Kamal Thapa leaves Rastriya Prajatantra Party |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/02/08/kamal-thapa-leaves-rastriya-prajatantra-party |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref>

The party announced intentions to unify other pro-monarchist groups under their umbrella and groups including ''Nepal Ka Lagi Nepali'' Campaign, ''Mission Nepal'', ''Gorach Abhiyan'' and the [[Gyanendra Shahi]] led ''Hamro Nepal Hami Nepali'' Campaign joined the party in the following months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=किशोर गुरुङको गोरक्ष अभियान राप्रपामा, राप्रपाको युवा मोर्चामा पाण्डे |trans-title=RPP in Kishor Gurung's Gorakshya campaign, Pandey in RPP's Youth Front |url=http://nepallive.com/story/276661 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=Nepal Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=Anti-corruption crusader Gyanendra Shahi joins RPP |url=http://República.nagariknetwork.com/news/123905/ |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=República |language=en}}</ref> Former chairman of [[Bibeksheel Sajha Party]], [[Rabindra Mishra]] also joined the party on 28 September 2022 as senior vice-president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Mishra joins RPP |url=https://www.risingnepaldaily.com/news/16597 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=Rising Nepal Daily |agency=Rastriya Samachar Samiti}}</ref> The [[Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha]] also merged with the party on 5 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janantantrik Terai Mukti Morcha merges into RPP|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/05/275613/|website=Khabarhub|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

The party fielded 140 candidates to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] at the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general]] and [[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]] and forged an election pact with [[CPN (UML)]] in [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]], [[Banke District|Banke]] and [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Binod |date=25 November 2022 |title=Lingden lifts Rastriya Prajatantra Party's status in the House |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/25/lingden-lifts-rastriya-prajatantra-party-s-status-in-the-house |website=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> Party chairman [[Rajendra Lingden]] retained his seat in [[Jhapa 3 (constituency)|Jhapa 3]] and the party gained 6 more [[Direct election|direct seats]]. The party also got 5.58% of the party list vote to become one of seven [[List of political parties in Nepal#National parties|national parties]] in the [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament]]. The party won 7 [[Party-list proportional representation|proportional seats]] for a total of 14 seats at the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]].<ref name=":8" /> The party was also successful in winning seats to all seven [[Provincial assemblies of Nepal|provincial assemblies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=आयोगद्वारा समानुपातिक निर्वाचन प्रणाली अन्तर्गत प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्य तथा प्रदेश सभा सदस्य निर्वाचनमा दलहरुले प्राप्त गरेको मत र सिट संख्या निर्धारण |trans-title=Commission determines votes and seats received by parties in proportional voting at the House of Representatives and Provincial Assembly member elections |url=https://ebulletin.election.gov.np/2022/12/2095/ |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Election Commission Nepal |language=ne |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212161106/https://ebulletin.election.gov.np/2022/12/2095/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The party joined the [[Third Dahal cabinet|coalition government]] of [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] following the election with three cabinet ministers and one state minister, with party president [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden|Lingden]] serving as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|deputy prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oli, Dahal reach Sheetal Niwas to claim government leadership|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/12/25/oli-dahal-reaches-sheetal-niwas-to-claim-government-leadership|website=kathmandupost.com|access-date=2025-11-29|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister Dahal expands Cabinet; inducts 12 ministers, three state ministers|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/17/prime-minister-dahal-expands-cabinet-inducts-12-new-ministers-three-state-ministers|website=kathmandupost.com|access-date=2025-11-29|language=English}}</ref> The party withdrew from the coalition after a month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rastriya Prajatantra Party exits government|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/02/25/rastriya-prajatantra-party-exits-government|website=kathmandupost.com|access-date=2025-11-29|language=English}}</ref>

==== Pro-Monarchy Protests, 2023–present ====
{{Main|2025 Nepalese pro-monarchy protests}}

In January 2024, the former king [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]] met with five MPs from the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Former King Gyanendra Shah meets five RPP leaders in Bhairahawa |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/former-king-gyanendra-shah-meets-five-rpp-leaders-in-bhairahawa |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com |language=English}}</ref> The party launched sporadic protests calling for the restoration of the monarchy throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Protesters demanding restoration of Nepal's monarchy clash with police |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-protest-monarchy-gyanendra-2a56bb9e99dcf3985178fa83fa3b9dd4 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Protests drove Nepal's king off the throne 16 years ago. Now, protests are trying to bring him back |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-restore-king-gyannendra-protests-4809490a618a8d2ff4d0aca9f24f1537 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, the party along with other pro-monarchists groups welcomed the former king back at the [[Tribhuvan International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-king returns to capital to rousing support |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/03/10/ex-king-returns-to-capital-to-rousing-support |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Later in the month a joint movement committee was formed under the leadership of [[Nava Raj Subedi]] to launch a movement to reinstate a Hindu kingdom. Senior party leaders were named as members, but the party denied any association with the movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movement to revive kingdom divided even before it gets a shape |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/03/18/movement-to-revive-kingdom-divided-even-before-it-gets-a-shape |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Senior deputy chairman [[Rabindra Mishra]] and general secretary [[Dhawal Shamsher Rana]] joined the committee and organized a [[2025 Nepalese pro-monarchy protests|rally for restoration of the monarchy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Republican and monarchist protests in Kathmandu set for showdown with tight security – OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/republican-and-monarchist-protests.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lingden’s struggle to rally fractured royalist movement |url=https://annapurna-express.prixa.net/story/53642/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}}</ref> Two people died and forty five people were injured after the rally turned violent and the two leaders along with other members of the committee were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RPP leaders Rabindra Mishra, Dhawal Shamsher Rana arrested |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/03/28/rpp-leaders-rabindra-mishra-dhawal-shamsher-rana-arrested |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royalist protest turns chaotic in Tinkune (In pictures) |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/28/452205/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>

Senior leaders [[Pashupati Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] and [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]] led protests by the party in favor of releasing the protestors and demanded an independent investigation into the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal: Pro-monarchy protesters hit Kathmandu streets again, days after a violent clash rocked Nepal|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-pro-monarchy-protesters-hit-kathmandu-streets-again-days-after-a-violent-clash-rocked-nepal/amp_podcast/120020621.cms|access-date=2025-04-07|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> After weeks of protest by the party and other pro-monarchy groups, another large protest took place on [[Republic Day (Nepal)|Republic Day]] in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More pro-monarchy forces join hands, announce new phase of protests |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/05/09/more-pro-monarchy-forces-join-hands-announce-new-phase-of-protests |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal: Pro-monarchy protesters hit Kathmandu streets again, days after a violent clash rocked Nepal|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-pro-monarchy-protesters-hit-kathmandu-streets-again-days-after-a-violent-clash-rocked-nepal/amp_podcast/120020621.cms|access-date=2025-04-07|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Sharma|first=Gopal|date=2025-05-29|title=Nepal's royalists demand restoration of monarchy dumped 17 years ago|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepals-royalists-demand-restoration-monarchy-dumped-17-years-ago-2025-05-29/|access-date=2025-05-30|work=[[Reuters]]|language=en}}</ref> Mishra and Rana were subsequently released from custody on bail .<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Dhawal Shumsher Rana released on bail |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/164758/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Setopati}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RPP leaders Mishra and Rana declared absconding, legal guarantors fined |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/06/06/rpp-leaders-mishra-and-rana-declared-absconding-legal-guarantors-fined |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RPP leader Rabindra Mishra freed after Supreme Court order |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/05/16/supreme-court-orders-release-of-rpp-leader-rabindra-mishra |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court orders release of RPP leader Rabindra Mishra on Rs300,000 bail |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/06/17/court-orders-release-of-rpp-leader-rabindra-mishra-on-rs300-000-bail |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

Party chair Lingden removed [[Nava Raj Subedi]] as coordinator of the discipline committee claiming that Subedi had publicly announced his exit from the party. The move was criticized by general secretary Rana and other members who petitioned the Election Commission against the decision.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fresh dispute in RPP after Lingden strips Subedi and Lawoti of responsibilities |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/07/13/fresh-dispute-in-rpp-after-lingden-strips-subedi-and-lawoti-of-responsibilities |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feud deepens in RPP amid leadership tussle |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/07/25/feud-deepens-in-rpp-amid-leadership-tussle |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Nominated vice-chairman Mukunda Shyam Giri was removed from his position and as central committee member after issuing a statement against the removal.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Lingden removes Mukunda Shyam Giri as RPP vice-chairman |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/164900/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Setopati}}</ref>

The party formed a committee to pursue unity and alliance with other parties in November 2025 and on 31 December 2025, [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]] led by former party chairman [[Kamal Thapa]] reunified with the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two pro-monarchy parties inch closer to unification |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/12/10/two-pro-monarchy-parties-inch-closer-to-unification |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RPP and RPP-Nepal reunify |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/12/31/rpp-and-rpp-nepal-reunify |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
[[File:RPP Electoral Symbol.png|thumb|143x143px|Electoral symbol of the Thapa group until merger and from 2016-2020]]The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was established as an alternative force to the major political parties, [[Nepali Congress]] and [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]]. The party was founded on the principles of [[democracy]], [[constitutional monarchy]], [[nationalism]] and [[economic liberalism]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=RPP Manifesto: Support for restoration of constitutional monarchy |url=http://República.nagariknetwork.com/news/30275/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=República |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=RPP (United), RPP to unify |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/rastriya-prajatantra-party-united-rastriya-prajatantra-party-to-unify/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> It supported a [[welfare state]] and [[cultural pluralism]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Political Parties of Nepal|last=Hachhethu|first=Krishna|publisher=Social Science Baha|year=2006|isbn=9993343749|pages=12-13|language=en}}</ref> At the time of the party's foundation [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]'s party was considered as the more [[Liberalism|liberal]] party and [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]'s [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Chand)|party]] was considered as the [[Pashupati Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] more [[Conservatism|conservative]] party.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Borre |first1=Ole |last2=Panday |first2=Sushil R. |last3=Tiwari |first3=Chitra K. |date=December 1991 |title=The Nepalese Election of 1991 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(91)90027-P |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |doi=10.1016/0261-3794(91)90027-P |via=Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Monarchy and federal structure ===
In the early 2000s the party supported the position of a [[Absolute monarchy|benevolent monarch]] during times of crises.<ref name=":10" /> At the first session of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]], the party voted to abolish the monarchy and turn Nepal into a secular republic.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> Later however, the party advocated for turning Nepal into a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=RPP bats for Hindu republic |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rastriya-prajatantra-party-bats-hindu-republic |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]], a splinter group of the party which had voted against abolishing the monarchy changed its constitution to support the re-establishment of the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu state]] and a return to [[constitutional monarchy]]. After the merger between the two parties in November 2016 it was announced that the unified party would take up the constitution of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].<ref name=":2" /> The party has stated support for a [[Sanātana Dharma|''Sanatan'' Hindu]] state with full [[religious freedom]] and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=RPP registers Constitution amendment proposal demanding Hindu state |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/rpp-registers-amendment-proposal-demanding-hindu-state/ |access-date=7 December 2017 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2017 |title=RPP 'firm on Hindu state, monarchy' |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/11/08/rpp-firm-on-hindu-state-monarchy |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> The [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission]] removed the portion of the party statute that advocated for a Hindu state and monarchy on 17 March 2017 and asked the party to remove the provisions again on 22 January 2022 claiming that it was against Article 260 of the [[Constitution of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2017 |title=EC removes Hindu state, monarchy from RPP's statute |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/election-commission-removes-hindu-state-monarchy-rastriya-prajatantra-party-statute |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Election Commission asks RPP to remove monarchy and Hindu state from statute |url=https://en.setopati.com/political/157798/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Setopati}}</ref>

The party supports a [[Constitutional monarchy|ceremonial monarch]], a [[directly elected]] prime minister and a fully [[Proportional representation|proportional]] parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Rastriya Prajatantra Party proposes directly appointed PM, wants reforms in the country's electoral system |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/rastriya-prajatantra-party-electoral-system.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The party also calls for the scrapping of the [[Provincial governments of Nepal|provincial governments]] claiming that it is an expensive experiment. The party wants to instead strengthen the [[Local government in Nepal|local governments]] and create a two-tier federal structure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2022 |title=RPP pledges monarchy as guardian and directly-elected prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/10/31/rpp-unveils-manifesto-with-monarchy-as-guardian-and-directly-elected-executive-prime-minister |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatiwada |first=Nishan |date=3 November 2022 |title=What's behind the growing calls to 'scrap' provinces? |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/11/03/what-s-behind-the-growing-calls-to-scrap-provinces |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==

=== Legislative elections ===
{{Data bars
| title = % Votes of RPP and its splinter groups
| scale = 10
| style = 13
| columns = 7 |1991 |1994 |1999 |2008 |2013 |2017|2022
| gold | RPP | 5.38|17.93|10.44|2.45 |2.75 | 2.06|5.58
|yellow | [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Chand)|RPP (C)]] | 6.56| |3.41 | | | |
|khaki | [[Rastriya Janashakti Party|RJSP]] | | | |0.95 | | |
|orange | [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|RPPN]] | | | |1.03 |6.66 | |0.12
|steelblue | [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic)|RPP(D)]]| | | | | |0.93 |
|purple | URPP(N) | | | | | | 0.30|
}}

=== Kingdom of Nepal ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Leader
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Constituency Votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Resulting government
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1991 Nepalese legislative election|1991]]
|[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
|392,499
|5.38
|{{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|1|205|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{n/a}}
|7th
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]
|478,604
|6.56
|{{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|3|205|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{n/a}}
|5th
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |[[1994 Nepalese legislative election|1994]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
| rowspan="4" |'''1,367,148'''
| rowspan="4" |'''17.93'''
| rowspan="4" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|20|205|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 19
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 3rd
|{{partial|External support}}
|-
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1999 Nepalese legislative election|1999]]
|[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
|903,328
|10.43
|{{Decrease}} 7.50
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|11|205|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 9
|{{Steady}} 3rd
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]
|293,952
|3.41
|{{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|0|205|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{n/a}}
|9th
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|}

=== Constituent assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Leader
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Constituency Votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Proportional Votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Resulting government
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]]
| rowspan="3" |'''310,214'''
| rowspan="3" |'''3.01'''
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 7.42
| rowspan="3" |'''263,431'''
| rowspan="3" |'''2.45'''
| rowspan="3" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|8|575|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 3
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 8th
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
|238,313
|2.63
|{{Decrease}}0.38
|260,234
|2.75
|{{Increase}} 0.30
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|13|575|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 5
|{{Increase}} 6th
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|}

=== Federal parliament ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Leader
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Constituency Votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Proportional Votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Resulting government
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2017 Nepalese legislative election|2017]]
|[[Kamal Thapa]]
|118,318
|1.18
|{{Decrease}}1.45
|196,782
|2.06{{Efn|Represented as [[Independent politician|Independent]] for not reaching the 3% threshold|name=|group=}}
|{{Decrease}} 0.57
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|1|275|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 12
|{{Decrease}} 7th
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]
| rowspan="2" |'''549,340'''
| rowspan="2" |'''5.24'''
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 4.06
| rowspan="2" |'''588,849'''
| rowspan="2" |'''5.58'''
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 3.52
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|14|275|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 13
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 5th
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[2026 Nepalese general election|2026]]
| 207,270
| 1.97
| {{Decrease}} 3.27
| 330,684
| 3.05
| {{Decrease}} 2.53
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|5|275|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 9
| {{decrease}} 6th
|
|}

{{Notelist}}

=== Provincial assemblies ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Province
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Election
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Status
|-
![[Koshi Provincial Assembly|Koshi]]
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|198,511
|10.45 (4th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|6|93|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 5
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]]
|65,054
|3.12 (8th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|1|107|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
|275,562
|14.23 (4th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|13|110|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 11
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
|59,483
|6.03 (4th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|2|60|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
|127,452
|6.75 (4th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|4|87|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 4
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]]
|25,186
|4.36 (5th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|1|40|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Nochange}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]]
|44,233
|4.93 (6th)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|1|53|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chairpersons ===
[[File:Rajendra Prasad Lingden.png|thumb|216x216px|Current party chairman, [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]]]
* [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] (1990–2002, 2013–2014)
* [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] (2002–2013, 2014–2016, 2020–2021)
* [[Kamal Thapa]] (2016–2021)
* [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]] (2020–2021)
* [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden|Rajendra Lingden]] ([[2021 general convention of Rastriya Prajatantra Party|2021]]–present)

=== Prime Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Prime Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Constituency
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Start
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|End
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|1.
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Lokendra Bahadur Chand A writer of विसर्जन.png|120x120px]]
|12 March 1997
|7 October 1997
|{{age in years and days|12 March 1997|7 October 1997}}
|[[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|3rd House of Representatives]]
|[[Chand–Gautam coalition|Chand, 1997]]
|Baitadi 2
|-
|11 October 2002
|5 June 2003
|{{age in years and days|11 October 2002|5 June 2003}}
|''Appointed by [[King Gyanendra]]''
|[[Chand cabinet, 2002|Chand, 2002]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2.
| rowspan="2" |[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Surya bahadur thapa (cropped).png|160x160px]]
|7 October 1997
|15 April 1998
|{{age in years and days|7 October 1997|15 April 1998}}
|[[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|3rd House of Representatives]]
|[[Fourth Surya Bahadur Thapa cabinet|Thapa, 1998]]
|Dhankuta 2
|-
|5 June 2003
|4 September 2004
|{{age in years and days|5 June 2003|4 September 2004}}
|''Appointed by [[King Gyanendra]]''
|[[Fifth Surya Bahadur Thapa cabinet|Thapa, 2003]]
|
|}

=== Deputy Prime Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Prime Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Constituency
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Start
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|End
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|1.
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamal Thapa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kamal Thapa 2015.jpg|159x159px]]
|12 October 2015
|4 August 2016
|{{age in years and days|12 October 2015|4 August 2016}}
|[[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]
|[[First Oli cabinet|Oli, 2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Party list]]
|-
|17 October 2017
|14 February 2018
|{{age in years and days|17 October 2017|14 February 2018}}
|[[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]
|[[Deuba cabinet, 2017|Deuba, 2017]]
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|2.
|[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]
|[[File:Rajendra Prasad Lingden.png|129x129px]]
|17 January 2023
|25 February 2023
|{{age in years and days|17 January 2023|25 February 2023}}
|[[2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal|2nd Federal Parliament]]
|[[Dahal cabinet, 2022|Dahal, 2023]]
|[[Jhapa 3 (constituency)|Jhapa 3]]
|}

== Current leadership ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |Portfolio<ref>{{Cite web|title=RPP Chairman Lingden nominates 24 office-bearers|url=http://República.nagariknetwork.com/news/123252/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RPP Chair Lingden appoints 2 vice-chairmen, 2 general secretaries among 24 office bearers|url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/rpp-chair-lingden-appoints-2-vice-chairmen-2-general-secretaries-among-24-office-bearers-4161|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Annapurna Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ज्ञानेन्द्र शाही राप्रपाको प्रवक्ता बन्ने, राजतन्त्रको एजेन्डा स्वीकारेको घोषणा|url=https://www.nepalpress.com/2022/02/15/156072/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |Office holder
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |1.
|Chairman
|[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]
|5 December 2021
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|5 December 2021|}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2.
|Senior Deputy Chairman
|[[Rabindra Mishra]]
|28 September 2022
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|28 September 2022|}}
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |3.
| rowspan="6" |Deputy Chairman
|[[Bikram Pandey]]
| rowspan="6" |5 December 2021
| rowspan="6" |Incumbent
| rowspan="6" |{{age in years and days|5 December 2021|}}
|-
|[[Budhhiman Tamang|Buddhi Man Tamang]]
|-
|[[Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan]]
|-
|[[Rosan Karki|Roshan Karki]]
|-
|Hemjung Gurung
|-
|Mukundashyam Giri
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |4.
| rowspan="6" |General Secretary
|[[Dhawal Shamsher Rana]]
| rowspan="3" |5 December 2021
| rowspan="6" |Incumbent
| rowspan="3" |{{Age in years and days|5 December 2021}}
|-
|Bhuwan Pathak
|-
|Kunti Shahi
|-
|Rajendra Gurung
| rowspan="2" |31 January 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|31 January 2022}}
|-
|Pralhad Prasad Sah
|-
|Sharad Raj Pathak
|22 December 2022
|{{Age in years and days|22 December 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |5.
| rowspan="5" |Spokesperson
|Bhakti Prasad Sitaula
| rowspan="4" |31 January 2022
| rowspan="5" |Incumbent
| rowspan="4" |{{Age in years and days|31 January 2022}}
|-
|Mohan Shrestha
|-
|Sagun Sundar Lawati
|-
|Gopal Dahal
|-
|[[Gyanendra Shahi]]
|15 February 2021
|{{Age in years and days|15 February 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |6.
| rowspan="7" |Joint General Secretary
|Mohan Prasad Yadav
| rowspan="7" |31 January 2022
| rowspan="7" |Incumbent
| rowspan="7" |{{age in years and days|31 January 2022|}}
|-
|Dhan Bahadur Budha
|-
|Shyam Bahadur Shahi
|-
|Prakash Rimal
|-
|Rabindra Pratap Shah
|-
|Jhanak Pyakurel
|-
|Reena Gurung
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |7.
| rowspan="3" |Assistant Spokesperson
|Pravin Kumar Thokar Tamang
| rowspan="3" |31 January 2022
| rowspan="3" |Incumbent
| rowspan="3" |{{Age in years and days|31 January 2022}}
|-
|Dinesh Kumar Sah
|-
|Purna Bahadur Chand
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |8.
| rowspan="6" |Assistant General Secretary
|Ramananda Neupane
| rowspan="6" |31 January 2022
| rowspan="6" |Incumbent
| rowspan="6" |{{Age in years and days|31 January 2022}}
|-
|Bijay Khadka
|-
|Prem Balayar
|-
|Rishiraj Devkota
|-
|Tahir Ali
|-
|Deepak Kumar Rai
|}

=== Provincial Committee Chairs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Province
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Chairman
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Term start
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}"|Reference
|-
|[[Province No. 1]]
|Ram Thapa
| rowspan="7" |2021
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/74776/2021-11-16|title = राप्रपाका सातै प्रदेश अध्यक्ष चुनिए}}</ref>
|-
|[[Province No. 2]]
|Bharat Giri
|-
|[[Bagmati Province]]
|Bikram Thapa
|-
|[[Gandaki Province]]
|Hem Jung Gurung
|-
|[[Lumbini Province]]
|Pradip Kumar Uday
|-
|[[Karnali Province]]
|Dip Bahadur Shahi
|-
|[[Sudurpashchim Province]]
|Dharma Raj Joshi
|}

== Current MPs ==
Five Rastriya Prajatantra Party MPs were elected to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] at the [[2026 Nepalese general election|2026 election]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Member
! style="background-color:{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}" |Constituency/PR group
|-
|[[Gyanendra Shahi|Gyan Bahadur Shahi]]
|[[Jumla 1 (constituency)|Jumla 1]]
|-
|[[Khusbu Oli]]
|[[Khas Arya]], Female
|-
|[[Saraswati Lama]]
|[[Janajati people|Janajati]], Female
|-
|[[Bharat Giri]]
|[[Khas Arya]], Male
|-
|[[Tahir Ali Bhat]]
|[[Islam in Nepal|Muslim]], Male
|}

== Sister Organizations ==

* [[National Democratic Student Organization]]
* [[National Democratic Youth Front]]
* [[National Democratic Women's Union]]

== See also ==
* [[General Convention of Rastriya Prajatantra Party (2021)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://rpp.org.np/ Party website]
* [http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/institutions/major_parties.htm#rpp Info on the party from FES]

{{Hindu Nationalism}}{{Political parties in Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conservative parties in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese nationalism]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Monarchist parties in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese Hindu political parties]]
[[Category:Hindutva political parties]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in Asia]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]
[[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]

Geography of Odisha

2026-03-22T05:36:27Z

TeresitaBunch:

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:India Odisha relief map.svg|alt=Location of Odisha|thumb|207x207px|Odisha is situated in eastern coast on Bay of Bengal.]]
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Chilka-S-c.jpg|thumb|Map of the coastline around [[Chilka Lake]]]]
[[File:Mahanadiriver.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the [[Mahanadi River]] near [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Subarnapur]], in [[Subarnapur district]] of Odisha. Here the Mahanadi curves around the [[Garhjat Hills]] before entering the [[Utkal Plains]].]]
[[File:Kalinga battlefield daya river dhauli hills.jpg|thumb|View of the banks of the [[Daya River]] from a top Dhauli Hills, the presumed venue of the [[Kalinga War]].]]

[[Odisha]] (formerly known as Orissa) is one of the 28 states in the [[Republic of India]]. Odisha is located in the eastern part of the Indian peninsula and the [[Bay of Bengal]] lies to its East while [[Chhattisgarh]] shares its border in the west and north-west. The state also shares geographic boundaries with [[West Bengal]] in the north-east, [[Jharkhand]] in the north and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the south. The state is spread over an area of 1,55,707 km2 and extends for 700 km from north to south and 500 kilometres from east to west. Odisha has a coastline of 574.71 km along the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="PIB2025">{{cite web |title=Coastline of the Country |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198800 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> According to a report based on surveys by the National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and Survey of India, the state's coastline length was revised from the earlier estimate of 476.4 km.<ref name="PIB2025" /> The state is divided into 30 districts which are further subdivided into 314 blocks called tahasil.

Physiographically, Odisha consists of coastal plains, central plateaus, central hilly regions, flood plains, and uplands. About a third of the state has a green cover.

[[Mahanadi]] is the largest river of the state and its catchment area covers 42% of the state. There are several other significant rivers that flow through the state such as the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], the [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]], and the [[Vamsadhara River|Vansadhara]].

[[Chilika Lake]], located on the east coast of the state is one of the world's largest [[brackish water]] [[lagoon]]s. Besides that there are several other lakes in the state such as [[Anshupa Lake|Anshupa]], Tampara, and [[Kanjia Lake|Kanjia]].

Geologically the state is home to some of the oldest rocks of the world. Odisha also consists of two [[craton]]s (e.g. North Odisha Craton and Western Odisha Craton), which are [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] formations from the [[Cretaceous]] period. They are found in many places and are home to coal deposits. The coasts are made up predominantly of deltaic sediments of Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha rivers of [[Quaternary]] age.

==Overview==
Odisha topography consists of fertile coastal plains to the east bounded by [[Bay of Bengal]]. Mountainous highlands and plateau regions occupy the center of the state. Western and northwestern portions of the state consist of rolling uplands. The state also has some major floodplains encompassing the river systems.

The western and northern portions of the state are part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] plateau. The coasts composed of fertile alluvial plains and the valleys of the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], and [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]] rivers, which empty into the Bay of Bengal.

31.41% of Odisha has [[forest cover]]. There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha. The [[Simlipal National Park]] is a national park and tiger reserve with a huge expanse of lush green forests with waterfalls and is inhabited by tigers, elephants, and other wildlife. The [[Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary]], also a national park, has been protecting [[Saltwater crocodile|estuarine crocodiles]] since 1975.<ref name=ForrestCover>{{cite news|title=Study shows Odisha forest cover shrinking|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Study-shows-Odisha-forest-cover-shrinking/articleshow/11904659.cms|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Study-shows-Odisha-forest-cover-shrinking/articleshow/11904659.cms|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Chilka Lake]], a brackish water coastal lake on the Bay of Bengal, south of the mouth of the [[Mahanadi River]], is the largest coastal lake in India. It is protected by the [[Chilka Lake]] Bird Sanctuary, which harbors over 150 migratory and resident species of birds.

The highest mountain peak in the state is [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]] (1672 m), which is situated in [[Koraput]] district in southern Odisha.<ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 73">{{cite book | title=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) | publisher=Centre for Rural Studies, L.B.S. National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8069-723-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_rz0_1ELUC&pg=PA73 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=73}}</ref> It is also one of the tallest peaks of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. Deomali is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain subsystem.

==Location==
The state of Odisha extends from 17.31N latitude to 22.31N latitude and from 81.31E longitude to 87.29E longitude.

==Physical divisions==
===Physiography===
Odisha can be divided into five major Physiographic regions based on continuity, homogeneity, and other physiographic characteristics:

#[[Utkal Plains]] or the coastal plains of the east
# The central plateaus
# The central mountainous and highlands region
# The western rolling [[Highland|uplands]],<ref>[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] (1995 and later), [https://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/glossary_U.html#upland upland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107180052/http://ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/glossary_U.html#upland |date=7 January 2018 }}, UCMP Glossary</ref> and
# The main flood plains

====Odisha Coastal Plains====
The Odisha Coastal Plains or [[Utkal Plains]] are the sedimentary landforms of recent origin. Geologically, they belong to the [[Paleogene]] and [[Neogene]] ages (approximately 65 to 2.6 million years ago). Their western boundary is at around 250 feet east [[ghat]]s, and they have a nearly straight shoreline in east. This region stretches from the Subarnarekha basin in the north to the [[Rushikulya River|Rushikulya]] basin in the south.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica-Utkal Plains">{{cite web | title=Utkal Plains - plains, India | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Utkal-Plains | access-date=2019-08-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729144331/https://www.britannica.com/place/Utkal-Plains | archive-date=29 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hoiberg Ramchandani 2000 p.194 ">{{cite book | last1=Hoiberg | first1=D. | last2=Ramchandani | first2=I. | title=Students' Britannica India: S to Z (Shath to Zurvan) | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9z9WAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=194}}</ref>

A major part of this region is formed by deltas of the six major rivers i.e. the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Budhabalanga, the Subarnarekha, the Baitarani, and the Rushikulya. This has given rise to the names such as the "Gift of Six Rivers" or the "Hexadeltaic region". It spans along the coast of the Bay of Bengal with the maximum width near the Mahanadi Delta (the Middle Coastal Plain).<ref name="Division p. 85">{{cite book | last=Division | first=P. | title=The Gazetteer of India: Volume 1 | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | isbn=978-81-230-2261-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCyYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=85}}</ref><ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 71">{{cite book | title=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) | publisher=Centre for Rural Studies, L.B.S. National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8069-723-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_rz0_1ELUC&pg=PA71 | access-date=2019-08-14 | page=71}}</ref> It is narrower in the Northern Coastal Plain in [[Baleswar district|Baleshwar District]] (also called Balasore Plain) and narrowest in the Southern Coastal Plain in [[Ganjam district|Ganjam District]] (called Ganjam Plain).

The North Coastal Plain is made up of the deltas of the Budhabalanga and the Subarnarekha, The widest and largest area is the Middle Coastal Plain which comprises the deltas of the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers. This region hosts a number of lakes and there is evidence of past 'back bays'. The South Coastal Plain consists of the [[lacustrine plain]] of Chilika Lake and the Rushikulya River delta.<ref name="Chatterjee Nag Saha 2004 p.">{{cite book | last1=Chatterjee | first1=S.P. | last2=Nag | first2=P. | last3=Saha | first3=G.N. | title=Selected Works of Professor S.P. Chatterjee | publisher=National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India | issue=v. 1 | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOHZ2Hu_QEC | access-date=2019-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712053420/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOHZ2Hu_QEC | archive-date=12 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Middle mountainous and highlands region====
The middle mountainous and highlands region is the largest of the geographic regions and covers about three-fourths of the state. The region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise sharply in the east and slope gradually to the eroded plateaus in the west running from north-west ([[Mayurbhanj]]) to the south-west ([[Malkangiri]]). Geologically the formation is quite old. It is a part of the Indian Peninsula, which was a part of the ancient landmass of [[Gondwanaland]].<ref name="Yoshida Windley Dasgupta Geological Society of London 2003 p. 167">{{cite book | last1=Yoshida | first1=M. | last2=Windley | first2=B.F. | last3=Dasgupta | first3=S. | author4=Geological Society of London | title=Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup | publisher=Geological Society | series=Geological Society London: Geological Society special publication | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-86239-125-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4B8nrDVjaCgC&pg=PA167 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=167}}</ref> The rivers of Odisha and their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys in this region. The Odisha highlands are also known as the [[Garhjat Hills]]. This region is well marked by a number of [[Interfluve|watersheds]]. A number of river valleys of varying width and flood plains dissect the [[Eastern Ghats]] in this region. The average height of this region is about 900  meters above the mean sea level. The highest peak is [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]].<ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 73"/>

====Central plateaus====
The plateaus are part of the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. They are mostly eroded plateaus with elevation varying from 305 to 610  meters. There are two broad plateaus: (i) the Panposh-Keonjhar Pallahara plateau comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin in the northern part of the state, and (ii) the Nabrangpur-Jeypore plateau comprises the Sabari basin in the southern part of the state.<ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 73"/>

====Western rolling uplands====
The western rolling uplands have heights varying from 153 metres to 305 metres. These are lower in elevation than the plateaus.<ref name="orissa.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/topography/topography.htm |title=topology |publisher=Orissa.gov.in |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009224558/http://orissa.gov.in/topography/topography.htm |archive-date=9 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It consists of the following geographically distinct uplands.<ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 73"/>

# The Rairangpur rolling upland - This region encompasses the northern part of the Mayurbhanj district. The uplands are a part of the Subarnarekha basin, and slope towards the north.
# The Keonjhar rolling upland - This region is part of Kendujhar district and lies at the edge of the Keonjhar Plateau. It is part of the Baitarani River basin.
#The Rourkela rolling upland - This is part of the Sundergarh district and lies on the Upper Brahmani basin.
#The Bolangir-Bargarh-Rairkhol rolling upland - This is part of multiple districts and lies on the Upper Mahanadi and its tributaries basin.
#The Aska rolling upland - This is situated in Ganjam District on the Upper Rushikulya basin.
#The Rayagada rolling upland - This upland is part of the Rayagada district and lies on the Nagavali and the Vansadhara river basins.
#The Malkangiri rolling upland - Located on the southern tip of Odisha, this upland is situated on the Sabari-Machhkund basins of the Dandakaranya Region.

====Major Flood Plains====
These floodplains are formed due to major rivers in the highlands, uplands, and plateaus. The height varies from 75 to 153m. The nine major floodplains of Odisha are:

# Baripada flood plain
# Anandapur flood plain
# Talcher flood plain
# Bhuban flood plain
# Sonepur flood plain
# Athagarh flood plain
# Aska flood plain
# Rayagada flood plain
# Malkangiri flood plain

==Geology==
The geology of Odisha is complex and varied. The state is home to some of the oldest rock formations on the planet. The second oldest rocks on the planet were found in [[Champua]], [[Kendujhar District|Kendujhar]] which are 4.2 billion years old.<ref name="Chaudhuri Wan Mazumder Ma p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Chaudhuri | first1=Trisrota | last2=Wan | first2=Yusheng | last3=Mazumder | first3=Rajat | last4=Ma | first4=Mingzhu | last5=Liu | first5=Dunyi | title=Evidence of Enriched, Hadean Mantle Reservoir from 4.2-4.0 Ga zircon xenocrysts from Paleoarchean TTGs of the Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=7069 | date=2018-05-04 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-018-25494-6 | pmid=29728630 | pmc=5935743 | bibcode=2018NatSR...8.7069C }}</ref><ref name="Singh 2018">{{cite news | last=Singh | first=Shiv Sahay | title=World's second oldest rock is from Odisha | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2018-05-10 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/worlds-second-oldest-rock-is-from-odisha/article23829527.ece | access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Odisha is part of two cratonic blocks called [[North Orissa Craton]] and the [[West Orissa Craton]]. There is a third block called the [[Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt]]. It has been considered as a ‘mobile belt’ during the middle Proterozoic Era.<ref name="BHATTACHARYA KAR MISRA TEIXEIRA 2001 pp. 609–618">{{cite journal | last1=BHATTACHARYA | first1=S. | last2=KAR | first2=RAJIB | last3=MISRA | first3=S. | last4=TEIXEIRA | first4=W. | title=Early Archaean continental crust in the Eastern Ghats granulite belt, India: isotopic evidence from a charnockite suite | journal=Geological Magazine | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=138 | issue=5 | year=2001 | issn=0016-7568 | doi=10.1017/s0016756801005702 | pages=609–618| bibcode=2001GeoM..138..609B | s2cid=140637316 }}</ref> These formations are separated from each other by deep-seated regional fault boundaries.<ref name="Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 1996 pp. 165–174">{{cite journal | title=Eastern Ghats granulites terrain of India: an overview | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences | volume=14 | issue=3–4 | date=1996-10-01 | issn=0743-9547 | doi=10.1016/S0743-9547(96)00055-4 | pages=165–174 | last1=Bhattacharya | first1=S. | bibcode=1996JAESc..14..165B }}</ref> The fault boundaries are called the north Orissa boundary fault (running along Mahanadi Valley - also called the '[[Mahanadi Rift]]') and the west Orissa boundary fault.

The North Orissa Craton comprises extensive banded iron formations, granite intrusives, and undeformed volcano-sedimentary assemblages belonging to the Archaean to-early Proterozoic times. They are followed by folded limestone-bearing rock formations of the Proterozoic age.<ref name="Mahalik 1996 pp. 209–219">{{cite journal | last=Mahalik | first=N.K. | title=Lithology and tectono-thermal history of the Precambrian rocks of Orissa along the eastern coast of India | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=14 | issue=3–4 | year=1996 | issn=0743-9547 | doi=10.1016/s0743-9547(96)00059-1 | pages=209–219| bibcode=1996JAESc..14..209M }}</ref>

The West Orissa Craton is underlain by occurrences of [[granite]]s of the Archaean age and undeformed limestone-bearing platform sediments of the Proterozoic age. Small occurrences of Archaean banded iron formations and greenstones can also be found.<ref name="Mahalik 1996 pp. 209–219"/>

The Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt is mainly composed of Khondalite formations and moderately extensive [[charnockite]]s, granites, [[migmatite]]s, and local [[pegmatite]]s formations covering approximately 52000 km2. Occurrences of [[anorthosite]]s, [[Alkaline earth metal|alkaline]] rocks and [[chromite]]-bearing [[ultramafic rock]]s are found close to the boundaries of the block.<ref name="Mahalik 1996 pp. 209–219"/> The name Khondalite is derived from the [[Khond]] tribe who inhabit Odisha.<ref name="Dash pp. 263–264">{{cite book | last=Dash | first=B. | title=Encyclopedia of Earth Science | chapter=Khondalite | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | location=Dordrecht | isbn=0-442-20623-2 | doi=10.1007/0-387-30845-8_111 | pages=263–264| year=1989}}</ref>

The similarity of [[lithology]], tectono thermal events, and major [[rift]] features, e.g. the Mahanadi rift, place Odisha close to Eastern Antarctica.

Later geological formations such as [[Gondwana]] basins are also found in Odisha. The Mahanadi Master Basin holds a major part of the Gondwana basins of Odisha. Gondwana sediments are exposed in sedimentary basins found in [[Ib River]] valley, [[Talcher]], Katringia, [[Gaisilat]], Athmallik, Chhatrapur, and Athgarh. These deposits are estimated to be ranging from early Permian to Early Cretaceous in age. Most of the coal deposits of Odisha are found in this region.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay Mukhopadhyay Roychowdhury Parui 2010 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Mukhopadhyay | first1=G. | last2=Mukhopadhyay | first2=S. K. | last3=Roychowdhury | first3=Manas | last4=Parui | first4=P. K. | title=Stratigraphic Correlation Between Different Gondwana Basins of India | journal=Geological Society of India | volume=76 | issue=3 | date=2010-09-01 | pages=251–266 | issn=0974-6889 | url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/58504 | access-date=2019-08-21 | doi=10.1007/s12594-010-0097-6 | bibcode=2010JGSI...76..251M | s2cid=128744424 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821085100/http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/58504 | archive-date=21 August 2019 | url-status=live| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The East Coast Odisha is made up predominantly of deltaic sediments of Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha rivers, besides aeolian and marine patches. The eastern coastline Odisha originated in the post-Cretaceous era and was modified appreciably during the Quaternary due to the growth of river deltas and the effects of glaciation and deglaciation. The Quaternary sediments of the east coast of Odisha are composed of laterites and unconsolidated clays, silts, sands, and gravels.<ref name="Current Science Special issue: Quaternary Period in India">{{cite journal |last1=Vaidyanadhan |first1=R |last2=Ghosh |first2=R. N. |title=Quaternary of the East Coast of India |journal=Current Science |date=June 1993 |volume=64 |issue=11/12 |pages=804–816 |jstor=24096192}}</ref>

==Forests==
{{Main|Forest in Odisha}}
[[File:Raghurajpur.jpg|right|thumb|Forest cover in ''[[Raghurajpur]]''.]]
Almost one-third of Odisha is covered by forests which make up about 37.34% of the total land area of the state. These forests cover most of southern and western Odisha. The eastern plains adjacent to the coast are covered by [[farmlands]]. The forest cover of Odisha extends over an area of 58,136.869 square kilometres out of which reserve forests make up an area of {{convert|26,329.12|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, demarcated protected forests make up {{convert|11,687.079|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) and undemarcated protected forests make up {{convert|3,638.78|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi). Other types of forests make up {{convert|16,261.34|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) while unclassed forests make up {{convert|20.55|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) of the total forest cover.
The State Government of Odisha also classifies forests based on their density. About {{convert|538|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) of land are classified as very dense forests with a canopy density of over 70 percent, {{convert|27,656|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) of forests are classified as moderately dense cover with a canopy density of 40 to 70 percent and {{convert|20,180|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}mi) of land are classified as open forest with a canopy density of 10 to 40 percent.

==Rivers==
[[File:Mahanadi River.JPG|thumb|Mahanadi river]]
Most of the major rivers of Odisha flow eastwards and ultimately empty into the Bay of Bengal. However, depending on the source they can be distinguished into four groups:

* Rivers that originate outside Odisha (the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], the Ib, and the [[Mahanadi]]).
* Rivers originating in Odisha (the [[Baitarani]], the [[Budhabalanga]], the [[Salandi]], and the [[Rushikulya]]).
* Rivers which originate inside Odisha, but flow through other states (the [[Bahuda]], the [[Vamsadhara River]], and the [[Nagavali River]]).
* Rivers which originate inside Odisha, but are tributaries of rivers which flow through other states (the [[Machkund]], the [[Sileru River]], the [[River Kolab|Kolab]], and the [[Indravati River]]).

===The Mahanadi===
The Mahanadi is the biggest river of Odisha and the sixth largest in India. Its exact origin is not known but the farthest headwater can be found on the [[Sihawa]] hills of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] Plateau in [[Dhamtari district]] of Chhattisgarh. It is about 851 km long (494 km in Odisha) and its catchment area spreads over 141,600 km2,<ref name="Singh 2017 p.309 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=D.S. | title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Springer Hydrogeology | year=2017 | isbn=978-981-10-2984-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2019-08-14 | page=309}}</ref> out of which 65,580 km2 (42% of area of the state) lies in Odisha. The river carries on an average about 92,600 million m of water.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web | title=Mahanadi River - Description & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahanadi-River | access-date=2019-08-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702083418/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahanadi-River | archive-date=2 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Division p. ">{{cite book | last=Division | first=P. | title=The Gazetteer of India: Volume 1 | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | isbn=978-81-230-2261-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCyYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 | access-date=2019-08-13 }}</ref><ref name="Orissa :: Surface Water Resources">{{cite web | title=Orissa :: Surface Water Resources | website=Welcome | url=http://www.dowrodisha.gov.in/SWFs/WaterResources.htm | language=en | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528211811/http://dowrodisha.gov.in/SWFs/WaterResources.htm | archive-date=28 May 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Inside Odisha boundaries, Mahanadi's Tributaries include the Ib, The Ong, and the Tel.

'''[[Tel River]]''' is one of the largest rivers of Odisha. Originating near Jharigaon in Nabarangpur district and flowing through Kalahandi, Balangir, Sonepur districts of Odisha and finally merging with Mahanadi near [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonepur]]. It travels 296 km and has a catchment area of 22818 km2.<ref name="Singh 2017 p.311 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=D.S. | title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Springer Hydrogeology | year=2017 | isbn=978-981-10-2984-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2019-08-14 | page=311}}</ref> The river Udanti is a tributary to Tel. It originates from Chhatishgarh and flows through Kalahandi and Nuapada districts and merges with the Tel river.<ref name="Siṃhadeba 1987 p.111 ">{{cite book | last=Siṃhadeba | first=J.P. | title=Cultural Profile of South Kōśala: From Early Period Till the Rise of the Nāgas and the Chauhans in 14th Century A.D. | publisher=Gian Publishing House | year=1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ0eAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-09-03 | page=111| isbn=9788121200950 }}</ref>

'''[[Ib River]]''' originates in the hills near Pandrapet at an elevation of 762 metres (2,500 ft). It passes through the Raigarh and Jashpur districts of Chhattisgarh, Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts of Odisha, and finally meets Mahanadi at Hirakud. It travels 251 km and has a catchment area of 12,447 km2.<ref name="Singh 2017 p.311 "/>

'''[[Ong River]]''' flows across Odisha and joins Mahanadi 240 km upstream of Sonepur where Tel merges. The river travels 204 km before it meets Mahanadi. It drains an area of about 5,128 km2.<ref name="Singh 2017 p.311 "/>

Besides these three rivers, the Mahanadi has tributaries in Chatishgarh, namely the Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Jonk and the Mand.<ref name="Singh 2017 p.311 "/>
Mahanadi branches off around Naraj Bridge which is approx. 10 km from Cuttack City, creating River [[Kathajodi]] and [[Birupa]]. The Birupa merges with the Brahmani and Kathajodi splits into multiple streams.<ref name="Singh 2017 p. 311">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=D.S. | title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Springer Hydrogeology | year=2017 | isbn=978-981-10-2984-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=311}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya Ramanathan Mukherjee Bundschuh 2008 p. 45">{{cite book | last1=Bhattacharya | first1=P. | last2=Ramanathan | first2=AL | last3=Mukherjee | first3=A.B. | last4=Bundschuh | first4=J. | last5=Chandrasekharam | first5=D. | last6=Keshari | first6=A.K. | title=Groundwater for Sustainable Development: Problems, Perspectives and Challenges | publisher=CRC Press | series=Balkema-Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water, an | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-203-89456-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOIQn3ZgvTYC&pg=PA45 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=45}}</ref>

===The Brahmani===
The Brahmani is the second largest river of the state. Two major rivers from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] of [[Jharkhand]], the [[Sankh]] and the South [[Koel]] merge at [[Veda Vyasa]] near [[Rourkela]] in [[Sundargarh district]] forming the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]]. It flows through the [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Deogarh district|Deogarh]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], and [[Jajpur]] districts. When it enters Jajpur, it creates a distributary, the [[Kharasua]], near Jenapur, and the Kelua near Barabati . Both distributaries re-merge with the Brahmani while it enters [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]] and into the Coastal Plains. Afterwards it enters into the [[Bay of Bengal]] along with a combined mouth with the Baitarani near [[Dhamara]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]].<ref name="Pramanik Panda Sen pp. 838">{{cite journal | last1=Pramanik | first1=Niranjan | last2=Panda | first2=Rabindra Kumar | last3=Sen | first3=Dhrubajyoti | title=One Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of River Flow Using DEM Extracted River Cross-sections | journal=Water Resources Management | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=24 | issue=5 | date=2009-07-14 | issn=0920-4741 | doi=10.1007/s11269-009-9474-6 | pages=838| s2cid=154477165 }}</ref> The Brahmani is 799 km long (541 km in Odisha) and its catchment area spreads over 39,033 km2 in Odisha.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica-Brahmani">{{cite web | title=Brahmani River | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmani-River | access-date=2019-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813175932/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmani-River | archive-date=13 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/orissa/rivers/ |title=Odisha River Map, Orissa Rivers |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030152/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/orissa/rivers/ |archive-date=23 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===The Baitarani===
The Baitarani originates from the [[Gonasika]] in the Guptaganga hills of the [[Kendujhar district]].<ref name="Rao Rath Zoological Survey of India 2014 p.2 ">{{cite book | last1=Rao | first1=D.V. | last2=Rath | first2=S. | author3=Zoological Survey of India | title=Fauna of Brahmani-Baitarani Estuarine Complex, Odisha, Bay of Bengal W.s.r. to Ichthyofauna and Crustaceans | publisher=Zoological Survey of India | series=Estuarine ecosystem series | year=2014 | isbn=978-81-8171-323-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_WedE-7Z-EC | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=2}}</ref> It is approximately 360 km long and its catchment area spread over 12,790 km2. It enters into the [[Bay of Bengal]] after joining the Brahmani River at the Dhamara mouth near [[Chandbali]], [[Bhadrak]].<ref name="National Geographical Society of India 2004 p.26-27 ">{{cite book | author=National Geographical Society of India | title=The National Geographical Journal of India | publisher=National Geographical Society of India. | issue=v. 50 | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoZMAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2019-08-13 | pages=26–27}}</ref><ref name="Rao Rath Zoological Survey of India 2014 p.2 "/>

''The Salandi'' is a major tributary of Baitarani. It originates from the Meghasani Hills of the Similipal Mountain range in Mayurbhanj district. It is 144 km long with a catchment area of 1,793 km2.

===The Subarnarekha===
Subarnarekha is a rain-fed river that originates near Nagri village on the [[Chhotanagpur]] plateau of Jharkhand. It has the smallest river basin of the major rivers among India. It flows through major towns of Jharkhand and then enters Odisha. It is 433 km (70 km in Odisha) and has a catchment area of 19,500 km (3,200 km in Odisha) with a mean annual flow of 7,900 million. It ultimately joins the Bay of Bengal at Kirtania Port in Odisha.<ref name="Singh 2017 p. 273">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=D.S. | title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Springer Hydrogeology | year=2017 | isbn=978-981-10-2984-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=273}}</ref>

===The Budhabalanga===
It originates from the eastern slopes of the [[Similipal]] mountain range.
<ref name="Ghosal Anthropological Survey of India 2013 p. 93">{{cite book | last=Ghosal | first=S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | year=2013 | isbn=978-81-212-1163-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsVOKk7AqcC | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=93}}
</ref>
<ref name="River Basins of Orissa-Budhabalanga">{{cite web | title=River Basins of Orissa | website=Welcome | url=http://www.dowrodisha.gov.in/BasinMaps/BurhabalangaBasin.htm | language=en | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023922/http://dowrodisha.gov.in/BasinMaps/BurhabalangaBasin.htm | archive-date=10 January 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Orissa (India). Home Department 1968 p.6 ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India). Home Department | title=Orissa Review | publisher=Home Department, Government of Orissa | issue=v. 25 | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqbSDVCgnxwC | language=en| access-date=2019-08-13 | page=6}}
</ref> It is about 164 km <ref name="Mohanty 1979 p.89 ">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=B. | title=Introducing Orissa | publisher=Konarka Prakasani | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZgdAAAAMAAJ | language=en| access-date=2019-08-13 | page=89}}</ref> long having a total catchment area of 4,840 km2 with an annual flow of 2,177 million. Its major tributaries are the Palapala, the Sunei, the Kalo, the Sanjo, the Deo, the Gangahari, and the Katra. It flows through districts of Mayurbhanj and Balasore and ultimately drains into the Bay Of Bengal near Balaramgadi.<ref name="Times of India Travel 2015">{{cite web | title=Balaramgadi Beach | website=Times of India Travel | date=2015-05-01 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/orissa/balaramgadi-beach/ps47121522.cms | access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name="Department of Water Resources">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dowrodisha.gov.in/WaterResources/RiverSystemNBasinPlanning.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830025136/http://dowrodisha.gov.in/WaterResources/RiverSystemNBasinPlanning.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===The Rushikulya===
It originates from the [[Rushimala]] hills of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the Kandhamal district. It is 165 km long with 8,900 km2 of catchment areas. Its tributaries are the Baghua and the Dhanei Badanadi. It has no delta at its mouth.<ref name="Francis 1988 p. 161">{{cite book | last=Francis | first=W. | title=Gazetteer of South India | publisher=Mittal Publ. | issue=v. 1 | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC&pg=PA161 | access-date=2019-08-13 | page=161}}</ref>

===The Bahuda===
The Bahuda river originates near village Luba from the Singharaj hills the Eastern Ghats in [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] district. It flows in a northeasterly direction up to 55 km. Then it changes direction to south-east and flows for 17 km inside Odisha before entering Andhra Pradesh to flow for further 18 km. Then it again turns in a northeasterly direction for 6 km in Odisha before meeting the Bay of Bengal near the village Sunapurapeta, Odisha.<ref name="Department of Water Resources" /> Its total length is 96 km with 78 km inside Odisha. It has a catchment area of 1118 km2, out of which 890 km2 lies inside Odisha.<ref name="Orissa :: Surface Water Resources"/>

===The Vanshadhara===
The Vanshadhara originates in Kalahandi district from the Durgakangar hills of the Eastern Ghats. It is 230 km long out of which 150 km flows in Odisha. It merges into the Bay of Bengal at [[Kalingapatnam]] in Andhra Pradesh. It has a catchment area of 1,400 km2 in Odisha.<ref name="The Financial Express 2006">{{cite web | title=Orissa, Andhra lock horns over Vansadhara river water | website=The Financial Express | date=2006-03-13 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/orissa-andhra-lock-horns-over-vansadhara-river-water/40794/ | access-date=2019-08-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819115706/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/orissa-andhra-lock-horns-over-vansadhara-river-water/40794/ | archive-date=19 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The main tributaries of the Vansadhara are Pedagada, Bengigedda on the right and Chuladhua Nalla, Pondaka Nalla, Harabhangi, Sananadi, and Mahendratanya situated on left.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_VWDT_Volume-I_0.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819120036/http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_VWDT_Volume-I_0.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===The Nagavali===
It originates from the Bijipur hills of the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi district. It is 217  km long out of which 125  km is in Odisha and rest flows through Andhra Pradesh. It has a total catchment area of about 9,410 km2. Its main tributaries are Pitadar Nalla, Datteibannda Nallah, Sananadi, BarhaNadi, Baldiya Nadi, Sat Nallha, Sitagura Nallha, Ghora Nalla, Sitaghera Nalla, Srikona Nadi, Bonamarha Nadi, Errigeda Nallha, and Jhanjhabati river.<ref name="Department of Water Resources"/>

===The Indravati===
It originates from the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi districts. It flows in a westerly direction and enters Chhattisgarh and ultimately flows into the Godavari. It is 530 km long with a catchment area of 41,700 km2 as a tributary it flows into the Godavari river.<ref name="Department of Water Resources" />

===The Kolab===
It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the Eastern Ghats in Koraput districts. Thereafter it flows through Andhra Pradesh and converges with the Godavari. It has catchment areas of 20,400 km2.<ref name="Department of Water Resources" /> The Kolab water project is situated in this river

==Springs==
There are a number of mountain springs and hot springs in Odisha. The Badaghagara and Sanaghagara in Keonjhar district, Saptasajya in Dhenkanal district, Chandikhole in Jajpur district, Barunei in Khorda district, [[Taptapani]], Narayani, Nirmalajhar in Ganjam district, the Patalaganga in Kalahandi district, Nursinghanath in Bargarh district, and Harisankar of Balangir district of Odisha. A few of the major springs are as per below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of the springs
! Rivers / tributaries, etc.
! Type
! Location
|-
| Chandikhole
| A tributary to Mahanadi
|Natural spring
| [[Chandikhole]]
|-
| Barunei
| Tributary to the Daya
|Natural spring
| Khurda
|-
| Narayani
| Draining to Chilika
|Natural spring
| Puri
|-
| [[Nirmaljhar|Nirmal Jhar]]
| Draining to Chilika
|Natural spring
| Khalikot
|-
| Pradhanpat
| A tributary to the Brahmani
|Natural spring
| Deogarh
|-
| Phurligharan
| A tributary to the Indravati
|Natural spring
| Bhawanipatna
|-
| Khandadhar
| A tributary to the Brahmani
|Natural spring
| Bonei
|-
| Nurshingh Nath
| A tributary to the Tel
|Natural spring
| Balangir
|-
| Harishankar
| Jira river, a tributary to Tel
|Natural spring
| Bolangir
|-
| Gosinga Jhar
| Kuaria Nala, a tributary to the Mahanadi
|Natural spring
| Kantilo
|-
| Koiliharan
| A tributary to the Mahanadi
|Natural spring
| Jharsuguda
|-
| Jharbada
| Mankada river a tributary to the Brahmani
| Natural spring
| Malaygiri, Dhenkanal
|-
| Atri
| -
|Natural hot spring
| Khurda
|-
| Taptapani<ref name="Sajnani 2001 p. 287">{{cite book | last=Sajnani | first=M. | title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | issue=v. 2 | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-7835-018-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&pg=PA287 | access-date=2019-08-14 | page=287}}</ref>
| -
|Natural hot spring
| Ganjam
|-
| Deulijhari<ref name="Singh Subudhi 2015">{{cite journal | last1=Singh | first1=Archana | last2=Subudhi | first2=Enketeswara | title=Comparative Metagenomics of Deulijhari Hotspring Cluster along a 25 °C Temperature Gradient | website=ResearchGate | date=2015-11-24 | doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2031.3684 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287948941 | access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

| -
|Natural hot spring
| Athamallik

|}

==Waterfalls==
Most of the rivers of Odisha traverse through mountainous terrain. So they have waterfalls either at the point of origin or over the mountainous bed. Some major waterfalls of the state are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of Waterfall
! Rivers /tributary etc.
! Height
! Location
|-
| Putudi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kandhamal.nic.in/tourist-place/putudi/ |title=Putudi |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816110415/https://kandhamal.nic.in/tourist-place/putudi/ |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| River Salunki, a tributary to Mahanadi
| {{cvt|60|ft|m}}
| Phulbani
|-
| Bada Ghagra
| Machhakandana river, a tributary to the Baitarani<ref>[https://kendujhar.nic.in/tourist-place/badaghagara-waterfall// Badaghagara Waterfall | Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | India]</ref>
| {{cvt|200|ft|m}}
| Kendujhar
|-
| San Ghagra
| Machhakandana river, a tributary to the Baitarani<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/tourist-place/sanaghagara-waterfall/ |title=Sanaghagara Waterfall | Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | India |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816110416/https://kendujhar.nic.in/tourist-place/sanaghagara-waterfall/ |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{cvt|100|ft|m}}
| Kendujhar
|-
| [[Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar|Khandadhar]]
| A tributary to the Brahamani
| {{cvt|500|ft|m}}
| Kendujhar
|-

| Bhimkund<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/tourist-place/bhimkund/ | title=Bhimkund | Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | India}}</ref>
| The Baitarani
|
| Kendujhar
|-
| [[Barehipani]]<ref name="Indian & World Geography p. 10-PA25">{{cite book | title=Indian & World Geography | publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited | isbn=978-0-07-067972-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cmROzLkkckC&pg=SA10-PA25 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=10–PA25}}</ref>
| Budhabalanga
| {{cvt|1309|ft|m}}
| Mayurbhanj
|-
| Joranda <ref name="Indian & World Geography p. 10-PA25"/>
| Budhabalanga
| {{cvt|490|ft|m}}
| Mayurbhanj
|-
| [[Debakunda]]
|
|{{cvt|50|ft|m}}
| Mayurbhanj
|-
| Pradhanpat<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deogarh.nic.in/tourist-place/pradhanpat/ |title=Pradhanpat | Deogarh District - Government of Odisha | India |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110119/https://deogarh.nic.in/tourist-place/pradhanpat/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| A tributary of the Brahamani
| {{cvt|30|ft|m}}
| Deogarh
|-
| [[Phurlijharan]]
| A tributary of the Indravati
| {{cvt|49|ft|m}}
| Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi
|-
| Dokaridhara <ref name="kalahandi.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=https://kalahandi.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |title=Places of Interest | Kalahandi District: Odisha | India |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722123930/https://kalahandi.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{cvt|200|ft|m}}
| Kalahandi
|-
| Bhanyaraghumara <ref name="kalahandi.nic.in"/>
|
|{{cvt|150|ft|m}}
| Kalahandi
|-
| Rabandhara<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalahandi.nic.in/video/rabandhara-waterfall/ |title=Rabandhara Waterfall | District Kalahandi, Government of Odisha | India |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110116/https://kalahandi.nic.in/video/rabandhara-waterfall/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| {{cvt|45|ft|m}}
| Kalahandi
|-

| [[Khandadhar Falls, Sundagarh|Khandadhar]]<ref name="Indian & World Geography p. 10-PA25"/>
| Korapani Nala, a tributary of the Brahamani
| {{cvt|801|ft|m}}
| Bonei, Sundergarh
|-
| Nrushingh Nath(Bhimdhar)
| A tributary of the Tel
|
| Bargarh
|-
| Harishankar
| Jira river, a tributary of the Tel
|
| Bolangir
|-
| [[Koilighugar]]
| Ahiraj, a tributary of the Mahanadi
| {{cvt|200|ft|m}}
| Jharsuguda
|-
| [[Duduma]]
| Machakund river a tributary of the Godavari
| {{cvt|574|ft|m}}
| Koraput
|-
| [[Gandahati waterfall|Gandahati]]
| Mahendratanaya<ref name="The New Indian Express-Dec 2018">{{cite news |last1=Express News Service |first1=Express News Service |title=Renovation on for Titli hit Gandahati waterfall |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/30/renovation-on-for-titli-hit-gandahati-waterfall-1918283.html |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=30 December 2018 |ref=Renovation on for Titli hit Gandahati waterfall |language=or |quote=Originating in Mahendragiri hills, river Mahendratanya flows down and falls from the hill to 100 ft at Gandahati, situated nearly 30 km from here.}}</ref>
| {{cvt|65|ft|m}}
| Gajapati
|-

|}

==Lakes==
* The '''[[Chilika Lake]]''' is brackish water lagoon located in the southern part of the Odisha coastal plain. It is India's largest coastal lagoon and spread across the districts of Ganjam, Khurda and Puri. Its area varies 900 km2 and 1165 km2;<ref name="Centre 2017">{{cite web | last=Centre | first=UNESCO World Heritage | title=Chilika Lake | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | date=2017-10-11 | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5896/ | access-date=2019-08-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824112741/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5896/ | archive-date=24 August 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref> during the two monsoon months it is 71 km long and 32 km wide. Its salinity decreases to a minimum during the monsoon. However, in winter, due to the overflow of the tidal water through the narrow opening from the Bay of Bengal, the lake reaches its maximum height. It is a [[Ramsar Convention]] protected wetland and hosts around 33 species of migratory and local birds.<ref name="Ramsar Sites Information Service 1993">{{cite web | title=Chilika Lake | website=Ramsar Sites Information Service | date=1993-06-16 | url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229 | access-date=2019-09-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502150343/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229 | archive-date=2 May 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Anshupa]]''' is a fresh water [[oxbow lake|horseshoe lake]] located at Athagarh in Cuttack district within the alluvial plain of river Mahanadi. It is 3 km long and 1.5 km wide.<ref name="State of Orissas environment: a citizens report 1994 p.90 ">{{cite book | title=State of Orissa's environment: a citizen's report | publisher=Council of Professional Social Workers | year=1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtTsAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-09-09 | page=90}}</ref><ref name="Jog 1995 p. 231">{{cite book | last=Jog | first=S.R. | title=Indian Geomorphology: Geomorphology and resource management | publisher=Rawat Publications | year=1995 | isbn=978-81-7033-202-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXKAAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-09-09 | page=231}}</ref>
* '''Sara''' is a fresh water lake located near Puri. It is 5 km long and 3 km wide. Four distributaries of Mahanadi River system, the Bhargavi, the Kushabhadra, the Mugei and the Dhanua drain into the lake<ref name="Padhi 2015 p. ">{{cite journal | last=Padhi | first=Tapan | title=SARA LAKE: Flood control vs. livelihood and wetland vs. university | journal=Water Conflicts in Odisha: A Compendium ... | date=2015-08-03 | url=https://www.academia.edu/1556359 | language=af | access-date=2019-08-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824132007/https://www.academia.edu/1556359/SARA_LAKE_Flood_control_vs._livelihood_and_wetland_vs._university | archive-date=24 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''[[Kanjia lake]]''' is another fresh water lake with about {{convert|134|acre|km2}} of area located in Nandankanan of Khorda district near Bhubaneswar.<ref name="Orissa.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://Orissa.gov.in/topography/topography.htm |title=topology |publisher=Orissa.gov.in |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009224558/http://orissa.gov.in/topography/topography.htm |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref>
* '''Tampara''' is another fresh water lake located alongside the town of Chatrapur. It is 4 km long and 0.5 km wide. It is feed by the backwater of Rushikulya river in monsoon season.<ref name="Home">{{cite web | title=Publication - Identification of Prioritized Coastal Wetlands at Ganajam District: Odisha, India | website=Home | url=https://www.ijries.org/index.php/issues?view=publication&task=show&id=3 | access-date=2019-08-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714150539/http://ijries.org/index.php/issues?view=publication&task=show&id=3 | archive-date=14 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Odisha Tourism">{{cite web | title=Tampara Lake - India- Book Trail/ Package | website=Odisha Tourism | url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/discover/attractions/lakes-waterfalls/tampara-lake.html | access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref>

'''Artificial water reservoirs'''

* '''[[Hirakud Dam]]''': Artificial Lake in [[Sambalpur]] and [[Jharsuguda]] largest artificial lake in Asia.
* '''Indravati Dam''': Artificial Lake in Kalahandi and Nabarangpur.
* '''Kolab Dam''': Artificial Lake in Koraput.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite web |title=Topography|work=Orissa Portal|publisher=Government of Orissa|url=http://orissa.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL012&vchplinkid=PL049}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Odisha}}
[[Category:Geography of Odisha| ]]

Dhwani Gautam

2026-03-19T04:34:29Z

TeresitaBunch: created new stub

{{short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhwanii M Gautam
| image =
| alt = Dhwani Gautam
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|07|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[The Asian School]] Marwah Studios [[Noida]]
| occupation = [[Film Producer|Producer]], [[Film Director|Director]] and [[Screenwriter|Writer]]
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| organization = Dhwani Gautam Films
| notable_works = [[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]] [[Romance Complicated]] [[Order Order Out of Order]]
}}

'''Dhwanii M Gautam''' aka Dhwani Gautam (born 22 July 1985) is a filmmaker, director and writer known for [[Romance Complicated]] and [[Hoon Tari Heer]]. He predominantly works in the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati Film Industry]] and [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmedabad|first1=The Times Of India|title=City newbies to dazzle the Gujarati silver screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-newbies-on-silver-screen/articleshow/54187106.cms|access-date=14 September 2016|agency=The Times Group|issue=Ahmedabad Times|date=8 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gujarat|first1=Desh|title=Darshan Raval becomes highest paid actor in Gujarati film industry|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2016/03/15/darshan-rawal-becomes-highest-paid-actor-in-gujarati-film-industry/|access-date=15 September 2016|agency=News Agencies|issue=Online|date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Patel|first1=Kalgi|title=RomCom uses social networking site to cast actors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Rom-Com-uses-social-networking-site-for-casting/articleshow/41943034.cms|access-date=15 September 2016|agency=Times News Network|issue=Times Of India Ahmedabad|date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dhwanii M Gautam was born in [[Gujarat]], received his schooling from [[The Asian School]], and a degree in film-making from Marwah studios [[Noida]]. It all started when he was 13 years old when he watched [[Yash Chopra]]'s [[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]. Since then he decided to become a Film Director. Coming from a middle-class family it was quite tough to pursue the career into entertainment industry. He has worked as Radio Jockey in initial days in [[New Delhi]]. His struggle started when he shifted to [[Mumbai]] to pursue his career.

== Career ==
Hailing from a middle-class family based in Delhi, Gautam worked small jobs until he became an RJ for a while. Later, he moved to Mumbai. He was hired as an assistant director for the family drama, [[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]. Later he went on to work for three more serials. He later worked in the [[Sunny Deol]] starrer Heroes and the [[Bobby Deol]] starrer [[Nanhe Jaisalmer]]. After garnering experience in direction and writing, he went on to work for the Punjabi Film Industry.

In 2015, he started work on his own films [[Romance Complicated|''Romance'' ''Complicated'']] which was the first film of his as directorial debut,<ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|first1=Times News Network|title=The new-age directors of Gujarati cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/The-new-age-directors-of-Gujarati-cinema/newage/photostory/46163271.cms|access-date=15 September 2016|agency=The Times Group|issue=Indiatimes|date=8 February 2015}}</ref> which was his dream project and it was the first film of [[Gujarati cinema]] which has been shot overseas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patel|first1=Kalgi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Past-few-months-have-been-great-Dhwani/articleshow/45657759.cms|title=Past few months have been great: Dhwani|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> from that film he has also acted in negative character.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Shreya|title=Playing a negative character is always exciting: Dhwani Gautam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Gujarati-actor-director-Dhwani-Gautam-talks-about-his-acting-debut-in-the-upcoming-movie-Romance-Complicated/articleshow/50451773.cms|access-date=15 September 2016|agency=TNN|issue=Times Of India|date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Dhwani Gautam put his trust on India's raw star winner [[Darshan Raval]] as music director<ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=India|title=India's Raw Star: Rituraj Mohanty beats Darshan Raval to be the winner|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/rituraj-mohanty-darshan-raval-india-raw-star-gauahar-khan-himmesh-reshammiya-honey-singh-mohit-gaur-229265-2014-12-01|access-date=14 September 2016|agency=India Today Group|issue=Mumbai|work=India Today|date=1 December 2014}}</ref> for [[Romance Complicated]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmmaker Dhwani Gautam, music director Rahul Munjariya and singer Himanshu Chauhan record a song, see pic! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/filmmaker-dhwani-gautam-music-director-rahul-munjariya-and-singer-himanshu-chauhan-record-a-song-see-pic/articleshow/97243144.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He made his television comeback with cooking show in 2018 named Great Gujarati Cooking Competition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/dhwani-gautam-makes-a-comeback-to-small-screen/articleshow/63451665.cms?from=mdr|title = Dhwani Gautam makes a comeback to small screen! - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>

In 2019 he again come up with the Mr D Show - Get Funny with Dhwani, where 60+ artists such as [[Malhar Thakar]], [[Parthiv Gohil]], [[Manasi Parekh]], [[Pooja Jhaveri]], [[Raunaq Kamdar]] and many more came on the show. The show got telecast on [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]'s OTT platform ShemarooMe.<ref>{{cite news|title=ShemarooMe Launches New Gujarati Chat Show With Dhwani Gautam |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/shemaroome-launches-gujarati-chat-show-with-dhwani-gautam-44433|access-date=22 January 2020|issue=Mumbai|publisher=mumbailive.com}}</ref>

In 2020 before the starting of pandemic he has started his one of the dream project named Kesariya with [[Malhar Thakar]], [[Anshul Trivedi]] and Ritu Bhagwani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/i-will-begin-the-shoot-of-kesariya-in-august-dhwani-gautam/articleshow/77238885.cms |title = I will begin the shoot of Kesariya in August: Dhwani Gautam - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=29 July 2020 }}</ref> The rumor came that movie has stopped due to the lack of fund and Dhwani Gautam has denied it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhwani-gautam-on-rumors-of-kesariya-its-a-complete-lie-that-the-film-has-stopped-due-to-lack-of-funds/photostory/86862455.cms |title = Dhwani Gautam on rumors of 'Kesariya': It's a complete lie that the film has stopped due to lack of funds - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=8 October 2021 }}</ref>

Post lock down he has shot the independent Gujarati music song with Geeta Rabari for the song name Pardesiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVnKc_9ZjA4 |title = Pardesiya - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=20 August 2021 }}</ref> and Valamiya 2.0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOzYOopopvk |title = Valamiya 2.0 - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=13 February 2021 }}</ref> He has also directed the independent song named Hawa Karda Punjabi song featuring [[Shama Sikander]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNQQNtvjbus |title = Afsana Khan : Hawa Karda - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>

End of 2021 he started his dream project named "Hoon Tari Heer" with [[Bharat Chawda]], [[Puja Joshi]], and Ojas Rawal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-pics-dhwani-gautam-shares-a-glimpse-of-hoon-tari-heer-muhurat-rituals/articleshow/88239972.cms |title = Exclusive Pics! Dhwani Gautam shares a glimpse of 'Hoon Tari Heer' Muhurat rituals - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=12 December 2021 }}</ref>

His upcoming project named "Love Atrangi", starring [[Puja Joshi]], [[Anshul Trivedi]] and [[Pooja Jhaveri]] very soon on the floor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/pic-dhwani-gautam-preps-for-his-next-untitled-project/articleshow/88053670.cms|title = PIC! Dhwani Gautam preps for his next untitled project - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=2 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Assistant director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
|2007
|'' Hats Off Productions ''
|-
|2008
|'' Sagar Arts Vadodara ''
|-
|2008
|''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]] ''
|}

=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Actor
! Associate Producer
!Screenplay Writer
! Language
|-
| 2014
|The Last Don
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Gujarati
|-
| 2016
|[[Romance Complicated]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2016
|Tuu To Gayo
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2018
|Midnights with Menka
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Gujarati
|-
| 2019
|[[Order Order Out Of Order]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/order-order-out-of-order/movieshow/66703474.cms|title=Order Order Out of Order Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2020
|[[Golkeri]]
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Gujarati
|-
| 2022
|[[Hoon Tari Heer]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=India|title=Dhwani Gautam to start shooting on his dream project 'Hoon Tari Heer' soon - Exclusive!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhwani-gautam-to-start-shooting-on-his-dream-project-hoon-tari-heer-soon-exclusive/articleshow/88161037.cms|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2025
|Bhai Bhai<ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=Maniesh Paul and Esha Gupta to co-star in Dhwani Gautam’s upcoming mystery project!|title=Maniesh Paul and Esha Gupta to co-star in Dhwani Gautam's upcoming mystery project! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/maniesh-paul-and-esha-gupta-to-co-star-in-dhwani-gautams-upcoming-mystery-project/ |website = Cinebuster Magazine|date=20 April 2024 }}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Hindi
|-
| 2026
|[[Vaanki Chuki Love Story]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Gujarati
|-
| 2026
|Dayro <ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=India|title='Dayro': Dhwani Gautam announces his next; poster out!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/daayro-dhwani-gautam-announces-his-next-poster-out/articleshow/94350104.cms |website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2026
|Shubh Saanj <ref>{{cite news|last1=Today|first1=India|title=Dhwani Gautam completes his next romantic venture 'Shubh Saanj', watch the video!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/dhwani-gautam-completes-his-next-romantic-venture-shubh-saanj-watch-the-video/videoshow/95211144.cms?from=mdr |website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2026
|The Story of Patel Vs. Patrick
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2026
|Kesariya
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2026
|Love Atrangi
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Series
!Season
! Director
! Producer
! Language
! Network/Platform
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''Jeevti Vaarta''
|1
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|[[VTV-Gujarati]]
|serial
|-
|2017
|''Mr D Show''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/dhwani-gautam-makes-a-comeback-to-small-screen/articleshow/63451665.cms?from=mdr|title = Dhwani Gautam makes a comeback to small screen! - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>
|1
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|GTPL
|Chat Show & Host
|-
|2018
|''Great Gujarat Cooking ''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/dhwani-gautam-makes-a-comeback-to-small-screen/articleshow/63451665.cms?from=mdr|title = Dhwani Gautam makes a comeback to small screen! - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>
|1
|
|
|Gujarati
|GTPL
|Coocking Show & Host
|-
|2019
|''Mr D Show - Get Funny With Dhwani''.<ref>{{cite news|title=ShemarooMe Launches New Gujarati Chat Show With Dhwani Gautam |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/shemaroome-launches-gujarati-chat-show-with-dhwani-gautam-44433|access-date=22 January 2020|issue=Mumbai|publisher=mumbailive.com}}</ref>
|2
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|[[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
|Chat Show & Host
|-
|2019
|''Great Gujarat Cooking ''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/dhwani-gautam-makes-a-comeback-to-small-screen/articleshow/63451665.cms?from=mdr|title = Dhwani Gautam makes a comeback to small screen! - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>
|2
|
|
|Gujarati
|News18 Gujarati
|Coocking Show & Host
|-

|}

=== Music videos ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Song name
! Director
! Producer
!Screenplay Writer
! Language
|-
|-
| 2021
|Valmiya 2.0
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2021
|Pardesiya
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Gujarati
|-
| 2021
|Hawa Karda
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Punjabi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7435942|Dhwani Gautam}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Dhwani}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]

Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!

2026-03-17T17:39:40Z

TeresitaBunch: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian Hindi language sitcom (2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43109_TV-to-launch-on-March-2|title=&TV to launch on March 2|date=27 January 2015 |publisher=afaqs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401020711/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43109_TV-to-launch-on-March-2|archive-date=1 April 2018 }}</ref>
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Manoj Santoshi Raghuvir Shekhawat
| story = Manoj Santoshi
| screenplay = [[Shashank Bali]] Sanjay Kohli
| director = Shashank Bali Rajan Waghdhare
| creative_director = Harshada Pranav Pathak (Potnis)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aasif Sheikh]]|[[Rohitashv Gour]]|[[Shilpa Shinde]]|[[Saumya Tandon]]|[[Shubhangi Atre]]|[[Neha Pendse]]|[[Vidisha Srivastava]]}}
| opentheme = ''Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain!''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 2,811 
| producer = Binaifer S Kohli Sanjay R Kohli
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Raja Stankar
| editor = Rahul H Solanki Pravesh J Shetty
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]'' (2019) ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun on the Run]]'' (2026)
| location =
| company = Edit II Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|03|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[&TV]] [[Zee5]]
}}

'''''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!''''' ({{Translation}} ''Is Sister-in-Law at Home?''), sometimes abbreviated as '''''BGPH''''', is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[sitcom]] that premiered on 2 March 2015 on [[&TV]] and is digitally available on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = More of the Same|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/more-of-the-same-4/|website = [[The Indian Express]]|date = 6 March 2015|access-date = 17 October 2015|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180402234625/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/more-of-the-same-4/|archive-date =2 April 2018 }}</ref> The series is produced under the banner of Edit II Productions.

This comedy show revolves around two neighbouring couples, the Mishras and the Tiwaris, where the husbands are attracted to each other's wives and use various, ultimately unsuccessful, yet hilarious techniques to impress them.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nothing-vulgar-in-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-asif-sheikh/|title =Nothing vulgar in 'Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain!': Asif Sheikh|publisher =[[The Indian Express]]|date =12 May 2015|access-date =28 January 2018|archive-date =29 January 2018|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004607/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nothing-vulgar-in-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-asif-sheikh/|url-status =live}}</ref>

The show has garnered widespread acclaim from critics and viewers. ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!'' is inspired by the 1990s Hindi sitcom [[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|''Shrimaan Shrimati'']].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/why-is-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-so-popular-andtv-vibhuti-narayan-mishra-tiwari-ji-angoori-bhabhi-anita-bhabhi-hawaldar-happu-singh-268456-2015-10-16|title=Why is everyone talking about Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain?|work=[[India Today]]|date=16 October 2015|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221115542/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-so-popular-andtv-vibhuti-narayan-mishra-tiwari-ji-angoori-bhabhi-anita-bhabhi-daroga-happu-singh-Saxena-ji/1/500359.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A spin-off sitcom, ''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]'', featuring the show's character Happu Singh, was also released in 2019.

== Series overview ==

{{Series overview
| color1 = #F18DA3
| link1 =
| episodes1 = 2,749
| start1 = {{Start date|2015|3|2|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|2025|12|19|df=y}}
| color2 = #00DD00
| link2 =
| episodes2 = 62
| start2 = {{Start date|2025|12|22|df=y}}
| end2 =
}}

== Plot ==

The show is set in the fictional "Modern Colony" in [[Kanpur]] and revolves around two neighbouring couples. The husbands, Vibhuti Narayan Mishra and Manmohan Tiwari, have been married for seven years and are bored with their marriages while being smitten with each other's wives, unbeknownst to one another.

Manmohan Tiwari is a successful undergarment businessman. Often referred to as "Kaccha Baniyaan" (a slang term for selling undergarments), he spends most of his time managing his business. In contrast, his wife, Angoori Tiwari, is a simple and naive housewife.

Their neighbour, Vibhuti Narayan Mishra, was once an unsuccessful insurance agent and is now unemployed. Often referred to as "Nalla" (a slang term for being unemployed), he spends most of his time doing household chores. In contrast, his wife, Anita Mishra, is a headstrong, smart, and modern woman who runs grooming classes. She is the breadwinner of the family and disapproves of her husband's unemployment and laziness.

Their houses are located across the street from each other, with the Tiwaris residing in House No. 6 and the Mishras in House No. 9. The Tiwaris own their house, while the Mishras live in a rental property that belonged to Anita's uncle. Much of the plot unfolds in their respective homes, and the characters often visit a nearby tea stall, "Gupta Tea Center", where they discuss their lives and daily affairs.

As both men devise schemes to impress each other's wives—Angoori and Anita—they frequently undermine each other and create further complications for everyone involved.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Vibhuti "Vibhu" Narayan Mishra, an unsuccessful insurance agent, Anita's husband, David's nephew, and Helen's son. Often called "Nalla" for being unemployed, he has fallen for the simple-minded Angoori Tiwari, Manmohan’s wife. He is known to be highly educated but refuses to take a regular job due to his ego and laziness. His plans to woo Angoori usually fail due to her naivety, putting him in dire situations. He despises Manmohan Tiwari, believing that Manmohan doesn't deserve a wife like Angoori. Vibhuti has tried numerous times to ruin Manmohan's reputation in front of Angoori, but these attempts have led to negative results. Although he claims to be the "Chhapra University Topper," his Uncle David Mishra revealed that he bought the degree for him during his college years. (2015–present)
* [[Rohitashv Gour]] as Manmohan Tiwari, a successful undergarments businessman. Often called ‘Kaccha-Baniyaan’ for selling undergarments, he is attracted to the modern and elegant Anita Mishra, Vibhuti's wife. He is Ramkali's elder son, Laddu's elder brother, and Angoori's husband. He’s often depicted being short tempered and greedy, as he keeps all money to himself and refuses to give it to others. Throughout the series, it is frequently hinted, though never confirmed, that Manmohan may not be Ramkali's biological son from her husband Jummanlal Tiwari but rather from Pandit Ramphal, a priest from whom Ramkali regularly seeks remedies and spiritual advice. (2015–present)
* [[Shilpa Shinde]] as Angoori Tiwari, a traditional Indian housewife who wears a [[lehenga-style saree]], [[sindoor]] and [[Mangala sutra|mangalasutra]] and speaks with a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] accent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjUJTG4FQzI|title=Day out with "Angoori Bhabhi" AKA "Shubhangi Atre"|date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Saas Bahu Aur Betiyaan on YouTube|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706094925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjUJTG4FQzI&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> She is gullible, kind-hearted, and innocent, regarded as one of the most kindhearted women in her neighbourhood. She is Manmohan's wife, Bhoorey Lal's daughter, and Puttan's elder sister. Angoori performs various superstitious rituals, often suggested by her loving mother-in-law, Ramkali, leading to humorous outcomes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/9-lesser-known-facts-about-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-322940-2016-05-11|title=8 lesser-known facts about new Angoori Bhabhi Shubhangi Atre|date=11 May 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325011443/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/9-lesser-known-facts-about-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-322940-2016-05-11|url-status=live}}</ref> She occasionally mispronounces English words, prompting others to correct her in certain situations, to which she replies with her signature catchphrase "Sahin pakde hain"(You got it right) .: Shinde left the series after a dispute with the series' producer, Binaifer Kohli and former channel head [[Vikas Gupta]]. Later in December 2025, she returned, reprising her role as Angoori Tiwari.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shilpa Shinde quits Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hai, accuses makers of mentally harassing her |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shinde-angoori-bhabhi-quits-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hai-makers-send-legal-notice/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 2016 |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410053954/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shinde-angoori-bhabhi-quits-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hai-makers-send-legal-notice/ |url-status=live}}</ref> (2015–2016, 2025–present)
** Ghoonghat Wali Bhabhiji (2025–present)
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] as Angoori Tiwari (replaced Shinde from 2016–2025)
* [[Saumya Tandon]] as Anita "Annu" Mishra, Vibhuti's wife, a modern, elegant woman who leads grooming classes in Kanpur. She holds a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Karate]], which she uses for self-defense. To fulfill her romantic fantasies, she frequently persuades Vibhuti to adopt various characters, such as a thief, robber, college stud, painter, dacoit, electrician, and cop, often leaving him frustrated. She shares a good friendship with Angoori. On 21 August 2020, Tandon revealed via her social media accounts that she has opted to not renew her contract and has quit the show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saumya Tandon: I don't see myself being a part of 'Bhabi Ji...' for another five years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saumya-tandon-i-dont-see-myself-being-a-part-of-bhabhiji-for-five-more-years/articleshow/77639592.cms |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820032023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saumya-tandon-i-dont-see-myself-being-a-part-of-bhabhiji-for-five-more-years/articleshow/77639592.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> (2015–2020)
** [[Neha Pendse]] replaced Tandon in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nehha-pendse-looks-lovely-as-the-new-anita-bhabhi-in-a-red-saree-cuts-a-welcome-cake-on-the-sets-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/articleshow/80288122.cms|title=Nehha Pendse looks lovely as the new Anita bhabhi in a red saree; cuts a welcome cake on the sets of Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai|date=15 January 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120172844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nehha-pendse-looks-lovely-as-the-new-anita-bhabhi-in-a-red-saree-cuts-a-welcome-cake-on-the-sets-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/articleshow/80288122.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Pendse quit the show a year later, in February 2022.<ref name="NehaQuits"/> (2021–2022)
** [[Vidisha Srivastava]]<ref name="NehaQuits">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=It's a great opportunity and a big challenge, says Vidisha Srivastava on replacing Nehha Pendse in Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-great-opportunity-and-a-big-challenge-says-vidisha-srivastava-on-replacing-nehha-pendse-in-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/articleshow/89751843.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=23 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224063815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-great-opportunity-and-a-big-challenge-says-vidisha-srivastava-on-replacing-nehha-pendse-in-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/articleshow/89751843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> replaced Pendse in 2022. (2022–present)

===Recurring===
* [[Saanand Verma]] as Anokhelal Saxena, commonly known as Saxena Ji. He is eccentric and mentally unstable. He often [[electrocutes]] himself and consumes bizarre or unhealthy items like lizard soup and cockroach tea, followed by his trademark exclamation, "I like it!". Saxena is depicted with various occupations, including lawyer, artist, actor, writer, tailor and singer.
* [[Yogesh Tripathi]] as Daroga Happu Singh, a corrupt police inspector who has a secret crush on Gulfam Kali and Anita, whom he affectionately calls 'Gori Mem' (meaning "Fair Ma'am"). He frequently demands bribes and occasionally thrashes Tillu, Tika, and Malkhan for their mischief. (2015-2025)

* Jeetu Gupta as Dr. Gupta, a doctor who is often referred to as a "sage" because he frequently resorts to black magic to treat his patients, as his medical prescriptions almost never work. (2016-2025)
* Syed Salim Zaidi as Tillu, Manmohan's shop employee who constantly schemes against him to obtain his unpaid salary. To extort his wages, he has robbed Manmohan's house, made threatening calls, and even kidnapped Manmohan's younger brother, but he always fails in his attempts.
* Soma Rathod as Ramkali Tiwari (Ammaji), Jummanlal's wife, Manmohan and Ladoos's mother who loves her daughter-in law, Angoori and younger son, Ladoo. Ramkali is a devoted follower of the renowned astrologer and priest, Pundit Ramphal, who suggests various rituals that she makes Angoori perform to attain health and wealth. The nature of Ramkali's relationship with Pundit Ramphal insinuates that he may be Manmohan Tiwari's biological father.
* Vaibhav Mathur as Tika Ram, an unemployed dimwit who often accompanies his friends Tillu and Malkhan. The trio lives together in a rented place. Tika frequently flirts with girls alongside Malkhan. At times, he is depicted as a diploma holder, while at other times he is shown as illiterate. One of Tika's amusing quirks is his miscommunication; he often says, "I can't toilet," when he actually means, "I can't tolerate.
*Deepesh Bhan as Malkhan Singh. He and his two friends engage in money-making schemes involving chit funds, kidnapping, selling stolen items, and drinking alcohol, but they are frequently caught and jailed. Malkhan often flirts with girls alongside Tika and Tillu. Bhan died on 23 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Daphne |last=Clarance |date=23 July 2022 |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain Actor Deepesh Bhan Dies At 41. Kavita Kaushik, Charrul Malik Pay Tribute |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-actor-deepesh-bhan-dies-at-41-kavita-kaushik-charrul-malik-pay-tribute-3186113 |work=NDTV |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723080040/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-actor-deepesh-bhan-dies-at-41-kavita-kaushik-charrul-malik-pay-tribute-3186113 |url-status=live }}</ref> (2015–2022)
** Vipin Heero replaced Bhan as Malkhan (2025–present)
* Vishwajeet Soni as Prem Chaudhary, Vibhuti's best friend who is a rich, foul-mouthed cunning show-off and an impersonator of Indian film actor [[Prem Chopra]]. He often gambles and smuggles. (2015-2025)
* Akshay Patil as
** Pelu Chaurasia, the colony's mute rickshaw puller. He communicates by pulling out message slips out of his muffler tied around his head and smiles. He is known for his intelligence. He carries a portable radio, providing songs appropriate to often hilarious situations.He also has played various roles in this show. In the plane hijacking episode, it was revealed that he was a pilot for six years.(2015–2025)
** Peli (2025–present)
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as David Mishra: Vibhuti's UK-based dubiously rich uncle who visits him in awkward situations. Whenever he visits Vibhuti, he brings papers to his ₹20 crore property, so he can name Vibhuti his heir. But, due to one reason or another, he and sometimes others, too, shred the papers, but this has been phased out in later episodes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-david-mishras-dubious-property-claims-have-become-a-social-media-craze-i-enjoy-the-memes-says-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hains-annup-upadhyay/articleshow/96204390.cms|title=Exclusive - 'David Mishra's dubious property claims have become a social media craze, I enjoy the memes,' says Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain's Annup Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 December 2022|access-date=27 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427103126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-david-mishras-dubious-property-claims-have-become-a-social-media-craze-i-enjoy-the-memes-says-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hains-annup-upadhyay/articleshow/96204390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Sandeep Yadav as Sabzi Wala (2015–2017)
* [[Kishore Bhanushali]] as Resham Pal Singh, the no-nonsense Commissioner of Kanpur Police Department. He is honest and dislikes Happu Singh's corrupt antics. Actor Kishore Bhanushali has been a lifelong impersonator of the late Indian film actor [[Dev Anand]] and he brings his characteristics to this role. He has also appeared as another character 'Sharma Uncle' in a one-hour horror special episode previously before taking on this character later. (2016-2025)
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Bhoorey Lal, Angoori's alcoholic but loving father. He hates Manmohan for marrying her by lying about his business profession.
* Vijay Kumar Singh as Master Bhoop Singh. He is a Masterji ([[teacher]]) in Ladoo's school. Bhoop Singh is a believer of strict Indian moral values or "Sanskar" as he calls them. In the show, he is the caricature of old-fashioned teachers from rural India. He wears [[khadi]] jacket, carries an Indian-style side-bag called "Jhola" and always has a long and thin bamboo stick called "Santi" to beat those who misbehave. When he witnesses improper behaviour in public, he recites his catchphrase, ''Sanskar naam ka cheez hai ki nahi?'' lit. (Do you have any moral values or not?). (2015-2025)
* Falguni Rajani as Gulfam Kali, an infamous [[tawaif]] (courtesan) of Kanpur. She knows the male characters' secrets and uses these to manipulate them. Rajani quit the show in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=सौम्या टंडन के बाद 'गुल्फाम कली' फाल्गुनी रजनी ने छोड़ा 'भाबीजी घर पर हैं!'? साइन किया मराठी शो |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/after-saumya-tandon-falguni-rajani-reportedly-quits-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-signs-new-marathi-show/articleshow/78215783.cms |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=20 September 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006082244/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/after-saumya-tandon-falguni-rajani-reportedly-quits-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-signs-new-marathi-show/articleshow/78215783.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> (2015–2019)
* Khushboo Kamal as
** Badami, Gulfam Kali's younger sister(2018–2019)
** Pammi Leoni (2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Khushboo Kamal: We need to come up with more realistic and grounded content |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khushboo-kamal-we-need-to-come-up-with-more-realistic-and-grounded-content/articleshow/76782427.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201195217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khushboo-kamal-we-need-to-come-up-with-more-realistic-and-grounded-content/articleshow/76782427.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Episodic role; various characters (2015–present)
** Jagrati Singh Parihar plays various characters mostly with Tika, Malkhan and Tillu (2015)
* Shekhar Shukla as Panditji: A disciple of pundit Ramphal (2015)
** Saurabh Kaushik replaced Shukla in the role (2016–2018)
* Hardik Gohil as Laddoo Tiwari, who is the younger brother of Manmohan Tiwari and Ramkali's younger son. He has a subtle-telepathic ability and perceives others' thoughts.(2015–2019)
* Feroz as Chhedi, a flirting [[Dhobi]] (washerman) of the locality (2015–2021)
* Rajeev Mehra as various characters including a Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and also as Makkhmal Makwana, the new police commissioner who had temporarily replaced Resham Pal Singh but was demoted for corruption.
* Nitin Jadhav as Manohar the constable.(2019–present)
* Manoj Santoshi (writer of ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!'') has appeared as various characters.
* Sandeep Anand as Puttan: Angoori's brother who is a thief
* Manju Brijnandan Sharma (2015–2016) as Helen Ahuti Narayan Mishra, Vibhuti's mother
**[[Pratima Kazmi]] as Helen Ahuti Narayan (2020–2021):<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain! on set: Vibhuti's mother refuses to give ancestral necklace to Anita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-on-set-vibhutis-mother-refuses-to-give-ancestral-necklace-to-anita/videoshow/73806009.cms |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202231046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-on-set-vibhutis-mother-refuses-to-give-ancestral-necklace-to-anita/videoshow/73806009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Akshita Sethi (2018-2023) / Khushi Solanki (2025-present) as Meenal: Anurag's wife, Anita's best friend, Vibhuti's college friend
* Ishwar Thakur as Anurag: Minal's husband, Anita, Vibhuti's friend (2018–2021; 2025-present)
* [[Anang Desai]] as Danny Sharma: Anita's [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] father who disapproves Vibhuti because of their love marriage (2021)
* Praful Chauhan as Yaad Ram's son (2015–present)
* Anup Kumar Singh as various characters
* Naveen Bawa as various characters
*Saheb Das ManikPuri as various characters (2015–present)
*Pallavi Kohli as Various Characters (2015–present)
* [[Sohit Vijay Soni]] as News Anchor and other characters.
* Anu Awasthi as Anu Awasthi (Anu Mama) Ramkali's brother, Manmohan Tiwari's uncle
* [[KK Goswami]] as various characters
* [[Lilliput (actor)|Liliput]] as Maamulal Chaurasiya, Vibhuti's Mamaji (mother's brother) who suffers from haemorrhoids and is led to believe that Vibhuti is a doctor. (2016)
*[[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as various characters (2016–2019)
* [[Navin Prabhakar]] as the mentally unstable Kavi (poet) Pramod Pralay Jhangirabadi who has been in love with Anita since college days. He again appeared briefly as a short-tempered musician Jaleel Chaudhary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navin Prabhakar roped in for &TV's Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain |url=https://www.adgully.com/navin-prabhakar-roped-in-for-tv-s-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-74052.html |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=Adgully |date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924231217/https://www.adgully.com/navin-prabhakar-roped-in-for-tv-s-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-74052.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Pranay Dixit as various characters
*Rajiv Kumar Tiwari as Pundit Ramphal (2019-present)
*[[Charul Malik]] as Misti Mukherjee (2018) / Rusa (2021–2024): The commissioner's sister-in-law.She reprises her role from [[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]!
*Sumit Arora as various characters (2021–present)

===Guests===
Several celebrities and actors have appeared on the show as guest stars, either to promote their films or for special appearances.
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as himself
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as himself
* [[Ranjeet]] as himself
* [[Kumar Sanu]] as himself
* [[Alka Yagnik]] as herself
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as himself
* [[Ranveer Singh]] promoted ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] promoted ''[[Ki & Ka]]''
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Urvashi Rautela]] promoted ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
* [[Brett Lee]] promoted ''[[UnIndian]]''.
* [[Sunny Leone]] appeared as herself in ''Bhabi ji Ghar Par Hai!: Sunny Leone Special''
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] promoted ''[[The Voice (India season 2)|The Voice India (Season 2)]]''.
* [[Akshay Kumar]] promoted ''[[Jolly LLB 2]],'' ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' and ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
* [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] promoted ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
* [[Anushka Sharma]] promoted ''[[Phillauri]]''
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] promoted ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
* [[Varun Dhawan]] promoted ''[[Judwaa 2]]''
* [[Nitin Goswami]] promoted ''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]''
* [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] promoted the reality dance show ''High Fever - Dance Ka Naya Tevar''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/DelhiTimesTweet/status/979626039922995200|title=Cast of Bhabhi with Lara Dutta|publisher=[[Delhi Times]] on Twitter|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919173733/https://twitter.com/DelhiTimesTweet/status/979626039922995200|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] and Nazia Hussain promoted ''[[Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abpnews.abplive.in/television/krushna-abhishek-to-be-seen-in-tvs-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hai-904181/amp|title=Krishna Abhishek to appear in "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!"|publisher=[[ABP News]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] promoted [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']]
* [[Karan Kundrra]] as Rahul

==Background and production==
===Development and writing===
After the launch of &pictures in November 2014, ZEE network launched its second channel under the "&" network brand, "&tv", to be launched in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43467_The-high-octane-launch-of-TV|title=The high-octane launch of &TV|date=2 March 2015 |publisher=afaqs |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401014655/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43467_The-high-octane-launch-of-TV|archive-date = 1 April 2018 }}</ref>
The channel's original content line-up was announced in early 2015 with "Bhabiji..." included, announced as a light-hearted comedy sitcom. All promos were featured on ZEE. The channel intended to place "Bhabiji..." in a late-night slot as a comedy show for adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/courtesy-bhabhiji-i-will-never-be-a-nalla-in-real-life/story-YiVjIgW9GDjphsyYFc42eP.html|title=Courtesy Bhabhiji, I will never be a 'nalla' in real life|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401042241/https://m.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/courtesy-bhabhiji-i-will-never-be-a-nalla-in-real-life/story-YiVjIgW9GDjphsyYFc42eP.html|archive-date=1 April 2018 }}</ref>

===Casting===
Before the show went into production, [[Rashmi Desai]] was chosen to play the character of 'Angoori'. But Desai rejected the role because of age differences between her and co-actor [[Rohitash Gaud]] and the role went to [[Shilpa Shinde]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shilpa-Shinde-It-is-strange-that-Rashami-walked-out-of-the-show-because-of-Rohitash-V-Gaud/articleshow/46492950.cms|title=Shilpa Shinde: It is strange that Rashami walked out of the show because of Rohitash V Gaud|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524142745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shilpa-Shinde-It-is-strange-that-Rashami-walked-out-of-the-show-because-of-Rohitash-V-Gaud/articleshow/46492950.cms|archive-date=24 May 2018}}</ref> Actor [[Aasif Sheikh]] revealed that before production started, he suggested the makers cast Shilpa Shinde, when he heard about the character of 'Angoori' for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/my-cousins-considered-me-a-dud-actor-aasif-sheikh/articleshow/62085654.cms|title=My cousins considered me a dud actor: Aasif Sheikh|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816065707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/my-cousins-considered-me-a-dud-actor-aasif-sheikh/articleshow/62085654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

After one year in April 2016,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/lite/story/meet-the-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-to-replace-shilpa-shinde-on-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai/1/644014.html|title=Meet the new Angoori Bhabhi: Shubhangi Atre to replace Shilpa Shinde on Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai|date=16 April 2016 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082319/http://m.indiatoday.in/lite/story/meet-the-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-to-replace-shilpa-shinde-on-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai/1/644014.html|url-status=live}}</ref> approximately 80 actresses auditioned for the role of Angoori and [[Shubhangi Atre]] was selected after the unexpected exit of Shinde from the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shubhangi-atre-lesser-known-facts-about-the-new-angoori-bhabi/shubhangi-atre-lesser-known-facts-about-the-new-angoori-bhabi/photostory/51866391.cms|title=Shubhangi Atre: Lesser known facts about the new 'Angoori Bhabi'|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180130225839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shubhangi-atre-lesser-known-facts-about-the-new-angoori-bhabi/shubhangi-atre-lesser-known-facts-about-the-new-angoori-bhabi/photostory/51866391.cms|archive-date = 30 January 2018|date=17 April 2016}}</ref>

===Filming===
The set of ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!'' is located in [[Naigaon]].<ref name='loc1'>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/9-lesser-known-facts-about-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-322940-2016-05-11|title=8 lesser-known facts about new Angoori Bhabhi Shubhangi Atre|date=11 May 2016 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055903/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/celebrity/story/9-lesser-known-facts-about-new-angoori-bhabhi-shubhangi-atre-322940-2016-05-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='loc2'>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-actress-saumya-tandon-commutes-in-a-local-train-to-save-time/articleshow/64109823.cms|title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain actress Saumya Tandon commutes in a local train to save time|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="loc3">{{cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Shilpa Shinde agrees to return to 'Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!,' puts forth conditions |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/shilpa-shinde-agrees-return-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-puts-forth-conditions-673452 |website=IBT |access-date=18 May 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200102/https://amp.ibtimes.co.in/shilpa-shinde-agrees-return-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-puts-forth-conditions-673452 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=II7LFnCiJ8w|title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain Episode 417, October 03, 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919173656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=II7LFnCiJ8w|url-status=live}}</ref> film actress [[Sunny Leone]] came in for a sequence shoot on the set of ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai!''. While on set, she refused to say Angoori's [[catchphrase]] "''Sahi Pakde Hain''" ("You got it right!") as she thought it has a vulgar meaning. It took approximately one hour for the makers to convince her that Angoori says this line in literal context and that it has no vulgar meaning and the shoot was resumed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-stalled-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-shoot-for-she-didnt-want-to-say-this-3057473/|title=Sunny Leone stalled Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain shoot for she didn't want to say 'sahi pakde hai'|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=October 2016|access-date=1 April 2018|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212705/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-stalled-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-shoot-for-she-didnt-want-to-say-this-3057473/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Music===
The "BhabiJi Rap Song" was sung, composed and written by [[Anmol Malik]] and [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]. The soundtrack for the serial was released on 25 February 2017 by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNuidjo8Xm8|publisher =[[Zee Music Company]] YouTube channel|title =BhabiJi Rap Song|date =25 February 2017|access-date =30 January 2018|archive-date =23 December 2017|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20171223141014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNuidjo8Xm8|url-status =live}}</ref>

==Specials==
In November 2016, the show was extended by one more day, named "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai Shanivaar Special" in which celebrities visit the sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-shooting-stalled-for-three-hours-for-govinda-3735360/|access-date=20 November 2016|title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai' shooting stalled for three hours for Govinda|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 November 2016|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120085250/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-shooting-stalled-for-three-hours-for-govinda-3735360/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nine Shanivaar Special episodes were aired on Saturdays, with celebrity guest stars appearing as part of a plot woven around them and were subsequently interviewed by the main cast. A 'Sunday Horror Special' was aired in June 2016.

* Episode 1: [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* Episode 2: [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Bipasha Basu]]
* Episode 3: [[Ranjeet]] and [[Shakti Kapoor]]
* Episode 4: [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]
* Episode 5: [[Ravi Kishen]]
* Episode 6: [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* Episodes 7 & 8: [[Jackie Shroff]]
* Episode 9: ''New Year Special'', featuring actors from various TV shows of &TV
* Episode 10: ''1 Hour Horror Special'', Ep 341 on 19 June 2016
''Sunday Specials''
*19 March 2017 - Episode 1 Tiwari Becomes Tree
*26 March 2017 - Episode 2 April Fool Special

== Other media ==
===Spin-off===
{{Main|Happu Ki Ultan Paltan}}
In 2017, it was reported the show will be adapted for British and Anglo-Spanish audiences, produced by ZEE Studios under the title ''Love Thy Neighbor''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/now-hum-paanch-and-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-for-foreign-audience-1753401|title=Now Hum Paanch And Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai For Foreign Audience|publisher =[[NDTV]]|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180207111847/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/now-hum-paanch-and-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-for-foreign-audience-1753401|archive-date =7 February 2018}}</ref> A spin-off titled ''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]'', based upon the character of Daroga Happu Singh, had been green-lighted by [[And TV]] in late 2018. The spin-off revolves around Happu's domestic life not seen in "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!". The show premiered on 4 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hain gets a new show titled Happu |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-gets-a-spin-off-titled-happy/articleshow/67779931.cms |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124230/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-gets-a-spin-off-titled-happy/articleshow/67779931.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Film adaptation ===
{{Main|Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run}}
A film based on the series called [[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run]] was release on 6 February 2026. It is be directed by the director of the television series, Shashank Bali. It is produced by Sanjay Kohli, Binaifer Kohli and Vihaan Kohli.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rizvi |first=S Farah |date=16 February 2025 |title=Exclusive: Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! to be turned into a film; here's when it will release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-to-be-a-film-soon-101739358157029.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
In 2015, TVR ratings confirmed that ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai!'' had higher viewership than the popular reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'', which had the same time-slot and was hosted by actor Salman Khan.<ref name='bhabiji92'>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603010102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bhabhiji-beats-Salman-Khan/articleshow/50297979.cms|archive-date = 3 June 2018|title=Bhabhiji beats Salman Khan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bhabhiji-beats-Salman-Khan/articleshow/50297979.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]| date=23 December 2015 }}</ref> ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai!'' is one of the most-watched sitcoms in Pakistan.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

In a 2016 interview, the show's director [[Shashank Bali]] acknowledged that when [[Shilpa Shinde]] left the show and [[Shubhangi Atre]] was roped in for the role of 'Angoori', the show's ratings declined. He said, "Viewers were so involved with the original cast. When Shilpa got replaced, the connection broke with the viewers; hence we dropped in numbers. Now we have again recovered the original rating".<ref name='tc5'>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/behind-the-lens/ratings-dropped-after-shilpa-shinde-left-bhabhiji-director-shashank-bali-161022|title=Ratings dropped after Shilpa Shinde left Bhabhiji: Director Shashank Bali|publisher=TellyChakkar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320045432/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/behind-the-lens/ratings-dropped-after-shilpa-shinde-left-bhabhiji-director-shashank-bali-161022|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2017, the show's publicity was questioned when co-actress, Shilpa Shinde participated in [[Bigg Boss]]. In an interview, a reporter asked actor [[Aasif Sheikh]] whether Shilpa Shinde's participation in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]] publicised the show, to which Aasif Sheikh replied, "Our show is doing good, which is what matters. Publicity is publicity whether it is good or bad".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-11-aasif-sheikh-aka-vibhuti-ji-from-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hai-reacts-to-shilpa-shinde-s-fight-with-vikas-gupta-2550056/amp|title=Bigg Boss 11: Aasif Sheikh aka Vibhuti Ji from 'Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hai' reacts to Shilpa Shinde's fight with Vikas Gupta|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410103746/http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-11-aasif-sheikh-aka-vibhuti-ji-from-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hai-reacts-to-shilpa-shinde-s-fight-with-vikas-gupta-2550056/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]], ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai!'' is a top-ranking sitcom on local primetime television.<ref name='dna373'>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-has-found-fans-in-union-minister-kiren-rijiju-and-his-wife-2589543|title='Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain' has found fans in Union Minister Kiren Rijiju and his wife|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=28 February 2018|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135606/http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-has-found-fans-in-union-minister-kiren-rijiju-and-his-wife-2589543|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, union minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] in his [[Twitter|tweet]], stated he and his wife are [[Fan (person)|enthusiastic followers]] of ''Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hai!''

[[Catchphrases]] used by the characters, particularly Angoori's "''Sahi Pakde Hain''", Vibhuti's "I am ''sa-a-ah-ree'' (a humorously exaggerated take on "sorry")...I'm really, really ''sah-ree''", that of Saxena Ji's "I like it", Happu Singh's "Arre Dada" and Masterji's "Sanskar naam ka cheez hai ki nahi" have become popular outside the show.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207103454/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sunny-leone-refused-to-mouth-a-dialogue-in-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-2260017|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sunny-leone-refused-to-mouth-a-dialogue-in-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-2260017|title=Sunny Leone refused to mouth a dialogue in 'Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hain'|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207104711/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/why-is-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-so-popular-andtv-vibhuti-narayan-mishra-tiwari-ji-angoori-bhabhi-anita-bhabhi-hawaldar-happu-singh-268456-2015-10-16|archive-date=7 February 2018|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/why-is-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-so-popular-andtv-vibhuti-narayan-mishra-tiwari-ji-angoori-bhabhi-anita-bhabhi-hawaldar-happu-singh-268456-2015-10-16|title =Why is everyone talking about Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain?|date=16 October 2015 |publisher =[[India Today]]}}</ref>

[[Aasif Sheikh]] who plays the role of Vibhuti Narayan Mishra in the show has been acknowledged by World Book of Records London for Performing More than 300 Different Characters in a single running Television show on 19 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/bjgphs-aasif-sheikh-on-being-acknowledged-by-world-book-of-records-i-feel-more-responsible/videoshow/87156542.cms|title = BJGPH's Aasif Sheikh on being acknowledged by World Book of Records: I feel more responsible | TV Videos|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 28 October 2021|archive-date = 21 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/bjgphs-aasif-sheikh-on-being-acknowledged-by-world-book-of-records-i-feel-more-responsible/videoshow/87156542.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldbookofrecords.uk/records/record_detail/aasif-sheikh--prominent-actor--from-mumbai--maharashtra--india-gets-included-by-world-book-of-records---london661|title=Aasif Sheikh (Prominent Actor) from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India gets included by World Book of Records - London|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135849/https://worldbookofrecords.uk/records/record_detail/aasif-sheikh--prominent-actor--from-mumbai--maharashtra--india-gets-included-by-world-book-of-records---london661|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2023 interview, actor Aasif Sheikh also revealed that when Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain debuted, nobody was confident about it and thought it would not run beyond six months. He said, “We had never imagined that Bhabi Ji would run for 8 years and would complete 2000 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Aasif Sheikh says actors who left Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain are 'not missed'; reveals many thought show 'won't last for more than 6 months' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aasif-sheikh-says-actors-who-left-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-are-not-missed-8511469/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415122742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aasif-sheikh-says-actors-who-left-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-are-not-missed-8511469/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The show, while having a more adult premise than most other Indian TV shows, tried to defy the [[Gender roles|gender expectations]] of a female character on the show, according to the female lead [[Saumya Tandon]]. While explaining the norms of Indian television industry, she said:
{{blockquote|I play 'Gori Mem' Anita Bhabhi's character. I feel she one-of-a-kind Bhabhi on Indian TV. When all the heroines of Indian TV are poor innocent women crying for help all the time, battered by husbands and in-laws, Anita is wacky, bold, romantic, strong and independent. She breaks all norms of a stereotypical Bhabhi or a TV heroine. In such a male-dominated society if she has managed to steal peoples hearts, that shows our society is not all that regressive. She has shown the world that heroines can get [[Target rating point|TRPs]] even laughing and not just by crying.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/saumya-tandon-producers-have-given-me-total-freedom-to-work-as-an-actor/19085173|title=Saumya Tandon: Producers have given me total freedom to work as an actor|publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324053524/https://m.mid-day.com/articles/saumya-tandon-producers-have-given-me-total-freedom-to-work-as-an-actor/19085173|archive-date=24 March 2018 }}</ref> }}

In August 2018, Shubhangi Atre said audiences want a wife like her character Angoori.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/shubhangi-atre-people-tell-me-they-want-a-wife-like-angoori-bhabi/articleshow/65469400.cms|title=Shubhangi Atre: People tell me they want a wife like Angoori|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050226/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/shubhangi-atre-people-tell-me-they-want-a-wife-like-angoori-bhabi/articleshow/65469400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
;[[Indian Telly Awards]]
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2015 || Shilpa Shinde || rowspan="2"|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role|Best Actress in a Comic Role]] || {{won}}<ref name="andt_Winn">{{Cite web | title = Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners | work = andtv.com | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = http://www.andtv.com/shows/indian-telly-awards-2015/winners/ | archive-date = 5 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160905165551/http://www.andtv.com/shows/indian-telly-awards-2015/winners/ | url-status = usurped }}</ref>
|-
| Saumya Tandon || {{nom}}<ref name="andt_Winn"/>
|-
| Rohitash Gaud || rowspan="2"|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]] || {{won}}<ref name="andt_Winn"/>
|-
| Aashif Sheikh || {{nom}}<ref name="andt_Winn"/>
|-
| Shashank Bali || Best Director (Sitcom) || rowspan="3" {{won}}<ref name="andt_Winn"/>
|-
| Manoj Santoshi || Best Dialogue Writer (Sitcom or Comedy)
|-
| Raghuvir Shekhawat || Best Screenplay Writer (Sitcom/Comedy)
|}

;[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016 || Shubhangi Atre || rowspan="2"|''Best Actress – Comedy'' || {{won}}<ref name="ITV_Win">{{Cite web | title = Indian Television Academy Awards 2016 | work = [[ABP Live]] | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url = http://www.abplive.in/television/second-season-of-24-dominates-indian-television-academy-awards-2016-446289 | date = 15 November 2016 | archive-date = 17 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211456/http://www.abplive.in/television/second-season-of-24-dominates-indian-television-academy-awards-2016-446289 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| Saumya Tandon || {{nom}}
|-
| Aashif Sheikh || rowspan="2"|''Best Actor – Comedy'' || {{won}}<ref name="ITV_Win"/>
|-
| Rohitash Gaud || {{nom}}
|-
| Shashank Bali || Best Director – Comedy (Jury) || rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref name="ITV_Win"/>
|-
| Manoj Santoshi || Best Dialogues (Jury)
|}

==Controversies==
In March 2016, actress [[Shilpa Shinde]] unexpectedly left the show.<ref name='dna1'>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-controversy-producer-hits-out-at-shilpa-shinde-slaps-legal-notice-on-her-2189633|title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai controversy: Producer hits out at Shilpa Shinde, slaps legal notice on her!|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407195536/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-controversy-producer-hits-out-at-shilpa-shinde-slaps-legal-notice-on-her-2189633|archive-date=7 April 2018 }}</ref> Shinde made several allegations against producers Benaifer Kohli,<ref name="ht06"/> Sanjay Kohli,<ref name="ht06"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes|title=11 Revelations made by Shilpa Shinde aka Angoori of 'Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hai' on quitting the show|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406154138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes|archive-date=6 April 2018 }}</ref> co-actress [[Saumya Tandon]],<ref name="h6" /> and [[&TV]] programming head [[Vikas Gupta (producer)|Vikas Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-all-you-need-to-know-about-shilpa-shinde-and-vikas-gupta-fight/story-pcSBcvfAXvVKfkxmD8sneO.html|title=All you need to know about Shilpa Shinde and Vikas Gupta fight|date=2 October 2017|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720194937/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-all-you-need-to-know-about-shilpa-shinde-and-vikas-gupta-fight/story-pcSBcvfAXvVKfkxmD8sneO_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shinde stated that she was forced to leave the show<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/angoori-bhabhi-aka-shilpa-shinde-reveals-why-she-was-kicked-out/story-27DzIKnRnWnxJuFkZdjVcJ.html|title=Angoori Bhabhi aka Shilpa Shinde reveals why she was kicked out|date=18 July 2016|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/angoori-bhabhi-aka-shilpa-shinde-reveals-why-she-was-kicked-out/story-27DzIKnRnWnxJuFkZdjVcJ_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was owed {{INR|32|link=yes}} lakh (3.2 million rupees).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/tv-actress-shilpa-shinde-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hai-sexual-harassment-producer-hug-touch-breasts/18106172|title=TV actress Shilpa Shinde files sexual harassment case against 'Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hai' producer|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=25 March 2017|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721010941/http://m.mid-day.com/articles/tv-actress-shilpa-shinde-bhabhiji-ghar-par-hai-sexual-harassment-producer-hug-touch-breasts/18106172|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="h6" /> Benaifer Kohli responded in September 2016 that Shinde's salary had twice been raised in the past as per her demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-producer-sends-legal-notice-to-shilpa-shinde/17046158|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain!' producer sends legal notice to Shilpa Shinde|date=16 March 2016|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183748/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain-producer-sends-legal-notice-to-shilpa-shinde/17046158|url-status=live}}</ref>

The matter was taken to Cine and TV Artists Association (CINTAA) and soon after that, Edit II Productions dispatched a legal document to Shinde for her unexplained absence from the production, which continued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CINTAA-exploits-artists-doesnt-help-us-alleges-Shilpa-Shinde/articleshow/52028141.cms|title=CINTAA exploits artists, doesn't help us, alleges Shilpa Shinde|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 April 2016|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407193404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CINTAA-exploits-artists-doesnt-help-us-alleges-Shilpa-Shinde/articleshow/52028141.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shinde mentioned that the makers favoured Tandon over her, citing lack of personal staff for her.<ref name="dna1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-calls-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-s-shilpa-shinde-unprofessional/story-j3MIwTXZBCrr1roI0GYsXJ.html|title=Ekta Kapoor calls Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai's Shilpa Shinde unprofessional|date=21 March 2016|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111258/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-calls-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-s-shilpa-shinde-unprofessional/story-j3MIwTXZBCrr1roI0GYsXJ_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Benaifer Kohli denied the discrimination claim and said that she never refused any demand from Shinde regarding her costumes, jewellery or make-up. Tandon stated: "At the beginning of the show when I signed the contract, I had made it clear to the producers that I will manage my own designer and make-up".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-row-saumya-tandon-hits-out-at-shilpe-shinde-2191044|title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai row: Saumya Tandon hits out at Shilpe Shinde!|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=18 March 2016|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141140/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-row-saumya-tandon-hits-out-at-shilpe-shinde-2191044|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 March 2016, Sanjay Kohli announced that the show would replace Shinde, whom he accused of unprofessional behaviour. Shinde stated &TV falsely accused her of unprofessionalism because she refused to sign a new contract with a clause that she not portray a character like Angoori in the future. Binaifer Kohli demanded approximately {{INR}}12 crore (120 million rupees) from Shinde, citing [[breach of contract]] as Shinde was trying to work on another show.<ref name="dna1" /><ref name="it2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-controversy-gets-uglier-producer-sends-legal-notice-to-shilpa-shinde-313506-2016-03-16|title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai controversy gets ugly; production house sends legal notice to Shilpa Shinde|date=16 March 2016 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183830/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/top-stories/story/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-controversy-gets-uglier-producer-sends-legal-notice-to-shilpa-shinde-313506-2016-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Shinde said there was no such clause and accused Kohli of contract-tempering.<ref name='it1'>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/shilpa-shinde-files-sexual-harassment-case-against-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-producer-s-husband-274150.html|title=Shilpa Shinde Files Sexual Harassment Case Against Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai Producer's Husband|publisher=India Times|date=24 March 2017|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183434/https://amp.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/shilpa-shinde-files-sexual-harassment-case-against-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-producer-s-husband-274150.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2017, Shinde filed a [[First Information Report]] (FIR<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-on-sexual-harassment-case-memory-is-still-fresh-have-been-sick-for-months/story-VA2rVZZNTEWLT6kL2UOlfN.html|title=Shilpa Shinde on sexual harassment case: Memory is still fresh, have been sick for months|date=25 March 2017|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160946/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-on-sexual-harassment-case-memory-is-still-fresh-have-been-sick-for-months/story-VA2rVZZNTEWLT6kL2UOlfN_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> against Sanjay Kohli, whom she accused of [[sexual harassment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-shinde-files-fir-against-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-s-producer-2367120/amp|title=Shilpa Shinde files FIR against 'Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai's producer|publisher=[[DNA India]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183634/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-shinde-files-fir-against-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-s-producer-2367120/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht06">{{cite web|title=Shilpa Shinde on sexual harassment charges: Sanjay ji touched me on the pretext of taking a photo|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-on-sexual-harassment-charges-sanjay-ji-touched-me-on-the-pretext-of-taking-a-photo/story-caELRbiqP9FnFAhgyZvnDN.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407201546/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-on-sexual-harassment-charges-sanjay-ji-touched-me-on-the-pretext-of-taking-a-photo/story-caELRbiqP9FnFAhgyZvnDN.html|date=25 March 2017}}</ref> According to the FIR:
{{blockquote|Shilpa has alleged that Sanjay often tried to take advantage of her and called her hot and sexy. She said that he even touched her inappropriately once to which she objected with a firm no. Sanjay threatened her that he will throw her out of the show if she spoke to anyone about this. Next day, he again came to her make-up room and told her to get into a physical relationship with him if she wanted to stay on the show. She alleged that her make-up man saw this happening, after which he was fired.<ref name='ht1'>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-accuses-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hai-producer-of-sexual-harassment-files-fir/story-d2jDALXXvu1kd3jbzTz5EO.html |title=Shilpa Shinde accuses Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hai producer of sexual harassment |date=24 March 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184317/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-accuses-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hai-producer-of-sexual-harassment-files-fir/story-d2jDALXXvu1kd3jbzTz5EO_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Shinde also stated that she talked about the matter to her co-actress [[Saumya Tandon]].<ref name="h6" /> Shinde further said that after listening to the matter, Tandon's reply was: "No one rapes in our industry, Shilpa".<ref name="h6" /> Shinde stated that Benaifer Kohli tried to bury the matter and threatened her.<ref name="ht06"/> Tandon responded to Shinde's statement:
{{blockquote|It is so sad that she used my name. Saying that she confided in me is not true at all. I shared a very professional relationship with her. [...] I didn't get any such vibes from my producer [Sanjay Kohli] and I never noticed him having such kind of intention for any other female on our sets. In fact, he doesn't really come on the sets and he never goes to any actor's room or vanity at all, so I didn't experience any such thing.<ref name='h6'>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-lied-used-my-name-says-her-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-co-star-saumya-tandon/story-pjsXWHvxrdmdVFGRY0o1wK.html|title=Shilpa Shinde lied, used my name, says Bhabhi Ji Ghar Par Hain co-star Saumya Tandon|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407204136/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shilpa-shinde-lied-used-my-name-says-her-bhabhi-ji-ghar-par-hain-co-star-saumya-tandon/story-pjsXWHvxrdmdVFGRY0o1wK.html|archive-date=7 April 2018 }}</ref>}}

In April 2017, actress [[Sameksha|Sameeksha Singh]], who worked with producers Binaifer Kholi and Sanjay Kholi in their serial ''[[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]]'', stated that she was in the same situation when she was working with them. She said Sanjay Kohli used to flirt with her but his actions were unacceptable in Shinde's situation.<ref name='SameekshaSingh'>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-actor-sameeksha-singh-supports-shilpa-shinde-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-makers-harassed-me-too-4600526/lite/|title=TV actor Sameeksha Singh supports Shilpa Shinde: Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai makers harassed me too|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071929/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-actor-sameeksha-singh-supports-shilpa-shinde-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-makers-harassed-me-too-4600526/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Television actress [[Kavita Kaushik]] who worked with Sanjay Kohli on his show ''FIR'', questioned why Shinde was quiet for one year and accused her of being a bad example for other girls. Shinde replied that she was facing many problems at that time and that it is difficult to publicly address sexual harassment.

In April 2017, Benaifer Kohli and Sanjay Kohli registered a case against Shinde for defamation. On 13 February 2018,<ref name='it5'>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bigg-boss-11-winner-shilpa-shinde-withdraws-sexual-harassment-case-against-producer-1169402-2018-02-14|title=Bigg Boss 11 winner Shilpa Shinde withdraws sexual harassment case against Bhabi Ji producer|date=14 February 2018 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073326/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/celebrity/story/bigg-boss-11-winner-shilpa-shinde-withdraws-sexual-harassment-case-against-producer-1169402-2018-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Shinde stated the show's makers had approached her and requested her to finish the matter and she had retracted her FIR against Sanjay Kohli.<ref name='it5'/>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="background:Gold; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Gold; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Gold; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Gold; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Gold; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Gold; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Darling Darling (TV series)|Darling Darling]]'' டார்லிங் டார்லிங்
| 12 December 2016
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 10 June 2017
| rowspan="2" |Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Hum To Tere Aashiq Hai]]'' हम तो तेरे आशिक है
| 8 November 2017
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 12 September 2018
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313143424/http://www.andtv.com/shows/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai/video Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]}}'' on [[&TV]]
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hain/0-6-199 Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|5154982}}

{{&TV Programmes}}

[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans drama series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in television]]

Indian English

2026-03-16T06:18:21Z

TeresitaBunch: quick fix

{{Short description|Variety of English language}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Hinglish]], [[Benglish]], [[Tanglish]], [[Kanglish]], [[Tenglish]], [[Urdish]], [[Manglish (Malayalam and English)|Manglish]], or [[Nenglish]] macaronic languages}}
{{For|pre-1947 Indian English|South Asian English}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| region = [[South Asia]]
| speakers = 250,000
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]] speakers: 83 million [[third language|L3]] speakers: 46 million 128 million total speakers (2011)
| ref = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status|title=LANGUAGE - INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=14 May 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512071350/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html|title=POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=14 May 2019|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/in/languages|title=India - Languages|website=Ethnologue|access-date=14 May 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]]
| fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
| fam6 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| fam7 = [[English language|English]]
| fam8 = [[South Asian English]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-West Germanic]]
| ancestor4 = [[Proto-English]]
| ancestor5 = [[Old English]]
| ancestor6 = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor7 = [[Early Modern English]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]]) [[Unified English Braille]]
| nation = India
| agency =
| iso1 = en
| iso2 = eng
| iso3 = eng
| isoexception = dialect
| lingua =
| ietf = en-IN
| map =
| mapcaption =
| glotto = indi1255
| notice = IPA
| lingname =
| states = [[India]]
}}
{{listen
| type = speech
| filename = Arundhati Roy BBC Radio4 Bookclub 2 Oct 2011 b015brn8.flac
| title = Speech example
| description = An example of a female speaker ([[Arundhati Roy]]).
}}

{{English language}}
'''Indian English''' ('''IndE''',<ref>{{Citation |last=Bhatt |first=Rakesh M. |title=Indian English: syntax |date=2020-12-31 |work=A Handbook of Varieties of English |pages=2208–2222 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197181-133/html |access-date=2024-08-21 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110197181-133 |isbn=978-3-11-019718-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''IE''') or '''"English (India)" (en-IN)''' is a group of [[dialect]]s of the [[English language]] spoken in the [[India|Republic of India]] and among the [[Indian diaspora]] and is native to India.<ref name="English in India">{{cite web |title=Case Studies - Asian English |url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ |website=British Library |publisher=University of Leeds |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527212959/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ }}</ref> English is one of the two languages used by the [[Government of India]] for communication, and is enshrined in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name = "Languages in the Constitution of India">{{cite book |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |pages=212–267 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=9 September 2014 |ref=Constitution of India - Languages}}</ref> English is also an [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in eight states and seven [[union territories]] of India, and the additional official language in five other [[States of India|states]] and one union territory. [[India]] has one of the world’s largest [[English-speaking world|English-speaking communities]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Daniel |title=Indian English - A National Model |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1244241 |journal=Journal of English as an International Language |date=December 2019 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=16–28}}</ref> Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the [[Judiciary of India]], unless the state [[Governor (India)|governor]] or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the [[President of India]] has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms|title=Court language is English, says Supreme Court|date=7 December 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before the dissolution of the [[British Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], the term ''Indian English'' broadly referred to ''[[South Asian English]]'', also known as ''[[British Raj|British Indian]] English''.

== Status ==

After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] in 1947, English remained an official language of the new [[Dominion of India]] and later the [[Republic of India]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Pakistani English]] and [[Bangladeshi English]] were considered separate from Indian English.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In the 21st century, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, report English as their first language,<ref>[[Census of India]]'s [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |date=14 May 2007}}, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm "Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |date=7 February 2013 }} – [[2001 Census of India]]</ref><ref>Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf "India and its Languages".]}}. Siemens AG, Munich.</ref><ref>For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), [http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country "India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country |date=4 December 2010}}. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Bharatpedia article and the current number: {{blockquote|Bharatpedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers.}}</ref> and around 30% of the [[Demographics of India|Indian population]] can speak English to some extent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flows |first=Capital |title=The Problem With The English Language In India |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ |access-date=2016-06-06 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151756/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Census]], 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition|author=Rukmini S|date=24 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=27 June 2018|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091940/http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the 2005 [[India Human Development Survey]],<ref>{{cite web|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/|website=www.ef.com|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311143755/http://www.ef.com/epi/|url-status=live}}</ref> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<ref>{{cite book|title = Human development in india|publisher= Oxford University Press|year = 2010|url = http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf|author1 = Desai, Dubey|author2 = Joshi, Sen|author3 = Sharif, Vanneman|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf|archive-date = 11 December 2015|df = dmy-all|isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Number-of-children-studying-in-English-doubles-in-5-years/articleshow/49131447.cms|title=Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years |website=The Times of India|date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians reported English as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 [[EF English Proficiency Index]] published by the [[EF Education First]]. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<ref>{{cite web|title=EF English Proficiency Index – India|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/india/|website=www.ef.com|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104205/https://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/India/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] country, English is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among different regions of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ishwarya |first1=N. Iyer |title=English as a Lingua Franca in a Multilingual India |journal=National Research University Higher School of Economics Journal of Language & Education |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–109 |doi=10.17323/2411-7390-2019-5-1-103-109 |ssrn=3381672 |url=https://jle.hse.ru/article/download/8671/9333/ |doi-access=free |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319133057/https://jle.hse.ru/article/download/8671/9333/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', journalist [[Manu Joseph]] stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the ''[[de facto]]'' national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web|author=Joseph, Manu|author-link=Manu Joseph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2011-02-17|access-date=9 May 2018|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115074721/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In his book, ''In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation'', Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of [[Indian nationalism]] and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related.<ref>{{Citation |last=Auddy |first=Ranjan Kumar |title=Speeches Political |date=2019 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429331602-6/speeches-political-ranjan-kumar-auddy |work=In Search of Indian English |pages=126–144 |access-date=2023-07-23 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429331602-6 |isbn=978-0-429-33160-2 |s2cid=241712224 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723070339/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429331602-6/speeches-political-ranjan-kumar-auddy |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Purdue University]] stated due to the prevalence of the language in business operations in India, it is "uncommon to find a business enterprise using non-English documents".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/multilingual/multilingual_students/writing_for_an_indian_business_audience/index.html|title=Writing for an Indian Business Audience|publisher=[[Purdue University]]|access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref>

=== Court language ===

Under the Indian Constitution, English is the language of [[Supreme Court of India|India's Supreme Court]] and of all the [[high courts of India]].<ref name="The Economic Times"/> However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Rajasthan]] by virtue of special presidential approval.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2016 |title=Use of Hindi Language in Courts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/use-of-hindi-language-in-courts-116042801074_1.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=Business Standard India |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603053212/https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/use-of-hindi-language-in-courts-116042801074_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, the high courts of [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Haryana to approach guv for promoting use of Hindi in HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-approach-guv-for-promoting-use-of-hindi-in-hc/articleshow/64848097.cms |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-approach-guv-for-promoting-use-of-hindi-in-hc/articleshow/64848097.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Madras High Court]] has been taking steps to use [[Tamil language|Tamil]] alongside English.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2020 |title=Government taking efforts to make Tamil official language in HC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/government-taking-efforts-to-make-tamil-official-language-in-hc/article31122539.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Names==
The first occurrence of the term ''Indian English'' dates from 1696,<ref>Ovington, J. (1696). ''A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year 1689'', p. 326.</ref> though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were ''Anglo-Indian English'', or simply ''Anglo-Indian'', both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were ''Indo-Anglian'' (dating from 1897) and ''Indo-English'' (1912).<ref name="ReferenceA">Lambert, James (2012). "Beyond ''Hobson-Jobson'': Towards a new lexicography for Indian English", ''English World-Wide'' 33(3): 294.</ref> An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an ''Anglo-Indianism'' from 1851.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the modern era, a range of colloquial [[portmanteau]] words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is ''Indlish'' (recorded from 1962), and others include ''Indiglish'' (1974), ''Indenglish'' (1979), ''Indglish'' (1984), ''Indish'' (1984), ''Inglish'' (1985) and ''Indianlish'' (2007).<ref>Lambert, James. '''2018'''. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 26. {{doi| 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref> Sometimes, Indian English is also referred to as Macaulay's English after [[Thomas Babington Macaulay]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Through The Ages 8 |publisher=Vishv Books Private Ltd. |isbn=978-93-5065-251-0 |location=Badarpur, New Delhi |pages=68 |language=English}}</ref>

== Features ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2019}}

Indian English generally uses the [[Indian numbering system]]. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.<ref>Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal: ''Reflections on Indian English literature'' (2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."</ref><ref>Pingali Sailaja: ''Indian English'' (2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"</ref><ref>Edward Carney: ''Survey of English Spelling'' (2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."</ref><ref>''Indian English Literature'' (2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"</ref>

Formal written publications in English in India tend to use [[lakh]]/[[crore]] for [[Indian rupee|Indian currency]] and Western numbering for foreign currencies like [[United States dollar|dollars]] and [[Pound sterling|pounds]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Shapiro, Richard|url=https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/|title=The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers|work=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=2012-08-16|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630011705/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/|url-status=live}} - Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of [[Oxford University Press]]."</ref> although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==History==
{{See also|Glossary of the British Raj}}

=== British India ===

The English language established a foothold on the [[Indian subcontinent]] with the granting of the [[East India Company]] charter by [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as [[Surat]], [[Mumbai]] (called Bombay before 1995), [[Chennai]] (called Madras before 1996), and [[Kolkata]] (called Calcutta before 2001).

English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during the [[Company rule in India#Education|rule of the British East India Company]]. In 1835, English [[English Education Act 1835|replaced]] [[Persian language|Persian]] as the official language of the East India Company. [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]] played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.<ref name="John MacKenzie 2013">MacKenzie, John (January 2013). "A family empire", ''BBC History Magazine''.</ref> Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the [[University of London]] and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During the [[British Raj]] (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the [[civil services]]. At the time of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, English was the only functional ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the region.

The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] stated that in this period, "English ceased to be a language used solely by foreigners in India, and became the dominant form of communication in Indian education, government, commerce, literature, and print media."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/discover/indian-english-in-the-oed/|title=Indian English in the OED September 2017 update|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Oxford University]]|access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref>

=== Republic of India ===

After the independence and [[Partition of British India]], [[Modern Standard Hindi]] was declared the first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|protests from Tamil Nadu]] and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-languages-act-1963|title=The Official Languages Act, 1963 {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=rajbhasha.gov.in|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825142721/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-languages-act-1963|url-status=live}}</ref> This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.

The view of the [[English language]] among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Annamalai |first=E. |chapter=India: Language Situation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 |pages=610–613}}</ref> Indian men who speak fluent English have been found to earn 34% higher hourly salaries than men who don't speak English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timalsina |first=Tarun |date=2021-03-18 |title=Redefining Colonial Legacies: India and the English Language |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Harvard Political Review |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220004143/https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/840341/the-rise-of-hinglish-how-the-media-created-a-new-lingua-franca-for-indias-elites|title=The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites|first=Shoaib|last=Daniyal|website=Scroll.in|date=18 June 2017|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922083813/https://scroll.in/article/840341/the-rise-of-hinglish-how-the-media-created-a-new-lingua-franca-for-indias-elites|url-status=live}}</ref> because of inadequate [[Education in India|education]] to large parts of the Indian population. It has been suggested that Indian English, rather than British English, should be taught in schools, to allow for international cooperation while valuing local cultural features "due to a set of unique lexical, grammatical, phonological and discourse features that would allow it to act as both a lingua franca within the country and on the international stage".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Daniel |date=2019 |title=Indian English -- A National Model |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1244241 |journal=Journal of English as an International Language |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=16 |issn=1718-2298}}</ref> The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chelliah|first=Shobhana L.|date=July 2001|title=Constructs of Indian English in language 'guidebooks'|journal=World Englishes|volume=20|issue=2|pages=161–178|doi=10.1111/1467-971X.00207}}</ref>

In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into [[Bhutan]] due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-02-26|title=To Eat 'Snacks Or Snakes?' Discover The Idiosyncrasies Of Bhutanese English|url=http://dailybhutan.com/article/to-eat-snacks-or-snakes-discover-the-idiosyncrasies-of-bhutanese-english|website=dailybhutan.com|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620012341/https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/to-eat-snacks-or-snakes-discover-the-idiosyncrasies-of-bhutanese-english|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-02-26|title=The idiosyncrasies of Bhutanese English – Kuensel Online|url=https://kuenselonline.com/the-idiosyncrasies-of-bhutanese-english/|website=kuenselonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213122337/http://dailybhutan.com/article/to-eat-snacks-or-snakes-discover-the-idiosyncrasies-of-bhutanese-english|archive-date=2019-02-13}}</ref>

== Hinglish and other hybrid languages ==
{{Main|Hinglish|Tenglish|Tanglish}}
{{See also|Englishisation#South Asia}}
The term ''Hinglish'' is a [[portmanteau]] of the languages [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. This typically refers to the [[Macaronic language|macaronic]] hybrid use of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hinglish-gets-the-most-laughs-say-mumbais-standup-comics/articleshow/58555949.cms|title=Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hinglish-gets-the-most-laughs-say-mumbais-standup-comics/articleshow/58555949.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as [[Bollywood]], incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/|title=Decoding the Bollywood poster - National Science and Media Museum blog|website=blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=16 July 2018|date=28 February 2013|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716170038/https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish.<ref name="The Times of India"/> When [[Hindi]]–[[Urdu]] is viewed as a single language called [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the [[portmanteau]]s Hinglish and [[Urdish]] mean the same [[Code-mixing|code-mixed tongue]], where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in [[Pakistan]].

Other macaronic hybrids such as ''Minglish'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English), ''[[Banglish]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] and English), ''[[Manglish (Malayalam and English)|Manglish]]'' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and English), ''[[Kanglish]]'' ([[Kannada language|Kannada]] and English), ''[[Tenglish]]'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English), and ''[[Tanglish]]'' or ''Tamglish'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English) exist in South India.<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 1-32. {{doi| 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref>

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel [[phoneme]] system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Indian English Vowels{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=626}}
!Lexical set
!Subset
!Value
!Notes
|-
! colspan="4" |Checked vowels
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|TRAP}}
|[{{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|a}}~{{IPA link|e}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|BATH}}
|[{{IPA link|ɑː}}~{{IPA link|a}}~{{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|ä}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|DRESS}}
|[{{IPA link|ɛ}}~{{IPA link|e}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|KIT}}
|[{{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|ɘ}}]
|especially /{{IPA link|ɘ}}/ before /l/<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Domange |first=Raphaël |date=March 2020 |title=Variation and change in the short vowels of Delhi English |journal=Language Variation and Change |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1017/S0954394520000010 |issn=0954-3945 |s2cid=216377833 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|LOT}}
|[{{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}}~{{IPA link|a}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|CLOTH}}
|[{{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|FOOT}}
|{{IPAblink|ʊ}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|STRUT}}
|[{{IPA link|ʌ}}~{{IPA link|ə}}~{{IPA link|ɜ}}]{{sfnp|Sailaja|2009|pp=24–25}}
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Free vowels
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|PALM}}
|[{{IPA link|a}}~{{IPA link|ä}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|FACE}}
|{{IPAblink|eː}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|FLEECE}}
|{{IPAblink|i}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|PRICE}}
|[{{IPA link|a}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|GOAT}}
|{{IPAblink|oː}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|CHOICE}}
|[{{IPA link|ɔ}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|GOOSE}}
|{{IPAblink|u}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|MOUTH}}
|[{{IPA link|a}}{{IPA link|ʊ}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|THOUGHT}}
|[{{IPA link|ɔ}}~{{IPA link|ɒ}}]
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Vowels + historical /r/
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|START}}
|[{{IPA link|ɑ}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|SQUARE}}
|[{{IPA link|ɛ}}~{{IPA link|e}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|NEAR}}
|[{{IPA link|ɪ}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|NORTH}}
|[{{IPA link|ɒ}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|ɔ}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|FORCE}}
|[{{IPA link|o}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|o}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|ɔ}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|occasionally merged with {{Smallcaps2|CURE}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|NURSE}}
|[{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|ʌ}}({{IPA link|r}})~[[Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Smallcaps2|CURE}}
|[{{IPA link|ʊ}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|o}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})~{{IPA link|ɔ}}{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|occasionally merged with {{Smallcaps2|FORCE}}
|-
! colspan="4" |Reduced vowels
|-
| colspan="2" |comm{{Smallcaps2|A}}
|[{{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|ə}}]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |lett{{Smallcaps2|ER}}
|[{{IPA link|ə}}({{IPA link|r}})]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |happ{{Smallcaps2|Y}}
|[{{IPA link|ɪ}}, {{IPA link|i}}]
|
|}
* North Indians, especially a minority of English students and teachers along with some people in various professions like telephone customer service agents, often speak with a [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]] accent. Examples of this include ''flower'' pronounced as {{IPA|[flaʊ.ə]}}, ''never'' as {{IPA|[nevə]}}, ''water'' as {{IPA|[ʋɒtə]}}, etc. Some South Indians, such as native Telugu speakers, speak with a rhotic accent, but the final {{IPA|/ə/}} becomes an {{IPA|[a]}}, and an [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is used for /r/, resulting in ''water'' and ''never'' as {{IPA|[wɒtaɾ]}} or {{IPA|[ʋɒʈaɾ]}} and {{IPA|[nevaɾ]}} respectively.
**Features characteristic of [[North American English]], such as rhoticity and [[R-colored vowel|r-coloured vowels]], have been gaining influence on Indian English in recent years as cultural and economic ties increase between India and the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/846112/the-readers-editor-writes-why-is-american-english-becoming-part-of-everyday-usage-in-india|title=The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?|last=Reddy|first=C. Rammanohar|website=Scroll.in|date=6 August 2017|language=en-US|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718050440/https://scroll.in/article/846112/the-readers-editor-writes-why-is-american-english-becoming-part-of-everyday-usage-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Many North Indians have an [[intonation pattern]] similar to [[Hiberno-English]], which perhaps results from a similar pattern used while speaking Hindi.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==== Splits and mergers ====
* Indian English speakers do not necessarily make a clear distinction between {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} and {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} unlike [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP), i.e. they may have the [[cot-caught merger]], with the target vowel ranging between either option.
* Most Indians have the [[trap–bath split]] of Received Pronunciation, affecting words such as ''class'', ''staff'' and ''last'' ({{IPA|/klɑːs/}}, {{IPA|/stɑːf/}} and {{IPA|/lɑːst/}} respectively). Though the trap-bath split is prevalent in Indian English, it varies greatly. Many younger Indians who read and listen to [[American English]] do not have this split.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Similar to [[Australian English]], variability is especially present when the split occurs before nasal clusters in words such as ''dance'', ''Francis'', and ''answer''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Domange |first=Raphaël |date=2023 |title=The Vowels of Delhi English |url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1751430/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref>
* Most{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Indians do not have the [[English-language vowel changes before historic /r/|hoarse-horse merger]].
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! scope="col" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/
[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! scope="col" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! scope="col" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/
[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! scope="col" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! scope="col" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|({{IPA link|ɲ}})
|({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Plosive]]/
[[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|({{IPA link|t̪}})⠀[[Dental consonant|t̪ʰ]]
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}⠀({{IPA link|ʈʰ}})
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}⠀({{IPA link|k|kh}})
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}⠀({{IPA link|bʱ}})
|[[Voiced dental plosive|d̪]]⠀({{IPA link|d̪ʱ}})
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}⠀({{IPA link|ɖʱ}})
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}⠀([[Breathy voice|ɡʱ]])
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] ~ {{IPA link|p|ph}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|([[Voiceless velar fricative|x]])
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|({{IPA link|z}})
|
|({{IPA link|ʒ}})
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}⠀({{IPA link|rː}})⠀({{IPA link|ɾʱ}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}⠀({{IPA link|ʋʱ}})
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
The following are the standard variations in Indian English:
* The voiceless [[Stop consonant|plosives]] {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/}} are always unaspirated in Indian English, (aspirated in cultivated form) whereas in RP, General American and most other English accents they are aspirated in word-initial or stressed syllables. Thus "pin" is pronounced {{IPA|[pɪn]}} in Indian English but {{IPA|[pʰɪn]}} in most other dialects. In native Indo-Aryan languages, a predominant language family in India, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated plosives is phonemic, and the English stops are equated with the unaspirated rather than the aspirated phonemes of the local languages.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=627–628}} The same is true of the voiceless postalveolar affricate {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. The local unvoiced aspirated plosives are instead equated with English fricatives, namely {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}}.
* The [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] stops English {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} are often [[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] {{IPA|[ɖ]}}, {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, especially in the north of India.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=628}} In Indian languages, there are two entirely distinct sets of coronal plosives: one [[dental consonant|dental]] and the other retroflex. Native speakers of Indian languages prefer to pronounce the English alveolar plosives sound as more retroflex than dental,{{Sfn|Ball|Muller|2014|ps=: The comments on retroflex consonants also apply to northern Indian languages such as Hindi, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Speakers of these languages tend to use their own retroflex consonants in place of English alveolar /t, d, n/. Although these languages do have non-retroflex stops, these are dental, and it seems that English alveolar stops are perceived as closer to the retroflex stops than to the dental ones.}} and the use of retroflex consonants is a common feature of Indian English.{{Sfn|Ball|Muller|2014|p=289b|ps=: This use of retroflex consonants is very characteristic of Indian English, and the retroflex resonance is very pervasive ...}}{{Sfn|Sailaja|2007|p=252|ps=: 1.4 ''Indian (Telugu) English'': All the adults who participated in this study spoke a Telugu variety of Indian English. Telugu pronunciation of English is heavily influenced by the spelling. Two identical letters in a word are articulated as geminates. The articulation is also mostly rhotic ... In place of the alveolar stops, retroflex sounds are used. Some speakers would also use a retroflex nasal in place of the alveolar nasal, and a retroflex lateral in place of the alveolar lateral.}} In the [[Devanagari]] script of Hindi, all alveolar plosives of English are transcribed as their retroflex counterparts. One good reason for this is that unlike most other native Indian languages, Hindi does not have ''true'' retroflex plosives (Tiwari, [1955] 2001). The so-called retroflexes in Hindi are actually articulated as apical [[Postalveolar consonant|post-alveolar]] plosives, sometimes even with a tendency to come down to the alveolar region. So a Hindi speaker normally cannot distinguish the difference between their own apical post-alveolar plosives and English's alveolar plosives. Languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] have ''true'' retroflex plosives, however, wherein the articulation is done with the tongue curved upwards and backwards at the [[Palate|roof of the mouth]]. This also causes (in parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]) the {{IPA|/s/}} preceding alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} to allophonically change to {{IPA|[ʃ]}} ({{angbr|stop}}, {{IPA|/stɒp/}} → {{IPA|/ʃʈap/}}). Mostly in north India, some speakers allophonically further change the voiced retroflex plosives to voiced [[retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}, and the nasal {{IPA|/n/}} to a nasalised retroflex flap. Among [[Malayalam]] speakers, the realisation of English /t/ follows systematic rules. Word-initial /t/ is typically realised as retroflex {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, while in non-initial positions it may be either alveolar {{IPA|[t]}} or retroflex {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, depending on word structure. For example, better is pronounced {{IPA|[bettɐr]}} (alveolar), whereas butter is pronounced {{IPA|[bɐʈʈɐr]}} (retroflex). This is influenced by the fact that Malayalam already contrasts alveolar and retroflex plosives.
* Most major native languages of India lack the dental fricatives {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} (spelled with ''th''), although [ð] occurs variably as [[Intervocalic consonant|intervocalic]] allophones in [[Gujarati phonology|Gujarati]]{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=665}} and [[Tamil phonology|Tamil]]. Usually, the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] [[voiceless dental plosive]] {{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}} is substituted for {{IPA|/θ/}} in the north (it would be unaspirated in the south) and the unaspirated [[voiced dental plosive]] {{IPA|[d̪]}}, or possibly the aspirated version {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}}, is substituted for {{IPA|/ð/}}.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}} For example, "thin" would be realised as {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} instead of {{IPA|/θɪn/}} for North Indian speakers, whereas it would be pronounced unaspirated in the south.
* The English of [[Delhi]] often has [[yod-dropping]] after coronals, unlike RP.<ref name=":2" />
* The [[rhotic consonant]] /r/ is pronounced by most speakers as an [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, but may also be pronounced as a retroflex flap {{IPA|[ɽ]}} or [[alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}} based on the influence by the native phonology, or an [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}} like in most varieties of English.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spitzbardt |first1=Harry |title=English in India |date=1976 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqIOAAAAMAAJ&q=indian+english+rolled+r|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian English Phonologics |url=https://phonologics.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Report-Indian-English.pdf |website=Phonologics |publisher=Linda J. Ferrier-Reid, Robert MacAuslan and Joel MacAuslan |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107104832/https://phonologics.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Report-Indian-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Indian English is variably rhotic; with pronunciations either being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of RP, or generally rhotic due to the underlying [[phonotactics]] of the native [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rathod |first1=Rakesh |title=Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence |date=2019 |publisher=Nitya Publications |isbn=978-81-943432-7-1 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaszEAAAQBAJ&dq=indian+english+non+rhotic&pg=PA89}}</ref>{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}}
**In recent years, rhoticity has been increasing.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}} Generally, [[American English]] is seen as having a large influence on the English language in India recently.<ref name=":0" />
** Many Indians with rhotic accents prefer to pronounce words with {{IPA|[aʊə]}} as {{IPA|[aː(r)]}}, such as {{angbr|flower}} as {{IPA|[flaː(r)]}} and {{angbr|our}} as {{IPA|[aː(r)]}}, as opposed to {{IPA|[flaʊ.ə]}} and {{IPA|[aʊ.ə]}} in more non-rhotic varieties. Speakers with rhotic accents, especially some south Indians, may also pronounce word-final {{IPA|/ər/}} as {{IPA|/ar/}}, resulting in ''water'' and ''never'' as {{IPA|/wɔːtar/}} and {{IPA|/nevar/}} respectively.
* Most Indian languages do not differentiate between {{IPA|/v/}} ([[voiced labiodental fricative]]) and {{IPA|/w/}} ([[voiced labial–velar approximant]]). Instead, many Indians use a frictionless [[voiced labiodental approximant]] {{IPA|[ʋ]}} for words with either sound, possibly in free variation with {{IPA|[v]}} and/or {{IPA|[w]}} depending upon region. Thus, ''wet'' and ''vet'' are often homophones.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=627}}
* South Indians tend to curl the tongue (retroflex accentuation) less for {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}.
* Sometimes, Indian speakers interchange {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, especially when plurals are being formed, unlike speakers of other varieties of English, who use {{IPA|[s]}} for the pluralisation of words ending in a voiceless consonant, {{IPA|[z]}} for words ending in a voiced consonant or vowel, and {{IPA|[ɨz]}} for words ending in a sibilant.
* In case of the postalveolar affricates {{IPA|/tʃ/}} {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, native languages like Hindi have corresponding affricates articulated from the palatal region, rather than postalveolar, and they have more of a stop component than fricative; this is reflected in their English.
* [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]] {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} are usually replaced by the VC clusters {{IPA|[əl]}}, {{IPA|[əm]}} and {{IPA|[ən]}} (as in ''button'' {{IPA|/ˈbəʈən/}}), or if a [[Close vowel|high vowel]] precedes, by {{IPA|[il]}} (as in ''little'' {{IPA|/ˈliʈil/}}). Syllable nuclei in words with the spelling ''er''/''re'' (a [[Ə|schwa]] in RP and an r-coloured schwa in [[General American English|GA]]) are also replaced by VC clusters. e.g., ''metre'', {{IPA|/ˈmiːtər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈmiːʈər/}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
* Indian English uses clear {{IPA|[l]}} in all instances like [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]] whereas other varieties use clear {{IPA|[l]}} in syllable-initial positions and [[Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants|dark l]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}} (velarised-L) in coda and syllabic positions.
* Voiced postalveolar fricative [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] is largely nonexistent in most varieties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gargesh |first=Ravinder |title=Indian English: phonology |date=18 March 2008 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=3110196387 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref>
The following are variations in Indian English due to [[language contact]] with Indian languages:
* Most Indian languages (except [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Urdu]]; and conscious pronunciation by [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], etc. speakers) lack the [[voiced alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/z/}}. A significant portion of Indians thus, even though their native languages do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced {{IPA|/s/}}, often use the voiced palatal affricate (or postalveolar) {{IPA|/dʒ/}}. This makes words such as {{angbr|zero}} and {{angbr|rosy}} sound as {{IPA|[ˈdʒiːro]}} and {{IPA|[ˈroːdʒiː]}} (the latter, especially in the North). This replacement is equally true for [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] loanwords into Hindi. The probable reason is the confusion created by the use of the Devanagari grapheme {{angbr|ज}} (for {{IPA|/dʒ/}}) with the [[Nuqta]] to represent {{IPA|/z/}} (as {{angbr|ज़}}). A similar thing happens in other Indian languages like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], with the letters for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} (except Indian varieties of [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] where {{angbr|ज}} represents /{{IPA link|dz}}/) usually being used to represent {{IPA|/z/}}. This is common among people without formal English education. In [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (plus even in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] to some extent) {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} are allophones in some cases, so the words such as ''fridge'' {{IPA|/fɹɪdʒ/}} become {{IPA|/friz/}}.
* In [[Assamese language|Assamese]], {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are pronounced as {{IPA|/s/}}; and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} are pronounced as {{IPA|/z/}}. Retroflex and dental consonants are not present and only alveolar consonants are used unlike other Indian languages. Similar to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Odia language|Odia]], {{IPA|/v/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/bʱ/}} and {{IPA|/β/}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. For example; change is pronounced as {{IPA|[sɛɪnz]}}, vote is pronounced as {{IPA|[bʱot]}} and English is pronounced as {{IPA|[iŋlis]}}.<ref name="Mahanta 2012 217–224">{{Cite journal|last=Mahanta|first=Shakuntala|date=2012|title=Assamese|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=42|issue=2|pages=217–224|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000096|jstor=26351864|issn=0025-1003|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Again, in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]] and [[Odia language|Odia]], all instances of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are spoken like {{IPA|[s]}} (and {{IPA|[x]}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]), a phenomenon that is also apparent in their English. Exactly the opposite is seen for many [[Bengali people|Bengalis]].<ref name="Mahanta 2012 217–224"/>
* Inability to pronounce certain (especially word-initial) [[consonant cluster]]s by people of rural backgrounds (as with some [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] speakers). This is usually dealt with by [[epenthesis]]. e.g., {{angbr|school}} {{IPA|/isˈkuːl/}}.
* Many Indians with lower exposure to English also may pronounce {{IPA|/f/}} as an aspirated [[voiceless bilabial plosive]] {{IPA|[pʰ]}}. Again in Hindi Devanagari the loaned {{IPA|/f/}} from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] is written by putting a dot beneath the grapheme for native {{IPA|[pʰ]}} {{angbr|फ}}: {{angbr|फ़}}. This substitution is rarer than that for {{IPA|[z]}}, and in fact in many [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] words {{IPA|/f/}} is used by native speakers instead of {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, or the two are used interchangeably.
* Some speakers of Indian English, unless conscious; do not use the [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] ({{IPA|/ʒ/}}). Some Indians use {{IPA|/z/}} (especially by [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speakers) or {{IPA|/dʒ/}} (basically by most of the Indians, who do not even have {{IPA|[z]}} phoneme) instead, e.g. {{angbr|treasure}} {{IPA|/ˈtrɛzəːr/}},{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=628}} and in some south Indian variants, with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} as in {{angbr|shore}}, e.g. {{angbr|treasure}} {{IPA|/ˈtrɛʃər/}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Spelling pronunciation===
A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "[[English orthography|the vagaries of English spelling]]".{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}} Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly [[phonetic spelling]], so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as [[spelling pronunciation]].
* In words where the digraph {{angbr|gh}} represents a [[voiced velar plosive]] ({{IPA|/ɡ/}}) in other accents, some Indian English speakers supply a murmured version {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}, for example {{angbr|ghost}} {{IPA|[ɡʱoːst]}}. No other accent of English admits this voiced aspiration.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=628}}
* Similarly, especially with Hindi speakers, the digraph {{angbr|wh}} may be aspirated as {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}} or {{IPA|[wʱ]}}, resulting in realisations such as {{angbr|which}} {{IPA|[ʋʱɪtʃ]}}, found in no other English accent (although some Scottish accents come close).{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=630}} This is somewhat similar to the traditional distinction between {{angbr|wh}} and {{angbr|w}} present in English, however, wherein the former is {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, whilst the latter is {{IPA|/w/}}.
* In unstressed syllables, which speakers of American English would realise as a [[schwa]], speakers of Indian English would use the spelling vowel, making {{angbr|sanity}} sound as {{IPA|[ˈsæniti]}} instead of {{IPA|[ˈsænəti]}}. This trait is also present in other South Asian dialects ([[Pakistani English|Pakistani]] and [[Sri Lankan English]]), and common for many second-language European speakers of English.
* The word "of" is usually pronounced with a {{IPA|/f/}} instead of a {{IPA|/v/}} as in most other accents.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}}
* Use of {{IPA|[d]}} instead of {{IPA|[t]}} for the "-ed" ending of the past tense after voiceless consonants, for example "developed" may be {{IPA|[ˈdɛʋləpd]}} instead of RP {{IPA|/dɪˈvɛləpt/}}.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=628}}
* Use of {{IPA|[s]}} instead of {{IPA|[z]}} for the {{angbr|-s}} ending of the plural after voiced consonants, for example {{angbr|dogs}} may be {{IPA|[daɡs]}} instead of {{IPA|[dɒɡz]}}.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=629}}
* Pronunciation of {{angbr|house}} as {{IPA|[haʊz]}} in both the noun and the verb, instead of {{IPA|[haʊs]}} as a noun and {{IPA|[haʊz]}} as a verb.
* Silent letters may be pronounced. For example, 'salmon' is usually pronounced with a distinct {{IPA|/l/}}.

===Supra-segmental features===
English is a [[stress-timed language]]. Both syllable stress and [[Stress (linguistics)|word stress]] (where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually [[syllable-timed language]]s, like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |page=360}}</ref> Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/sala25/verma.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901152555/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/sala25/verma.htm|archive-date=1 September 2006 |title= Onset of Rising Pitch in Focused Words in Hindi: an Experimental Study }}</ref> whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as [[Scouse]] and [[Welsh English]].<ref>Varshney, R.L., "An Introductory Textbook of Linguistics and Phonetics", 15th Ed. (2005), Student Store, Bareilly.</ref>

==Numbering system==
The [[Indian numbering system]] is preferred for digit grouping.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bellos, Alex|title=Alex's Adventures in Numberland: Dispatches from the Wonderful World of Mathematics|publisher=[[A&C Black]]|date=2010-04-05|isbn=9781408811146|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp8oyheDhfUC&pg=PT114 114]|quote=Indian English has different words for high numbers than British or America English.[...]Note that above a thousand, Indians introduce a comma after every two digits,[...]}}</ref> When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! In digits (International system) !! In digits (Indian system) !! In words ([[long and short scales|short scales]]) !! In words (Indian system)
|-
| colspan="2" | 10 || colspan="2" | ten
|-
| colspan="2" | 100 || colspan="2" | one hundred
|-
| colspan="2" | 1,000 || colspan="2" | one thousand
|-
| colspan="2" | 10,000 || colspan="2" | ten thousand
|-
| 100,000 || 1,00,000 || one hundred thousand || one [[lakh]] (from {{Transliteration|hi|lākh}} {{lang|hi|लाख}})
|-
| 1,000,000 || 10,00,000 || one million || ten [[lakh]]
|-
| 10,000,000 || 1,00,00,000 || ten million || one [[crore]] (from {{Transliteration|hi|karoṛ}} {{lang|hi|करोड़}})
|-
| 100,000,000 || 10,00,00,000 || one hundred million || ten [[crore]]
|-
| 1,000,000,000 || 1,00,00,00,000 || one billion || one hundred [[crore]] one [[arab (number)|arab]] (from {{Transliteration|hi|arab}} {{lang|hi|अरब}})
|-
| 10,000,000,000 || 10,00,00,00,000 || ten billion || one thousand [[crore]] ten [[arab (number)|arab]]
|-
| 100,000,000,000 || 1,00,00,00,00,000 || one hundred billion || ten thousand [[crore]] one [[Indian numbering system|kharab]] (from {{Transliteration|hi|kharab}} {{lang|hi|खरब}})
([[arab (number)|arab]] and [[Indian numbering system|kharab]] are not commonly used today)
|}
Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one [[trillion (short scale)|trillion]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bsl.co.in/india/news/investors-lose-rs-44-lakh-crore-in-four-days/416306/ |title=Investors lose Rs 4.4 lakh crore in four days |work=Business Standard |date=27 November 2010 |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316003619/http://bsl.co.in/india/news/investors-lose-rs-44-lakh-crore-in-four-days/416306/ |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartinvestor.in/market/story-31563-storydet-Corporate_chiefs_getting_crores_in_salaries_100_and_counting.htm |title=Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting! |work=The Smart Investor |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901151139/http://smartinvestor.in/market/story-31563-storydet-Corporate_chiefs_getting_crores_in_salaries_100_and_counting.htm }}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
{{Further|Glossary of the British Raj}}
Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as [[dharna]], [[hartal]], [[eve-teasing]], [[Votebank|vote bank]], [[swaraj]], [[Swadeshi movement|swadeshi]], [[scheduled caste]], [[scheduled tribe]], and [[non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]. It incorporates some [[Anglo Indian|Anglo-Indian]] words such as [[tiffin]], [[hill station]], [[gymkhana]], along with slang.<ref>James Lambert (2014). Indian "English slang". In Julie Coleman (ed.) ''Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives'' (pp. 126–134). London: Routledge.</ref><ref>Lambert, James (2018). "Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles". ''World Englishes'' 37(2): 248–260. {{doi|10.1111/weng.12291}}</ref>

Indian English, like some other [[World Englishes]], is notable for its treatment of English [[Mass noun|mass]] and [[count noun]]s. Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as ''evidence'', ''equipment'', or ''training'', are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leuckert |first1=Sven |last2=Lange |first2=Claudia |last3=Bernaisch |first3=Tobias |last4=Yurchenko |first4=Asya |title=Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century: Unity and Diversity in Lexicon and Morphosyntax |date=21 December 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-009-32379-6 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/indian-englishes-in-the-twentyfirst-century/8657DA12AEA2C0B6D7AB16801CE6F5D6#element |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304140411/https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/indian-englishes-in-the-twentyfirst-century/8657DA12AEA2C0B6D7AB16801CE6F5D6#element |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include:


* ''ayye'', ''aiye'' ([[interjection]]) (South India): ew.
* ''ayyo'', ''aiyo'' (interjection) (South India): oh no, yikes.
* ''brinjal'' (noun): An [[eggplant]]/aubergine
* ''bus stand'' (noun): A [[bus station]] (British English)
* ''chain-snatching'' (verb): To snatch a gold chain (or sometimes silver chain) from someone and run away, usually perpetrated by two or more criminals on a [[motorbike]]/[[moped]]/[[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]].
** e.g. "Women are avoiding wearing gold chains due to the concerning rise in number of ''chain-snatching'' cases in many parts of the city."
* ''cinema'' (noun): A [[movie]] or film
* ''cinema hall'' (noun): A [[Movie theater|cinema]] or [[movie theatre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cinema-hall |title=cinema hall Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=Dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=24 May 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012329/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cinema-hall |url-status=live }}</ref>
** e.g. "''Cinema halls'' in [[Uttar Pradesh]] will soon display the newly-unveiled logo for [[Kumbh Mela]], right after [[Jana Gana Mana|the national anthem]] is played" (''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 January 2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-cinema-halls-to-show-kumbh-logo-before-screening-movies/story-H7O5J6z57We4L4MKBZEKqL.html |title=UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=24 May 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''[[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]]'': The creation of hatred between different religions and ethnicities which cause [[communal violence]] between them. The term is usually used to describe the hatred spread by religious leaders and politicians which cause [[Hindu–Muslim riots]].
*''[[desi]]'': South Asian, Indian.
* ''[[wikt:do the needful|do the needful]]'': To do that which is necessary or required, with the respectful implication that the other party is trusted to understand what needs doing without being given detailed instructions.
** e.g. "When asked if the [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] government could reduce [[Value-added tax|Value Added Tax]] (VAT) on petro-products to bring down prices, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|CM]] said that the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] was aware of the situation and will ''do the needful''." (2018 ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'')<ref>{{cite news|title=Yogi Accuses Opposition of Ranking Up Inflation|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/yogi-accuses-opposition-of-ranking-up-inflation.html|access-date=28 May 2018|work=The Pioneer|date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
* ''English-knowing'' ([[adjective]]): Of a person or group of people that uses or speaks English.
** e.g. "The official and Service atmosphere ... set the tone for almost all [[Indian middle class|Indian middle-class]] life, especially the ''English-knowing'' [[intelligentsia]]." (''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|Toward Freedom]]'' vii. 40, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|J. Nehru]], 1941)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=English-knowing (adj). Compound, '''C2'''|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/62251 |date=December 2008}}</ref>
* ''foreign-returned'' (adjective): Of a person or group of people who has returned home after living abroad for a while<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Foreign-returned (adj)|dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/foreign-returned}}</ref>
* ''freeship'' (noun): A studentship or [[scholarship]].<ref>{{Cite OED | freeship }}</ref>
** e.g. "Two permanent ''freeships'', each tenable for one year and one of which is for the second and the other for the third year class." (''The Medical Reporter'' (Calcutta) 57/1, 1 February 1893)
** e.g. "Private institutions can only develop if they are allowed to charge reasonable fees, while also providing need based ''freeships'' and scholarships for a certain percentage of students." (''[[The Economic Times]]'' (Nexis), 12 October 2006)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=freeship, 4.|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/74423|date=March 2008}}</ref>
* ''hartal'' (noun): A strike, protest.
* ''hotel'' (noun): A [[restaurant]] or [[café]].
** e.g. "A group of four friends had gone to have dinner at a roadside ''hotel''." (''Statesman'' (Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=hotel (noun) 3.|dictionary=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hotel?q=hotel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012634/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hotel?q=hotel|archive-date=2022-03-22}}</ref>
* ''is it so:'' Oh really?
* ''it will be'': {{dubious span|text=This is how much it is (quantifying something)|reason=Is this actually a dialect-specific idiom, as opposed to a plain usage of "be"?|date=July 2024}}.
** e.g. Q: "How much is this?" A: "It will be two hundred and seventy rupees."
* ''kindly adjust'': Used to acknowledge and apologise for something that causes problems or difficulties and ask people to accept and adapt to the situation, or used to apologise for causing inconvenience.
**e.g. "The store will be closed this afternoon due to staffing shortages. ''Kindly adjust''."
** e.g.: When asking someone to move along so you can sit down. ''"''I would like to sit down, sir. ''Kindly adjust''."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kindly adjust (adj)|dictionary=Oxford Learners Dictionary |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kindly}}</ref>
* ''matrimonial'' (noun): [[Advertising|Advertisements]] in a [[newspaper]] for the purpose of finding a marriageable partner.
** e.g. "When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half ... Back to the newspaper ''matrimonials'' on Sundays." (''Statesman'' (Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=matrimonial (noun) B. 3b. |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115050 |date=March 2001}}</ref>
* ''na'' ([[interjection]]) (North India): "isn't it?"
** e.g. "That place is quite far na?"
*''office boy:'' Usually a person employed to do less important and menial jobs in a business office (such as a messenger, copier maintenance, [[Chaiwala]], etc.). Often resides or spends their working time in a special service space in the office, behind the front desk or in the pantry.
*''out of station'': used for saying that someone is away.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Out of station |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/out-of-station |dictionary=[[Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners]]}}</ref> This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the [[East India Company]].
* ''pass''(''ing'') ''out'' (phrase): Graduate from school/college or complete a course at an institution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-13 |title=You studied so hard you passed out? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/polish-yourself-until-you-shine/you-studied-so-hard-you-passed-out/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>
** e.g. "I passed out of college in 2007."<ref name=":1" />
** e.g. "I passed out of my school aged 17."
* ''petrol pump / petrol bunk'' (used in some parts of south India; noun): A [[Filling station|petrol station]] (British English), gas station (American English)
* ''prepone'' (verb): To bring (something) forward to an earlier date or time.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prepone|title=prepone|dictionary=Cambridge English Dictionary|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211134/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prepone|url-status=live}}</ref>
** e.g. "The meeting has been ''preponed'' due to a change in the schedule."
* ''pressperson'' (noun, frequently as a single word): A newspaper journalist, a reporter, a member of the press.
** e.g. "The [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Prime Minister]] greeted the ''presspersons'' with a '[[namaskar]]' [customary Hindu greeting] and a broad smile." (''The Hindu'' (Nexis), 20 June 2001)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=press (noun), Compound|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/150765 |date=March 2007}}</ref>
* ''ragging'' (noun): [[bullying]], [[fagging]]
* ''redressal'' (noun): Redress
** e.g. "There is an urgent need for setting up an independent authority for ''redressal'' of telecom consumer complaints." (''Statesman'' (India) (Nexis), 2 April 1998)
** e.g. "Where does he go for the ''redressal'' of his genuine grievances?" (''[[Sunday Times of India]]'', 15 September 2002 8/4)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=redressal (noun)|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=3rd|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/160459|date=September 2009}}</ref>
* ''revert'' ([[verb]]): To report back with information.
** e.g. "Please ''revert'' with the required documentation."
* ''road junction/circle'' (noun): a [[Intersection (road)|crossroad]] (British English), [[Intersection (road)|intersection]] (American English)
* ''tiffin'': lunch, snack.
* ''updation'': The act of updating.
* ''upgradation'' (noun): The enhancement or upgrading of status, value or level of something.
** e.g. "Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge ''upgradation''." (''Business India'', 8 September 1986 153/1 (advert))<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=upgradation (noun)|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/243221|year=1993}}</ref>
* ''[[votebank]]'': A [[Voting bloc|bloc]] of [[Voting|voters]] from a single [[community]] or a group of communities who always back a certain [[candidate]] or [[political party]] for bribes and/or employment favours given by the particular party.


==Spelling{{anchor|Spelling and national differences}}==
Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the [[American and British English spelling differences|British style]], e.g., using ''travelling'', ''litre'', ''practise'' (as a verb), ''anaesthesia'', ''fulfil'', ''catalogue'', ''realise'' and ''colour'', rather than the American style.{{sfn|Sailaja|2009|pp=83, 115}}

==Dictionaries==
The most famous dictionary of Indian English is [[Henry Yule|Yule]] and [[Arthur Coke Burnell|Brunell]]'s ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]'', originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by [[William Crooke]] in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s.

Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): [[Samuel Rousseau (orientalist)|Rousseau]] ''A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies'' (1804), [[Charles Wilkins|Wilkins]] ''Glossary to the Fifth Report'' (1813), [[Joachim Hayward Stocqueler|Stocqueler]] ''The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge'' (1844), [[Henry Miers Elliot|Elliot]] ''A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A–J'' (1845), [[Charles Philip Brown|Brown]] ''The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character'' (1852), [[Patrick Carnegy (writer)|Carnegy]] ''Kutcherry Technicalities'' (1853) and its second edition ''Kachahri Technicalities'' (1877), [[Horace Hayman Wilson|Wilson]] ''Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms'' (1855), [[Herbert Giles|Giles]] ''A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East'' (1878), [[George Clifford Whitworth|Whitworth]] ''Anglo-Indian Dictionary'' (1885), [[George Temple (writer)|Temple]] ''A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land'' (1897), and [[William Crooke|Crooke]] ''Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India'' (1906).

The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence was Hawkins ''Common Indian Words in English'' (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis ''Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs'' (1991), Muthiah ''Words in Indian English'' (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the ''Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary'' (1996) and [[Nigel Hankin|Hankin]] ''Hanklyn-Janklin'' (2003). Nihalani et al. ''Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation'' (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for a large number of specific lexical items. The [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the ''Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary'' (2006).

The most recent dictionary is Carls ''A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns'' (2017).{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Languages}}
* [[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English]]
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[Indian numbering system]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[Indian States by most popular languages]]
* [[Kanglish]]
* [[Hinglish]]
* [[Manglish]]
* [[Pakistani English]]/[[Paklish]]
* [[Bangladeshi English]]/[[Banglish]]
* [[Tanglish]]
* [[Tenglish]]
* [[Commonwealth English]]
* [[English as a lingua franca]]
* [[Regional accents of English]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Auddy |first=Ranjan Kumar |year=2020 |title=In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-35271-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pnKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 |title=Phonetics for Communication Disorders |last2=Muller |first2=Nicole |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-77795-3 |pages=289–}}
* {{citation| last1= Cardona| first1= George| year= 2003| author-link1= George Cardona| last2= Suthar| first2= Babu| author-link2= Babu Suthar| chapter= Gujarati| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659| editor1-last= Cardona| editor1-first= George| editor2-last= Jain| editor2-first= Dhanesh| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages| publisher= Routledge| isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sailaja |first=Pingali |title=Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-272-9245-2 |editor-last=Bayer |editor-first=Josef |pages=249–267 |chapter=Writing Systems and Phonological Awareness |editor-last2=Bhattacharya |editor-first2=Tanmoy |editor-last3=Babu |editor-first3=M. T. Hany |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xac5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sailaja |first=Pingali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC |title=Indian English |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-2595-6 |series=Series: Dialects of English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wells |first=J. C. |title=Accents of English |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-521-28541-0 |volume=3: Beyond the British Isles}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* {{cite book |title=HOBSON-JOBSON: Being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases |author=Henry Yule|author-link=Henry Yule|author2=Arthur Coke Burnell |publisher=John Murray, London |year=1886|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n7/mode/2up |author2-link=Arthur Coke Burnell}}
* {{cite book|author=Crystal|first=David|title=The English Language|publisher=Penguin|year=1990|location=London & New York|page=10}}
* {{cite book|author=Whitworth, George Clifford|title=An Anglo-Indian dictionary: a glossary of Indian terms used in English, and of such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India|publisher=K. Paul, Trench|year = 1885}}
* {{cite news|last1=Rayan|first1=Albert P.|title=What ails English language teaching?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/education/what-ails-english-language-teaching/article19741269.ece|access-date=9 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2017}}
* {{cite news|author1=Johnson|title=Rue the rules|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705667-early-years-english-teaching-should-focus-reading-and-writing-not-abstract|access-date=9 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=27 August 2016}}
* {{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Manu|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html|access-date=9 May 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 February 2011}}
* {{cite news|last1=Aula|first1=Sahith|title=The Problem With The English Language In India|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/|access-date=9 May 2018|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|date=6 November 2014}}
* {{citation|last=Indian English|first=English To Bengali|title=Spoken English Learning|url=https://indianse.in/salutation-word-in-english-i-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d/|year=2019}}
* {{cite book|last=Balasubramanian|first=Chandrika|title=Register Variation in Indian English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB04Ay545rwC|year=2009|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-2311-1}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Baumgardner|editor-first=Robert Jackson |title=South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=750-0hSmo8YC|year=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06493-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Braj B. Kachru|title=The Indianisation of English: the English language in India|year=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-561353-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gargesh|first=Ravinder|editor=Braj Kachru|title=The Handbook of World Englishes|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC&pg=PA90|date=17 February 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8831-9|pages=90–|chapter=South Asian Englishes|display-editors=etal}}
* {{cite book|last=Hickey|first=Raymond|title=Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqUBUgW_Ax8C&pg=PA536|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83020-1|pages=536–|chapter=South Asian English}}
* {{citation|last=Lambert|first=James|year=2012|title=Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/eww.33.3.03lam |journal=English World-Wide|volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=292–320|doi=10.1075/eww.33.3.03lam|url-access=subscription}}
* {{citation|last=Lambert|first=James|year=2018|title=Setting the record straight: An in-depth examination of ''Hobson-Jobson'' |url=https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/31/4/485/4996705?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=International Journal of Lexicography |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=485–506 |doi=10.1093/ijl/ecy010|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|last=Lange|first=Claudia|title=The Syntax of Spoken Indian English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_fJZn4yKAC|year=2012|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-4905-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehrotra|first=Raja Ram|title=Indian English: Texts and Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEgEE4XSvDcC|year=1998|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-4716-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Schilk|first=Marco|title=Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFuev8aYFtEC|year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-0351-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Sedlatschek|first=Andreas|title=Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3BHKdMUiQC|series=Series: Varieties of English Around the World|year=2009|isbn=978-90-272-4898-5}}
* {{cite web|last=Khan|first=Sharmin|url=https://www.sjsu.edu:443/wac/docs/Guide%20Indian-English%20Variations.pdf|title=Guide for Multilingual Student Writing World Englishes in U.S. Classrooms: Working with Indian English Speakers|publisher=[[San Jose State University]]}}
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.confluence.org.uk/2008/12/02/the-english-project-and-the-english-language-in-india-christopher-mulvey |title=English in India |access-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531024023/http://www.confluence.org.uk/2008/12/02/the-english-project-and-the-english-language-in-india-christopher-mulvey |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}
* [http://www.wordmala.com/general-sayings/ Indian general spoken Problems in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216062757/http://www.wordmala.com/general-sayings/ |date=16 February 2020 }}.
* [http://englishspeaklikenative.com/resources/common-pronunciation-problems/indian-pronunciation-problems/ Indian Pronunciation Problems in English], ESLAN.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091020110640/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/Eng/Direct/Englishes/SglLgIndianEnglishStandard.htm 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Indian English accent], and compare side by side with other English accents from around the World.
* [http://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/baldridgeindianenglish.html "Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English" by Jason Baldridge]: An analysis of Indian language published by the "Language In India" magazine.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060410081342/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5675 On the future of Indian English], by [[Gurcharan Das]].
* [http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2004/dlamallikarjun1.html An exploration into linguistic majority-minority relations in India], by B. Mallikarjun.
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/500/500%20dharma%20kumar.htm 108 varieties of Indian English], Dharma Kumar, ''India Seminar'', 2001 (Volume 500).
* [http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/DSDR/studies/36151 India Human Development Survey-II 2011–2012]
*Indian Novels in English: Texts, Contexts and Language Hardcover – 2018 by Jaydeep Sarangi (Author)

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles Related to Indian English
|list =
{{English dialects by continent}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian English| ]]
[[Category:English-language dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Gokul Chandra Das

2026-03-13T18:42:58Z

TeresitaBunch: created new article

{{Short description|Indian folk percussionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gokul Chandra Das
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Dhaki artist
| known_for = Promoting dhak music and empowering women in folk percussion
| website = {{URL|https://www.gokuldhaki.in/}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}
}}

'''Gokul Chandra Das''' is an Indian folk percussionist known for his expertise in playing the ''dhak'', a traditional Bengali drum. He is widely credited with popularizing the art form globally and for empowering women through music. In 2025, he became the first ''dhaki'' (dhak player) to receive the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to the performing arts.<ref name="TOI2025">{{Cite web |title=I am the first Padma Shri-winning dhaki player: Gokul Chandra Das |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/i-am-the-first-padma-shri-winning-dhaki-player-gokul-chandra-das/articleshow/117600955.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="IEPadmaList">{{Cite web |title=On Padma Shri list: Folk artistes, health experts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-padma-shri-list-folk-artistes-health-experts-9799504/ |website=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Padma Awards 2025 announced
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=Press Information Bureau
|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 – Notifications |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf
|website=Padma Awards (Official)
|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I am the first Padma Shri-winning dhaki player: Gokul Chandra Das |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/other/i-am-the-first-padma-shri-winning-dhaki-player-gokul-chandra-das/ar-AA1xVxdx |website=MSN |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Das, hailing from a family of traditional drummers in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, began playing the ''dhak'' at a young age. Over the years, he developed a distinctive style that blended classical rhythm with folk tradition. His performances have been appreciated both nationally and internationally, earning praise from renowned musicians such as [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref name="Telegraph2025">{{Cite web |title=His beats wowed Ravi Shankar, Zakir Hussain: Gokul Chandra Das, first dhaaki to win Padma award |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/his-beats-wowed-ravi-shankar-zakir-hussain-gokul-chandra-das-first-dhaaki-to-win-padma-award/cid/2080022 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="ETV">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Award 2025 Winner Gokul Chandra Das - Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/padma-shri-award-2025-winner-gokul-chandra-das-exclusive-interview-west-bengal-news-wbs25012601043 |website=ETV Bharat |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

== Contributions ==
In addition to preserving and promoting ''dhak'' traditions, Das is recognized for his efforts in social empowerment. He has trained over 150 women to become professional ''dhakis'' - a domain traditionally restricted to men - thereby challenging gender norms and promoting financial independence in rural Bengal.<ref name="Ommcom2025">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Gokul Chandra Das: The Man Who Ended Gender Bias In Dhak Beats |url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/padma-shri-gokul-chandra-das-the-man-who-ended-gender-bias-in-dhak-beats |website=Ommcom News |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="BetterIndia">{{Cite web |title=How a Padma Awardee's Dhaak Has Given Strength To 150 Women In This Bengal Hamlet |url=https://hindi.thebetterindia.com/inspiring-indians/women-dhaki-group-in-bangal-started-by-gokul-chandra-das/ |website=The Better India (Hindi) |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Sanmarg">{{Cite web |title=Gokul Chandra Das made 150 women self-reliant in the field of Dhak |url=https://sanmarg.in/bengal-news-hindi/gokul-chandra-das-made-150-women-self-reliant-in-the-field-of-dhak |website=Sanmarg |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Das has performed in major festivals across India and has represented Indian folk culture on global platforms. His recognition with the Padma Shri in 2025 brought attention to the role of grassroots artists in India’s cultural landscape.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite web |title=Dhaki Samrat Gokul Chandra Das: From village beats to Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/dhaki-samrat-gokul-chandra-das-padma-shri-award-guruji-9799723/ |website=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Awards 2025: From Goa's freedom fighter to empowering women in Dhak in WB, 30 unsung heroes recognised |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/padma-shri-awards-2025-from-goas-freedom-fighter-to-empowering-women-in-dhak-in-wb-30-unsung-heroes-recognised |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{Cite web |title=Gokul Chandra Das from North 24 Parganas to receive Padma Shri award |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/national/padma-awards-2025-gokul-chandra-das-from-north-24-parganas-to-receive-padmashri-award-arc-2031864.html |website=News18 Bengali |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=পদ্মা অ্যাওয়ার্ডস‑২০২৫: উত্তর ২৪ পরগনার বাসিন্দা গোকুল চন্দ্র দাস পেলেন পদ্মশ্রী |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/north-24-paraganas/padma-awards-2025-north-24-parganas-resident-gokul-chandra-das-got-padma-shri-awards-1117270 |website=ABP Live বাংলা |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Padma Shri]]
* [[Dhak (instrument)]]
* [[Indian folk music]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Gokul Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aaghaatha

2026-03-03T22:00:24Z

TeresitaBunch: adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaghaata
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Suresh Heblikar]]
| writer = Suresh Heblikar
| based_on = {{Based on|novel|Dr. Ashok Pai}}
| producer = Manasa Arts
| starring = [[Suresh Heblikar]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = S. R. Bhat
| editing = M. N. Swamy
| studio = Manasa Arts
| released = {{Film date|1994}}
| runtime = 127 min
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Aaghaata''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Kannada language]] thriller - drama film directed by [[Suresh Heblikar]] and based on a novel by Dr. Ashok Pai. It was produced by Manasa Arts banner. Besides Heblikar, the film features [[Girish Karnad]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] and Srikanth in pivotal roles.<ref>[http://watch31.blogspot.in/2013/01/aaghaata-1994-kannada-movie.html Aaghaata (1994) – Kannada Movie] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121104054/http://watch31.blogspot.in/2013/01/aaghaata-1994-kannada-movie.html |date=21 January 2015 }}</ref>{{Dead URL|date=June 2024}} The music was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].

The film won actress Shruti her first [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Karnataka State Best Actress]] award for her performance.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Plot==
Kannada psychodrama based on the true-life case studies of the Pai couple, practicing psychiatrists and the film's producers. Usha ([[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]]), daughter of a retired school teacher, turns down a marriage proposal from a progressive US-based engineer in favour of university colleague Vikas (Srikant). Vikas abandons Usha when his oppressive father demands a dowry she cannot pay. After psychiatric treatment, Usha joins a rural voluntary organisation where she falls for its leader, Francis ([[Suresh Heblikar]]). The demise of her second lover after local gossip takes on religious overtones causes a further psychological crisis. The psychiatrist in the film ([[Girish Karnad]]), representing the producers, offers a sociological critique of the events.

==Cast==
* [[Suresh Heblikar]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
* Srikanth
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* G. V. Shivanand
* Radha Ramachandra
* Mallikarjuna

==Soundtrack==
All the songs are composed and scored by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/aarada-gaaya-k0000278 |title=Raaga |access-date=21 January 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306171556/http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/aarada-gaaya-k0000278 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Banthido Shringara Maasa" || Kusuma || [[D R Bendre]]
|-
| 2 || "Eko Kaane Arali Banthu" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]] || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0229946}}

{{Suresh Heblikar}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:1994 thriller films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Male Bille

2026-03-03T21:44:12Z

TeresitaBunch: put up first details and citations!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Male Bille
| image = Male Bille.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = K Mahesh Sukhadhare
| producer = H R Kodanda Ramu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Diganth]]
*Akshay
*Pragna
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Cinetech Soori
| editing = R Dorairaj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|12|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Male Bille''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by K Mahesh Sukhadhare starring [[Diganth]], Akshay, and Pragna in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/03/slide-show-1-south-yogish-vs-diganth-at-bo.htm|title=It's Yogish vs Diganth at the box office|date=3 December 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Diganth]] as Akash
* Akshay as Anand
* Pragna as Anjali
* Amogh
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Male Bille
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:28
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| zdCaTq7Kfm0| Male Bille - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:28
| title1 = Duddidre Duniya Maga
| extra1 =[[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth Kumar]], Mysore Benny, Picchalli Srinivas, Chinthan Jenni
| length1 = 5:17
| title2 = Sidukabyada Sidukabyada
| extra2 = [[Raghu Dixit]], Vinaya Karthik
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Naanu Ninna Muddisuvaase
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 5:45
| title4 = Chandamaama Chandamaama
| extra4 =[[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Malebille Malebille
| extra5 =[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length5 = 4:02
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "The real asset of the film is Manikanth Kadri's music. Two songs Chandamaama, Chandamaama and Nanage Ninna Muddisuvaase are well composed though the choreography is found lacking. The background music oscillates between good and ordinary. Suri's cinematographic work is above average".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-male-bille/20091204.htm|title=Review: Male Bille is not good|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 December 2009|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829102714/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-male-bille/20091204.htm}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Ramakrishna, Sangeetha and Doddanna are all well-placed. Hopefully, ‘Malebillhe’ will be the last such role for Digant. Finally, rainbow is known as Kamanabillu or Malebillu in Kannada, not ‘Malebillhe’ or ‘Malebille’!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/39499/male-billhe.html|title=Male Billhe|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 December 2009|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828135337/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/39499/male-billhe.html}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The background music is loud and hampers a decent sleep while watching the film. The camerawork is better than most other aspects of the film. Sukadhare’s break from filmmaking has not worked for him or the audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/malebille-not-so-true-colours/articleshow/21975480.cms|title=Malebille: Not so true colours|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=5 November 2009|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828135555/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/malebille-not-so-true-colours/articleshow/21975480.cms}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify.com]] wrote "There are two lovely songs scored by Manikanth Khadri. The doyen in Saxophone Khadri Gopalanath has lent a small tune in this film. The camerawork is the best part of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/male-bille-review-kannada-pclxwQdfiegic.html|title=Male Bille|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=7 November 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829102719/https://m.sify.com/movies/male-bille-review-kannada-pclxwQdfiegic.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Kadha Thudarunnu

2026-03-03T20:46:32Z

TeresitaBunch: fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadha Thudarunnu
| image = Kathathudarunnu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = [[Thankachan Emmanuel]]
| writer = Sathyan Anthikad
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jayaram]]|[[Mamta Mohandas]]|[[Anikha Surendran]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = True Line Cinema
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|5|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kadha Thudarunnu''''' ({{Translation|The Story Continues}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] film written and directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100325152737/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/55489.html "Katha Thudarum: The new Sathyan movie"]}}. IndiaGlitz.</ref> The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Mamta Mohandas]] and [[Anikha Surendran]] in the lead role, while [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] in a cameo appearance.<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7410/malayalam/katha-thudarum/index.htm "Katha Thudarunnu Malayalam Movie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425205017/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7410/malayalam/katha-thudarum/index.htm |date=25 April 2010 }}. Nowrunning.com</ref><ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/30/south-jayaram-mamta-in-kadha-thudarunnu.htm "Jayaram, Mamta in Kadha Thudarunnu"]. Rediff.com</ref> In the film, Vidyalakshmi struggles to lead a normal life with her daughter after the brutal murder of her husband. However, meeting Preman, an auto-rickshaw driver, changes her life for the better.

''Kadha Thudarunnu'' was Sathyan Anthikad's fiftieth film as a director and also the debut production of TrueLine Cinema's [[Thankachan Emmanuel]].

== Plot ==
Vidyalakshmi, a scion of a rich [[Hindus|Hindu]] aristocratic family, marries Shanavas, a [[Muslims|Muslim]], against the diktats of both families. Though happily married, their life is difficult. A few years pass by and the couple now has a daughter, Laya, who is in nursery. Despite strong financial troubles, Shanavas does his best to support his family. One rainy night, on his way to purchase mangoes for his daughter, a group of goons kills Shanavas, by mistaking him for someone else. Having nowhere to go, Vidya tries her best to take care of her daughter. But the financial troubles force her to reduce her daily expenses, including the school bus for her daughter. Within a short time, she is asked to vacate the house, as there has been a long delay in the payment of rent. One morning, she sells her ornaments for the payment of rent but she looses her entire money after a thief steals it. Vidya catches an auto to drop her kid at school. Preman, the auto driver is a talkative and simple chap, with a sense of humor. Without the cash, Vidya gets out of the auto and escapes. Vidya, with nowhere to go, decides to sleep on the [[Railway platform]] with Laya.

One day, Preman finds her at the railway station and while confronted, she explains her story to him, which makes him feel sympathetic to her. He brings Vidya and Laya to his colony after the railway officers captures her for staying at the railway platform. Vidya, within a short time, captures the hearts of the people in the colony. When Preman learns she was doing her [[MBBS]] when she married and had to give up studies after that, he advises her to sit for the final year exam. With the support of the colony residents, Vidya does the [[MBBS]] examination and becomes a doctor. Her daughter, one day comes in contact with Shanavas' mother, who now wants her granddaughter returned. But Vidya politely refuses. The elder brother of Shanavas then threatens her with the support of Moulavi, but Preman intervenes and forces them to go back. With the help of her friend, Vidya gets a job in [[Kuwait]] and though not willing, she accepts it. She leaves for Kuwait with her daughter, promising to come back soon. Preman later sees an astrologer who says he has a chance of going abroad. Later, Preman is seen waiting at the beach, looking for the next news from Vidya.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jayaram]] as Preman
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as Vidyalakshmi
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Shanavas Ahammed (cameo appearance)
*[[Anikha Surendran]] as Laya
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Lasar, a lottery agent
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Mamachan
*[[K.P.A.C.Lalitha]] as Omana
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as Narayanan
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Shantha Kumari]] as Nancy, Lazar's wife
*[[Lakshmi Priya]] as Mallika
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Ratheesh
*[[Vettukkili Prakash|Vettukili Prakash]] as Venkiti
*Manu Jose
*[[Shruthy Menon]] as Deepa
*Reshmi Boban as Razia
*Manjusha Sajish as Usha
*[[Sreedevi Unni]] as Shahida, Shanavas' mother
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Swaminathan, Vidya's father
*Deepika Mohan as Radhika, Vidya's mother
*[[Praveen Prem]] as Harichandran
*Ullas as Unni
*[[Kalamandalam Radhika]] as Principal
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as TV Reporter
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Jayaram]] was signed to play the main role in the film. Anthikkad approached [[Vidya Balan]] to play the lead female role, but she could not be on board due to deadline issues.[[Meera Jasmine]], who played a leading role in Sathyan's four back-to-back films, came up, but finally [[Mamta Mohandas]] was signed, and this film became a turning point in her career.

==Awards==
; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] - Mamta Mohandas

; [[13th Asianet Film Awards]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Screenplay]] - Sathyan Anthikad
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Cinematographer]] - Venu
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Lead Actor]] - Jayaram
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Supporting Actress]] - Lakshmi Priya
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Character Actor]] - Innocent
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Most Popular Actress]] - Mamta Mohandas
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Child Artist (Female)]] - [[Anikha|Baby Anikha]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Male Playback Singer]] - Hariharan

;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam|Best Actress]] - [[Mamta Mohandas]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] - "Aaro Padunnu"

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kadha Thudarunnu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2010}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack for the film was composed by veteran composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics penned by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aaro Paadunnu
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Mazhamegha Chelin Puram
| extra2 = [[Swetha Mohan]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title3 = Kizhakkumala Kammallitta
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.kadhathudarunnu.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1773507}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100511144900/http://www.mallumovies.org/movie/katha-thudarunnu ''Kadha Thudarunnu'' at Malayalam Movies]}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

Megalorhipida paradefectalis

2026-02-22T11:40:36Z

TeresitaBunch: put up new biography with sources

{{Short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
|genus=Megalorhipida
|species=paradefectalis
|authority=Rose and Pooni, 2003
}}

'''''Megalorhipida paradefectalis''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It occurs in [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh, India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2005/March/1787-1803.pdf|title=Taxonomic Studies on the Superfamily Pterophoroidea from North-Western India|publisher=Zoo Sprint|accessdate=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230035/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2005/March/1787-1803.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[wingspan]] is about {{convert|10|mm}}.

==References==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6808561}}

[[Category:Oxyptilini]]
[[Category:Moths described in 2003]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]

{{Pterophorinae-stub}}

Binay Ranjan Sen

2026-02-16T02:59:05Z

TeresitaBunch: quick updated section per sources further

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|text=Indian biophysicist, [[Ranjan Sen]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Binay Ranjan Sen.jpg|thumb|200px|B. R. Sen as Ambassador to Yugoslavia]]
'''Binay Ranjan Sen''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (1 January 1898, [[Dibrugarh]], India - 12 June 1993, [[Calcutta]], India), was an Indian diplomat and Indian Civil Service officer. He served as [[Director General]] (1956–1967) of the [[UN]]'s [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). He drew on his experience as relief commissioner (1942–1943) during the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] to build the FAO from a data-gathering bureaucracy into a major force against world hunger.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Biography==
He studied at the [[Scottish Church College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] and subsequently at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>Sen, Asit. ''Glimpses of College History: The Students and the Teachers'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008. page 233.</ref> Sen joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in [[Bengal]] in 1922.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32763/pages/7802 London Gazette, 3 November 1922]</ref> His work as director general of food for all India (1943–1946), for which he was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1944,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36309/supplements/7 London Gazette, 1 January 1944]</ref> convinced him that [[hunger]] and [[malnutrition]] were crucial issues in the modern world.

He took his concerns to the international stage as a member of India's first delegation to the [[UN]] (1947), as [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]], and several other countries including [[Italy]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Japan]], and [[Mexico]]. He worked on a variety of FAO projects before being named [[Director General]] in 1956. While he was the Relief Commissioner(1942–43)in Bengal during Bengal famine,his mission of preventing hunger was set. In 1960, saying half the world's population was malnourished,Sen announced the Freedom from Hunger campaign. "Hunger is neither inevitable nor irremediable," he added, "it is within our power to bring this old affliction under control."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/obituaries/binay-ranjan-sen-is-dead-at-94-led-un-drive-against-hunger.html|title=Binay Ranjan Sen is Dead at 94; Led U.N. Drive Against Hunger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 June 1993|last1=Lambert|first1=Bruce}}</ref> This led to the 1963 World Food Congress in [[Washington, D.C.]], attended by representatives from more than 100 countries.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== See also ==
* [[Freedom from Hunger]], US charity associated with the UN campaign

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Towards a Newer World'' by B. R. Sen, published by Tycooly International Publishing Ltd, Dublin ({{ISBN|0907567274}})
* ''The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-1965'' by Amy L. S. Staples. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005 ({{ISBN|0873388496}})

== External links ==
*[http://www.fao.org/tc/awards/sen/ On the B.R.Sen Award - 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212024313/http://www.fao.org/tc/awards/sen/ |date=12 February 2018 }}
*[http://www.fao.org/tc/awards/sen/procedure_en.htm On the B.R.Sen Award - 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222033410/http://www.fao.org/tc/awards/sen/procedure_en.htm |date=22 December 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060107015121/http://www.womensgroup.org/WORLDFOO.html On the Second World Food Congress in The Hague, Netherlands 16-30 June 1970]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060712213540/http://www.welthungerhilfe.de/430.html Freedom from Hunger Campaign, Germany]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Binay Ranjan}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Food and Agriculture Organization officials]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Italy]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Mexico]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

{{UN-bio-stub}}
{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Abdur Rahim Popalzai

2026-02-13T13:27:21Z

TeresitaBunch: slightly improved details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and scholar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = Islam
| name = Abdur Rahim Popalzai II
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1890 
| birth_place = Peshawar, British India
| death_date = {{death year and age|1944|1890}} 
| death_place = [[Peshawar]], British India
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Religious scholar, poet and journalist
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| teachers = [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Ghulam Rasool Hazarvi]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Freedom Movement against British rule in India
| notable_works =
}}

'''Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai II '''was a freedom fighter, religious scholar, poet, and journalist in the united India. Born in 1890 in Peshawar, Popalzai spent his entire life in the struggle to liberate the people from slavery and the exploitative capitalist system. Popalzai established a seminary at [[Masjid Qasim Ali Khan]], launched an organization, Nojawanan-i-Sarhad, and a newspaper, Chingari, to educate the people and create awareness among them about their rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/142992/tributes-paid-to-maulana-popalzai|title=Tributes paid to Maulana Popalzai|first=Bureau|last=Report|date=11 June 2005|publisher=}}</ref> Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai led demonstrations against discriminatory laws like the [[Frontier Crimes Regulation]] against the people of the province. Maulana Popalzai married in 1918. He had a daughter, Safia Begum, and a son, Abdul Rauf. He died in 1944.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last= |first= |date= 2005 |title= Celebrities of NWFP |url= |location= Pesahwar |publisher= Pakistan Study Centre University of Peshawar |page= |isbn= 9698928022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Javed |last2=Islam |first2=Prof Dr Fakhr-ul |title=The Popalzai Family: {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Role in Various Religio-Political Movements in British North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), 1927- 1940 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |date=30 June 2021 |volume=69 |issue=2 |id={{ProQuest|2679344447}} |url=https://www.phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/view/118 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=History: Allama Abdur Rahim Popalzai |url=https://allamapopalzai.com/2020/08/18/history-allama-abdur-rahim-popalzai/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Allama Abdul Raheem Popalzai |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Role in the Freedom movement ==
Popalzai took part in the [[Khilafat Movement]] in his teens. He regularly published a journal by the name of Sarfaroosh and remained engaged in the freedom movement against the [[United Kingdom|British]] throughout his life. With his [[leftist]] leanings, he and other "[[comrades]]" set up a youth organisation called Nawajan Bharat Sabha. When the British banned Nawajan Baharat Sabha, he was elected head of the [[Socialist Party]]. Abdur Rahim Popalzai II played a leading role in the events which lead up to the [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre|Qissa Khwani massacre]] and was sentenced to nine years in prison for his role in the uprising. Popalzai borrowed his anti-imperialist ideology from [[Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi]] and [[Husain Ahmad Madani|Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madani.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/740873/a-popalzai-lune-the-writing-on-qasim-khan-mosques-walls/|title=A Popalzai Lune: The writing on Qasim Khan mosque's walls - The Express Tribune|date=26 July 2014|publisher=}}</ref> In 1939, Abdur Rahim Popalzai II protested in Bannu against the British bombing of Waziristan, for which he was sentenced to five years imprisonment.<ref name="auto"/>

== Education ==
All his five elder brothers died young. Thus Abdul Rahim remained the elder living son of Abdul Hakim. According to their family tradition, Abdul Hakim taught his son at home until 1908. Abdul Rahim learned from his father the meaning and virtues of simplicity, kindness, asceticism, abstinence and mysticism. With completion of his basic study, Abdul Hakim sent him to [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Delhi]] for further study, and later to Darul Uloom Deoband where he became a student of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. He received a certificate from Sheikh-ul-Hind in Hadith. Maulana Popalzai completed his studies at Deoband and returned Peshawar in 1912.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Muhammad Tayyib |title=Darul Uloom Diary: Disciples of Imām al-Falsafa Maulana Syed Ahmad Dehlavi and Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|publisher=Idara Paigham-e-Mahmud|location=Deoband |pages=52–53|date=2013|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=A leftist maulana |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/950814-a-leftist-maulana |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The News on Sunday |language=en}}</ref>

== Political Education ==
He attached himself to the movement of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] under the able leadership of Mahmud-ul-Hassan who trained him on particular lines and introduced him to all the workers of the movement in and outside India. Maulana was very much impressed by the methods and tactics of the [[Marxists]] and it was one of the reasons that he was dubbed in his lifetime as "Marxist Maulana".<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |last=gazetteterrymurphy |date=2023-11-12 |title=10 from Harvard named Rhodes Scholars Harvard Gazette |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2023/11/10-from-harvard-named-rhodes-scholars/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Khalique |first=Harris |date=2021-10-03 |title=COLUMN: THE PEOPLE'S MUFTI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1649722 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hknJqf84cLEC&dq=abdur+rahim+popalzai&pg=PA278 |title=History of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha |date=2007 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-81-89899-61-5 |pages=218 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzMrAAAAIAAJ |title=Suba-e-Sarhad Ki Inqilabi Tehrīkein Aur Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai |trans-title=Revolutionary Movements of Frontier Province and Maulana Abdul Rahim Popalzai|publisher=Fiction House |year=1991 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mashal |first=Ahmad Ali |date=3 June 2021 |title=امامِ حریت مفتی مولانا عبدالرحیم پوپل زئی |url=https://lafzuna.com/history/s-22458/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Lafzuna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pullat |first=Sury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PebBBAAAQBAJ&q=abdur+rahim+popalzai+ceiling&pg=PA198 |title=Destined Encounters |date=2014-09-19 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3639-4 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popalzai, Abdur Rahim}}
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Pashto-language poets]]
[[Category:Pashtun Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Mubarak Ali Khan II

2026-02-13T08:24:52Z

TeresitaBunch: put up initial biography more to come

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Mubarak Ali Khan II
| title = Shuja-ul-Mulk (Hero of the Country) Ihtisham-ud-Daulla (Victor in War) Humayun Jah (Of Auspicious Rank) Feroze Mulk (Dignifier of the Country)
| image = Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign = 31 October 1824 – 3 October 1838
| coronation = 23 December 1824
| full name =
| birth_date = 29 September 1810
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Company Rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = 3 October 1838 (aged 28)
| death_place = [[Hazarduari Palace]], Bengal, British India
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Jafarganj Cemetery|Jafarganj]], [[West Bengal]], India
| predecessor = [[Ahmad Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Mansur Ali Khan]]
| spouse =
| spouse 1 = Rais un-Nisa Begum
| spouse 2 = Ashraf un-Nisa Begum
| spouse 3 = Mubarak Mahal Sahiba ([[Nikah mut‘ah|mut'ah]] wife)
| spouse 4 = Umdat un-Nisa Begum
| issue = [[Mansur Ali Khan]] 
Wahid Hussaib Khan Bahadur 
Sultana Ghetiara Begum 
and 
a daughter who died before 1837.
| royal house =
| dynasty = Najafi
| father = [[Ahmad Ali Khan]]
| mother = Najib un-Nisa Begum
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |orig-date=1948 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=224 |quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book |last=Rieck |first=Andreas |title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061320-4 |page=3 |quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, Bengal was ruled by [[Shia]] governors appointed by the Mughals but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|'azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like Murshidabad and Hoogly, which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia 'ulamâ']] from both India and Iran.}}</ref>
| signature =
}}

'''Sayyid Mubarak Ali Khan II''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: দ্বিতীয় সৈয়দ মুবারক আলী খান), popularly known as '''Humayun Jah''' (1810 – 1838), was born on 29 September 1810 to [[Ahmad Ali Khan]] and Nazib un-Nisa Begum. He was the [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1824 to 1838. He was succeeded by [[Mansur Ali Khan]]. He built the famous and renowned [[Hazarduari Palace]] and ''Mubarak Manzil'' in [[Murshidabad]], [[India]]. Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah died on 3 October 1838.<ref name = Jah>{{cite web|title=Information on Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|publisher=Murshidabad.net|access-date=26 November 2012|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063712/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GkBAAAAQAAJ&q=humayun+jah+nawab+of+bengal&pg=PA216|title=Indian records, with a commercial view of the relations between the British government and the nawabs nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha|publisher=G. Bubb|year=1870|author=Indian records}}</ref>

== Life ==

===Early years===
Mubarak Ali Khan was the only son of [[Ahmad Ali Khan]]. He succeeded his father after he died in 1824 under the titles of ''Humayun Jah'' (Of Auspicious Rank), ''Shuja ul-Mulk'' (Hero of the Country), ''Ihtisham ud-Daulah'' (Victor in War) and ''Feroz-e-Mulk'' (Dignifier of the Country).<ref name = Jah/>

===Reign as a Nawab ===
In 1826 he went to [[Patna]] for a change in the ''[[dewan]]ship'' and when he attained his majority he took the management in his own hands, with the plan to dismiss Raja Ganga Dhar from the ''Nizamat Dewanship''.
[[File:Moti Mahal of Mubaraq Manzil with the black throne.jpg|left|thumb|An old photo of the ''Moti Mahal'' of ''Mubaraq Manzil'' seen with the black throne.]]

At ''Findall Bagh'' (now known as ''Mubarak Manzil'') the Courts of Justice of the [[East India Company]] was erected, however, it was unused after the administration of law and justice was removed to [[Calcutta]]. The ''Sadar Dewani Adalat'' (courts or ''darbars'') were held here from 1765 to 1781 until it was removed to [[Calcutta]]. Subsequently, the Civil and Criminal Courts (which were located here) was transferred by [[Lord Cornwallis]] in 1793 by transferring the [[Supreme court]] to [[Calcutta]]. This spacious property of ''Findall Bagh'' was abandoned. There were also three buildings on this spacious property.

In May 1830 Nawab Humayun Jah bought this property from Raja Kissen Chand Bahadur and Kumar Chand of [[Nashipur]] for an amount of {{Indian Rupees}} 35,000. He transformed the property into a pleasure garden and erected the ''Moti Mahal'' (also known as the Red Bunglow) here, he named the garden ''Mubarak Manzil''.<ref name = Jah/><ref>{{cite book|title=From Plassey to Pakistan|date=1 August 2002|publisher=University Press of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8vAQAAIAAJ&q=mubarak+manzil+humayun+jah|author=Humayun Mirza|access-date=26 November 2012|page=68|isbn=9780761823490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ...|year=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSIKAQAAIAAJ&q=mubarak+manzil+humayun+jah|author=Sir William Wilson Hunter|access-date=26 November 2012|page=57}}</ref>

On the terrace in front of ''Moti Mahal'' stood the Royal Throne (black throne) used by the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab "Nazims" of Bengal]] from the time of [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]]. It was brought here by Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah. This Royal Throne is round in shape and is made up of black stone. The throne is 6 feet (72 inches) in diameter and 1.5 feet (18 inches) high. It was made at Mongyer, [[Bihar]] by Khwaja Nazar of Bokhara in 1643 AD. [[Robert Clive]] placed [[Mir Jafar]] on this throne at Mansurganj after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 AD. Clive to sat on it side-by-side with [[Najimuddin Ali Khan]] at [[Motijhil]] when celebrating the ''pooneath'' after the acquisition of the [[Dewan]]i by the [[East India Company]]. The throne is now kept in [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Museum]], [[Kolkata]].<ref name = Jah/>
[[File:Hazarduari01 debaditya chatterjee.jpg|thumb|The grand [[Hazarduari Palace]] illuminated at night.]]

===Death and succession ===
[[File:HumayunJahTomb.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Humayun Jah at [[Jafarganj Cemetery]].]]
Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah died on 3 October 1838 and was succeeded by his son, [[Mansur Ali Khan]].<ref name = Jah/><ref>{{cite book|title=A history of Murshidabad District (Bengal)|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924008675047|year=1902|publisher=Jarrold|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924008675047/page/n350 261]|author=John Henry Tull Walsh}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]
*[[Nawabs of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bangladesh]]
*[[History of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|title=Website dedicated to Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063712/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||29 September 1810|October 3,|1838}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmad Ali Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
|years=1824–1838}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mansur Ali Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Bengal Zamindars}}

[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]

2016 Asia Cup Qualifier

2026-01-31T06:16:39Z

TeresitaBunch: minor edit

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= September 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2016 Asia Cup Qualifier
| image =
| fromdate = 19
| todate = 22 February 2016
| caption =
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host = Bangladesh
| champions = {{cr|UAE}}
| participants = 4
| matches = 6
| most runs = {{cricon|HK}} [[Babar Hayat]] (194)
| most wickets = {{cricon|UAE}} [[Mohammad Naveed]] (7)
| previous_year = 2014
| previous_tournament = 2014 ACC Premier League
| next_year = 2018
| next_tournament = 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier
| website =
}}
The '''2016 Asia Cup Qualifier''' was a [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) cricket tournament held in [[Bangladesh]] from 19 to 22 February 2016. The event served as a qualifier for the [[2016 Asia Cup]], which was held in the same country from 24 February to 6 March 2016. The tournament was played as a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]], with the participants being the four Asian [[Associate membership of the ICC|associate members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) with T20I status. The [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] won all three of its matches, joining [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the main event.<ref name="cricinfo1">Peter Della Penna (4 November 2015). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/content/story/936651.html "Asia Cup T20 Qualifier scheduled for February"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/975281.html | title=UAE storm to main draw with convincing win | work=Cricinfo | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=22 February 2016}}</ref>

==Background and teams==
The Asia Cup Qualifier was originally scheduled to be held in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in November 2015.<ref>Peter Della Penna (4 September 2015). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/content/story/917815.html "One Associate to feature in 2016 Asia Cup"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</ref> However, following a scheduling conflict, it was later decided to move the event, with it now serving as a lead-in to the main tournament.<ref name="cricinfo1"/> In previous years where associates have participated in the Asia Cup, no standalone qualifier has been held, with teams instead qualifying via the [[ACC Trophy]] ([[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]) or by invitation ([[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]).<ref>Paul Radley (4 January 2014). [https://archive.today/20160203041903/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/afghanistan-cricket-boosted-with-spot-in-the-asia-cup "Afghanistan cricket boosted with spot in the Asia Cup"] – ''The National''. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</ref> Of the four teams, [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] made their Asia Cup debut.<ref name="Oman">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/973679.html |title=Afghanistan's pedigree, Oman's debut |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

;Teams
* {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}
* {{cr|Hong Kong}}
* {{cr|Oman}}
* {{cr|UAE}}

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
!style="width=20%;"| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<ref name="AfgSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/970879.html |title=Shapoor, Hassan return to Afghanistan squad for World T20 |accessdate=9 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!style="width=20%;"| {{cr|HK}}<ref name="HKSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/hkg/content/story/966333.html |title=Hong Kong pick ex-Australia keeper Campbell for WT20 |accessdate=28 January 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!style="width=20%;"| {{cr|Oman}}<ref name="OmanSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/972605.html |title=Oman Squad, Asia Cup 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!style="width=20%;"| {{cr|UAE}}<ref name="UAESquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/972359.html |title=United Arab Emirates Squad, Asia Cup 2016 |accessdate=14 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Asghar Afghan|Asghar Stanikzai]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Noor Ali Zadran]]
* [[Mohammad Shahzad]]
* [[Usman Ghani]]
* [[Mohammad Nabi]]
* [[Karim Sadiq]]
* [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)|Shafiqullah]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* [[Amir Hamza (cricketer)|Amir Hamza]]
* [[Dawlat Zadran]]
* [[Shapoor Zadran]]
* [[Gulbadin Naib]]
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]]
* [[Najibullah Zadran]]
* [[Yamin Ahmadzai]]
|
* [[Tanwir Afzal]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] ([[captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Haseeb Amjad]]
* [[Nadeem Ahmed]]
* [[Tanveer Ahmed (cricketer)|Tanveer Ahmed]]
* [[Waqas Barkat]]
* [[Christopher Carter (cricketer)|Christopher Carter]]
* [[Babar Hayat]]
* [[Nizakat Khan]]
* [[Aizaz Khan]]
* [[Waqas Khan]]
* Adil Mehmood
* [[Kinchit Shah]]
* [[Ninad Shah]]
* [[Anshuman Rath]]
|
* [[Sultan Ahmed (Omani cricketer)|Sultan Ahmed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Aamir Kaleem]]
* [[Aqib Ilyas|Aaqib Sulehri]]
* [[Adnan Ilyas]]
* [[Aamer Ali|Amir Ali]]
* [[Munis Ansari]]
* [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]]
* [[Jatinder Singh]]
* [[Ajay Lalcheta]]
* [[Mehran Khan]]
* [[Rajeshkumar Ranpura]]
* [[Sufyan Mehmood]]
* [[Vaibhav Wategaonkar]]
* [[Zeeshan Maqsood]]
* [[Zeeshan Siddiqui]]
|
* [[Amjad Javed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Swapnil Patil]]
* [[Ahmed Raza (cricketer, born 1988)|Ahmed Raza]]
* [[Fahad Tariq]]
* [[Farhan Ahmed]]
* [[Mohammad Naveed]]
* [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]]
* [[Muhammad Usman (cricketer)|Muhammad Usman]]
* [[Muhammad Kaleem]]
* [[Qadeer Ahmed]]
* [[Rohan Mustafa]]
* [[Saqlain Haider]]
* [[Shaiman Anwar]]
* [[Usman Mushtaq]]
* [[Zaheer Maqsood]]
|}

==Venues==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
![[Fatullah]]
![[Dhaka]]
|-
| [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium|Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]]
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]
|-
| Coordinates: {{coord|1=23|2=39|3=0.58|4=N|5=90|6=29|7=19.72|8=E|display=inline}}
| Coordinates: {{coord|1=23|2=48|3=24.9|4=N|5=90|6=21|7=48.9|8=E|display=inline}}
|-
| Capacity: 18,000
| Capacity: 26,000
|-
|
| [[File:Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium.jpg|280px]]
|}

==Points table==
<onlyinclude>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Pos
!width="220"| Team
!width="20"| {{Abbr | Pld | Played}}
!width="20"| {{Abbr | W | Won}}
!width="20"| {{Abbr | L | Lost}}
!width="20"| {{Abbr | T | Tied}}
!width="20"| {{Abbr | NR | No result}}
!width="20"| {{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! [[Net run rate|{{Abbr | NRR | Net run rate}}]]
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|1||style="text-align:left"|{{cr|UAE}}
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6 || +1.678
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|2||style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || +0.954
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|3||style="text-align:left"|{{cr|OMA}}
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || –1.222
|- style="background:#fcc;"
|4||style="text-align:left"|{{cr|HKG}}
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || –1.416
|}
{{color box|#cfc}} Advance to [[2016 Asia Cup]]</onlyinclude>

==Matches==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 February 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 176/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 77 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karim Sadiq]] 72 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 3/19 (2.5 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 16 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966713.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]], [[Fatullah]]
| umpires = [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm =
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = The United Arab Emirates registered their first victory in the Asia Cup.<ref name="first">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=14;type=trophy |title=Records: Asia Cup |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Rohan Mustafa]]'s 77 is the highest score for a UAE player in T20I matches.<ref name="Rohan">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/973889.html |title=Mustafa magic shocks Afghanistan |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* The United Arab Emirates scored their highest total in T20I matches.<ref name="UAETotal">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=27;type=team |title=UAE scored their highest T20Is total |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{anchor|Oman vs Hong Kong}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 February 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 180/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 42 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 175/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Babar Hayat]] 122 (60)
| wickets2 = [[Aamer Ali]] 1/6 (1 overs)
| result = Oman won by 5 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966735.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]], [[Fatullah]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep)
| motm =
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Oman made their debut in the Asia Cup and registered their first victory in the tournament.<ref name="Oman"/><ref name="first"/>
* [[Vaibhav Wategaonkar]] (Oman) made his T20I debut.
* Both Oman and Hong Kong posted their highest totals in T20I matches.<ref name="OmanTotal">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/pakvwi/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=37;type=team |title=Oman scored their highest T20Is total |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="HKTotal">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=19;no_redirect=true;type=team |title=HK scored their highest T20Is total |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Babar Hayat]] became the first Hong Kong player to score a century in a T20I match and he scored the first century in an Asia Cup qualifier T20I match.<ref name="Hayat">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/hkg/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=19;type=team |title=Hong Kong: Records: Twenty20 Internationals |accessdate=18 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140326/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/hkg/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3%3Bid%3D19%3Btype%3Dteam |archivedate=29 June 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] (HK) was dismissed by [[Run out#Running out a batsman "backing up"|Mankading]].<ref name="Mankad">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/974263.html |title=Debutants Oman survive Hayat 122 |accessdate=19 February 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/974385.html |title=HK coach fuming at 'cowardly' Oman-kad |accessdate=20 February 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 February 2016
| time = 15.00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 165/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Adnan Ilyas]] 54 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Gulbadin Naib]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 168/7 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Noor Ali Zadran]] 63 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Mehran Khan]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966737.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]], [[Fatullah]]
| umpires = [[Anisur Rahman (cricketer)|Anisur Rahman]] (Ban) and [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin)
| motm =
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] became the first player for Oman to score more than 50 runs in a T20I innings.<ref name="OmanHS">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/oman/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=37;type=team |title=Oman: Records: Twenty20 Internationals|accessdate=20 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 February 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 146/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Hayat]] 54 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]] 52 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 1/17 (4 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966739.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]], [[Fatullah]]
| umpires = [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm =
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Hong Kong were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="HKeliminated">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/974933.html |title=Naveed, Shahzad take UAE closer to Asia Cup berth |accessdate=21 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 February 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 178/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 60[[not out|*]] (35)
| wickets1 = [[Aizaz Khan]] 3/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 112 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anshuman Rath]] 41 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 4/17 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 66 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966741.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep)
| motm = [[Mohammad Nabi]] (Afghanistan)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Adil Mehmood and [[Tanveer Ahmed (cricketer)|Tanveer Ahmed]] (HK) both made their T20I debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 February 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 172/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Muhammad Kaleem]] 50 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Aamir Kaleem]] 4/31 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 101/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 46 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 2/14 (4 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 71 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/966743.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Muhammad Usman (cricketer)|Muhammad Usman]] (United Arab Emirates)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Oman and Afghanistan were eliminated as a result of this match, while United Arab Emirates qualified for the [[2016 Asia Cup]].<ref name="UAE">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/975281.html|title=UAE storm to main draw with convincing win |accessdate=22 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2015-16}}

[[Category:Asia Cup Qualifiers]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:2016 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{International-cricket-competition-stub}}

{{International-cricket-competition-stub}}

Football in Thrissur

2026-01-30T12:12:11Z

TeresitaBunch: created new info

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Short description|none}}

'''[[Association football|Football]]''' is by far the most popular sport in [[Thrissur]]. The city and district has contributed with numerable [[football player|players]], [[football club (association football)|clubs]], [[coach (sport)|coaches]], [[tournament]]s and [[stadium]]s to [[Football in India|Indian football]].

==Players==
*[[Jo Paul Ancheri]], former [[Indian football team]] captain and the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Player of the Year is from Thrissur.<ref>[http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/ancheri_jo_paul.html Indian Football "HALL OF FAME"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119034358/http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/ancheri_jo_paul.html |date=19 November 2008 }} ''indianfootball.com''. Retrieved 25 September 2021</ref>
*[[I. M. Vijayan]] is a former professional football player known as ''Karutha Muthu'' (Black Pearl). Vijayan was crowned Indian Player of the Year in 1993, 1997 and 1999.
*[[Victor Manjila]] is a former [[goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]. He represented [[Kerala football team]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]] 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1979. Manjila was the captain of the [[Kerala]] team that played in 1975 Santosh Trophy. He represented India in the 1976 and 1977 President's Cup in [[South Korea]] and Kings Cup in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040457142000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408045904/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040457142000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-04-08
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Victor Manjila to coach Kerala
|date=2008-04-04
|accessdate=2014-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.PrintContent&fa=regcon&action=Print&contentid=20120615127051&simplelayout=1
|title=Victor keeps making winning a habit
|publisher=Saudigazette.com
|accessdate=2014-07-07
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210220/http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.PrintContent&fa=regcon&action=Print&contentid=20120615127051&simplelayout=1
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
*C. V. Pappachan has represented Kerala in the Santosh Trophy tournament eight times. He was instrumental in [[Kerala Police]], winning two [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cups]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3628/stories/20130713506304400.htm
|title=Gone are the glory days
|publisher=Sportstaronnet.com
|accessdate=2014-07-07
|archive-date=23 August 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823055401/http://sportstaronnet.com/tss3628/stories/20130713506304400.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/newsworld/news/keralanews/1010/06/1101006009_1.htm
|title=C. V. Pappachan gets favourable verdict
|publisher=Webdunia.com
|accessdate=2014-07-07
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174740/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/newsworld/news/keralanews/1010/06/1101006009_1.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
*[[Rino Anto]] has played for [[Kerala Blasters]], [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], [[Salgaocar F.C.]], [[Bengaluru FC]] and [[Atletico de Kolkata]].
*[[Rahul Kannoly Praveen]], commonly known as Rahul K P, plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] or [[Forward (association football)|forward]], most notably for Kerala Blasters. He has represented India at various youth levels including the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017]].

==Football clubs==
*[[R B Ferguson Club]], the first and the oldest football club in Kerala, was established on 20 February 1899 in [[Ollur]]. The club was named after the [[Kochi]] police superintendent, R B Ferguson. Later, the club renamed as Young Men's Football Club Ollur.
*In 1947, the second oldest club in Thrissur, Aurora Club was formed by the football loving fans of Ollur.
*Thrissur Gymkhana,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imaginesoccer.com/soccer-clubs/gymkhanaclubthrissur/new-members/
|title=About the Soccer Club
|publisher=Gymkhana Club Thrissur
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190012/http://www.imaginesoccer.com/soccer-clubs/gymkhanaclubthrissur/new-members/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> has won many tournaments across Kerala.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/thrissur-gymkhana-wins-title/article1252857.ece
|title=Thrissur Gymkhana wins title
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref>
*[[FC Kerala]] competed the [[I-League 2]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/06/07/4866334/kerala-fc-unveiled-on-friday
|title=Kerala FC unveiled on Friday
|publisher=Goal.com
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=10 June 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610013331/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/06/07/4866334/kerala-fc-unveiled-on-friday
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
* [http://www.fcthrissur.club FC Thrissur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081012/http://www.fcthrissur.club/ |date=13 May 2018 }}
* [http://www.redstarfcthrissur.com Red Star FC], another club promoted by team of [[entrepreneur]]s from Thrissur, headed by [[Jo Paul Ancheri]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.redstarfcthrissur.com/
|title=Welcome to Red Star FC
|publisher=Red Star FC
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165543/http://www.redstarfcthrissur.com/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
* [https://fcparappur.com Parappur FC], a football club having coaching programs for children at [[Parappur]] district, supported by the [[South Indian Bank]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://parappurfc.com/
|title=Welcome to Parappur FC
|publisher=Parappur FC
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=18 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064645/http://parappurfc.com/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
*[[Thrissur Magic FC]], franchise football club that competes in the Super League Kerala. The club was established in 2024 for the league's inaugural season.

==Tournaments==
The first football tournament in central Kerala was kicked off in 1925 by the Kochi Athletic Association. The tournament was held at the Palace Ground, now known as the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]. [[Rama Varma XV]], [[Maharaja of Cochin]], has contributed 100 [[tola (unit)|tola]] of [[silver]] for the tournament. The first winner was [[Church Mission Society High School]] Union, Thrissur. The tournament was winded up in 1930 when the first [[FIFA World Cup]] was started.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/232068/Thrissur/20-February-2014#page/10/2
|title=Ollur's football club turns 115 years today
|publisher=Mathrubhumi.com
|accessdate=2014-06-13
|archive-date=8 April 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408215306/http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/232068/Thrissur/20-February-2014#page/10/2
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/286702/Thrissur/11-JUNE-2014#page/30/1
|title=The first tournament
|publisher=Mathrubhumi.com
|accessdate=2014-06-13
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192952/http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/286702/Thrissur/11-JUNE-2014#page/30/1
|url-status=live
}}</ref>[[N.I. David Memorial Trophy]], once dubbed as the ''Football World Cup of Thrissur'' was started in 1996 by the then superintendent of police, in memory of N. I. David IPS who died in the office. The tournament had to be stopped temporarily in 2005, but was restarted in 2010.
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article174870.ece?pageToolsFontSize=100%25
|title=Thrilling restart to the World Cup of Thrissur
|publisher=New Indianexpress.com
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201856/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article174870.ece?pageToolsFontSize=100%25
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119171603/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2011-01-19
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Inter-club football
|date=2010-12-26
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
|title = SPORTS AND GAMES
|publisher = Kerala Police
|accessdate = 2014-07-06
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520004609/http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
|archivedate = 2011-05-20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thrissurnow.com/2014/02/thrissur-fc-thrissur-football-club.html
|title=Thrissur FC: Thrissur Football Club
|publisher=Thrissur.now
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=15 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002959/http://www.thrissurnow.com/2014/02/thrissur-fc-thrissur-football-club.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Coaches==
*[[T.K. Chathunni]], also known as the ''travelling coach'', was a coach in [[National Football League (India)]] from 1997-1998. Hailing from Thrissur, he has coached [[Dempo S.C.]], Salgaocar, Mohun Bagan, [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]], [[Chirag United Club Kerala]] and [[Josco FC]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html
|title=FC Kochin rope in coach Chathunni
|publisher=Indian Express
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219071340/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html
|archivedate=2014-02-19
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/02/12/stories/2004021201140400.htm
|title=The business of football
|date=12 February 2004
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|accessdate=28 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/big-lessons-for-a-young-club/article3197415.ece
|title=Big lessons for a young club
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=3 February 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203155020/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/big-lessons-for-a-young-club/article3197415.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-home-for-josco/article786397.ece
|title=A home for Josco
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=3 February 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203155013/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-home-for-josco/article786397.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-29/top-stories/27913630_1_foreign-coaches-indian-football-armando-colaco
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-29/top-stories/27913630_1_foreign-coaches-indian-football-armando-colaco
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2014-02-02
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=The League of foreign coaches
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref>
*[[Victor Manjila]] is a successful former coach of Kerala football team that won the 1993 Santosh Trophy.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040457142000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408045904/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040457142000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-04-08
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Victor Manjila to coach Kerala
|date=2008-04-04
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Victor-Manjila-Calls-for-More-Tournaments-in-Kerala/2013/12/03/article1925222.ece
|title=ictor Manjila Calls for More Tournaments in Kerala
|publisher=The New Indian Express
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121726/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Victor-Manjila-Calls-for-More-Tournaments-in-Kerala/2013/12/03/article1925222.ece
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.PrintContent&fa=regcon&action=Print&contentid=20120615127051&simplelayout=1
|title=Victor keeps making winning a habit
|publisher=Saudigazette.com
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210220/http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.PrintContent&fa=regcon&action=Print&contentid=20120615127051&simplelayout=1
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/kerala-honours-santosh-trophywinning-teams/article4471153.ece
|title=Kerala honours Santosh Trophy-winning teams
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=4 May 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504054231/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/kerala-honours-santosh-trophywinning-teams/article4471153.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
*M. Peethambaran, former Kerala Santosh Trophy coach is also from Thrissur]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/07/stories/2002110700770400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728221752/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/07/stories/2002110700770400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-07-28
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Kerala needs to look beyond Santosh Trophy
|date=2002-11-07
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021108/asp/sports/story_1365535.asp
|title=Football in Kerala, a dismal picture of deterioration
|publisher=Telegraph
|accessdate=2014-07-06
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215746/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021108/asp/sports/story_1365535.asp
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/29/stories/2004102908841800.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206130647/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/29/stories/2004102908841800.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-12-06
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Kerala enters final on a day of goalkeepers
|date=2004-10-29
|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Football in Kerala]]
*[[Sevens football]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Association football by city}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:Football in Kerala|Thrissur]]
[[Category:Football in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Sport in Thrissur]]

Vijay P. Bhatkar

2026-01-24T05:02:41Z

TeresitaBunch: slightly update references for accuracy further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Vijay Bhatkar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vijay Bhatkar Portrait Photo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|10|11|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distinguished Alumni - Shri Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar |url=https://msubaroda.ac.in/index.php/Distinguishedalumnidetail?id=194 |website=msubaroda.ac.in |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = Muramba, [[Akola district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| known_for = Architect of [[PARAM|PARAM Supercomputers]]

| office1 = [[Nalanda University| Chancellor of Nalanda University]]
| term_start1 = 25 January 2017
| term_end1 = 29 April 2023
| successor1 = [[Arvind Panagariya]]
| alma_mater = [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]] (B.E.) [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (M.E.) 
[[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] (Ph.D.)
| awards = [[Asian Scientist 100]] (2016) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2015) [[Padma Shri]] (2000) 
[[Maharashtra Bhushan Award|Maharashtra Bhushan]] (1999)
| website = {{URL|www.vijaybhatkar.org}}
}}

'''Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar''' is an Indian computer scientist, IT leader and educationalist. He is best known as the architect of India's National Initiative in Supercomputing where he led the development of [[PARAM|Param supercomputers]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=13 January 2017 |title=The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991 |work=The Better India |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/82076/india-first-supercomputer-param-cdac-vijay-bhatkar/ |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar |url=https://msubaroda.ac.in/Distinguishedalumnidetail?id=194 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda}}</ref> He is a [[Padma Shri]],<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Padma Bhushan]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991 |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/82076/india-first-supercomputer-param-cdac-vijay-bhatkar/ |work=[[The Better India]] |date=13 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Maharashtra Bhushan Award|Maharashtra Bhushan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=केंद्रीय गृह आणि सहकार मंत्री अमित शाह यांनी डॉ. आप्पासाहेब धर्माधिकारी यांना वर्ष 2022 साठीचा "महाराष्ट्र भूषण" पुरस्कार आज रायगड इथे केला प्रदान |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1917119 |work=pib.gov.in|language=mr}}</ref> recipient. Indian computer magazine ''[[Dataquest]]'' placed him among the pioneers of India's IT industry. He was the founder and executive director of [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC) and is currently working on developing [[Exascale computing|exascale supercomputing]] for India.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2017 |title=Architect of India's first supercomputer 'Param' to head Nalanda University |work=DNA |editor-last=Salomi |editor-first=Vithika |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vijay-bhatkar-to-head-nalanda-university-2296858 |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NVIDIA, IIT collaborate to develop supercomputer|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-nvidia-iit-collaborate-to-develop-supercomputer/20121222.htm|access-date=3 July 2017|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 December 2012}}</ref>

Bhatkar has been chancellor of [[Nalanda University]], in Bihar, India since January 2017. From 2012 to 2017, he served as the Chairman of the Board of Governors of [[IIT Delhi]]. Currently, he is serving as the Chairman of Vijnana Bharati, a non-profit organization of Indian scientists.

== Career ==
Bhatkar was born in Muramba, Taluka Murtijapur, District Akola in a maharashtrian family [[Maharashtra]], India. He received a B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University, Nagpur]]; ME degree from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|MS University of Baroda, Vadodara]] and a PhD from IIT Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni Relations - IIT Delhi |url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/home/index.php/1994/11/23/dr-vijay-pandurang-bhatkar/ |website=alumni.iitd.ac.in |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

Bhatkar is best known as the architect of India's national initiative in supercomputing where he led the development of Param supercomputers. He developed the first Indian supercomputer, the PARAM 8000, in 1991 and later the [[PARAM 10000]] in 1998. Based on the PARAM series of supercomputers, he built the National Param Supercomputing Facility (NPSF) which is now made available as a grid computing facility through the [[GARUDA|Garuda grid]] on the [[National Knowledge Network]] (NKN) providing nationwide access to [[High Performance Computing]] (HPC) infrastructure. Currently, Bhatkar is working on exascale supercomputing via the capability, capacity and infrastructure on NKN.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

Bhatkar has played a significant role in forming several national institutions and research centers including [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC), the Electronics Research and Development Centre (ER&DC) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref name="livemint">{{cite news |date=21 November 2012 |title=Yesterday's supercomputers are today's laptops: Bhatkar |newspaper=Live Mint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/jmNVLeBoYXUbJzFJBTdNLK/Yesterdays-supercomputers-are-todays-laptops-Bhatkar.html |access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala (IIITM-K), the ETH Research Laboratory and International Institute of Information Technology (I2IT) in Pune, [[Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation]] (MKCL) and the India International Multiversity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=28 January 2017 |title=Father of India's first supercomputer becomes Nalanda University's Chancellor |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/28/father-of-indias-first-supercomputer-becomes-nalanda-universitys-chancellor-1564421.html |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Vijay Bhatkar |url=http://actionforindia.org/afi-forum-2016/pic/Dr.Bhatkar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811160013/https://actionforindia.org/afi-forum-2016/pic/Dr.Bhatkar.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=Action For India}}</ref> He has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the government of India, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR governing body]], IT Task Force, and eGovernance committee chairman of the governments of Maharashtra and Goa.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2015 |title=Much to be done, says Padma awardee Bhatkar |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Much-to-be-done-says-Padma-awardee-Bhatkar/articleshow/46015148.cms |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> He also serves as the president of Vijnana Bharati.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2017 |title=Vijay Bhatkar, Head of RSS-Affiliated Science Body, Named Nalanda University Chancellor |work=The Wire India |url=https://thewire.in/103609/vijay-bhatkar-nalanda-university/ |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2017-01-29 |title=Vijay Bhatkar to remain in RSS body |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Vijay-Bhatkar-to-remain-in-RSS-body/article17110611.ece |access-date=2022-03-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2016, Bhatkar was appointed as the Chairperson of the Science & Engineering Research Body (SERB).<ref>[http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/Oversight%20Committee%20Reconstitution.pdf Reconstitution of Oversight Committee - SERB]. 30 May 2016</ref> In January 2017, Bhatkar was appointed as the Chancellor of the [[Nalanda University]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=27 January 2017 |title=Architect of India's supercomputer appointed Nalanda University chancellor |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/architect-of-india-s-supercomputer-appointed-nalanda-university-chancellor/story-9474yk5VcJfBaYIs4EZC8K.html |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Bhatkar, architect of India's first super computer 'Param', to head Nalanda University|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-vijay-bhatkar-architect-of-india-s-first-super-computer-param-to-head-nalanda-university-366759|access-date=3 July 2017|work=India TV News|date=28 January 2017}}</ref> He is also the Founder Chancellor and Chief Mentor of Multiversity. Dr. Vijay Bhatkar has served as the Chairman of the Board of Governors of IIT-Delhi (2012-2017),<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2012 |title=IIT-Delhi: Scientist Vijay Bhatkar to head the board of governors |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/IIT-Delhi-Scientist-Vijay-Bhatkar-to-head-the-board-of-governors/articleshow/12973958.cms |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> Chairman of the ETH (Education To Home) Research Lab, Chairman of the Board of Management of Government College of Engineering, Amravati, Chancellor of D. Y. Patil University, and National President of Vijnana Bharati, a People's Science Movement of over 6,000 scientists across India.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

Bhatkar has authored and edited over 12 books and 80 technical and research papers and addressed several university convocations, international and national conferences and conventions and public functions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Vijay Bhatkar: A Profile |url=http://nias.res.in/sites/default/files/adjunct/CV-of-Dr-Vijay-Bhatkar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015135140/http://nias.res.in/sites/default/files/adjunct/CV-of-Dr-Vijay-Bhatkar.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

== Honorary doctorates ==

In 2011, Bhatkar received an honorary doctorate from DY Patil University.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2011 |title=APJ Abdul Kalam to confer honorary doctorate to Ujjwal Nikam |work=DNA |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-apj-abdul-kalam-to-confer-honorary-doctorate-to-ujjwal-nikam-1521206 |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> In 2014, he was awarded an honorary Ph.D from [[Gujarat Technological University]]<ref>{{cite news|title=GTU honours 143 with gold medals|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story//articleshow/35704971.cms?|access-date=3 July 2017|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> and a [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] degree from [[Nagpur University]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganjapure |first1=Vaibhav |date=19 March 2013 |title=Nagpur University considering Doctor of Literature to scientist Vijay Bhatkar |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Nagpur-University-considering-Doctor-of-Literature-to-scientist-Vijay-Bhatkar/articleshow/19052736.cms |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=100th convocation of Nagpur University (RTMNU) today|url=http://www.nagpurpulse.com/2014/09/26/100th-convocation-nagpur-university-rtmnu-today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316142317/http://www.nagpurpulse.com/2014/09/26/100th-convocation-nagpur-university-rtmnu-today|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 March 2015|access-date=3 July 2017|date=26 September 2014}}</ref> On 10 December 2024, Bhatkar received an honorary doctorate degree D.Litt. from Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155604/http://www.vijaybhatkar.org/ Personal website]

{{Commons category|Vijay Bhatkar}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatkar, Vijay Pandurang}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Senior members of the IEEE]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1946 births]]

Mangalwedha Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:12:47Z

TeresitaBunch: put up some info with sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalwedha
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 201,283
| mla = Sale Ramchandra Dnyanoba
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Mangalwedha Assembly constituency''' or '''Mangalvedhe''' was an assembly constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ganpat Laxman Sonwane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. R. Marda
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Marda Kisanlal Ramchandra
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kamble Nivrutti Satwaji || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Borade Vimaltai Dnyandeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=4 | Dhobale Laxman Kondiba || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Sale Ramchandra Dnyanoba
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sale Ramchandra Dnyanoba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=47,251 |percentage=40.04% |change={{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Sambhu Shivsharan |party=Shiv Sena |votes=32,303 |percentage=27.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Anantrao Shinde |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes=16,864 |percentage=14.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bendre Ambadas Dharma |party=Independent politician |votes=12,894 |percentage=10.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Janardan Shiktode |party=Independent politician |votes=2,623 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appa Aba Lokare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,780 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Ashok Narsu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,170 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,948 |percentage=12.67% |change= {{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,023 |percentage=58.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhobale Laxman Kondiba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=43,704 |percentage=41.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Avinash Anant |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,875 |percentage=37.22% |change={{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shikatode Vijay Janardan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,587 |percentage=13.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,829 |percentage=4.62% |change= {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,449 |percentage=60.03% |change= {{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,513 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhobale Laxman Kondiba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,087 |percentage=51.62% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borade Vimaltai Dnyandeo |party=Independent politician |votes=37,892 |percentage=32.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansode Shamrao Rakhamaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes=12,573 |percentage=10.62% |change={{decrease}}29.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiremath (Swami) Chanbasayya Mupayya |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,343 |percentage=1.13% |change={{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Nagnath Dattatraya (Kalal) |party=Independent politician |votes=834 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivsharan Namdeo Sidram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=716 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,195 |percentage=19.60% |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,346 |percentage=73.36% |change= {{increase}}11.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,565 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhobale Laxman Kondiba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,605 |percentage=53.45% |change={{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dhondapa Shinde |party=Shiv Sena |votes=37,307 |percentage=40.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamaraj Tukaram Bhandare |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,895 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Vishnu Sadashiv |party=Janata Dal |votes=627 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,298 |percentage=13.25% |change= {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,805 |percentage=62.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,354 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhobale Laxman Kondiba |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=43,944 |percentage=59.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aute Sushila Laxman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,390 |percentage=38.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ughade Bhagwan Ginyane |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,554 |percentage=20.90% |change= {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,425 |percentage=62.41% |change= {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,358 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Borade Vimaltai Dnyandeo |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=27,427 |percentage=52.91% |change={{increase}}34.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Bajirao Dasharath |party=Republican Party of India |votes=16,338 |percentage=31.52% |change={{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swami Mrugendra Chanaiyya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,807 |percentage=9.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dange Rambhajirao Alias Annasaheb Amabaji |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Dhondiram Totoba |party=Independent politician |votes=528 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirasagar Pandurag Revapa |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=504 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}18.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,089 |percentage=21.39% |change= {{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,834 |percentage=47.86% |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,366 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Nivrutti Satwaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes=12,379 |percentage=28.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dange Rambhajirao Alias Annasaheb Amabaji |party=Independent politician |votes=8,774 |percentage=20.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirasagar Pandurag Revapa |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=8,311 |percentage=19.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borade Vimaltai Dnyandeo |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=7,719 |percentage=17.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khadatare Bhanudas Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,885 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Pandurang Tamanna |party=Independent politician |votes=887 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Gulab Lokhande |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,605 |percentage=8.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,937 |percentage=44.12% |change= {{decrease}}23.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,825 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Republican Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Marda Kisanlal Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,372 |percentage=50.99% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaha Ratanchand Shivlal |party=Independent politician |votes=24,101 |percentage=41.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abute Laxman Narsu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,330 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,271 |percentage=9.15% |change= {{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,609 |percentage=66.98% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,318 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=K. R. Marda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,208 |percentage=51.09% |change={{decrease}}15.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. S. Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=22,921 |percentage=44.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,287 |percentage=6.41% |change= {{decrease}}46.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,302 |percentage=65.70% |change= {{increase}}36.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,780 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalwedha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Laxman Sonwane |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,023 |percentage=66.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Pandurang Magade |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,716 |percentage=12.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babu Dhula Sale |party=Independent politician |votes=2,459 |percentage=11.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Mahadev Kashirasagar |party=Independent politician |votes=741 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,307 |percentage=53.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,219 |percentage=30.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,374 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Battle of Jhelum (1857)

2026-01-03T18:00:24Z

TeresitaBunch: adding a info

{{Short description|Part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
{{other uses|Battle of Jhelum (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Jhelum
|image=
|caption=
|partof=the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]
|date=7 July 1857
|place=[[Jhelum]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Pakistan]])
|coordinates ={{Coord|32|56|33|N|73|43|32|E|display=it}}
| map_type = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
| map_relief = yes
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Punjab Pakistan]]
| map_label = Jhelum
|result=British victory
|combatant1={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] '''[[South Wales Borderers|24th Regiment of Foot]]''' (285 men) '''Miller's Police Battalion''' (150 men) '''Police Cavalry''' (60 sabres) '''Moolantee Mounted Levie''' (250 sabres) [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] '''Captain Cookes' Company, [[Bengal Horse Artillery]]''' (3 guns) [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]]'''14th Bengal Native Infantry''' (100 [[Sikh]] [[sepoy]]s)
|combatant2= [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] '''14th Bengal Native Infantry''' (500 mutineer [[sepoy]]s)
|commander1= [[Charles Ellice|Lieutenant Colonel Charles Ellice]], [[South Wales Borderers|24th of Foot]]
|commander2=[[Mirza Dildar Baig]], 14 BNI mutineers
|strength1=435 infantry 310 cavalry 100 Sikh [[sepoy]]s 3 horse artillery guns
|strength2=Approximately 500 [[sepoy]]s
|casualties1=44 killed 109 wounded
|casualties2=150 killed 25 drowned 108 executed
}}
{{Campaign box India 1857}}

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (also known as the Indian Mutiny) a column of troops led by the commander of the [[South Wales Borderers|24th Regiment of Foot]] was sent to disarm [[Bengal Native Infantry]] units believed to be at risk of mutiny in [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Jhelum]]. At Rawalpindi, the [[58th Bengal Native Infantry]] was disarmed peacefully, however the two companies of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry resisted the attempt by force of arms. These two companies were quickly defeated by the British, loyal native troops and the local population. In Jhelum, also garrisoned by the 14th, the concurrently timed disarmament was much more violent. Thirty five British soldiers of the [[South Wales Borderers|24th Regiment of Foot]] (of later [[Battle of Rorke's Drift|Rorkes Drift]] fame) were killed (or died of their wounds) along with a number of Loyal Indian troops, by mutinous sepoys of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry. When the mutineers realised that they, except the [[Sikh]]s, were to be disarmed, they mutinied and made a vigorous defence against the force that had arrived from Rawalpindi to disarm them. The following night a significant number of mutineers managed to slip away but most were subsequently arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] authorities, into whose territory they had escaped.

==Background==

The background to the [[Indian Mutiny]], or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] as it is also referred to, is complex and has its origins largely with the [[Hindu]] members of the British East India Company Army of the [[Presidency of Bengal]] (although the British view after the mutiny was that it was largely driven by [[Muslim]] members). Each of the three "Presidencies" into which the [[East India Company]] divided [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] for administrative purposes maintained their own armies. Of these, the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest. Unlike the other two, it recruited heavily from among high-caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims. The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units<ref>{{cite book|first=Boris|last=Mollo|page=54|title=The Indian Army|publisher=Littlehampton Book Services Ltd|year=1981|isbn=978-0713710748}}</ref> within the Bengal Army, while Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments. The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society. In the early years of Company rule, it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning [[Brahmin]]s and [[Rajput]]s of [[Bihar]] and [[Awadh]]. These soldiers were known as [[Purbiya]]s. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their [[Caste#India|caste]] might be polluted.<ref>Seema Alavi ''The Sepoys and the Company'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1998 p. 5</ref>

The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after [[Awadh]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (''batta'' or ''bhatta'') for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers, in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors. In 1856, a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company, which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas. Although it was intended to apply to only new recruits, the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saul|last=David|page=24|title=The Indian Mutiny|date=4 September 2003 |isbn=0-141-00554-8}}</ref> A high-caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire, and accordingly risked losing caste through [[ritual pollution]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Mason|page=243|title=A Matter of Honour|year=1986 |isbn=0-333-41837-9}}</ref>

The incident which appears to have been the actual flash point for the mutiny of units within the East India Company Army related to the issue of new [[Paper cartridge|cartridges]] for the in service rifle. These cartridges were covered in grease which it was rumoured was made from animal fat, and specifically beef or pig fat. As soldiers had to place the cartridges in their mouth to rip them open and cows were regarded as sacred by Hindus and pigs unclean by Muslims this rumour created outrage. This spilled over into open defiance in some units and eventually a very bloody mutiny in [[Meerut]] and [[Delhi]].

==Disarming of Native Units==

As some units openly rebelled and disquiet spread the decision was made to disarm some Bengal units that it was believed may be at risk of [[mutiny]]. This does not appear to have been a blanket policy across the East India Company Army and the decision as to whether or not to disarm units or not appears to have been taken on a case by case basis at a local level. In some cases attempts to disarm units went badly wrong or were bungled such as at [[Varanasi|Benares]] and [[Allahabad]], also leading to local revolts.<ref>Michael Edwardes, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny'', pp 52–53</ref> As a result, orders to disarm other Bengal Native units were carried with much more secrecy.

==Deployment of forces==

To prevent forewarning the Bengal Native Infantry units in either Jhelum or Rawalpindi of plans to disarm them the decision was taken to arrange for both garrisons to be disarmed simultaneously.<ref name=Cave52>Cave-Brown, p.52</ref> On 1 July 1857 a small force was dispatched under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Charles Ellice]], consisting of three companies of the 24th Regiment of Foot (a Regular [[British Army]] unit rather than an East India Company unit), a total of 260 men, three guns from Captain Cooke's Company of the [[Bengal Horse Artillery]] and 150 men of Miller's Police Battalion (an Indian unit). This force was ordered to proceed under sealed orders to Rawalpindi and were joined en route by Mooltanee levies under Lieutenant Lind. None of the officers or men knew the mission they were being sent on and many had assumed that they would be sent to [[Delhi]].

On the morning of 7 July the garrison at Rawalpindi was called out on parade, ostensibly to hear the reading of routine orders. Troops in the garrison at the time consisted of the other half of the 24th of Foot and the remainder of Cooke's Company of the Bengal Horse Artillery, with elements of Captain Millar's Mounted Police, the 58th Bengal Native Infantry and two companies of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.51</ref> During the issue of routine orders Brigadier Campbell of the [[Royal Artillery]] and commander of the garrison issued orders for the two Bengal Native Infantry units to be disarmed. This was done without the knowledge of these two units' British Officers and while the 58th obeyed the orders the two companies of the 14th took to arms and carried out a fighting withdrawal pursued by the Mounted Police. Those of the two companies that escaped into the town were later captured by the locals and their heads were delivered to the garrison the following day by the townspeople.

==The Battle==
On the morning of 6 July, Charles Ellice's force arrived at [[Deenah]],<ref name=Cave52/> one day's march from Jhelum, where he was to open his sealed orders. With the intent of the expedition now clear, Ellice sent half of his mounted Mooltanee troops ahead of the column, ordering them to cross the river and proceed through the low ground and waddies so as to avoid detection and cover that flank. He then rode ahead himself to Jhelum and met with Lieutenant Colonel Gerard, commander of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry, to direct him as to how he was to co-operate with his force the following morning.

Early on the following day (7 July), as events were unfolding in Rawalpindi, the three guns from Captain Cooke's Company of the Bengal Horse Artillery and the remainder of the Mooltanee Cavalry took up positions to the right of the Jhelum Cantonment and cut off the lines of communication. Later that morning the infantry of the 24th of Foot arrived moving into the open outside the cantonment and began deploying into line. The 14th Bengal Native Infantry were at this stage formed up in column on their parade square, with the [[Sikh]] members of the unit formed up to one side. Upon seeing the British troops come into sight the men of the 14th realised that they were about to be disarmed and began loading their weapons and making ready for a fight. Their European officers attempted to remonstrate with them and get them to lay down their weapons but without any success. As the Sikh troops and European Officers realised the danger they were in they began moving rapidly towards the 24th Regiment of Foot, just in time as the remaining troops of the 14th began opening fire on them.

The mutineers began deploying into defensive positions and blocking the main route into the garrison but were met by a charge by the Mooltanee Cavalry led by Lieutenant Lind. The cavalry charge caused a significant number of casualties amongst the mutineers but with Lieutenant Lind going down (with his mount shot out from under him) and the 14th in a strong defensive position the cavalry couldn't press home their attack. In ten minutes the Mooltanees had suffered 9 dead, 28 wounded and 60 horses killed. The Mooltanee Infantry and the men of Millar's Police Battalion followed up the attack supported by the guns of the Bengal Horse Artillery but a stalemate ensued.

Finally, Ellice took 50 of his men from the 24th of Foot and led them in a charge, hoping to storm the enemy position, and managed to break through the Quarter Guard of the mutineers.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.53</ref> Ellice fell during the charge (wounded in the neck and leg), but the mutineers of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry fell back into the adjoining camp of the [[39th Bengal Native Infantry]]. The mutineers were then forced to retreat from their new position when an artillery shell hit the magazine causing a large explosion, around 300 escaping to the nearby village of Saemlee and prepared new positions.

During this lull in the battle the men of the 24th of Foot discovered the 39th's Mess and stores including the alcohol. After a long march the men were difficult to restrain and order was lost for a brief period with only the men of the Bengal Horse artillery and the Mooltanees remaining disciplined and watching the enemy.

When Ellice recovered enough to take command order was restored and he ordered another attack. The Mounted Police and Mooltanees Cavalry were placed on the left flank of the village to prevent the mutineers from slipping away and the artillery was ordered closer to the village to begin a bombardment with [[Grapeshot]]. The range was however so close, and the mutineers sufficiently covered by the village's buildings, that the artillerymen began to suffer severe casualties; being picked off by the enemy Sepoys. Captain McPherson of the 24th attempted to lead a charge to take the village by [[Bayonet#Bayonet charge|bayonet]] but was forced to withdraw.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.55</ref>

With ammunition running low and the artillery suffering badly in casualties to men and horses, Ellice ordered a withdrawal. Due to the losses in horses and damage one of the guns could not be pulled away and was captured and tipped into the river by the mutineers. As it was getting late the decision was made to wait until morning to renew the attack on the village and [[Picket (military)|pickets]] were set. Concurrently the events of the day had been telegraphed to the garrison at Rawalpindi as events had unfolded and a Colonel was despatched to replace the wounded Ellice and a small column of reinforcements of the 24th was dispatched under the command of Lieutenant Holland.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.56</ref>

In the morning when the attack was to be resumed the attackers found that the remainder of the 14 Bengal Native Infantry's mutineers has slipped away in the night.

==Aftermath==

Although a large number of mutineers escaped they found they could not cross the river easily, the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjabi]] Police having secured the major crossing points and boats. Those that did manage to find some small boats were mostly captured by the Mooltanees patrolling the far side of the river or by other troops further downstream.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.57</ref> In all of the 600 men of the 14th Bengali Native Light Infantry based at Jhelum, 100 Sikhs had remained loyal, 150 were killed outright in the fighting, 180 were captured by British or East India Company forces and 150 were arrested by the Kashmiri authorities and handed over to the British.<ref>Cave-Brown, p.58</ref> Only 50 remained unaccounted for. The result of the fighting at Jhelum and Rawalpindi was the destruction of the 14th Bengali Native Infantry as a unit.

Lieutenant Colonel Ellice was [[Mentioned in dispatches]], received the [[Indian Mutiny Medal]], and was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] on 1 January 1858.{{sfn|Lloyd|1901}}

The early success of the 14th Bengali Native Infantry was however to have a wider effect sending shock waves through the region and sparking unrest in nearby garrisons.

==Victoria Cross==

[[William Connolly (VC)|Gunner William Connolly]], a Bengal Horse Artillery soldier with the force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm the mutineers, won a [[Victoria Cross]] during fighting at Jhelum on 7 July 1857.

{{quote|Lieutenant Cookes, Bengal horse artillery, reports that “about daybreak on that day I advanced my half troop at a gallop, and engaged the enemy within easy musket range. The spongeman of one of my guns having been shot during the advance, gunner Connolly assumed the duties of second spongeman, and he had barely assisted in two discharges of his gun when a musket ball through the left thigh felled him to the ground; nothing daunted by pain and loss of blood, he was endeavouring to resume his post, when I ordered a movement in retirement, and, though severely wounded, he was mounted on his horse in the gun-team, and rode to the next position which the guns took up, and manfully declined going to the rear when the necessity of so doing was represented to him.

About eleven o’clock A.M., when the guns were still in action, the same gunner, while sponging, was again knocked down by a musket-ball striking him on the hip, thereby causing great faintness and partial unconsciousness, for the pain appeared excessive, and the blood flowed fast. On seeing this I gave directions for his removal out of action; but this brave man, hearing me, staggered to his feet and said, ‘No, sir, I'll not go there whilst I can work here; and shortly afterwards he again resumed his post as spongeman.

Late in the afternoon of the same day, my three guns were engaged at 100 yards from the walls of a village with the defenders, namely, the 14th native infantry - mutineers - amidst a storm of bullets which did great execution. Gunner Connolly, though suffering severely from his two previous wounds, was wielding his sponge with an energy and courage which attracted the admiration of his comrades, and while cheerfully encouraging a wounded man to hasten in bringing up the ammunition a musket-ball tore through the muscles of his right leg; but with the most undaunted bravery he struggled on, and not till he had loaded six times did this man give way, when, from loss of blood, he fell in my arms, and I placed him on a waggon, which shortly afterwards bore him in a state of unconsciousness from the fight.”<ref name="Newspapers">{{cite web |url=http://williamconnollyvc.webs.com/newspapers |title=Newspapers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816105457/https://williamconnollyvc.webs.com/newspapers |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>}}

==Memorials==

[[Mirza Dildar Baig]], also known as [[Khaki Shah]], took part in the mutiny at [[Jhelum]] and was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists. He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by British authorities in [[Kashmir]] and later hanged near the [[river Jhelum]]. His grave is in a [[shrine]] in Jhelum Dildarpur, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him.

[[Image:Lectern - Jhelum by Khalid Mahmood.jpg|thumb|120px|Marble [[Lectern]] in memory of 35 British soldiers killed at Jhelum.]]

A [[lectern]] inside [[St. John's Church Jhelum]] the church commemorates the 35 soldiers of the 24th regiment of Foot killed during the mutiny. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring. ''St. John's Church'' is located in [[Jhelum Cantonment]], now part of [[Pakistan]], beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and is a landmark of the city. It is a Protestant church and was in use during the British period. For forty years it remained closed. Now it has been renovated and opened and almost in good condition.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Cave-Brown|title=The Punjab and Delhi in 1857: Being a Narrative of the Measures by which the Punjab was Saved and Delhi Recovered During the Indian Mutiny, Volume 2|isbn=9781287739074}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

;Attribution
{{DNBSupp|wstitle=Ellice, Charles Hay |first=Ernest Marsh|last= Lloyd |authorlink=Ernest Marsh Lloyd}}

==External links==
*[http://williamconnollyvc.webs.com William Connolly VC website]
*[[East India Company]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhelum, Battle of 1857}}
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1857]]
[[Category:1857 in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:July 1857]]

Rabi Das

2025-12-26T07:16:49Z

TeresitaBunch: Added First Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian footballer (died 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Rabi Das
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Rabi Bhusan Das
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date|df=y|1998|4|21}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], India
|clubs1 = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
}}

'''Rabi Bhusan Das''' (date of birth unknown, died 21 April 1998)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25804|title=Rabi Das|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> was an Indian [[association football|footballer]]. He competed in the [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|men's tournament]] at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/da/robi-das-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105144/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/da/robi-das-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Robi Das Olympic Results |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1953<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/mohun-bagans-historic-maiden-durand-win-in-1953/|title=Mohun Bagan’s Historic Maiden Durand Win in 1953|website=Mohun Bagan AC|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327055911/https://www.themohunbaganac.com/mohun-bagans-historic-maiden-durand-win-in-1953/|archive-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
'''Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945–46]], [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India men's football squad 1948 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Rabi}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]

{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

List of Hindi films of 1969

2025-12-19T10:10:51Z

TeresitaBunch: updated section further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films [[Mumbai|released]] in 1969:

==Top-grossing films==
The top-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in
1969:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1969 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=175&catName=MTk2OQ%3D%3D |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075843/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=175&catName=MTk2OQ%3D%3D |archive-date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1969 rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''
| [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Rajesh Khanna]]
|-
| 2.
| ''[[Do Raaste]]''
|[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
|-
| 3.
| ''[[Ek Phool Do Mali]]''
| [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Master Bobby]], [[Durga Khote]]
|-
| 4.
| ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Rajendra Nath]]
|-
| 5.
| ''[[Intaqam]]''
| [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]
|-
| 6.
| ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Tanuja]]
|-
| 7.
| ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Nasir Hussain]], [[Rajendra Nath]]
|-
| 8.
| ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
| 9.
| ''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]''
| [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]]
|-
| 10.
| ''[[Waris (film)|Waris]]''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| 11.
| ''[[Yakeen]]''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
| 12.
| ''[[Jigri Dost]]''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 13.
| ''[[Doli (film)|Doli]]''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Babita]]
|-
| 14.
| ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
| 15.
| ''[[Talash (1969 film)|Talaash]]''
| [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[O. P. Ralhan]]
|-
| 16.
| ''[[Aadmi Aur Insaan]]''
| [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Saira Banu]]
|-
| 17.
| ''[[Chirag]]''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Asha Parekh]]
|-
| 18.
| ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]''
| [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Rajesh Khanna]]
|-
| 19.
| ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Babita]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
| 20.
| ''Meri Bhabhi''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Waheeda Rehman]]
|-
| 21.
| ''Bhai Bahen''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
|}

==A-C==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Aadmi Aur Insaan]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Saira Banu]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'' ||[[Satyen Bose]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Deb Mukherjee]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Anoop Kumar]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Alka (actress)|Alka]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaan Hai Koi]]'' || [[Babubhai Mistry]] || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Nalini Chonkar]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Tiwari]], [[Mohan Choti]] || Thriller Suspense || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]], [[Usha Khanna]], [[Manohar Khanna]], [[Sardar Bikaneri]]
|-
| ''[[Anjaana]]'' || [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Babita]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Romance || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Anmol Moti]]'' || [[S. D. Narang]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Babita]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Jagdeep]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Apna Khoon Apna Dushman]]'' || [[Kamran]] || [[Dara Singh]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Randhawa]], [[Tiwari]], [[Shyam Kumar]], [[Sanjana]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Maruti (actor)|Maruti]], [[Habib (actor)|Habib]], [[Meenaxi Shirodkar]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] || Action || Music: [[Lala Sattar]] Lyrics: [[Farooq Qaiser]]
|-
|''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Sujeet Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]'' ||Raghunath Jhalani || [[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]] || Drama || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Badi Didi]]'' || [[Narendra Suri]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Balak]]'' || [[B. K. Adarsh]] || [[Sarika]], [[Jaymala Adarsh]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Jagdeep]], [[Jr. Memmod]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]'' || [[Narendra Bedi]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Rupesh Kumar]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Beti (1969 film)|Beti]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra]] || [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Sanjay Khan]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai Bahen]]'' || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bhuvan Shome]]'' || [[Mrinal Sen]] || [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Suhasini Mulay]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]'' || [[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] || [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Mehmood Junior]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Chirag]]'' || [[Raj Khosla]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Asha Parekh]] ||Drama ||
|-
|}

==D-J==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukarke]]'' ||[[Dulal Guha]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Leela Mishra]] || Drama || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'' || [[Brij Sadanah]] || [[Jeetendra]], Mala Sinha, Ashok Kumar || Action Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Do Raaste]]''||[[Raj Khosla]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Balraj Sahani]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Drama || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Doli (film)|Doli]]'' ||[[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Babita]] || Drama || Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Phool Do Mali]]'' || [[Devendra Goel]] || [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Sanjay Khan]], Sadhna || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Shrimaan Ek Shrimati]]'' ||[[Bhappi Sonie]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Babita]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Rajendra Nath]] || Romance, Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Gunda]]'' || [[Mohammed Hussain]] || [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Master Bhagvan]], [[Shakeela Bano]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] || Action Crime ||
|-
| ''[[Gustakhi Maaf]]'' || [[Raj Kumar Bedi]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Tanuja]], [[Sujit Kumar]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Ek Hain (1969 film)|Hum Ek Hain]]'' || [[Daljeet]] || [[Balraj Sani]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Madhumathi]], [[Laxmi Chahya]] || Action Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ka Mandir]]'' || [[B. R. Ishaara]] || [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Snehlata]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Tarun Bose]] || Crime Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Intaqam]]'' || [[R. K. Nayyar]] || [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhna]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Sanjay Khan]] || Thriller || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] || Suspense, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Jaal Saz]]'' || Aravind Sen, Mohammed Hussain || Dara Singh, Kishore Kumar, Mala Sinha, Pran || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Jahan Pyar Miley]]'' || [[Lekh Tandon]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]] || Romance, Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' || [[L. V. Prasad]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Tanuja]], [[Manmohan Krishna]] || Drama || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Jigri Dost]]'' || [[Ravikant Nagaich]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Comedy || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Jothi (1969 film)|Jyoti]]'' ||Dulal Guha || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], Aruna Irani, Jagdeep, [[Navodita]] ||Drama ||
|-
|}

==K-N==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' ||[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Dharmendra]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''Madhavi'' || [[Chanakya]] || [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Deepa]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Mukri]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Roopesh Kumar]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Aruna Irani]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahabaladu]]'' || ||Krishna, Vaneeshri || ||Telugu Dubb
|-
|''[[Mahal (1969 film)|Mahal]]'' ||Shanker Mukherjee || [[Dev Anand]], [[Asha Parekh]] ||Mystery ||
|-
| ''[[Mahuaa (1969 film)|Mahua]]'' ||Bibhuti Mitra ||Shiv Kumar, Anjana, Aruna Irani ||Musical Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Dost]]'' ||Roshan Lal Malhotra ||Sheik Mukthar, Mumtaz, Aruna Irani, Mukri ||Action Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Yaar Mera Dushman (1969 film)|Mera Yaar Mera Dushman]]'' ||Anil Ganguly || [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] ||Action Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Meri Bhabhi]]'' ||Khalid Akthar ||[[Waheeda Rehman]], Sunil Dutt, Mehammod, Aruna Irani, Kamini Kaushal. || || Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
| ''[[Mr. Murder (1969 film)|Mr. Murder]]'' || [[Nisar Ahmad Ansari]] || [[Nisar Ahmad Ansari]], [[Nakhi Jahan]], [[Change Usmani]] || Suspense ||
|-
| ''[[Mujhe Seene Se Laga Lo]]'' ||Datta Dharmadhikari ||Ved Bushan, Uma Khosla || ||
|-
| ''[[Munna (1969 film)|Munna]]'' ||Pahni Majumdar || || ||
|-
| ''[[Nanha Farishta]]'' ||K. Prakash Rao || [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Balraj Sahni, Padmini, Ajit ||Action Crime ||
|-
| ''[[Nateeja]]'' ||Rajesh Nanda ||Vinod Khanna, Bindu, Mehmmod Jr, Ashish Kumar ||Action Drama ||
|-
|}

==O-R==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Oos Raat Ke Baad]]'' ||Y. B. Siraj ||[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Tanuja]], [[Madan Puri]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Paisa Ya Pyaar]]'' ||Jawar Sitaraman ||Biswajeet, Mala Sinha, Tanuja, Ashok Kumar ||Comedy Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Patthar Ke Khwab]]'' ||Pal Premi ||Mahipal, Parveen Chowdari, Madhumati || ||
|-
| ''[[Prarthana (1969 film)|Prarthana]]'' ||Vasant Joglekar ||Abhi Bhatarcharya, Nana Palsikar, || ||
|-
| ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' ||[[Lekh Tandon]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Priya (1969 film)|Priya]]'' ||Govind Saraiya ||Sanjeev Kumar, Tanuja ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Pujarin (1969 film)|Pujarin]]'' ||Dhirubhai Desai ||Vijay Dutt, Rehana Sultan || ||
|-
| ''[[Pyasi Sham]]'' ||Amar Kumar || [[Sunil Dutt]], Feroz Khan, [[Sharmila Tagore]] ||Romance, Thriller||
|-
| ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]'' ||[[Bhappi Sonie]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Salim Khan]], [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]], [[Mehmood Jr.]], [[Sulochana Latkar]] || Romance || Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' ||[[Nasir Hussain]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Asha Parekh]] ||Musical Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Pyar Ka Sapna]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Rahgir]]'' || [[Tarun Majumdar]] || [[Biswajeet]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Shashikala]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], Padma, [[Vasant Choudhary]] || Romantic, Social, Drama || Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[Gulzar]]
|-
| ''[[Raja Saab]]'' || [[Suraj Prakash]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] ||Drama || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
|-
| ''[[Rakhi Rakhi]]'' ||Mahesh Kaul ||Rakesh Behl, Suresh Chatwal, Baskar || ||
|-
| ''[[Road to Sikkim]]'' || [[Ravindra Dave]] || [[Dev Kumar]], [[Anju Mahendru]] || ||
|-
|}

==S-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' || [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] || [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jalal Agha]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]] ||Historical Drama || Debut appearance of Amitabh Bachchan
|-
| ''[[Sachaai]]'' ||K. Shanker || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Babita]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]'' ||Mohan Segal || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Samay Bada Balwan]]'' || [[Sohrab Modi]] || [[Sohrab Modi]], [[Sailesh Kumar]], Shahida, [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] || Social Drama || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
|''[[Sambandh]]'' ||Ajoy Biswas || [[Deb Mukherjee]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Anjana Mumtaz]], [[Sulochana Latkar]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sansar Leela]]'' ||Bhabubhai Mistry ||Dinesh Hingoo, Zeb Rehman, Arvind Pandya || ||
|-
| ''[[Sara Aakash]]'' ||[[Basu Chatterjee]] ||[[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]], [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Dina Pathak]] ||Drama ||
|-
|''[[Satyakam]]'' ||[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Shart (1969 film)|Shart]]'' ||Keval Misra ||Sanjay Khan, Mumtaz, Kumud Chuggani, Rajendranath || ||
|-
| ''[[Shatranj (1969 film)|Shatranj]]'' ||[[S. S. Vasan]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] ||Spy Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Simla Road]]'' ||Jugal Kishore ||Hiralal, Mehmmod, Jugal Kishore || ||
|-
| ''[[Surya Devata]]'' ||Sarad Desai ||Ashish Kumar, Amrit Patel, Jeevan Dhar || ||
|-
| ''[[Talash (1969 film)|Talash]]'' || [[O. P. Ralhan]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Tamanna (1969 film)|Tamanna]]'' ||Kolli Pratyagamat ||Biswajeet, Mala Sinha, Shashikala, Nazima ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[The Gold Medal (film)|The Gold Medal]]'' || [[Ravikant Nagaich]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] ||Spy Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Thief of Baghdad (1969 film)|Thief of Baghdad]]'' || [[Shriram Bohra]] || [[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[B. M. Vyas]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Toofan (1969 film)|Toofan]]'' ||Radhakanth ||Dara Singh, Anita, Helen || ||
|-
| ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]'' || [[Pramod Chakravorty]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Babita]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Romance, Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwas (film)|Vishwas]]'' ||Kewal P. Kashyap || [[Jeetendra]], [[Aparna Sen]] ||Drama || Kalyanji Anandji
|-
| ''[[Wapas (1969 film)|Wapas]]'' ||Satyen Bose ||Ajay Varekar, Alka || ||
|-
| ''[[Wardrobe (film)|Wardrobe]]'' ||Vishnu Mathur || || ||
|-
| ''[[Waris (1969 film)|Waris]]'' || [[Ramanna (film director)|Ramanna]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Nazima]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Sudesh Kumar]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] || Family Romance Action || Music: [[R. D. Burman]]<Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Yakeen (1969 film)|Yakeen]]'' ||[[Brij Sadanah]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] ||Drama ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1969 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1969]]
[[Category:Lists of 1969 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1969 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Maru river (Wainganga basin)

2025-12-14T11:36:32Z

TeresitaBunch: put up initial location and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Maru River
| native_name ={{native name|mr|मारू नदी}}
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = File:Maru River near Bhiwapur.jpg
| image_caption = Maru river near Bhiwapur
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vidarbha]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = Nagpur
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|20|42|44|N|79|19|48|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Gose Khurd Dam]]
| mouth_location = Marupar
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|53|8|N|79|33|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Maru river''' ({{langx|mr|मारू नदी}}) is a minor river of eastern [[Vidarbha]] flowing through [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] and [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] districts. It flows near [[Bhiwapur]] forming a boundary between Nagpur and Bhandara districts for a short distance. Further, it flows to the east of [[Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary]] and discharges itself into [[Gose Khurd Dam]] on [[Wainganga]] river. Maru is a seasonal river running dry in hot seasons, but flows good during monsoon.

It is said that alluvial gold mining is practiced in the basin of Maru river by the locals of Bhiwapur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deb |first=Mihir |date=2011-07-26 |title=Mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining |url=http://mercury2011.org/print_schedule.php?S17%20(II)&TS17-O12 |journal=The 10th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant |location=Halifax |access-date=2015-12-16 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153019/http://mercury2011.org/print_schedule.php?S17%20(II)&TS17-O12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Nagpur district]]

Mallakhamba

2025-11-27T17:53:43Z

TeresitaBunch: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian pole-related sport}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Mallakhamba
| image = Malakhambha pradarshana Nudisir 2015 02.JPG
| alt =
| caption = A mallakhamba team performs on the pole, 2015
| union = Mallakhamb Federation of India
| nickname = 
| first = c. 2nd century BCE
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team =
| mgender = Yes
| type = Indoor or outdoor, gymnastics, [[pole sports]]
| equipment = Wrestling grips, vertical pole
| venue =
| glossary =
| region = India
| olympic = [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]
| world =
| paralympic =
| obsolete =
| IWGA =
}}
'''Mallakhamba''', or '''Mallakhamb''' or '''Mallarkambam''' is a [[Traditional games of India|traditional sport]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], in which a group of [[gymnast]]s perform aerial [[yoga]] and [[gymnastic]] postures using [[wrestling]] grips in concert with a stationary vertical pole. The word mallakhamba also refers to the pole used in the sport.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gamessportscultu0000unse/page/96|title=Games, sports and cultures|date=2000|publisher=Berg|last=Dyck|first=Noel|isbn=1-85973-312-3|location=Oxford|oclc=44485325|page=[https://archive.org/details/gamessportscultu0000unse/page/96 96]}}</ref> The pole is usually made from [[sheesham|shisham]] (Indian rosewood) polished with [[castor oil]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yWVYAAAAYAAJ&q=mallakhamb Sport in the USSR. - Issues 1-12; Issues 286-297, pp.9]</ref> Other popular versions of ''mallakhamba'' are practiced using a cane or a rope instead of a pole.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bromber |editor1-first=Katrin |editor2-last=Krawietz |editor2-first=Birgit |editor3-last=Maguire |editor3-first=Joseph |title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-88438-9 |oclc=800447515 |page=137 }}</ref> The origins of [[pole dancing]] can be traced back to the sport of ''mallakhamba''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Mallika |title=Aarifa Bhinderwala: India's pioneering pole dancer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/asia/aarifa-bhinderwala-her-india/index.html |work=CNN |date=11 September 2017 }}</ref>

The name ''mallakhamba'' derives from the terms ''malla'', meaning wrestler, and ''khamba'', which means a pole. Literally meaning "wrestling pole", the term refers to a traditional training implement used by wrestlers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.evergalax.com/content/mallakhamb|title=Mallakhamb – History, Indian Gymnastic Pole, Information In English|date=12 September 2018|location=Mumbai, India}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] declared ''mallakhamba'' to be an official state sport. By 2017, more than 20 other states in India had added it as one of their state sports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-mallakamb-the-art-of-aerial-yoga/photo-P5Ml0CXIN6UMPP5846OexJ.html|title=Mallakamb: The art of aerial yoga|date=2017-06-11|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114212901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-mallakamb-the-art-of-aerial-yoga/photo-P5Ml0CXIN6UMPP5846OexJ.html|archive-date=November 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Performing mallakhamb.jpg|thumb|300px|Performing mallakhamb]]

Early examples of ''mallakhamba'' are seen on [[Chandraketugarh]] pottery from between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where figures are shown exhibiting gymnastics by [[hanging]] on a pole like structure in the [[shape]] of a T which is held by another person. In 7th century CE, [[Chinese Buddhist]] [[pilgrim]] [[Xuanzang|Xuanzhang]] provides evidence of pole climbing of the pillar cult which he witnessed at Prayagraj. Xuanzhang records that Hindu ascetics climbed the top of a pole situated at Prayagraj, clinging onto it with one hand and one foot, and watched the sunset with their heads turned to the right as it set, marking it as a type a solar rite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=John |title=The ancient pillar-cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): its pre-Aśokan origins |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=April 1983 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=253–280 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00137487 |jstor=25211537 |s2cid=162953368 }}</ref> The earliest mention of ''mallakhamba'' in a literary work is in the 1135 CE Sanskrit classic ''[[Manasollasa]]'', written by the Western Chalukya king [[Someshvara III]]. A [[Rajput]] painting from 1610 CE shows athletes performing various [[acrobatics]], including [[pole climbing]], while dancing to Raga Desahka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|title=painting|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155955/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|archive-date=February 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A Mughal painting from 1670 depicts athletes practicing [[Indian club|club swinging]], weightlifting, and pole climbing similar to ''mallakhamba''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059|title=Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art|last=Ashmolean Museum|first=University of Oxford|website=jameelcentre.ashmolean.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231438/http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059|archive-date=February 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Little mention of ''mallakhamba'' exists between the late 17th century to the late 18th century, until it received new interest from Balambhatta Dada Deodhar, the teacher of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]]. During the first half of the 19th century, [[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi]] learned ''mallakhamba'' with her childhood friends [[Nana Saheb]] and [[Tantia Tope]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deepa |first1=Agarwal |title=Puffin Lives: Rani Laxmibai: The Valiant Queen of Jhansi |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India PVT, Limited |isbn=978-0-14-333084-4 |oclc=666466167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h747vxHZd9wC&q=mallkhamb&pg=PT10#v=snippet&q=mallkhamb&f=false}}</ref>

{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}

''Mallakhamba'' was [[Indian sports at the 1936 Summer Olympics|demonstrated]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Nag 2021">{{cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=2021-04-21 |title=Was kabaddi in Olympics? Here's the truth |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/kabaddi-in-olympics-berlin-1936-exhibition-sport |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> Competitive ''mallakhamba'' made its first appearance in 1958 at the National Gymnastics Championships (NGCs) held at the Pahadganj Stadium, [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The Gymnastics Federation of India (GFI) proposed to recognize the game and include it in subsequent NGCs. The first national ''mallakhamba'' championships were held in 1962 at [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], as part of the NGCs. Around 1968, the game was introduced in the All-India Inter-University Gymnastics Championships. The national ''mallakhamba'' championships were organized annually by the GFI until 1976. In 1977, the ''mallakhamba'' championships were removed from the GFI, and no major championship games were held until 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ramendra Singh|date=Aug 31, 2020 |title=MP state sport, mallakhamb, makes it to Tokyo Olympics {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-state-sport-mallakhamb-makes-it-to-tokyo-olympics/articleshow/77843860.cms |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Bamshankar Joshi and other ''mallakhamba'' enthusiasts in [[Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh, founded an all-India level organization named the Mallakhamb Federation of India. The first all-India national ''mallakhamba'' championships were organized by the new sports association in 1981 from January 28 to 29 at Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. The event brought in representatives from all over India. The national ''mallakhamba'' championships have since been organized by different state associations affiliated to this federation.

Competitively, there are three variations of ''mallakhamba'' which have been in practice since 1937:

# Pole ''mallakhamba''
# Hanging ''mallakhamba''
# Rope ''mallakhamba''

All variations are practiced by both men and women, though pole ''mallakhamba'' is more commonly practiced by men, and rope ''mallakhamba'' by women.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pole dancing, empowerment and embodiment|last=Holland, Samantha.|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-29043-3|location=Houndmills, Balsingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=688185171|page=62}}</ref> All ''mallakhamba'' competitions are organized under the rules made by the Mallakhamb Federation of India, and 28 states are affiliated to the Federation. Himani Uttam Parab won gold medal in rope long set in the first World Mallakhamb Championship 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Shikhar Dhawan to Ankita Raina: A look at players who won prestigious Arjuna award this year |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/from-shikhar-dhawan-to-ankita-raina-a-look-at-players-who-won-prestigious-arjuna-award-this-year-429127 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=WION |date=November 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Variations and specifications ==
=== Pole ''mallakhamba'' ===
In this variation, a vertical wooden pole made of [[teak]] wood or [[sheesham]] is fixed to the ground. The pole is smeared with [[castor oil]], which helps to minimize excessive friction. Participants perform various acrobatic feats and poses while hanging on the pole. Wrestlers mount, dismount, and utilize the pole for various complex [[calisthenics]] designed to develop their grip, stamina, and strength in the arms, legs, and upper body.

There are a number of different types of pole, although the most common is a free-standing upright pole, some eight to ten inches in diameter, planted into the ground. The pole used in competitions is a straight pole made of teak or sheesham wood, standing {{convert|2.6|m|ft}} in height with a circumference of {{convert|55|cm|in}} at the base. It gradually tapers to a circumference of {{convert|35|cm|in}} at the top.

The specifications of pole ''mallakhamba'' are as follows:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Range
!Height (senior group)
!Height (sub-junior group)
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|-
|Above the ground
|2600 to 2800
|2400 to 2600
|-
|Under the ground
|800 to 900
|700 to 800
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|180 to 200
|-
|Top
|70
|60
|-
|Total length
|3400 to 3700
|3100 to 3400
|-
!colspan="3"|Circumference
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|-
|Bottom
|530 to 550
|480 to 500
|-
|Below the neck
|300 to 350
|300 to 350
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|180 to 200
|-
|Top
|350
|300
|-
|}

=== Hanging ''mallakhamba'' ===
This type of ''mallakhamba'' is similar to pole ''mallakhamba'', but uses a shorten wooden pole shorter than the one used in pole ''mallakhamba''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Mallakhamb |url=https://tamilnadumallakhambassociation.com/about-mallakhamb/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Tamilnadu Mallakhamb Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Instead of being planted into the ground, the pole is hung with hooks and a chain, leaving a gap between the ground and the bottom of the ''mallakhamba''.

The specifications of hanging ''mallakhamba'' are as follows:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Range
!Height
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|-
|{{Clarify|reason=Missing range|date=November 2019}}
|1700 to 1900
|-
|Neck height
|180 to 200
|-
|Top height
|70
|-
|Distance between bottom and ground
|650 to 700
|-
|Height of the structure
|4600 to 4800
|-
!colspan="2"|Circumference
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|-
|Bottom
|4500 to 5000
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|-
|Below the neck
|250 to 300
|-
|}

=== Rope ''mallakhamba'' ===
In this variation, the participants perform exercises while hanging on a rope suspended from a support at the top.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/mallakhamb-ancient-indian-sport|title=Mallakhamb: Ancient Indian sport|date=5 December 2012|newspaper=MSN News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116105646/http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/mallakhamb-ancient-indian-sport|archive-date=16 January 2013|location=India}}</ref> The rope is typically {{Convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=}} long, and approximately {{Convert|1 to 2|cm|in|abbr=}} in diameter. The rope is caught by the performer in the gap between the big toe and the second toe, along with one or both hands. After climbing upwards on the rope, the performer ties the rope around the body through a sequence of steps. The performer then reaches various positions called ''Udi'' ("to fly"), some of which are imitations of standard [[asana]].

Rope ''mallakhamba'' was historically performed on a piece of [[Cane (grass)|cane grass]], but due to the lack of access to cane, a cotton rope is commonly used. Performers are expected to perform various exercises without knotting the rope in any way.

The specifications of rope ''mallakhamba'' are as follows:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Dimension
!Measurement (Senior Group)
!Measurement (Sub-Junior Group)
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|-
|Length
|6000 to 6500
|6000 to 6500
|-
|Thickness
|18 to 20
|12 to 13
|-
|Height of the structure
|5800 to 6000
|5800 to 6000
|-
|}

== Official international organizations ==
* Vishwa Mallakhamb Federation (VMF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/india-hosts-first-ever-world-mallakhamb-championship-in-mumbai-5590757/|title = India hosts first-ever World Mallakhamb Championship in Mumbai|date = February 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/india-win-team-event-at-mallakhamb-world-championship-2039549.html|title = India Win Team Event at Mallakhamb World Championship|date = February 17, 2019}}</ref>
* Mallakhamb Confederation of World (MCW)
* Asian Mallakhamb Federation (AMF)
* South Asian Mallakhamb Federation (SAMF)
* Mallakhamb Federation USA (MFU)

== Official Indian mallakhamb sport national organizations ==
* '''Mallakhamb Federation''', widely known as '''Mallakhamb Federation of India (MFI)''', registered on 7 June 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamb Federation Of India - About MFI |url=https://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/about_mfi.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104105643/http://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/about_mfi.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mallakhambfederationofindia.com}}</ref> with Registration No. 13752 in [[Ujjain]], M.P. It is affiliated with Vishwa Mallakhamb Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VISHWA MALLAKHAMB FEDERATION |url=https://vishwamallakhamb.com/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=vishwamallakhamb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamb Federation Of India - World Championship |url=https://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/world-championship.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mallakhambfederationofindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424110618/https://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/world-championship.php|archive-date=24 April 2023|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In September 2022, ''[[The Times of India]]'' revealed that following allegations for sexual harassment and the failure to comply with the national sports code of India 2011, the MFI's recognition as a National Sports Federation was withdrawn and its annual financial grant stopped by the sports ministry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Sabi |title=Mallakhamb federation's president resigns over sexual harassment charges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/mallakhamb-federations-president-resigns-over-sexual-harassment-charges/articleshow/94316158.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=20 September 2022 }}</ref>
* '''Mallakhamb Sports Federation of India (MSFI)''' has been affiliated with Mallakhamb Confederation of World (MCW), Asian Mallakhamb Federation (AMF), South Asian Mallakhamb Federation (SAMF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamba |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/1455914291329179/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |publisher=Facebook|language=en}}</ref>

===Indian National Sports Award recipients===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:19%" | Award
! scope="col" style="width:16%" | Gender
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Ref(s)
|- {{anchor|MallakhambAA}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yogesh|Malviya|nolink=1}}
| [[Dronacharya Award]] || Male || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced – Rohit Sharma, Mariyappan T., Manik Batra, Ms Vinesh and Ms Rani bag the Khel Ratna|date=2020-08-21|publisher=Press Information Bureau Delhi|access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Himani|Parab|nolink=1}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Arjuna Award]] || Female || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.deccansociety.org/newsroom/news/Kirti-College-student-Ms-Himani-Parab-won-the-Arjuna-Award-2021.dz|title=Kirti College student Ms. Himani Parab won the Arjuna Award 2021|date=2021-12-11|publisher=Deccan Education Society Alumni Network|access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sagar Kailas|Ovhalkar|nolink=1}}
| Male || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-chemburs-mechanical-engineer-becomes-first-man-to-receive-arjuna-award-for-mallakhamb|title=Mumbai: Chembur's mechanical engineer becomes first man to receive Arjuna Award for Mallakhamb|date=2022-12-18|publisher=The Free Press Journal|access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Bo-taoshi]]
* [[Chinese pole]]
* [[Insuknawr]]
* [[Kalaripayattu]]
* [[Malla-yuddha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite thesis |last1=Burtt |first1=Jon |title=Mallakhamb: An investigation into the Indian physical practice of rope and pole Mallakhamb |date=2010 |url=https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1870/ }}
* {{Cite web|title=IndiaPress.org|work=Listing of traditional games and sports of India|url=http://sports.indiapress.org/mallakhamb.php|accessdate=April 1, 2007}}
* {{Cite web|title=mallkhambindia.com|work=Mallakhamb: The Authentic Indian Sport|url=http://www.mallkhambindia.com/|accessdate=April 1, 2007|archive-date=May 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515144433/http://mallkhambindia.com/|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|title=aquafishsilver.com|work="MALLAKHAMB" – A Great Traditional Ancient Art of Indian Physical Culture.|url=http://www.aquafishsilver.com/aquafishsilver/mbfwhtml/healthandfitness_mallakhamb_the_complete_body_workout.html|accessdate=April 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702144200/http://www.aquafishsilver.com/aquafishsilver/mbfwhtml/healthandfitness_mallakhamb_the_complete_body_workout.html|archive-date=July 2, 2007|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Mujumdar|editor-first=D.C.|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture|publisher=Baroda: Sree Ram Vijaya Printing Press|year=1950}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210030821/http://library.thinkquest.org/11372/data/mallakhamb.htm Mallakhamb] on [[ThinkQuest]] (archive)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Malkhamb}}
* [http://www.mallakhambindia.com Mallakhamb India website]
* [https://mallakhambinusa.org/ Mallakhamb in USA website]

[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Exercise equipment]]
[[Category:Gymnastics apparatus]]
[[Category:Gymnastics disciplines]]
[[Category:Sport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Wrestling in India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Samacheer Kalvi

2025-11-25T07:21:29Z

TeresitaBunch: quick update

{{Short description|Indian state education department}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| website =
| commercial = No
| type = School Education
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] through [[Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)]]
| founderimage =
| founder =
| mission_statement = Uniform System of School Education
| date_of_establishment = 30 November 2009
| funding =
}}

[[File:சமச்சிர் கல்வி.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Two children from Tamil Nadu holding a Samacheer Kalvi textbook]]
'''Samacheer Kalvi''' or '''Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education''' or '''Equitable education system''' is a [[Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)|School Education Department]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] programme to integrate the various school educational systems within the state. Uniform System of School Education was implemented by '''Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education Act 2010''' which paves way for quality education to all children without any discrimination based on their economic, social or cultural background. The new system of education was introduced for classes I and VI in the 2010 academic year.

The system was introduced by [[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi-led DMK government]]. It was scrapped by [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK government]] shortly after assuming office in May 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/tamil-nadu-textbook-row-aiadmk-dmk-138064-2011-07-21|title = Tamil Nadu: Politics over textbooks costs Tamil Nadu students dear}}</ref> The scrapping was challenged in the court. The [[Supreme Court of India]] in its verdict in August 2011, directed the AIADMK government to implement it.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=AIADMK to Implement Samacheer Kalvi From This Year|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/aiadmk-to-implement-samacheer-kalvi-from-this-year/730667|access-date=16 December 2021|magazine=Outlook}}</ref>

==Background==
There are over 12 million students in four streams of school education comprising about 45,000 state board schools, 11,000 matriculation schools, 25 oriental schools and 50 Anglo-Indian schools, with different syllabus, textbooks and schemes of examinations.

==Need for a unified system==
The main need for this system to be proclaimed as the syllabus in Tamil Nadu, was that all the school students must have uniform study, diminishing the variations between the Matriculation or [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] Students and the Government school Students. The motivation for a uniform syllabus was obtained from the Ex. Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[K. Kamaraj]] who was the first to initiate a uniform dress code in schools to reduce the differentiation between students from households with varying income. Tamil Nadu government also published school books in digital format.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timetableresults.com/tag/school-text-books/|title=School Text Books|last=|first=|date=|website=Time Table Results|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==Litigation==
[[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa Government]] dropped the Samacheer Kalvi syllabus for the 2011–2012 academic year as the books had content in praise of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK's]] leaders. But, the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Tamil Nadu]] ordered that Samacheer Kalvi must come into immediate effect. Tamil Nadu Government moved the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and the apex court refused to stay the order of the High Court and insisted that the books need to be distributed on or before 2 August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/08/stories/2010070862860200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712232729/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/08/stories/2010070862860200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2010|title=Samacheer Kalvi leaves parents anxious|last=Thomas|first=Liffy|date=8 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref>

On 9 August 2011, the Supreme Court of India rejected Tamil Nadu State Government's request to drop the Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education and also directed the state government to implement the Uniform System of School Education (Amendment) Act within 10 days i.e., within 19 August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2339318.ece|title=Supreme Court directs TN to implement Samacheer Kalvi|date=9 August 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 August 2011}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India in its order said that any sort of objectionable material such as personal glorification, self publicity and promotion involved, could be deleted, rather than putting the operation of the Act 2010 in abeyance.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

On 23 February 2022, a public interest litigation petition was filed the Madras High Court seeking a direction to the State government to adopt the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) syllabus for State Board schools. The petitioners claimed that Samacheer Kalvi was not helping the students crack the competitive exams. The HC dismissed the petition, at the stage of admission. First Division Bench of Chief Justice Munishwar Nath Bhandari and Justice D. Bharatha Chakravarthy did not entertain the case and said that it was for the government and not the court to decide the appropriate type of syllabus for schools.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Legal |title=Court dismisses PIL plea to knock off Samacheer Kalvi and adopt NCERT syllabus in State Board schools |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/court-dismisses-pil-plea-to-knock-off-samacheer-kalvi-and-adopt-ncert-syllabus-in-state-board-schools/article65076731.ece |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=23 February 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Textbook controversies]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]

Sundararajan Kidambi

2025-10-25T20:42:27Z

TeresitaBunch: Added Initial Article Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1982)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sundararajan|Kidambi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2009)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main4336.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2526 (January 2010)
| FideID = 5005370
}}

'''Sundararajan Kidambi''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
He is India's 19th Grandmaster, and trained with top grandmaster [[Krishnan Sasikiran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/chess-players-of-1981-83-era/|title=The Golden era of Indian chess: Players born in 1981-83|date=28 April 2017|first=Vikramaditya|last=Kulkarni}}</ref> Sundararajan achieved his GM norms at the:<ref name="FIDEGM"/>
*Canadian Open International Chess Tournament in July 2005
*Badalona International Open in August 2008
*Dubai Open in May 2009

In June 2017, he was held to draw by Anup Deshmukh in the Catalan Chess Circuit in Montcada, Spain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/deshmukh-holds-13th-seed-grandmaster-kidambi-in-27-moves/articleshow/59358426.cms|title=Deshmukh holds 13th seed Grandmaster Kidambi in 27 moves|first=Amit|last=Sampat|date=28 June 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref>

In October 2018, he held [[Vladimir Kramnik]] (who was rated over 300 points higher) to a draw in first round of the Isle of Man International Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/isle-of-man-2018-round-1|title=Isle of Man: Half-upsets|first=Antonio|last=Pereira|date=21 October 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, he finished in joint seventh place at the Liffré International Open in France with a score of 6/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Antonio-Viani-wins-double-in-France|title=Antonio Viani wins double in France|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|5005370}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kidambi, Sundararajan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Pardeep Kumar (discus thrower)

2025-10-20T04:06:37Z

TeresitaBunch: Added The Bio W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Indian Paralympic athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pardeep Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|02|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| event = [[Discus throw]]
| disability_class = [[F64 (classification)|F64]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw#Medalists|Discus throw F64]]}}
}}

'''Pardeep Kumar''' (born 15 February 1999) is an Indian [[para-athletics|para]] [[Discus throw|discus thrower]] who competes in F64 category.

==Early life==
Born in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], Kumar had been serving as a member of a [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorhka regiment]] in 2019, when on a patrolling duty, he fell victim to a landmine blast in [[Srinagar]], in which he survived and had his left leg amputated. While recovering at a hospital, he was told he could do sports, motivating him. Kumar had visited a prosthetics centre to obtain artificial limbs and came to find out para athletes were training there. He was then introduced to javelin and discus throw.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/they-survived-mine-blasts-now-armymen-soman-rana-and-pardeep-rana-are-world-championship-medallists-10288163/|title=They survived mine blasts. Now, Armymen Soman Rana and Pardeep Rana are World Championship medallists|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2025-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/pardeep-kumar-wins-bronze-medal-in-mens-discus-throw-f64-event-at-the-world-para-athletics-championships-2025-7142616.html|title=Pardeep Kumar Wins Bronze Medal in Men's Discus Throw F64 Event at the World Para-Athletics Championships 2025|publisher=LatestLY|date=2025-10-05}}</ref>

==Career==
When Kumar began his para-athletic career in 2019, he was originally given the [[T44 (classification)|F44]] classification.<ref name="IE"/>

Kumar competed for his country at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]], held in 2023, although he did not medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/asian-para-games/full-list-303-indian-para-athletes-44423|title=Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian para-athletes|publisher=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports|date=2023-10-17}}</ref>

In August 2025, Kumar was selected to represent India at the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/world-champion-sumit-antil-to-lead-indian-challenge-at-world-para-athletics-championships-preethi-pal-dharambir-named-flag-bearers-10215089/|title=World champion Sumit Antil to lead Indian challenge at World Para Athletics Championships; Preethi Pal, Dharambir named flag-bearers|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2025-08-27}}</ref> He won a bronze medal in the [[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|discus throw F64]] event, with a season best throw of 46.23 meters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/world-para-athletics-championships-nishad-kumar-simran-sharma-win-gold-india-climb-to-4th-ws-l-9612926.html|title=World Para Athletics Championships: Simran Sharma Scripts History, Nishad Kumar Stuns Roderick Townsend|publisher=News18|date=2025-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/indians-results-medals-world-para-athletics-championships-2025-october-3-day-7-new-delhi/article70121372.ece|title=World Para Athletics Championships 2025, October 3: Indian results and medals on Day 7|publisher=Sportstar|date=2025-10-03}}</ref> He thus became the first Army para athlete to win a world medal.<ref name="IE"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Pardeep}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Indian amputees]]
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Kanpur Wale Khuranas

2025-10-03T21:54:10Z

TeresitaBunch: new the entry needs work

{{short description|Indian television comedy show}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kanpur Wale Khuranas.webp
| caption =
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]] [[Chat show]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| presenter = [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| starring = [[Sunil Grover]] [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] [[Sugandha Mishra]] [[Upasana Singh]] [[Adaa Khan]] [[Aparshakti Khurana]] [[Farah Khan]] [[Shilpa Shinde]] [[Antara Biswas]] [[Karishma Tanna]] [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]] [[Divyanka Tripathi]] [[Hina Khan]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 16
| producer = Preeti Simoes Neeti Simoes
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|12|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|2|9|df=y}}
| related = 
| channel = [[Star Plus]]
| image_alt =
| list_episodes =
| network =
| released =
}}

'''''Kanpur Wale Khuranas''''' is an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Hindi]] comedy show that talks about the highlights of 2018. Celebrities who made news in the year will be seen interacting with the Khurana family. The show is broadcast on [[Star Plus]]. The show, premiered on 15 December 2018.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

==Cast==
*[[Sunil Grover]] as Pramod Kumar
*[[Adaa Khan]] as Mrs. Pramod Kumar
*[[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Host, Pramod's brother-in-law
* [[Jatinder Suri (actor)]] as Pramod's sister-in-law
*[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Pramod's sister-in-law
*[[Sugandha Mishra]] as Pramod's sister-in-law
*[[Upasana Singh]] as Pramod's sister-in-law
*[[Farah Khan]] as neighbour of Khuranas

==List of episodes==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:2%; background:darkviolet; text-align:center"|{{font color | white |No.}}
! style="width:57%; background:darkviolet;"|{{font color | white |Guest(s)}}
! style="width:15%; background:darkviolet; text-align:center;"|{{font color | white |Date of Broadcast}}
! style="width:23%; background:darkviolet; text-align:center;"|{{font color | white |Featured Promotion}}
! style="width:3%; background:darkviolet; text-align:center;"|{{font color | white |Ref}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Ranveer Singh]] & [[Rohit Shetty]]
|style="text-align:center;"|15 December 2018
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Simmba]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanpur Wale Khuranas is going to have its premiere on 15 December 2018 with Simmba star Ranveer Singh and director Rohit Shetty|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kanpur-wale-khuranas-led-by-sunil-grover-all-set-to-welcome-ranveer-singh-and-team-simmba-1958790?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|website=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=10 December 2018|date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Sonu Sood]] & [[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
|style="text-align:center;"|16 December 2018
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[Dharmendra]] & [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|style="text-align:center;"|22 December 2018
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|Guest Appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dharmendra raps with Badshah on Kanpur Wale Khuranas|url=https://dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/iwmbuzz-epaper-iwmbuzz/dharmendra+raps+with+badshah+on+kanpur+waale+khuranas-newsid-104557354/amp|website=[[Dailyhunt]]|accessdate=23 December 2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Udit Narayan]], Deepa Narayan & [[Aditya Narayan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|23 December 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Udit Narayan along with wife Deepa and son Aditya visits Kanpur Wale Khuranas|url=http://lokmat.com/television/udit-and-aditya-narayan-will-appear-program/amp/|website=[[Lokmat]]|accessdate=23 December 2018|date=23 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Hina Khan]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]] and [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|29 December 2018
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|[[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|style="text-align:center;"|30 December 2018
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|7
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Jassi Gill]] & [[Sonu Kakkar]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1 January 2019
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|8
|[[Vicky Kaushal]] & [[Yami Gautam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|9
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|style="text-align:center;"|12 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] & [[Swara Bhaskar]]
|style="text-align:center;"|13 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|11
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] & [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|style="text-align:center;"|19 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Rangeela Raja]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|12
|[[Saina Nehwal]] & [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
|style="text-align:center;"|20 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]] & [[Manoj Bajpai]]
|style="text-align:center;"|26 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Sonchiriya]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|14
|[[Kapil Dev]]
|style="text-align:center;"|27 January 2019
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Guest Appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kapil Dev on Kanpur Wale Khuranas|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/kanpur-waale-khuranas/s-1909/kapil-dev-with-the-khuranas/1000228710|website=[[Hotstar]]|accessdate= 2 March 2019|date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|[[S. Sreesanth]], [[Shilpa Shinde]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3 February 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Shanthakumaran Sreesanth on Kanpur Wale Khuranas|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/kanpur-waale-khuranas/s-1909/sreesanth-visits-the-khuranas/1000229136|website=[[Hotstar]]|accessdate= 2 March 2019|date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|16
|[[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9 February 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Luka Chuppi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Luka Chuppi team on Kanpur Wale Khuranas|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/kanpur-waale-khuranas/s-1909/luka-chuppi-with-kartik-kriti/1000229595|website=[[Hotstar]]|accessdate= 2 March 2019|date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Dhala impact structure

2025-09-25T16:11:22Z

TeresitaBunch: created a post

{{Short description|Impact structure in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
| name = Dhala impact structure
| other_name = tapkeshwar pahadi
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =
| map = India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| location =
| label =
| label_position =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_ref =
| confidence = Confirmed
| diameter = {{convert|3-11|km}}
| depth =
| rise =
| imp_size =
| age = 2.44 and 2.24 Ga
| exposed =
| drilled =
| bolide =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
| topo =
| access =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| province =
| district = [[Shivpuri district]]
| municipality = Bhonti village
| module =
}}
The '''Dhala impact structure''' (N25°17'59.7" and E78°8'3.1") is an impact structure formed by an asteroid impact.<ref>{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Dhala| linkname = dhala| accessdate = 2016-04-26}}</ref> It is situated near Bhonti village in Pichhore block of [[Shivpuri district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=mint/> It is the largest impact structure in India,<ref name=mint/> and between the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia. The diameter of the structure is estimated at {{convert|3|km}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=49717|title=Meteoritical Bulletin: Entry for Dhala|website=www.lpi.usra.edu|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> while other sources estimate its diameter to be 11 km diameter. It is the second such structure found in India, after [[Lonar lake]].<ref name=mint>{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Indian geologist discovers oldest impact structure in India|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/uMSLhf2ryC7wyH0qbJtBrI/Indian-geologist-discovers-oldest-impact-structure-in-India.html|accessdate=26 July 2015|publisher=Live Mint, News|date=11 January 2009}}</ref>

It is 200 km east of the [[Ramgarh crater]].

==Impact date ==

It is estimated that the impact occurred between 2.44 and 2.24 Ga.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2017.10.006 |title=Anatomy of impactites and shocked zircon grains from Dhala reveals Paleoproterozoic meteorite impact in the Archean basement rocks of Central India |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=54 |pages=81–101 |year=2018 |last1=Li |first1=Shan-Shan |last2=Keerthy |first2=S |last3=Santosh |first3=M |last4=Singh |first4=S.P |last5=Deering |first5=C.D |last6=Satyanarayanan |first6=M |last7=Praveen |first7=M.N |last8=Aneeshkumar |first8=V |last9=Indu |first9=G.K |last10=Anilkumar |first10=Y |last11=Sajinkumar |first11=K.S |bibcode=2018GondR..54...81L }}</ref> Basement rocks are predominantly composed of [[granitoids]].

==Largest in India==

This impact structure on the [[Bundelkhand craton]] is the largest in India.<ref name=mint/><ref name=pati>{{cite conference |bibcode=2008LPICo1423.3041P |title=Dhala - A New, Complex, Paleoproterozoic Impact Structure in Central India |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lmi2008/pdf/3041.pdf |last1=Pati |first1=J. K. |last2=Reimold |first2=W. U. |last3=Koeberl |first3=C. |last4=Singh |first4=H. K. |last5=Pati |first5=P. |year=2008 |conference=Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution IV }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Astronomy|India}}

; Impact craters in India
* [[Lonar lake|Lonar crater]] at [[Lonar]] in [[Buldhana district]] of Maharashtra
* [[Luna crater]] at [[Kutch district]] of Gujarat
* [[Ramgarh crater]] in Rajasthan
* [[Shiva crater]], a proposed undersea crater west of India

; Other related topics
* [[List of impact craters on Earth]]
* [[List of possible impact structures on Earth]]
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Soda lake]]
* [[Tiger reserves of Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the dimension of Dhala Impact Crater, Central India, through integrated geographic information system and geological records |journal=Planetary and Space Science |year=2019 |last1=Keerthy |first1=S |last2=Vishnu |first2=CL |last3=Li |first3=SS |last4=Reshma |first4=N |last5=Praveen |first5=MN |last6=Oommen |first6=T |last7=Singh |first7=SP |last8=Sajinkumar |first8=KS|volume=177 |page=104691 |doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2019.07.006|bibcode=2019P&SS..17704691K |s2cid=199113888 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Anatomy of impactites and shocked zircon grains from Dhala reveals Paleoproterozoic meteorite impact in the Archean basement rocks of Central India |journal=Gondwana Research |volume = 54|pages = 81–101|year=2018 |last1=Li |first1=SS |last2=Keerthy |first2=SS |last3=Santosh |first3=M |last4=Singh |first4=SP |last5=Deering |first5=CD |last6=Satyanarayanan |first6=M |last7=Praveen |first7=MN |last8=Aneeshkumar |first8=V|last9=Indu |first9=GK |last10=Anilkumar |first10=Y |last11=Sajinkumar |first11=KS|doi = 10.1016/j.gr.2017.10.006|bibcode = 2018GondR..54...81L}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00704.x |title=The Dhala structure, Bundelkhand craton, Central India-Eroded remnant of a large Paleoproterozoic impact structure |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1383–1398 |year=2008 |last1=Pati |first1=Jayanta K |last2=Reimold |first2=Wolf Uwe |last3=Koeberl |first3=Christian |last4=Pati |first4=Puniti |bibcode=2008M&PS...43.1383P |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dhala+crater/@25.297804,78.134036,4698m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39775a38494f785f:0x6616883cb9868b0d!8m2!3d25.2974931!4d78.1421905 Google map link]

{{coord|25|18|N|78|8|E|display=title}}

{{Impact cratering on Earth}}

[[Category:Impact craters of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proterozoic impact craters]]

Central Legislative Assembly

2025-09-23T22:00:22Z

TeresitaBunch: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Lower house of the British Indian Imperial Legislative Council (1919–1947)}}
{{For|the body based in Nairobi|East Africa Central Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color =
| text_color =
| name = Central Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature = '''[[Imperial Legislative Council]]'''
| coa_pic = [[File:Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg|120px|upright|Star of India]] [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India]]
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1919|12|23}}
| disbanded = 14 August 1947
| succeeded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| house_type = [[Lower house]] of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type =
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = President
| leader4 = [[Frederick Whyte|Sir Frederick Whyte]] (first) [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] (last)
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| members = 145
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| voting_system2 =
| first_election1 =
[[1920 Indian general election]]
| last_election1 = [[1945 Indian general election]]
| last_election2 =
| previous_election1 =
| previous_election2 =
| session_room = Chamber of the House of the People.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Assembly chamber, Council House]], [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]]
| motto = ''Heaven's Light Our Guide''
|
}}

The '''Central Legislative Assembly''' was the [[lower house]] of the Indian Legislature, the [[legislature]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. It was created by the [[Government of India Act 1919]], implementing the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]. It was also sometimes called the '''Indian Legislative Assembly''' and the '''Imperial Legislative Assembly'''. The [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] was the upper house of the legislature for India.

As a result of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] including [[East Bengal]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]).

==Composition==
The new Assembly was the lower house of a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]], with a new [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] as the upper house, reviewing legislation passed by the Assembly. However, both its powers and its electorate were limited.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1974, vol. 9 Macropaedia Hu-Iv, p. 417</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bolitho |first=Hector |author-link=Hector Bolitho |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1954 |title=Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=81 |isbn=978-0-19-547323-0 |quote=The introduction of a 'two-house' parliamentary system, with a Council of State and a Central Legislative Assembly.}}</ref>

The Assembly had 145 members who were either nominated or indirectly elected from the provinces.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s27LPaLi1jYC}}</ref>

The Legislative Assembly had no members from the [[princely states]], as they were not part of British India. On 23 December 1919, when [[George V|King-Emperor George V]] gave royal assent to the Government of India Act 1919, he also made a proclamation which created the [[Chamber of Princes]], to provide a forum for the states to use to debate national questions and make their collective views known to the Government of India.<ref>V. D. Mahajan, ''Modern Indian History'' (New Delhi: Chand Publishing, 2020), p. 584</ref>

===Nominated members===
The nominated members were officials or non-officials and nominated by the Government of India and the provinces.

====Officials====
There were a total of 26 nominated officials out of which 14 were nominated by the Government of India from the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] and from the Secretariat. The other 12 came from the provinces. Madras, Bombay and Bengal nominated two officials while United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar & Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma nominated one each.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

====Non-officials====
There were a total of 15 nominated non-officials out of which 5 were nominated by the Government of India representing five special interests namely [[Associated Chambers of Commerce]], [[Indian Christians]], Labour interests, [[Anglo-Indian]]s and the Depressed Classes. The other 10 non-officials were nominated from the provinces namely two from Bengal, United Provinces and Punjab and one each from Bombay, Bihar & Orissa, Berar and the North West Frontier Province.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Elected members===
Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by [[Muslim]]s, 2 by [[Sikh]]s, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.<ref>Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara, ''Dalit Movement in India and its Leaders, 1857–1956'', M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA142 p. 142]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> Later, one seat each was added for Delhi, [[Ajmer-Merwara]] and the North West Frontier Province.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The constituencies were divided as follows:<ref name=GOIAct1919>{{cite book|last=Mira|first=H. N.|title=The Govt Of India Act 1919 Rules Thereunder And Govt Reports 1920|year=1921|publisher=N.N.Mitter Annual Register Office.|url=https://archive.org/details/govtofindiaact19029669mbp}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Province !! Seats !! Names of Constituencies
|-
| [[Colonial Assam|Assam]]
| align=center|4
| General (2): Assam Valley, Surma Valley with Shillong Muslim: Assam Muhammadan Assam European
|-
| [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| align=center|16
| General (6): Calcutta Urban (1), Calcutta suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist Municipal) (1), Calcutta Rural, Presidency Division (1), Burdwan Division (excluding Hoogly and Howrah Dist) (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Rajshahi Division (1) Muslim (5): Calcutta and suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist) (1), Burdwan and Calcutta Presidency Division (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Division (1), Rajshahi Division (1) Europeans in Bengal Presidency (2) Landholders Bengal (1) Commerce (2): Indian Chambers of Commerce (1), Rotation: Bengal Chambers of Commerce or Marwari Association or Bengal Mahajan Sabha (1)
|-
| [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]]
| align=center|12
| General (8): Tirhut Division (2), Orissa (2), Patna with Shahabad (1), Gaya with Monghyr (1), Bhagalpur Purnea and the Santhal Parganas (1), Chota Nagpur Division (1) Muslim (3): Patna and Chota Nagpur cum Orissa (1), Bhagalpur Division (1), Tirhut Division (1) Bihar and Orissa Landholders (1)
|-
| [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
| align=center|16
| General (8): Bombay City Urban (2), Sind (1), Northern Division (2), Southern Division (1), Central (2) Muslim (4): Bombay City Urban (1), Sind Urban (1), Sind Rural in rotation with Northern Division (1), Central Division in rotation with Southern Division (1) Europeans in Presidency (1) Commerce (2) Indian Merchants Chamber (1), The Bombay Millowners' Association or The Ahmedabad Millowners' Association (1) Landholders Rotation (1): Sind Jagirdars & Zamindars or Gujarat & Deccan Sardars & Inamdars
|-
| [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
| align=center|4
| General (3) European (1)

|-
| [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]]
| align=center|5
| General (3): Nagpur Division (1), Central Provinces Hindi Division (The Narmada, Jabalpur and Chhattisgarh Divisions) (2) Muslim (1) Landholders (1)

|-
| [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| align=center|16
| General (11): Madras City Urban (1), Madras Districts Rural (1), Ganjam cum Vizagapatnam (1), Godavari cum Krishna (1), Guntur cum Nellore (1), Chittoor cum Ceded Dists (Anantpur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool) (1), Salem, Coimbatore cum North Arcot (1), Chingleput cum South Arcot (1), Tanjore cum Trichinopoly (1), Madurai, Ramnad cum Tinnevelly (1), Nilgiris and West Coast (Malabar, Anjengo, S. Canara) (1) Muslim (3): North Madras (Ganjam, Vizgapatam, Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Anantapur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Chittoor) (1), South Madras (Chingleput, Madras, Arcot, North & South Coimbatore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madurai) (1), Nilgiris and W. Coast (Malabar, S. Canara) (1) Europeans in Presidency (1) Landholders in Presidency (1)
|-
| [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
| align=center|12
| General (3): Ambala Division (1), Jullundur Division (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan) Division (1) Muslim (6): East Punjab (Ambala, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Jullunder, Ludhiana) (1), East Central Punjab (Ferozepur, Lahore, Amritsar and Gurdaspur) (1), West Central Punjab (Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Lyallpur) (1), North Punjab (Gujrat, Jhelum and Rawalpindi) (1), North- West Punjab (Attock, Mianwali, Shahpur and Jhang) (1), South-West Punjab (Multan, Montgomery, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan) (1) Sikh (2): East Punjab (Ambala and Jullundur Division) (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan) (1) Punjab Landholders (1)

|-
| [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]
| align=center|16
| General (8) Cities of UP (Agra, Meerut, Cawnpore, Benares, Allahabad, Bareilly, Lucknow) (1), Meerut Division (excluding Municipality and Cantonment) (1), Agra Division (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Allahabad Jhansi Division (1), Benares Gorakhpur Division (1), Lucknow Division (1), Faizabad Division (1) Muslim (6): Cities of U.P (1), Meerut Division (1), Agra (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Lucknow and Faizabad (1), Southern Division (Allahabad, Benares, Gorakhpur) (1) European U. P. (1) Landholders U P (1)
|-
|}

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced further reforms. The Assembly continued as the lower chamber of a central Indian parliament based in [[Delhi]], with two chambers, both containing elected and appointed members. The Assembly increased in size to 250 seats for members elected by the constituencies of [[British India]], plus a further 125 seats for the Indian [[Princely state]]s. However, elections for the reformed legislature never took place.

==Inauguration==
The Central Legislative Assembly met in the Council Hall and later to the Viceregal Lodge in Old Delhi both of which are now located in Delhi University.<ref>{{cite book|title=Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle|last=Iyengar|first=A. S.|year=2001|page=26|publisher=APH |isbn=9788176482561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/du-plans-heritage-tour-light-and-sound-show-at-viceregal-lodge/1017254/|title = DU plans heritage tour, light and sound show at Viceregal Lodge - Indian Express}}</ref> A new "Council House" was conceived in 1919 as the seat of the future Legislative Assembly, the Council of State, and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The foundation stone was laid on 12 February 1921 and the building was opened on 18 January 1927 by [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]]. The Council House later changed its name to Parliament House, or ''[[Sansad Bhavan]]'', and was the home of the [[Parliament of India]] until 19 September 2023, having been converted into a museum.<ref>John F. Riddick (2006) ''The History of British India: a Chronology'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 181</ref><ref>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/archival.htm Archival Photos of Parliament House] at rajyasabha.nic.in</ref>

The Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes were officially opened in 1921 by [[George V|King George V's]] uncle, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]<ref>''Arthur, Prince, first duke of Connaught and Strathearn'' in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)</ref>

==Elections==
The first elections to the new legislatures took place in November 1920 and proved to be the first significant contest between the Moderates and the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]], whose aim was for the elections to fail. The Non-cooperators were at least partly successful in this, as out of almost a million electors for the Assembly, only some 182,000 voted.<ref>John Coatman, ''India, the Road to Self-Government'' (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1942) [https://archive.org/stream/indiatheroadtose035065mbp/indiatheroadtose035065mbp_djvu.txt full text online]</ref>

{{main|1920 Indian general election}}

After the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, a group within the [[Indian National Congress]] formed the [[Swaraj Party]] and contested the elections in 1923 and 1926. The [[Swaraj Party]] led by [[Motilal Nehru]] as the [[leader of the Opposition]] was able to secure the defeat, or at least the delay, of finance bills and other legislation. However, after 1926, the members of the Swaraj Party either joined the government or returned to the Congress which continued its [[boycott]] of the legislature during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
{{main|1923 Indian general election}}
{{main|1926 Indian general election}}
{{main|1930 Indian general election}}

In 1934, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ended its boycott of the legislatures and contested the elections to the fifth Central Legislative Assembly held that year.<ref>Varahagiri Venkata Giri, ''My Life and Times'' (Macmillan Co. of India, 1976), p. 97</ref>
{{main|1934 Indian general election}}

The last elections to the assembly were held in 1945.
{{main|1945 Indian general election}}

The electorate of the Assembly was never more than a very small fraction of the population of India. In the British House of Commons on 10 November 1942, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[member of parliament|MP]] [[Seymour Cocks]] asked the Secretary of State for India [[Leo Amery]] "What is the electorate for the present Central Legislative Assembly?" and received the written answer "The total electorate for the last General Election (1934) for the Central Legislative Assembly was 1,415,892."<ref>{{hansard|1942/nov/10/central-legislative-assembly-etectorate |house=written |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Important events==
*In March 1926, [[Motilal Nehru]] demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full [[Dominion]] status on India, to be enacted by the parliament. When this demand was rejected by the Assembly, Nehru and his colleagues walked out of the house.<ref name="Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru, ''Jawaharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India'' (1936)</ref>
*On 8 April 1929, the Indian revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb into the corridors of the Assembly in order to show their discontent and frustration against the British government's decision to enact the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill. The bomb explosion was followed by a shower of leaflets citing their reasons and ideology behind the act and few gunshots in the air, shouting "''Inquilab Zindabad!''" ("Long Live the Revolution!"). A few members were injured such as [[George Ernest Schuster]] (the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]), [[Ardeshir Dalal|Sir Bomanji A. Dalal]], [[P. Raghavendra Rau]], Shankar Rao and S. N. Roy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs Thrown into Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=29 August 2013|newspaper=Evening Tribune|date=8 April 1930}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51537786 |title=TWO BOMBS THROWN. |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=10 April 1929 |access-date=29 August 2013 |page=4|edition=DAILY|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The revolutionaries surrendered themselves and the weapon without any resistance as per plan instead of escaping. On 12 June 1929 they were sentenced to [[Penal transportation]] for the bombing, having defended the case themselves.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-3-2004_pg7_9 Bhagat Singh remembered – Daily Times of Pakistan]</ref>
*Due to the return of the Congress in 1934 as the main opposition, there was a sharp increase in the number of government defeats in the Assembly. In a [[British House of Commons]] debate on 4 April 1935, the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]], stated that "The number of divisions in the Legislative Assembly since the recent elections and up to the 25th March in which Government have been successful is five. The number of adverse divisions in the same period is seventeen." [[Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft|Henry Page Croft]] then asked "Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether the Government would have been successful on any occasion without the support of the nominated members?" Hoare replied "I could not answer that question without looking into the figures, but in any case I see no reason to differentiate between one class of member and another."<ref>{{hansard|1935/apr/04/central-legislative-assembly |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
*In 1936 during the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt in Palestine]], Indian troops were sent there. In the Assembly, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, disallowed all questions and resolutions which asked him to express the concern of Indian Muslims about the position of Arabs in Palestine.<ref>Joan G. Roland, ''The Jewish Communities of India: identity in a colonial era'' (Transaction Publishers, 1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kHJccZ92IecC&pg=PA197 p. 197]</ref>
*On 27 February 1942, during the Second World War, the Assembly held a secret session to discuss the war situation.<ref>Subhash C. Kashyap. ''Parliamentary Procedure'' (Universal Law Publishing Co, 2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTpWUMOEyNUC&pg=PA139 p. 139]</ref>

==Presidents of the Assembly==
The presiding officer (or [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]]) of the Assembly was called the President. While the Government of India Act 1919 provided for the President to be elected, it made an exception in the case of the first President, who was to be appointed by the Government. The Governor-General appointed [[Frederick Whyte]], a former [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] member of the [[British House of Commons]] who had been a [[parliamentary private secretary]] to [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="PPI">Ajita Ranjan Mukherjea, ''Parliamentary Procedure in India'' (Oxford, 1983), p. 43</ref><ref name="Laundy">Philip Laundy, ''The Office of Speaker in the Parliaments of the Commonwealth'' (Quiller, 1984), p. 175</ref> [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] was the Deputy President of Assembly in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |title= Constituent Assembly of India - Volume I; Monday, the 9th December 1946 |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203405/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |archive-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar]] was the last President of the Assembly till the Assembly came to an end on 14 August 1947. He became the first Speaker of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and in 1952 the first Speaker of the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Kashyap">Subhash C. Kashyap, ''Dada Saheb Mavalankar, Father of Lok Sabha'' (Published for the Lok Sabha Secretariat by the National Publishing House, 1989), pp. 9–11)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Image
! President
! Tenure<ref>{{cite book|last=Murry|first=K. C.|title=Naga Legislative Assembly and Its Speakers|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publication|page=20|isbn=9788183241267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjxPSlVqiaYC}}</ref>
|-
| 1
|
| [[Frederick Whyte|Sir Frederick Whyte]]
| 3 February 1921 – 23 August 1925
|-
| 2
| [[File:Shri Vithalbhai Patel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Vithalbhai Patel]]
| 24 August 1925 – April 1930
|-
| 3
|
| Muhammad Yakub
| 9 July 1930 – 31 July 1931
|-
| 4
| [[File:Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola (2).jpg|75px]]
| [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola|Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola]]
| 17 January 1931 – 7 March 1933
|-
| 5
| [[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|75px]]
| [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|Sir Ramasamy Shanmukham Chetty]]
| 14 March 1933 – 31 December 1934
|-
| 6
| [[File:Abdur Rahim 1930.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim]]
| 24 January 1935 – 1 October 1945
|-
| 7
| [[File:G. V. Mavalankar.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar]]
| 24 January 1946 – 14 August 1947
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Image
! Deputy President
! Tenure<ref>{{cite book|last=Kashyap|first=Subhash|title=History of the Parliament of India|year=1994|publisher=Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra |isbn=9788185402345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KKbAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| [[File:Portrait of Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha.jpg|75px]]
| [[Sachchidananda Sinha|Dr Sachchidananda Sinha]]
| February 1921 – September 1921
|-
| 2
|
| [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]]
| September 1921 – 1923
|-
| 3
|
| [[T. Rangachari]]
| February 1924 – 1926
|-
| 4
|
| Muhammad Yakub
| January 1927 – 1930
|-
| 5
|
| [[Hari Singh Gour]]
| July 1930
|-
| 6
| [[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|75px]]
| [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]]
| January 1931 – March 1933
|-
| 7
| [[File:Abdul Matin Chaudhury.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]]
| March 1933 – 1934
|-
| 8
|
| Akhil Chandra Datta
| February 1934 – 1945
|-
| 9
|
| [[Muhammad Yamin Khan]]
| February 1946 – 1947
|-
|}

==Notable members==
*'''Labour Interests''': [[N. M. Joshi]]
*'''Depressed Classes:''' [[M. C. Rajah]],<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/07/morning-star-mc-rajah-and-dr-babasaheb.html Perunthalaivar M. C. Rajah -- First Leader who Organized the Scheduled Classes at the National Level in India]</ref> [[N. Sivaraj]]<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/03/right-hand-of-drbabasaheb-ambedkar-rao.html Thanthai N. Sivaraj -- National Level Leader Who Worked for the Scheduled Classes of India.]</ref>
*'''Bihar & Orissa:''' [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], [[Nilakantha Das]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]
*'''Assam:''' [[Khan Bahadur Gulam Mostofa Chowdhury]]
*'''Bengal:''' [[Khwaja Habibullah]], [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy]], [[Gurusaday Dutt]], [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]], [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]], [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[Renuka Ray]].
*'''Bombay:''' [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]], [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]], [[Vithalbhai Patel]], [[N. C. Kelkar]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], [[M. R. Jayakar]], [[Wahid Baksh Bhutto]], [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Jehangir Cowasji]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Abdullah Haroon]], [[Homi Mody]], [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]], [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]]
*'''Central Provinces & Berar''': [[Hari Singh Gour]], [[Seth Govind Das]], [[B. S. Moonje]], [[M. S. Aney]], [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare]], [[Ramrao Deshmukh|Barrister Ramrao Deshmukh]], Rao Bahadur Dinkarrao Rajurkar<ref>''Rajya Sabha Past Members' Bio-Data ''http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf</ref>
*'''Delhi:''' [[Asaf Ali]]
*'''Madras:''' [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]], [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]], [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[Muhammad Habibullah]], [[T. Rangachari]], [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]], [[M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], [[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]], [[V. V. Giri]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], Addepally Satyanarayana Murthy, [[T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]], [[C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar]], [[T. S. S. Rajan]], [[Sami Venkatachalam Chetty]], [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], [[K. Santhanam|Kasturiranga Santhanam]]<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 15 February 1952, ''{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20041110032549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500320800.htm New Lieutenant-Governors]}}'' online</ref>
*'''NWFP:''' [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]], [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]
*'''Punjab:''' [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz]], [[Bhai Parmanand]]
*'''United Provinces:''' [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]], [[H. N. Kunzru]], [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]], [[Bhagwan Das]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Sri Prakasa]], [[Muhammad Yamin Khan]], [[Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ismail Khan]], [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]<ref>Paul R. Brass, ''Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad (1894–1954), politician in India'' in the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (2004)</ref>

==Dissolution==
As per the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States ceased to exist and the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] became the central legislature of India.

==See also==
* [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
* [[Council of State (India)]]
* [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
* [[Interim Government of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:National lower houses]]
[[Category:Central Legislative Assembly of India| ]]
[[Category:Defunct lower houses]]

2023 India–Pakistan border skirmishes

2025-09-04T16:36:23Z

TeresitaBunch: put up basic data from scratch - done

{{Short description|Border clashes between India and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
| location = Sattwal, [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], [[Azad Kashmir]]
| date = 24 June 2023
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image =
| caption =
| target =
| type = Shooting
| fatalities = 2 killed, 1 critically injured
}}
On 24 June 2023, [[Pakistan]] claimed that [[Indian soldiers]] fired across the [[line of control]] (LoC) in the Sattwal sector of the [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch District]] of the Pakistani-controlled [[Kashmir conflict|disputed territory]] of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], killing two shepherds and critically injuring one.<ref name=reuters24jun>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-army-says-two-civilians-killed-by-indian-forces-2023-06-24/ |title=Pakistan army says two civilians killed by Indian forces |work=Reuters |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=ap24jun>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-kashmir-4d86649505b0cec9b1ed868303f0d3a7 |title=Pakistan accuses Indian troops of killing 2 civilians in cross-border incident in Kashmir |work=Associated Press |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=voa24jun>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-civilians-killed-in-kashmir-in-indian-cross-border-fire-/7151330.html |title=Pakistan: Civilians Killed in Kashmir in Indian Cross-Border Fire |work=Voice of America |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> It was the first instance of the February 2021 [[Line of Control|LoC]] [[Ceasefire|truce]] being violated.<ref name="reuters24jun" /><ref name="voa24jun" />

==Victims==
Three casualties were reported by the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]]; Obaid Qayyum (22), Muhammad Qasim (55), and a third individual who was not identified. They were residents of [[Tatrinote|Tatrinote Village]] near [[Hajira, Pakistan Occupied Kashmir|Hajira]].<ref name=ispr1>{{Cite press release |title=Today, at 1155 hours, Indian Army, in a display of its usual inhumane approach towards innocent Kashmiris, opened indiscriminate fire onto a group of shepherds in Sattwal Sector. |date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations |url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=6560 |language=English |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702193307/https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=6560 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ispr2>{{Cite press release|title=In sequel to Indian Army unprovoked firing today while adopting an inhumane approach towards innocent Kashmiris at Sattwal Sector, one more civilian has embraced shahadat while one remains critically injured.|date=2023-06-24 |publisher=[[Inter-Services Public Relations]]|location=[[Rawalpindi]]|url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=6561|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625114116/https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=6561|archivedate=2023-06-25}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Indian [[Chargé d'affaires]] to lodge a [[diplomatic protest|protest]] in which it demanded the Indian government to open an investigation and respect the [[Simla Agreement|ceasefire]] to maintain peace on the LoC. Moreover, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] also stated "While a strong protest is being launched with the Indian side, Pakistan reserves the right to respond back in manner of its choosing to protect Kashmiri lives in the [[Line of Control|LOC]] belt" warning the Indian side of a [[retaliation]] if the need arises.<ref name=ispr1/><ref name=mofa>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Charge d' Affaires Summoned to Register Pakistan's Strong Protest over Killing of Civilians |date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Pakistan MOFA |location=Islamabad |url=https://mofa.gov.pk/indian-charge-d-affaires-summoned-to-register-pakistans-strong-protest-over-killing-of-civilians/ |language=English |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705095413/https://mofa.gov.pk/indian-charge-d-affaires-summoned-to-register-pakistans-strong-protest-over-killing-of-civilians/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir]], [[Chaudhry Anwarul Haq]], accused India of terrorism and aggression, and called for the [[United Nations]] to take notice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Iftikhar Shirazi {{!}} Tariq |date=2023-06-24 |title=Two martyred, one injured after Indian forces open fire at shepherds at LoC: ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1761520 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

India did not immediately respond to the allegations,<ref name="voa24jun" /> nor to a request for comment from Reuters.<ref name="reuters24jun" />

==See also==
*[[Border shooting of Felani Khatun]]
*[[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan border skirmishes, 2023}}
[[Category:Indian–Pakistani border conflicts|2023 border skirmishes]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict|2023 border skirmishes]]
[[Category:Attacks in Pakistan in 2023]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:June 2023 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Poonch District, Pakistan]]

Doosra Aadmi

2025-07-26T03:51:23Z

TeresitaBunch: expanded page based on references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Doosara Aadmi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Jaywant Lele

2025-05-08T16:21:03Z

TeresitaBunch:

{{Short description|Indian cricket administrator (1938–2013)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

'''Jaywant Y. Lele''' (13 September 1938 – 19 September 2013 in [[Baroda]]) was an [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket administrator]], best remembered for serving as the [[Secretary (title)|secretary]] of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) from 1996 to 2001, being preceded by [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] and succeeded by [[Niranjan Shah]]. He also authored a memoir titled ''I Was There: Memoirs of a Cricket Administrator'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news |title=Former BCCI secretary Jaywant Lele dies |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/former-bcci-secretary-jaywant-lele-dies-1529966 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=NDTVSports |date=20 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=G. |title=Jaywant Lele was a newsman’s delight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/jaywant-lele-was-a-newsmans-delight/article5149038.ece |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 September 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former BCCI secretary Jaywant Lele dies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/former-bcci-secretary-jaywant-lele-dies/story-CCmQ3cU5OQzqLdVdq4bYzI.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pai Vaidya |first1=Nishad |title=Jaywant Lele: One of a kind BCCI administrator who spoke frankly and fearlessly |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/jaywant-lele-one-of-a-kind-bcci-administrator-who-spoke-frankly-and-fearlessly-31163 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=Cricket Country |date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former BCCI secretary Jaywant Lele dies |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-bcci-secretary-jaywant-lele-dies-673053 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lele |first1=Jaywant Y. |title=I Was There: Memoirs of a Cricket Administrator |date=2011 |publisher=Marine Sports |isbn=978-81-906582-7-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lele, Jaywant}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}