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<div>{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = Bishop<br />
| honorific_prefix = The Right Reverend Dr.<br />
| name = Joseph Mar Barnabas<br />
| title = Suffragan Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| church = [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]<br />
| diocese = Ranni-Nilackal diocese <br />
| ordination = 12 June 1976<br />
| consecration = 2 October 1993<br />
| birth_name = Joseph Jacob<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|9|8|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]] (now [[Kerala]]), India<br />
| parents = E. V. Jacob and Saramma Jacob<br />
| education = [[CMS College]], Kottayam; [[Bishop's College, Calcutta]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Joseph Mar Barnabas''' (born 8 September 1949) is an Indian prelate and the current Suffragan Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]. He was consecrated as an Episcopa (bishop) in 1993 and elevated to the rank of Suffragan Metropolitan in 2021.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Born as Joseph Jacob in the Ancherry Christos Parish near [[Kottayam]], he was the son of E. V. Jacob and Saramma. He completed his primary and high school education in Erikad and Puthuppally. He earned his bachelor's degree from [[CMS College Kottayam]] and later pursued theological studies, obtaining a Bachelor of Divinity (BD) degree from Bishop's College, Calcutta.<ref name="MTC_Profile">{{cite web |title=Rt. Rev. Dr. Joseph Mar Barnabas Suffragan Metropolitan |url=https://marthoma.in/bishop/rt-rev-joseph-mar-barnabas-episcopa/ |publisher=Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ecclesiastical career ==<br />
Joseph Jacob was ordained as a deacon (Semmas) on 29 May 1976 and as a priest (Kassissa) on 12 June 1976. He served as a vicar in various parishes, including those in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], and [[Calgary|Edmonton]], Canada.<ref name="Mumbai_Diocese">{{cite web |title=Rt. Rev. Joseph Mar Barnabas Episcopa |url=http://mumbaidiocese.marthoma.in/rt-rev-joseph-mar-barnabas-episcopa.html |publisher=Mar Thoma Mumbai Diocese |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 31 August 1993, he was ordained as a Ramban. He was consecrated as a bishop (Episcopa) on 2 October 1993 at the SCS Compound in [[Thiruvalla]], taking the titular name Joseph Mar Barnabas. During his tenure as Episcopa, he led several dioceses, including Chengannur-Kozhenchery, Delhi-Mumbai, and Adoor-Malaysia.<ref name="MTC_Profile" /><br />
<br />
On 18 July 2021, he was installed as a Suffragan Metropolitan, a senior rank within the Mar Thoma Church hierarchy.<ref name="Hindu_Installation">{{cite news |title=Two Mar Thoma metropolitans to be installed today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/two-mar-thoma-metropolitans-to-be-installed-today/article35380710.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 July 2021 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Express_Installation">{{cite news |title=Mar Coorilos and Mar Barnabas installed suffragan metropolitans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Jul/19/mar-coorilos-and-mar-barnabas-installed-suffragan-metropolitans-2332095.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Contributions ==<br />
Mar Barnabas has served as the Chairman of the Lectionary Committee and the Liturgical Commission of the Mar Thoma Church. He is noted for his work in sacred music, having published several liturgical song collections including ''Thybooso'' and ''Hasa Kramam''.<ref name="Trinity_MTC">{{cite web |title=Our Bishops |url=https://www.trinitymtcmctvm.org/WebPages/OurBishops.aspx |publisher=Trinity Mar Thoma Church |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> In 2022, he visited the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], an event that contributed to the initiation of formal dialogue between the Mar Thoma Church and the [[Holy See]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A shepherd to all humanity: Suffragan Metropolitan remembers Pope |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/22/a-shepherd-to-all-humanity-suffragan-metropolitan-remembers-pope-3 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_Vatican">{{cite news |title=Mar Thoma Church delegation meets Pope Francis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mar-thoma-church-delegation-meets-pope-francis/article66115982.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnabas, Joseph}}<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian bishops]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyunki_Saas_Bhi_Kabhi_Bahu_Thi&diff=511401Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi2026-05-06T05:57:37Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: starting stub - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{For|the 2025 reboot|Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />
| writer = Anil Nagpal <br> Rajesh Joshi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-weaver-of-stories/article15529115.ece|title=A weaver of stories |website= The Hindu|date=22 January 2011 }}</ref> <br> Anand Gandhi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Anand-Gandhi-turns-filmmaker-with-ldquoTheseusrsquos-Shiprdquo/article16345021.ece|title=Anand Gandhi turns filmmaker with "Theseus's Ship"|website= The Hindu|date=2 April 2010 }}</ref> <br />
<br>[[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]<br />
| director = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Santosh Bhatt]]<br />
* [[Nivedita Basu]]<br />
* [[Santram Varma]]<br />
* [[Avhiroop Mazzumdar]]<br />
* [[Deepak Sharma (director)|Deepak Sharma]]}}<br />
| screenplay = Anil Nagpal<br />
| story = Anil Nagpal<br />
| creative_director = Nivedta Basu<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| open_theme = ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' by Priya Bhattacharya<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 1,833<br />
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}<br />
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Raju Halasagi|Sudesh Kotian|Deepak Malwankar|Sanjay Malwankar|Ashok Salian|Sanjay Memane}}<br />
| editor = {{unbulleted list|Dharmesh Shah|Sanjeev Shukla|Sagar S Naighojkar}}<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]<br />
| network = [[Star Plus]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2000|07|03|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2008|11|06|df=y}}<br />
| related = ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi''''' ({{translation}} ''Because Even a Mother-in-Law Was a Daughter-in-Law Once'') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[television series]] that aired from 3 July 2000 to 6 November 2008 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Saas-bahu-and-The-End/articleshow/3641504.cms|title=Saas, bahu and 'The End'|last=Raaj|first=Neelam|date=26 October 2008|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/article/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-throwback-picture-smriti-irani-nostalgic-tulsi-virani-ekta-kapoor-ronit-roy/156104|title=This throwback picture of Smriti Irani will make you nostalgic about 'Tulsi Virani'!|website=Times Now|date=5 July 2017 }}</ref> The show was co-produced by [[Shobha Kapoor]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]] under their banner [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite web | title = "25 Years of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi " |publisher=Kovid Gupta Films| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSYew-BvtNM|date=2025| accessdate =29 April 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The show revolves around an ideal daughter-in-law, the daughter of a [[pandit]] married to Mihir, grandson of business tycoon Govardhan Virani. The role of Tulsi Virani was played by [[Smriti Irani]], who holds the record for winning 5 consecutive Best Actress-Popular awards from [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] and 2 [[Indian Telly Awards]]. Debuting alongside [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] on July 3, 2000, on [[Star Plus]], Kyunki... was the most successful serial at its time, ranked number 1 with double digit TRPs for seven continuous years, peaking at 22.4 in May 2001. Kyunki... marked a turning point for producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] and Star Plus and resulted in iconic serials [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]] and [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)]], forming the big 3 for the channel through the 2000s. The show won 5 consecutive Best Serial-Popular awards from ITA and 6 consecutive Best Continuing Serials from Indian Telly Awards.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Set in [[Mumbai]], the series focuses on the wealthy [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] Virani family who live in their lavish house, Shantiniketan, where the three daughter-in-laws, Savita, Daksha and Gayatri, control the whole family and create trouble for their wise and kind-hearted mother-in-law Amba called Baa by everyone. Savita fixes her son Mihir's marriage to the arrogant Payal, but he falls in love with and marries the family priest's kind hearted and caring daughter, Tulsi. Savita despises Tulsi and wants to make her life a living hell. The Viranis, at last, accept Tulsi as their daughter-in-law, who eventually wins over Savita after many hardships, solves various issues within the family and has a son, Gautam. Mihir gets into an accident and is presumed dead by his family.<br />
<br />
Mihir survives the accident, but he has memory loss. His caretaker, Dr Mandira, falls in love with him. Her brother Anupam proposes to marry Tulsi, who agrees as Gautam needs a father but cancels their marriage when Mihir turns out to be alive. He regains his memory with time. Mandira, who is obsessed with Mihir, decides to separate Mihir and Tulsi and plots against Tulsi, and also fakes being pregnant with his child but she is unsuccessful, and Tulsi becomes pregnant again. Payal plots against the Viranis too, in order to avenge Mihir's rejection, but is ultimately exposed. Tulsi gives Gautam to Mihir's brother, Kiran, and his wife, Aarti, who are childless. Tulsi delivers a daughter, Shobha. Aarti and Kiran leave India with Gautam as they are insecure that Tulsi might claim him.<br />
<br />
Tulsi and Mihir have another son, Harsh and are raising him happily along with Shobha. Gautam returns to India with Kiran and Aarti, who now have a daughter, Karishma. He learns about his birth parents and after some initial hesitation, accepts them. Tulsi wants Gautam to marry Ganga, but he weds his own love, Teesha. Gautam's cousin, Sahil, marries Ganga to save her honor while Shobha marries Vishal, who is Payal's son and it is a plot to humiliate Tulsi and Mihir. Tulsi learns that Mandira is alive as she was earlier presumed dead in a plane crash. But she is shocked when she learns that Mihir has been cheating on her since many years with Mandira and they have an illegitimate son named Karan. Mandira and Karan try to trouble the Viranis and take over their industries but fail. Payal and Vishal reform due to Shobha. Teesha and her unborn child die in an accident planned by Mandira that was meant for Tulsi. Tulsi accepts Karan as her own son, who loves her more than Mandira after learning of his birth mother's truth. <br />
<br />
Harsh marries the greedy Mohini who frequently causes trouble for the family. Gautam remarries Damini, who is later pregnant at the same time as Ganga. Ganga miscarries, and Damini delivers twins, Mayank and Nakul. Damini and Gautam give Nakul to Sahil and Ganga. Vishal dies, making Shobha widowed. Harsh turns out to be Tulsi's cousin, Kesar's son. Kesar had switched Harsh with Tulsi's real son, Ansh who was then raised by Aditya Gujral. Ansh is spoilt and ruthless and now he is obsessed with Karan's lover, Nandini. Shobha marries Vishal's friend, Abhishek. Though Karan and Nandini are in love, he gets her married to Ansh who maritally rapes her. Lawyer of the rape case and Tulsi's friend, Meera Singhania, becomes fond of Mihir. Tulsi fights against her own son to get Nandini the justice she deserves and also shoots Ansh to death in a critical moment as he tries to kill Nandini, who delivers her and Ansh's daughter, Bhoomi before lapsing into a coma. Karan marries his friend Tanya to take care of Bhoomi. <br />
<br />
Tanya is pregnant. Nandini wakes up from the coma and lives with Karan. Shobha leaves Abhishek after learning that he and Rathi had killed Vishal. Nandini, who is pregnant with Karan's child, kills Aditya to save Bhoomi from kidnapping, and gets jailed for 14 years. Ganga and Sahil have a son, Lakshya while Karan marries Tanya again and they have a son, Manthan. Gautam adopts Eklavya, Ansh and his first wife Shraddha's son. Sahil falls in love with Tripti and they have an extramarital affair.<br />
<br />
Meera falls for Mihir completely and conspires with Mandira against Tulsi. Savita discovers their conspiracies and lies, and vows to expose them but meets with an accident planned by the two. Being paralyzed, she asks Tulsi to unplug her life support and dies. Meera makes Mihir to believe that Tulsi killed Savita, even though Tulsi did the mercy killing of Savita to save her from the immense physical pain. Believing Meera, Mihir expels Tulsi from Shantiniketan who is heartbroken and later presumed to be dead in a bus accident. The Viranis are left shattered and Mihir becomes an alcoholic, blaming himself for Tulsi's death. Ganga leaves Sahil once she finds out he has cheated on her with Tripti. Tulsi heads to Haridwar, where she sees a newborn child being abandoned by her father. Tulsi saves the child and raises her, naming her Krishna Tulsi.<br />
<br />
20 years later, Tulsi's grandchildren are now all grown-up. Tulsi lives in Haridwar with Krishna Tulsi, who later comes to Mumbai for her education and stays with the Viranis. Tulsi eventually reunites with the Viranis and Mihir, while Meera is exposed by Mihir on their wedding day and imprisoned for Savita's murder. Mihir and Tulsi remarry. Tanya plots to keep Karan close to her and even fakes her blindness but eventually divorces Karan, realizing he still loves Nandini. Karan and Nandini remarry and try to find their lost son who was taken away by Mandira after his birth, but fail to do so. Sahil divorces Tripti realizing her true intentions and plots against his family, and reunites with Ganga who is now a successful businesswomen. Krishna Tulsi and Lakshya are in love. Mayank, who is mentally unstable, is arrested for attempting to molest Krishna. Krishna Tulsi is forced to marry Eklavya who is a lookalike of his father Ansh, and who mistreats her. Bhoomi loves Abir but ends up marrying Joydeep due to family turmoil while Abir marries Mohini's daughter, Archita. The sisters eventually accept their respective marriages and live happily. <br />
<br />
Damini joins hands with Tripti and Tanya to avenge her son's arrest, who want to take control of the house. They create situations which make Tulsi appear as mentally unstable and send Tulsi to a mental hospital from where she tries to escape to meet her family but meets with an accident instead. Juhi Thakral enters, claiming to be Tulsi, revealing that she had gone through plastic surgery after the accident and is in an alliance with Mandira. Eventually, she is exposed and real Tulsi, who had temporarily lost her memories, returns home and regains her rightful place while Mandira and Juhi's crimes are revealed. Lakshya unknowingly marries Tripti's adopted daughter, Vaidehi who initially tries to sow discord in the family but later reforms herself. Tulsi fights with various enemies to protect her family from harm such as Tripti, Mandira, Juhi and Shiv (Ganga's obsessive lover) and defeats them, while Damini has a change of heart as well. The Viranis are reunited after a prolonged period. Baa sadly dies, leaving her entire inheritance to an unknown person in the will. <br />
<br />
Mihir and Tulsi live along with an orphan girl Sugandhi while Mihir suffers from Alzheimer. Post knowing about Baa's will, all the children leave Shantiniketan as they got nothing out of it. In the final episode, Tulsi's best friend [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki|Parvati Agarwal]] meets up with Tulsi, and reveals that she has brought up the inheritor of Baa's property, Parth (Karan and Tanya's long lost son).<br />
<br />
''{{Hatnote|The plot connects with the successor. See [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2#Plot|Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]].}}''<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
[[File:Cast of Kyunki.jpg|thumb|right|The cast of first four generations of Virani family in ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi''.]]<br />
<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Smriti Irani]] as Tulsi Virani: Virani priest's daughter; Mihir's wife<br />
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] / [[Inder Kumar]] / [[Ronit Roy]] as Mihir Virani: Savita and Mansukh's son; Tulsi's husband<br />
* [[Mandira Bedi]] / [[Achint Kaur]] as Dr. Mandira Gujral / Priyanka Dutta: Anupam's sister; Karan's mother<br />
* [[Dinesh Thakur]] / [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Govardhan Virani: Amba's husband<br />
* [[Sudha Shivpuri]] as Amba Virani: Govardhan's widow; Mihir, Kiran, Chirag, Suhasi, Hemant and Sejal's grandmother <br />
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Payal Mehra – Mihir and Hemant's ex-fiancée; Vishal and Urvashi's mother<br />
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Mansukh Virani – Govardhan and Amba's eldest son; Mihir's father<br />
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Savita Virani – Mansukh's wife; Mihir's mother<br />
* [[Sumeet Sachdev]] as Gautam "Gomzy" Virani – Tulsi and Mihir's eldest son; Tisha's widower; Damini's husband <br />
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Teesha Mehta Virani – Gautam's second wife<br />
* [[Riva Bubber]] / Ravee Gupta as Damini Khanna Virani – Gautam's third wife<br />
* Rahul Lohani as Mayank Virani – Gautam and Damini's elder son <br />
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Nakul Virani – Gautam and Damini's younger son<br />
* Unknown / [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Sanchi Virani – Nakul's wife<br />
* [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Shobha Virani Choudhary – Tulsi and Mihir's daughter; Vishal's widow<br />
** [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Child Shobha Virani<br />
* [[Vivan Bhatena]] / Nasir Khan as Abhishek Choudhary – Shobha's ex-husband<br />
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Vishal Mehra – Payal and Pratap's son, Shobha's first husband<br />
* Garima Bhatnagar as Pari Choudhary – Shobha and Abhishek's daughter<br />
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Karan Virani – Mihir and Mandira's son; Nandini's husband <br />
* [[Gauri Pradhan]] as Nandini Thakkar Virani – Ansh's ex-wife; Karan's wife<br />
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Tanya Malhotra – Kaushalya's daughter, Karan's second wife<br />
* [[Akashdeep Saigal]] as <br />
** Ansh Gujral/Ansh Virani – Tulsi and Mihir's younger son<br />
** Eklavya Gujral/Eklavya Virani – Shraddha and Ansh's son; Krishna Tulsi's husband<br />
*** Amey Pandya as Young Eklavya Virani<br />
* [[Mouni Roy]] as Krishna Tulsi "KT" Virani – Tulsi's namesake daughter; Eklavya's wife<br />
* [[Reshmi Ghosh]] as Bhoomi Virani Gujral – Nandini and Ansh's daughter; Joydeep's wife<br />
** Chinky Jaiswal as Child Bhoomi Virani<br />
* [[Manav Vij]] as Joydeep – Bhoomi's husband<br />
* [[Amit Tandon]] / Vishal Watwani / Amit Tandon as Manthan Virani – Karan and Tanya's son<br />
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Harsh Virani / Harsh Bhasin – Kesar and Raj's son; Mohini's husband<br />
* [[Tassnim Sheikh]] as Mohini Virani – Harsh's wife<br />
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Kiran Virani – Mansukh and Savita's younger son; Aarti and Mandira's ex-husband<br />
* [[Eva Grover]] / Rushali Arora as Aarti Virani – Kiran's ex-wife<br />
* [[Kiran Dubey]] as Karishma Virani Dey – Aarti and Kiran's daughter; Shantanu's wife. <br />
* [[Narendra Jha]] as Shantanu Dey – Karishma's husband<br />
* Jitendra Trehan as Himmat Virani – Govardhan and Amba's second son; Daksha's husband<br />
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Daksha Virani – Himmat's wife; Chirag and Suhasi's mother<br />
* [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] / [[Amit Mistry]] as Chirag Virani – Himmat and Daksha's son; Prajakta's husband<br />
* Tuhina Vohra as Prajakta Virani – Chirag's wife<br />
* Masumi Mevawala as Savri Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's elder daughter<br />
* Amita Chandekar as Bavri Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's younger daughter<br />
** [[Hansika Motwani]] / [[Chandni Bhagwanani]] as Child Bavri Virani<br />
* [[Aditya Kapadia]] as Hitesh Virani – Chirag and Prajakta's son<br />
* Pooja Ghai Rawal as Suhasi Virani Mehta – Daksha and Himmat's daughter; Rakesh's wife<br />
* Prashant Bhatt as Rakesh Mehta – Suhasi's husband<br />
* [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] as Aniket Mehta – Rakesh's son; Suhasi's step-son<br />
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] / Pradeep Kharab / [[Sameer Sharma]] as Tushar Mehta – Rakesh and Suhasi's son; Kanika's husband<br />
* [[Gunjan Walia]] as Kanika Mehta – Tushar's wife<br />
* Muni Jha as Jamnadas "JD" Virani – Amba and Govardhan's youngest son; Gayatri's husband<br />
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Gayatri Virani – Jamnadas's wife; Hemant and Sejal's mother<br />
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Hemant Virani – Jamnadas and Gayatri's son; Pooja's husband<br />
* [[Prachee Shah Pandya|Prachi Shah]] as Pooja Virani – Rajiv's widow; Hemant's wife; Sahil and Tarun's mother<br />
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] / [[Amit Sarin]] as Sahil Virani – Hemant and Pooja's elder son; Tripti's ex-husband; Ganga's second husband<br />
* [[Shilpa Saklani]] as Ganga Virani – Gautam's ex-wife; Sahil's first wife<br />
* Abhijit Khurana / Alok Arora as Tarun Virani – Hemant and Pooja's younger son<br />
* [[Suvarna Jha]] as Tripti Virani – Sahil's ex-wife<br />
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] / [[Yash Pandit]] as Lakshya Virani – Ganga and Sahil's son; Vaidehi's husband.<br />
* [[Tia Bajpai]] as Vaidehi Virani – Lakshya's wife<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Anupam Kapadia – Mandira's brother; Kesar's husband<br />
* [[Narayani Shastri]] / [[Resham Tipnis]] as Kesar Kapadia – Tulsi's cousin; Raj's former lover; Harsh's mother; Anupam's wife<br />
* [[Moon Banerjee]] as Shraddha Virani – Ansh's wife; Eklavya's mother. <br />
* Salim Shah as Aditya Gujral – Mandira's husband; Ansh's adoptive father; Raj's accomplice <br />
* Pratap Sachdev as Pratap Mehra – Payal's husband; Vishal and Urvashi's father; Pushkar's grandfather<br />
* Sonal Chainani as Urvashi Mehra – Payal and Pratap's daughter; Vishal's sister<br />
* Manoj Bidwai / [[Vikas Sethi]] as Abir Bhasin – Raj's son; Harsh's half-brother; Archita's husband<br />
* [[Gunjan Vijaya]] as Archita Virani Bhasin – Harsh and Mohini's daughter; Abir's wife<br />
* Khyaati Khandke Keswani as Sejal Virani Gandhi – Jamnadas and Gayatri's daughter; Hemant's sister; Anand's wife; Indira's mother<br />
* Romanchak Arora as Anand Gandhi – Sejal's husband; Indira's father<br />
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Indira Gandhi – Sejal and Anand's daughter<br />
* Utkarsha Naik as Pragya Virani Sanghvi – Amba and Govardhan's daughter; Mansukh, Himmat and Jamnadas's sister; Naveen's wife; Vikram's mother <br />
* Pratim Parekh as Naveen Sanghvi – Pragya's husband; Vikram's father <br />
* Rakesh Paul as Vikram Sanghvi – Naveen and Pragya's son; Vaishali's husband<br />
* Vishal Puri as Raj Bhasin – Kesar's former lover; Harsh and Abir's father<br />
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Kaushalya Malhotra – Tanya's mother<br />
* [[Shubhavi Choksey]] as Advocate Meera Singhania – Tulsi's former friend; Mihir's obsessive lover; Savita's murderer<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Advocate Vijay Saxena – Virani family lawyer<br />
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Shadab / Jas Thakral / Ram Kapoor<br />
* [[Gautami Kapoor]] as Juhi Thakral – Fake Tulsi Virani<br />
* [[Salil Acharya]] as Billy Thakral<br />
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Kabir Patel<br />
* Nikhil Arya as Aseem Gupta – Nandini's ex husband<br />
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Shiva Singhania<br />
* [[Hasan Zaidi]] as Advocate Aditya Rai Singhania – A lawyer who supposed as Parth Virani<br />
* [[Kratika Sengar]] as Sugandhi <br />
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Inspector Aryan<br />
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Renuka Chaudhary/ACP Ragini Suryavanshi<br />
* Prabhat Bhattacharya as Rishabh Malhotra<br />
* Priyanka Raina as Doctor<br />
* Meena Sonavane as Family Friend<br />
* [[Deepak Verma]] as Rahul<br />
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Inspector Maan Singh Chauhan<br />
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Inspector Ashutosh Gaekwad<br />
* Induben Mehta as Godawari<br />
* Sandeep Mohan as Inspector Rudraneel Rathore<br />
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Ravi<br />
* Rocky Verma as Manager<br />
* [[Sunny Moza]] as Sunny<br />
* Vikram Acharya/Nikhil Guharoy as Kabir Sikand<br />
* [[Cezanne Khan]] as Rizwan Khan: Razia's husband<br />
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Razia Khan: Rizwan's wife<br />
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Zuber Khan<br />
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Advocate Mehta<br />
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Narayani Devi<br />
* [[Ekta Kapoor]] as Herself (guest appearance)<br />
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Parvati Agarwal/Janki Devi Dixit<br />
* [[Jeetendra]] as Jitesh Kothari<br />
* [[Anuradha Patel]] as Bharti Jitesh Kothari<br />
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Kamal Agarwaal<br />
* [[Mita Vashisht]] as Trishna Agarwal<br />
* Ekta Sharma as Meera's Younger Sister<br />
* [[Abir Goswami]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
===Directors===<br />
The show was directed by many directors starting with Kaushik Ghatak who initially directed the series for 150 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhoto hanshi chhoto kanna|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chhoto-hanshi-chhoto-kanna/cid/524112|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> As it progressed, it was directed by Ashish Patil, [[Nivedita Basu]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tulsi bids final adieu!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tulsi-bids-final-adieu/articleshow/2103110.cms|website=The Times of India|date=6 June 2007 }}</ref> Suraj Rao,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nivedita Basu ends her affair with Ekta|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/nivedita-basu-ends-her-affair-with-ekta/story-y4deG1QSqgMNKArMje9QUK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=19 January 2009 }}</ref> Santosh Badal, Dharmesh Shah, [[Santram Varma]], Santosh Bhatt, Garry Bhinder,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balaji director dies at 33|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/balaji-director-dies-at-33/articleshow/15828535.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> Deepak Chavan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dramatically driven|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment/dramatically-driven-720997.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=3 March 2019 }}</ref> Sanotsh Bhatt, Fahad Kashmiri, [[Avhiroop Mazzumdar]], Jeetu Arora,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dera chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim makes big-screen debut with Messenger of God on January 16|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dera-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-makes-big-screen-debut-with-messenger-of-god-on-january-16/articleshow/45580439.cms?from=mdr|website=The Economic Times|date=20 December 2014 |last1=Ohri |first1=Raghav }}</ref> Santosh Kolhe, Vicky Chauhan, Rohit Dwivedi, [[Deepak Sharma (director)|Deepak Sharma]], Shyam Maheshwari, Talat Jani,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi director Talat Jani passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-director-talat-jani-passes-away/articleshow/61035877.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Hitesh Tejwani, Anoop Chaudhary and V.G Roy.<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
The shooting of the serial began on 7 April 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|title=The trials and tribulations of Kyunki Saas|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170237/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 April 2005, the serial completed 1000 episodes which aired for 45 minutes rather than usual 30 minutes where producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] herself was seen in the episode.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/12sld1.htm|title=Celebrating 1000 episodes of Saas|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170401/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/12sld1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> [[Akashdeep Saigal|Aksahdeep Saigal]]'s entry scene in 2004 as Ansh Gujral was the serial's costliest scene shot which cost about [[₹|Rs]]. 5 Lakhs.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The show took a leap in story three times including 20 years leap on 18 February 2002, followed by a 3 years leap and again a 20 years leap on 7 June 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kyunki saas bhi... takes 20-yr leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kyunki-saas-bhi-takes-20-yr-leap/articleshow/296636798.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I hope audience accepts new Tulsi: Ekta|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/i-hope-audience-accepts-new-tulsi-ekta/story-i4ZaWJWyUJWNEMAmSB3QwM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=9 June 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Before its premiere, the serial's name was ''Amma'', but actor and director [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] gave it the name ''Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' to [[Balaji Telefilms]]. ''Kyunki'' was added to the beginning of the name by Ekta Kapoor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/phew-kyunki-saas-finally-bids-adieu_15408.html|title=Phew…..'Kyunki Saas…' finally bids adieu|website=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105100846/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/phew-kyunki-saas-finally-bids-adieu_15408.html|archive-date=5 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides shooting in India, the series was filmed in foreign locations including Sydney, Australia in 2003 and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooting With A Business Angle|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/shooting-with-a-business-angle/63654/|website=The Financial Express|date=13 June 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Television serials go abroad|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/television-serials-go-abroad/story-KqACSgnsomcDA5OnYCGRDP.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 April 2013 }}</ref> In India the series was filmed at Mumbai's [[Powai]], Kandivali, [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] at Goregaon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyunki…Tulsi bhi kabhi late hoti hai!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kyunki-tulsi-bhi-kabhi-late-hoti-hai-7401|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Ekta built a successful 'soap' factory!|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2007/oct/13spec.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007 and 2008, the series had a crossover with ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-merger-tv-ishtyle-1678208|title=A merger, TV 'ishtyle'|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/kyunki-kahani-main-hai-k-rossover-0|title=Kyunki Kahani main hai K-rossover!}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
The character Mihir was named after Ekta Kapoor's school friend Mihir Shah. The character Tulsi was adopted from [[Harkisan Mehta|Harkishan Mehta]]'s work, ''Jad Chetan''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Earlier, Jignesh Gandhi was cast as Mihir. However, later the role's contenders were Amar Upadhyay and [[Cezanne Khan|Cezzane Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/tuesday-trivia-amar-upadhyay-was-not-the-first-choice-to-play-mihir-virani-1636728-2020-01-14|title=Tuesday Trivia: Amar Upadhyay was not the first choice to play Mihir Virani|website=India Today|date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407171022/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/tuesday-trivia-amar-upadhyay-was-not-the-first-choice-to-play-mihir-virani-1636728-2020-01-14|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> Upadhyay was chosen while Khan went for [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']].<ref name=":1" /> Smiti Irani, auditioning among many girls, was initially rejected by the production house casting team stating her as 'not fit for TV'. But, producer Ekta Kapoor overruled them and cast her as Tulsi having great faith in her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-was-rejected-as-not-fit-for-tv-enter-ekta-kapoor-1771824|title=Smriti Irani Was Rejected As "Not Fit For TV." Enters Ekta Kapoor|website=[[NDTV]]|date=5 November 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811154741/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-was-rejected-as-not-fit-for-tv-enter-ekta-kapoor-1771824|archive-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
After [[Amar Upadhyay]] quit in 2001, after the death of his character, nationwide protests made him return. In 2002, on a generation leap, Upadhyay quit to venture into Bollywood and was replaced by [[Inder Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-ekta-kapoor-and-smriti-irani-s-conversation-about-mihir-will-make-you-lol-1277124-2018-07-04|title=Kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-ekta-kapoor-and-smriti-irani-s-conversation-about-mihir-will-make-you-lol|website=India Today|date=4 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-inder-kumar-played-mihir-virani-oposite-smriti-irani-on-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/articleshow/59805565.cms|title=Did you know Inder Kumar played Mihir Virani {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|oposite}} Smriti Irani on Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi?|website=The Times of India}}</ref> After Kumar quit later that year, he was replaced by [[Ronit Roy]] as Mihir who played the role until the end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Whos_the_biggest_superstar_on_TV/rssarticleshow/2294971.cms|title=Who's the biggest superstar on TV?|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/mihir-phir-badal-gaya-smriti-irani-shares-video-on-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-18th-anniversary-2122354.html|title=Mihir phir badal gaya: Smriti Irani shares video on Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi's 18th anniversary|website=Zee News|date=4 July 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2007, Smriti Irani playing Tulsi quit the serial as she was busy producing her serials and was replaced by [[Gautami Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/telly-s-fave-tulsi-dies-in-kyunkii/story-ETG0tX67F5zPbhbS5X7UKL.html|title=Telly's fave Tulsi dies in Kyunkii..!|date=6 June 2007|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> However, in April 2008, Irani returned and Kapoor's character was revealed as Tulsi's imposter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/03ekta.htm|title=Smriti Irani returns to Kyunki Saas...|date=3 April 2008|website=Rediff Movies|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cancellation===<br />
On 10 October 2008, a notice was sent to the production house by the channel to terminate the serial by 10 November 2008 stating the declining ratings since July 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/balaji-moves-bombay-high-court/story-WAI64Hs6OV2XxjcPQJEOQJ.html|title=Balaji moves Bombay High Court|website=Hindustan Times|date=November 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
To save the series from cancellation, the production house took Star TV to [[Bombay High Court]] seeking for the stay order asserting that they had a contract through March 2009 and that the channel had not provided appropriate promotion while the channel pointed out the cancellation due to declining ratings as per agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lfhBBbbNZJ9WSCHCUATQxN/Strike-off-but-channels-hold-back-fresh-episodes.html|title=Strike off but channels hold back fresh episodes|website=Livemint|date=22 November 2008 |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22439_balaji-to-take-star-to-court-over-kyunki|title=Balaji to take STAR to court over Kyunki...|date=21 October 2008 }}</ref> The court refused the stay order and the claims were dismissed on 3 November 2008.<ref name="rediffsuit">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/07court-says-no-to-kyunki.htm|title=Court says no to Kyunki|last=Rediff|date=7 November 2008|work=Rediff|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saas-bahu-saga-comes-to-an-end-today/77591-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104120151/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saas-bahu-saga-comes-to-an-end-today/77591-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' comes to a tragic end|date=7 November 2008|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> The series went off air on 6 November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/21kyunki.htm|title=Ekta Kapoor's Kyunki to go off air?|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36296020081103|title=End of the road for 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'|website=Reuters|date=3 November 2008 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105104311/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36296020081103|archive-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
===Critics===<br />
Shailaja Bajpai from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "''Kyunki...''<nowiki/>'s success was due to the fact that it was a universal story that appealed to everyone. It was a winning combination of piety and family. The show celebrated all the big festivals, it was all packaged very well, there was drama and melodrama."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian soap operas: Family affairs|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213095711/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130520-fancy-footwork-in-rios-favelas|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another report from ''The Indian Express'' praising on the ratings delivered during its airing time slot said, "While prime-time television viewing is between 8 to 11 pm, the 9 to 10 pm block was considered safe because it delivered better ratings during the days of the weeklies. But the rule of game changed with ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' and ''Kahanii Ghar Ghar Kii'' which made the late prime-time (10 to 11 pm) extremely popular."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Rise of early primetime|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213100159/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/0|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The ratings delivered by this series in its slot was not achieved by any other shows launched after its off airing.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']], comparing women's depiction in the series with some of the [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]] English series stated, "The women in ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' or ''[[Friends]]'' are nothing like those in ''Kyunki...'' or ''Kahaani Ghar....'' Professionally competent, in control of their lives they are not to be held back by any stereotypical demands made on them. Perhaps one of the reasons for its (''Kyunki...'') success is the strong element of empathy it evokes.... what it depicts is probably ''kahaani ghar ghar ki'' (The story of every house)."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A question of female identity|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209170809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=The Tribune|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ratings===<br />
Produced with the backdrop of [[Mumbai]] and the concept of an ideal [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] joint family,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gujarati-flavor-back-on-hindi-prime-time-tv/articleshow/57885745.cms|title=Gujarati flavor is back on Hindi prime time TV|website=The Times of India|last1=Jambhekar |first1=Shruti }}</ref> the show made Producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Star Plus]] achieve great heights of success, by not only being the number 1 show on Indian Television which ran for eight constant long years, but also receiving great [[Audience measurement|TRPs]].<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2014|title=The rise and rise of Ekta Kapoor|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-rise-and-rise-of-ekta-kapoor-204349-2014-08-17|access-date=11 February 2017|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Sameer Nair turned around Star Plus|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/dec/04star.htm|access-date=11 February 2017|website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reality killed the soap star|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/XagWop4vspBlywc2bS5hjO/Reality-killed-the-soap-star.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210312154302/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/XagWop4vspBlywc2bS5hjO/Reality-killed-the-soap-star.html|archive-date=12 March 2021|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=7 November 2008 |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was the consistently most watched Hindi GEC (general entertainment channel) overall until 2005 and the following years saw its position consistently in top five television programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In consumer custody|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/ba1lapgBQlAfO8MK9tLxoJ/In-consumer-custody.html?facet=amp|website=Live Mint| date=9 June 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Until five weeks after its premiere, the ratings did not languish. After that, it started to rise gradually and also became the second most watched Hindi show of 2000 after ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' with an average TRP of 6.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/story-about-in-laws-becomes-2nd-most-watched-programme-in-india-after-kaun-banega-crorepati/1/245465.html|title=Story about in-laws becomes 2nd most watched programme in India after Kaun Banega Crorepati|website=India Today|date=18 December 2000 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804041616/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/story-about-in-laws-becomes-2nd-most-watched-programme-in-india-after-kaun-banega-crorepati/1/245465.html|archive-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> In 2001, it averaged 12.04 TVR. In 2002 and 2003, it had an average of 12.50 and 12.30 TVR while in 2004 it was 11.42 TVR with a peak of 19.41 TVR maintaining its top position mostly with its higher ratings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/3ks.htm|title=A case study on how the 3 most celebrated shows retained their premier position over four years....|website=Indian Television|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105094554/https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/3ks.htm|archive-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Crying Game|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20040201/features6.html|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2001, the series garnered its all-time high ratings of 22.4 TVR when the lead character Mihir returned to life on popular demand and protests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Is How Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Starcast Looks like now Then And Now: This Is How Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Starcast Looks Like After 17 Years|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-kyunki-saas-bhi-then-and-now-5534084-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209171857/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-kyunki-saas-bhi-then-and-now-5534084-PHO.html|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> In week during 7 May to 13 May 2001, it was at first position with 16.6 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zee Plans Overhaul Of Programming|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-plans-overhaul-of-programming-101052401039_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=24 May 2001 }}</ref> On 24 May 2001, it garnered 14.7 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus' two hit soaps mop up top 8 slots on ratings charts: TAM data|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/june/june5.htm?amp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209170355/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/june/june5.htm?amp|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=Indian Television dot com|date=6 June 2001 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> On the week ending 26 September 2001, it topped the TRP list with 18.8 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kyunki saas aur bahu hain No 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Kyunki-saas-aur-bahu-hain-No-1/articleshow/1333196673.cms|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2001 }}</ref> From 14 October to 20 October 2001 it garnered 12.74 TVR while during the same time in the next year 2002, it garnered 9.84 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novelty of reality TV wears out|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/novelty-of-reality-tv-wears-out/460768|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125150007/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/novelty-of-reality-tv-wears-out/460768|archive-date=25 January 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In third week of August 2002, it maintained its top position garnering 15.9 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=STAR's airtime rates up 20% for prime time spots|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/stars-airtime-rates-up-20-for-prime-time-spots/articleshow/20493128.cms?from=mdr|website=The Economic Times| date=29 August 2002 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On week ending 22 November 2003, it was the most watched with 10.1 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jassi jaisi koi nahin, but uski TRP thik nahin|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jassi-jaisi-koi-nahin-but-uski-trp-thik-nahin/articleshow/342515.cms?from=mdr|website=The Economic Times|date=6 December 2003 |last1=Nagaraj |first1=Sudha }}</ref><br />
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In 2005, it remained the most watched Hindi show however with about 10 TVR garnered lesser than previous years. As months passed, the TVR of the series decreased from double digits to single digit after 2006 due to fragmentation in viewership, however mostly maintaining its top position until months before its end.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With falling TRPs, channel share, pricey actors, entertainment television faces the heat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20050606-with-falling-trps-channel-share-pricey-actors-entertainment-television-faces-the-heat-787640-2005-06-06|website=India Today|date=6 June 2005 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Balaji saas-bahu soaps slip on viewership|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/balaji-saas-bahu-soaps-slip-on-viewership-108032601056_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 March 2008 |last1=Sheikh |first1=Aminah }}</ref> In week ending 1 March 2006, it maintained its top position garnering 9 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop or the viewer will shoot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/in-this-issue/story/20080331-stop-or-the-viewer-will-shoot-735791-2008-03-21|website=India Today|date=21 March 2008 }}</ref> It achieved its highest ratings of 14.17, 14.31 and 13 TVR on 31 July 2006, 29 August 2006 and 4 September 2006 during the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus Six It's Break; Zee Improvide: Hindi JC Study|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/gec_q3.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=14 October 2006 }}</ref><br />
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During the second week of January 2007, it garnered 6.3 TVR.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Zee closes in on Star Plus top spot|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/14zee.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125152425/https://m.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/14zee.htm|archive-date=25 January 2021|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In early March 2007, it garnered 4 TVR while in early June, it got 4.4 TVR.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonys prime time TRPs plummet|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sonys-prime-time-trps-plummet/203209/|website=The Financial Express|date=29 June 2007 }}</ref> The sequence of Irani as Tulsi shown killed when she quit before being temporarily replaced by [[Gautami Kapoor]] made the ratings to increase to 7.81 and 8.09 TVR before which it was getting about 6 TVR in that year, maintaining its position in top 5 programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star finds its voice|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/star-finds-its-voice/1/56.html|website=[[Business Today (India)]]|date=17 July 2007 }}</ref> After Irani was replaced by [[Gautami Kapoor]] as Tulsi in June 2007, the TVR dropped while it lost its number one position averaging 4.5 TVR while in that month it averaged 6.66 TVR overall.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 August 2007|title=Is Kyunki losing its charm?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Is-Kyunki-losing-its-charm/articleshow/2298544.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213132104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Is-Kyunki-losing-its-charm/articleshow/2298544.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title={{sic|Suc|ess|nolink=y}} behind reality shows-popular celebrities and cheesy comments|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20070730-reality-shows-boosting-chanel-trps-748199-2007-07-30|website=India Today|date=30 July 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Going, going...|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/going-going/cid/963362|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> On 21 July 2007, it dropped to 5.3 TVR.<ref name=":6" /> Towards the last week in September 2007, it was beaten by ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' with ''Kyunki...'' garnering 5.51 TVR and ''Banoo...'' getting 5.62 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2007|title=Zee TV readies to be No. 1 after long wait|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/Y3zoChRwqhMKNtASYvry4K/Zee-TV-readies-to-be-No-1-after-long-wait.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210312170529/https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/Y3zoChRwqhMKNtASYvry4K/Zee-TV-readies-to-be-No-1-after-long-wait.html|archive-date=12 March 2021|website=Live Mint}}</ref> However overall, it was one of the top rated series of the year with its rating garnered less than the previous years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best of Television, 2007|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/26slide7.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
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In early 2008, ''Kyunki...'' had an average of 5 TVR, being one of the most watched series while on eventually it dropped to 2.5 TVR months before its end which made the channel to axe the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life after death|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20081124-life-after-death-738248-2008-11-14|website=India Today|date=14 November 2008 }}</ref> As in week 17 of 2008, it garnered 5.5 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=High TVRs could hit IPL ad rates for a six|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/high-tvrs-could-hit-ipl-ad-rates-for-a-six/299963/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530121735/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/high-tvrs-could-hit-ipl-ad-rates-for-a-six/299963/|archive-date=30 May 2021|website=The Financial Express|date=22 April 2008 }}</ref> In week ending 9 August 2008, it garnered 2.51 TVR occupying twentieth position.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Balaji shows likely to go off air|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/balaji-shows-likely-to-go-off-air-108083001016_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530122643/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/balaji-shows-likely-to-go-off-air-108083001016_1.html|archive-date=30 May 2021|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 August 2008 |last1=Sheikh |first1=Aminah }}</ref> The final episode garnered 5.4 million viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curtains fall on Kyunki… Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi amidst applause|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22586_curtains-fall-on-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-amidst-applause|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311103303/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/22586_curtains-fall-on-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-amidst-applause|archive-date=11 March 2021|website=Afaqs|date=10 November 2008 |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><br />
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===Accolades===<br />
The show also went on to receive several awards, most of which were won by [[Smriti Irani]] for her portrayal of the ideal character Tulsi. It also won ''Best Continuing Series'' at [[Indian Telly Awards]] for six consecutive years (2002–2007) and won ''Best Serial (Popular)'' for five consecutive years (2001–2005) at [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].<br />
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The show is the longest ran daily soap on Indian television during the 2000s, running from 2000 to 2008 and completing 1833 episodes and was first [[Indian soap opera]] to cross 1000 episodes in the history of [[Indian Television]] and also entered the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2007|title=Serial thrillers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20071231-serial-thrillers-734827-2007-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210081440/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20071231-serial-thrillers-734827-2007-12-20|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi: Celebrating 1000 episodes|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/s-48/celebrating-1000-episodes/1000027237|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210081721/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/655/celebrating-1000-episodes/1000027237|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=[[Hotstar]]}}</ref><br />
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===Impact===<br />
The death of the lead character Mihir Virani in early 2001 lead to fan protest marches to bring the character back.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 July 2001|title=Dead man walking: Amar Upadhyay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dead-man-walking-Amar-Upadhyay/articleshow/414419444.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209171628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dead-man-walking-Amar-Upadhyay/articleshow/414419444.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=2020-01-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='It's as if a family member has died!'|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/20kyonki.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210082315/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/feb/20kyonki.htm|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The return of Mihir Virani in March 2001 brought an all-time high rating of 22.4 TVR, despite airing at late night slot of 10:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), which has been one of the highest ratings ever achieved by an Indian serial.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rani|first1=N. U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiqczwo0yrkC&q=kyunki+saas+bhi+kabhi+bahu+thi+trp+22.4&pg=PA131|title=Kyunki Saas gets 22.4 TVR|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2006|isbn=9788183560689|pages=131|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210081947/https://books.google.com/books?id=fiqczwo0yrkC&q=kyunki+saas+bhi+kabhi+bahu+thi+trp+22.4&pg=PA131|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><br />
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In January 2001, despite the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Gujarat]], people switched on their television sets for watching this series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2020|title=Ekta Kapoor celebrates 20 years of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, says people watched it even during Gujarat earthquake|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-celebrates-20-years-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-says-people-watched-it-even-during-gujarat-earthquake/story-0gHAEomDzSvKw13hxdDj8O.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210082320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-celebrates-20-years-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-says-people-watched-it-even-during-gujarat-earthquake/story-0gHAEomDzSvKw13hxdDj8O.html|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
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In February 2003, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that people started recreating the grand sets of the series in their homes in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2003|title=Kyunki, city falls for serial sets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kyunki-city-falls-for-serial-sets/articleshow/38306364.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210082455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kyunki-city-falls-for-serial-sets/articleshow/38306364.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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In 2001, a conflict arose between Star India and the production house over the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] series titled ''Kelunga Mamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than'' (trans. ''Listen mother-in- law, you were also a daughter-in-law'') which began airing from April 2001 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Star, Balaji lock horns over Kyunku Saas Bhi...|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2001/sep/19balaji.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209172405/https://m.rediff.com/money/2001/sep/19balaji.htm|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> While Star stated it as an exact copy of this series violating the copyright without their knowledge, Balaji Telefilms pointed only little similarities with the title meaning and the lead character name being similar. CEO of Balaji Telefilms Sanjay Doshi stated that the script of the Tamil series was already changed after episode 15.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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In September 2001, the series was blacked out in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] when [[Rajput]]s protested for naming a dog in the series as Saint Jalamsinh Jadeja. Soon, it was sorted out when Balaji Telefilms apologized for it stating it unintentional.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Balaji Telefilms says 'sorry' to Rajputs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/balaji-telefilms-says-sorry-to-rajputs/articleshow/613166724.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209172621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/balaji-telefilms-says-sorry-to-rajputs/articleshow/613166724.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2001 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref><br />
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In January 2002, the company [[Procter & Gamble]], for advertising their detergent brand [[Tide (brand)|Tide]], aired a spoof of the series consisting of the cast Smriti Irani, Aparna Mehta and Muni Jha of the series which was telecast on a rival channel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tide: 'Stripes' of disruption|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/4983_tide-stripes-of-disruption|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209173209/https://www.afaqs.com/news/4983_tide-stripes-of-disruption|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=Afaqs!|date=7 October 2002 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref> Both Star and Balaji Telefilms reported it as a copyright violation considering the advertisement which uses the same sets, backdrop, announcement fonts and music along with the cast of the series.<ref>{{Cite news|title=STAR, Balaji may sue P&G|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/star-balaji-may-sue-pg/articleshow/762929.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209173008/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/star-balaji-may-sue-pg/articleshow/762929.cms|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=The Economic Times|date=12 February 2002 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref> Star filed a case against [[Leo Burnett]] ([[Star India v Leo Burnett]]) and the case was heard before Bombay court in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star India Private Limited vs Leo Burnett (India) Private ...|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1271015/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210075122/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1271015/|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><br />
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In February 2002, [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] lodged a FIR at Andheri police station against Star TV and Balaji Telefilms when the episode aired on 5 February 2002 showed the character Puja undergoing sex determination test of her unborn child and also the doctor encouraging her for the child being a son.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 February 2002|title=FIR against producers of Kyunki Saas Bhi...|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/FIR-against-producers-of-Kyunki-Saas-Bhi-/articleshow/1797026.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210075315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/FIR-against-producers-of-Kyunki-Saas-Bhi-/articleshow/1797026.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> As per Pre-natal Diagnostic Technology (Regulation & Prevention of Misuse) Act of 1994, the test is illegal in India. Many NGOs and state women's organisations also protested against the episode's sequence. However, both Kapoor and Star were asked for an apology for portraying it to which Kapoor said, "It was not intentional. There was a slight lapse on the part of the writer of the script." while Star stated it as a genuine mistake and apologised in a subsequent episode.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BETA BEGETS TROUBLE FOR SAAS|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/beta-begets-trouble-for-saas/cid/902284|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210075451/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/beta-begets-trouble-for-saas/cid/902284|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
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In November 2004, Kapoor was summoned by [[National Commission for Women]] and Star was sent a notice following complaints from many women's groups for showing a marital rape sequence of character Nandhini by Ansh Gujral for 15 minutes in the episode aired on 14 October 2004 claiming it more sensitive considering the viewership of the series by all age groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marital rape rap on soap queen|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/marital-rape-rap-on-soap-queen/cid/700255|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210075702/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/marital-rape-rap-on-soap-queen/cid/700255|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekta Kapoor fails to appear before NCW|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041203/nation.htm#20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210075858/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041203/nation.htm%2320|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Tribune}}</ref> Kapoor's lawyer stated that they will appear on 1 December 2004, along with a copy of the episode to submit to them, while the channel defended that they were mindful of their programs and they are for general viewing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekta Kapoor to appear before NCW on Dec 01|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/ekta-kapoor-to-appear-before-ncw-on-dec-01_188270.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210080111/https://zeenews.india.com/home/ekta-kapoor-to-appear-before-ncw-on-dec-01_188270.html|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Zee News|date=24 November 2004 }}</ref> However, when Kapoor failed to appear on that day, sending her two lawyers to represent her, the case was adjourned for Kapoor's appearance on 14 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nation at a glance|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nation-at-a-glance/cid/967156|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210080355/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nation-at-a-glance/cid/967156|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> However, on her demand, it was further adjourned to 3 January 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekta Kapoor asked to appear before NCW on Jan 3|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/ekta-kapoor-asked-to-appear-before-ncw-on-jan-3_193298.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210080637/https://zeenews.india.com/home/ekta-kapoor-asked-to-appear-before-ncw-on-jan-3_193298.html|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Zee News|date=25 December 2004 }}</ref><br />
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The series was dubbed in [[Dari language]] and was aired on [[Tolo TV]] in [[Afghanistan]] since 2005 becoming the first Indian television series to air there and gained huge popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 2007|title=Making the most of India's soft power|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shashi-tharoor/shashi-on-sunday/making-the-most-of-indias-soft-power/articleshow/1568428.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213094229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shashi-tharoor/shashi-on-sunday/making-the-most-of-indias-soft-power/articleshow/1568428.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabulis send their Saalam for Tulsiji, Mihirji|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-kabulis-send-their-saalam-for-tulsiji-mihirji-1025771|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213093839/https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-kabulis-send-their-saalam-for-tulsiji-mihirji-1025771|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> But it was soon banned along with all other Indian series aired in 2008 with many complaints arising over the show's content.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 April 2008|title=Afghanistan set to ban Indian TV serials|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Afghanistan-set-to-ban-Indian-TV-serials/articleshow/2928570.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150404113023/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Afghanistan-set-to-ban-Indian-TV-serials/articleshow/2928570.cms|archive-date=4 April 2015|access-date=11 February 2017|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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In January 2006, protests in front of Balaji Telefilms office at [[Andheri]] took place against the depicted scene of mercy killing, which was illegal then in India, of character Savitha carried out by the lead character Tulsi in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smriti's mercy killing controversy continues|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-smriti-s-mercy-killing-controversy-continues-1031452|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> However Kapoor stated, "I dealt with marital rape in Kyunki…, didn't I? Then why can't I show euthanasia? TV is fiction and we are only bringing up social issues. If there is any problem, my legal department will take care of it." while Star India's senior creative director Shailaja Kejriwal stated, "We at Star, along with Balaji Telefilms, have decided to take up (through the serials) social issues that are not talked about openly. We just though that euthanasia is a subject of great importance… we should talk about it and keep the topic alive."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Illegal' twist in the tale|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/illegal-twist-in-the-tale/story-uQwPXUXMlwOCCW1jMvBQtJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 March 2006 }}</ref> Smriti Irani playing Tulsi, said that she doesn't support mercy killing while she, who was uncomfortable doing it, said that she did the sequence considering that she would have been labelled as an unprofessional actor had she refused.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I don't support the idea of mercy killing'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/I-dont-support-the-idea-of-mercy-killing/articleshow/1584212.cms|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2006 }}</ref><br />
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In January 2008, the dialogue "You and your God, go to hell" pointing against [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] in an episode said by the antagonist [[Suvarna Jha]] playing Tripti hurt the sentiments of many people and the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav community]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oh god!|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/oh-god/articleshow/15773031.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210083645/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/oh-god/articleshow/15773031.cms|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> Protests and rallies were held in [[Junagadh]] led by the priests and various Vaishnav followers who also submitted a memo to the district collector for Balaji Telefilms, Producer Ekta Kapoor and Suvarna Jha to apologise for it. Many also criticised it as a move for increasing ratings. However, Kapoor stated that it was not their intention and they also, having Vishnu in their faith, requested apology from everyone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekta faces Vaishnavs' flak for derogatory remark in Kyunki...|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ekta-faces-vaishnavs--flak-for-derogatory-remark-in-kyunki.../258156/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210083405/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ekta-faces-vaishnavs--flak-for-derogatory-remark-in-kyunki.../258156/0|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
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In February 2008, [[Pulkit Samrat]] playing Lakshya got a notice from court stating his absence for shooting and no response to phone calls from production house while Samrat stated that he attended the shoots regularly but was idle for most of the time with inconsequential scenes and so wished to work on other series. The problem arose when he earlier complained to the production house for non-payment of his dues and their contract which does not permit him to work for other production houses. After these incidents he went to court and was relieved from the series and production house after the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|title='I didn't have a choice but to go to court against Ekta Kapoor'|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/07pulkit.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210082531/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/07pulkit.htm|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
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In 2009, the series was criticised glorifying social evils along with few other Indian television shows during the discussions in the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV truth comes under scrutiny in parliament|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tv-truth-comes-under-scrutiny-in-parliament-1276440|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210074819/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tv-truth-comes-under-scrutiny-in-parliament-1276440|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Acknowledging the impact of some of her shows including ''Kyunki...'', Ekta Kapoor stated, "They were heavily stylised and melodramatic. But they actually gave Indian women a voice. There's research that shows that after cable penetration, from about 2001 to 2005, which is when my shows ran, India, for the first time, saw women take decisions on family issues. This had never happened before, and it was directly linked to the fact that we made the women in our shows do this."<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2020|title=Ekta Kapoor says Indian women began taking decisions after she made her characters do it in serials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-says-indian-women-began-taking-decisions-after-she-made-her-characters-do-it-in-serials/story-gMbkzBCmDpknnF44MTunKI.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210082748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kapoor-says-indian-women-began-taking-decisions-after-she-made-her-characters-do-it-in-serials/story-gMbkzBCmDpknnF44MTunKI.html|archive-date=10 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
It was remade during 2007 in [[Tamil language]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanakkam Tulsi|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vanakkam-tulsi/articleshow/15718515.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213095351/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vanakkam-tulsi/articleshow/15718515.cms|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{{Col-begin}}<br />
{{Col-1-of-2}}<br />
<br />
;[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Category !! Recipient !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2002'''<br />
| ''Best Actress of The Year''<ref name="TellyAwards-2002">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2002|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025256/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| [[Smriti Irani]]<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Television Personality''<ref name="TellyAwards-2002"/><br />
| [[Amar Upadhyay]]<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best TV Show of The Year''<ref name="TellyAwards-2002"/><br />
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing TV Show''<ref name="TellyAwards-2002"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2003'''<br />
| ''Best Actress of The Year''<ref name="TellyAwards-2003">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2003|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Television Personality''<ref name="TellyAwards-2003"/><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Daily Serial''<ref name="TellyAwards-2003"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''<ref name="TellyAwards-2003"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''2004'''<br />
| ''Best Actor of The Year''<ref name="TellyAwards-2004">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2004|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| [[Hiten Tejwani]]<br />
| Karan Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''<ref name="TellyAwards-2004"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | '''2005'''<br />
| ''Best Child Artiste (Female)''<ref name="TellyAwards-2005">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2005|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| Chinky Jaiswal<br />
| Bhoomi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actor in a Supporting Role''<ref name="TellyAwards-2005"/><br />
| Hiten Tejwani<br />
| Karan Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress in a Supporting Role''<ref name="TellyAwards-2005"/><br />
| [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]<br />
| Nandini Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actor in a Negative Role''<ref name="TellyAwards-2005"/><br />
| [[Akashdeep Saighal]]<br />
| Ansh Gujral<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''<ref name="TellyAwards-2005"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2006'''<br />
| ''Best Actor in a Supporting Role''<ref name="TellyAwards-2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2006|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415202355/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm|archive-date=15 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| Hiten Tejwani<br />
| Karan Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Fresh New Face (Male)''<ref name="TellyAwards-2006"/><br />
| [[Pulkit Samrat]]<br />
| Lakshya Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Television Personality''<ref name="TellyAwards-2006"/><br />
| [[Ronit Roy]]<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''<ref name="TellyAwards-2006"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | '''2007'''<br />
| ''Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Critics)''<ref name="TellyAwards-2007">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2007|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| Hiten Tejwani<br />
| Karan Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Popular)''<ref name="TellyAwards-2007"/><br />
| Gauri Pradhan Tejwani<br />
| Nandini Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Continuing Serial''<ref name="TellyAwards-2007"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | '''2010'''<br />
| ''Best Actor of The Decade''<ref name="TellyAwards-2010">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php1|title=Winners of Indian Telly Awards 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><br />
| [[Ronit Roy]]<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Col-2-of-2}}<br />
<br />
;[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Category !! Recipient !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2001'''<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001 |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Amar Upadhyay<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2001"/><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2001"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Star Cast''<ref name="ITA-2001"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''2002'''<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222232/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002 |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2002"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2003'''<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215542/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003 |archive-date= 4 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Ronit Roy<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2003"/><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2002"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Audiography''<br />
| Vikas Patil<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | '''2004'''<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004 |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Ronit Roy<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2004"/><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2004"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2005'''<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215552/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005 |archive-date= 4 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Hiten Tejwani<br />
| Karan Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2005"/><br />
| Smriti Irani<br />
| Tulsi Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''<ref name="ITA-2005"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Supporting Actress (Jury)''<ref name="ITA-2005"/><br />
| [[Shilpa Saklani]]<br />
| Ganga Virani<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | '''2006'''<br />
| ''Best Teleplay (Jury)''<ref name="ITA-2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2006 |title=Winners of Indian Television Academy Awards 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210174024/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2006 |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Anil Nagpal<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | '''2010'''<br />
| ''ITA Milestone Award''<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49 |title=Kyunki team honoured at ITA Milestone Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123743/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=49 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref><br />
| [[Sudha Shivpuri]]<br />[[Apara Mehta]]<br />[[Smriti Irani]]<br />[[Hiten Tejwani]]<br />[[Sumeet Sachdev]]<br />
| Baa<br />Savita<br />Tulsi<br />Karan<br />Gautam<br />
|}<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
===Others===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| '''2002'''<br />
| Kalakar Awards<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="Kalakar-Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.kalakarawards.co.in/images/listofawardees.pdf|title=Winners of Kalakar Awards}}</ref><br />
| Amar Upadhyay<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | '''2004'''<br />
| rowspan="4" | Kalakar Awards<br />
| ''Best Actor (Popular)''<ref name="Kalakar-Awards"/><br />
| Ronit Roy<br />
| Mihir Virani<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''<ref name="Kalakar-Awards"/><br />
| [[Jaya Bhattacharya]]<br />
| Payal Mehra<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Serial''<ref name="Kalakar-Awards"/><br />
| Ekta Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Title Singer''<ref name="Kalakar-Awards"/><br />
| Priya Bhattacharya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
A sequel of the show titled "''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''" was announced on 7 July 2025, in honor of the show completing 25 years. [[Smriti Irani]] returned as Tulsi andnseason two premiered on 29 July 2025 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 Premiere Date Out! Smriti Irani AKA Tulsi Features In New Promo – Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-premiere-date-out-smriti-irani-aka-tulsi-features-in-new-promo-watch-article-152240212 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani Returns To Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Reboot, First Look As Tulsi Out |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-returns-to-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-reboot-first-look-as-tulsi-out-8836499 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Star India v Leo Burnett]]'': a court case involving the claim that a commercial imitating the show violated copyright law.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kyunki-saas/655 Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
* {{IMDb title|0278212}}<br />
<br />
{{Balaji Telefilms}}<br />
{{SP Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C61&diff=523521PSLV-C612026-05-03T03:23:08Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Failed 2025 Indian satellite launch}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket launch<br />
| name = PSLV-C61<br />
| image = PSLV C-61 grand view.webp<br />
| rocket = PSLV-XL<br />
| launch = 18 May 2025 ;5:59 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br/> ([[UTC]] +5:30)<br />
| operator = [[ISRO]]<br />
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|SDSC FLP]]<br />
| payload = {{Hlist | [[EOS-09]] (RISAT-1B)}}<br />
| outcome = Failure<br />
| succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]<br />
| previous = [[PSLV-C60]]<br />
| next = [[PSLV-C62]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''PSLV-C61''' was the 63rd flight of the [[ISRO]]'s [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] and its 27th flight in the XL configuration. The mission launched on 18 May 2025 carrying [[EOS-09]] (RISAT 1-B).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/eos-09-satellite-to-boost-india-s-border-monitoring-and-defence-capabilities-launch-scheduled-for-may-18/ar-AA1ExQDq?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Payload==<br />
[[EOS-09|Earth Observation Satellite-09]] (EOS-09), also called RISAT 1-B was planned to be the seventh satellite in ISRO's [[RISAT]] series.It is a [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] [[Synthetic-aperture radar|synthetic aperture radar]] satellite, enabling it to capture high-resolution images of Earth’s surface regardless of weather conditions, day or night.The satellite features five distinct imaging modes, enabling it to switch between ultra-high-resolution imaging, capable of detecting small objects, and broader scans for large-area observation. The satellite was expected to boost India's [[space surveillance]] capabilities and contribute to smarter governance and faster [[disaster response]].It was to be launched into a [[Sun-synchronous orbit|sun-synchronosis orbit]] (SSO) amidst tension on the [[India–Pakistan border|India-Pakistan border]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Isro to launch radar imaging satellite RISAT-1B aboard PSLV-C61 on May 18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-radar-imaging-satellite-eos-09-risat-1b-aboard-pslv-c61-on-may-18-2721681-2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=2025-05-12 |title=ISRO's new satellite launch scheduled for June 18 for Defence and Disaster Monitoring |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-s-new-satellite-launch-scheduled-for-june-18-for-defence-and-disaster-monitoring-2025-05-12-989949 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/what-is-the-earth-imaging-satellite-india-is-launching-amid-tensions-with-pak/ar-AA1EBxM9?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Orbit Change Thrusters (OCT) were planned to be used to reduce the orbit altitude of the spent PS4 stage to reduce its life in orbit following by stage passivation.<ref name=":2">[//www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC61/PSLV_C61_EOS_09_Brochure.pdf https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC61/PSLV_C61_EOS_09_Brochure.pdf]<br />
<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Launch failure ==<br />
''PSLV-C61'' launched from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC-SHAR]] at 5:59 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on Sunday 18 May 2025. The First and Second stages performed normally. A failure of the third stage led to mission failure.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y63x4kjvAc0&ved=2ahUKEwjpgp_T-qqNAxUo1TgGHXjQAn4QwqsBegQIERAE&usg=AOvVaw3pJjTU4LNboN-XF9jIVe1l |title=ISRO's 101st Launch {{!}} PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 {{!}} 18 May 2025 |date=2025-05-17 |last=ISRO Official |access-date=2025-05-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EOS-09 mission unsuccessful, will begin technical analysis, says ISRO chief - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/isro-launches-eos-09-aboard-pslv-c61-boosting-indias-surveillance-and-remote-sensing-powers/articleshow/121243650.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> Later reports indicated that a drop in [[chamber pressure]] of the third stage during its firing led to failure. ISRO's failure analysis committee is expected to release the final failure report within a month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDTV Explains: Why ISRO's EOS-9 Satellite Launch Failed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-rocket-launch-failed-due-to-pressure-drop-in-3rd-stage-8442334 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannathan |first=Venkatachari |title=Consecutive ISRO Mission Failure Raises National Security Concerns |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/consecutive-isro-mission-failure-raises-national-security-concerns/20250519.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
ISRO Chairman [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V.Narayanan]] reported to the media that the FAC committee report has been finalised and submitted to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] in August. He announced the return to flight launch of the PSLV Rocket within three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Aparna |date=2025-08-11 |title=India’s space station plans gain momentum; first module launch targeted for 2028: ISRO Chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/03/indias-space-station-plans-gain-momentum-first-module-launch-targeted-for-2028-isro-chief |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However the detailed FAC report still remained unpublished before the subsequent PSLV-C62 launch, which likewise ended in failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-01-09 |title=Isro to launch PSLV on January 12. We still don't know why it failed last time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-pslv-c62-eos-anvesha-on-january-12-we-still-dont-know-why-it-failed-last-time-2848859-2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the investigation, componets of the HPS3, which forms the third stage of the PSLV rocket were re-designed and a modified variant was developed.Ttwo static tests were successfully completed on October 06, 2025 and November 19, 2025 on the stage.<ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref><br />
<br />
== Mission overview ==<br />
* '''Mass''':<br />
** ''Payload weight:'' 1710&nbsp;kg<ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|44.4|m}}<ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''Propellant''':<br />
** ''Stage 1 (PS-1) :'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)<br />
** ''Stage 2 (PS-2) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)<br />
** ''Stage 3 (PS-3):'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)<br />
** ''Stage 4 (PS-4) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)<br />
* '''Propellant mass''':<br />
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|139000|kg}}<br />
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|41000|kg}}<br />
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|7650|kg}}<br />
** ''Stage 4:'' {{cvt|1600|kg}}<br />
* '''Altitude''': 529&nbsp;km<ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''Maximum velocity''': <br />
* '''Inclination''': 97.6'''°'''<ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''Azimuth''': 140'''°'''<ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''Period''': 95.2 minutes<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[EOS-09]]<br />
* [[List of PSLV launches]]<br />
* [[ISRO]]<br />
* [[RISAT]]<br />
* [[PSLV]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{PSLV}}<br />
{{Indian space programme}}<br />
{{orbital launches in 2024}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]<br />
[[Category:Rocket launches in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:May 2025 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in India]]<br />
[[Category:Satellite launch failures]]<br />
[[Category:Space missions that ended in failure]]<br />
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottapalam_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=523222Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency2026-04-30T02:17:54Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ottapalam <br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| union_territory =<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| assembly_cons = <br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors =<br />
}}<br />
'''Ottapalam''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Kerala]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The seat was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. It was replaced by [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur Lok Sabha Constituency]] in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf<br />
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies<br />
|access-date = 2008-10-19<br />
|work = Kerala<br />
|publisher = Election Commission of India<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf<br />
|archive-date = 2009-03-04<br />
}}</ref><br />
# [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala]]<br />
# [[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]<br />
# [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency|Ottapalam]]<br />
# [[Coyalmannam Assembly constituency|Coyalmannam]]<br />
# [[Chelakkara Assembly constituency|Chelakara]]<br />
# [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency|Wadakkanchery]]<br />
# [[Kunnamkulam Assembly constituency|Kunnamkulam]]<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Election<br />
!Member<br />
!Party<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|K. Kunhambu<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1977-80<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[A.K. Balan]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|1980-84<br />
|-<br />
|1984<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[K.R. Narayanan]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|1984-89<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|1989-91<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|1991-92<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|Sivaraman<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|1993-96<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[S. Ajaya Kumar]]<br />
|1996-98<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|1998-99<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|1999-2004<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|2004-09<br />
|}<br />
*<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ottapalam]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}<br />
{{coord|10.78|76.37|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ottapalam (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi_Honar_Superstar&diff=517538Mi Honar Superstar2026-04-27T15:24:09Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Marathi-language reality show}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Mi Honar Superstar.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = <br />
| runtime = 45 minutes<br />
| company = [[Frames Production]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| director = <br />
| presenter = [[#Host|See here]]<br />
| judges = [[#Judges|See below]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br />
| network = [[Star Pravah]]<br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| num_episodes = 295<br />
| num_seasons = 9<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|01|12|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|05|03|df=yes}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mi Honar Superstar''''' ({{translation|I Will Be a Superstar}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television reality show which aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Me Honaar Superstar Chhote Ustaad winner: Shuddhi Kadam lifts the trophy; wins a cash prize of Rs. 4 lakhs and a badge of honour – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honaar-superstar-chhote-ustaad-winner-shuddhi-kadam-lifts-the-trophy-wins-a-cash-prize-of-rs-4-lakhs-and-a-badge-of-honour/articleshow/91434185.cms|access-date=2022-05-09|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Me Honar Superstar winner: 'Lokakaleche Shiledar' group lifts the trophy, wins prize money of Rs. 3 lakhs – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honar-superstar-winner-lokakaleche-shiledar-group-lifts-the-trophy-wins-prize-money-of-rs-3-lakhs/articleshow/93706489.cms|access-date=2022-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 12 January 2020 airing every weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Me Honaar Superstar contestant Komal Surve turns assistant choreographer for the show – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honaar-superstar-contestant-komal-surve-turns-assistant-choreographer-for-the-show/articleshow/99666618.cms|access-date=2023-04-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contestant Pratham Borse pays a tribute to judge and actor Ankush Chaudhary through his dance performance, the latter turns emotional – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honar-superstar-jallosh-juniors-cha-contestant-pratham-borse-pays-a-tribute-to-judge-and-actor-ankush-chaudhary-through-his-dance-performance-the-latter-turns-emotional/articleshow/99579067.cms|access-date=2023-04-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show airing 8 seasons with Dance and Singing genre for adult and juniors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai and Sharayu lift the trophy of the season, win a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakhs and badge of honour – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honaar-superstar-jallosh-juniors-cha-sai-and-sharayu-lift-the-trophy-of-the-season-win-cash-prize-of-rs-5-lakhs-and-badge-of-honour/articleshow/100748981.cms|access-date=2023-06-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankalp Kale lifts the trophy of Me Honar Superstar Chhote Ustaad 2 – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sankalp-kale-lifts-the-trophy-of-me-honar-superstar-chhote-ustaad-2/articleshow/104277096.cms|access-date=2023-10-09|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Host ==<br />
=== Season 1 and Aawaz Kunacha Maharashtracha ===<br />
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Me Honar Superstar Aavaj Kunacha Maharashtracha to air its grand finale on August 21 – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honar-superstar-aavaj-kunacha-maharashtracha-to-air-its-grand-finale-on-august-21/articleshow/93665216.cms|access-date=2022-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Chhote Ustad ===<br />
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddharth Chandekar to host singing reality show Me Honar Superstar Chhote Ustad – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharth-chandekar-to-host-singing-reality-show-me-honar-superstar-chhote-ustad/articleshow/86807256.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Vaidehi Parshurami]]<br />
<br />
=== Jallosh Dancecha and Juniorscha, Jodi Number 1 ===<br />
* [[Sanskruti Balgude]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Host Sanskruti Balgude pens an emotional note on social media as Me Honar Superstar goes off-air – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/host-sanskruti-balgude-pens-an-emotional-note-on-social-media-as-me-honar-superstar-goes-off-air/articleshow/88010088.cms|access-date=2021-11-30|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* Samrudhhi Kelkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Me Honaar Superstar Jodi No. 1 is all set to launch soon, Ankush Chaudhary to judge, Samruddhi Kelkar to host – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/me-honaar-superstar-jodi-no-1-dance-reality-show-with-ankush-chaudhary-as-super-judge/articleshow/107886515.cms|access-date=2024-02-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* Saisha Salvi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child actress Saisha Salvi to co-host ‘Me Honaar Superstar Jallosh Juniors Cha’ with Samruddi Kelkar – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/child-actress-saisha-salvi-to-co-host-me-honaar-superstar-jallosh-juniors-cha-with-samruddi-kelkar/articleshow/97479932.cms|access-date=2023-01-31|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Judges ==<br />
=== Season 1 and Aawaz Kunacha Maharashtracha ===<br />
* [[Adarsh Shinde]]<br />
* [[Saleel Kulkarni]]<br />
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]<br />
* [[Bela Shende]]<br />
* [[Rahul Deshpande]]<br />
<br />
=== Jallosh Dancecha and Juniorscha, Jodi Number 1 ===<br />
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Ankush Chaudhary to join 'Me Honar Superstar – Jallosh Juniors Cha' as a 'super judge' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-ankush-chaudhary-to-join-me-honar-superstar-jallosh-juniors-cha-as-a-super-judge/articleshow/97302002.cms|access-date=2023-01-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Kruti Mahesh]]<br />
* [[Phulwa Khamkar]]<br />
* Vaibhav Ghuge<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dancer-choreographer Vaibhav Ghuge to mentor contestants in Me Honaar Superstar Jallosh Juniors Cha – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/dancer-choreographer-vaibhav-ghuge-to-mentor-contestants-in-me-honaar-superstar-jallosh-juniors-cha/articleshow/97920796.cms|access-date=2023-02-14|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Chhote Ustad ===<br />
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vaishali Samant, Adarsh Shinde, and Sachin Pilgaonkar to judge reality show Me Honaar Superstar Chote Ustaad – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vaishali-samant-adarsh-shinde-and-sachin-pilgaonkar-to-judge-reality-show-me-honaar-superstar-chote-ustaad/articleshow/87624606.cms|access-date=2021-11-10|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Vaishali Samant]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijeet Sawant To Appear As Guest In Me Honar Superstar Chhote Ustad 3’s Finale|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/abhijeet-sawant-to-appear-as-guest-in-me-honar-superstar-chhote-ustad-3s-finale-9113157.html|access-date=2024-11-08|website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Adarsh Shinde]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Here's a glimpse of Rahul Deshpande and Aadarsh Shinde's version of popular melody 'Jeev Rangla' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/watch-heres-a-glimpse-of-rahul-deshpande-and-aadarsh-shindes-version-of-popular-melody-jeev-rangla/articleshow/90164319.cms|access-date=2022-03-12|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Seasons ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Season<br />
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Name<br />
|-<br />
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired<br />
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 1<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2020|01|12|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2020|03|22|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Me Honar Superstar<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 2<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2021|08|21|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2021|11|28|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Jallosh Dancecha<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 3<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2021|12|04|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2022|05|08|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Chhote Ustad<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 4<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2022|05|14|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2022|08|21|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Aawaz Kunacha Maharashtracha<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 5<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2023|02|18|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2023|06|04|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Jallosh Juniorscha<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 6<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2023|06|10|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2023|10|08|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Chhote Ustad 2<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 7<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2024|03|09|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2024|07|07|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Jodi Number 1<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| 8<br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2024|07|13|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2024|11|10|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Chhote Ustad 3 <br />
|- <br />
|align="center"| 9 <br />
|align="center"| {{Start date|2026|01|03|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| {{End date|2026|05|03|df=yes}}<br />
|align="center"| Chhote Ustad 4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt13952996}}<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/chhote-ustaad/1260075005 ''Mi Honar Superstar''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
<br />
{{Star Pravah programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subedaar_(film)&diff=537728Subedaar (film)2026-04-27T09:40:18Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Subedar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Subedaar<br />
| image = Subedaar.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = Suresh Triveni<br />
| producer = {{ubl|Vikram Malhotra|[[Anil Kapoor]]|Suresh Triveni}}<br />
| writer = {{ubl|Suresh Triveni|Prajwal Chandrashekar}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Anil Kapoor| [[Radhika Madan]]||[[Khushbu Sundar]]|[[Saurabh Shukla]]|[[Aditya Rawal]]|[[Mona Singh]]|[[Faisal Malik]]}}<br />
| music = <br />
| cinematography = Ayan Saxena<br />
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker<br />
| studio = {{ubl|Abundantia Entertainment|Opening Image Films|Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network}}<br />
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2026|03|05|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2026 |title=''Subedaar'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/subedaar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmtezmtu0 |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Subedaar''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Suresh Triveni.<ref name="et_teaser">{{cite web |title=Subedaar OTT release date: When and where to watch Anil Kapoor's action comeback online |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/subedaar-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-anil-kapoors-action-comeback-online/articleshow/128196708.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]] in the titular role, alongside [[Radhika Madan]], [[Khushbu Sundar]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Aditya Rawal]], [[Mona Singh]], and [[Faisal Malik]].<ref name="hungama_cast">{{cite web |title=Subedaar Movie Star Cast |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/subedaar/cast/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=17 February 2026}}</ref> Produced by Abundantia Entertainment, Opening Image Films, and Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network, the film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 5 March 2026.<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor's Subedaar gets OTT premiere date; makers unveil a riveting teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2026/Feb/11/anil-kapoors-subedaar-gets-ott-premiere-date-makers-unveil-a-riveting-teaser |website=Cinema Express |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Subedaar Arjun Maurya, a retired soldier, is struggling to adapt to civilian life in a rapidly changing world.<ref name="mint_teaser">{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor stars as a retired soldier in action-packed 'Subedaar' teaser |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-stars-as-a-retired-soldier-in-action-packed-subedaar-teaser-watch-11770803962572.html |website=Livemint |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of Madhya Pradesh, the narrative explores Arjun's battle against local corruption and societal dysfunction while attempting to mend a fractured relationship with his daughter, Shyama.<ref name="deccan_herald">{{cite web |title='Subedaar': Anil Kapoor returns to action with Prime Video's upcoming 'Fauji' drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/subedaar-anil-kapoor-returns-to-action-with-prime-videos-upcoming-fauji-drama-3254704 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=29 October 2024}}</ref> As he confronts enemies within his community, Arjun must rely on the discipline and combat skills of his military past to protect his family.<ref name="outlook">{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor Unveils Explosive Poster Of Prime Video's Subedaar |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anil-kapoor-unveils-explosive-poster-of-prime-videos-subedaar |website=Outlook India |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=6 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as [[Subedar|Subedaar]] Arjun Maurya <ref name="bh_teaser">{{cite web |title=Subedaar teaser out: Anil Kapoor starrer to start streaming from March 5 on Prime Video |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/subedaar-teaser-anil-kapoor-starrer-start-streaming-march-5-prime-video/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Radhika Madan]] as Shyama Maurya, Arjun's daughter<ref name="amazon_in">{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor's Subedaar coming to Prime Video on 5 March |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/subedaar-anil-kapoor-prime-video |website=About Amazon India |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] as Sudha Devi, Arjun's wife<br />
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Prabhakar, Arjun's best friend<br />
* [[Aditya Rawal]] as Shashikant alias "Prince"<ref name="news24">{{cite web |title=Subedaar release date OUT: Here's when and where you can watch Anil Kapoor's gripping action film |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/subedaar-release-date-out-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-anil-kapoors-gripping-action-film/743404/ |website=News24 |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Mona Singh]] as Babli Didi<ref name="mubi_cast">{{cite web |title=Subedaar (2026) - Cast & Crew |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/subedaar/cast |website=MUBI |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Faisal Malik]] as Softy Bhaiyya<ref name="ht_interview">{{cite web |title=Anil Kapoor says wife Sunita Kapoor's contribution is 'tremendous' in his career |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-says-wife-sunita-kapoors-contribution-is-tremendous-in-his-career-she-sacrificed-a-lot-to-let-me-work-101771346502541.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=18 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* Mohit Tiwari as Rajan, Shyama's boyfriend<ref name="timesnow">{{cite web |title=Subedaar Release Date, Reviews, Cast, and Where to Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/movies/subedaar-movie-153595582 |website=Times Now |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=17 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* [[Nana Patekar]] as [[Lance Naik]] Nana Waghmare (Special appearance)<ref name="timesnow">{{cite web |title=Subedaar Release Date, Reviews, Cast, and Where to Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/movies/subedaar-movie-153595582 |website=Times Now |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=17 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
The film marks another collaboration between director Suresh Triveni and [[Amazon Prime Video]], following his work on ''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]'' and the series ''Daldal''.<ref name="cinemaexpress" /> The screenplay was co-written by Triveni and Prajwal Chandrashekar.<ref name="et_teaser" /> Anil Kapoor described the role as a return to his action roots, noting that he took inspiration from his real-life relationships to portray the father-daughter dynamic.<ref name="ht_interview" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in October 2024 and was completed by December 2024.<ref name="cinemaexpress" /><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The film's promotional campaign featured the "Lalla Anthem," a track featuring [[Anil Kapoor]] and former cricketer [[Harbhajan Singh]].<ref name="bh_song">{{cite web |title=Prime Video unveils 'Lalla… Taiyaar Rehna' song video from Anil Kapoor's Subedaar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prime-video-unveils-lalla-taiyaar-rehna-song-video-anil-kapoors-subedaar/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=19 February 2026}}</ref> A second promo for the anthem featured cricketer [[Shikhar Dhawan]] alongside Kapoor.<ref name="statesman_promo">{{cite web |title=Gabbar meets Subedar: Shikhar Dhawan, Anil Kapoor drop fierce new promo |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/gabbar-meets-subedar-shikhar-dhawan-anil-kapoor-drop-fierce-new-promo-1503559325.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=19 February 2026}}</ref><br />
==Reception==<br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' writes that "Suresh Triveni’s 142-minute action drama is not a smooth watch, but it thrives on the subtext of a familiar template and Anil Kapoor Sparkles as a Desi John Wick.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Subedaar' Movie Review: Anil Kapoor Elevates an Imperfect but Ambitious Hero Story|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/subedaar-movie-review-anil-kapoor-elevates-an-imperfect-but-ambitious-hero-story|date=5 March 2026|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref><br />
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that " Subedaar reminds me of the kind of old-fashioned crime thriller fronted by a hero clashing with the corrupt system, and individuals, that used to give mainstream Bollywood its heft."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Subedaar movie review: Anil Kapoor leads gritty throwback to Bollywood's heroic thrillers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/subedaar-movie-review-anil-kapoor-leads-a-gritty-throwback-to-bollywoods-heroic-thrillers-10565843/|date=5 March 2026|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes that "After a gripping, vividly tense buildup, director Suresh Triveni resorts to familiar tropes of larger-than-life heroism, undermining the film’s grounded promise"<ref>{{cite web|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|title='Subedaar' movie review: Anil Kapoor's angsty intensity lifts this action drama above its formulaic flaws|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/subedaar-movie-review-anil-kapoors-angsty-intensity-lifts-this-action-drama-above-its-formulaic-flaws/article70707463.ecedate|date=5 March 2026|website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and said that "Anil Kapoor’s soulful performance can't save Subedaar, a gritty yet formulaic drama about a veteran fighting a sand mafia. It relies on dated tropes and a predictable screenplay."<ref>{{cite web|first=Aishwarya|last=Vasudevan|title=Subedaar review: A powerhouse Anil Kapoor is trapped in a dated, trope-heavy script that fails to match his ageless charisma|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/subedaar-review-anil-kapoor-suresh-triveni-radhikka-madan-aditya-rawal-mona-singh/01efab8a3b390|date=5 March 2026|website=OTT Play}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Suresh Triveni-directed Subedaar doesn’t feel like a bad film as much as an overcrowded one — packed with ideas, but without the space to let any of them truly land."<ref>{{cite web|first=Sana|last=farzeen|title=Subedaar review: Anil Kapoor delivers the punches, but story struggles to land one|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/subedaar-review-anil-kapoor-delivers-the-punches-but-story-struggles-to-land-one-2877522-2026-03-05|date=5 March 2026|website=India Today}}</ref><br />
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Anil Kapoor shines in action as well as acting in this massy entertainer, which promises a lot, but does not deliver it all."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Subedaar review: Massy premise doesn't fully detonate in this actioner, but a terrific Anil Kapoor saves the show|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/subedaar-review-massy-premise-doesnt-fully-detonate-in-this-actioner-with-a-terrific-anil-kapoor-amazon-prime-video-101772691386569.html|date=5 March 2026|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and observed that "What Subedaar lacks is that element of surprise that makes a film worth the viewer’s time and willingness to engage."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Subedaar Review: Predictable|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/subedaar-review-anil-kapoor-aditya-rawal-radhikka-madan/20260305.htm|date=5 March 2026|website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commented that "142-minute Subedaar plots itself into a corner. The overwritten script, which proceeds on two tracks and then several, can’t quite bring all its strands together."<ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='Subedaar' review: One random provocation after another|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1091091/subedaar-review-one-random-provocation-after-another|date=5 March 2026|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.primevideo.com/detail/amzn1.dv.gti.8f5793f0-9728-4d2e-9f9f-1a6b828c1a40}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt31852278}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about veterans]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 direct-to-video films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makeup_(2002_film)&diff=515260Makeup (2002 film)2026-04-24T11:03:17Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: added new stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Makeup<br />
| image = Make-up (2002 film).jpg<br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| writer = Nanjunda (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao<br />
| story = [[Gururaj]]<br />
| producer = Parimala Jaggesh<br />[[Jaggesh]]<br />
| starring = Jaggesh<br />[[Laila Khan|Laila Patel]]<br />
| cinematography = Srinivas Rap<br />
| editing = S. Manohar<br />
| music = John<br />
| studio = Jaggesh Chitra<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|11|8}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Makeup''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and starring [[Jaggesh]] in dual getups and [[Laila Khan|Laila Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್ ಹೇಳಿದ ಮೇಕಪ್ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಕಥೆ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/homepage-karnataka-edition/topnews-karnataka-edition/the-story-behind-the-make-up-told-by-jaggesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191131/https://www.udayavani.com/homepage-karnataka-edition/topnews-karnataka-edition/the-story-behind-the-make-up-told-by-jaggesh |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್ ಹೇಳಿದ ಮೇಕಪ್ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಸತ್ಯ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/homepage-karnataka-edition/topnews-karnataka-edition/the-truth-behind-jaggeshs-make-up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191135/https://www.udayavani.com/homepage-karnataka-edition/topnews-karnataka-edition/the-truth-behind-jaggeshs-make-up |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref> It was released on 8 November 2002.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last= Srikanth | title=FILM REVIEWS: Makeup (Kannada) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov10/filmr.asp |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201205400/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov10/filmr.asp |archive-date=1 February 2003 |date=10 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is based on 2000 American film ''[[Big Momma's House]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html|title=2002 Year Round Up|date=30 December 2002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141113073316/http://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html#selection-219.1-219.19|archive-date=13 November 2014|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{More plot|date=June 2023}}<br />
To gather important information about a case, Jaggesh, a police officer, disguises himself as an old woman. During his investigation, he falls in love with a woman.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Jaggesh]] as K. D. Roy / Doddamma<br />
*[[Laila Khan|Laila Patel]] as Pooja<br />
*[[Bank Janardhan]] as a police commissioner<br />
*[[Mimicry Dayanand]] as Bobby<br />
*[[Tennis Krishna]] as Saridon<br />
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as a karate master<br />
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Kamakshi<br />
*[[Shakti Kapoor]]<br />
*Yathiraj Jaggesh<br />
*Master Raghavendra<br />
*Jayaram<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The make up for Jaggesh's grandmother getup in the film took four hours to apply.<ref name="New">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=Jaggesh to handle two heroines |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/jan/18/jaggesh-to-handle-two-heroines-220027.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/jan/18/jaggesh-to-handle-two-heroines-220027.html |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2006 |title='I played the hero' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/i-played-the-hero/article3231000.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/i-played-the-hero/article3231000.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kannada">{{Cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರಿಗೆ 'ಮೇಕಪ್' ತೋರಿಸೋಕೆ ಹೋಗಿ 75 ಲಕ್ಷ ರೂ. ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ನಟ ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/navarasa-nayaka-jaggesh-makeup-movie-budget-and-loss-money/articleshow/76131585.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191130/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/navarasa-nayaka-jaggesh-makeup-movie-budget-and-loss-money/articleshow/76131585.cms |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> Newcomer Laila Patel from Mumbai was cast as the heroine.<ref name="Viggy" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Makeup {{sic|nolink=y|Heoine}} Laila Khan Murdered |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/50-makeup-heoine-laila-khan-murdered.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191113/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/50-makeup-heoine-laila-khan-murdered.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref> The film was produced by Jaggesh and his wife, Parimala, and was written by his son [[Gururaj]].<ref name="Viggy">{{Cite web |title=Dream project for Jaggesh |url=http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/current_makeup.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216064625/http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/current_makeup.asp |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Viggy}}</ref><ref name="New" /> [[Shakti Kapoor]], in his Kannada debut, and Jaggesh's son, Yathiraj, play supporting roles.<ref name="Viggy" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Jaggesh meets his match in Shakti|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug11/ent7.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820103127/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug11/ent7.htm |archive-date=20 August 2002 |date=11 August 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Debutante John composed the music.<ref name="Viggy" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Makeup |url=https://gaana.com/album/makeup-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227095606/https://gaana.com/album/makeup-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Baa Raja Byandu<br />
| note1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| music1 = <br />
| extra1 = [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
| length1 = 3:52<br />
| title2 = Dimple Dimple<br />
| note2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| music2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br />
| length2 = 3:40<br />
| title3 = Chooste Sumar<br />
| note3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| music3 = <br />
| extra3 = Manu<br />
| length3 = 3:44<br />
| title4 = Jaka Jaka Janaka<br />
| note4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| music4 = <br />
| extra4 = Nanditha, Rajesh Krishnan<br />
| length4 = 4:22<br />
| title5 = Bhol Bhol<br />
| note5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| music5 = <br />
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan<br />
| length5 = 4:18<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' gave a favourable review and opined that "Director Singeetham Srinivasarao has shown his diligence and proves that comedy is his hot favorite" and stated that "Jaggesh's effort and his dialogue delivery is a treat to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makeup Movie Review |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2810-makeup-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191130/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2810-makeup-review.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Viggy]]'' opined that "Jaggesh as Doddamma has done an excellent job" and called the film "A sheer pleasure for Jaggesh fans".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makeup film review |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_makeup.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220192633/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_makeup.asp |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Viggy}}</ref> Srikanth of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted that the film was inspired from characters in ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' (1993) and ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996), "but with a Jaggesh punch." However, he felt that "Jaggesh has nothing new to offer to his fans except for his new makeup and 'get-up'. However, there are more laughs in the film that he is known to give the audience and his fans. Laila Patel has nothing much to do. Shakti Kapoor disappoints and so is Tennis Krishna".<ref name="dh1"/><br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
Despite the positive reviews and a good run at the box office, the film was a box office failure and lost seventy five lakhs due to the film's high budget.<ref name="Kannada" /><ref name="Viggy" /> Jaggesh had to sell his house to compensate for the loss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2020 |title=Actor Jaggesh had sold his house for 'Make Up'! |url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/actor-jaggesh-had-sold-his-house-for-make-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191114/https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/actor-jaggesh-had-sold-his-house-for-make-up/ |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Newskarnataka.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2020 |title='ಮೇಕಪ್' ಮಾಡಿ ₹35 ಕೋಟಿ ಮೌಲ್ಯದ ಆಸ್ತಿ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್! |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/jaggesh-lost-assets-worth-rs-35-crore-to-produce-makeup-movie-732261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220203105/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/jaggesh-lost-assets-worth-rs-35-crore-to-produce-makeup-movie-732261.html |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref> Jaggesh cites the reason for the film's failure is that the film released at the "wrong time".<ref name="Hindu" /> Despite the film's failure, Jaggesh garnered appreciation for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2009 |title=Brotherhood in Gandhinagar |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/25/brotherhood-in-gandhinagar-107173.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220191114/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/25/brotherhood-in-gandhinagar-107173.html |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._P._Vaidyanathan&diff=523414P. P. Vaidyanathan2026-04-22T23:17:02Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: stub!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian American academic (born 1954)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
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| fields = [[Digital signal processing]]<br />
| workplaces = [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech)<br />
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'''Palghat P. Vaidyanathan''' (born in [[Kolkata]], [[India]] on 16 October 1954) is the Kiyo and Eiko Tomiyasu Professor of Electrical Engineering at the [[California Institute of Technology]], [[Pasadena, California]], USA, where he teaches and leads research in the area of [[signal processing]], especially [[digital signal processing]] (DSP), and its applications. He has authored five books, and authored or coauthored close to six hundred papers in various [[IEEE]] journals and conferences. Prof. Vaidyanathan received his B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees from the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture|Science College campus]] of [[University of Kolkata]], and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from [[University of California Santa Barbara]] in 1982.<br />
<br />
Prof. Vaidyanathan's pioneering contributions include the development of the theory and structures for filter banks,<ref><br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Multirate digital filters, filter banks, polyphase networks, and applications: A tutorial," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 78, pp. 56-92, Jan. 1990. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=52200.<br />
* R. D. Koilpillai, and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Cosine-modulated FIR filter banks satisfying perfect reconstruction," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 770-783, April 1992. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=127951<br />
* S-M. Phoong, C. W. Kim, P. P. Vaidyanathan, and R. Ansari, "A new class of two-channel biorthogonal filter banks and wavelet bases," IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. SP-43, pp. 649--665, March 1995. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=370620<br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Theory and design of M-channel maximally decimated quadrature mirror filters with arbitrary $M,$ having perfect reconstruction property," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 35, pp. 476-492, April 1987. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1165155</ref> especially perfect reconstruction and orthonormal filter banks, which find applications in data compression standards such as [[JPEG]] and [[MPEG]], and in [[digital communications]]. One of his early contributions is the development of the theory of robust [[digital filter]] structures directly in discrete time without recourse to classical circuit theoretical models.<ref><br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan, S. K. Mitra and Y. Neuvo, "A new approach to the realization of low sensitivity IIR digital filters," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-34, pp. 350-361, April 1986. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1164829<br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan and T. Q. Nguyen, "Eigenfilters: a new approach to least squares FIR filter design and applications including Nyquist filters," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 34, pp. 11-23, January 1987. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1086033</ref> He has also contributed widely in other areas of signal processing including [[image processing]],<ref>M. Mese and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Look Up Table (LUT) for inverse halftoning," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, pp. 1566--1578, Oct. 2001. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=951541</ref> genomic signal processing,<ref>P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Genomics and proteomics: a signal processor's tour," IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 6--29, Dec. 2004. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1371584</ref> sampling theory,<ref>P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Generalizations of the sampling theorem: seven decades after Nyquist," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-1, pp. 1094--1109, Sept. 2001. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=948437<br />
</ref> optimal transceivers,<ref><br />
* Ching-Chih Weng, Chun-Yang Chen, and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "MIMO transceivers with decision feedback and bit loading: theory and optimization", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, March 2010. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5272297 <br />
* Chih-Hao Liu and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "MMSE DFE Transceiver Design over Slowly Time-varying MIMO Channels Using ST-GTD", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 59, pp. 277--289, Jan. 2011. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5601795</ref> radar signal processing,<ref><br />
* Chun-Yang Chen and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "MIMO radar space-time adaptive processing using prolate spheroidal wave functions", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Feb, 2008. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4400830<br />
* Chun-Yang Chen and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "MIMO Radar Waveform Optimization with Prior Information of the Extended Target and Clutter", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3533-3544, Sept. 2009. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4840496</ref> and [[sensor array]] processing.<ref><br />
* Piya Pal and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Nested arrays: a novel approach to array processing with enhanced degrees of freedom," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 58, pp. 4167--4181, August 2010. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5456168<br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan and Piya Pal, "Sparse sensing with coprime samplers and arrays", ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'', vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 573--586, Feb. 2011. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5609222</ref> He has also explored the role of [[number theory]] in signal processing applications.<ref><br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Ramanujan sums in the context of signal processing: Part I: fundamentals," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 62, no. 16, pp. 4145--4157, Aug., 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6839014<br />
* P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Ramanujan sums in the context of signal processing: Part II: FIR representations and applications," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 62, no. 16, pp. 4158--4172, Aug., 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6839030&tag=1<br />
* S. V. Tenneti and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Nested Periodic Matrices and Dictionaries: New Signal Representations for Period Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Signal Proc., vol. 63, no. 14, pp. 3736--3750, July 2015. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7109930&tag=1</ref><br />
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==Awards and honors==<br />
* IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eas.caltech.edu/news/pp-vaidyanathan-receives-ieee-jack-s-kilby-signal-processing-medal|title = P.P. Vaidyanathan Receives IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal| date=28 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eas.caltech.edu/news/1461|title = Caltech Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Professor Vaidyanathan Elected to the National Academy of Engineering}}</ref><br />
* EURASIP Athanasios Papoulis Award, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eas.caltech.edu/news/1400|title = P. P. Vaidyanathan Receives Athanasios Papoulis Award}}</ref><br />
* Member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eas.caltech.edu/news/1174|title = Caltech Division of Engineering and Applied Science &#124; News &#124; Professor Vaidyanathan Elected to the National Academy of Engineering}}</ref><br />
* [[IEEE Signal Processing Society]] Award, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-electrical-engineering-professor-wins-ieee-signal-processing-societys-top-award-53511|title = Caltech Electrical Engineering Professor Wins IEEE Signal Processing Society's Top Award|date = 6 January 2017}}</ref><br />
* Northrop Grumman prize for Excellence in Teaching at [[California Institute of Technology]], 2016.<br />
* [[IEEE Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award]], 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/tfas/kirchhoff.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415034837/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/tfas/kirchhoff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|title = Corporate Awards|website = [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)}}</ref><br />
* Education Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.signalprocessingsociety.org/awards-fellows/awardspage/education-award/|title=Awards & Submit Award Nomination|date=3 January 2016}}</ref><br />
* Eliahu Jury Seminar Award, [[University of Miami]], 2007.<br />
* Technical Achievement Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.signalprocessingsociety.org/awards-fellows/awardspage/techachv/|title = Awards & Submit Award Nomination|date = 3 January 2016}}</ref><br />
* Golden jubilee medal, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, 2000.<br />
* Distinguished lecturer, IEEE Signal Processing Society, 1996–97.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.signalprocessingsociety.org/community/lectures/|title = Attend an Event}}</ref><br />
* Awards for excellence in teaching, [[California Institute of Technology]] (multiple times).<br />
* Best paper awards from IEEE Signal Processing Society (multiple times).<br />
* F. E. Terman Award of the ASEE, sponsored by the Hewlett-Packard company, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asee.org/member-resources/awards/full-list-of-awards/professional-and-technical-division-awards|title = Professional and Technical Division Awards American Society for Engineering Education}}</ref><br />
* Fellow of the IEEE, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/index.html|title=About the IEEE Fellow Program|website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)}}</ref><br />
* [[Presidential Young Investigator Award]], [[National Science Foundation]], 1986.<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
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# P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate systems and filter banks, [[Prentice Hall]], Englewood Cliffs, 1993.<ref name="PPbookSearch">{{cite web| url=https://www.amazon.com/s?k=P.P.+Vaidyanathan&i=stripbooks-intl-ship&crid=2RJ5Q40EZIL31&sprefix=p.p.+vaidyanathan%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C171&ref=nb_sb_noss | title=1-16 of 35 results for "P.P. Vaidyanathan" | website=Amazon | access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref><br />
# P. P. Vaidyanathan, The Theory of Linear Prediction, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2008.<ref name="PPbookSearch" /><br />
# P. P. Vaidyanathan, S.-M Phoong, and Y.-P Lin, Signal Processing and Optimization for Transceiver Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2010.<ref name="PPbookSearch" /><br />
# Y.-P Lin, S.-M. Phoong, and P. P. Vaidyanathan, [[Filter bank]] transceivers for OFDM and DMT systems, Cambridge University Press, 2010.<ref name="PPbookSearch" /><br />
# P. P. Vaidyanathan, Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing, Cambridge University Press, 2024.<ref name="PPbookSearch" /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* [https://www.eas.caltech.edu/people/ppvnath P. P. Vaidyanathan's homepage]<br />
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JZlbx8cAAAAJ&hl=en Google scholar page]<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidyanathan, P. P.}}<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]<br />
[[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise_Tarang_Shakti&diff=498748Exercise Tarang Shakti2026-04-22T18:12:07Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Done.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian Air Force multinational training exercise}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox recurring event<br />
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| logo = File:Tarang Shakti Official Logo.png<br />
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| logo_caption = Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024 official logo<br />
| image = <br />
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| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| genre = [[Military exercise]]<br />
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| ends = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|mm|dd}} --><br />
| frequency = Biennially<br />
| venue = <br />
| location = *[[Sulur Air Force Station]]<br />
*[[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur Air Force Station]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| country = India<br />
| years_active = {{age|2024|08|06}}<br />
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}}<br />
'''Exercise Tarang Shakti''' is a biennial multinational [[Aerial warfare|air combat]] [[Military exercise|exercise]] hosted by the [[Indian Air Force]]. The first edition of the exercise, previously planned in 2023, was held in August and September 2024. An estimated 150 aircraft participated in the multinational air exercise, which was conducted in two phases with 70–80 aircraft deployed in each phase.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-07-31 |title=IAF's largest multilateral exercise Tarang Shakti to see participation of over 150 aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iafs-largest-multilateral-exercise-tarang-shakti-to-see-participation-of-over-150-aircraft/article68469453.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the first edition, 11 countries are participating with military assets including [[Australia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Japan]], [[Singapore]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=":7" /> In addition, 18 other countries participated as observers.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=What is Tarang Shakti, the largest military exercise that India will host? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-tarang-shakti-the-largest-military-exercise-that-india-will-host-101722435902901.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-06-07 |title=12 countries to participate in IAF's biggest-ever exercise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jun/30/12-countries-to-participate-in-iafs-biggest-ever-exercise-2589987.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Tarang Shakti 2024 was the first and largest international air exercise hosted by India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Alka |date=2024-08-06 |title=India's first multinational air exercise 'Tarang Shakti' to begin today. All you need to know about it |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-multinational-air-exercise-tarang-shakti-to-begin-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-it-11722910325396.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Mint}}</ref><br />
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Tarang Shakti 2024 is the second largest air exercise in the [[South Asia]] after [[Exercise Indus Shield]] which featured 24 air forces, organized by the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2024-09-05 |title=Exercise Tarang Shakti – Largest Multilateral Air Exercise in India |url=https://www.iadb.in/2024/09/05/exercise-tarang-shakti-largest-multilateral-air-exercise-in-india/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin - News for aerospace and defence in India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title=COAS Gen Asim Munir reviews Indus Shield-2024 exercises |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2504981/coas-gen-asim-munir-visits-paf-to-review-indus-shield-2024-exercises |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Saad |date=2024-11-05 |title=Pakistan, China hold aerial exercise simulating contemporary combat scenarios |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/572839-pakistan-china-hold-aerial-exercise-simulating-contemporary-combat-scenarios |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== First Edition (2024) ==<br />
The debut exercise was held in latter half of 2024, in two phases. The first phase was held at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Tamil Nadu]] from 6 August to 14 August. The participants of the first phase, other than Indian Air Force included [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The second phase is to be held at [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur Air Force Stations]], [[Rajasthan]] from 30 August to 14 September.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Greece makes first fighter jet landing in India ahead of Tarang Shakti Phase 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-greek-fighter-hellenic-forces-jet-lands-on-indian-soil-as-tarang-shakti-phase-2-jodhpur-2590095-2024-08-29 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=2024-09-05 |title=Exercise Tarang Shakti – Largest Multilateral Air Exercise in India – Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin – News for aerospace and defence in India |url=https://www.iadb.in/2024/09/05/exercise-tarang-shakti-largest-multilateral-air-exercise-in-india/amp/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> The participants of the second phase include [[Australia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Greece]], [[Japan]], [[Singapore]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United States]]. A total of 51 nations were invited while 11 foreign nations will participate in the exercise with their assets and 18 other nations will also be present as observers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=Exercise Tarang Shakti: India's Largest multinational air exercise to begin on August 6 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/exercise-tarang-shakti-indias-largest-multinational-air-exercise-to-begin-on-august-6-3131281 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Air Force to host 2-phase Tarang Shakti exercise, 51 countries invited |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-force-to-host-two-phase-tarang-shakti-exercise-51-countries-invited-russia-us-uk-2574745-2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roushan |first=Anurag |date=2024-08-01 |title='Tarang Shakti': India set to host its largest multinational air exercise, 51 countries invited |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/tarang-shakti-indian-air-force-largest-multinational-air-exercise-in-india-two-phases-august-september-51-countries-invited-2024-08-01-944653 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> However, Bangladesh Air Force withdrew their C-130 aircraft just before the 2nd phase commenced and Sri Lankan Air Force joined in while BAF officials joined the exercise as observers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Bangladesh opts out of multinational air exercise Tarang Shakti, Sri Lanka steps in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangladesh-opts-out-of-multinational-air-exercise-tarang-shakti-sri-lanka-steps-in-2590859-2024-08-30 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Japan also confirmed its participation in the exercise few days before the second phase.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
A total of 150 aircraft will be deployed by IAF and other air forces which includes:<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
* '''Phase 1'''<br />
** '''{{Air force|IND}}''' – [[HAL Tejas|Tejas Mk 1]], [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]], [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]], and [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]] (included transport aircraft) <br />
** '''{{Naval|IND}}''' – [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=India's first ever multinational air exercise 'Tarang Shakti' begins at Sulur Air Force Station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indias-first-ever-multinational-air-exercise-tarang-shakti-begins-at-sulur-air-force-station/articleshow/112324197.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|GER}}''' – 5 [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], 1 [[Airbus A400M Atlas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air drills bring new thrust to India, Germany defense ties – DW – 08/05/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-germany-air-drills-mark-defense-partnership-milestone/a-69862725 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|FRA}}''' – 3 [[Dassault Rafale]], 1 [[Airbus A330 MRTT]], 1 [[Airbus A400M Atlas]] and 160 personnel<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-05 |title=French Air and Space Force to take part in Tarang Shakti exercise in Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/french-air-and-space-force-to-take-part-in-tarang-shakti-exercise-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/112278116.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|ESP}}''' – [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]<br />
** '''{{Air force|UK}}''' – 6 [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] ([[No. 11 Squadron RAF|No. XI Squadron]]), 2 [[Airbus A330 MRTT|Airbus A330 Voyager]], 1 [[Airbus A400M Atlas]] and 130 personnel<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Exercise Tarang Shakti: A Historic Multilateral Air Drill Takes Off in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-exercise-tarang-shakti-a-historic-multilateral-air-drill-takes-off-in-india-3575469/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=RAF Typhoons make pit stop to take part in India's first multinational air exercise |url=https://www.forcesnews.com/services/raf/raf-takes-part-indian-air-forces-first-multi-national-air-exercise |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.forcesnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
*'''Phase 2'''<br />
** '''{{Air force|IND}}''' – [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]], [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]], [[HAL Tejas|HAL Tejas Mk 1]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], 3 [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J]], 2 [[Ilyushin Il-78|Il-78MKI]], 2 [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra AEW&CS]], [[HAL Prachand|Prachand]], [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache]], and [[HAL Rudra|Rudra]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Phase 2 of multinational air exercise Tarang Shakti starts tomorrow in Jodhpur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tarang-shakti-phase-2-air-exercise-jodhpur-rajasthan-indian-air-force-australia-us-greece-2590186-2024-08-29 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><br />
** '''{{Air force|AUS}}''' – 3 [[Boeing EA-18G Growler]] ([[No. 6 Squadron RAAF|No. 6 Squadron]]) and 120 personnel<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Tarang Shakti II: Australian Air Force deploys combat aircraft to India for the first time |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tarang-shakti-ii-australian-air-force-deploys-combat-aircraft-to-india-for-the-first-time-12813615.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Money Control}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|USA}}''' – [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]] ([[148th Fighter Wing]]), [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Thunderbolt II]] ([[25th Fighter Squadron]]), [[Bombardier Global Express|Bombardier E-11A]], [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker]] ([[909th Air Refueling Squadron]]), [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130H Hercules]] ([[139th Airlift Wing]]), [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] ([[62nd Airlift Wing]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=PACAF joins allies, partners in Indian Air Force-led exercise to enhance diverse cooperation |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3894111/pacaf-joins-allies-partners-in-indian-air-force-led-exercise-to-enhance-diverse/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=af.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-09-08 |title=Military diplomacy in top gear with back-to-back exercises for three Services |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/military-diplomacy-in-top-gear-with-back-to-back-exercises-for-three-services/article68618770.ece/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|Greece}}''' – 4 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Block 52+ Fighting Falcon]] ([[336th Bomber Squadron|336 Squadron]]), 2 [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
** '''{{Air force|JAP}}''' – 2 [[Mitsubishi F-2]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Lake |first=Jon |date=2024-08-28 |title=Japanese F-2s make rare overseas deployment for Indian exercise |url=https://aerospaceglobalnews.com/news/japanese-f-2s-make-rare-overseas-deployment-for-indian-exercise/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=AGN |language=en-en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Phase Two Of Tarang Shakti Takes Flight In Jodhpur |url=https://bharatshakti.in/phase-two-of-tarang-shakti-takes-flight-in-jodhpur/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
** '''{{Air force|Singapore}}''' – [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]<br />
** '''{{Air force|SL}}''' – [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130K Hercules]]<ref name=":6" /><br />
** '''{{Air force|UAE}}''' – [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]<br />
[[File:HAL Tejas (LA-5022) and Tejas twin seat (LT-5201) during Ex.Tarangshakti24.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas (LA-5022) and Tejas twin-seater (LT-5201) of [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]] during International Defence Aviation Exposition.]]<br />
On the afternoon of 6 August, the jets from foreign air forces touched down at [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur AFS]] where the first phase of the exercise was to be conducted. The jets were escorted by a formation of four [[HAL Tejas|HAL Tejas Mk 1]] aircraft, one of which was piloted by the then [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh|A. P. Singh]]. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise. One of the [[German Air Force]]'s [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] was being piloted by [[Generalleutnant#Germany|Lieutenant General]] [[Ingo Gerhartz]], Chief of the German Air Force who flew for five hours to reach India. It is the first time that the German Air Force is participating in an exercise in Indian airspace.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=India's multi-national air exercise 'Tarang Shakti 2024' begins in Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/indias-multi-national-air-excercise-tarang-shakti-2024-begins-in-coimbatore/article68493291.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=IAF begins its first-ever multinational exercise Tarang Shakti in Sulur with Made in India LCA Tejas in the lead |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-begins-its-first-ever-multinational-exercise-tarang-shakti-in-sulur-with-made-in-india-lca-tejas-in-the-lead20240806223947/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> The phase saw the participation of 10 foreign nations (Spain, Germany, France and United Kingdom) including six observers. The Indian Air Force also hosted the International Defence Aviation Exposition (IDAX) on 9 August showcasing indigenous aviation platforms to the foreign participants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=India hosts largest air exercise Tarang Shakti, showcases global aerial prowess |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tarang-shakti-india-air-exercise-multinational-showcases-global-aerial-prowess-2581648-2024-08-13 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proven in both the cases. The design capabilities of the fighter jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, the [[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force|Chief of French Air Force]], General {{ill|Stéphane Mille|fr}} and the Chief of German Air Force Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz piloted HAL Tejas. The then [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Indian Air Force Chief]] [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari|V. R. Chaudhari]] and the [[Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force (Spain)|Chief of Spanish Air Force]] [[General of the Air (Spain)|Air General]] [[Francisco Braco Carbó]] flew on board a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=LCA proved its mettle in Tarang Shakti drills, says IAF chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lca-proved-its-mettle-in-tarang-shakti-drills-says-iaf-chief-101723547971515.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second phase marked the first military exercise of Greece in India. The contingent from the Hellenic Air Force arrived on 29 August at Jodhpur.<ref name=":3" /> According to a report, In the second phase, a total of 40 aircraft including 27 fighter aircraft, two mid-air refuellers, two AEW&CS, three special forces aircraft and helicopters ([[HAL Dhruv]], [[HAL Prachand]] and [[HAL Rudra]]) participated from the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":5" /> On 12 September 2024, [[Surya Kiran]] and [[Sarang display team|Sarang]] [[aerobatic team]]s showcased their skills to the participants of the exercise. The senior officials told that the air forces participating in the exercise lacked a common data link which enables operators to share data with friendly foreign nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Tarang Shakti: Will formalise pattern to hold exercises, says VR Chaudhari |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/tarang-shakti-will-formalise-pattern-to-hold-exercises-says-vr-chaudhari-124091300064_1.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> IAF also hosted the India Defence Aviation Exposition-II (IDAX-II) from 12 to 14 September. It was inaugurated by Indian [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=IAF Set to Host the Indian Defence Aviation Exposition-II at Jodhpur |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2053715 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Second Edition (2026) ==<br />
The second edition of the exercise is expected to be held around September and October 2026. This was first reported during the state visit of the [[Defence Minister of India]], [[Rajnath Singh]], to Germany to meet his [[German defence minister|counterpart]] in late April 2026.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Raksha Mantri & his German counterpart hold bilateral talks in Berlin to bolster strategic defence partnership |date=2026-04-22 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2254600&reg=3&lang=1 |quote=Raksha Mantri said that India is looking forward to the German Air Force’s participation in the next edition of Ex-TARANG SHAKTI which will be held in India in September/October this year. |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of exercises of the Indian Air Force]]<br />
* [[Exercise Red Flag]]<br />
* [[Red Flag – Alaska]]<br />
* [[Cope India]]<br />
* [[Indradhanush (Air Force Exercise)]]<br />
* [[Exercise Garuda]]<br />
* [[Exercise Pitch Black]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references responsive="1"></references><br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Military aviation exercises]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military exercises]]<br />
[[Category:Military exercises involving France]]<br />
[[Category:Military exercises involving the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2024]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Tamizharasu&diff=483827A. Tamizharasu2026-04-18T19:29:09Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started some info first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP one source|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = A. Tamizharasu<br />
| native_name =<br />
| image = <!-- only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people - see [[WP:NONFREE]] --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2006<br />
| term_end = 2011<br />
| predecessor = [[S. Semmalai]]<br />
| successor = [[C. Krishnan (AIADMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]<br />
| constituency = [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur constituency]] <br />
}}<br />
'''A. Tamizharasu''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]]. He was a candidate of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamizharasu, A.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begun_Assembly_constituency&diff=490301Begun Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:32:56Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started first data w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Begun<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-168-Begun.svg<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 168<br />
| division = [[Rawatbhata]], [[Begun]]<br />
| district = [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mla = [[Suresh Dhaker]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2023<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:279580}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Begun Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]] district. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Suresh Dhaker]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
| [[Ghanshyam]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
| [[Chunni Lal Dhakad]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| [[Rajendra Singh Bidhuri|Bidhuri Rajendra Singh]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| [[Suresh Dhaker]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Rajendra Singh Bidhuri|Bidhuri Rajendra Singh]]<ref name="election2018" /><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Suresh Dhaker|Dr. Suresh Dhakar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Begun<ref name="election2023"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Suresh Dhakar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:136714}}<br />
|percentage = 58.01<br />
|change = +13.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Gurjar Rajender Singh Bidhuri<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:86053}}<br />
|percentage = 36.51<br />
|change = -9.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br />
|candidate = Naresh Kumar Gurjar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4299}}<br />
|percentage = 1.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Onkar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2297}}<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = +0.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2103}}<br />
|percentage = 0.89<br />
|change = -0.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:50661}}<br />
|percentage = 21.5<br />
|change = +20.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:235691}}<br />
|percentage = 84.3<br />
|change = +0.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Begun<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Bidhuri Rajendra Singh<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:99259}}<br />
|percentage = 45.75<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Dr. Suresh Dhaker<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:97598}}<br />
|percentage = 44.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gopallal Bhil<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:10919}}<br />
|percentage = 5.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rameshvar Lal Bairva<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2050}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3165}}<br />
|percentage = 1.46<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1661}}<br />
|percentage = 0.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:216944}}<br />
|percentage = 83.87<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Chittorgarh district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.99|75.01|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoj_Tiwari_(Delhi_politician)&diff=516260Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)2026-04-07T23:43:36Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: added new article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician, singer and actor (born 1971)}}<br />
{{Other uses|Manoj Tiwari (disambiguation){{!}}Manoj Tiwari}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Manoj Tiwari<br />
| image = Manoj Tiwari profile.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Tiwari campaigning in 2019<br />
| office2 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Delhi]]<br />
| term_start2 = 30 November 2016<br />
| term_end2 = 2 June 2020<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Satish Upadhyay]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Adesh Kumar Gupta]]<br />
| president2 = [[Amit Shah]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi, Delhi]]<br />
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2014)<br />
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (till 2011)<br />
| birth_name = Manoj Kumar Tiwari<ref name="LSProfile"/><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|02|01|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{marriage|Rani Tiwari|1999|2012|end=divorced}}<br />
* {{marriage|Surbhi Tiwari|2020}}<br />
}}<br />
| children = 3<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]] ([[Master of Physical Education|MPEd]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Manoj-Tiwari-is-new-Delhi-BJP-chief/article16732719.ece|title=Manoj Tiwari is new Delhi BJP chief|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|director|television presenter|politician}}<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Manoj Kumar Tiwari''' (born 1 February 1971) is an Indian politician, singer and actor. He is serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]] since 2014. Tiwari contested the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] as a [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate from [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur Lok Sabha]] but lost to [[Yogi Adityanath]]. In 2014, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested in [[2014 Indian general election]]s and won. He was appointed as [[Delhi]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] president in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title =Manoj Tiwari appointed chief of Delhi BJP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/manoj-tiwari-appointed-chief-of-delhi-bjp/story-vXMACEyiNhMfMCAcQTyQvI.html|date= 30 November 2016|publisher =Hindustan Times}}</ref> He was the head of the BJP organisation in Delhi when the party recorded a record victory in [[2017 Municipal Corporation of Delhi election|2017 MCD elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elections.in/delhi/mcd-elections/ |title=Delhi MCD Election 2017 Results |agency=Elections.in |date=26 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Born on 1 February 1971 in [[Kabir Chaura]] locality of [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Tiwari is one of the six children of Chandradev Tiwari and Lalita Devi.<ref name="LSProfile">{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4606 |website=164.100.47.194 |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510184925/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4606 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Officialweb>{{cite web |url=http://manojtiwari.in/#2 |title=Biography |publisher=Manoj Tiwari Official Website |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=66 |title=My Neta Info |publisher=myneta.info}}</ref> He is from Atarwalia, a small village in [[Kaimur district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name=Screen20110708>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/actor-manoj-tiwari-to-build-temple-for-tendulkar-and-dhoni/ |title=Actor Manoj Tiwari to build temple for Tendulkar and Dhoni |work=Indian Express |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> Tiwari completed his [[Master of Physical Education|M.P.Ed.]] degree from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="LSProfile"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Prior to his involvement in politics, he had spent years as a singer and an actor in the Bhojpuri film industry.<ref name=IndiaExpress20050605 /><br />
<br />
In 2003, he took a role in the film ''[[Sasura Bada Paisawala]]''.<ref name="IndiaToday20110711" /><ref name=BBC20051215>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm |title=Move over Bollywood, here's Bhojpuri |first=Amarnath |last=Tewary |publisher=BBC |date=15 December 2005 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/article600255.ece |title=Bhojpuri cinema edges its way to success |agency=IANS |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> He followed this with the films ''Daroga Babu I Love You'' and ''Bandhan Toote Na''.<ref name=IndiaExpress20050605>{{cite news |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=71723 |title= Bollywood's trying to read Bhojpuri |first=Anuradha |last=Raman |date= 5 June 2005 |work=Indian Express |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The BBC reported in 2005 that Tiwari and [[Ravi Kishan]] were the biggest male stars in the [[Bhojpuri cinema]] market and that Tiwari charged around {{USD}} 90,000 per film.<ref name=BBC20051215 /><br />
<br />
Manoj Tiwari also sang "Jiya Ho Bihar Ke Lala Jiya Tu Haazar Sala" in ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Meera |last=Vohra |date=6 January 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/news-interviews/30593681_1_song-manoj-tewari-anurag-kashyap/ |title=Manoj Tewari croons for Anurag Kashyap |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103142151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/news-interviews/30593681_1_song-manoj-tewari-anurag-kashyap/ |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
In 2009, Tiwari contested elections for the [[15th Lok Sabha]] as a candidate for the [[Samajwadi Party]] in the [[Gorakhpur]] constituency. He had been offered a choice of three constituencies and ''[[Zee News]]'' reported him as saying that he was not "a political person but was concerned for the development of Purvanchal region of [[Uttar Pradesh]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/states/2009-01-08/496899news.html |title=Bhojpuri actor Manoj Tiwari to contest LS polls from Gorakhpur |publisher=Zeenews |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065354/http://zeenews.india.com/states/2009-01-08/496899news.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> He lost to [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/keycontenders/manoj-tiwari.html|title=Manoj Tiwari, Samajwadi party, Gorakhpur, UP, Key Contenders for India Election 2009|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911030257/http://www.indian-elections.com/keycontenders/manoj-tiwari.html|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
His house in [[Mumbai]] was allegedly attacked in November 2009 by an irate mob about remarks that they claimed he had made about [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. Tiwari denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Manoj-Tiwaris-residence-attacked-in-Mumbai/articleshow/5239324.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715003755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-17/mumbai/28110529_1_manoj-tiwari-residence-of-bhojpuri-singer-sachin-tendulkar |url-status=live |archive-date=15 July 2012 |date=17 November 2009 |agency=PTI |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Manoj Tiwari's residence attacked in Mumbai |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2011 ''[[Mid-Day]]'' reported that the BJP might invite him to join their party and that the association with him would assist their electoral efforts among North Indians. Tiwari dismissed the story as being hypothetical, although he would consider his options should an invitation emerge. He had been seen with BJP leaders at an event and had expressed admiration for [[Shatrughan Sinha]], the [[BJP]] MP for [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Tiwari sees saffron |first=Varun |last=Singh |date=29 January 2011 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/jan/290111-Manoj-Tiwari-BJP-ticket-elections-North-Indian-population.htm |work=Mid-Day |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tiwari was active in the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] and supported [[Ramdev|Ramdev's]] hunger strike at the [[Baba Ramdev and Ramlila ground protests#Ramdev.27s ground protests at Ramlila Maidan|Ramlila Ground protests]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2076332.ece |date=4 June 2011 |agency=PTI |title=Bhojpuri superstar Manoj Tiwari joins Ramdev's campaign against black money |access-date=5 January 2011}}</ref> and protested the arrest of [[Anna Hazare]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Giridhar |last=Jha |date=16 August 2011 |title=Bhojpuri film stars rally round Anna; Nitish decries arrest as 'rehearsal of Emergency' |publisher=India Today }}</ref><br />
<br />
He went on to win the [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in the 2014 Indian general elections from BJP. He defeated the AAP candidate with a margin of 1,44,084 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Tiwari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NORTH EAST DELHI(NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=66 |website=My Neta |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], Tiwari, a BJP candidate won against Indian National Congress candidate [[Sheila Dikshit]] in the North East Delhi constituency of Delhi by a margin of 3.63 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/deve-gowda-sheila-dikshit-mehbooba-mufti-saffron-wave-swept-away-a-dozen-former-cms-8-of-them-from-congress-2157721.html|title=Deve Gowda, Sheila Dikshit, Mehbooba: Saffron Wave Swept Away a Dozen Ex-CMs, 8 of Them From Cong|website=News18|access-date=24 May 2019|date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/buoyed-after-winning-all-seven-lok-sabha-seats-in-delhi-bjp-expresses-confidence-in-wresting-power-from-aap-in-assembly-polls-6693871.html|title=Buoyed after winning all seven Lok Sabha seats in Delhi, BJP expresses confidence in wresting power from AAP in Assembly polls|date=24 May 2019 |work=Firstpost|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Delhi government]] had decided to stop the production, storage, sale, and use of all types of firecrackers to reduce the rising levels of pollution in Delhi. In September 2022, Tiwari moved to the Supreme Court against the Delhi government. Tiwari said that that freedom of religion cannot be taken away under the pretext of the right to life.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP MP Manoj Tiwari Moves SC Against AAP Govt's Decision To Ban Firecrackers In Delhi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bjp-mp-manoj-tiwari-moves-sc-against-aap-govt-s-decision-to-ban-firecrackers-in-delhi-news-224887 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=www.outlookindia.com/ |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court refused to provide an early hearing for the petition and dismissed the plea saying, "Let people breathe clean air".<ref>{{cite news |title=No urgent SC hearing on Delhi cracker ban; 'Let people breathe, spend money on sweets' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-rejects-urgent-hearing-plea-on-delhi-firecracker-ban-let-people-breathe-101666255817704.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Let People Breathe Clean Air': SC Dismisses BJP Leader's Plea Against Cracker Ban In Delhi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/-let-people-breathe-clean-air-sc-dismisses-bjp-leader-s-plea-against-cracker-ban-in-delhi-news-231520 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=www.outlookindia.com/ |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court also asked the public to use the money on sweets instead of crackers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Evening brief: 'Spend money on sweets', says SC on Delhi cracker ban hearing; all the latest news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/evening-brief-supreme-court-turns-down-plea-seeking-urgent-hearing-on-delhi-cracker-ban-and-all-the-latest-news-101666262501468.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2024 General Elections, Manoj Tiwari retained the [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi Lok Sabha]] seat, defeating former [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNU Student Union]] President and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate [[Kanhaiya Kumar]] by a margin of 138,778 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=दिल्ली की VIP सीटों पर किसने मारी बाजी, मनोज तिवारी ने कन्हैया कुमार को कितने वोटों से हराया? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/delhi-ncr/delhi-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-vip-seats-result-manoj-tiwari-bansuri-swaraj-kamaljeet-sehrawat-win-kanhaiya-kumar-mahabal-mishra-somnath-bharti-loss-2706583 |work=ABP News |language=hi |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |work=Economic Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Manoj Tiwari married his first wife Rani Tiwari in 1999.<ref name="Asianet"/> They have a daughter together named Rhiti. In 2011, Manoj and Rani were involved in divorce proceedings, after 11 years of marriage.<ref name="LSProfile"/><ref name="IndiaToday20110711">{{cite news |newspaper=India Today |title=Manoj Tiwari appeals for help to persuade wife to drop divorce plan |first=Giridhar |last=Jha |date=11 July 2011 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/manoj-tiwari-appeals-for-help-to-persuade-wife-to-drop-divorce-plan-137236-2011-07-10 |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> They divorced in 2012.<ref name="LSProfile"/><ref name="Asianet"/><br />
<br />
He later married Surbhi, with whom he has two daughters. The first daughter born on 30 December 2020 and second on 12 December 2022.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=मनोज तिवारी के घर गूंजी किलकारी,आई नन्ही परी, बेटी को गोद में उठाते ही नहीं रहा खुशी का ठिकाना |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/gallery/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-actor-and-sansad-manoj-tiwari-blessed-with-baby-girl-from-second-marriage-to-surbhi-read-details-kpy-qm6xtk#image4 |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |date=31 December 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Tiwari blessed with a baby girl, fans pour in wishes |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/manoj-tiwari-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-fans-pour-in-wishes-675173 |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=www.indiatvnews.com |date=31 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Saraswati has arrived': BJP MP Manoj Tiwari, wife Surabhi welcome second child |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/saraswati-has-arrived-bjp-mp-manoj-tiwari-wife-surabhi-welcome-second-child-101670839384873.html |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=www.hindustantimes.com |date=12 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col" |Year<br />
! scope="col" |Title (Movie/Album/TV shows)<br />
! scope="col" |Song(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|Single<br />
|"Chat Deni Maar Deli"<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|''Dehati Babu''<br />
|"Choda Marda Sehar Ki Baat"<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''<br />
|"Jiya Tu Bihar Ke Lala"<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']]<br />
|"Hind Ke Sitara"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Sasura Bada Paisawala]]'' || Raja || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''Daroga Babu I Love You'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Humke Maafi Dei Da'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''Bandhan Toote Na'' || Kishan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Dharti Putra'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2006 || ''Raja Thakur'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (2006 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke]]'' || Arjun || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Damadji'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Dehati Babu'' || Mangru || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ganga (2006 film)|Ganga]]'' || Bajrangi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || ''Naihar Ke Maado Piya Ke Chunari'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Munna Pandey Berojgaar'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Tu Hamaar Hau'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janam Janam Ke Saath]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gangotri (2007 film)|Gangotri: Ganga 2]]'' || Bajrangi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Bhole Shankar]]'' || Bhole || <br />
|-<br />
| ''International Daroga'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deshdrohi]]'' || Shekhar || <br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''Ae Bhouji Ke Sister'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Elaan (2011 film)|Elaan]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Gobar Singh]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Gobar Singh Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/gobar-singh/movieshow/62526608.cms |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Devra Bhail Deewana]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Yadav Pan Bhandar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Prateek |date=5 August 2018 |title=जल्द रिलीज होगी मनोज तिवारी की फिल्म यादव पान भंडार, देखें तस्वीरें |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-news-manoj-tiwaris-film-yadav-pan-bhandar-will-be-released-soon/429144 |work=Zee-Hindi |language=hi |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Name !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]'' || Contestant || [[Colors TV]] || Entered Day 1, Evicted Day 62<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |date=2 October 2010 |title=Exclusive: Meet the Bigg Boss 4 contestants |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/02/exclusive-meet-bigg-boss-4-contestants.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212201502/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/02/exclusive-meet-bigg-boss-4-contestants.html |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=18 December 2010 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 ||''[[Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star]]'' (Season 2) || Host || [[DD National]]||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 ||''Sur Sangram'' (Season 1 and 2) || Host || ||<br />
|<ref name="Bhojpuri20090805">{{cite web|url=http://bhojpuria.com/v2/cinema/interviews/238-i-am-just-doing-my-duty-manoj-tiwari|title=I am just doing my duty: Manoj Tiwari|date=5 August 2009|publisher=Bhojpuria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919082010/http://bhojpuria.com/v2/cinema/interviews/238-i-am-just-doing-my-duty-manoj-tiwari|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 ||''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''|| Contestant ||[[Life OK]]||Along with [[Sanaya Irani]], [[Andy Kumar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 ||''Nehle Pe Dehla''||Host || || <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Delhi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://manojtiwari.in/}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=2486220|name=Manoj Tiwari}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}<br />
{{17th Lok Sabha members from Union territories}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Manoj}}<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kaimur district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammachiveedu_Murti_Temple&diff=486083Ammachiveedu Murti Temple2026-04-05T07:56:33Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Ammachiveedu Murti Temple<br />
| map_type = India Kerala <br />
| map_caption = Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple, [[Tangasseri|Thangassery]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8|53|18.0|N|76|34|23.2|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ammachiveedu_Muhurthi&params=8_53_18.0_N_76_34_23.2_E_type:landmark]<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br />
| location = [[Tangasseri|Thangassery]]<br />
| deity = Adi Parashakti <br />
| festivals = Dhanu festival <br />
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]<br />
| temple_quantity = Two (Temple and Kavu)<br />
|organisational_status=Private|founded_by=Ammachiveedu Family|established=15th Century}}<br />
<br />
'''Ammachiveedu [[Murti]] Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple located in [[Tangasseri]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. This ancient temple is visited by devotees irrespective of their caste and religion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AMMACHIVEEDU MUHURTHI TEMPLE |url=https://keralagods.blogspot.com/p/temples-in-kollam.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=keralagods.blogspot.com}}</ref> The temple stands out in that it has no idol for its titular deity.<ref name="thekeralatemples1">[http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/others/ammachiveedu_muhurthi.htm Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple] at thekeralatemples.com</ref><br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
No historical records are available regarding the temple's origin and early history, but the following legend has been passed down orally for generations.<br />
<br />
Six hundred years ago, a family from [[Parappanad|Parappur]] flees southward with their family deity for safety from Muslims invading their homeland. They arrive to [[Sasthamkotta|Sasthamcotta]], where the Brahmin families married off their women at a young age to protect them from the invaders. A girl from such a family, however, is unable to get married due being born on a Friday under [[List of Nakshatras|Puratam]] star (Velli Puratam) as it is believed that the spouses of those born on such a day would have an early death. Therefore, the family offers huge sums of wealth to anyone who would accept her in order to avoid being disowned by their community. <br />
<br />
The ‘[[Karnavar]]’ (patriarch) of the family which came from Parappur hears of this offer and agrees to marry her however he refuses the wealth offered but instead asks her family to provide food and protection to his family. Upon hearing this, [[Shasta (deity)|Shasthavu]] of the [[Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|Sasthamcotta Temple]], transfers the goddess he worshipped to a [[Shankha]] and gives to the Karnavar, instructing him to continue his travel until he witnesses a tree split open in half. There he should place the goddess and worship her. He does as instructed and establishes the temple. He also established another temple nearby for his family deity (Parappuramma). Not so long after, he dies and is installed as a ‘Brahmarakshas’ to the right of the goddess. The family comes to be known as Parappur Ammachiveedu, the former part indicating their place of origin and the latter part meaning House of the ‘Ammachi’, where Ammachi refers to the goddess. The subsequent Karnavars are installed as ‘Yogeeswarans’ and for this reason are referred to as ‘Eswaran’, a unique practice of the family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ESWARAN OONNITHAN SANKARAN OONNITHAN Vs. BHAGEERATHI ITTY BHARGAVI ITTY |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=118691903000&Title=ESWARAN-OONNITHAN-SANKARAN-OONNITHAN--Vs.-BHAGEERATHI-ITTY-BHARGAVI-ITTY |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Juris The-Laws}}</ref><br />
<br />
The members of the temple are prohibited from entering the [[Sabarimala Temple]] as Sasthavu or [[Ayyappan]] respects the family members for worshipping his Guru (the Devi) and would have to stand up to receive them. But once every year, the Karnavar of the temple visits the Sasthamcotta Dharma Sastha Temple from where the goddess was given to his family, before the temple festival starts but does not enter the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage |publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-8193456705 |edition=10th |location=Ernakulam |publication-date=2017-01-01 |pages=91}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kuruthu Thiru Mahothsavam: Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507723749-0.pdf |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Story of [[Jinn]]==<br />
<br />
There was once a fight between two [[Nair]] families over a land area, when one of the family's women became pregnant. This meant that this family would become owners of the land after the child's birth. Hence, the other family sought the help of an [[Imam]] from [[Ambalappuzha]] region to abort the child. The child's family came to know about this and sought the protection of Ammachiveedu Amma, who made the Imam's rituals futile. In retaliation, he started doing a ceremony to destroy the goddess. Members of the Ammachiveedu Family became aware of this ritual once the goddess's powers got affected.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Abhilash |title=Story Of Ammachiveedu Temple And Jinn |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2020/12/story-of-ammachiveedu-temple-and-jinn.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Hindu Blog}}</ref> <br />
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They consulted people with knowledge about the ritual and started a counter ritual involving a [[Sri Yantra|Sree Chakra]]. As a result, a black dog arrived and scattered the contents of the Imam's pyre over him.He started burning and died falling in his own pyre. He then became a jinn and no temple was able to hold him. Therefore, the Devi asked to place him directly in front of her, so as to keep an eye on him. The Jinn was then placed under an ilanji tree outside the temple. The Sree Chakra used is then placed to the left of the Devi. The goddess here is [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] but she can be worshipped in any form.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AMMACHIVEEDU MUHURTHI TEMPLE |url=https://keralagods.blogspot.com/p/temples-in-kollam.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=keralagods.blogspot.com}}</ref> For instance, in the above-mentioned event, she was worshipped as [[Bagalamukhi]] while the pictures in her shrine depict the story of [[Durga|Durga Devi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kuruthu Thiru Mahothsavam: Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507723749-0.pdf |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=English}}</ref> <br />
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==Deities==<br />
<br />
Over the years, many deities were installed for the spiritual benefit of the family. They were [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]], Raktha Chamundi, Paramparu, [[Yakshini|Yakshi]], Marutha, Rakshas and [[Gandharva|Gandharvan]]. A [[kavu]] was later established around Parappuramma where [[Nagaraja]], Nagayakshi and Nagakanyaka were installed. Yogeeswarans were placed as shrines for the departed Karnavars unlike other temples were Yogeeswarans are shrines for yogis. There is a total of six Yogeeswarans, three in the temple and three in the kavu. The ceremonies in the kavu are conducted by [[:ml:പാമ്പുമേക്കാട്ടുമന|Pambummekkattu Mana]] of Thrissur. Villikulam is a family associated with Ammachiveedu. They help with ceremonies during the festival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AMMACHIVEEDU MUHURTHI TEMPLE |url=https://keralagods.blogspot.com/p/temples-in-kollam.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=keralagods.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref name="thekeralatemples1">[http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/others/ammachiveedu_muhurthi.htm Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple] at thekeralatemples.com</ref><br />
<br />
The temple has a small [[Garbhagriha|Garbagriha]], measuring only 4 feet by 4 feet. The shrine of the Goddess has a silver clad Peedam, upon which two gold covered Shankha are placed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AMMACHIVEEDU MUHURTHI TEMPLE |url=https://keralagods.blogspot.com/p/temples-in-kollam.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=keralagods.blogspot.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Festival ==<br />
<br />
The festival of the temple starts only after [[Makaravilakku]]. The festival starts off with the Karnavar hoisting the flag and ends by him conducting the sword procession and [[:ml:ഗുരുതി|kuruthi]] ceremony.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kuruthu Thiru Mahothsavam: Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507723749-0.pdf |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=English}}</ref> The priests of the temple are from [[Ambalappuzha]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The male members of the family have the surname of '[[Unnithan]]' and the females 'Itty'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ESWARAN OONNITHAN SANKARAN OONNITHAN Vs. BHAGEERATHI ITTY BHARGAVI ITTY |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=118691903000&Title=ESWARAN-OONNITHAN-SANKARAN-OONNITHAN--Vs.-BHAGEERATHI-ITTY-BHARGAVI-ITTY |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Juris The-Laws}}</ref> It is believed that the family inherited the title of Unnithan from an early member, upon whom the Desinganadu King bestowed it for the services he rendered as his 'Padathalavan' (Commander).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnithan Community |url=https://unnithancommunity.blogspot.com/2010/06/unnithan-malayalam-is-modern-form-of_10.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=unnithancommunity.blogspot.com}}</ref> The family used to operate a [[Kalari]], which maintained soldiers for '[[Naduvazhi|Naduvazhis]]' (local rulers).<br />
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Up until 1951, [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|a fowl was sacrificed]] during the kuruthi ceremony. <br />
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The present day temple's construction was completed in 1968.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Abhilash |title=Story Of Ammachiveedu Temple And Jinn |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2020/12/story-of-ammachiveedu-temple-and-jinn.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Hindu Blog}}</ref> In the following decade, after a slew of court cases the monopoly the Karnavar had over the temple came to an end. The administration of the temple was then handed over to the Manager (religious aspects) and the Deputy Manager (financial aspects).<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAMALAMMA v. CHELLAMMA ITTY |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/65aa045b06948b7c70a47131 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=CaseMine}}</ref> Adv. G. Mohanan Unnithan (1940-2023) served as the first Deputy Manager from 1978 till 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2024 |title=MINUTES OF THE 162nd MEETING OF THE STATE LEVEL EXPERT APPRAISAL COMMITTEE (SEAC), KERALA HELD ON, 02TH APRIL 2024 THROUGH ONLINE PLATFORM |url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/agenda/1904202419071082162ndSEACmin.pdf |url-status= |access-date=March 2, 2026 |website=Parivesh – Environment Clearance}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ammachiveedu_Muhurthi&params=8_53_18.0_N_76_34_23.2_E_type:landmark GeoHack - Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple]<br />
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{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu temples in Kollam district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing alternatives to animal sacrifice]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._G._Deshmukh&diff=488631B. G. Deshmukh2026-04-04T16:10:57Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started a pg added tags.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Former Indian civil servant}}<br />
{{one source|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = B.G. Deshmukh<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| image = B.G._Deshmukh.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = 6th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| term_start = 1989<br />
| term_end = 1990<br />
| alongside = <br />
| monarch = <br />
| president = <br />
| governor_general = <br />
| prime_minister = Rajiv Gandhi <br> [[V.P. Singh]] <br> [[Chandrashekhar]]<br />
| taoiseach = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| governor = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| lieutenant = <br />
| succeeding = <br />
| constituency = <br />
| predecessor = [[Sarla Grewal]]<br />
| successor = [[S. K. Misra]]<br />
| majority = <br />
| prior_term = <br />
| order2 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| alongside2 = <br />
| monarch2 = <br />
| president2 = <br />
| governor_general2 = <br />
| chancellor2 = <br />
| taoiseach2 = <br />
| governor2 = <br />
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| lieutenant2 = <br />
| succeeding2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| majority2 = <br />
| birth_date = 26 March 1929 <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 7 August 2011 <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| party = <br />
| other_party = <!--For additional political affiliations--><br />
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
| relations = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhalchandra Gopal Deshmukh''', also known as '''B.G. Deshmukh''', [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (1929–2011) was an Indian civil servant from the 1951 batch of the Indian Administrative Service. During his career he served with distinction in various capacities in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. He was secretary to the then chief minister of Maharashtra, [[Vasantrao Naik]], and Commissioner of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, [[Bombay]]. He went on to serve as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Union Labour Secretary in the Government of India.<br />
* In 1985, he was appointed as Chief Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra.<br />
<br />
B. G. Deshmukh was appointed as the 17th Cabinet Secretary of the Government of India in 1986, taking over from his batchmate P. K. Kaul, IAS (1951 UP).<br />
* In 1989, Rajiv Gandhi appointed him as his principal secretary, a post he went on to hold even under [[V.P. Singh]] and briefly under [[Chandrashekhar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/B-G-Deshmukh-ex-Cabinet-secretary-dead/articleshow/9521560.cms|title = B G Deshmukh, ex-Cabinet secretary, dead &#124; Mumbai News - Times of India}}</ref><br />
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After his retirement, he served on the Board of several companies including Tata Sons Limited, Tata Housing Development Co. Ltd., Tata Council for Community Initiatives, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, SEBI for Mutual Funds and IDBI Mutual Fund.<br />
<br />
He is also associated with social and development organisations such as [[Bombay Natural History Society]], [[KEM Hospital]], National Association for the Blind among others.<br />
<br />
Mr. Deshmukh has a number of books to his credit. These include "A Cabinet Secretary thinks aloud", "A Cabinet Secretary looks around" and "Poona to Prime Minister’s Office – A Cabinet Secretary looks back".<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, B.G.}}<br />
[[Category:Principal secretaries to the prime minister of India|Deshmukh, B. G.]]<br />
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]<br />
[[Category:1929 births]]<br />
[[Category:2011 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arivu&diff=487434Arivu2026-04-01T05:21:02Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started the article from scratch.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian rapper and lyricist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Arivu<br />
| image = Cc arivu.jpg<br />
| caption = Arivu performing with [[The Casteless Collective]] in Chennai<br />
| birth_name = Arivarasu Kalainesan<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Rapper]]|singer|songwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2017{{ndash}}present<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indian hip hop|Hip hop]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[gaana]]|[[oppari]]|pop}}<br />
| current_members = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arivarasu Kalainesan''', more commonly known as '''Arivu''', is an Indian rapper, singer, songwriter and composer. He is best known for his Tamil independent singles, including "{{lang|ta|[[Enjoy Enjaami]]}}", and for his work on film numbers like "Vaathi Raid" from ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), "Single Pasanga" from {{lang|ta|[[Natpe Thunai]]}} (2019), "[[Neeye Oli]]" from {{lang|ta|[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]}} (2021), "Golden Sparrow" from ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' and "[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]" from ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2026).<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Arivu was born in Arakkonam, a town in Tamil Nadu, India, into a family rooted in education and social service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sree |first=Ardra K. |date=2020-09-07 |title=In Conversation With Anti-Caste Artiste Arivu: Rapping For Equality |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/09/08/arivu-the-casteless-collective-rapper-interview/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> His early exposure to Tamil folk music, Ambedkarite songs, and Arivoli Iyakkam (literacy awareness campaign) songs played a vital role in shaping his musical and ideological outlook. Starting from his teenage years, Arivu developed a deep understanding of socio-political issues, which became one of the central themes in his music. At the age of 18, Arivu released his debut poetry collection titled "Kuninthi Varaverkum Kudisaigal" which dealt with a range of topics spanning from love to socio-political issues.<br />
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== Career ==<br />
=== Casteless Collective (2017–) ===<br />
Arivu gained widespread recognition through his association with The Casteless Collective, a Chennai-based band that uses music to address caste oppression, inequality, and social reform. Formed by film director Pa. Ranjith in 2017, the collective consists of artists who challenge caste discrimination through a mix of Tamil folk traditions, rock, and rap.In 2017, Arivu auditioned and became a part of [[The Casteless Collective]]. Arivu rose to prominence as a songwriter and rapper through his work with the group, including "Jaibhim Anthem" and "Quota Song".<ref name="Vice2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=The Casteless Collective Is Breaking Caste Boundaries With Its Music |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-casteless-collective-india-band-is-breaking-caste-boundaries-with-its-music/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Arivu's contributions to The Casteless Collective include songwriting and rapping, where he combines Tamil folklore with modern hip-hop beats to communicate powerful messages. As the prime songwriter for the band, Arivu gained recognition for his powerful lyricism and his ability to draw on multiple storytelling traditions to create a "potent fusion".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=2019-03-15 |title=Ground Zero {{!}} How Chennai's Casteless Collective uses music to talk about social and political issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-personal-and-political-act/article26548154.ece |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-personal-and-political-act/article26548154.ece |archive-date=2020-11-07}}</ref><br />
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=== Therukural: Debut Album (2019) ===<br />
In 2019, Arivu's debut album {{lang|ta|[[Therukural]]}} (Tamil: ''Voice of the Street'') was released. Songs such as "Anti-Indian" and "Kalla Mouni" were written to highlight political issues in India and "speak truth to power".<ref name="Hindu2021">{{Cite news|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=2019-08-02|title=Speaking truth to power with Arivu and ofRO|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/speaking-truth-to-power-with-arivu-and-ofro/article28795328.ece|access-date=2021-03-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822180757/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/speaking-truth-to-power-with-arivu-and-ofro/article28795328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Therukural'' received positive reviews and was featured in [[Rolling Stone India]] as one of the top ten Indian albums in 2019.<ref name="RSIndia">{{Cite web |last=Xalxo |first=Anurag Tagat David Britto and Jessica |date=2019-12-31 |title=10 Best Indian Albums of 2019 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-albums-of-2019/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NewsMinute">{{Cite web|last=Shekar|first=Anjana|date=27 June 2019|website=The NEWS Minute|title='Therukural' by Arivu-ofRO is a brilliant Tamil hiphop album|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/therukural-arivu-ofro-brilliant-tamil-hiphop-album-104379|access-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002090350/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/therukural-arivu-ofro-brilliant-tamil-hiphop-album-104379|archive-date=2 October 2024}}</ref> "Anti-Indian" was described as a "politically conscious hip-hop song" by Rolling Stone India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2019-04-24 |title=5 New Politically Conscious Hip-Hop Songs Out This Election Season |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/5-new-politically-conscious-hip-hop-songs-election-season/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> His music has won him praise "from commoners and musicians alike"<ref name="EconomicTimes2019">{{Cite web |last=Seetharaman |first=G. |date=21 July 2019 |title=Rapping truth to power: Arivu pulls no punches in his album 'Therukural' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rapping-truth-to-power-arivu-pulls-no-punches-in-his-overtly-political-album-therukural/articleshow/70308836.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> and he has been described as top of the list of people who can to "use the power of music to move the public".<ref name="Homegrown2022">{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Samyukhtha |date=2022-05-24 |title=Arivu's New Band 'Ambassa' Explores The Rich Heritage & Lore Of Tamil Culture |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/arivus-new-band-ambassa-explores-the-rich-heritage-lore-of-tamil-culture |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In August 2021, ''Rolling Stone India'' called Arivu "the voice of socio-political hip-hop, smashing records and defying social norms", and featured him in its digital cover.<ref name="UCSC">{{Cite web|last=White|first=Dan|date=15 September 2023|website=UCSC Newscenter|title=Arivu, the massively popular and groundbreaking Indian rapper, will play an intimate outdoor show at UCSC's Quarry Amphitheater, presented by the Center For South Asian Studies|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2023/08/arivu-concert-feature-dan-white.html|access-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724173344/https://news.ucsc.edu/2023/08/arivu-concert-feature-dan-white.html|archive-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Coke Studio curator.jpg|thumb|Arivu as Curator of Coke Studio Tamil Season 1]]<br />
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=== Breakthrough with Enjoy Enjaami (2021) ===<br />
In 2021, Arivu achieved a career milestone with the release of Enjoy Enjaami, a Tamil single produced by the music label Maajja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=23 May 2021 |title=How Arivu of 'Enjoy Enjaami' fame is influencing lives of people around him |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2021/05/13/how-arivu-of-enjoy-enjaami-fame-is-influencing-lives-of-people-around-him.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Enjoy Enjaami broke the glass ceiling for Tamil independent music by garnering more than 500 million views in YouTube (as of November 2024). Collaborating with singer Dhee, Arivu wrote and performed verses that tell the story of Tamil landless laborers, colonial exploitation, and the community's connection with nature. The song's unique blend of traditional and contemporary elements, combined with Arivu's poignant verses, made it a viral hit on streaming platforms, with half a billion views globally. The success of Enjoy Enjaami brought Tamil independent music to the forefront and earned Arivu recognition as a dynamic new artist on the international stage. His contribution of fusing the traditional genre of Oppari with modern rap in his writing and delivery is seen as one of his authentic trademarks.<br />
<br />
In Enjoy Enjaami, Arivu explores the complex history of his grandmother Valliyamma, an immigrant tea-plantation labourer from Sri Lanka. According to the lyricist, Arivu, the song was written as a celebration of his roots, harkening back to a time when humanity was a fledgling civilization, living in harmony with the turns of the earth and the many lives that shared it with them. Later, for the occasion of World Music Day, Enjoy Enjaami was remixed by DJ Snake for Spotify Singles.<br />
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===Arivu and The ''{{lang|ta|Ambassa}}'' Band (2022–)===<br />
Arivu also leads the 10-piece band {{lang|ta|Ambassa}}, founded in 2022. The band draws on modern Western musical elements such as [[rapping]] and [[beatboxing]], as well as traditional Indian music traditions such as [[oppari]] and [[gaana]].<ref name="UCSC" /> {{lang|ta|Ambassa}} is a colloquial term in Tamil for 50 [[paisa]].<ref name="Homegrown2022" /><br />
<br />
=== Coke Studio Tamil Season 1: Curator ===<br />
In 2023, Arivu is offered the opportunity to be the curator for the [[Coke Studio Tamil season 1]] along with Sean Roland. He wrote and performed the single Sagavasi along with [[Khatija Rahman]], which became the most listened-to song of the season with 23 million views on YouTube. Arivu's Ambassa band's debut song, Tamizh Vazhthu, was premiered on Coke Studio Tamil Season 2.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2nIn0qwVYo&ab_channel=CokeStudioTamil |title=Coke Studio Tamil {{!}} Thamizh Vaazhthu {{!}} Arivu & Ambassa Band |date=2024-04-10 |last=Coke Studio Tamil |access-date=2024-11-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
* ''All works is in Tamil, unless specified otherwise.''<br />
<br />
=== Albums ===<br />
<br />
* ''[[Therukural]]'' (2019)<ref name="NewsMinute" /><br />
* ''Valliamma Peraandi – Vol. 01'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1CUpxD8bx7lF4od9FtAXCG?si=6rUp6PpXTuStP7cpHq_y9Q |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" |Title<br />
! rowspan="2" |Composer<br />
! rowspan="2" |Songwriter<br />
!Peak chart<br />
positions<br />
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"&nbsp;| {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Official Charts Company#Chart synopsis|UKAsian]]<ref>Singles on UK Asian Music Chart:<br />
* "Enjoy Enjaami": {{cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40: 26 March 2021|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20210326/asian/|access-date=4 April 2021|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|"Monkeys with 5G"<br />
|Arivu<br />
| rowspan="5" | Arivu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 May 2020|title=Arivu and Madan Gowri's 'Monkeys with 5G' talks of modern discrimination|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-arivu-and-madan-gowris-monkeys-5g-talks-modern-discrimination-124477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518161556/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-arivu-and-madan-gowris-monkeys-5g-talks-modern-discrimination-124477 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-22|website=The news minute}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|"Don't Touch Me"<br />
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan's independent single with Arivu and Yunohoo to be released on June 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-independent-single-with-arivu-and-yunohoo-to-be-released-on-june-26/articleshow/83719685.cms |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2021|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-independent-single-with-arivu-and-yunohoo-to-be-released-on-june-26/articleshow/83719685.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|"[[Enjoy Enjaami]]"<br />
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]], Arivu<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|5<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Dhee ft. Arivu – Enjoy Enjaami (Prod. Santhosh Narayanan)| date=6 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYq7WapuDLU|language=en|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|"Candy"<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja and Dhvani Bhanushali's new Hindi track 'Candy' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-new-hindi-track-released/articleshow/89966500.cms |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2022|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716154006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-new-hindi-track-released/articleshow/89966500.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DUPJfKxkdUs&pp=ygULQ2FuZHkgeXV2YW4%3D |title=Candy – Music Video (Tamil) {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja, Dhvani Bhanushali, Arivu, Amith K, Vinod B |date=3 March 2022|access-date=2024-11-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|"[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] Ideology Song"<br />
|Arivu<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHM1Y_lll6o&ab_channel=TamilagaVettriKazhagam |title=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam: Ideology Song {{!}} தமிழக வெற்றிக் கழகம்: கொள்கைப் பாடல் |date=2024-10-27 |last=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |access-date=2024-11-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;" | Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable" | Song(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Composer<br />
|-<br />
! width="65" | Lyricist<br />
! style="width:65px;" | Singer<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''|| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Urimayai Meetpom" || rowspan=2| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Maathiya Seraiyile"<br />"Patta Patti"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"| 2019 || ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Red Cardu"<br />"Modern Muniyamma" || rowspan=2| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Single Pasanga"<br />"Veedhikor Jaadhi" <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Nilamellam" || rowspan=2| Tenma<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Thalaimurai"<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9"|2020||''[[Pattas]]'' || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Mavane" || [[Vivek-Mervin]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dagaalty]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Dagaalty Naa!" || Vijay Narain<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Varungaalam Engaladhu" || [[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Happy Birthday" || [[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"College Kumar"<br />"Baari Baari" || [[Qutub-E-Kripa]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gypsy (2020 film)|Gypsy]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Theevira Vyaadhi" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Maara Theme" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Annathe Sethi" || [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || rowspan="15" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Vathi Raid" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" |2021||''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Yela Yelo" || Bharath Sankar<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Theengu Thaakka"<br />"Naan Dhaan Da Mass" || rowspan=2| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Neeye Oli"<br/>"Neeye Oli" (Film Version)<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Ratatapata" || [[C. Sathya]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Power" || [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Pathu Kaasu" || rowspan=2| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Nagarodi"<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' || style="text-align: center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Pathala" || rowspan=2| [[S. Thaman]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Little India"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Orey Naan Orey Nee"|| [[Sam C. S.]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Annaatthe]]'' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"A for Annaatthe" || [[D. Imman]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Maanaadu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Voice of Unity" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|-<br />
||''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | "Cute Ponnu" || [[Vivek-Mervin]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12"| 2022 || ''[[Valimai]]''|| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"The Intense of Fire – Theme"|| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"Polladha Ulagam"|| rowspan= 7| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaanai]]''|| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"Bodhaiya Vittu Vaale"<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"| ''[[Selfie (2022 film)|Selfie]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |"Oorkaran"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Imaikkariye"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Badass Bossman"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |"Padippu Thevaillai"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |"Yedakoodam"<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Who Am I?"|| rowspan= 2| [[Thaman S]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Jessica"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''|| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"Akkrinai Naan"|| [[D. Imman]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Inky Pinky Ponky"|| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"| 2023 ||''[[Vaathi]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"One Life"|| [[GV Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maamannan]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Manna Maamanna"|| [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jawan (2023 film)|Jawan]]'' – Tamil dubbed|| style="text-align:center;" |"Pattasa"|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jawan (2023 film)|Jawan]]'' – Telugu dubbed|| style="text-align:center;" |"Galatta"|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" |2024 || rowspan="2"|''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"Ezhundhu Vaa" || rowspan="2"| Kumaran Sivamani<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}|| style="text-align:center;" |"Kanne Yen Kaniyee" <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | "Paravuthu"<br />
|Sean Roldan<br />
|-<br />
|''Saloon''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | "Mayir Song"<br />
|Sam C. S.<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singapore Saloon]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Vandha Mala" <br /> || Vivek-Mervin<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dear (film)|DeAr]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |"Sleeping Beauty" <br />
|G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian 2]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Come Back Indian" <br /> || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Teenz]]''|| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Bibli Bibli Bili Bili" <br /> || [[D. Imman]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raayan]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Raayan Rumble" <br /> || [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Thangalaan]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | "War Song"<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | "Thandora Pottanungo"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{n}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | "Oppari Song"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]''|| style="text-align:center;" |"Hunter Vantaar" <br /> || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Golden Sparrow" <br /> || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|"Amara" <br />"Por Veeran" (Azadi)<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2025<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sweetheart!]]''<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |{{n}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;"| "Kadhal Adhu Poi"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|"Torture Pro Max"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"Chikitu"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"Powerhouse"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thandakaaranyam]]''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"Kaava Kaade"<br />
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2026<br />
|''[[Jana Nayagan]]''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"[[Thalapathy Kacheri]]"<br />
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |{{n}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"Namakkana Kaalam"<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |{{n}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |"TTT"<br />
|[[Vishnu Vijay]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| TV series<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;" | Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable" | Song(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! width="65" | Lyricist<br />
! style="width:65px;" | Singer<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |2021||''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |"Maaveerarukku Maranamila" || Season 2;<br />composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Season 8]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|"BB Anthem"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Work<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2022 || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || Best Lyricist – Tamil || ''"[[Neeye Oli]]"'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 – Tamil |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/winners |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Edison Awards]] 2022 || Best Tamil Rapper of the Year || {{n/a}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2022 |url=https://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=39}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[News18]] Magudam Awards 2022 || Arts and Culture || {{n/a}} ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YI6-F1m-pBI |title=Magudam Awards 2022 {{!}} அடித்தட்டு மக்கள் படும்பாட்டை பாட்டால் சொல்லும் பாட்டுக்காரன் Therukural Arivu |language=en |access-date=2024-05-05 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]] Nambikkai Awards || Top Ten Youth || {{n/a}} ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZySrOC3R_A |title=Vikatan Awards {{!}} வடிவேலு நடிச்சாதான் மாமன்னன் செய்றதுன்னு உறுதியா இருந்தேன் – மாரி செல்வராஜ் |language=en |access-date=2024-05-05 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|10427535}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arivu}}<br />
[[Category:Indian rappers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil rappers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&diff=468400Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis2026-03-27T07:23:08Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: rework references after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British field marshal; Governor General of Canada (1891–1969)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Harold Alexander}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| name = The Earl Alexander of Tunis<br />
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCB|OM|GCMG|CSI|DSO|MC|CD|PCc|PC}}<br />
| image = Harold Alexander E010750678-v8.jpg<br />
| caption = Alexander in 1944<br />
| order = 17th<br />
| office = Governor General of Canada<br />
| term_start = 12 April 1946<br />
| term_end = 28 January 1952<br />
| monarch = [[George VI]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone]]<br />
| successor = [[Vincent Massey]]<br />
| primeminister = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]<br />
* [[Louis St. Laurent]]<br />
}}<br />
| office2 = [[Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)|Minister of Defence]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1 March 1952<br />
| term_end2 = 18 October 1954<br />
| primeminister2 = [[Winston Churchill]]<br />
| predecessor2 = Winston Churchill<br />
| successor2 = [[Harold Macmillan]]<br />
| office3 = [[Lord Lieutenant of the County of London]]<br />
| monarch3 = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />
| term_start3 = 25 April 1957<br />
| term_end3 = 1 April 1965<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]]<br />
| successor3 = ''Himself'' (as ''[[Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London]]'')<br />
| office4 = [[Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London]]<br />
| monarch4 = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />
| term_start4 = 1 April 1965<br />
| term_end4 = 28 December 1966<br />
| predecessor4 = ''Himself'' (as ''[[Lord Lieutenant of the County of London]]'')<br />
| successor4 = [[Gerald Templer]]<br />
| office6 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]<br />
| status6 = Lord Temporal<br />
| term_start6 = 1 March 1946<br />
| term_end6 = 16 June 1969<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Earl Alexander of Tunis|''Peerage created'']]<br />
| successor6 = [[Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis|2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis]]<br />
| birth_name = Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1891|12|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[London]], England<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|6|16|1891|12|10|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Slough]], [[Buckinghamshire]], England<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret Alexander, Countess&nbsp;Alexander of Tunis]]|14 October 1931}}<br />
| children = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Lady]] Rose Maureen Alexander<br />
* [[Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis|Shane, 2nd Earl]]<br />
* [[The Honourable|The Hon.]] Brian James Alexander<br />
}}<br />
| profession = Soldier<br />
| signature = Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis Signature.svg<br />
| allegiance = United Kingdom<br />
| branch = [[British Army]]<br />
| nickname = {{ubl|"Alex"|"The Soldier's Soldier"<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2014 |title=Earl Alexander's Funeral (1969)|url= https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=b2jPeLDk1McqqAZ2&v=dkAf5UVYu9k|access-date=30 March 2024 |via=Youtube |work=[[Pathé News|Warner-Pathé]]}}</ref>}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1910–1946<ref name="Officers of the British Army">{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG|title=British Army officer histories|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=2022-05-13|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709131521/https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| military_blank1 = [[Service number#United Kingdom|Service No.]]<br />
| military_data1 = 17884<br />
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]<br />
| commands = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Allied Force Headquarters|Supreme Commander Allied Forces Headquarters]]<br />
* [[15th Army Group]]<br />
* [[18th Army Group]]<br />
* [[Middle East Command]]<br />
* [[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|Southern Command]]<br />
* [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]]<br />
* [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]]<br />
* [[7th Indian Infantry Brigade|Nowshera Brigade]]<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[Irish Guards]]<br />
* 2nd Battalion, [[Irish Guards]]<br />
* [[Baltische Landeswehr]]<br />
}}<br />
| unit = [[Irish Guards]]<br />
| battles = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[First World War]]<br />
* [[Latvian War of Independence]]<br />
* [[Second Mohmand Campaign]]<br />
* [[Second World War]]<br />
}}<br />
| mawards = [[#Honours|See below]]<br />
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Harrow School]]<br />
* {{nobr|[[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| resting_place = Churchyard of Ridge, near Tyttenhanger<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox noble<br />
| name = {{plainlist|<br />
* Harold Alexander<br />
* ''1st Earl Alexander of Tunis''<br />
}}<br />
| image = Arms of Earl Alexander of Tunis.svg<br />
| image_size = 100px<br />
| caption = ''Arms of Earl Alexander of Tunis''<br />
| parents = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon|The 4th Earl of Caledon]]<br />
* Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler<br />
}}<br />
| tenure = 14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969<br />
| other_titles = {{plainlist|<br />
* 1st Viscount Alexander of Tunis<br />
* 1st Baron Rideau<br />
}}<br />
| title = [[Earl Alexander of Tunis]]<br />
| successor = [[Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis|Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis''' (10 December 1891 – 16 June 1969<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |id=30371 |first=David |last=Hunt |title=Alexander, Harold Rupert Leofric George, first Earl Alexander of Tunis}}</ref>), was a [[British Army]] officer who served in both of the [[world war]]s. Alexander was born in London and was educated at [[Harrow School|Harrow]] school before moving on to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], for training as an army officer of the [[Irish Guards]]. He rose to military prominence through his service in the [[First World War]], and continued his career through various British campaigns across Europe and Asia during the [[interwar period]]. <br />
<br />
In the [[Second World War]], Alexander, initially in command of a division, oversaw the final stages of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuation from Dunkirk]] and subsequently held field commands in Britain, [[Burma campaign|Burma]], [[Tunisian campaign|North Africa]] and [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italy]], including serving as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and commanding the [[18th Army Group]] in [[Tunisia]]. He then commanded the [[15th Army Group]] for the [[Allied invasion of Sicily|capture of Sicily]] and again in Italy before being promoted to field marshal and being made [[Supreme Allied Commander]] [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] in late 1944.<br />
<br />
In 1946, after being created Viscount Alexander of Tunis, he was appointed as [[Governor General of Canada]] by King [[George VI]], on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], to replace the [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|Earl of Athlone]] as [[viceroy]]. In 1952, he was elevated in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|British peerage]], becoming [[Earl Alexander of Tunis]], and was succeeded by [[Vincent Massey]] as Governor General of Canada. Alexander proved to be enthusiastic about the Canadian wilderness and popular with Canadians. He was the last Governor General who was born in the [[United Kingdom]] as well as the last Governor General to be a peer.<br />
<br />
After the end of his viceregal tenure, Alexander was sworn into the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]] and thereafter,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres/hist/A-E-eng.htm#A| last=Privy Council Office| author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada)| title=Historical Alphabetical List since 1867 of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=30 October 2008| access-date=20 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152612/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres%2Fhist%2FA-E-eng.htm#A| archive-date=17 January 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> in order to serve as the [[Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)|British Minister of Defence]] in the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] of [[Winston Churchill]], into the Imperial [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]. Alexander retired in 1954 and died in 1969.<br />
<br />
==Early life and military career==<br />
Alexander was born in London into an aristocratic family from [[County Tyrone]] of [[Anglo-Irish]] descent. He was the third son of [[James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon]], and Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler, Countess of Caledon, a daughter of [[Earl of Norbury|the 3rd Earl of Norbury]]. Alexander was educated at [[Hawtreys]] and [[Harrow School]], there participating as the 11th batsman in the sensational [[Fowler's Match]] against [[Eton College]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Williamson| first=Martin| title=Fowler's Match| journal=[[Cricinfo Magazine]]| publisher=Entertainment and Sports Programming Network| location=London| date=9 April 2005| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/143944.html| access-date=21 March 2009| archive-date=12 July 2012| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712003257/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/143944.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Though Alexander toyed with the notion of becoming an artist,{{sfn|Graham| Bidwell| 1986| p=34}} he went instead on to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] in 1910.<ref>{{Harvnb| Heathcote| 1999| p=13}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Irish Guards Pre-1914 Q67390.jpg|thumb|left|Members of the Irish Guards, pictured here sometime before 1914. Alexander, wearing civilian clothes, is standing fourth on the left.]]<br />
<br />
After [[Passing out (military)|passing out]] from Sandhurst he was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Irish Guards]] on 23 September 1911.<ref name=":0">{{London Gazette| issue=28533| date=22 September 1911|page=6950}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 5 December 1912.<ref name=":1">{{London Gazette| issue=28688| date=7 February 1913|page=961}}</ref><ref name="Officers of the British Army" /><br />
<br />
==First World War==<br />
[[File:Irish Guards Platoon 1914.jpg|thumb|left|A platoon of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, pictured upon the outbreak of the First World War, 1914. Lieutenant Alexander is seated seventh from the right, with his arms folded and wearing a [[peaked cap]].]]<br />
<br />
Alexander spent most of the [[First World War]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. As a 22-year-old [[platoon]] commander in the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, he served with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in 1914. He took part in the [[Battle of Mons|retreat from Mons]] and was wounded at [[First Battle of Ypres|First Ypres]] and invalided home.<ref name=Heathcote14>{{Harvnb| Heathcote| 1999| p=14}}</ref> He was promoted to temporary [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 15 November 1914 and permanent captain in the newly raised 2nd Battalion on 7 February the following year.<ref name=":2">{{London Gazette| issue=29160| date=12 May 1915|page=4625| supp=y}}</ref><ref name="Officers of the British Army" /><br />
<br />
Alexander returned to the Western Front in August 1915, fought at the [[Battle of Loos]] and was, for ten days in October 1915, an [[Acting rank|acting]] [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] and acting [[Commanding officer|Commanding Officer]] (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as a "Battle Casualty Replacement". He then returned to the 2nd Battalion as a company officer<ref name=Heathcote14/> and, in January 1916, received the [[Military Cross]] for his bravery at Loos.<ref name=LGazMC>{{London Gazette| issue=29438| date=14 January 1916|page=576| supp=y}}</ref> For service in the [[Battle of the Somme]] on [[Battle of Flers-Courcelette|15 September 1916]], he was, in October, appointed to the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO),<ref name=DSOCit>{{London Gazette| issue=29793| date=20 October 1916|page=10169| supp=y}}</ref> the citation for which read:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|For conspicuous gallantry in action. He was the life and soul of the attack, and throughout the day led forward not only his own men but men of all regiments. He held the trenches gained in spite of heavy machine gun fire.<ref name=DSOCit/>}}<br />
<br />
In the same month, Alexander was further honoured with induction into the French [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref name=GGAlex>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Governor General > Former Governors General > Field Marshal the Earl Alexander of Tunis| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=20 March 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20061009193413/http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp| archive-date=9 October 2006| df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 10 December 1916, his twenty-fifth birthday, Alexander became [[second-in-command]] (2-i-c) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as an acting major.<ref name=Heathcote14/><ref name="Officers of the British Army" /> By May, he was briefly acting CO of the 1st Battalion,<ref name=Heathcote14/> as an acting [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]], while still only a substantive captain.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30027| date=17 April 1917|page=3738}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30179| date=10 July 1917|page=6971}}</ref> He became a permanent major on 1 August 1917,<ref name=":3">{{London Gazette| issue=30253| date=24 August 1917|page=8860| supp=y}}</ref> and was again promoted acting lieutenant colonel,<ref name=Heathcote14/> this time confirmed as CO of the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, on 15 October.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30385| date=16 November 1917|page=11905}}</ref> Alexander commanded his battalion at [[Battle of Passchendaele|Third Ypres]], where he was slightly wounded, then at Bourlon Wood (part of the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|battle of Cambrai]]), where his battalion suffered 320 casualties out of 400 men.<ref name=Heathcote14/> Alexander, between 23 and 30 March 1918, had to assume command of the [[4th Guards Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Guards Brigade]], during the British retreat from the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]]'s [[German spring offensive|Spring Offensive]].<ref name=Heathcote14/><ref>{{Harvnb| Graham| Bidwell| 1986| p=34}}</ref> He once again commanded the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, at Hazebrouck in April 1918, where it took such severe casualties that it saw no further action.<ref name=Heathcote14/> Still an acting lieutenant colonel, he then commanded a corps infantry school in October 1918, a month before the war ended on [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|11 November 1918]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31048| date=3 December 1918|page=14396}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rudyard Kipling]], who wrote a history of the Irish Guards, in which his own son, [[John Kipling|Jack Kipling]], fought and was killed in action, noted that, "it is undeniable that Colonel Alexander had the gift of handling the men on the lines to which they most readily responded&nbsp;... His subordinates loved him, even when he fell upon them blisteringly for their shortcomings; and his men were all his own."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.di2.nu/files/kipling/IrishGuardsv2.html|title=The Irish Guards in the Great War, Vol. 2|last=Kipling|first=Rudyard|access-date=11 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092520/http://www.di2.nu/files/kipling/IrishGuardsv2.html|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Between the wars==<br />
[[File:At Rozenovskaya (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Officers of the Baltic Landeswehr in Latvia 1920 – Alexander stands right in the middle.]]<br />
<br />
Alexander in 1919 served with the Allied Control Commission in [[Poland]]. As a temporary lieutenant-colonel,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31958| date=29 June 1920|page=7072}}</ref> he led the [[Baltic German]] [[Baltische Landeswehr|Landeswehr]] in the [[Latvian War of Independence]], commanding units loyal to [[Latvia]] in the successful drive to eject the [[Iskolat|Bolsheviks]] from [[Latgalia]]. During service there, he was accidentally wounded by one of his own sentries on 9 October 1919.<ref>{{Harvnb| Keegan|Reid|1991| pp=107–108 & 128}}</ref>{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=52}}<br />
<br />
Alexander returned to Britain in May 1920 as a major, second in command of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards;<ref name=Heathcote14/> in May 1922, he was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer.<ref name=":4">{{London Gazette| issue=32702| date=16 May 1922|page=3854| supp=y}}</ref> He commanded the battalion at [[Constantinople]] (a sensitive posting in the runup to the [[Chanak Crisis]]), then [[Gibraltar]] from October 1922, then in London from April 1923 until January 1926, when he was released from that role to attend the [[Staff College, Camberley|Staff College at Camberley]], England, from 1926 to 1927.<ref name=Heathcote15>{{Harvnb| Heathcote| 1999| p=15}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33126| date=22 January 1926|page=536}}</ref> By now Alexander had gained an excellent reputation for himself. In addition, he was older than many of his fellow students—and even some of his instructors—at the college. Among his many fellow students were [[Douglas Wimberley]], who would later become a major-general and command the [[51st (Highland) Division]] from 1941—1943, including at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], who formed a high opinion of Alexander, who, despite his outstanding war record, showed little sign of being overly pleased with himself.{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=52}} Instead, he showed "simplicity, directness and kindness" and gained the respect of all at the college, with two notable exceptions—the future [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshals]] [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]] and [[Bernard Montgomery]]—who did not come away with a particularly favourable impression of him.<ref>{{Harvnb| Graham| Bidwell| 1986| p=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
After graduating from the Staff College, Alexander was then, in February 1928, promoted to [[colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] (backdated to 14 May 1926<ref name=Heathcote15/>) and was the next month appointed Officer Commanding the Irish Guards [[military district|Regimental District]] and [[140th (4th London) Brigade|140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade]], part of the [[47th (1/2nd London) Division]], in the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA),<ref name=Heathcote15/><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33356| date=14 February 1928|page=1050}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33371| date=30 March 1928|page=2341}}</ref> a post he held until January 1930, when he again returned to study, attending the [[Royal College of Defence Studies|Imperial Defence College]] in London for one year.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33572| date=21 January 1930|page=427}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33573| date=24 January 1930|page=500}}</ref><br />
<br />
Alexander then held [[staff (military)|staff]] appointments as (from January 1931) GSO2 in the Directorate of Military Training at the War Office and (1932–1934) GSO1 at HQ [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern Command]] in [[York]],<ref name=Heathcote15/> before being made in October 1934 a temporary brigadier and given command of the Nowshera Brigade,<ref name="Brigadier">{{London Gazette| issue=33687| date=6 February 1931|page=832}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33806| date=8 March 1932|page=1605}}</ref> on the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|Northwest Frontier]] in [[British Raj|India]].<ref name=":5">{{London Gazette| issue=34123| date=11 January 1935|page=301}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34112| date=7 December 1934|page=7929}}</ref> For his service there, and in particular for his actions in the Loe-Agra operations against the Pathans in Malakand between February and April 1935, Alexander was that year made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] and was [[mentioned in dispatches]].<ref name=LGazCSI>{{London Gazette| issue=34253| date=7 February 1936|page=811}}</ref><ref name=MID34253>{{London Gazette| issue=34253| date=7 February 1936|page=818}}</ref> He was mentioned once more for his service during the [[Second Mohmand Campaign]] in [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|Northwest Frontier Province]] from August to October of the same year, serving under [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Claude Auchinleck]]. Alexander had a reputation for leading from the front and for reaching mountain crests with or even ahead of his troops.<ref name=Heathcote15/><ref name=MID34282>{{London Gazette| issue=34282| date=8 May 1936|page=2979}}</ref>{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=51}}<br />
<br />
In March 1937, Alexander was appointed as one of the [[Aide-de-camp|aides-de-camp]] to the recently acceded King [[George VI]] and in May returned to the United Kingdom to take part in this capacity in the state procession through London during the [[Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth|King's coronation]].<ref name=LGazAdC>{{London Gazette| issue=34264| date=13 March 1937|page=1657}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34453| date=9 November 1937|page=7034| supp=y}}</ref> Alexander would have been seen in this event by two of his Canadian viceregal successors: [[Vincent Massey]], who was then the [[List of Canadian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom|Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom]], and Massey's secretary, [[Georges Vanier]], who watched the procession from the roof of [[Canada House]] on [[Trafalgar Square]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Renzetti| first=Elizabeth| title=Vulnerability brings us together| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=26 December 2008| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081225.wnbvanier1227/BNStory/nationbuilder2008/home?pageRequested=all&print=true| access-date=17 March 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065436/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081225.wnbvanier1227/BNStory/nationbuilder2008/home/?pageRequested=all| archive-date=16 January 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Following the coronation celebration, Alexander returned to India, where he was made the honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]],<ref name=LGazColPun>{{London Gazette| issue=34414| date=2 July 1937|page=4254}}</ref> and then in October 1937 was promoted to the rank of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|major-general]],<ref name="Major-general">{{London Gazette| issue=34444| date=15 October 1937|page=6372}}</ref> making Alexander the youngest general in the [[British Army]].<ref name=GGAlex /> He relinquished command of his brigade in January 1938,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34492| date=11 March 1938|page=1673}}</ref> and in February returned to the United Kingdom to take command of the [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34487| date=25 February 1938|page=1261}}</ref> In June 1938 he was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]].<ref name=LGazCB>{{London Gazette| issue=34518| date=7 June 1938|page=3688 |supp=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=51}}<ref name="Officers of the British Army" /><br />
==Second World War==<br />
===Belgium and France 1939−1940===<br />
[[File:The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France 1939-1940 O1962.jpg|thumb|left|Major-General The Hon. Harold Alexander with [[George VI|King George VI]] inspecting men of the 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]], part of the [[1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Infantry Brigade (Guards)]] of Alexander's 1st Division, near Bachy, France, December 1939.]]<br />
<br />
Following the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], in September 1939, Alexander brought the 1st Division to [[France]], where it became part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) and served there for the next eight months. In May 1940, when the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] [[Battle of France|invaded France]], he successfully led the division's [[Battle of Dunkirk|withdrawal to Dunkirk]], where it was [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated to England]], along with the rest of the BEF. Shortly after Major-General [[Bernard Montgomery]] had been appointed to command [[II Corps (United Kingdom)|II Corps]] (and before that the [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|3rd Division]]), Alexander was, while still on the [[beachhead]], placed in command of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I&nbsp;Corps]], and left the eastern mole on the destroyer [[HMS Venomous|''Venomous'']] late on 2 June after ensuring that all British troops had been evacuated.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=41−42}}<ref name=Heathcote15/><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849992,00.html?iid=chix-sphere| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052501/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849992,00.html?iid=chix-sphere| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 March 2008| title=After the Auk|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| issue=31 August 1942| access-date=1 March 2008| date=31 August 1942}}</ref>{{sfn|Bradley|1951|p=182}} In recognition of his services in the field from March to June 1940, Alexander was again [[mentioned in dispatches|mentioned in despatches]].<ref name=MID35020>{{London Gazette| issue=35020| date=20 December 1940|page=7175}}</ref><br />
<br />
===United Kingdom 1940−1942===<br />
After Dunkirk, Alexander returned to the United Kingdom and continued to command I Corps, now guarding the coasts of [[Yorkshire]] and [[Lincolnshire]] as part of [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern Command]].<ref name=Heathcote16>{{Harvnb| Heathcote| 1999| p=16}}</ref> He was promoted acting [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] in July 1940,<ref name="Lieutenant-general">{{London Gazette| issue=34899| date=16 July 1940|page=4415| supp=y}}</ref> and in December 1940 he was appointed to succeed [[Claude Auchinleck]] as [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) of [[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|Southern Command]], which was responsible for the defence of south-west England.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=42}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette| issue=35503| date=27 March 1942|page=1399}}</ref>{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|p=119}}{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=52}} His rank of lieutenant-general was made permanent in December 1940.<ref name=Heathcote16/> While he was here he came into contact with Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery]], who was then serving under his command as GOC of [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]]. Montgomery and Auchinleck had never seen eye-to-eye on much but Alexander, believing Montgomery, who had been one of Alexander's instructors at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, knew what he was doing, simply allowed Montgomery (or "Monty") to continue with what he was doing. The two men got along well and their relationship would continue in a similar manner later on in the war.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=42}}<br />
<br />
It was during this period and most of 1941 where Alexander came to the attention of his superiors, the most notable among them being General [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Sir Alan Brooke]], then the [[Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces]] (and in December 1941 succeeding [[John Dill]] as [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]]), and [[Winston Churchill]], the Prime Minister. Churchill in particular became a great admirer of Alexander and visited him numerous times throughout 1941, nominating him as the commander of Force 110. Created on paper as the first expeditionary force since the BEF's evacuation from France the year before, Force 110 was considered for several projects throughout the year of 1941, such as landings in the [[Azores]], the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Sicily]], but these were, perhaps fortunately, all ultimately abandoned.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=42}}{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|pp=124−125}}<br />
<br />
===Burma and India 1942===<br />
[[File:The Campaign in North Africa 1940-1943- Personalities E16458.jpg|thumb|right|General Sir Harold Alexander, pictured here in August 1942 as Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, surveys the battlefront from an open car. To his right is Major-General [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|John Harding]].]]<br />
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On 1 January 1942 he was knighted and appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]],<ref name=LGazKCB>{{London Gazette| issue=35399| date=1 January 1942|page=3}}</ref> and in February, after the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] [[Burma Campaign|invasion of Burma]], was sent to [[British Raj|India]] to become GOC-in-C of British Forces in Burma as a full [[general (United Kingdom)|general]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=":6">{{London Gazette| issue=35509| date=31 March 1942|page=1497| supp=y}}</ref> Alexander was unable to fulfil his orders to hold [[Rangoon]], which was abandoned on 6–7 March.<ref>Borth, Christy (1945). ''Masters of Mass Production''. pp. 218–219, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN.</ref> He took personal charge of some small local engagements,<ref name=Heathcote16/> and was encircled by the Japanese troops in the [[Battle of Yenangyaung]]. Rescued by Chinese troops commanded by General [[Sun Li-jen]], Alexander was able to escape. Following that, Alexander increasingly left much of the tactical conduct of the campaign to his corps commander, Lieutenant-General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]], while he himself handled the more political aspects of relations with [[Joseph Stilwell]], the nominal commander of the Chinese forces.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=43}} Alexander was promoted to [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] (C-in-C) of Allied Land Forces in Burma, March 1942, and ordered Slim to abandon [[Mandalay]] and retreat to India.<ref name=Heathcote16/><br />
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===The Middle East and North Africa 1942−1943===<br />
[[File:The Campaign in North Africa 1940-1943- Personalities E22271.jpg|thumb|left|The Prime Minister, [[Winston Churchill]], with military leaders during his visit to Tripoli in February 1943. The group includes: Lieutenant-General [[Oliver Leese|Sir Oliver Leese]], General Sir Harold Alexander, General [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Sir Alan Brooke]] and General [[Bernard Montgomery|Sir Bernard Montgomery]].]]<br />
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By July 1942, the British and Indian forces in Burma had completed their fighting retreat into India, and Alexander, having yet again been mentioned in despatches for his Burma service,<ref name=MID35763>{{London Gazette| issue=35763| date=27 October 1942|page=4689| supp=y}}</ref> was recalled to the United Kingdom. He was at first selected to command the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|British First Army]], which was to take part in [[Operation Torch]], the Anglo-American invasion of [[French North Africa]]. However, following a visit in early August to [[Egypt]] by the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]], and the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS), [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Sir Alan Brooke]], Alexander flew to [[Cairo]] on 8 August to replace General [[Claude Auchinleck]], Alexander's predecessor at Southern Command in the United Kingdom, as C-in-C of [[Middle East Command]], the post responsible for the overall conduct of the [[Western Desert Campaign|campaign in the desert]] of North Africa. At the same time, Lieutenant-General Montgomery replaced Auchinleck as GOC of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=43}} Alexander presided over Montgomery's victory at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] and the advance of the Eighth Army to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], for which Alexander was elevated to a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]],<ref name=LGazGCB>{{London Gazette| issue=35782| date=10 November 1942|page=4917| supp=y}}</ref> and, after the Anglo-American forces of the First Army (under Lieutenant-General [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]) from Operation Torch and the Eighth Army [[Tunisian Campaign|converged in Tunisia]] in February 1943, they were brought under the unified command of a newly formed [[18th Army Group]] headquarters, commanded by Alexander and reporting to [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean theatre]] at [[Allied Force Headquarters|Allied Forces Headquarters]] (AFHQ).{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44}} The American General [[Omar Bradley]], who fought in the Tunisian campaign, then commanding the [[II Corps (United States)|U.S. II Corps]], credited Alexander's patience and experience with helping an inexperienced United States "field command mature and eventually come of age".<ref>{{Harvnb| Bradley| 1951| page=35}}</ref><br />
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The [[Axis powers|Axis forces]] in Tunisia surrendered by May 1943, with some 250,000 Axis troops surrendering, the largest surrender yet in the war. Alexander telegraphed Churchill in response, stating:<br />
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{{Blockquote|Sir, it is my duty to report that the Tunisian campaign is over. All enemy resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African shores.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44}}{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|p=192}}}}<br />
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===Sicily and Italy 1943−1945===<br />
{{See also|Italian campaign (World War II)}}<br />
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[[File:Allied leaders in the Sicilian campaign.jpg|thumb|right|Allied leaders of the Sicilian campaign in North Africa; (front row, left to right) [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder|Sir Arthur Tedder]], General Sir Harold Alexander, [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Sir Andrew Cunningham]], (top row, left to right) [[Harold Macmillan]], [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[Walter Bedell Smith]] and unidentified British officers.]]<br />
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After the Tunisian campaign, Alexander's command became the [[15th Army Group]], which became responsible (under General Eisenhower) for mounting the July 1943 [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] (codenamed Operation Husky). Once again, Alexander directed two [[Field army|field armies]], both commanded by strong-willed characters who were not easy to control: General Montgomery's British Eighth Army and [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[George S. Patton]]'s [[Seventh United States Army|U.S. Seventh Army]]. The campaign did not portray Alexander at his best and he failed to grip his two commanders. Montgomery's Eighth Army found itself in a slogging match against typically skilful German opposition on the [[Plain of Catania|Catanian plain]] and on the slopes of [[Mount Etna]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44}} Patton, resentful in his belief that he and his Seventh Army had been given a secondary role in the campaign, confronted Alexander and successfully argued for his army to be allowed to drive to the northwest and to capture [[Palermo]]. Although initially reluctant to allow Patton such a role, Alexander eventually, but reluctantly, allowed the Seventh Army commander to have his way, although Palermo did not appear to have much strategic significance.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44}}{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|pp=202−203}} Despite this, it turned out to be the key to unlocking the Axis forces' defences and gave the Americans an easier route towards [[Messina]]. The brief campaign in Sicily proved largely successful, but some (with Montgomery among the loudest of the critics) believed that the campaign lacked direction - and blamed Alexander. Furthermore, although the Axis forces had been forced to withdraw from Sicily, they had managed to do so in relatively good order, crossing the [[Strait of Messina|Straits of Messina]] into Italy.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44}}<br />
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After Sicily, planning began for the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], which began on 3 September 1943 (the fourth anniversary of Britain's entry into the war). Montgomery's Eighth Army launched [[Operation Baytown]], crossing over into Calabria but initially facing little real opposition and slowly making its way up the Italian peninsula. Six days later the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] (which, despite its name, included the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] under Lieutenant-General [[Richard McCreery]], under its command) under Lieutenant General [[Mark W. Clark]] landed at Salerno as part of [[Operation Avalanche]], which, initially at least, started off well, before encountering heavy resistance and almost being thrown back into the sea.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=44−45}} He supported McCreery when he refused to consider evacuation plans that Clark had been considering. Alexander was also instrumental in convincing Clark to replace the [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]] commander, Major General [[Ernest J. Dawley]] - who had not performed well and whom Alexander described as "a broken reed" - with Major General [[John P. Lucas]].{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|p=221}} Despite the heavy casualties sustained at Salerno, the Allies managed to force the Axis forces back and, with both the Fifth and Eighth Armies now united at last, began pursuing the retreating enemy. By December 1943 progress had virtually ground to a halt as the Axis had Alexander's 15th Army Group held up at the [[Winter Line]] (also known as the Gustav Line) and ground was gained only at the expense of heavy casualties.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}} At around this time there were numerous Allied command changes, with Montgomery handing over the Eighth Army to Lieutenant-General [[Oliver Leese|Sir Oliver Leese]] and departing for the United Kingdom to take up command of the [[21st Army Group]], which controlled all Allied land forces for the planned [[Normandy landings|invasion of Normandy]], whilst General [[Henry Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Wilson]] replaced Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean in January 1944.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}}{{sfn|Nicolson|1973|p=226}}<br />
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[[File:The British Army in Italy 1943 NA9857.jpg|thumb|left|General Sir Bernard Montgomery in his staff car with General Sir Harold Alexander and General Sir Alan Brooke, during an inspection of the [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]] HQ, Italy, 15 December 1943]]<br />
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The fighting in Italy would continue to prove even more difficult for Alexander's forces over the following few months. Between January and May 1944, numerous Allied [[Battle of Monte Cassino|attacks were repulsed at Monte Cassino]] (which was also bombed in February 1944, with Alexander taking responsibility for the decision to bomb it) and the [[Battle of Anzio|Anzio landings]] of January 1944 by Lucas's U.S. VI Corps began well but did not live up to expectations and eventually ended up in a stalemate, like the rest of the Italian fighting so far. Alexander had a large part in planning the landings (code-named "Operation Shingle"), and intended to draw German strength away from the Winter Line and to cut their [[Line of communication|lines of communication]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}} The scheme was supported by Prime Minister Churchill, who had very high expectations for Shingle. However, the operation was flawed in many ways. In particular, Alexander's plan of seizing the [[Alban Hills]] might possibly have led to the entire Allied force (comprising only two infantry divisions, elements of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Armored Division]], and other smaller units in support) being wiped out.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}} Despite Churchill's and Alexander's intentions, the Allied forces at Anzio did not achieve the somewhat unrealistic expectations, and were essentially cut off from any support, although they did manage to lure German reserves from elsewhere, which might otherwise have been available for service on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] or during the impending Allied invasion of Normandy.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}}<br />
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[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA11881.jpg|thumb|right|General Sir Harold Alexander, commanding the 15th Army Group, talks to British and American officers at Anzio, Italy, 14 February 1944.]]<br />
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When Eisenhower was appointed in December 1943 as Supreme Allied Commander for the planned Normandy landings, he suggested that Alexander become ground-forces commander, as he was popular with both British and American officers. Omar Bradley (who had commanded U.S. II Corps in Sicily, and later the [[First United States Army|U.S. First Army]] and then the [[Twelfth United States Army Group|U.S. 12th Army Group]]) remarked that he would have preferred to work with Alexander rather than Montgomery, as he regarded the former as "a restrained, self-effacive and punctilious soldier". Of the problems that subsequently surfaced with Montgomery's command of the Anglo-Canadian [[21st Army Group]], Bradley suspected they would not have occurred with Alexander in command.<ref>{{Harvnb| Bradley| 1951| pages=207–208}}</ref> Brooke, however, applied pressure to keep Alexander in Italy, considering him unfit for the assignment in France.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=46}} Thus Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, and, with the support of numerous Allied commanders, controversially authorised the [[Battle of Monte Cassino|bombing of the historic abbey at Monte Cassino]] (February 1944), which resulted in little advance on the German [[Winter Line]] defences, which had managed to halt the Allied advance in Italy. It was not until the fourth attempt that the Winter Line was breached by the Allies, and Alexander's forces moved on to capture [[Rome]] in June 1944, thereby achieving one of the strategic goals of the Italian campaign. However, the U.S. VI Corps, now under Major General [[Lucian Truscott]], in the Anzio beachhead, under U.S. Fifth Army commander Clark's orders, failed to follow their original break-out plan that would have trapped the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 10th Army]] escaping northwards in the aftermath of the Battle of Monte Cassino, instead favouring an early and highly publicised entry into [[Rome]] two days before the Allied landings in Normandy.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}} Although Alexander was angry at Clark for deliberately disobeying his specific orders in order to reach Rome first, he chose to say nothing, believing that it would do nothing for the Allied cause if he were to do so.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=45}}<br />
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[[File:The Second World War- Personalities TR2696.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, pictured here as [[Supreme Allied Commander]] of the Mediterranean Forces, at his Headquarters in the [[Palace of Caserta]], Italy]]<br />
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Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, as well as of its successor, the [[Allied Armies in Italy]] (AAI), for most of the Italian campaign, until December 1944, when he relinquished his command to Clark and took over as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters, responsible for all military operations in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean theatre]]. Alexander was concurrently promoted to the rank of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]],<ref name=Mead45>{{Harvnb| Mead|2007| p=45}}</ref> though this was backdated to the fall of Rome on 4 June 1944,<ref name=":7">{{London Gazette| issue= 36822| date= 1 December 1944|page=5551| supp=y}}</ref> so that Alexander would once again be senior to Montgomery, who had himself been made a field marshal on 1 September 1944, after the end of the [[Battle of Normandy]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36680|page=4055|date=29 August 1944|supp=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Doherty|2004|p=60}}<br />
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Alexander received the German surrender in Italy on 29 April 1945. As a reward for his [[leadership]] in North Africa and Italy, Alexander, along with a number of other prominent British Second World War military leaders, was elevated to the [[peerage]] on 1 March 1946 by [[George VI|King George VI]]; he was created Viscount Alexander of [[Tunis]] and of [[Errigal]] in the [[County Donegal|County of Donegal]].<ref name=":8">{{London Gazette| issue=37407| date=28 December 1945 |page= 1| supp=y}}</ref><br />
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[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA14593.jpg|thumb|right|General Sir Harold Alexander with Major General [[Lucian Truscott]] and other senior Allied commanders at Anzio, Italy, 5 May 1944. Major-General [[John Hawkesworth (British Army officer)|John Hawkesworth]] is pictured on the far right wearing a [[Helmet Steel Airborne Troop|parachutist helmet]], and to the left of him is Major-General [[Philip Gregson-Ellis]].]]<br />
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Throughout the war, Alexander would attain a reputation for being empathetic and considerate, and a skilled mediator; however the extent to which he was able to come up with his own ideas versus relying on others would be a matter of debate. One historian would describe him as "Not a great soldier though he was a strategist of some insight", whilst [[B. H. Liddell Hart]] would describe him as "though highly intelligent with an open mind...fundamentally a lazy general", stating "he might have been a greater commander if he had not been so nice a man and so deeply a gentleman."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Churchill's generals |date=1992 |publisher=Warner |isbn=978-0-7515-0049-3 |editor-last=Keegan |editor-first=John |location=London}}</ref><br />
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Brooke felt that Alexander needed an able [[chief of staff]] "to think for him",<ref name="G&B35-6">{{Harvnb| Graham| Bidwell| 1986| pp=35–6}}</ref> while Montgomery (Alexander's subordinate in North Africa, Sicily and Italy) claimed to think of Alexander as "incompetent" and believed that success was attained in Tunisia only because Montgomery lent Lieutenant-General [[Brian Horrocks]], the commander of [[IX Corps (United Kingdom)|IX Corps]] of Anderson's First Army, to organise the ''coup de grace''.<ref name="G&B35-6"/> However, [[Harold Macmillan]] (British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean from 1942 to 1945) was impressed by Alexander's calm and style - the general conducted dinners in his mess like those at an [[Oxbridge]] high table, discussing architecture and the campaigns of [[Belisarius]], rather than the current war.<ref name="G&B35-6"/> Macmillan thought Alexander's urbane manner and willingness to discuss and compromise were a sensible way to maintain inter-Allied cooperation, but Alexander's reserve was such that some thought him empty of strategic ideas and unable to make decisions.{{#tag:ref|The British diplomat [[David Hunt (diplomat)|David Hunt]], who, during the Second World War, served as an intelligence officer in Greece, North Africa and Italy, and who after the war was a member of the British Committee of Historians of the Second World War,<ref>{{Harvnb| Hunt| 1990| p=xxvi}}</ref><br />
wrote in his war memoirs of Alexander's "brilliant grasp of manoeuvre and deception" and "very sound understanding of the realities of military supply and administration".<ref>{{Harvnb| Hunt| 1990| p=xxv}}</ref> He also noted that Alexander was, by the almost universal judgement of "men of experience in senior stations", the "foremost British commander of the war". This was, to his personal knowledge, the case with three British prime ministers: [[Clement Attlee]], Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan.{{sfn| Hunt| 1990| pp=xxiv, xxv}} Hunt also quotes [[Omar Bradley]] as writing "He not only showed the shrewd tactical judgement that was to make him the outstanding general's general of the European war but was easily able to comport the nationally-minded and jealous Allied personalities of his command. In each successive Mediterranean campaign he had won the adulation of his American subordinates."{{sfn| Hunt| 1990| pp=xxv, xxvi}}|group=n}} Graham and Bidwell, however, wrote that Alexander's impenetrable reserve made it hard to judge whether or not he had any military ideas. They state that he was "unable or unwilling" to assert his will over his army commanders, and that Mark Clark, who often referred to Alexander scornfully as a "peanut" and a "feather duster", exploited this weakness.<ref name="G&B35-6"/><br />
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==Governor General of Canada==<br />
With the cessation of hostilities, Alexander was under serious consideration for appointment to the post of [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]], the British Army's most senior position beneath the sovereign. He was invited, though, by [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian prime minister]] [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] to be his recommendation to the King for the post of [[Governor General of Canada]]. Alexander thus chose to retire from the army and take up the new position, in anticipation of which he was on 26 January 1946 appointed [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]]<ref name=LGazGCMG>{{London Gazette| issue=37453 |date=1 February 1946 |page=767}}</ref> and created Viscount Alexander of Tunis, of Errigal in the County of Donegal, on 1 March.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37491 |date=5 March 1946 |page=1241 }}</ref> On 21 March 1946, the commission under the [[royal sign-manual]] and [[Seal (emblem)|signet]] appointing Alexander was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=363348&document_id_nbr=9853&f=g&PHPSESSID=omradmq984eog5u83o6e6d5p06 |title=Canada Gazette, volume 80, number 16|date=20 April 1946| page= 2431|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Alexander was subsequently sworn in during a ceremony in the [[Senate of Canada|Senate chamber]] on 12 April that year.<ref>{{Harvnb| Coucill| 1998| p=86}}</ref><br />
[[File:Alexander-arrives.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Viscount and Viscountess Alexander of Tunis are greeted by [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] upon the viceregal couple's arrival in [[Ottawa]], 12 April 1946]]<br />
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Alexander took his duties as the viceroy quite seriously, feeling that as governor general, he acted as a connection between Canadians and their King, and spent considerable time travelling Canada during his term; he eventually logged no less than 294,500&nbsp;km (184,000&nbsp;mi) during his five years as governor general. On these trips, he sought to engage with Canadians through various ceremonies and events; he was keenly interested in his role as [[Scouts Canada#Organizational structure|Chief Scout of Canada]] and, in preparation for his kicking of the opening ball in the 1946 [[Grey Cup]] final, practised frequently on the grounds of the royal and viceregal residence, [[Rideau Hall]]. Also, in commemoration of Alexander being named the first non-aboriginal chief of the [[Kwakiutl]] tribe, he was given a [[totem pole]] on 13 July 1946; crafted by [[Mungo Martin]], it remains on the grounds of Rideau Hall today.<ref name=GGAlex/> By the end of the year, Alexander was also distinguished with his induction as a [[Order of the Garter|Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]].<ref name=LGazKG>{{London Gazette| issue=37807| date=3 December 1946|page=5945| supp=y}}</ref><br />
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In 1947, the King issued [[Letters Patent, 1947|letters patent]] granting his Canadian governor general permission to exercise all those powers belonging to the monarch in respect of Canada and, at the [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference]] of 1949, the decision was reached to use the term "member of the Commonwealth" instead of "[[Dominion]]" to refer to the non-British member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. That same year, Alexander oversaw the admission of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] (a dominion by name but not self-governing) into the [[Canadian Confederation]] and toured the new province that summer. Then, during a later visit to [[Alberta]], the Governor General was admitted to the [[Blackfoot]] tribe as Chief Eagle Head. However, though the post-war period saw a boom in prosperity for Canada, the country was again at war by 1950, with Alexander, in his role as acting [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|commander-in-chief]], deploying to the [[Korean War]] soldiers, sailors, and airmen, whom he would visit prior to their departure for north-east Asia.<ref name=GGAlex/> In May 1951, as Commander-in-Chief of Canada, he was deemed a fitting inaugural recipient of the [[Canadian Forces' Decoration]], starting a long tradition of every governor general accepting the CD, usually shortly after their installation as the Sovereign's personal representative in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|page= 88|access-date= 14 December 2023|url= https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/dn-nd/D61-27-2010-eng.pdf |title=The Canadian Forces' Decoration}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|right|In the Governor General's study at [[Rideau Hall]], Alexander (centre) receives for his signature the bill finalising the union of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and [[Canada]], 31 March 1949{{#tag:ref|The other figures present are (left to right) [[Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)|Leader of the Government in the Senate]] [[Wishart McLea Robertson]], [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Louis St. Laurent]], [[Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada|Speaker of the House of Commons]] [[Gaspard Fauteux]] and [[Speaker of the Senate of Canada|Speaker of the Senate]] [[James Horace King]].|group=n|name=Capt}}]]<br />
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Alexander travelled abroad on official trips—in 1947 visiting [[President of the United States|US president]] [[Harry S. Truman]] and in June 1948 [[President of Brazil|Brazilian president]] [[Eurico Gaspar Dutra]]—as well as hosting a number of dignitaries. The visit of the Irish [[Taoiseach]], [[John A. Costello]], in 1948 caused Alexander some embarrassment when Costello chose the occasion to announce that the state of [[Ireland]]<!---which has not been called the Irish Free State since the adoption of its 1937 constitution--->, which controlled most of the [[Island of Ireland]], would become the [[Republic of Ireland]] and would therefore leave the Commonwealth ([[Northern Ireland]] was not a part of the Irish state, but was rather a constituent part of the [[United Kingdom]], and would thus remain in the Commonwealth). Although the decision had been taken in principle earlier, the sudden announcement caused a diplomatic storm and Costello, to deflect criticism, claimed that he had been provoked into making the announcement by a series of diplomatic snubs by Lord Alexander. In his memoirs, Costello was to admit that Alexander's behaviour had in fact been perfectly civil and could have had no bearing on a decision which had already been made to declare the [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book| last=McCullagh| first=David| title=Reluctant Taoiseach| publisher=Gill and Macmillan| year=2010| pages=207–212}}</ref><br />
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The Alexanders' relatively informal lifestyle at [[Rideau Hall]] was demonstrated when during the Canadian tour of [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] and her husband, [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|the Duke of Edinburgh]], the Viscount and Viscountess hosted a [[square dance]] in the palace's ballroom. Alexander painted (creating a personal studio in the former dairy at Rideau Hall and mounting classes in art at the [[National Gallery of Canada]]<ref name=GGAlex/>), partook in a number of sports (including [[golf]], [[ice hockey]], and [[rugby football|rugby]]), and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly during [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]]'s [[maple syrup]] harvest, himself overseeing the process on Rideau Hall's grounds.<ref name=GGAlex/> The Viscount was known to escape from official duties to partake in his most favourite pastime of [[fishing]], once departing from the 1951 royal tour of Princess Elizabeth to take in a day's fishing at Griffin Island, in [[Georgian Bay]], and granting a day off for students in the town of [[Drayton, Ontario]], where his train briefly stopped.<ref name=WA>{{Cite news| last=Thorning| first=Stephen| title=Valuing Our History| newspaper=The Wellington Adviser| url=http://www.wellingtonadvertiser.com/index.cfm?page=colDetail&itmno=245| access-date=26 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718031657/http://www.wellingtonadvertiser.com/index.cfm?page=colDetail&itmno=245| archive-date=18 July 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> He presented the [[Alexander Cup]] to the [[Canadian Amateur Hockey Association]] in November 1950; the cup became the championship trophy of the Major Series of [[senior ice hockey]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alexander Trophy For Major Series|date=November 20, 1950|newspaper=Lethbridge Herald|location=Lethbridge, Alberta|page=10|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-nov-20-1950-2117582/}}{{free access}}</ref><br />
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Among Canadians, Alexander proved to be a popular viceroy, despite the calls for a Canadian-born governor general that had preceded his appointment.<ref name=Mead46>{{Harvnb| Mead|2007| p=46}}</ref> He not only had a much praised military reputation (he was considered to be the best military strategist since [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|the 1st Duke of Wellington]]<ref name=WA/>) but also was a charismatic figure, with an easy ability to communicate with people.<ref name=GGAlex/> Others, however, did not fully approve of Alexander; editor Hugh Templin, from [[Fergus, Ontario]], met with Alexander during Templin's time as a special correspondent with the [[Canadian Press]] during the Second World War, and he said of the encounter: "Lord Alexander impressed us considerably, if not too favourably. He was an aristocratic type, who didn't like newspaper men."<ref name=WA/><br />
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==British Minister of Defence==<br />
Lord Alexander gave up the office of Governor General of Canada officially on 28 January 1952 after Churchill asked him to return to London to take the post of [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]] in the British government.<ref name=Mead46 /> The aging Churchill had found it increasingly difficult to cope with holding that portfolio concurrently with that of prime minister, although he still took many major decisions himself, leaving Alexander with little real power.<ref>{{Harvnb| Heathcote| 1999| p=17}}</ref> George VI died on the night of 5–6 February and Alexander, in respect of the King's mourning, departed quietly for the United Kingdom, leaving [[Chief Justice of Canada]] [[Thibaudeau Rinfret]] as [[Administrator of the Government#Canada|administrator of the government]] in his place. After his return to the UK, Alexander was on 14 March 1952 elevated in the peerage by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming [[Earl Alexander of Tunis]], Baron Rideau of Ottawa and Castle Derg.<ref name=":9">{{London Gazette| issue=39491| date=14 March 1952|page=1468}}</ref> He was also appointed to the organising committee for [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II|the Queen's coronation]] and was charged with carrying the [[Sovereign's Orb]] in the state procession on that occasion in 1953.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=39569| date=10 June 1952|page=3184}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=40020| date=17 November 1953|page=6243| supp=y}}</ref><br />
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==Retirement==<br />
Alexander served as British defence minister until 1954, when he retired from politics. In 1959 the Queen appointed Alexander to the [[Order of Merit]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=41589| date=30 December 1958|page=3| supp=y}}</ref> From 1960 to 1965, he served as [[Constable of the Tower of London]].<ref name="LG 5 August 1960" /> Alexander was an active [[freemason]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
|url= http://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=12&new_day=10&new_year=2015<br />
|title= Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis is born<br />
|date= 10 December 2015<br />
|work= Masonry Today<br />
|access-date= 16 October 2017<br />
|archive-date= 16 October 2017<br />
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070520/http://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=12&new_day=10&new_year=2015<br />
|url-status= live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Canada remained a favourite second home for the Alexanders and they returned frequently to visit family and friends until Alexander died on 16 June 1969 of a perforated aorta.<ref name="Officers of the British Army" /> His funeral was held on 24 June 1969, at [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|St. George's Chapel]], in [[Windsor Castle]], and he was buried in St Margaret's churchyard at [[Ridge, Hertfordshire|Ridge]], near Tyttenhanger, his family's [[Hertfordshire]] home.<ref name=GGAlex /><br />
<br />
==Marriage and children==<br />
Alexander married [[Margaret Alexander, Countess Alexander of Tunis|Lady Margaret Bingham]], daughter of [[George Bingham, 5th Earl of Lucan]], on 14 October 1931. They had three children together and adopted a fourth:<ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes. Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999.</ref><br />
<br />
* Lady Rose Maureen Alexander (born 28 October 1932, died 21 August 2017)<br />
* [[Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis|Shane William Desmond Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis]] (born 30 June 1935)<br />
* [[The Honourable|Hon.]] Brian James Alexander, [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] (born 31 July 1939)<br />
* Lady Susan Mary Alexander (born 26 February 1948) (adopted)<br />
<br />
==Titles, styles and honours==<br />
<br />
=== Titles and styles ===<br />
<br />
* 10 December 1891 – 1 March 1946: ''The Honourable'' Harold Alexander<br />
* 1 March 1946 – 16 June 1969: ''The Right Honourable'' The Viscount Alexander of Tunis<ref name=":8" /><br />
* 14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969: ''The Right Honourable'' The Earl Alexander of Tunis<ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
=== Military Ranks ===<br />
<br />
* 23 September 1911: [[Second Lieutenant#United Kingdom and Commonwealth|Second Lieutenant]], [[Irish Guards]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* 5 December 1912: [[Lieutenant]], Irish Guards<ref name=":1" /><br />
* 15 November 1914: Temporary [[Captain (United Kingdom)|Captain]], Irish Guards<br />
* 7 February 1915: [[Captain (United Kingdom)|Captain]], Irish Guards<ref name=":2" /><br />
* 1 August 1917: [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]], Irish Guards<ref name=":3" /><br />
* 14 May 1922: [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]], Irish Guards<ref name=":4" /><br />
* 14 May 1926: [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]], [[140th (4th London) Brigade|140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade]]<br />
* 13 October 1934: [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]], [[Nowshera Brigade]]<ref name=":5" /><br />
* 15 October 1937: [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]], Nowshera Brigade<ref name="Major-general" /><br />
* 13 July 1938: [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]]<ref name="Lieutenant-general" /><br />
* 17 January 1942: [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]<ref name=":6" /><br />
* 4 June 1944: [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
==== Civilian appointments ====<br />
<br />
* 12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952: [[Scouts Canada#Organizational structure|Chief Scout of Canada]]<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 1960 |title=Deputy Chief Scout will visit Gibsons |url=http://historicalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca/view/collection/coastnews/date/1960-01-28#1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616013516/http://historicalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca/view/collection/coastnews/date/1960-01-28%231 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=Coast News}}</ref><br />
* 1950: [[Blackfoot|Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe]]<ref name="gg" /><br />
* 13 July 1946: [[Kwakiutl|Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe]]<ref name="gg" /><br />
* 29 January 1952: [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada]] (PC (Can))<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada: Dominion High Commissioners; use of suffix 'PC (Can)' (member of the Canadian Privy Council) and title 'Right Honorable'|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8575861&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5|work=Records of the Privy Council and other records collected by the Privy Council Office|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|access-date=3 June 2012|archive-date=20 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720014515/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8575861&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1952: [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] (PC)<br />
* 17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: [[Lord Lieutenant of the County of London]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=41072| date=17 May 1957|page=2934}}</ref><br />
* 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: [[Lord Lieutenant of Greater London]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=43616| date=2 April 1965|page=3297}}</ref><br />
* 1960–1965: [[Constable of the Tower|Constable of the Tower of London]]<ref name="LG 5 August 1960">{{London Gazette| issue=42110| date=5 August 1960|page=5372}}</ref><br />
* 1945: [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the City of Manchester]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://confidentials.com/manchester/who-has-the-freedom-of-mcr|title=Who has been awarded the 'Freedom of Manchester'?|website=Confidentials|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171036/https://confidentials.com/manchester/who-has-the-freedom-of-mcr|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 25 March 1946: [[Freedom of the City of London]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/fm-lord-alexander-receives-city-freedom-on-sleeve/query/Guildhall| title=FM Lord Alexander Receives City Freedom| year=1946| publisher=British Pathé| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=9 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171032/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/fm-lord-alexander-receives-city-freedom-on-sleeve/query/Guildhall| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v5SlmFZBns| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/9v5SlmFZBns| archive-date=2021-12-11| url-status=live|title=Viscount Alexander receives the Freedom of the City (1946)|last=British Pathé|date=23 August 2021|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
* [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the City of Edinburgh]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19460309&id=u_wuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6131,1916254&hl=en| author=Canadian Press| title=Daily Visits To Canada House In London Paid By Viscount Alexander| date=12 March 1946| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=9 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171030/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19460309&id=u_wuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6131,1916254&hl=en| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Military appointments ====<br />
* 7 March 1936 – 19 November 1937: Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty the King (ADC)<ref name="LGazAdC" /><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34456|date=19 November 1937|page=7263}}</ref><br />
* 2 July 1937 – 14 August 1947: Colonel of the 3rd Battalion [[2nd Punjab Regiment]]<ref name="LGazColPun" /><br />
* 20 July 1944 – 2 August 1946: [[Aide-de-Camp General]] to His Majesty the King (ADC General)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=36616| supp=y|date=18 July 1944|page=3379}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37673| supp=y|date=30 July 1946|page=3927}}</ref><br />
* 28 August 1946 – 16 June 1969: Colonel of the [[Irish Guards]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37739| supp=y|date=27 September 1946|page=4842}}</ref><br />
* 10 November 1949 – n/a: Colonel of the [[Royal Ulster Rifles]] (London Irish Rifles)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=38829| supp=y|date=3 February 1950|page=590}}</ref><br />
* 10 July 1951: Colonel of the [[Oxford University]] Contingent of the University Training Corps<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=39316| supp=y|date=24 August 1951|page=4487}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Honorary degrees ===<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2016}}<br />
* 22 May 1946: [[McGill University]], Quebec [[Doctor of Laws]] (LLD)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/files/secretariat/hon-alph.pdf|title=Honorary degrees|publisher=McGill University|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140323/https://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/files/secretariat/hon-alph.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1946: [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], Ontario [[Doctor of Laws]] (LLD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf|title=Honorary degrees|publisher=Queen's University|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227133354/http://queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1946: [[University of Toronto]], Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf| title=Honorary Degree Recipients 1850–2015| date=June 2015| publisher=University of Toronto| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=1 October 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001101642/http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 13 May 1948: [[University of British Columbia]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/hdcites/hdcites2.html| title=The Degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) Conferred at Congregation, October 31st, 1945| publisher=University of British Columbia| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=11 August 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811055334/http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/hdcites/hdcites2.html| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 21 March 1949: [[University of California Los Angeles]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQA5AQAAMAAJ&q=viscount+alexander+++Honorary+Degrees&pg=RA3-PA67| title=Register – University of California| volume=2| author=University of California, Berkeley| year=1950| page=67| publisher=University of California Press| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=9 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171031/https://books.google.com/books?id=zQA5AQAAMAAJ&q=viscount+alexander+++Honorary+Degrees&pg=RA3-PA67| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 22 October 1949: [[University of Western Ontario]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf| title=Honorary Degrees Awarded 1881–Present| publisher=University of Western Ontario| access-date=6 January 2015| archive-date=13 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313171115/https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1953: [[University of Liverpool]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/commsec/calendar/Honorary,Graduates,of,the,University.pdf| title=Honorary Graduates of the University| publisher=University of Liverpool| access-date=6 January 2016| archive-date=7 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122338/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/commsec/calendar/Honorary,Graduates,of,the,University.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* 1955: [[University of Nottingham]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/registrar/documents/hon-deg-list-jan2017.pdf|title=Honorary degrees|publisher=Nottingham University|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301182411/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/registrar/documents/hon-deg-list-jan2017.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Unofficial ===<br />
{{Flagicon|Canada|1921}} Alberta<br />
* ''Chief Eagle Head''<ref name=gg>{{cite web| url=http://archive.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp| author=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Field Marshal the Earl Alexander of Tunis| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=11 May 2013| archive-date=19 August 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090320/http://archive.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Honorific eponyms ===<br />
{{See also|Viceregal eponyms in Canada}}<br />
Geographic locations<br />
* {{flag|Ontario}}: [[Viscount Alexander Park]], [[Ottawa]]<br />
<br />
Schools<br />
* {{flag|Ontario}}: Viscount Alexander Public School, [[Ottawa]]<ref>{{cite web| last=Department of National Defence| title=Viscount Alexander Public School| work=National Inventory of Military Memorials| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=16 March 2008| url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8381| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521200402/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8381| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 May 2014| access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><br />
* {{flag|Manitoba}}: École Viscount Alexander, [[Winnipeg]]<br />
<br />
==Honours, decorations and arms==<br />
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg|title=Photo of Harold Alexander}}</ref><br />
<div class= "center"><br />
[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon.svg|100x100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - 1914 Star & Rosette.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - Victory Medal MID.png|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - 1939-45 Star.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - Burma Star.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - Africa Star & Rosette.png|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Ribbon - Italy Star.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:CAN Canadian Forces Decoration ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Order of Suvorov 106x30.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:GRE Order of George I - Member or Silver Cross BAR.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:POL Virtuti Militari Srebrny BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:BEL Order of Leopold II - Grand Cross BAR.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:BEL Croix de Guerre WW1 ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:SMR Order of Saint Marinus - Grand Cross BAR.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Order of Tri Shakti Patta - ribbon bar.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite Officier ribbon (Maroc).svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Oficial.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:BRA Campaign Medal.png|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Order of the White Lion.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Croce di guerra al merito BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Star of Africa.svg|100px]]<br />
<br/><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:silver;" align="center"<br />
|Ribbon || Description || Notes<br />
|-<br />
|N/A||[[Most Noble Order of the Garter]] (KG)||<br />
Degree of Knight Companion<br />
3 December 1946<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Most Honourable Order of the Bath]] (CB)||<br />
Degree of Knight Grand Cross<br />
11 November 1942<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|40px]]||[[Order of Merit]] (OM)|| <br />
Degree of Member<br />
1 January 1959<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (GCMG)|| <br />
Degree of Grand Master<br />
12 October 1967<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|40px]]||[[Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] (CSI)||<br />
Degree of Companion<br />
7 February 1936: <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO)||<br />
Degree of Companion<br />
20 October 1916<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|40px]]|| [[Military Cross]] (MC)||<br />
14 January 1916<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem]]||| <br />
Degree of Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer<br />
28 January 1952<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - 1914 Star & Rosette.png|40px]]||[[1914 Star]] with bar||<br />
1917<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|40px]]||[[British War Medal]]||<br />
1919<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - Victory Medal MID.png|40px]]||[[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]||<br />
Mentioned in Dispatches<br />
1919<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg|40px]]||[[India General Service Medal (1909)]]||<br />
1935<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - 1939-45 Star.png|40px]]||[[1939–45 Star]]||<br />
1945<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - Burma Star.png|40px]]||[[Burma Star]]||<br />
1945<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - Africa Star & Rosette.png|40px]]||[[Africa Star]] ||<br />
With 1st Army Insignia<br />
North Africa 1942-1943 Bar<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - Italy Star.png|40px]]||[[Italy Star]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|40px]]||[[War Medal 1939–1945]]|| <br />
Mentioned in Dispatches 1940 and 1942<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]||<br />
1935<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]||<br />
1937<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]||<br />
1953<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:CAN Canadian Forces Decoration ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Canadian Forces' Decoration]] (CD) ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Knight of the Legion of Honour]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png|40px]]||[[Croix de Guerre]] with palm||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|40px]]||[[Order of St. Anna]]||Degree of Member Second Class with Swords<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of Suvorov 106x30.png|40px]]||[[Order of Suvorov]]||Degree of Member First Class<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:GRE Order of George I - Member or Silver Cross BAR.png|40px]]||[[Royal Order of George I]]||Degree of Member Grand Cross<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.svg|40px]]||[[Order of the Redeemer]]||Degree of Grand Cross<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:POL Virtuti Militari Srebrny BAR.svg|40px]]||[[Order Virtuti Militari]]|| Degree of Member Fifth Class<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|40px]]||[[Legion of Merit]]||Degree of Chief Commander<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Distinguished Service Medal]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BEL Order of Leopold II - Grand Cross BAR.png|40px]]||[[Order of Leopold II]]||Degree of Grand Cross<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BEL Croix de Guerre WW1 ribbon.svg|40px]]||[[Belgian Croix de guerre|Belgian Croix de Geurre]] with palm||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SMR Order of Saint Marinus - Grand Cross BAR.png|40px]]|| [[Order of San Marino]]||Degree of Grand Cross<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of Tri Shakti Patta - ribbon bar.svg|40px]]||[[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]]||Degree of Grand Cross<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg|40px]]||[[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Order of Nichan Iftikhar]]||Degree of Grand Cordon<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite Officier ribbon (Maroc).svg|40px]]||[[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]||Degree of Officer<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Oficial.png|40px]]||[[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Order of Military Merit]]||Degree of Officer<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BRA Campaign Medal.png|40px]]||[[Campaign Medal (Brazil)]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Order of the White Lion.svg|40px]]||[[Order of the White Lion]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|40px]]||[[Czechoslovak War Cross 1939]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Croce di guerra al merito BAR.svg|40px]]||[[War Merit Cross (Italy)|War Merit Cross of Italy]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Star of Africa.svg|40px]]||[[Order of the Star of Africa]]||Degree of Grand Commander<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Arms===<br />
{{Emblem table<br />
| image = Coat of arms of Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis.svg<br />
| imagesize = 250px<br />
| crest = An arm in armour, embowed, the hand holding a sword proper, hilt and pommel or.<br />
|escutcheon = Per pale argent and sable, a chevron, and in base a crescent, all counterchanged; on a canton azure a harp or stringed argent.<br />
|supporters = ''Dexter'', A piper of the Irish Guards holding under the interior arm a bagpipe; ''Sinister'', A sepoy of the 3rd/2nd Punjabi Regiment supporting with the exterior arm a rifle proper; Each charged on the shoulder with an escutcheon barry nebuly of six argent and azure.<br />
| motto = “Per mare, per terre, per astra” (By sea, by land, by the stars).<br />
|orders = The Most Noble Order of the Garter - Knight Companion (KG).<ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's peerage and baronetage |date=2003 |page=29 |URL=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerageb0000unse_r0m8/page/n180/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==List of works==<br />
* {{cite journal| last=Alexander| first=Harold| title=The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, from 10 August 1942 to 13 May 1943| journal=London Gazette| issue=Supplement 38196| pages=839–887| publisher=[[King's Printer]]| location=London| date=3 February 1948| url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38196/supplements/839| access-date=22 March 2009}}<br />
* {{cite journal| last=Alexander| first=Harold| title=Conquest of Sicily 10 July 1943 to 17 August 1943| journal=London Gazette| issue=Supplement 38205| pages=1009–1025| publisher=[[King's Printer]]| location=London| date=10 February 1948| url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38205/supplements/1009| access-date=22 March 2009}}<br />
* {{cite journal| last=Alexander| first=Harold| title=The Allied Armies in Italy, from 3 September 1943 to 12 December 1944| journal=London Gazette| issue=Supplement 38937| pages=2879–2975| publisher=[[King's Printer]]| location=London| date=6 June 1950| url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38937/supplements/2879| access-date=22 March 2009}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Scouting}}<br />
* [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group="n"}}<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=Bradley| first=Omar N.| author-link=Omar Bradley| title=A Soldier's Story| url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersstory0000brad| url-access=registration| publisher=Henry Holt and Company| year=1951| location=New York| isbn=978-0-8371-7924-7}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Graham| first1=Dominick| last2=Bidwell| first2=Shelford| title=Tug of War: the Battle for Italy 1943–5| publisher=Hodder & Stoughton| year=1986| location=London| isbn=1-84415-098-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Coucill|first=Irma|title=Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General, and Fathers of Confederation|publisher=Stenhouse Publishing|year=1998|isbn=978-1551381145}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Heathcote| first1=Tony| title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997| publisher=Pen & Sword Books Ltd| year=1999| location=London| isbn=0-85052-696-5}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=Hunt| first=David| author-link=David Hunt (diplomat)| title=A Don at War| url=https://archive.org/details/donatwar0000hunt| url-access=registration| location=Abingdon| publisher=Frank Cass| edition=Revised| orig-year=1st publ. 1966| year=1990| isbn=0-7146-3383-6}}<br />
*{{cite book| first=Richard| last=Doherty| title=Ireland's Generals in the Second World War| author-link=Richard Doherty| isbn=9781851828654| year=2004| publisher=Four Courts Press}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Jackson| first1=General W. G. F.| author1-link=William Jackson (British Army officer)| last2=Gleave| first2=Group Captain T. P.| editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J. R. M.|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Part II – June to October 1944|series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1987| year=2004| location=Uckfield, UK| publisher=Naval & Military Press|isbn=1-84574-071-8|name-list-style=amp}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=W. G. F.|author-link=William Jackson (British Army officer)|title=Alexander of Tunis, as Military Commander|year=1972|publisher=[[Dodd, Mead & Co.]]|isbn=978-0396064749}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Keegan| first1=John|last2=Reid |first2= Brian Holden| title=Churchill's Generals| publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]] Military| year=1991| location=London| isbn=0-304-36712-5}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=Mead| first=Richard| title=Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II| year=2007| publisher=Spellmount| location=Stroud| isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Molony| first1=C. J. C.| last2=with Flynn| first2=F. C.| last3=Davies| first3=H. L.| first4=T. P.| last4=Gleave| editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J. R. M.| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944| series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1973| year=2004| location=Uckfield, UK| publisher=Naval & Military Press| isbn=1-84574-069-6| name-list-style=amp}}<br />
*{{cite book| first1=I. S. O.| last1=Playfair| author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=F. C.| last2=Flynn| last3=Molony| first3=C. J. C.| first4=T. P.| last4=Gleave| editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J. R. M.| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler| series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1960| isbn=1-84574-067-X| name-list-style=amp|ref=CITEREFPlayfair2004}}<br />
*{{cite book| first=Nigel| last=Nicolson| title=Alex: The Life of Field Marshal Earl Alexander of Tunis| author-link=Nigel Nicolson| isbn=0297765159| year=1973| publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson}}<br />
*{{cite book| last1=Playfair| first1=I. S. O.| author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Molony| first2=C. J. C.| last3=Flynn| first3=F. C.| last4=Gleave| first4=T. P.| editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J. R. M.| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa| series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1966| year=2004| location=Uckfield, UK| publisher=Naval & Military Press|isbn=1-84574-068-8| name-list-style=amp}}<br />
*{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Adrian|first=Stewart|title=The Campaigns of Alexander of Tunis, 1940–1945|year=2008|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|isbn=978-1399074650}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=Wilson| first=John S.| title=Scouting Round the World| edition=1st| publisher=Blandford Press| year=1959| location=Poole| oclc=58863729}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis}}<br />
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-harold-alexander | the Earl Alexander of Tunis }}<br />
{{Commons category|Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis}}<br />
* [https://archive.today/20061009193413/http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Harold Alexander]<br />
* [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harold-alexander-1st-earl-alexander-of-tunis The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for Harold Alexander]<br />
* {{PM20|FID=pe/000340}}<br />
*[http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG British Army Officers 1939–1945]<br />
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Alexander/Harold_Rupert_Leofric_George/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{S-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Clement Armitage]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[1st (United Kingdom) Division|GOC 1st Infantry Division]]|years=1938–1940}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-bef|before=[[Michael Barker (British Army officer)|Michael Barker]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[I Corps (United Kingdom)|GOC I Corps]]|years=June–December 1940}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Laurence Carr]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-bef|before=[[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]]|rows=2}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|GOC-in-C Southern Command]]|years=1940–1942}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles Loyd|Sir Charles Loyd]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Middle East Command|C-in-C Middle East Command]]|years=1942–1943}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Wilson]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-new|command}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[15th Army Group|C-in-C 15th Army Group]]|years=1943–1944}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Wilson]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Allied Force Headquarters|Supreme Commander Allied Force Headquarters]]|years=1944–1945}}<br />
{{S-non|reason=Post deactivated}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor General of Canada]]|years=1946–1952}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Vincent Massey]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-hon}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan|The Earl of Cavan]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Irish Guards|Colonel of the Irish Guards]]|years=1946–1969}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Basil Eugster|Sir Basil Eugster]]}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
{{S-off}}<br />
{{S-bef|before=[[Winston Churchill]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]]|years=1952–1954}}<br />
{{S-aft|after=[[Harold Macmillan]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{S-hon}}<br />
{{S-bef |<br />
before = [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|The Viscount Alanbrooke]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl |<br />
title = [[Lord Lieutenant of the County of London]] |<br />
years = 1956–1965}}<br />
{{S-non |<br />
reason = County of London abolished}}<br />
{{s-bef|before = [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Earl of Halifax]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George|Grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]]|years = 1959–1967}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|The Duke of Kent]]}}<br />
{{S-bef |<br />
before = [[Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson|The Lord Wilson]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl |<br />
title = [[Constable of the Tower|Constable of the Tower of London]] |<br />
years = 1960–1965}}<br />
{{S-aft | rows=2 |<br />
after = [[Gerald Templer|Sir Gerald Templer]]}}<br />
{{S-new}}<br />
{{S-ttl |<br />
title = [[Lord Lieutenant of Greater London]] |<br />
years = 1965–1966}}<br />
{{S-reg|uk}}<br />
{{S-new|rows=2}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Earl Alexander of Tunis]]|years=1952–1969}}<br />
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis|Shane Alexander]]}}<br />
{{S-ttl|title=[[Viscount Alexander of Tunis]]|years=1946–1969|lords=1946–1969}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Governors general of Canada}}<br />
{{Secretaries of State for Defence}}<br />
{{B-AotF-FM-MRAF-WW2}}<br />
{{Third Churchill Ministry}}<br />
{{Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander Of Tunis, Harold Alexander, 1st Earl}}<br />
[[Category:1891 births]]<br />
[[Category:1969 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Air raid on Bari]]<br />
[[Category:Alexander family (British aristocracy)|Harold]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]<br />
[[Category:British field marshals of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Mohmand Campaign]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]<br />
[[Category:Chief Scouts of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Constables of the Tower of London]]<br />
[[Category:Earls Alexander of Tunis|Harold]]<br />
[[Category:English people of Ulster-Scottish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]]<br />
[[Category:Governors general of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]<br />
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of George I]]<br />
[[Category:Irish Guards officers]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Knights of Justice of the Order of St John]]<br />
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]<br />
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Greater London]]<br />
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of the County of London]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Hawtreys]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari]]<br />
[[Category:Younger sons of earls]]<br />
[[Category:Viscounts created by George VI]]<br />
[[Category:Earls created by Elizabeth II]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Russian Civil War]]<br />
[[Category:Baltische Landeswehr personnel]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encher&diff=498487Encher2026-03-25T17:51:40Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Encher<br />
| native_name = ऐंचेर<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
|other_name = <br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]<br />
|population_as_of = <br />
|population_total = 1,627<br />
|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=01324800| title = Name Census 2011, Rajasthan data|access-date =16 Oct 2021|year = 2021| publisher = censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 58.38%<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 916<br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]<br />
| leader_title = [[sarpanch]]<br />
| leader_name = Tara Devi<br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
|postal_code = 322703<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Encher''' is a village located in [[Chauth Ka Barwara Tehsil|Chauth Ka Barwara tehsil]] of [[Sawai Madhopur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=अनदेखी:ऐचेर गांव में पानी के लिए 45 लाख खर्च, फिर भी दो साल से पानी नहीं|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/sawai-madhopur/news/45-lakhs-spent-for-water-in-aicher-village-still-no-water-for-two-years-129651309.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census Digital Library|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/23429}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]<br />
<br />
{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zahir_Ishaq_Kazi&diff=546413Zahir Ishaq Kazi2026-03-15T09:17:10Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian educationist and radiologist}}<br />
{{AI-generated|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zahir Ishaq Kazi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|01|26|df=y}}<br />
| occupation = Educationist, radiologist<br />
| known_for = President of Anjuman-I-Islam<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Zahir Ishaq Kazi''' (born 26 January 1954) is an Indian educationist and radiologist. He serves as the President of ''Anjuman-I-Islam'', an educational organisation established in 1874 and regarded as one of the largest minority educational conglomerates in India.<ref name="padma2024">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 Citations |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202461.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kazi earned his MBBS degree from Goa Medical College under the University of Mumbai. He completed postgraduate studies in radiology (MD and DMRD) at Topiwalla Medical College and Nair Hospital, Mumbai.<ref name="padma2024" /> He further received fellowships at the University of Pennsylvania and Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, United States.<ref name="medicaldialogues">{{Cite journal |last1=Rajput |first1=Kajal |title=Dr Manohar Krishna Dole, Dr Zahir Ishaq Kazi conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/dr-manohar-krishna-dole-dr-zahir-ishaq-kazi-conferred-with-padma-shri-127553 |website=Medical Dialogues |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Medical career==<br />
Kazi worked at several hospitals in Mumbai, including Bombay Hospital and Hinduja Hospital. He also served as a radiologist at King Fahad Hospital in Medina, Saudi Arabia, under the Ministry of Health.<ref name="padma2024" /><br />
<br />
==Role at Anjuman-I-Islam==<br />
Kazi has been associated with Anjuman-I-Islam for over three decades. He served as Chairman of Tibbia Medical College and Hospital and held the post of Honorary General Secretary before becoming President.<ref name="aiaims">{{Cite web |title=News and Updates – Anjuman-I-Islam |url=https://www.aiaims.edu.in/newsandupdates |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
As President since 2009, he oversaw the establishment of new institutions and the expansion of courses and student intake.<ref name="padma2024" /> He encouraged accreditation processes and restructured orphanage facilities for women in Mumbai and Pune to comply with juvenile justice regulations.<ref name="padma2024" /> Under his leadership, Anjuman-I-Islam set up overseas entities in the United States and the United Kingdom and entered collaborations with institutions such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Westminster.<ref name="apnnews">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Dr Zahir Ishaq Kazi presided over the 5th convocation at Vijaybhoomi University |date=29 October 2024 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/padma-shri-dr-zahir-ishaq-kazi-presided-over-the-5th-convocation-ceremony-at-vijaybhoomi-university/ |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has also been recognised for initiatives to promote women's representation in leadership roles across the organisation.<ref name="padma2024" /><br />
<br />
==Other roles==<br />
Kazi has held positions on committees for the states of Maharashtra and Goa, as well as the Government of India. He served as Chairman of the National Monitoring Committee for Minority Education and headed the sub-committee for implementing minority education schemes under the Ministry of Education.<ref name="padma2024" /> He is also Chairman of the Shurparka Educational & Medical Trust in Mumbai and the IDEAL Education Trust in Thane.<ref name="aiktc">{{Cite web |title=Anjuman-I-Islam Board of Governors |url=https://aiktc.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Board-for-Governance-of-Anjuman-I-Islam-SoP-D.-Pharmacy_0001.pdf |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref> Additionally, he has served as a member of the Senate of the University of Mumbai in the Management category.<ref name="padma2024" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
Kazi was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian award, in 2024 for contributions to literature and education.<ref name="presidentlist">{{Cite web |title=List of Padma Awards Ceremony 2024 |url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-04/list_of_padma_awards_ceremony_2024.pdf |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref> He received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, for his contributions to Indian systems of medical education.<ref name="padma2024" /> In 2015, Giants International recognised him for work in education, and in 2020, he received the Sir Syed Excellence National Award from Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name="padma2024" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandua,_Malda&diff=524155Pandua, Malda2026-03-13T22:57:53Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ruined city in the Malda district of the Indian state of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Other uses|Pandua (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Other uses|Adina (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}{{cleanup gallery|date=December 2024}}<!-- 4-5 images in each section would be ample illustration of the types. --><br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
|name = Pandua<br />
|alternate_name = Hazrat Pandua, Firuzabad<br />
|image = Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 04.jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = [[Mihrab]]s, arches and pillar remnants in Adina Mosque<br />
|map_type = India West Bengal<br />
|map_alt = <br />
|coordinates = {{coord|25.140|88.153|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|region = <br />
|type = Settlement<br />
|part_of = <br />
|length = <br />
|width = <br />
|area = <br />
|height = <br />
|builder = <br />
|material = <br />
|built = 14th century<br />
|abandoned = 16th century<br />
|epochs = <br />
|cultures = <br />
|dependency_of = <br />
|occupants = <br />
|event = <br />
|excavations = <br />
|archaeologists = <br />
|condition = <br />
|ownership = <br />
|management = <br />
|public_access = <br />
|website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
|notes = <br />
| designation1 = <br />
| designation1_offname = <br />
| designation1_date = <br />
| designation1_number = <br />
| designation1_criteria = <br />
| designation1_type = <br />
| designation1_free1name = <br />
| designation1_free1value = <br />
| designation1_free2name = <br />
| designation1_free2value = <br />
}}<br />
'''Pandua''', also historically known as '''Hazrat Pandua''' and later '''Firuzabad''', is a ruined city in the [[Malda district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. It served as the capital city of the independent [[Sultanate of Bengal]] for nearly a century, until the capital was moved to nearby [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in 1450.<ref>Aniruddha Ray (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. {{ISBN|978-1-351-99731-7}}.</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=370| height=320| zoom=9<br />
| coord={{coord|25|8|0|N|88|8|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Malda district (including Chanchal subdivision and Old Malda, Habibpur, Bamangola and Gazole CD blocks)'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|23|34|N|87|59|44|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chanchal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chanchal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|57|46|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Aiho| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Aiho]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|56|40|N|88|14|52|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Baksinagar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Baksinagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|12|58|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bandhail| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bandhail]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|0|2|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Chhatinamor| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chhatinamor]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|2|46|N|88|9|50|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jhangra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jhangra, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|0|10|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kachu Pukur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Kachu Pukur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|58|59|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kendua| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Kendua, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|12|36|N|88|10|35|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Rangabhita| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Rangabhita]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|58|55|N|88|8|25|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sahapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sahapur, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|1|15|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Malda| numbered11=M| mark-title11=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color11= #800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|4|5|N|88|8|31|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Old Malda| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|1|36|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Habibpur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Habibpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|54|45|N|88|17|23|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Singhabad| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Singhabad]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Araidanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|6|N|87|50|35|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Daulatnagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|24|30|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Harishchandrapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Harishchandrapur]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|25|26|15|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Khanta| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Khanta]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|25|12|N|88|4|12|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Kharba| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Kharba]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|25|20|36|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Malatipur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Malatipur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|25|19|0|N|87|55|22|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Mashaldaha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Mashaldaha]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|25|27|30|N|87|52|37|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Pipla Kasimpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pipla Kasimpur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|55|38|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ratua| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Ratua]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|16|33|N|88|0|18|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Samsi| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Samsi, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|13|48|N|88|11|21|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Gazole| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gazole Town]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|9|24|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Pandua | mark-title31= Pandua, Malda (H)| numbered31=H |shape-color31=black| label-size31=13|label-color31=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|25|2|52|N|88|25|13|E}} | label-pos32=top|label32= Jagjivanpur | mark-title32= [[Jagjivanpur]] (H)| numbered32=H |shape-color32=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|17|30|N|88|4|20|E}}|label33=Mahananda|labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=100| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|46|30|E}}|label34= Ganges River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34=90| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|4|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label35= Tangon River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=-60| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|18|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|label36= Punarbhaba |labela36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=-75| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|25|6|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|21|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-100| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.35 <br />
|arc-coordC={{coord|24|54|0|N|87|46|0|E}}|arc-textC= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=-130| arc-gapC=5.5| arc-radiusC=0.25}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Pandua is located at {{Coord|25.13|N|88.16|E|format=dms}}.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=25.13312&lon=88.158867&zoom=15&q1=Pandua%252C%2520Malda%252C%2520West%2520Bengal<br />
|title = Yahoo maps location of Pandua<br />
|publisher = Yahoo maps<br />
|access-date = 2008-12-21<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Pandua is now almost synonymously known as '''Adina''', a small town located about 18&nbsp;km North of [[Malda, West Bengal|English Bazar]] (or Malda Town). Pandua is a historic city of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was the first [[capital city]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] for 114 years (1339–1453). It continued to be a "[[Mint (facility)|Mint town]]" until the 16th century. The capital later shifted to [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]]. Pandua was described by travelers as a cosmopolitan administrative, commercial and military base, with a population of natives, royalty, aristocrats and foreigners from across [[Eurasia]].<br />
<br />
Pandua was a [[lost city]] until it was rediscovered by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in 1808. A detailed study of the city was carried out by Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]]. An aerial survey was conducted in 1931 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The notable archaeological sites include the [[Adina Mosque]], the largest mosque in the subcontinent; the [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]]; and the Qutb Shahi Mosque.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Bengal Sultanate}}<br />
Coins of the [[Balban dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] refer to Pandua as Firozabad, which is considered to be a reference to the reign of [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]]. In 1352, rebel governor [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] united the three Muslim states of Bengal into a single sultanate and founded the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]]. The Delhi Sultanate was pre-occupied with Mongol invasions in the northwest of India. Muslim governors in Bengal sensed an opportune time to establish an independent authority due to the considerable overland distance with Delhi. The creation of the sultanate is of primary importance in Bengali history, as it resulted in the separation of authority from Delhi and united all parts of Bengal into a single state. Pandua was the capital for the first one hundred years of the Bengal Sultanate.<ref name="Ray2016">{{cite book|author=Aniruddha Ray|title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99731-7|page=165}}</ref> The city was called ''Hazrat Pandua'' due to the large presence of [[Sufi]] preachers. Pandua was a [[walled city]].<br />
<br />
Over the course of 114 years, nine kings ruled Bengal from Pandua. All of them were from the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, with the exception of [[Raja Ganesha]], his son [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]], and grandson [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]. They built palaces, forts, bridges, mosques, and mausoleums, many of which are now in ruins or have disappeared completely. Sultan [[Sikandar Shah]] commissioned the construction of the [[Adina Mosque]] after Bengal's victory in the [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War]]. The Adina Mosque was modeled on the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]] and became the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent. Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah was buried in the [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]], which is an example of [[terracotta]] [[Bengali architecture]]. The royal palace had high steps, nine walls, three gates, and a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] room. A contemporary account describes the durbar room as having pillars plated with brass, carved, polished and ornamented with figurines of flowers and animals; the king sat cross-legged on an elevated throne decorated with precious stones and a two-edged [[sword]] laying across his lap. The Sultans of Bengal imitated [[Persianate]] court traditions.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal Bengal]. [[Iranica Online]].</ref> According to the [[Ming China|Ming]] ambassador [[Ma Huan]], Pandua was transformed from a small hamlet into a cosmopolitan capital and trade center, as well as a military garrison. The population included royalty, aristocrats, soldiers, mercenaries, natives and [[Eurasian]] travelers and merchants who either settled or were a floating population along [[trade route]]s. Ma Huan wrote that "the city walls are very imposing, the bazaars well-arranged, the shops side by side, the pillars in orderly rows, they are full of every kind of goods". Pandua was a center of production and marketing. At least six varieties of fine [[muslin]], as well as [[silk]] products, were found in Pandua's markets. There were four types of [[wine]]. High-quality [[paper]] was produced from the bark of mulberry trees in the area surrounding the capital. The paper resembled lightweight white cotton cloth.<ref name="María Dolores Elizalde 2017 pp. 57">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (6 November 2017). China's Development from a Global Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 57–70. {{ISBN|978-1-5275-0417-2}}.</ref><br />
<br />
People from different parts of the known world were found in Pandua. The city generated significant [[exports]], including cloth and wine. Merchants built ships, went abroad for trade and acted as royal envoys. The rich lived lavishly in Pandua. They woke up in the morning to the tune of ''sehnai'' musicians, who would be rewarded with [[History of the taka|taka]] and wine. The noblemen entertained with dancing women. [[Paan]] was offered to visitors. The guests were served roast beef, mutton, rose water, and various kinds of [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet]].<ref name="María Dolores Elizalde 2017 pp. 57"/> The city's male inhabitants wore cotton robes and shirts, [[turban]]s, [[Dhoti|dhuti]]s, leather shoes and belts on the waist. Women wore cotton [[sari]]s. Upper-class women wore gold jewelry. Performers would stage performances with a chained [[tiger]]. The [[Hindu]]s did not eat beef. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the common language. Courtiers and merchants often spoke [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="María Dolores Elizalde 2017 pp. 57"/><br />
<br />
The capital of Bengal was shifted from Pandua to Gaur in 1450. The reasons for the shift are yet to be ascertained but a change in the course of a river has been speculated.<ref name="Ray2016"/> Pandua continued to host mints that produced silver taka for the duration of the sultanate period. It was an important administrative center. The mints were known as Shahr-i-Naw and Muzzafarabad.<ref>[https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mint_Towns Mint Towns]. [[Banglapedia]].</ref> Pandua's decline began with the conquest of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Pandua became part of the [[wilderness]]. Earthquakes damaged its buildings during the 19th century. The high humidity and monsoon seasons of Bengal also caused much of its architecture to crumble. Nothing remains of the former royal palace except for traces in raised mounds.<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The architecture of Pandua has elements of [[Bengali architecture|Bengali]], [[Arab architecture|Arab]] and [[Persian architecture|Persian]] and architecture.<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="[[Adina Mosque]]"><br />
File:Adina Mosque Malda (14).jpg<br />
File:Adina Mosque exterior view.jpg<br />
File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg<br />
File:Adina Mosque central mihrab on large basalt wall.jpg<br />
File:Adina Mosque Badhsah ki Takht low angle shot.jpg<br />
File:Excellent View of Adina Mosque.jpg<br />
File:Malda adina5.jpg<br />
File:Adina Mosque Malda (17).jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Qutub Shahi Mosque"><br />
File:Qutub Shahi Mosque in Pandua at Malda district 26.jpg<br />
File:Inside the Qutab Shahi Masjid.jpg<br />
File:Qutub Shahi Mosque at Pandua in Malda district 01.jpg<br />
File:Exterior view of Qutub Shahi Masjid.jpg<br />
File:Qutub Shahi Mosque at Pandua in Malda district 05.jpg<br />
File:Qutub Shahi Mosque in Pandua at Malda district 17.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="[[Eklakhi Mausoleum]]"><br />
File:Eklakhi Mausoleum at Pandua in Malda district 02.jpg<br />
File:Eklakhi Mausoleum of Pandua in Malda district 12.jpg<br />
File:Eklakhi Mausoleum at Pandua in Malda district 25.jpg<br />
File:Eklakhi Mausoleum at Pandua in Malda district 23.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indo-Persian culture]]<br />
* [[History of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Adina Deer Park]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Gour-Pandua}}<br />
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Gaud}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110525055904/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=8241&order_by=year&showdescription=1&collection_id=22 Pandua] in archnet.org<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110525055857/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7546 Adina Mosque] in archnet.org<br />
<br />
{{Malda District}}<br />
<br />
{{Non-extant Bengal places}}<br />
{{Mosques in West Bengal}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengal Sultanate]]<br />
[[Category:Malda district]]<br />
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Capitals of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Malda district]]<br />
[[Category:Ruins in India]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gowri_Kalyanam&diff=451090Gowri Kalyanam2026-03-11T02:13:55Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gowri Kalyanam<br />
| image = Gowri Kalyanam poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[K. Shankar]]<br />
| screenplay = [[K. Shankar]]<br />
| story = [[Bilahari]]<br />
| producer = G. V. Saravanan<br />
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)| Jaishankar]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]<br />[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]<br /> [[Sheela]]<br />
| cinematography = Thambu<br />
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| studio = Saravana Combines<br />
| distributor = Sri Jai Maruthy Combines<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 1966 |title=Gowri Kalyanam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19661109&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1966|11|11}}<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gowri Kalyanam''''' ({{Translation|The Marriage of Gowri}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[K. Shankar]] and produced by G. V. Saravanan. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)| Jaishankar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Sheela]] and [[Nagesh]]. It was released on 11 November 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624160449/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Raju<br />
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Gowri<br />
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Ramu<br />
*[[Sheela]] as Lakshmi<br />
*[[Nagesh]] as School teacher<br />
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ayyakkanu's wife<br />
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Kamatchi<br />
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] asr Ramu's aunt<br />
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as Ayyakannu<br />
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Vedhagiri<br />
*[[K. Vijayan]] as Kuthalalingam<br />
*[[Karikol Raju]] as Vaithiyar<br />
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as school student<br />
*[[Master Prabhakar]] as Ganaprakasam<br />
*Dhanaraj<br />
*M. A. Ganapathy<br />
*Pasupathy<br />
*Natarajan<br />
*Lakshmi Kumar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gowri Kalyanam (1966) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/gowri-kalyanam-t0001596 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222040034/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/gowri-kalyanam-t0001596 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=2014-12-21 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| "Varanum Varanum Maharani" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=2|Poovai Senguttuvan<br />
|-<br />
| "Thottathu Pole Kanavu Kanden" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela<br />
|-<br />
| "Vellaikkamalathiley" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || [[Bharathiyar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Oruvar Manadhai" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[Kannadasan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Thiruppugazhaip Padap Pada" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi & P. Suseela || Poovai Senguttuvan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said that, had many unnecessary scenes been cut and thereby improving the pacing, the film would have been better.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 December 1966 |title=கௌரி கல்யாணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-12-18/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240401131117/https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-12-18/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2043872}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Shankar}}<br />
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IndusInd_Bank&diff=469740IndusInd Bank2026-03-10T04:25:11Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: expand references for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian private sector bank}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = IndusInd Bank Limited<br />
| logo = IndusInd Bank SVG Logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{ubl<br />
|{{NSE|INDUSINDBK}}<br />
|{{BSE|532187}}<br />
|{{LuxSE|IDUSB}}<br />
}}<br />
| industry = [[Financial service]]s<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1994|04||p=yes}}<br />
| founder = [[S. P. Hinduja]]<br />
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|<br />
* Rajiv Anand <small>([[Managing Director]] & [[CEO]])</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indusind.bank.in/in/en/about-us/board-of-director.html|title = Board of Directors Profiles – IndusInd Bank|website=www.indusind.bank.in}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Commercial banking]]|[[Credit cards]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s|[[Private banking]]|[[Private equity]]|[[Wealth management]] }}<br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|56351|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet">[https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/e0d0c950-1cf0-4d5a-972b-79a608a81bff.pdf "FY 25 Results"]</ref><br />
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|10661|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|2575|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|554018|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|64835|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| num_employees = 44,974 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-2025 | url=https://www.indusind.bank.in/content/dam/indusind-corporate/investor-resource/latest-annual-report/annual_report_2024-25.pdf | website=www.indusind.bank.in}}</ref><ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| ratio = 15.31% <ref name="BalSheet"/><br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br />
| hq_location_country = India<br />
| owner = [[Hinduja Group]] (16.29%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angre |first1=Alekh |title=IndusInd Bank promoters see stock dip as investment opportunity |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indusind-bank-promoters-see-stock-dip-as-investment-opportunity/articleshow/119171098.cms|access-date=25 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=19 March 2025}}</ref><br />
| subsid = [[Bharat Financial Inclusion|BFIL]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/indusind-bank-adds-2-on-nclt-nod-for-merger-with-bfil-3882081.html/amp|title=IndusInd Bank adds 2% on NCLT nod for merger with BFIL|work=moneycontrol|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.indusind.bank.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''IndusInd Bank Limited''' is an Indian banking and [[financial services]] company based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2018-19 |url=https://www.indusind.bank.in/content/dam/indusind-corporate/investor-resource/latest-annual-report/AnnualReport201819.pdf |access-date=16 February 2020 |work=www.indusind.bank.in}}</ref> It was established in April 1994 and [[Corporate promoter|promoted]] by the [[Hinduja Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochuveedan |first=Benn |date=2024-04-25 |title=IndusInd Bank net profit up 15% to Rs 2,349 crore in Q4 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Apr/25/indusind-bank-net-profit-up-15-to-rs-2349-crore-in-q4 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deva |first=Pranati |title=ICICI Direct picks IndusInd Bank as a 'High Conviction Idea' for December; here's why |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/icici-direct-picks-indusind-bank-as-a-high-conviction-idea-for-december-heres-why-11702450569967.html |website=Mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
IndusInd Bank was among nine 'new-generation'{{ref label|New-generation|a}} banks that obtained a banking license in 1994; it was started by [[S. P. Hinduja]] along with hundreds of [[Non-Resident Indians|NRI]] and other shareholders.<ref>{{cite news |title=IndusInd Bank debuts on Nifty; shares soar 3% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indusind-bank-debuts-on-nifty-shares-soar-3/articleshow/19327034.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Named after the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], the bank began its operations on 17 April 1994, after being inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Finance Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IndusInd Bank Annual Report 2003-2004 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/HIS_ANN_RPT/HISTANNR/2004/INDUSIND_BANK_LTD-532187-MARCH-2004.PDF |publisher=BSE |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IndusInd Bank Ltd. - History |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/indusind-bank-5531/information/company-history |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> It launched its [[initial public offering]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indusind Bank Net Up 24 Per Cent At Rs 91 Cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/indusind-bank-net-up-24-per-cent-at-rs-91-cr-198051501054_1.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2004, IndusInd Bank completed its merger with Ashok Leyland Finance, a [[vehicle financing]] company which was also part of the [[Hinduja Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RBI clears IndusInd merger with Ashok Leyland Fin |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rbi-clears-indusind-merger-with-ashok-leyland-fin/articleshow/742796.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 June 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
IndusInd Bank listed on the [[Luxembourg Stock Exchange]] in 2007 by issuing [[global depository receipts]] (GDRs) worth {{INRconvert|147|c|mode=historical|year=2007}}. In 2008, it issued fresh GDRs worth {{INRconvert|222|c|mode=historical|year=2008}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=IndusInd taps overseas market to raise Rs 222 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/indusind-taps-overseas-market-to-raise-rs-222-cr/articleshow/3161733.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 June 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, IndusInd Bank acquired [[Deutsche Bank]] India's loss-making credit cards division.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deutsche sells credit card biz to IndusInd |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/deutsche-sells-credit-card-biz-to-indusind/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2017, IndusInd Bank announced its acquisition of [[Bharat Financial Inclusion Limited]] (BFIL) for {{INRconvert|15000|c|mode=historical|year=2017}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hetavkar |first1=Nikhat |title=IndusInd acquires Bharat Financial in Rs 15,000-cr deal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indusind-bank-approves-deal-to-buy-bharat-financial-inclusion-117101400389_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=October 15, 2017}}</ref> The merger was officially completed in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=IndusInd Bank-Bharat Financial merger to be effective from July 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/indusind-bank-bharat-financial-merger-to-be-effective-from-july-4/articleshow/69863550.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=June 19, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
As of March 2025, the bank has 41 million customers, 3,081 branches, and 3,027 [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Shadowed by financial discrepancies: IndusInd Bank posts largest-ever quarterly loss at Rs 2,328.92 crore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-shadowed-by-financial-discrepancies-indusind-bank-posts-loss-of-rs-2328-92-crore-for-q4fy25-3852671/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> It is an empaneled banker for [[Multi Commodity Exchange|MCX]]. Its shares have been a part of the [[NIFTY 50]] index since 1 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=IndusInd Bank goes live on direct tax collection system of CBDT |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/finance/indusind-bank-goes-live-on-direct-tax-collection-system-of-cbdt-16244521.htm |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=March 23, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
<br />
=== Derivative accounting discrepancies ===<br />
Between 2023 and 2025, IndusInd Bank identified accounting irregularities related to its [[Derivatives market|forex derivatives]] transactions, after a September 2023 directive from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) mandated banks to adopt [[Mark-to-market accounting|mark-to-market]] valuation for derivatives. An initial internal review estimated the potential financial impact at ₹1,572 crore in December 2023, which was revised upward to ₹2,361 crore by May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sebi bars former IndusInd Bank CEO, four others from market for insider trading |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/sebi-indusind-bank-sumant-kathpalia-insider-trading-11748442555094.html |website=Mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 March 2025, IndusInd Bank's shares crashed over 27% after it disclosed the discrepancies, with analysts raising questions on the bank's internal controls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=IndusInd Bank shares crash 27% to record worst trading day ever. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/indusind-bank-shares-crash-20-to-hit-52-week-low-why-is-it-falling-today-2691909-2025-03-11 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> IndusInd Bank's Managing Director and CEO, Sumant Kathpalia, resigned in April 2025, taking "moral responsibility" for the discrepancies. His resignation followed that of Deputy CEO Arun Khurana, who stepped down a day earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=IndusInd Bank CEO resigns |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry/nbspindusind-bank-ceo-resigns/3826942/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Independent audits were conducted by [[PwC]] and [[Grant Thornton]], with Grant Thornton estimating a cumulative impact of approximately ₹1,960 crore. In April 2025, the bank reported a reduction in net worth of ₹1,979 crore, or 2.27%, following revaluation adjustments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=IndusInd Bank clarifies on new accounting irregularities, says Rs 674 crore 'incorrectly recorded as interest' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/indusind-bank-clarifies-on-new-accounting-irregularities-says-rs-674-crore-incorrectly-recorded-as-interest/articleshow/121192583.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mahanta |first1=Vinod |last2=Mehta |first2=Sangita |date=2025-05-15 |title=IndusInd Bank probes yet another accounting issue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/indusind-bank-probes-yet-another-accounting-issue/articleshow/121170868.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=NFRA to investigate IndusInd Bank over accounting discrepancies in forex derivative |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-nfra-to-investigate-indusind-bank-over-accounting-discrepancies-forex-derivative-3858967/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Insider trading investigation ===<br />
After the accounting discrepancies came to light, reports stated that [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] began investigating possible [[insider trading]] by senior officials of the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sebi probes insider trading at IndusInd Bank: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/indias-markets-regulator-probes-insider-trading-at-indusind-bank-report-3464876 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Mar 27, 2025 |title=Insider trading glare on senior IndusInd Bank officials. What do rules say? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/insider-trading-glare-on-senior-indusind-bank-officials-what-do-rules-say-125032700415_1.html }}</ref> In May 2025, SEBI banned Kathpalia and four others from dealing in the share market,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Subhana |date=2025-05-28 |title=SEBI Bans IndusInd Bank Ex-CEO Sumant Kathpalia, Four Others From Securities Market |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/markets/sebi-bans-indusind-bank-ex-ceo-sumant-kathpalia-four-others-from-securities-market |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> accusing them of selling shares before the bank publicly announced the losses and avoiding about ₹20 crore in losses. SEBI froze their accounts and barred them from trading while the investigation continued.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=SEBI bars former IndusInd Bank CEO, top executives from stock market over insider trading charges - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/stocks/story/sebi-bars-former-indusind-bank-ceo-top-executives-from-stock-market-over-insider-trading-charges-478149-2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Banks}}<br />
* [[Banking in India]]<br />
* [[List of banks in India]]<br />
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
:{{note|New-generation|a}} The term 'new-generation' refers to banks established after the Reserve Bank of India issued updated licensing guidelines for new private sector banks in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 January 2001|title=Guidelines on entry of new banks in the private sector|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/18094.pdf|access-date=7 November 2020|website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.indusind.bank.in/}}<br />
<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
{{CNX Nifty companies}}<br />
{{Banking in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IndusInd Bank| ]]<br />
[[Category:Banks established in 1994]]<br />
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1994]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduja Group]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam&diff=445917Nagarjuna Sagar Dam2026-03-05T17:14:51Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Nagarjuna Sagar Dam<br />
| image = NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG<br />
| image_caption = Nagarjuna Sagar Dam<br />
| location_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16|34|32|N|79|18|42|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]] & [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] <br />
| location_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| location_map_size = 200px<br />
| construction_began = {{start date|df=yes|1955|12|10}}<br />
| opening = {{start date and age|1967}}<br />
| cost = 132.32 crore rupees<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Krishna River]]<br />
| dam_height = {{convert|124|m|ft|0}} from the deepest river bed level<br />
| dam_length = {{convert|1550|m|ft|0}}<br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| purpose = [[Hydroelectric]] & [[Irrigation]]<br />
| res_name = Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir<br />
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|11.56|km3|e6acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}<br />(405 [[Tmcft]])<br />
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|6.92|km3}} (244.41 Tmcft)<ref name= damre>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| res_catchment = {{convert|215000|km2}}<br />
| res_surface = {{Convert|285|km2|abbr=on}}<br />
| res_tidal_range = <br />
| plant_operator = [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation]]{{br}}[[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited]]<br />
| plant_commission = 1978–1985<br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| plant_type = <br />
| plant_turbines = 1 x 110 MW [[Francis turbine]], 7 x 100.8 MW reversible Francis turbines<br />
| plant_capacity = {{convert|816|MW|abbr=on}}<br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Nagarjuna Sagar gates opened.jpg|thumb|Nagarjuna Sagar gates opened]]<br />
'''Nagarjuna Sagar Dam''' is a [[masonry dam]] across the [[Krishna River]] at Nagarjuna Sagar, which straddles the border between [[Nalgonda district]] in [[Telangana]], and [[Palnadu district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="lift-mint">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ap-telangana-jointly-release-water-from-nagarjuna-sagar-dam-1565527726541.html |title= AP, Telangana jointly release water from Nagarjuna Sagar dam |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y. |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> The dam provides irrigation water to the districts of [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] districts of Telangana and also [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]],[[Prakasam district|, Prakasam]], and parts of [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is also a source of [[electricity generation]] for the [[National Grid (India)|national grid]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everard |first=Mark |url= |title=The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems? |date=2013-08-08 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78032-542-2 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sankararao |first=N. |url= |title=A Conceptual Study On Power Sector Reforms In Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House |isbn=978-81-950384-6-6 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-20 |title=Palnadu lift irrigation scheme back in spotlight |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/palnadu-lift-irrigation-scheme-back-in-spotlight/article25552454.ece |access-date=2023-05-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Constructed between 1955 and 1967, the dam created a [[Reservoir|water reservoir]] with gross storage capacity of {{convert|11.472|e9m3}}, its effective capacity is 6.92 cubic km or 244.41 Tmcft. The dam is {{convert|124|m}} tall from its deepest foundation and {{convert|1.6|km|ft}} long with 26 flood gates which are {{convert|42|ft|order=flip}} wide and {{convert|45|ft|order=flip}} tall.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.tourisminap.com/nagarjunasagar.htm|title=Nagarjunasagar|access-date=2007-01-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070124174958/http://www.tourisminap.com/nagarjunasagar.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-01-24}}</ref> It is jointly operated by Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref name="lift-mint"/><ref name="lift-hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-gates-of-nagarjunasagar-lifted/article29036673.ece |title= All gates of Nagarjunasagar lifted |first=B. |last=Pradeep |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was the earliest in a series of large infrastructure projects termed as "modern temples" initiated for achieving the [[Green Revolution in India]]. It is also one of the earliest multi-purpose irrigation and [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] projects in India.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The [[Nizam]] made the British engineers begin the survey work for this dam across the Krishna River in the year 1903.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/|title=The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (South India; 1724–1948)|first=Hamad|last=Subani|date=28 June 2016|website=Cabal Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
The project's construction was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 10 December 1955 and proceeded for the next twelve years. Raja Vasireddy Ramagopala Krishna Maheswara Prasad, popularly known as the late [[Raja of Muktyala|Muktyala Raja]], was instrumental in the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam through active political lobbying and the donation of one hundred and ten million GBP in 1952 and {{cvt|55000|acres|order=flip}} of land.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2018-03-10|title=Jaggaiahpet ex-MLA dies|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-09/Jaggaiahpet-ex-MLA-dies/364945|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> It was the tallest masonry dam in the world at that time, built entirely with local know-how under the engineering leadership of [[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
The reservoir water was released into the left and right bank canals by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 4 August 1967.<ref name="Tame">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/mag/2005/12/18/stories/2005121800150200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Magazine / Focus : Taming the Krishna|date=18 December 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Construction of the hydroelectric power plant followed, with power generation increasing between 1978 and 1985 as additional units came into service. In 2015, the [[diamond jubilee]] celebrations of the project's inauguration were held, alluding to the prosperity the dam has ushered into the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ap7am.com/lv-207199-special-focus-nagarjuna-sagar-dam-completes-60-years.html|title=Nagarjuna Sagar dam completed 60 years|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212203047/http://www.ap7am.com/lv-207199-special-focus-nagarjuna-sagar-dam-completes-60-years.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The construction of the dam submerged an ancient Buddhist settlement, [[Nagarjunakonda]], which was the capital of the [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku dynasty]] in the 1st and 2nd centuries and the successors of the [[Satavahanas]] in the Eastern Deccan. Excavations yielded 30 Buddhist monasteries as well as artwork and inscriptions of historical importance. Prior to the reservoir's flooding, monuments were dug up and relocated. Some were moved to Nagarjunakonda, now an island in the middle of the reservoir. Others were moved to the nearby mainland village of Anupu.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/nkonda/nk01.html|title=Nagarjunakonda|access-date=2007-01-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
The site of the dam was selected in 2022 to be developed as part of the [[UDAN]] scheme. The selection calls for the development of a [[water aerodrome]] at the site.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150621/telangana-state-andhra-pradesh-to-have-water-aerodromes-soon.html | title=Telangana State, Andhra Pradesh to have water aerodromes soon | date=16 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/aerodrome-at-sagar-in-udan-plan-vk-singh/articleshow/99227748.cms | title=Aerodrome at Sagar in UDAN plan: VK Singh | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 April 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Data ==<br />
[[File:Nagarjuna Sagar Right Earth Dam.JPG|right|thumbnail|250px|Nagarjuna Sagar right Earth Dam]]<br />
* Catchment Area : {{convert|214185|km2|abbr=on}}<br />
* Full Reservoir Level (FRL): {{convert|179.83|m|ft|0}} [[Mean sea level|msl]]<br />
* Water spread area at FRL: 285&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><br />
* Gross storage capacity at FRL: 312 TMC<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180618/nagarjunasagar-dam-loses-25-per-cent-storage.html|title=Nagarjunasagar dam loses 25 per cent storage|access-date=28 June 2018|date=2018-06-18}}</ref><br />
* MDDL of river sluices: {{convert|137.3|m|ft|0}} [[Mean sea level|msl]]<br />
* [[Masonry dam]]<br />
**[[Spillway]] of dam : 471 m<br />
** Non-over flow dam : 979 m<br />
** Length of Masonry dam : 1450 m<br />
** Maximum height : 125 m<br />
* Earth dam<br />
** Total Length of Earth dam : 3414 m<br />
** Maximum height : 128 m<br />
* Power Generation<br />
** Power Units : 1 No. conventional (110 MW capacity), 7 nos Reversible (100 MW capacity)<br />
* Canal power house<br />
** Right side : 3 units 30 MW (each)<br />
**Left side : 2 units 30 MW (each)<ref name=nspro /><br />
<br />
== Utilisation ==<br />
=== Irrigation ===<br />
The right canal (Jawahar canal) is {{convert|203|km|abbr=on}} long with a maximum 311.5 [[cumec]]s capacity and irrigates {{convert|1.117|e6acre|order=flip}} of land in Guntur and Prakasam districts. The left canal (Lalbahadur Shastri canal) is {{convert|179|km|abbr=on}} long with maximum 311.5 cumecs capacity and irrigates {{convert|1.008|e6acre|order=flip}} of land in Nalgonda, Suryapet, Krishna, West Godavari and Khammam districts.<ref name=nspro>{{cite web|url=http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects|title=Nagarjuna Sagar project|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-date=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110060003/http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project transformed the economy of above districts. 54 villages (48 in Nalgonda and 6 in Guntur) were submersed in water and 24,000 people were affected. The relocation of the people was completed by 2007.<br />
<br />
[[Alimineti Madhava Reddy Project|Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation canal]] draws water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to irrigate {{convert|0.37|e6acre|order=flip}} of land in Nalgonda district.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/projects|title=Aliminati Madhava Reddy Project (AMRP)|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> This lift scheme with pump house located near Puttamgandi village on the left bank of Krishna river also supplies nearly 20 TMC water for the drinking water needs of [[Hyderabad]] city.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/expert-suggests-alternative-plan-for-dindi-project/article8401180.ece|title=Expert suggests for full use of Puttamgandi pump house for Dindi project|access-date=22 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2016-03-26|last1=Reddy|first1=T. Karnakar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Pumping-station-proposal-in-doldrums-over-funding-delay/articleshow/21752059.cms|title=Pumping station proposal in doldrums over funding delay|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 August 2013 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Nearly 80% of the Nagarjuna Sagar water used in Hyderabad city is available for irrigation use in [[Nalgonda district]] in the form of regenerated water/treated sewage water. In addition, the high level flood flow canal drawing water from the left side shore of the reservoir also supplies irrigation water in Nalgonda district.<br />
<br />
=== Power generation ===<br />
The [[hydroelectric plant]] has a power generation capacity of 815.6&nbsp;MW with 8 units (1x110 MW+7x100.8 MW). The first unit was commissioned on 7 March 1978 and the 8th unit on 24 December 1985. The right canal plant has a power generation capacity of 90&nbsp;MW with 3 units of 30&nbsp;MW each. The left canal plant has a power generation capacity of 60&nbsp;MW with 2 units of 30&nbsp;MW each.<ref>[http://www.apgenco.com/inner.asp?frm=our_pow_plants_hydel1 Andhra Pradesh Hydel Power plants]</ref> The [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|tail pond]] is under advanced stage of construction to put to use the pumped storage features of 7 x 100.8&nbsp;MW units. And it will be used for irrigation.<br />
[[File:Nagarjuna sagar dam....33.JPG|thumb|Nagarjuna sagar dam power generation]]<br />
Many times, it happens that power generation from the 150&nbsp;MW canal based units is not optimised when the Nagarjunasagar reservoir is overflowing on its spillway and less water is required for irrigation from the canals during the monsoon floods. Power generation from the canal based hydro units can be optimised by running these units during the flooding period by releasing the water fully into the canals. The unwanted canal water can be released into the natural stream when it is crossing the major stream. Thus run off power can be generated from the water going down unutilised into the river by the canal based power units also.<br />
<br />
The water level in the Nagarjunasagar reservoir shall be maintained above the minimum level required for these units in most of the time by releasing water from the upstream Srisailam reservoir to optimise the power generation from the canal based units during dry season.<br />
<br />
== Tourism ==<br />
Nagarjunasagar Dam is one of the popular weekend getaways. It is 65 km away from [[Nalgonda]], 97 km away from [[Suryapet]], 146 km away from [[Guntur]], 184 km away from [[Vijayawada]] and 152 km away from [[Hyderabad]]. Thousands of tourists visit the dam when gates are open in monsoon season (around September / October). <br />
<br />
Some of the nearby tourist places of interest include:<br />
<br />
* [[Buddhavanam]], [[Telangana]]<br />
* [[Nagarjunakonda]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] – Has to be reached by a boat from boating point operated by [[Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation]] or [[Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation|TSTDC]].<br />
* Anupu in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Ethipothala Falls]] near [[Macherla]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] – The water released from the Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal, the Chandravanka and Suryavanka streams keeps the water fall live or flowing during the rainy season.<br />
<br />
== Environmental aspects ==<br />
The artificial lift irrigation based diversion of the river from its natural delta area into [[Nalgonda district]] caused erosion of the [[fluorine]]-rich volcanic rocks in Nalgonda and contaminated its groundwater supply. It also caused uncertain flows of water into the Krishna River delta area and a shrinkage of the natural wonder "The Kolleru Lake".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/worries-grow-as-kolleru-shrinks/article8235423.ece|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|title=Worries grow as Kolleru shrinks |date=13 February 2016 |last1=Srinivas |first1=Rajulapudi }}</ref> The use of erosion resistant canals interfered with the natural silting process of a river to the deltas and created long-term ecological issues to the health of the delta lands. Reduced flows into the sea resulted in land salination and sea encroachment of coastal lands in Diviseema. The diversion of Krishna water for 200&nbsp;km to Hyderabad resulted in massive evaporation losses especially in summer and reduced the size of Krishna River. Many forest preserves along the natural Krishna flow are now categorized as "completely degraded" forest areas. The Krishna River was once home to an ecological wonderland of freshwater fish and aquatic population that is now completely depopulated. The river stopped being navigable since the year of Nagarjuna sagar construction.<br />
<br />
=== Impact on Hyderabad water security ===<br />
Water planning for Hyderabad city started in 1920 with the tapping of Musi River for 15 Mgd. It progressed to tapping Esi (Himayat Sagar 1927 – 11mgd) and Manjira (1965–1993 – Majira and Singur dams) for another additional 130 Mgd. It took a huge leap during 1995–2004 with the commissioning of Krishna river water project (Phases I – III) at a total cost of over ten thousand crores to supply an additional 190Mgd to Hyderabad from Nagarjuna sagar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Provisioning of Drinking water to Hyderabad|publisher=JNU University Press|pages=155|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4070}}</ref> The project incurs an additional evaporation and leakage loss of 64 Mgd. About 30% of the water naturally flowing to Krishna Delta before 1995 is now diverted to Hyderabad.<br />
<br />
== Future potential ==<br />
=== Methods to harness huge dead storage ===<br />
*The left and right bank canals sill level is fixed at {{convert|490|ft|m|0}} [[Mean sea level|MSL]] to supply irrigation water to two million acres. The unutilized storage capacity is nearly 180 [[Tmcft|TMC]] below the canals sill/bed level.<ref name=techdata>{{cite web|url= https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/d/d6/Nagarjunasagar_Dam.pdf|title=Technical data of Nagarjunasagar dam|access-date=22 September 2015}} {{dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir also meets the Krishna delta water requirements to the extent of 80 TMC by letting water downstream into the river. Nearly {{convert|1.3|e6acre}} is irrigated under Krishna Delta Canals. There is a possibility to utilize most of this idle dead storage capacity to store the river flood water further and to use as carry over storage. Nearly 150 TMC idle storage up to {{convert|380|ft|m|0}} MSL, can be used leaving 30 TMC for silt settlement. This is possible by installing Water Powered Pump<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/58789354/Nagarjuna-Sagar-WPP-Units|title=Nagarjuna Sagar WPP Units &#124; Hydroelectricity (2.0K views)|website=Scribd}}</ref> (WPP) units at the base of the dam.<br />
<br />
*It is technically feasible to generate power from the existing hydro turbines from the lower head (75 to 50 meters) by running the turbines below the rated speed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/04/variable-speed-is-key-to-worlds-biggest-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-project-chinas-fengning-plant/ |title=Variable Speed Is Key To World's Biggest Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Project, China's Fengning Plant|date=4 July 2018 |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powertoday.in//News/Converting-to-Full-Power/103795#sthash.5xGWgcUC.dpbs|title=Converting to full – power|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225213957/http://www.powertoday.in//News/Converting-to-Full-Power/103795#sthash.5xGWgcUC.dpbs|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, major modifications of generators are to be done for running below the rated speed and improve the power generation efficiency.<br />
<br />
*The sill level of the right bank canal powerhouse (3 x 30 MW) is at {{convert|479|ft|m|0}} MSL. It is possible to draw water from the dead storage by tapping water from the penstocks to feed water to a pump house (3 x 15 MW) located on the left side of the powerhouse. The pump house will have three pump sets each of 5000 cusecs flow capacity to feed into the NS main right bank canal. Power generation from the 90 MW powerhouse is no way affected since its units can only operate when the reservoir level is above 540&nbsp;ft MSL and the pumping units need to operate below the 508&nbsp;ft MSL to draw water from the dead storage. Thus nearly 50 TMC water can be utilized during the drought years.<ref name=nspro /> The power generation units are normally in operation for five months in a year when the water level is above its minimum draw down level at {{convert|540|ft|m|0}} MSL. During the drought years, the additional water availability is more valuable than the pumping power consumption. The consumed pumping power is compensated fully by the enhanced generation from the 44 MW capacity mini hydel plants located on the downstream canals.<br />
<br />
*The sill level of river sluices of the dam is at {{convert|450|ft|m|0}} MSL. Nearly 90 TMC of water from the dead storage can be released from the river sluices to the downstream river tail pond during drought periods and further pumped to the adjacent right bank canal by constructing a [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects|pumped storage hydroelectric power (PSHP)]] station. The PSHP station can also be used to transfer Godavari water to the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir by converting the existing right bank canal powerhouse (3 x 30 MW) into PSHP units to transfer 15,000 cusecs into the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir. Both PSHPs together can also be used for energy storage purposes on daily basis by consuming surplus power and generating electricity during the peak load hours.<br />
<br />
The reservoir dead storage water below the 125&nbsp;m MSL can be fully released into the downstream river/tail pond through the existing diversion tunnel which was in use to divert the river flow during the dam construction.<ref name=nspro /><br />
<br />
=== Pumped storage hydro power potential ===<br />
Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir, serving as low level reservoir, has potential to install nearly 2,18,000 MW [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects|high head pumped storage hydroelectric plants]] on its right side.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== Assured water supply to Hyderabad city ===<br />
At present nearly one [[Tmcft]] per month or 250 million gallons per day or 350 [[cusec]]s is supplied to the Hyderabad city from Nagarjuna Sagar (NS) reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Water-to-be-Pumped-From-Dead-Storage-Level/2016/04/27/article3402248.ece|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160428134456/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Water-to-be-Pumped-From-Dead-Storage-Level/2016/04/27/article3402248.ece|url-status= dead|archive-date= 28 April 2016|title=Water to be Pumped From Dead Storage Level|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> The water supply is nearly 50% of the total city water requirement. This water pumping scheme is part of [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy Project|Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation project]] with its foreshore pumping station at Puttamgandi which has nearly 2400 cusecs pumping capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/alimineti-project-fourth-pump-commissioned-103031701117_1.html|title=Alimineti Project Fourth Pump Commissioned|access-date=22 September 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2003-03-16|last1=Bureau|first1=Our Regional}}</ref> The water supply to the Hyderabad city is nearly 15% of its total capacity. The approach channel from the reservoir to the Puttamgandi pump house (PH) is located at {{Coord|16|34|31|N|79|07|51|E|name=Puttangadi PH approach channel}} where the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is joining the Krishna river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/4.%20Krishna%20Middle.pdf|title=Krishna Middle Sub-Basin map|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232905/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/4.%20Krishna%20Middle.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The minimum draw down level (MDDL) of the PH is {{convert|502|ft|m|0}} MSL below which water can not be pumped from NS reservoir.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-Telangana-staring-at-severe-water-crisis/articleshow/52017608.cms |title=AP, Telangana staring at severe water crisis|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> The reliability / dependability of the PH for supplying assured water supply to Hyderabad city, is not adequate due to meagre inflows into the NS reservoir in some years and the need to deplete the NS reservoir water below 502&nbsp;ft MSL for other purposes. In these circumstances, adequate water is to be stored above the 502&nbsp;ft MSL to maintain 100% assured water source without depending totally on NS reservoir.<ref name=pra>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/water-level-in-prakasam-barrage-head-pond-dips-to-half/article8522310.ece|title=Water level in Prakasam Barrage head pond dips to half|access-date=29 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2016-04-25|last1=Rao|first1=G. Venkataramana}}</ref><br />
<br />
This is possible by constructing a balancing reservoir by separating some area of the NS reservoir with a new dam across the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary at {{Coord|16|34|33|N|79|06|53|E|name=Proposed dam location}} just upstream of the Puttamgandi PH approach channel. This new dam with FRL {{convert|590|ft|m|0}} MSL, would not submerge any additional area other than the area already submerged by the NS reservoir. The water inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary joining the NS reservoir are first impounded by the new dam and if found excess over flows into the downstream NS reservoir. This new balancing reservoir's live capacity is nearly 6 Tmcft above the 502&nbsp;ft MDDL which is equal to six months water supply to the Hyderabad city. This reservoir would have provision to receive water from the Puttamgandi PH when inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is not satisfactory and water is at adequate level in NS reservoir during monsoon months. When water level of NS reservoir goes below the 502&nbsp;ft MSL, water is fed to the Puttamgandi PH approach channel from the new balancing reservoir for pumping water needs of Hyderabad city. The cost of this new dam project would be nearly 1.5 billion rupees only which will provide 100% assured water supply to the Hyderabad city without depending on the water availability from NS reservoir during the non monsoon months and drought years.<ref name=pra /><br />
<br />
Sunkishala underground pump house is under construction at an estimated cost of Rs 1450 crores for drawing water up to {{convert|462|ft|m|0}} MSL from the dead storage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/mar/19/rs-725-crore-for-sunkishala-project-to-end-hyderabads-water-woes-2278540.html|title=Rs 725 crore for Sunkishala project to end Hyderabad's water woes|access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Godavari water transfer via Nagarjuna Sagar left canal to Krishna River ===<br />
[[File:NagarjunaSagarLeftCanal.JPG|right|thumbnail|200px|Nagarjuna Left Canal deep cut before entering the gravity tunnel]]<br />
The Nagarjuna Sagar left canal supplies nearly 130 TMC of water for irrigation needs in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. This is a [[Contour canal|contour gravity canal]] with gradual downward gradient (≃ 1:10,000) along the water flow direction. This canal can be used for transferring nearly 80 TMC [[Godavari River]] water into the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir in addition to supplying the Godavari water under its entire command area. Thus a total of 210 TMC of Godavari water can be used in the Krishna basin of Telangana state from [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam]] and [[Jurala Project|Jurala]] reservoirs for the new projects with 100% water dependability. Godavari water transferred into the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and Krishna main river can also be used for the proposed Palamuru lift irrigation and Nakkalagandi lift irrigation schemes in Telangana.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
<br />
This is possible by re-engineering of the left canal to reverse its water flow direction from the location (near {{Coord|17|22|13|N|80|21|43|E|type:landmark_region:AP}}) where Godavari water would be pumped into this canal. The canal embankments would be raised to facilitate flow reversing towards Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and intermediate pumping stations (with low head & high flow concrete volute pumps) would be installed near the [[Paleru]] balancing reservoir, Pedda Devulapalli balancing reservoir, left canal head regulator on the rim of Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and the existing major [[Aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]] across Halia, [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] and [[Munneru]] tributaries. The cost of this canal redesigning and the associated pump houses would be one third of a new scheme to transfer Godavari River water into Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir at its FRL {{convert|590|ft|m|0}} [[Mean sea level|MSL]] with least possible total pumping head.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/static/projects/nstpp.html |title= Jyothi Rao Pule Dummugudem Nagarjunasagar Sujala Sravanthi Project|access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> The above re-engineering of the canal is similar to modifications carried out to reverse the water flow of ancient [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] under Eastern Route project of [[South–North Water Transfer Project|South to North Water Transfer]] in China.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/english/erp.htm |title= Eastern Route project of South to North Water Transfer in China |access-date= 19 July 2015 |archive-date= 28 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150628203217/http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/english/erp.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Nearest Cities ==<br />
<br />
*[[Nalgonda]]- 65 km<br />
*[[Suryapet]]- 97 km<br />
*[[Narasaraopet]]- 104 km <br />
*[[Khammam]]- 150 km<br />
*[[Guntur]]- 150 km<br />
*[[Hyderabad]]- 160 km<br />
*[[Vijayawada]]-190 km<br />
*[[Warangal]]- 200 km<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}<br />
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]]<br />
* [[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme]]<br />
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]<br />
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* [http://www.nagarjunasagar.org/ Nagarjuna Sagar – Community Website & Photo Gallery]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016203750/http://hindu.com/mag/2005/12/18/stories/2005121800150200.htm Article on the dam in The Hindu]<br />
* [http://www.nagarjunasagar.com/ Tale of Nagarjuna Sagar]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC2IlOFBKK4 Nagarjuna Sagar documentary film]<br />
<br />
{{Krishna basin}}<br />
{{Krishna River dams}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}<br />
{{Waters of South Asia}}<br />
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}<br />
{{Dams and Reservoirs}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams completed in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1985]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalgonda district]]<br />
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Guntur district]]<br />
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dams on the Krishna River]]<br />
[[Category:Masonry dams]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonk_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=541671Tonk Lok Sabha constituency2026-03-05T06:35:11Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Tonk <br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = Rajasthan<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
| assembly_cons = <br />
| reservation = <br />
}}<br />
'''Tonk''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was abolished following the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|[[Manikya Lal Varma]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|[[Heera Lal Shastri]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Jamnalal Bairwa]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Swatantra Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Kanwar Bairwa]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Banwari Lal Bairwa]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[Gopal Pacherwal]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|[[Ram Narain Bairwa]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|[[Shyam Lal Bansiwal]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[Dowaraka Prasad Bairwa]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|[[Shyam Lal Bansiwal]]<ref name="election19992">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|2001*<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kailash Meghwal]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | ''From 2004: Constituency did not exist''<br />
''See : [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency]]''<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>(By-election)<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Tonk<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Kailash Meghwal]]<br />
|votes = 315,717<br />
|percentage = 53.12<br />
|change = -0.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Nand Kishore Bairwa]]<br />
|votes = 257,205<br />
|percentage = 43.27<br />
|change = -1.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ram Babu Raiger<br />
|votes = 21,436<br />
|percentage = 3.61<br />
|change = +2.51<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 58,512<br />
|percentage = 9.85<br />
|change = -0.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 594,358<br />
|percentage = 46.52<br />
|change = -1.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = -0.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
* [[Tonk district]]<br />
* [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26.2|75.8|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tonk (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Tonk district]]<br />
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakkathamburatti&diff=476304Kakkathamburatti2026-03-03T21:03:03Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: add intro additionally and corrected details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kakkathamburatti<br />
| image = Kaakkathampuraatti (1970).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical Poster<br />
| director = [[P. Bhaskaran]]<br />
| producer = C. J. Baby<br />P. C. Ittoop<br />
| writer = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]<br />
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]]<br />[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]<br />[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]<br />[[Jayabharathi]]<br />
| music = [[K. Raghavan]]<br />
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram<br />
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]<br />
| studio = Swapna Pictures<br />
| distributor = Swapna Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|1970|10|9|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kakkathamburatti''''' is a 1970 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and produced by C. J. Baby and P. C. Ittoop. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], and [[Jayabharathi]]. The film has a musical score by [[K. Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=346|title=Kaakkathampuraatti|accessdate=2014-10-09|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4365|title=Kaakkathampuraatti|accessdate=2014-10-09|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kakka-thamburatti-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014225040/http://spicyonion.com/title/kakka-thamburatti-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 October 2014|title=Kaakkathampuraatti|accessdate=2014-10-09|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/MovieStills/Kakka%20Thamburatti-2227-1 |title=Kakka Thamburatti Malayalam Movie Photos {{!}} Images {{!}} Wallpapers - metromatinee.com |website=www.metromatinee.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015011404/http://www.metromatinee.com/MovieStills/Kakka%20Thamburatti-2227-1 |archive-date=2014-10-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}} <br />
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Naanu<br />
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Rajappan<br />
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Janamma<br />
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Sarala<br />
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Kuttappan<br />
*[[P. J. Antony]] as Kochupaappu<br />
*[[Sankaradi]] as Kittuashan<br />
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Devayani<br />
*[[Paul Vengola]] as Manth Padmanabhan<br />
*Aravindakshan as Shankaran<br />
*Latheef as Velu<br />
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Kushinikaali<br />
*Bhaskaran Nair as Politician<br />
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Kaduva Vasu<br />
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] as Naani<br />
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as Kunju Panikkan<br />
*Kuttan Pillai as Vaidyar<br />
*Pathrose Kunnamkulam<br />
*[[Veeran]]<br />
*Vijayan Pallikkara<br />
*Padmakumar<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[K. Raghavan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] and [[P. Bhaskaran]]. <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|- <br />
| 1 || "Ambalappuza Vela" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || <br />
|- <br />
| 2 || "Kannuneerin Periyaattil" || K. J. Yesudas || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || <br />
|- <br />
| 3 || "Panchavarnnappainkilikal" || K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]] || Sreekumaran Thampi || <br />
|- <br />
| 4 || "Uthrattathiyil" || S. Janaki || P. Bhaskaran || <br />
|- <br />
| 5 || "Vellilakkingini" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0155790|Kakka Thamburatti}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970 films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by P. Bhaskaran]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&diff=465830Internet Protocol television2026-02-27T23:17:30Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: small expand details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Television transmitted over a computer network}}<br />
{{redirect|IPTV|Iowa Public Television|Iowa PBS}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Update|reason=Requires reliable non-social media sources|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mview IPTV.jpg|thumb|An IPTV set-top box connected to a TV set, designed to receive television from a service called Mview]]'''Internet Protocol television''' ('''IPTV'''), also called '''TV over broadband''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Mark |date=2021-08-22 |title=Sky UK Allegedly Trial Broadband TV Service Without Satellite UPDATE |url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/08/sky-uk-allegedly-trial-broadband-tv-service-without-satellite.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ISPreview UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Andrew |date=November 2005 |title=IPTV the new buzz word in the UK broadband industry |url=https://www.thinkbroadband.com/news/2149-iptv-the-new-buzz-word-in-the-uk-broadband-industry |website=Think Broadband}}</ref> is the service delivery of [[television]] over [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) networks. Usually sold and run by a [[Telephone company|telecom provider]], it consists of broadcast [[live television]] that is [[streamed]] over the Internet ([[multicast]]) — in contrast to delivery through traditional [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]], [[Satellite television|satellite]], and [[Cable television|cable]] transmission formats — as well as [[video on demand]] services for watching or replaying content ([[unicast]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashok |title=What is IPTV |url=https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-iptv/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Engineers Garage |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
IPTV broadcasts started gaining usage during the 2000s alongside the rising use of [[broadband]]-based internet connections.<ref name=":0" /> It is often provided bundled with internet access services by [[Internet service provider]]s (ISPs) to subscribers and runs in a closed network.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moro-Visconti |first1=Roberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMqEAAAQBAJ&dq=OTT+also+encompasses+a+wave+of+%22skinny%22+television+services&pg=PA310 |title=Startup Valuation: From Strategic Business Planning to Digital Networking |date=17 April 2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783030716080}}</ref> IPTV normally requires the use of a [[set-top box]], which receives the encoded television content in the [[MPEG transport stream]] via [[IP multicast]], and converts the [[Data packet|packets]] to be watched on a TV set or other kind of display.<ref name=":1" /> It is distinct from [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] (OTT) services, which are based on a direct one-to-one transmission mechanism.<br />
<br />
IPTV methods have been standardised by organisations such as [[ETSI]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://docbox.etsi.org/zArchive/TISPAN/Open/Information/NGN_Presentations/IPTV%20Asia%20Dec08/Boswarthick_for_IPTV_Asia_Dec08.pdf | title=Login Page }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-26 |title=Japan standardisation for IPTV services |url=https://advanced-television.com/2008/06/26/japan-standardisation-for-iptv-services/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> IPTV has found success in some regions: for example in Western Europe in 2015, pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-12 |title=IPTV overtakes pay satellite TV in Western Europe |url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2016/04/12/iptv-overtakes-pay-satellite-tv-in-western-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Broadband TV News |language=en-GB}}</ref> IPTV is also used for media delivery around corporate and private networks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams{{clarify|date=February 2018}} over IP networks, [[MPEG transport stream]]s over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. One official definition approved by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/data delivered over IP-based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/IPTV+Standardization+On+Track+Say+Industry+Experts.aspx |work=ITU-T Newslog |date=27 October 2006 |title=IPTV Standardization on Track Say Industry Experts |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916031736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/IPTV+Standardization+On+Track+Say+Industry+Experts.aspx |archive-date=16 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Another definition of IPTV, relating to the telecommunications industry, is the one given by [[Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions]] (ATIS) IPTV Exploratory Group in 2005:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>IPTV is defined as the secure and reliable delivery to subscribers of entertainment video and related services. These services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) and [[Interactive television|Interactive TV (iTV)]]. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video and control signals. In contrast to video over the public Internet, with IPTV deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a superior entertainment experience, resulting in a compelling business environment for content providers, advertisers and customers alike.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.atis.org/tops/IEG/ATIS_IPTV_EG_RPT_final.pdf |access-date=17 January 2012 |title=ATIS IPTV Exploratory Group Report and Recommendation to the TOPS Council |date=July 2006 |publisher=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118031705/http://www.atis.org/tops/IEG/ATIS_IPTV_EG_RPT_final.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Up until the early 1990s, it was not thought possible that a [[television programme]] could be squeezed into the limited [[telecommunication]] [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of a [[copper]] [[telephone cable]] to provide a [[video-on-demand]] (VOD) television service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a [[digital television]] signal was around {{val|200|ul=Mbit/s}}, which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper [[telephone wire]]. VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: [[Motion compensation|motion-compensated]] [[Discrete cosine transform|DCT]] [[video compression]] and [[asymmetric digital subscriber line]] (ADSL) [[data transmission]].<ref name="Lea">{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=William |title=Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 |date=1994 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920082623/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Motion-compensated DCT algorithms for [[video coding standards]] include the [[H.26x]] formats from 1988 onwards and the [[MPEG]] formats from 1991 onwards.<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="Li">{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jian Ping |title=Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812709998 |page=847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiK3zXdK7sC&pg=PA847}}</ref> Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a television signal, while at the same time ADSL increased the bandwidth of data that could be sent over a copper telephone wire. ADSL increased the bandwidth of a telephone line from around {{nowrap|0.1 Mbit/s}} to {{nowrap|2 Mbit/s}}, while DCT compression reduced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around {{nowrap|200 Mbit/s}} down to about {{nowrap|2 Mbit/s}}. The combination of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible to practically implement VOD services at around {{nowrap|2 Mbit/s}} bandwidth in the 1990s.<ref name="Lea"/><br />
<br />
The term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of [[Precept Software]] by [[Judith Estrin]] and [[William N. Carrico Jr.|Bill Carrico]]. Precept developed an Internet video product named ''IP/TV''. IP/TV was an [[Mbone]] compatible Windows and Unix-based application that transmitted single and multi-source audio and video traffic, ranging from low to DVD quality, using both [[unicast]] and [[IP multicast]] [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] (RTP) and [[Real time control protocol]] (RTCP). The software was written primarily by Steve Casner, [[Karl Auerbach]], and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/750/acquire.html |publisher=Cisco |title=Summary of Acquisitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821101009/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/750/acquire.html |archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref> Cisco retains the IP/TV trademark.<br />
<br />
Telecommunications company [[US West]] (later [[Qwest]]) launched an IPTV service called TeleChoice in [[Phoenix, Arizona]] in 1998 using [[VDSL]] technology, becoming the first company in the United States to provide digital television over telephone lines.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gonderinger |first1=Lisa |title=US West quietly leads digital cable market |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53045931/arizona-republic/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Arizona Republic |issue=20 May 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608194045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53045931/arizona-republic/ |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Reports/fcc98335.pdf |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021044229/https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Reports/fcc98335.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The service was shut down in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Shea |first1=Dan |title=Qwest finally phasing out Choice TV |url=https://www.fiercevideo.com/cable/qwest-finally-phasing-out-choice-tv |website=FierceVideo |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608194647/https://www.fiercevideo.com/cable/qwest-finally-phasing-out-choice-tv |archive-date=8 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Internet radio]] company [[AudioNet]] started the first continuous [[live television|live]] [[webcast]]s with content from [[WFAA]]-TV in January 1998 and [[KCTU-LP]] on 10 January 1998.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/1998/02/16/focus1.html | first=Timothy | last=Hart | title=KCTU-TV earns a place in television, Internet history | date=15 February 1998 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307224214/http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/1998/02/16/focus1.html | archive-date=7 March 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Kingston Communications]], a regional telecommunications operator in the UK, launched Kingston Interactive Television (KIT), an IPTV over [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) service in September 1999. The operator added additional VOD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, a VOD content provider. Kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VOD over [[ADSL]] as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations and policy on IPTV. In 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/27/kingston_iptv/|title=Kingston pulls plug on IPTV service|website=theregister.co.uk|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113031558/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/27/kingston_iptv/|archive-date=13 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kitv.co.uk/ KIT Kingston Interactive Television] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905163612/http://www.kitv.co.uk/ |date=5 September 2015 }}. Kitv.co.uk. Retrieved on 12 March 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1999, [[NBTel]] (now known as [[Bell Aliant]]) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2000/01/24/53.html |title=NBTel leading the way in North America with Aliant's new interactive information and entertainment television service – VibeVision |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122222013/http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2000/01/24/53.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> using the Alcatel 7350 [[DSLAM]] and middleware created by iMagic TV (owned by NBTel's parent company [[Bruncor]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bruncor+launches+ImagicTV-a020767197 |title=Bruncor launches ImagicTV |date=9 June 1998 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022723/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bruncor+launches+ImagicTV-a020767197 |url-status=dead }}</ref>). The service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in [[New Brunswick]], and later expanded into [[Nova Scotia]] in early 2000<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2001/08/30/6317.html |title=Aliant Telecom Launches New Television Technology in Halifax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617041001/http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2001/08/30/6317.html |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> after the formation of [[Aliant]]. iMagic TV was later sold to [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/alcatel-buys-imagic-to-conjure-digital-tv-over-dsl/1852|title=Alcatel Acquires iMagic TV|work=ITBusiness.ca|year=2003|access-date=2018-10-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914082455/http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/alcatel-buys-imagic-to-conjure-digital-tv-over-dsl/1852|archive-date=14 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2002, [[Sasktel]] was the second in Canada to commercially deploy IPTV over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform.<ref name="rlp20080204">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_April_10/ai_84632001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606140015/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_April_10/ai_84632001|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2013|title=Lucent Technologies Introduces First Commercial IP Video Over DSL Solution, Business Net |access-date=4 February 2008 | work=Business Wire | date=10 April 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) channels over an IPTV service.<ref name="rlp20061017">{{cite web|title=Amino selected for first HD IPTV deployment in USA|url=https://investor.aminocom.com/story-EMQ1314|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827060454/https://investor.aminocom.com/story-EMQ1314|archive-date=27 August 2016|df=dmy-all|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, [[Bredbandsbolaget]] launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in [[Sweden]]. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest provider any longer; [[TeliaSonera]], who launched their service later, now has more customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.203998/bredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv |title=Bredbandsbolaget rustar på ip-tv |trans-title=Bredbandsbolaget is mobilizing for IP TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227031108/http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.203998/bredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv |archive-date=27 February 2009|language=sv}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, TPG launched their IPTV service in Australia after a limited beta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TPG IPTV Officially Launched! - TPG |url=https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/760306 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Whirlpool.net.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=TPG - IPTV |url=https://www.tpg.com.au/iptv/index.php |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703020725/http://www.tpg.com.au/iptv/index.php |archive-date=2007-07-03 |access-date=2023-06-01 }}</ref> By 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadband.theage.com.au/Broadband/Providers/|title=Internet Providers - Compare Broadband Deals from 44 Providers - WhistleOut|website=broadband.theage.com.au|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303102927/http://broadband.theage.com.au/Broadband/Providers|archive-date=3 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]] (PTCL) launched IPTV under the brand name of [[PTCL Smart TV]] in [[Pakistan]]. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country offering 140 live channels.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
In 2010, [[CenturyLink]] – after acquiring [[Embarq]] (2009) and Qwest (2010) – entered five U.S. markets with an IPTV service called Prism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telecompetitor.com/centurylink-quietly-launches-prism-iptv-product/ |title=CenturyLink Quietly Launches Prism IPTV Product |publisher=Telecompetitor.com |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706231505/http://www.telecompetitor.com/centurylink-quietly-launches-prism-iptv-product/ |archive-date=6 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This was after successful test marketing in Florida. Later in 2010, [[Bell Canada]] (a major division, if not the largest division of [[BCE Inc.|BCE]]) announced it would begin offering residential and business/commercial customers in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario IPTV over a number of different modalities, including [[fibre to the home]], [[fibre to the node]] and [[DSL]]. This flavour of IPTV would be packaged with other services and branded as "Bell Fibe," providing Canadian customers with everything from local analogue trunk connectivity ([[Plain old telephone service|POTS]]), to [[DSL]] and [[fibre Internet]] to TV service via IPTV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bell Fibe TV launches in Toronto and Montréal |url=https://www.bce.ca/news-and-media/releases/show/bell-fibe-tv-launches-in-toronto-and-montr-al |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.bce.ca |language=English}}</ref> Bell further announced in the September 13th (2010) press release it would begin deploying fiber optic Ethernet to homes in [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]]. Bell has since continued to install fiber optic Ethernet to homes (fibre to the home) across [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], Bell Canada's two largest customer territories. Bell was very successful with the deployment of the Bell Fibe product offering. Many customers in Ontario and Quebec switched from legacy ([[Coaxial cable|coaxial]]) [[cable companies]] to Bell's Fibe product because of Bell's marketing around IPTV and their at-home wireless PVR offering. Bell's wireless PVR would permit customers to place a TV anywhere they wanted - as long as they had a power outlet. Bell Fibe TV commercials would show young families watching TV outside on the couch with large 70+ inch LCDs and their Bell Fibe wireless PVR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fibe TV - Home {{!}} Bell Canada |url=https://www.bell.ca/Fibe-TV |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.bell.ca |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Brazil, since at least 2012, [[Vivo (telecommunications company)|Vivo]] has been offering the service Vivo TV Fibra in 200+ cities where it has FTTH coverage (4Q 2020 data) . Since at least 2018, Oi has also been offering IPTV under its FTTH service "Oi Fibra". Also, several regional FTTH providers also offer IPTV along with FTTH internet services.<br />
<br />
In 2016, [[Korean Central Television]] (KCTV) introduced the [[set-top box]] called [[Manbang]], reportedly providing video-on-demand services in [[North Korea]] via quasi-internet protocol television (IPTV). Manbang allows viewers to watch five different TV channels in real-time, and find political information regarding the [[List of leaders of North Korea|Supreme Leader]] and [[Juche]] ideology, and read articles from state-run news organizations.<br />
<br />
==Markets==<br />
===Residential===<br />
[[File:IP STB- HC I Series.jpg|thumb|An IPTV set-top box on display from a Taiwanese provider]]<br />
The global IPTV market was expected to grow from 28 million subscribers at US$12 billion revenue in 2009 to 83 million and US$38 billion in 2013.{{Update inline|date=November 2019}} Europe and Asia are the leading territories in terms of the overall number of subscribers. But in terms of service revenues, Europe and North America generate a larger share of global revenue, due to very low average revenue per user (ARPU) in China and India, the fastest growing (and ultimately, the biggest markets) is Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/global-iptv-forecast-2009-2013.html |title=IPTV Global Forecast (2008–2013) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601051235/http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/global-iptv-forecast-2009-2013.html |archive-date=1 June 2010 |publisher=International Television Expert Group}}</ref><br />
[[File:Deutsche Telekom Media Receiver 400-5954.jpg|thumb|[[Deutsche Telekom]] Media Receiver 400 set-top box for an IPTV service in Germany]]<br />
Services also launched in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Canada]], [[Croatia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Morocco]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Orange consacré "Meilleur réseau mobile" au Maroc |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2018/orange-consacre-meilleur-reseau-mobile-maroc/302109.html |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb|Le Matin]] |date=5 October 2018 |language=fr}}</ref> [[North Macedonia]], [[Poland]], [[Mongolia]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html|title=BH Telecom: BH Telecom - početna|website=www.bhtelecom.ba|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629193910/http://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm|title=Interactieve TV - Wat is Interactieve TV? - KPN|website=www.kpn.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206083324/http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm|archive-date=6 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]],<ref>[http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv T-Home.hu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917024737/http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv |date=17 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.invitv.hu/ InviTV.hu]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Iceland]], [[Latvia]], [[Turkey]], [[Colombia]], [[Chile]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f|title=UZONLINE - Тарифы на Интернет|website=uzonline.uz|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112172142/http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f|archive-date=12 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]] launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in February 2009 [[BT Group|BT]] announced that it had reached 398,000 subscribers to its [[BT Vision]] service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08|title=Media + Networks|website=www.iptv-news.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095603/http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08|archive-date=22 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A free IPTV service by the public broadcasters was launched in 2024 named [[Freely]]. [[Claro (mobile phone network)|Claro]] has launched their own IPTV service called "Claro TV". This service is available in several countries in which they operate, such as [[Dominican Republic]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]]. IPTV is just beginning to grow in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, and now it is growing in South Asian countries such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]] [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>[http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685 "Salad days,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503153512/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685 |date=3 May 2008 }} Chris Dziadul, ''Broadband TV News,'' 2 May 2008</ref> but significant plans exist in countries such as [[Russia]]. [[Kazakhstan]] introduced<ref>[http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm Delivering IPTV System to Kazakhtelecom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110000552/http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm |date=10 November 2009 }} Article from the IPTV industrial portal</ref> its own IPTV services by the national provider Kazakhtelecom JSC<ref>[http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng iD TV services for broadband subscribers in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008005028/http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng |date=8 October 2011 }} Kazakhtelecom JSC – iD TV service for Home users</ref> and content integrator Alacast under the "iD TV" brand in two major cities Astana and Almaty in 2009 and is about to go nationwide starting 2010.{{update after|2010|12|31}} Australian ISP iiNet launched Australia's first IPTV with Fetch TV.<ref>[http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf iiNet's Age of Terabyte] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010194736/http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf |date=10 October 2010 }} PDF from iiNet press release 18 August 2010</ref><br />
<br />
In [[India]], IPTV was launched by [[MTNL]], [[BSNL]] and [[Jio]] in New Delhi, Mumbai and Punjab. [[APSFL]] is another IPTV provider in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
In [[Nepal]], IPTV was first launched by NEW IT VENTURE CORPORATION called [[Net TV Nepal]], the service can be accessed through its app, web app and Set-top boxes provided by local ISPs, another IPTV was started by [[Nepal Telecom]] called WOW Time in 2016 which can be accessed through its app.<br />
<br />
In [[Sri Lanka]], IPTV was launched by [[Sri Lanka Telecom]] (operated by [[SLT VisionCom]]) in 2008, under the brand name of [[PEO TV]]. This service is available throughout the country. [[Dialog TV]] has been available through the service since 2018.<br />
<br />
In [[Pakistan]], IPTV was launched by [[PTCL]] in 2008, under the brand name of [[PTCL Smart TV]]. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
In the [[Philippines]], [[PLDT]] offers [[Cignal]] IPTV services as an add-on in certain ADSL and fiber optic plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition|title=PLDT HOME leads fixed broadband market, adds six times more subscribers than competition|date=25 May 2016|access-date=17 February 2016|publisher=[[PLDT Incorporated]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529083030/http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition|archive-date=29 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pldthome.com/fibr |title=High Speed Fiber Optic Internet Connection &#124; PLDT HOME |access-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161218/http://pldthome.com/fibr |archive-date=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Malaysia]], various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2005. Failed PayTV provider [[MiTV]] attempted to use an IPTV-over-UHF service but the service failed to take off. [[HyppTV]] was supposed to use an IPTV-based system, but not true IPTV as it does not provide a set-top box and requires users to view channels using a computer. True IPTV providers available in the country at the moment are [[Fine TV]] and [[DETV]]. In Q2 2010, Telekom Malaysia launched IPTV services through their [[fibre to the home]] product [[Unifi (internet service provider)|Unifi]] in select areas. In April 2010, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] began testing IPTV services on TIME dotCom Berhad's high-speed [[fibre to the home]] optical fibre network. In December 2010, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] began trials with customers in high-rise condominium buildings around the Mont Kiara area. In April 2011, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] commercially launched its IPTV services under the tag line "The One and Only Line You'll Ever Need", a triple play offering in conjunction with TIME dotCom Berhad that provides all the Astro programming via IPTV, together with voice telephone services and broadband Internet access all through the same fibre optic connection into the customer's home. In 2020, Astro launched "Plug-and-Play", which uses Unicast technology for streaming TV.<br />
<br />
In [[Turkey]], [[TTNET]] launched IPTV services under the name IPtivibu in 2010. It was available in pilot areas in the cities of Istanbul, İzmir and Ankara. As of 2011, IPTV service is launched as a large-scale commercial service and widely available across the country under the trademark "Tivibu EV".<ref>[http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25185594/ "Turkey's iptv, Tivibu Ev is on air"] ''ntvmsnbc.com,'' 23 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.tivibu.com.tr/ev "Tivibu Ev's Official Homepage"] ''tivibu.com/ev,'' 13 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224193159/http://www.tivibu.com.tr/ev |date=24 February 2011 }}</ref> Superonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name "WebTV" in 2011. [[Türk Telekom]] started building the fibre optic substructure for IPTV in late 2007.<br />
<br />
===Commercial and corporate===<br />
<br />
IPTV has been widely used since around 2002{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} to distribute television and [[audio-visual]] (AV) media around businesses and commercial sites, whether as live TV channels or Video on Demand (VOD). Examples of types of commercial users include airports, schools, offices, hotels, and sports stadiums, to name just a few.<br />
<br />
[[Hotel television systems]] are the in-suite television content presented in hotel rooms, other hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment, as well as hospitals, assisted living, senior care and nursing homes. These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotel's or hotel chain's policy. Generally, these services are controlled by using the remote control.<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
[[File:IPTVnet.png|thumbnail|A simplified network diagram for IPTV]]<br />
<br />
===Elements===<br />
An IPTV head-end is a place where live [[TV channel]]s and AV sources are encoded, encrypted, and delivered as IP [[multicast stream]]s. Meanwhile, a [[video on demand]] (VOD) platform stores on-demand video assets and serves them as IP unicast streams when a user requests them. Sometimes, the VOD platform is located within the IPTV head-end. An interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the VOD catalogue. A delivery network is a packet-switched network that carries IP packets, including [[unicast]] and multicast streams. Endpoints refer to user equipment that can request, decode, and deliver IPTV streams for display to the user. This can include computers, mobile devices, and [[set-top box]]es. At a residential IPTV user's home, the home TV gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network. Lastly, the user set-top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts TV and VOD streams for display on the TV screen.<br />
<br />
===Architecture of a video server network===<br />
Depending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for IPTV deployment: centralised and distributed.<br />
<br />
The centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy-to-manage solution. Because all media content is stored in centralised servers, it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system. Centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small VOD service deployment, has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient [[content delivery network]] (CDN).<br />
<br />
A distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network. Distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider's network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inwf.com/pubs/print/aroc58_toc.html|title=inwf.com |website=www.inwf.com |access-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222175000/http://www.inwf.com/pubs/print/aroc58_toc.html|archive-date=22 December 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Residential IPTV home networks===<br />
In many cases, the [[residential gateway]] that provides connectivity with the [[Internet access]] network is not located close to the IPTV set-top box. This scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set-top boxes per subscriber.<br />
<br />
Networking technologies that take advantage of existing [[home wiring]] (such as power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables) or of [[wireless]] hardware have become common solutions for this problem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartgridtoday.com/public/873.cfm|title=5 stories in 2 minutes|last=SmartGridToday.com|website=www.smartgridtoday.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310084013/http://www.smartgridtoday.com/public/873.cfm|archive-date=10 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://homegridforum.typepad.com/homegrid_forum/2008/10/why-do-we-need-a-unified-standard-at-all-1.html HomeGrid Forum Blog – Why do we need a unified standard at all?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622050023/http://homegridforum.typepad.com/homegrid_forum/2008/10/why-do-we-need-a-unified-standard-at-all-1.html |date=22 June 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2008, [[ITU-T]] adopted Recommendation [[G.hn]] (also known as [[G.9960]]), which is a next-generation home networking standard that specifies a common PHY/MAC that can operate over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables).<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx New global standard for fully networked home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221090736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |date=21 February 2009 }}, ITU-T Press Release</ref><br />
<br />
Groups such as the [[Multimedia over Coax Alliance]], [[HomePlug Powerline Alliance]], [[Home Phoneline Networking Alliance]], and Quasar Alliance ([[Plastic Optical Fiber|Plastic Optical Fibre]])<ref>[http://www.quasar-pof.com/ Quasar POF alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110053730/http://quasar-pof.com/ |date=10 January 2016 }}</ref> each advocate their own technologies.<br />
<br />
===Telecomms IMS architecture===<br />
There is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3GPP [[IP Multimedia Subsystem]] (IMS) as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in telecommunications carrier networks. Both ITU-T and ETSI are working on so-called "IMS-based IPTV" standards (see e.g. ETSI TS 182 027<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pda.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=CaDXV0CcRxTVYVVcl3FyX|title=Search & Browse Standards|website=pda.etsi.org|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728042738/http://pda.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=CaDXV0CcRxTVYVVcl3FyX|archive-date=28 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>). Carriers will be able to offer both voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional TV services with telephony features (e.g. caller ID on the TV screen) will become straightforward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/publications/Sivchenko_ACM07.pdf|title=IMS-based IPTV services – architecture and implementation|website=city.ac.uk|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417235527/http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/publications/Sivchenko_ACM07.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Protocols==<br />
IPTV supports both [[live TV]] as well as stored video-on-demand. Playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless IP network in the form of a standalone [[personal computer]], [[smartphone]], [[Internet tablet|touch screen tablet]], [[game console]], [[connected TV]] or [[Set-top box#IPTV receiver|set-top box]]. Content is compressed by [[Video codec|Video]] and [[audio codec]]s and then encapsulated in [[MPEG transport stream]] or [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] or other packets. IP multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address.<br />
<br />
{{Update section|date=December 2020}}<br />
In standards-based IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are:<br />
* Service-provider-based streaming:<br />
** [[IGMP]] for subscribing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change). IP multicast operates within LANs (including VLANs) and across WANs also.{{citation needed|reason=Multicast is not supported on many WANs|date=December 2020}} IP multicast is usually routed in the network core by [[Protocol Independent Multicast]] (PIM), setting up correct distribution of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed. On-demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection. [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] (RTP) over [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP) or the lower overhead [[H.222]] transport stream over [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation.<br />
* [[World Wide Web|Web]]-based unicast only live and VOD streaming:<br />
** [[Adobe Flash Player]] prefers [[Real Time Messaging Protocol|RTMP]] over TCP with setup and control via either [[Action Message Format|AMF]] or [[XML]] or [[JSON]] transactions.<br />
** Apple iOS uses [[HTTP Live Streaming|HLS]] [[adaptive bitrate streaming]] over [[HTTP]] with setup and control via an embedded [[M3U]] playlist file.<br />
** Microsoft Silverlight uses [[Smooth Streaming|smooth streaming]] ([[adaptive bitrate streaming]]) over HTTP.<br />
* Web-based multicast live and unicast VOD streaming:<br />
** The [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) recommends RTP over UDP or [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] transports with setup and control using [[RTSP]] over TCP.<br />
* [[Connected TV]]s, [[game console]]s, [[Set-top box#IPTV receiver|set-top boxes]] and [[network personal video recorder]]s:<br />
** Local network content uses [[Universal Plug and Play#AV standards|UPnP AV]] for unicast via HTTP over TCP or for multicast live RTP over UDP.<br />
** Web-based content is provided through either inline Web plug-ins or a television broadcast-based application that uses a [[middleware]] language such as [[MHEG-5]] that triggers an event such as loading an inline Web browser using an [[Adobe Flash Player]] plug-in.<br />
<br />
Local IPTV, as used by businesses for [[audio visual]] AV distribution on their company networks is typically based on a mixture of:<br />
# Conventional TV reception equipment and IPTV encoders<br />
# [[TV gateway]]s that receive live [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and convert them into IP streams<br />
<br />
==Via satellite==<br />
Although IPTV and conventional [[satellite TV]] distribution have been seen as complementary technologies, they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid IPTV networks. IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for [[Internet backbone]] trunking and corporate [[VSAT]] networks.<ref>Berlocher, Greg and Freyer, Dan. "IP And Satellite: Communications Worlds Merging" ''Via Satellite'' January 2009 p 24–28</ref><br />
<br />
The copper twisted pair cabling that forms the [[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]] of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an IPTV service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital TV distribution. For a competitive multi-channel TV service, a connection speed of {{nowrap|20 Mbit/s}} is likely to be required, but unavailable to most potential customers.<ref>Taga, Karim. "Hybrid delivery of content for IPTV" ''InterComms'' Issue 11 August 2008 p 13–14</ref> The increasing popularity of high-definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits IPTV service quality and connection eligibility even further.<br />
<br />
However, satellites are capable of delivering in excess of {{nowrap|100 Gbit/s}} via multi-spot beam technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks. Satellite distribution can be included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways. The simplest to implement is an IPTV-[[direct to home]] (DTH) architecture, in which hybrid DVB-broadband [[set-top box]]es in subscriber homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities. In such a system, many live TV channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video-on-demand transmission via the broadband connection. [[Arqiva]]’s Satellite Media Solutions Division suggests "IPTV works best in a hybrid format. For example, you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channels".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Holmes |first1=Mark |title=Broadcast 2.0: The Changing Scene In Europe |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/broadcasting/2008/09/01/broadcast-2-0-the-changing-scene-in-europe/ |magazine=Via Satellite |date=September 2008 |page= |pages=20–25}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Hybrid IPTV==<br />
{{Update|section|inaccurate=yes|date=July 2011}}<br />
<br />
Hybrid IPTV refers to the combination of traditional broadcast TV services and video delivered over either managed IP networks or the public Internet. It is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay TV markets.<ref>{{cite web |author=19.46 Europe/London |url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/10/14/uk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops/ |title=UK and France lead with hybrid IPTV set-tops |publisher=Broadbandtvnews.com |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728021919/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/10/14/uk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops/ |archive-date=28 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402135703/http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09|date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jviptv.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/hybrid-iptv-stb/ |title=HYBRID Set Top Boxes for IPTV &#124; Digital Media Strategy by Jeff Vinson |publisher=Jviptv.wordpress.com |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719230819/http://jviptv.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/hybrid-iptv-stb/ |archive-date=19 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
The growth of Hybrid IPTV is driven by two major factors. Since the emergence of online video aggregation sites, like [[YouTube]] and [[Vimeo]] in the mid-2000s, traditional [[pay TV]] operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing [[Internet]]-based video on their televisions. At the same time, specialist IP-based operators have looked for ways to offer [[Analog television|analogue]] and [[digital terrestrial]] services to their operations, without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations. [[Bandwidth (computing)|Bandwidth]] is a valuable asset for operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures.<br />
<br />
A hybrid set-top allows content from a range of sources, including [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] broadcast, satellite, and cable, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet via an Ethernet connection on the device. This enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their TV sets, without the need for a separate box for each service. Hybrid IPTV set-top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services, such as VOD, [[catch-up TV]], as well as Internet applications, including [[video telephony]], surveillance, gaming, shopping, [[e-government]] accessed via a [[television set]].<br />
<br />
From a [[pay-TV]] operator's perspective, a hybrid IPTV set-top box gives them greater long-term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require, most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device. This reduces the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers.<ref>[http://www.v-net.tv/Webcast.aspx?id=5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405064453/http://www.v-net.tv/Webcast.aspx?id=5|date=5 April 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=HbbTV Consortium |date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.hbbtv.org/news/HBBTV_PR_Final.pdf |title=New European initiative merges television with the power of the Internet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125549/http://www.hbbtv.org/news/HBBTV_PR_Final.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 }}</ref> These trends led to the development of [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] set-top boxes that included both a [[ATSC tuner|broadcast tuner]] and an Internet connection&nbsp;– usually via an [[Ethernet]] port. The first commercially available hybrid IPTV set-top box was developed by [[Advanced Digital Broadcast]], a developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2005. The platform was developed for Spanish pay TV operator [[Telefonica]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltvnews.net/items/060911adb_spain.htm |title=ADB Delivers World's First Hybrid, Single-Chip, Advanced Video Coding, High Definition IPTV Set-Top Boxes To TELEFÓNICA |publisher=Digitaltvnews.net |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227141252/http://www.digitaltvnews.net/items/060911adb_spain.htm |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref> and used as part of its Movistar TV service, launched to subscribers at the end of 2005.<br />
<br />
An alternative approach is the IPTV version of the [[Headend in the Sky]] cable TV solution. Here, multiple TV channels are distributed via satellite to the ISP or IPTV provider's [[point of presence]] (POP) for IP-encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber. This can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening incoming Internet to the POP, and enables an IPTV service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high-speed WAN connection. An example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an [[SES New Skies]] satellite of 95 channels to Latin America and the Caribbean, operated by IPTV Americas.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=IPTV Americas |date=13 January 2009 |url=http://www.iptv-americas.tv/releaseDB.php?leng=&notID=47 |title=IPTV Americas Launches First IPTV Satellite Distribution Platform for Latin America and The Caribbean via SES NEW SKIES' NSS-806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016015125/http://www.iptv-americas.tv/releaseDB.php?leng=&notID=47 |archive-date=16 October 2011 }}</ref>{{update inline|reason=[[SES New Skies]] was apparently short lived.|date=October 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Advantages==<br />
The Internet protocol-based platform offers significant advantages, including the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high-speed Internet access and [[VoIP]].<br />
<br />
A switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality. In a typical TV or satellite network, using broadcast video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the set-top box. The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, cable or satellite company can stuff into the ''pipe'' flowing into the home. A switched IP network works differently. Content remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customer's home. That frees up bandwidth, and the customer's choice is less restricted by the size of the ''pipe'' into the home.<br />
<br />
===Interactivity===<br />
An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalised. The provider may, for example, include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor's name, or a [[picture-in-picture]] functionality that allows them to [[channel surf]] without leaving the programme they're watching. Viewers may be able to look up a player's stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while they're away from home.<br />
<br />
A feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity. Terrestrial, satellite, and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don't allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining TV networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mobile communication network.<br />
<br />
===Video on demand===<br />
IPTV technology is used for [[video on demand]] (VOD),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2010/04/06/broadband-users-control-watch/ |title=Broadband Users Control What They Watch and When |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420143608/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2010/04/06/broadband-users-control-watch/ |archive-date=20 April 2010 }}</ref> which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue, to watch trailers and to then select a program. The [[playout]] of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC.<br />
<br />
Technically, when the customer selects the program, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (set-top box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick mode functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) may be communicated using, for instance, RTSP.<br />
<br />
In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VOD content is usually encrypted and [[digital rights management]] may be applied. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable.<br />
<br />
===IPTV-based converged services===<br />
Another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Session and Media Signalling for IPTV via IMS|url=http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625075612/http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2008|website=MobileWare'08|author1=Riede, Christian |author2=Al-Hezmi, Adel |author3=Magedanz, Thomas |location= Innsbruck, Austria|date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value-added services. One example is on-screen [[caller ID]], getting caller ID on a TV, and the ability to handle the call (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs, and mobile device, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services.<br />
<br />
==Limitations==<br />
IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays. An IPTV channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement. Some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality.<br />
<br />
Although a few countries have very high-speed broadband-enabled populations,{{efn|[[South Korea]], for instance, has 6 million homes benefiting from a minimum connection speed of {{nowrap|100 Mbit/s}}.}} in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3–5&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref>Bulkley, Kate. "IPTV's Eastern Promise" ''Digital TV Europe'' October 2008 p 48</ref>{{Update after|2013|8|13}} and so simultaneous use of IPTV, VOIP and Internet access may not be viable. The last-mile delivery for IPTV usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous TV channel streams&nbsp;– typically from one to three&nbsp;– to be delivered.<ref>Brown, Peter J. "Super Headends And High Expectations" ''Via Satellite'' April 2006 p 18–30</ref><br />
<br />
===Latency===<br />
The [[network delay]] inherent in the use of [[satellite Internet access]] is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for IPTV. In practice, however, delay is not an important factor for IPTV, since it is a service that does not require real-time transmission, as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services. It is the delay of response to requests to change channel, display an EPG, etc. that most affects customers’ perceived quality of service.<br />
<br />
Existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays. Existing [[DVB]] TV channels that [[simulcast]] by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0.25-second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed by viewers.<br />
<br />
==Bandwidth requirements==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}<br />
[[File:Figure2a.jpg|thumb|400px|Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice]]<br />
<br />
Digital video is a sequence of digital images, called frames, each made up of [[pixel]]s or picture elements. Three bytes are typically used to represent the colour of the high quality image.<br />
<br />
Movies use 24 frames per second, North America television uses approximately 30 frames per second where the Europe television frame rate is 25 frames per second. Each digital video has dimensions width and height; SDTV is {{resx|720×480}} pixels, HDTV uses up to {{resx|1920×1080}} pixels.<br />
<br />
For checking the bandwidth requirements, you need to dimension your IPTV service, such as defining number of SD and HD TV channels, number of planned subscribers, VOD and nPVR concurrency. Based on these, you can calculate required bandwidth on each DSL line, in access network and in core IP network.<br />
<br />
==Privacy implications==<br />
Due to limitations in bandwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time. Changing a channel requires requesting the head-end server to provide a different broadcast stream, much like VOD.{{efn|For VOD, the stream is delivered using unicast whereas IPTV typically uses multicast.}} This could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer. In conjunction with regulatory differences between IPTV and cable TV, this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics.<ref>[http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx IPTV privacy risks<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172921/http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx |date=5 January 2010 }}</ref> For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast group (TV channel) needs to be requested before it can be viewed, the same privacy concerns apply.<br />
<br />
==Vendors==<br />
{{update section|date=March 2023}}<br />
Some major telecoms vendors are active in this space, notably [[Accenture]] (Accenture Video Solution), [[Alcatel-Lucent]] (sometimes working with Movistar TV), [[Ericsson]] (notably since acquiring [[Tandberg Television]]), [[Huawei]], [[NEC]], [[PTCL Smart TV]], [[Sri Lanka Telecom]], [[Thomson SA|Thomson]], and [[ZTE]], as are some IT houses, led by [[Microsoft]]. Miami-based AlphaOTT, Tokyo-based The New Media Group, Malaysian-based [[Select-TV]], Oslo/Norway-based SnapTV, and California-based [[UTStarcom]], Inc. also offer end-to-end networking infrastructure for IPTV-based services, and Hong Kong-based BNS Ltd. provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions. Others include [[Movistar TV]] and [[PCCW]].<br />
<br />
[[Google Fiber]] offers an IPTV service in various US cities which includes up to 1 Gigabit-speed internet and over 290 channels depending on package via the fibre optic network being built out in Kansas City Kansas and Kansas City Missouri.<br />
<br />
Many of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the biennial Multiservice Switching Forum Interoperability 2008 (GMI) event which was coordinated by the [[MultiService Forum]] (MSF) at five sites worldwide from 20 to 31 October 2008. Test equipment vendors including Netrounds, [[Codenomicon]], [[Empirix]], Ixia, [[Mu Dynamics]], and [[Spirent]] joined solution vendors such as the companies listed above in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever deployed.<br />
<br />
==Service bundling==<br />
For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with VOD and may be bundled with [[Internet service]]s such as Internet access and [[voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP) telecommunications services. Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes referred to in marketing as ''[[triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]]'' service. When these three are offered with cellular service, the combined service may be referred to as ''[[quadruple play]]''.<br />
<br />
==Regulation==<br />
Historically, cable TV operators have been regulated differently from telecommunication operators. As IPTV allows TV and VOD to be transmitted over the [[Internet]], new regulatory issues arise.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf |title= Ericsson report on need for regulation |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081115174848/http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf |archive-date= 15 November 2008 |df= dmy-all }}&nbsp;{{small|(217&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Professor Eli M. Noam highlights in his report "TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?" some of the key challenges with sector-specific regulation that is becoming obsolete due to convergence in this field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm|title=TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?|first=Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|last=(CRTC)|website=www.crtc.gc.ca|date=3 September 2008 |access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213034731/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm|archive-date=13 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Content delivery network]]<br />
* [[DVB-IPTV]]<br />
* [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]]<br />
* [[Over-the-top media service]]<br />
* [[P2PTV]]<br />
* [[Sat-IP|SAT&gt;IP]]<br />
* [[Software as a service]]<br />
* [[Streaming television]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/guides/other/iptv.ars |website=Ars Technica|title= An Introduction to IPTV|author=Anderson, Nate|date=12 March 2006}}<br />
<br />
{{Internet streaming services}}<br />
{{VOD services}}<br />
{{CATV}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Digital television]]<br />
[[Category:Internet broadcasting]]<br />
[[Category:Internet radio]]<br />
[[Category:Streaming television]]<br />
[[Category:Video on demand]]<br />
[[Category:Television technology]]<br />
[[Category:Television terminology]]<br />
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1995]]<br />
[[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1995]]<br />
[[Category:1990s neologisms]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garbhanga_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=499924Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-22T20:55:07Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Assam, India}}<br />
{{primary sources|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| image = File:Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]<br />
| nearest_city = [[Guwahati]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|05|36|N|91|44|57|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| area = {{convert|117|km2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}<br />
| established = <br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary''' (formerly Garbhanga and Rani Reserve Forest) is a [[Nature reserve|wildlife sanctuary]] on the southwestern side of [[Guwahati|Guwahati City]], bordering the state of [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].<ref name=":7" /> The forested area is the key urban wildlife site and catchment area near Guwahati City.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |title=Assam: Garbhanga Reserve Forest to be declared as the Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assam-garbhanga-reserve-forest-to-be-declared-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garbhanga Forest |url=https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/garbhanga-forest-v-175258 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Whats Hot |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718035420/https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/garbhanga-forest-v-175258 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Located approximately 15&nbsp;km (10 miles) away from Guwahati, Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the southern part of [[Assam]], bordering the foothills of [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorbhonga Trail |url=https://www.adventura.in/trekking/gorbhonga-trail/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.adventura.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2010-05-20 |title=Assam's Garbhanga Reserve Forest villages march towards development |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/05/20/assamsgarbhanga-reserve-forest-villages-marchtow.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is located very close to the [[Dipor Bil|Deepor Bill]], and because of its location in an [[urban area]] it is considered a key wildlife area of Guwahati City.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=Guwahati: Garbhanga Reserve Forest To Become Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.time8.in/guwahati-garbhanga-reserve-forest-to-become-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=Garbhanga Forest set to be Assam's 25th wildlife sanctuary |url=https://themeghalayan.com/garbhanga-forest-set-to-be-assams-25th-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adventure {{!}} Department of Tourism {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://tourism.assam.gov.in/portlet-sub-innerpage/adventure |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=tourism.assam.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary has a total land area of {{Convert|117|km2|abbr=on}} and lies between the Garbhanga and Rani ranges.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-04-10 |title=Assam: Garbhanga forest reserve likely to be notified as wildlife sanctuary |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-garbhanga-forest-reserve-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Assam's Garbhanga Reserve Forest to be declared Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://en.mynewsne.com/assams-garbhanga-reserve-forest-to-be-declared-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=MyNewsNE English |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Garbhanga WS 6.jpg|thumb|right|'''[[Spangled drongo]]''' at Garbhanga]]<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The origin of wildlife sanctuary's name is unclear. However, some believe that the name comes from the [[Karbi people]], who came from the Markang area of [[Sonapur, Assam|Sonapur]] and eventually entered the hilly forest for [[Jhum cultivation]].<br />
<br />
Garbhanga was declared a wildlife sanctuary by the second secretary to the government of Assam, Mr G.T. Lloyd. He was under the supervision of Major Briggs, who surveyed the forest in 1862.<br />
<br />
==Brief boundary description==<br />
[[File:Garbhanga WS 5.jpg|right|thumb|'''[[Green imperial pigeon]]''']]<br />
The Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary is surrounded by Guwahati City and Dipor Bill in the South, the Meghalayan ranges on the east and north, and Rani Range on the west.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Garbhanga Reserve Forest Trek: Best Nature Trail Near Guwahati |url=https://travellingslacker.com/garbhanga-reserve-forest-trek-guwahati/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=travellingslacker.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Garbhanga reserve forest likely to be proclaimed as 25th wildlife sanctuary of Assam |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/garbhanga-reserve-forest-likely-be-proclaimed-389593-2022-04-10 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
===North===<br />
The northern boundary starts at BSF headquarters near the VIP Road, then runs along the foothills of Matia, Chakradeo, [[Dipor Bil]], Mahua Para, Pamohi, and Mainakhurung up to Paschdhora River, which is the common boundary between Garbhanga Reserve Forest and Rani Reserve Forest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bezbaruah |first=Achinta |date=March 2014 |title=Railroad impacts on wetland habitat: GIS and modeling approach |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-map-of-Deepor-Beel-wetland-and-Rani-Garbhanga-Reserved-Forests-a-part-of-the_fig3_276033743 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> From there, the boundary runs along Phalbama, Nawagaon, and [[Nalapara]], up to [[Lokhra|Lokhara]] Village and to the [[Bhimeswar_Dham|Bhimeswar Dham Siva Temple]], which is situated in the northeast corner.<br />
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===East===<br />
On the east side, the boundary runs along the [[Basistha|Basistha river]], up to the front side of the Government Art School and then follows the stream. Permanent boundary pillars are situated near the Basistha River, then the eastern boundary runs up to Umthana Forest Camp. The name of the river changes in different locations, such as Umsing, Umpani, Umrit etc. This entire stretch is the interstate boundary with [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basistha Temple in Guwahati, Basistha Ashram Temple in Guwahati |url=https://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/amp/basistha-temple |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.guwahationline.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basistha Temple, Guwahati - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/basistha-temple-guwahati/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===South===<br />
The southern boundary starts at Doomati village, which is the joining point of Umrit and Umsopari rivers. From there, the boundary runs up to Pathar Khama, then up to Rangang River that runs out from Meghalaya.<br />
<br />
===West===<br />
The western boundary starts at Pathar Khama, then goes up Jeepable Fair Weather Road along the Umsang River. From this point the boundary runs along Naharpaham, Bhadiakhowa, where it meets Umtru River, and then the boundary follows the stream to where it meets [[Kopili River|Kapili river]]. The boundary then runs along Ganapati, Rani, Bahupara, Andherijuli, Rani Tea estate, Sajanpara, Patgaon, to where it meets at the starting point at the corner of BSF Headquarters.<br />
<br />
==Landscape and biodiversity==<br />
[[File:Garbhanga WS 2.jpg|right|thumb|'''[[Hoolock gibbon]]''' in Garbhanga]]<br />
In earlier days, various NGOs and researchers witnessed rare animals such as [[serow]], [[clouded leopard]], and [[bison]] and wanted to study Garbhanga. Therefore, when the Working Plan of the [[Kamrup district|Kamrup East Division]] was prepared, an attempt was made to document the faunal and flora diversity of Garbhanga and Rani Reserve Forest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-04 |title="Awesome Assam" – 20 Days across Assam with our guest from Slovakia |url=https://kaziranganationalparkassam.in/garbhanga-reserve-forest-and-chandubi-lake-with-our-guest-from-slovakia/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve ~ Tour Packages & Safari Bookings Official |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Flora===<br />
The wildlife sanctuary has diverse flora. A study has found 139 species of [[tree]]s, 122 [[herb]]s and [[shrub]]s, 52 species of climbers, 11 species of [[orchid]]s, and five species of [[bamboo]] and [[rattan]] were documented.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Fauna===<br />
[[File:Garbhanga WS 4.jpg|right|thumb|'''[[Malayan giant squirrel]]''']]<br />
The wildlife sanctuary is rich in fauna. A total of 36 species of [[mammal]]s, 219 species of [[bird]]s, 38 species of [[reptile]]s, 15 species of [[amphibian]]s, 168 species of [[Butterfly|butterflies]], and 15 species of [[spider]]s have been documented.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2010 |title=Correlations of Rainfall and Forest Type with Papilionid Assemblages in Assam in Northeast India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50283863 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=Guwahati: Encroachment threatens Garbhanga reserve forest - News Live |url=https://newslivetv.com/guwahati-encroachment-threatens-garbhanga-reserve-forest/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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==Disturbance and threats==<br />
In May 2005, at the 15th Annual Meeting of Early Bird, a local NGO warned the Assam government about the danger of losing the wildlife sanctuary in the future.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NGO push for sanctuary status - Activists fear loss of Rani & Garbhanga forests |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ngo-push-for-sanctuary-status-activists-fear-loss-of-rani-garbhanga-forests/cid/879879 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
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The main threats to wildlife are encroachment, dumping of garbage, and [[deforestation]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Land use/land cover change in rani-garbhanga reserve forest area, Kamrup, Assam {{!}} International Journal of Current Research |url=https://www.journalcra.com/article/land-useland-cover-change-rani-garbhanga-reserve-forest-area-kamrup-assam |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.journalcra.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The NGO requested that the government prevent the encroachment on wild animals and also called for a ban on the dumping of garbage in the wetlands.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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==Present status==<br />
Groups have been constantly demanding the upgrading of Garbhanga-Rani Reserved Forests into a wildlife sanctuary for its better protection and care.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
* Hydrological considerations – Protection of the watershed areas of Guwahati city and its adjacent areas would regulate water flow, maintain water quality and nutrient cycles, and prevent soil erosion and sedimentation.<br />
* Genetic and species considerations – Protection of wild gene pools of flora and diverse avian, mammalian, reptilian, and other fauna.<br />
* Ethnobotanical considerations – Protection of medicinal plants traditionally used by tribal communities residing in and around the forested areas.<br />
* Economic considerations – Protection and maintenance of the areas with high scenic value for eco-tourism, which would provide economic opportunity to ethnic tribal inhabitants.<br />
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===Declared a wildlife sanctuary===<br />
On 7 April 2022, in the [[Assam Gazette]], the [[governor of Assam]] proposed that Garbangha Reserved Forest should be declared a [[wildlife sanctuary]], which made it the 25th wildlife sanctuary in Assam.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=JGT |date=2022-04-10 |title=Assam's Garbhanga Reserve Forest to be designated as Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://justguwahatithings.com/assams-garbhanga-reserve-forest-to-be-designated-as-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Just Guwahati Things |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718040319/https://justguwahatithings.com/assams-garbhanga-reserve-forest-to-be-designated-as-wildlife-sanctuary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wildlife Sanctuary, Garbhanga}}<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]<br />
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]<br />
[[Category:Biodiversity]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uday_Shankar_Hazarika&diff=542316Uday Shankar Hazarika2026-02-18T15:19:52Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new a stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
'''Uday Shankar Hazarika''' (born 1958) is an [[India]]n politician from [[Assam]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was the party's candidate in the [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Hazarika was formerly a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in Assam,<ref name="Hazarika-joins-INC">{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/20/senior-bjp-aiudf-leaders-join-assam-congress|title=Senior BJP, AIUDF leaders join Assam Congress|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=[[The Shillong Times]]|date=20 December 2023|access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref> and was the BJP's candidate in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], and [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] general elections from Lakhimpur.<ref name="sentinel">{{Cite web|date=18 April 2024|title=Lakhimpur Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Know Your Candidate Uday Shankar Hazarika, INC's Contender|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/lakhimpur-lok-sabha-elections-2024-know-your-candidate-uday-shankar-hazarika-incs-contender|author=Sentinel Digital Desk|access-date=2 February 2026|website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
Uday Shankar Hazarika is the son of Dimbeshwar Hazarika. He is a resident of [[North Lakhimpur]], Assam. After studying at [[North Lakhimpur College]], Hazarika graduated from [[Dibrugarh University]] in 1983.<ref name="sentinel"/> Hazarika has served as the president of the [[Lakhimpur District]] [[Chambers of Commerce]].<ref name="Assam-Tribune-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2511/state06|title=N Lakhimpur upbeat over increased flights|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=[[Assam Tribune]]|date=24 May 2006|access-date=1 February 2026|archive-date=30 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530024052/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2511%2Fstate06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nenow">{{cite web|url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/safety-norms-tossed-to-the-wind-air-india-operating-20years-old-aircraft.html|title=Safety norms tossed to the wind, Air India operating 20+years old aircraft|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=Northeast Now|date=6 September 2018|access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Assam-Tribune-2">{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/veteran-athlete-honoured-at-north-lakhimpur|title=Veteran athlete honoured at North Lakhimpur|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=29 November 2018|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><br />
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==Political career==<br />
As a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Hazarika contested in the [[1998 Indian general election]] from Lakhimpur, finishing third with 1,30,298 votes (19.41pc) behind second-placed [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]] of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (1,48,012 votes, 22.05pc). Hazarika stood as a candidate in Lakhimpur again in [[1998 Indian general election|1999]], finishing third with 1,84,533 votes (24.81pc) behind second-placed [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] of the Asom Gana Parishad (2,01,402 votes, 27.08pc). In [[2004 Indian general election|2004]], Hazarika ran as the Bharatiya Janata Party's candidate for a third consecutive occasion, finishing third with 1,69,123 votes (21.1pc) behind second-placed [[Ranee Narah]] of the Indian National Congress (2,72,717 votes, 34.1pc). On December 20, 2023, Hazarika joined the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Hazarika-joins-INC"/><ref name="Deccan-Herald">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-polls-congress-nominates-uday-shankar-hazarika-from-assams-lakhimpur-2950370|title=Lok Sabha Polls: Congress nominates Uday Shankar Hazarika from Assam's Lakhimpur|author=PTI|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=24 March 2004|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> In 2024, Hazarika was nominated as the Indian National Congress candidate for Lakhimpur in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref name="PTI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/assam-congress-nominates-uday-shankar-hazarika-for-lakhimpur-ls-seat/1379957|title=Assam: Congress nominates Uday Shankar Hazarika for Lakhimpur LS seat|author=PTI|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=24 March 2024|access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/cong-workers-worry-over-delay-in-naming-lakhimpur-candidate/articleshow/108720952.cms|title=Cong workers worry over delay in naming Lakhimpur candidate|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=23 March 2024|access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref> In the general elections, Hazarika received 4,61,865 votes (38.13pc), finishing second behind the Bharatiya Janata Party candidate, [[Pradan Baruah]], who received 6,63,122 (54.75pc) votes.<ref name="sentinel-2">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2024|title=BJP's Pradan Baruah Secures Landslide Victory in Lakhimpur Parliamentary Constituency with Record Margin of Over 2 Lakhs Votes|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bjps-pradan-baruah-secures-landslide-victory-in-lakhimpur-parliamentary-constituency-with-record-margin-of-over-2-lakhs-votes|author=Sentinel Digital Desk|access-date=2 February 2026|website=The Sentinel (Guwahati)|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazarika, Uday Shankar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Tithal&diff=535391Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal2026-01-20T21:40:42Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new details</p>
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<div>{{short description|Hindu temple in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| image = ShreeSwaminarayanTempleTithal.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = India Gujarat<br />
| map_caption = Location in India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20|36|43|N|72|53|29|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = <br />
| district = <br />
| location = [[Tithal, Valsad district, Gujarat]], India<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = [[Swaminarayan]]<br />
| festivals = <br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = After 1991<br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shri Swaminarayan Mandir''' is located near [[Tithal]] town of [[Valsad district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. The temple is located exactly on the shore of the beach of Tithal. The temple's construction was started in 1991. The temple is made for worshipping Lord Swami Narayan but apart from Idol of Swaminarayan Bhagwan you can also find Lord Shiva, Parvati, and Ganesh on one side as well as Lord Ram and site too with Lord Hanuman, and also Lord Krishna, Radha, alongside Harikrishna Maharaj (Idol of Swaminarayan himself). The temple was inaugurated by Shree Pramukh Swami. The temple is administrated by BAPS.<ref>[http://valsadtourism.weebly.com/swaminarayan-temple.html History of Shri Swaminarayan Temple, Tithal]</ref><ref>[https://valsad.nic.in/tourist-place/swaminarayan-temple/ About- Shri Swaminarayan Temple, Tithal]</ref><br />
<br />
It has become of the most popular attraction as people who comes to visit tithal beach also likes to pay visit to the Swaminarayan Temple. Hence it has become one of the popular temple of Valsad district. Popularity of the temple is now increasing day by day because of beautiful carved idols.<br />
[[File:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal, Valsad..jpg|thumb|Crowd at Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Valsad district]]<br />
[[Category:Swaminarayan temples in Gujarat]]<br />
<br />
{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4544291977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election2026-01-10T07:17:59Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Elections}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election<br />
| country = Jammu and Kashmir (state)<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = 1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 1972<br />
| previous_mps = <br />
| election_date = 9 July 1977<br />
| next_election = 1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 1983<br />
| seats_for_election= all 76 seats in [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority_seats = 39<br />
| opinion_polls = <br />
| turnout = 67.2%<br />
<!-- JKNC --><br />
| image1 = Sheikh Abdullah 1988 stamp of India.jpg<br />
| leader1 = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]<br />
| party1 = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference<br />
| leader_since1 = <br />
| leaders_seat1 = <br />
| last_election1 = -<br />
| seats1 = 47<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 47<br />
<!-- Congress --><br />
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}<br />
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC (R)]]<br />
| leader_since4 = <br />
| leaders_seat4 = <br />
| last_election4 = 58<br />
| seats4 = 11<br />
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 46<br />
<!-- JP --><br />
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"><span style="line-height:120px; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:{{party color|Janata Party}}; font-size:30px;"> '''JP'''</span></div><br />
| leader2 = <br />
| party2 = Janata Party<br />
| leader_since2 = <br />
| leaders_seat2 = <br />
| last_election2 = -<br />
| seats2 = 13<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 13<br />
<!-- JKNPP --><br />
| image5 = <br />
| leader5 = <br />
| party5 = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]]<br />
| leader_since5 = <br />
| leaders_seat5 = <br />
| last_election5 = <br />
| seats5 = 1<br />
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 4<br />
<!-- bottom --><br />
| title = Chief Minister<br />
| before_election = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]<br />
| before_party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference<br />
| after_election = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]<br />
| after_party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Elections for the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''' were held over June 1977,<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html 1977 J&K elections]</ref> which are generally regarded as the first 'free and fair' elections in the state.{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|loc=Section 23.III}}<br />
[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], newly revived from the former [[Plebiscite Front]], won an overwhelming majority and re-elected [[Sheikh Abdullah]] as the Chief Minister.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf Statistical report J&K 1977]</ref> The [[Janata Party]] won 13 seats and emerged as the second largest party.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
After reaching the [[1974 Indira-Sheikh accord]], [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was elected as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] party in the state legislature (which had in fact been the original National Conference founded by Abdullah in 1930s but merged into Congress before the [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967 elections]]). Abdullah remained in power during the [[Indian Emergency|National Emergency]] imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1975. After the Emergency was lifted, the [[Janata Party]] came to power in the Centre in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]].{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|loc=Chapter 23}}<br />
<br />
Elections were called for the state Legislative Assembly in June 1977. Sheikh Abdullah now revived the National Conference from the erstwhile [[Plebiscite Front]]. The National Conference and Congress met head-on as equals, the first time such an electoral contest occurred since the State's Accession in 1947. The Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] (of the Janata Party) took steps to strengthen security in the state and declared that any rigging would be severely punished. This had a 'salutary effect' in the political atmosphere in the state witnessing its first 'free and fair' election.<ref>{{harvnb|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|pp=1006–1007}}; {{harvnb|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|pp=57–58}}</ref><br />
<br />
The revival of the National Conference was greeted with great enthusiasm in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. In the words of Kashmiri, "the entire valley was red with N. C. flags. Every house and every market stood decorated with bunting."{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|loc=Section 23.III}}<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
The National Conference won the majority in the Assembly with 47 of the 76 seats.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1007}} Whereas it won 40 of the 42 seats in the [[Kashmir Valley]], it was able to win only 7 seats out of 32 in the [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]].{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=89-90}}<br />
<br />
The Indian National Congress (former National Conference, which had been in power since the State's accession) was reduced to third place, winning 11 seats in Jammu and none in the Valley.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=89-90}}<br />
<br />
The Janata Party (which had incorporated the former [[Jammu Praja Parishad]]) won 13 seats, its best performance so far. In addition to 11 seats in Jammu, it won 2 seats in the Valley for the first time.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=89-90}}<br />
<br />
Also significant is the fact that [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] won only one seat, down from 5 seats in the previous Assembly.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1007}}<br />
<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]<br />
|party1=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes1=807166|seats1=47|sc1=0<br />
|party2=[[Janata Party]]|votes2=414259|seats2=13|sc2=New<br />
|party3=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes3=294911|seats3=11|sc3={{decrease}}47<br />
|party4=[[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]|votes4=62654|seats4=1|sc4={{decrease}}4<br />
|party20=Others|votes20=1903|seats20=0|sc20=0<br />
|party21=Independents|votes21=165477|seats21=4|sc21={{increase}}1<br />
|total_sc={{increase}}1<br />
|invalid=57734<br />
|electorate=2684992<br />
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3791-jammu-kashmir-1977/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Results by constituency ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency<br />
!Turnout <br />
! colspan="5" |Winner<br />
! colspan="5" |Runner Up<br />
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin<br />
|-<br />
! #k<br />
! Names<br />
!%<br />
! Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!%<br />
! Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!%<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Karnah Assembly constituency|Karnah]]||67.94%||Ghulam Qadir Mir||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||12,357||46.31%||Mohammed Yunis Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,641||28.64%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,716'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Handwara Assembly constituency|Handwara]]||83.41%||[[Abdul Ghani Lone]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||17,021||51.78%||Sharif Ud Din||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,702||44.73%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,319'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]]||74.63%||Mohammad Sultan Ganai||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||11,976||50.04%||Abdul Gani Mir||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,657||15.28%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,319'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||62.7%||[[Assad Ullah Shah]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,780||56.41%||Ghulam Nabi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||4,834||19.79%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,946'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Bandipora Assembly constituency|Bandipora]]||68.45%||[[Mohammad Khalil Naik]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||18,032||70.94%||Mohammed Anwar Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,299||9.04%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''15,733'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|6||[[Sonawari Assembly constituency|Sonawari]]||84.98%||Abdul Aziz Parray||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||21,074||67.99%||[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||9,923||32.01%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''11,151'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||87.37%||[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,738||53.99%||[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,734||43.69%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,004'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Gulmarg Assembly constituency|Gulmarg]]||40.85%||Mohmad Akbar Lone||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,700||78.59%||Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Beg||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||2,334||11.68%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''13,366'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Sangrama Assembly constituency|Sangrama]]||73.88%||Ghulam Rasool||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,609||70.69%||Sharif Ud Din||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||2,106||10.94%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''11,503'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Sopore Assembly constituency|Sopore]]||85.9%||[[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||16,717||49.14%||Hakeem Habibullah||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||16,684||49.04%||style="background:{{party color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''33'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]||72.21%||[[Mohammad Dilawar Mir]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,696||68.52%||Ghulam Rasool Kar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,517||16.4%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''11,179'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Baramulla Assembly constituency|Baramulla]]||66.78%||Ghulam Ud-Din Shah||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||11,509||55.64%||Ghulam Meha Safi||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||4,472||21.62%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''7,037'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]]||68.17%||[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||11,921||65.56%||Mohammed Mazaffar Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,309||18.2%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,612'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]]||76.12%||[[Mian Bashir Ahmed]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||20,808||87.07%||Mohammed Afzi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||3,090||12.93%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''17,718'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]||87.27%||[[Sheikh Abdullah]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||26,162||88.17%||Ali Mohamd Taria||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,509||11.83%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''22,653'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|16||[[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]]||82.59%||Hissa Ud Din||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||23,032||80.74%||Mohammed Iliyas||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||5,081||17.81%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''17,951'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|17||[[Amira Kadal Assembly constituency|Amira Kadal]]||74.54%||Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Shoh||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,515||57.74%||Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Wani||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||10,340||41.13%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,175'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|18||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||70.62%||Ghulam Mohammed Butt||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||16,356||47.53%||Jag Mohini||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,084||40.92%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,272'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|19||[[Zaina Kadal Assembly constituency|Zaina Kadal]]||85.39%||Molvi Mohammed Yasin Hamdani||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||23,414||61.79%||Sheikh Ali Mohammad||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,476||38.21%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,938'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|20||[[Eidgah Assembly constituency|Eidgah]]||80.77%||[[Abdul Rashid Kabuli]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||18,255||52.83%||Ghulam Rasool Rashi||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||16,298||47.17%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,957'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|21||[[Zadibal Assembly constituency|Zadibal]]||81.71%||Ghulam Ahmad Shunthoo||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||23,401||51.55%||Salin Anwar Dhar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||21,522||47.41%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,879'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|22||[[Nagin Assembly constituency|Nagin]]||78.58%||Abdul Samad Teli||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,856||61.51%||Ghulam Mohmad Bawan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||8,397||37.28%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''5,459'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|23||[[Beerwah Assembly constituency|Beerwah]]||72.91%||Ahmad Saeed||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,918||60.73%||Syed Ali Shah||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||7,737||31.5%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''7,181'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|24||[[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khan Sahib]]||66.42%||[[Hakeem Mohammad Yaseen Shah]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,647||73.94%||Ghulam Qadir War||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||3,814||18.02%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''11,833'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|25||[[Budgam Assembly constituency|Budgam]]||84.54%||Syed Ghulam Hussain Geelani||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,324||49.83%||Aga Sayeed Hassan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||11,799||41.05%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,525'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|26||[[Chadoora Assembly constituency|Chadoora]]||77.67%||Abdul Samad Mir||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,103||64.86%||[[Mir Mustafa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,699||23.26%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,404'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|27||[[Charari Sharief Assembly constituency|Charari Sharief]]||71.84%||[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,766||71.96%||Abdul Qayoom||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,764||23.22%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''10,002'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|28||[[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]]||73.27%||Mohammad Ibrahim Dar||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||18,712||72.58%||Abdul Kashid Wani||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||2,537||9.84%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''16,175'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|29||[[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]]||83.36%||[[Mohiuddin Malik]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||22,877||82.11%||Peer Ghulam Hassan Masoodi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||2,409||8.65%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''20,468'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|30||[[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]||84.72%||Mohammed Subhan Bhat||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,315||46.05%||[[Ali Muhammad Naik]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,859||41.02%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''1,456'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|31||[[Wachi Assembly constituency|Wachi]]||78.31%||[[Ghulam Qadir Wani (politician, born 1926)|Ghulam Qadir Wani]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||16,690||67.04%||Bashir Ahmed Magrey||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,172||12.74%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''13,518'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|32||[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]||73.06%||Sheikh Mohammed Mansoor||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,133||59.34%||Hakim Ghulam Nabi||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||4,763||18.68%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''10,370'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|33||[[Noorabad Assembly constituency|Noorabad]]||71.74%||[[Wali Mohammad Itoo]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||12,407||58.76%||Abdul Aziz Zargar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,589||26.47%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''6,818'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|34||[[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar]]||79.38%||Ghulam Nabi Kochak||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,921||59.95%||[[Manohar Nath Kaul]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,623||18.58%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''10,298'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|35||[[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]]||74.92%||Ghulam Nabi Dar||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||8,833||42.63%||Abdul Razak Mir||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||6,403||30.91%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,430'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|36||[[Hom Shali Bugh Assembly constituency|Hom Shali Bugh]]||81.79%||Abdul Salam Deva||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||12,959||56.77%||Ali Mohammed Dar||{{party name with color|Jamaat-e-Islami}}||5,897||25.83%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''7,062'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|37||[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]||77.13%||[[Piyare Lal Handoo]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,764||68.78%||Ghulam Rasool Kochah||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||4,283||19.95%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''10,481'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|38||[[Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Srigufwara–Bijbehara]]||84.62%||Abdul Gani Shah||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||16,059||63.92%||Mufti Mohammed Sayeed||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,081||32.16%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''7,978'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|39||[[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]]||88.35%||Mirza Mohammed Afzal Beg||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,893||63.13%||Sheikh Abdul Majid||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||9,283||36.87%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''6,610'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|40||[[Shangus–Anantnag East Assembly constituency|Shangus–Anantnag East]]||77.62%||Mohammed Ashraf Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||15,568||70.21%||Mohammed Maqbool||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,162||18.77%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''11,406'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|41||[[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]]||74.91%||Malik Ghulam Ud Din||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||14,854||65.52%||Peer Hissam Ud Din||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,339||23.55%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''9,515'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|42||[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]||74.25%||Haji Abdul Gani Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||10,817||51.44%||Sneer Aki Boda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,472||26.02%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''5,345'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|43||[[Leh Assembly constituency|Leh]]||64.79%||Sonam Narboo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,736||61.17%||Soham Gyaltsan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||7,450||38.83%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,286'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|44||[[Kargil Assembly constituency|Kargil]]||72.87%||Munshi Habibullah||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||13,549||54.42%||Kachoo Mohammed Ali Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,021||44.27%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,528'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|45||[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]||51.1%||Bashir Ahmed Kichloo||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||3,910||27.15%||Ghulam Hussain Arman||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||3,385||23.51%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''525'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|46||[[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal]]||37.1%||Sheikh Ghulam Mohammed ||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||5,296||44.38%||Abdul Ghani Goni||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||2,530||21.2%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,766'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|47||[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]]||36.34%||Narain Dass||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||4,535||40.96%||Thakur Dass||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||3,745||33.82%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''790'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|48||[[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]||48.42%||[[Ghulam Qadir Wani (politician, born 1942)|Ghulam Qadir Wani]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||5,342||39.02%||[[Attaullah Sohrawardi]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||4,384||32.02%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''958'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|49||[[Ramban Assembly constituency|Ramban]]||45.72%||Prem Nath||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||3,472||28.64%||Labhu Ram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,035||25.03%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''437'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|50||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||52.67%||Molvi Abdul Rashid||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||7,460||51.83%||Modh. Akthar Nizami||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,290||22.86%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,170'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|51||[[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]]||47.6%||[[Haji Buland Khan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||8,723||58.15%||Mohammed Ayub Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,203||21.35%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''5,520'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|52||[[Reasi Assembly constituency|Reasi]]||54.7%||Rishi Kumar Kaushal||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||9,931||52.84%||Raghunath Das||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||2,699||14.36%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''7,232'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|53||[[Udhampur Assembly constituency|Udhampur]]||53.2%||[[Shiv Charan Gupta]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,363||44.14%||Faqir Chand||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,763||41.31%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''600'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|54||[[Chenani Assembly constituency|Chenani]]||44.98%||[[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,674||52.43%||Ishar Dass||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||4,005||27.36%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,669'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|55||[[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]||38.08%||[[Prithvi Chand]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||7,300||53.19%||Ram Dass||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,071||29.66%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,229'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|56||[[Samba Assembly constituency|Samba]]||62.22%||Dhayan Singh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,349||25.61%||Harbans Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,728||19.07%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''1,621'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|57||[[Bari Brahmana Assembly constituency|Bari Brahmana]]||59.58%||Gurnbachan Kumari||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||8,124||39.21%||Gouri Shankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,521||36.3%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''603'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|58||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||62.31%||Parma Nand||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,441||43.17%||Ram Chand||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||7,357||33.64%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,084'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|59||[[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency|Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South]]||74.38%||[[Janak Raj Gupta]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,603||48.46%||Rangil Singh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||7,166||27.55%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''5,437'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|60||[[Jammu Cantonment Assembly constituency|Jammu Cantonment]]||55.35%||Parduman Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,600||28.6%||Ved Bhasin||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||5,426||27.71%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''174'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|61||[[Jammu West Assembly constituency|Jammu West]]||53.73%||Harbans Lal Bhagotra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||10,956||54.76%||Romesh Chander||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,599||37.98%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,357'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|62||[[Jammu East Assembly constituency|Jammu East]]||52.99%||Ram Nath Bhalgotra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||13,179||61.78%||Amrit Kumar Malhotra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,141||24.1%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''8,038'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|63||[[Jandrah Gharota Assembly constituency|Jandrah Gharota]]||61.07%||Dhan Raj Bargotra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||8,550||38.08%||Ranjit Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,112||27.22%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,438'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|64||[[Marh Assembly constituency|Marh]]||54.6%||Tulsi Ram||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||5,527||32.96%||Sushil Kumar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,553||27.15%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''974'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|65||[[Akhnoor Assembly constituency|Akhnoor]]||70.63%||Dharam Pal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,635||37.67%||[[Govind Ram Sharma]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,517||19.7%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,118'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|66||[[Chhamb Assembly constituency|Chhamb]]||74.39%||Ram Nath||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,352||38.52%||Dewan Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,106||16.91%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''5,246'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|67||[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]||45.32%||[[Mangat Ram Sharma]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,829||29.96%||Uttam Chand||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,885||24.1%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''944'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|68||[[Billawar Assembly constituency|Billawar]]||54.25%||Dhian Singh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,328||57.57%||Thakur Randhir Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,258||29.23%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''6,070'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|69||[[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]]||60.96%||Dhain Chand||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||10,022||44.9%||Punjabu Ram Alias Punjab Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,023||40.43%||style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''999'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|70||[[Hiranagar Assembly constituency|Hiranagar]]||69.54%||[[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,623||50.39%||Rattan Lal||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||9,912||36.66%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''3,711'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|71||[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]||60.01%||Beli Ram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,832||30.89%||Rattan Singh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,416||29.25%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''416'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|72||[[Darhal Assembly constituency|Darhal]]||46.9%||[[Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||11,433||57.94%||Abdul Rashid Mirza||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,717||23.91%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''6,716'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|73||[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]]||59.62%||Talib Hussain||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,390||39.98%||Mohammed Sharif||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||7,365||31.36%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,025'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|74||[[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]]||68.84%||[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,608||52.37%||Mohammed Syed Beg||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||9,346||42.16%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''2,262'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|75||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||65.23%||Rafiq Hissain Khan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,556||30.96%||Mohammed Sadiq||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||6,479||30.59%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<span style="color:black;">'''77'''</span><br />
|-<br />
|76||[[Haveli Assembly constituency|Haveli]]||48.26%||Ghulam Ahmed||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||8,915||51.31%||Lal Hussain Mustaq||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||4,616||26.57%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|<span style="color:white;">'''4,299'''</span><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Government formation==<br />
Sheikh Abdullah was sworn in as the Chief Minister of the State following the election. [[Mirza Afzal Beg]] was sworn in as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] .<br />
<br />
By the end of the 1970s, the seventy-year-old Sheikh Abdullah anointed his son [[Farooq Abdullah]] as his successor. Following Sheikh's death in 1982, Farooq Abdullah was appointed as the Chief Minister. The National Conference government completed a full five-year term.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=90}}<br />
<br />
Before his death, Sheikh Abdullah initiated a controversial 'Grant of Permit for Resettlement' bill in the State's Legislative Assembly. As per the bill, any state subject of Jammu and Kashmir before 14 May 1954 or any of his descendants could apply for resettlement in the State provided they swore allegiance to both the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|Constitution of the State]]. The bill was passed by the Legislative Assembly after Sheikh's death, but it aroused fears among the Hindus of Jammu that Pakistani sympathizers and agents could cross into the State and create tensions. The Central government forced Farooq Abdullah to refer the bill to the [[Supreme Court of India]] where it has been put into cold storage.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=129–130}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
All the elections held in Jammu and Kashmir before 1977 were plagued with corrupt electoral practices.{{sfn|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|p=57}} The elections of 1977 represented a 'democratic breakthrough', according to scholar Steve Widmalm. Politician [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] stated, 'Morarji Desai openly declared that anyone who would attempt to pursue some form of rigging would be severely punished, and this was quite effective'. The Congress party in the Central Government has therefore been regarded as an obstacle to the State's democratic functioning. The party regarded Jammu and Kashmir to be a sensitive border state, which was not 'ready for democracy'. Building Indian nationalism was considered far more important. Activist [[Balraj Puri]] has disagreed with the sentiment. In his view, democratic functioning was indeed a prerequisite to integration and national unity. As a result of the democratization process, he has asserted that there were ten years of peace with 'no fundamentalism, no secessionism, and no communalism'. JKLF's [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] has also endorsed the assessment. The observers he sent to the Kashmir Valley during the early 1980s reported that the situation was not conducive to inciting a rebellion.{{sfn|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|pp=57–61}} Journalist [[Tavleen Singh]] who covered the subsequent Assembly election in 1983 asked people wherever she went whether they regarded the plebiscite as an issue. 'Almost everywhere the answer was an emphatic no. People said that the past was dead and they were participating in this election as Indians,' she recounted.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=131}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0330396110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.2307/2645738}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Widmalm |first=Sten |title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOnwrHsyXDQC |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1578-7 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir|1977]]<br />
[[Category:1970s in Jammu and Kashmir|1977]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korzok_Monastery&diff=510546Korzok Monastery2026-01-08T06:33:40Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: starting details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Ladakh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br />
|name = Korzok Monastery<br />
|image =Korzok Gompa, Korzok Village, Rupshu Valley, Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India - 26.08.09.jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = Korzok Gompa<br />
|map_type = Ladakh#India<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|32.965758|78.253374|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline}}<br />
|map_caption = Location within India<br />
|location= [[Korzok]], on the western bank of the lake, [[Tso Moriri]] in [[Leh District]], [[Ladakh]]<br />
|founded_by = Kunga Lodro Ningpo<br />
|sect =<br />
|dedicated_to = <br />
|head_lama = <br />
|architecture = [[Tibet]]an [[Architecture]]<br />
|festivals= Korzok Gu-stor<br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Korzok''', དཀོར་མཛོད་ (wylie dkor-mdzod) is a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] monastery belonging to the [[Drukpa Lineage]]. It is located in the [[Korzok]] village, on the northwestern bank of [[Tso Moriri]], a lake in [[Leh District]] of [[Ladakh]], a [[union territory]] of India. The [[gompa]] ([[monastery]]), at {{convert|4560|m|ft}}, houses a [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] and other statues. It is home to about seventy monks.<ref name=Ramsar>{{cite web |date=20 December 2002 |url= https://www.ramsar.org/news/india-designates-eleven-new-wetlands-international-importance |title= India designates eleven new Wetlands of International Importance |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Ramsar}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the past, the monastery was the headquarters of the [[Rupshu|Rupshu Valley]]. It is an independent monastery under Korzok Rinpoche, widely known as Langna Rinpoche. The third Korzok Rinpoche, Kunga Lodro Ningpo was the founder of Korzok Monastery.<br />
<br />
The monastery is 300 years old. The Tso Moriri below it is also held in reverence and considered equally sacred by the local people. With the efforts of the [[WWF-India]], Tso Moriri has been pledged as a 'Sacred Gift for a Living Planet' by the local community (mostly [[Chang pa]] herdsmen). As a result, the area has been opened up for tourists.<ref name=wwf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/tsomoriri.cfm |title=Tsomoriri |access-date=2009-11-21 |website=WWF India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302045719/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/tsomoriri.cfm |archive-date=2 March 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Korzok'' is a derivation from two words, namely {{Transliteration|lbj|kor}} meaning a 'place' in the [[Ladakhi language]] and {{Transliteration|lbj|zok}} which is said to derive from {{Transliteration|lbj|dzot-pa}}, meaning 'manager'. Over time, the sound of the final consonant of the {{Transliteration|lbj|dzot}} element has changed to the [[velar consonant]] {{IPA|[k]}} instead of the original [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|[t]}}.<ref name=Jina/>{{failed verification|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
An alternative attribution is that shepherds working for the monasteries in the nearby hamlets kept the king's cattle at this place, not only to tend them but to also extract milk, cheese and butter. Hence, the place came to be known as "Korzok".{{explain|date=November 2023}} It is said that the [[nomads]] were exploited by the monastery as they were paid very meagre amounts for the services rendered. Hence the place was given the name 'Korzok' (meaning: acquired by unfair means).<ref name=Jina/>{{failed verification|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The history of Korzok is traced back to kings who ruled in the inhospitable terrain and fought several wars. They suffered several setbacks in wars and had to lead a nomadic life in isolation. One of the kings of this nomadic lineage had sent his emissary to [[Tibet]] seeking help. He brought a [[Lama]] from Tibet who established the monastery at Korzok about 300 years ago. Since then the nomads preferred to change their animistic religion and adopt to [[Buddhism]]. They preferred living peacefully and in harmony with their surroundings and animals. The reign of the nomadic kingdom ended with their last King Tsewang Yurgyal, who ruled until August 1947 when India became a democratic country.<ref name=Kohli>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Harish |title=Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh |date=2000 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-106-1 |page=109|access-date=2009-11-22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&q=Korzok&pg=PA101}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable" align="left" width="30%" style="font-size:85%; border:1px solid orange;"<br />
|+ Statues inside Korzok Monastery<br />
|width="40%" align="center" valign="left"|[[File:Korzok Monastery6.jpg|150px]]<br />
|width="40%" align="center" valign="left"|[[File:Inside Korzok Gompa.jpg|150px]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"|[[Shakyamuni Buddha]] and other statues<br />
|valign="top"|[[Chortens]] and a Buddha statue<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Korzok was in the [[Central Asia]]n trade route till 1947 and was the headquarters of [[Rupshu]] Valley. One of the kings, Rupshu Goba, who lived there with his family, built nine permanent houses there.<ref name=Jina>{{cite book |last=Jina |first=Prem Singh |title=High pasturelands of Ladakh Himalaya |date=1995 |page=49|access-date=2009-11-22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2jv3ETBwBUC&q=Korzok&pg=PA49 |publisher= Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7387-026-2 |edition=1st}}</ref><br />
<br />
The village has several houses, but the floating population of the nomads, establishing their tents (made of [[yak]] hair or skin) in summer, adds to the agricultural operations in the region.<ref name=Kohli/> The tents are provided with vents at the top to let out smoke. [[Pashmina]] (yak's wool) is the valuable product that the Changmas trade along with the salt that they extract from large salt fields in the area, such as the springs at Puga. They barter these two products for food grains and other necessities. In Korzok, in recent years, building activity is on the rise with the nomadic tribes changing their life style.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Datta |first= Rangan |date= 16 June 2004 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url=http://www.rangan-datta.info/Tso%20moriri.htm |title=Tso Moriri – Tea with Changpas |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |archive-date=29 September 2022 |via=Rangan Datta website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105255/http://www.rangan-datta.info/Tso%20moriri.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structures==<br />
[[File:Chortens in Korzok.jpg|thumb|right|A number of [[chorten]]s in Korzok village]]<br />
Korzok monastery as seen now is said to have been re-built in the 19th century on the right bank of the Tsomoriri River. The old monastery was built on a gentle slope, unlike other monasteries that are generally perched on hill tops. An impressive ''photong'' is also located near to the Gompa. A number of [[chortens]] are also seen near the monastery.<ref name=Bindloss>{{Cite book|last1=Bindloss|first1=Joe|first2=Sarina |last2=Singh |title=India |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/386 386] |access-date=2009-11-22 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari |publisher= Lonely Planet|date=2007|isbn= 978-1-74104-308-2}}</ref><ref name=sacred>{{multiref|1={{cite news |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Tsomoriri |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN1213RIS.pdf |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=Ramsar |date=19 August 2002 |page=5 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930221102/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN1213RIS.pdf}}|2={{Cite web|url=http://kunzum.com/2009/11/17/tso-moriri-in-ladakh-a-sacred-gift-for-a-living-planet/ |first=Ajay |last=Jain|website=Kunzum |date=17 November 2009 |title=Tso Moriri in Ladakh: A sacred gift for a living planet |access-date=2009-11-23 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611205702/http://kunzum.com/2009/11/17/tso-moriri-in-ladakh-a-sacred-gift-for-a-living-planet/|url-status=dead}}}}</ref><ref name=Outlook>{{Cite magazine|title=Manali to Leh: The road trip of a lifetime |last=Jain |first=Akshai |magazine=Outlook Traveller Magazine|pages=54–67 |volume=VIII |issue=VII | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEEAAAAMBAJ&q|publisher=Outlook Publishing|date=July 2008}}</ref> Korzok settlement is considered one of the oldest settlements of the world at this elevation.<br />
<ref name=oldest>{{Cite web |url=http://www.volunteerinindia.com/Volunteer_moriri.htm |date=2008 |title=Volunteer Tso Moriri |website= Volunteer in India |access-date=2009-11-23|url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828230957/http://www.volunteerinindia.com/Volunteer_moriri.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
The monastery houses the statue of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] along with images of other deities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=2009-11-22 |url=http://reachladakh.com/changthang.htm |title=Chang Thang |website= Reach Ladakh |archive-date=24 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624025955/http://reachladakh.com/changthang.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The monastery has beautiful ancient paintings ([[thangka]]s) which have been restored.<ref name=Outlook/>{{rp|59}}<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Kyang at Tsomoriri.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tsomoriri|Tso Moriri]] (lake) and wildlife]]<br />
Located {{cvt|211|km}} southeast of [[Leh]], {{cvt|164|km}} southeast of [[Upshi]], east of [[Miru, Ladakh|Meroo]] and {{cvt|58|km}} south of [[Mahe, Ladakh|Mahe]], Korzok Monastery is on the northwestern bank of Ladakh's Tso Moriri (lake), one of the highest lakes in the world of its size. The lake covers an area of {{convert|120|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=Outlook/>{{rp|87}} The water of the lake is partly brackish and partly sweet, with a depth of {{convert|30|m|ft}}. The valley formed by the Tso Moriri and other lakes, is part of the Rupshu Valley and Plateau. The lake and its surrounding area is a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] designated wetland.<ref name=wwf/><br />
<br />
Korzok is on the Ladakhi portion of the [[Changthang]] plateau amidst snow peaks that are the source of water to the lake. The Rupshu -Changthang area is a unique landscape. The barley fields in the Korzok village vicinity tended by the nomadic Changpa herdsmen (apart from the monks staying in the monastery) have been claimed to be the highest cultivated land in the world.<ref name=Ramsar/> The nomadic herdsmen seen here living in tents only, rear herds of goats, cows and yaks. Among the wildlife seen in the area are Himalayan birds, [[kiang]] (Tibetan wild ass), [[fox]]es and [[marmot]]s.<ref name=Ramsar/><ref name=wwf/><ref name=Bindloss/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladakhvoyages.com/ladakh-sightseeing.htm|title=Ladakh Sightseeing and Places of interest|access-date=2009-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704154948/http://www.ladakhvoyages.com/ladakh-sightseeing.htm|archive-date=4 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The streams, which rise in the valley, are used for irrigation. Summer temperatures in the area reach a high of {{convert|36|C|F}} and a low of {{convert|5|C|F}}.<ref name=Jina/><br />
<br />
==Local festival==<br />
{{anchor | Fedtival}}<br />
[[File:Korzok Monastery8.jpg|thumb|right|Masks used during the dance festival]]<br />
The '''Korzok Gu-stor festival''' is held at the monastery and attracts many Chang-pa, the [[Tibetan Plateau]] nomadic herdsmen.<ref name="Footloose">{{cite web|url=http://footlooseindia.com/ladakhtours/korzokgustor.htm|title=Korzok Gustor Festival|year=2007|website=Footloose India|access-date=1 September 2008}}</ref> At the festival masks are worn by the dancers to represent the [[Dharmapalas]] (guardian divinities of the Buddhist pantheon), and the patron divinities of the [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] sect of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref name="Footloose"/><br />
The annual monastic festival is also held not only at Korzok but also at the Thuje in the Chungthan valley where the nomadic tribes fervently participate in the rituals. They not only make donations to the monasteries but also dedicate one son from each family to the monastery. It is said that the local nomads are so dedicated to Buddhism that opposite to their tents they allocate space to keep symbolic statue images of the [[Rinpoche]], usually the [[Dalai Lama]], along with the seven offering cups, in perfect harmony with their own folk (nomadic) religious deities and spirits.<ref name=Rosing>{{Cite book |last1=Rösing |first1=Ina |author2=Sonam Norboo Spurkhapa |title=Shamanic trance and amnesia: With the Shamans of the Changpa nomads in Ladakhi Changthang |pages=89–92 |access-date=2009-11-21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-951I-leYtsC&q=Korzok+Monastery&pg=PA90 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |date=2006 |isbn=978-81-8069-247-5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
[[File:Korzok Monastery.jpg|right|thumb|Tented accommodation near the [[Tsomoriri]] Lake]]<br />
The monastery is located to the southeast of [[Leh]], at a road distance of {{convert|215|km|mi}}. It is also approachable from [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. Leh is also connected by air with many destinations in India.<br />
<br />
A permit—obtainable only at Leh—is essential for entry into the area. Only tented accommodation, pitched on the banks of the Tso Moriri, is available for visitors.<ref name=Bindloss/><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths=160px heights=120px perrow=4><br />
File:Chorten at Korzok Phu.jpg|A [[chorten]] in Kurzok<br />
File:Korzok Monastery3.jpg|View of the Korzok Monastery<br />
File:Korzok Monastery4.jpg|Painting in the Korzok Monastery<br />
File:Korzok Monastery5.jpg|Paintings in the Korzok Monastery<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
<br />
* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]<br />
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Linrothe |first=Rob |editor1=Ann Heirman |editor2=Carmen Meinert |editor3=Christoph Anderl |series=Dynamics in the History of Religions |title=Buddhist encounters and identities across East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Boston |isbn=978-90-04-36600-8 |pages=52–80 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/e6cb2377-7bba-4f82-9839-2122d2c906d2/9789004366152.pdf |chapter=Noise along the Network: A Set of Chinese Ming Embroidered Thangkas in the Indian Himalayas |doi=10.1163/9789004366152_004|postscript=:}}<br />
{{block indent|1=Describes a set of rare Ming devotional embroideries ([[thangka]]s) dating from the early fifteenth century held at the Korzok Monastery. The author viewed the textiles in 2010 when they were displayed for a festival. Includes images.}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Korzok Monastery}}<br />
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Korzok+ Flickr images]<br />
<br />
{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}<br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in India]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Hydrogen_Ship&diff=521076National Hydrogen Ship2026-01-05T19:34:29Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: added new article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{orphan|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
}}<br />
'''National Hydrogen Ship''' is a [[hydrogen]]-powered passenger vessel manufactured using indigenous Indian technology. It was inaugurated on December 11, 2025, by the Union Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], during a ceremony held at the Namo Ghat in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/india-embarks-on-indigenous-green-hydrogen-shipbuilding-mission/article69909917.ece | title=India embarks on indigenous green hydrogen shipbuilding mission | accessdate=4 January 2026}}</ref> The vessel will operate for passenger transport between Namo Ghat and [[Lalita Ghat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indias-first-indigenous-hydrogen-fuel-cell-passenger-vessel-begins-commercial-operations-in-varanasi/ |title=India's first indigenous hydrogen fuel cell passenger vessel begins commercial operations in Varanasi |website=ddnews.gov.in |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Objectives==<br />
The primary objectives behind the creation of this ship are to prioritize green energy usage, enhance inter-city connectivity, and provide public convenience while reducing both travel time and costs.<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
<br />
This marks the first time in the country that a hydrogen-powered ship service has been launched. This project not only showcases India's technological advancement but is also an eco-friendly green energy initiative.<br />
<br />
===Environmental Impact===<br />
Since it utilizes [[hydrogen fuel]] instead of [[Diesel engine|diesel]], its only emission is water vapor.<br />
<br />
===National Vision===<br />
As an extension of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, it aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production by 2030 and reduce carbon emissions in maritime transport.<br />
<br />
===Waterway Development===<br />
It highlights the importance of inland waterways in India's overall growth.<br />
<br />
==Construction and Funding==<br />
<br />
The vessel was constructed at the [[Cochin Shipyard]] under the Harit Nauka (Green Boat) initiative of the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pm-modi-launches-hydrogen-powered-ferry-features-significance-9188830/ |title=PM Modi launches hydrogen-powered ferry: features, significance |date=2024-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref> The total Cost of the project was ₹17.5 crore. The Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways provided 75% of the total cost.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2202412&reg=3&lang=1 | title=India's First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel Begins Commercial Service in Varanasi; Sarbananda Sonowal Flags Off Maiden Run Maiden | accessdate=4 January 2026}}</ref> Operating boats and ships using hydrogen fuel is part of the Central Government's long-term plan to modernize inland waterway transport.<br />
<br />
==Key Features of the project==<br />
* India has become the fifth country in the world—after [[China]], [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Japan]]—to operate ships using hydrogen fuel.<br />
* It is a 24-meter long [[catamaran]] type vessel.<br />
* It operates on the [[National Waterway 1]] (NW-1) route along the Ganges River.<br />
* A single hydrogen refueling allows the ship to operate for approximately 8 hours.<br />
* The vessel has a seating capacity for 50 passengers.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hydrogen ships]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._T._Kurien&diff=492709C. T. Kurien2025-12-27T05:54:11Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian economist (1931–2024)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = C. T. Kurien<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|7|2|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|7|23|1931|7|2|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| other_names = CTK<br />
| known_for = Life long work with a deep focus on economics for understanding and eradicating poverty<br />
| notable_works = Wealth and Illfare, Economics of Real Life<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Economist|eacher}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|<br />
* [[Madras Christian College]] (1953)<br />
* [[Stanford University]] ([[PhD]])}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Christopher Thomas Kurien''' (2 July 1931 – 23 July 2024), popularly known as '''CTK''', was an Indian professor of economics based in [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]. He wrote many books on economics and was defined as having [[centre-left politics]] ideology.<ref name=Pani2012/><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Born on 2 July 1931,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iI4AAAAIAAJ&q=Christopher+Thomas+Kurien+1931 |title=Two-in-one Special Edition of the International Authors and Writers Who's Who, International Who's who in Poetry |date=1982 |publisher=International Biographical Centre |language=en}}</ref> Kurien attended [[Madras Christian College]], graduating in 1953 with a master's degree in economics.<br />
He went on to [[Stanford University]], where he was awarded a PhD in 1962.<ref name="meatrust" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Returning to Madras Christian College between 1962 and 1978, he was professor and head of the Department of Economics. Kurien was a National Fellow of the University Grants Commission from 1975 to 1977. In 1978, he was appointed director of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]], a national centre for social science research, holding this position for ten years. He was a National Fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research from 1992 to 1994. <br />
He was chairman of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] from 1997 to 2003, when he retired from academic work.<ref name=meatrust/><br />
<br />
Kurien received the University Grants Commission's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996. He was appointed the first chairman of the Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust in 1999.<br />
He was president of the Indian Economic Association in 2002.<ref name=meatrust/> In 2003, he delivered the Dr. Stanley Samartha Memorial lecture to the [[Bangalore Initiative for Religious Dialogue]], speaking on the topic: ''"Communal harmony – A societal perspective"''.<ref name=APEnews>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.apenews.org/newsread.asp?nid=224<br />
|work=Asia Pacific Ecumenicaql News<br />
|title=Arun Shourie to deliver Stanley Samartha memorial lecture<br />
|date=September 2009<br />
|accessdate=13 April 2012<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130112054809/http://www.apenews.org/newsread.asp?nid=224<br />
|archivedate=12 January 2013<br />
}}</ref> As of 2012 he was a member of the board of the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.isec.ac.in/institute.html<br />
|title=The Institute<br />
|publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change<br />
|accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref><br />
His most recent book ''"WEALTH AND ILLFARE — An Expedition into Real Life Economics"'' was published in 2012, when the author was 80.<br />
It provides an accessible overview of economics, but questions the value of an economic system based on the pure pursuit of profit.<ref name=Pani2012/><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Kurien died on 23 July 2024, at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=<!--Staff byline, no author name given.--> |date=24 July 2024 |title=C.T. Kurien, distinguished economist, no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ct-kurien-distinguished-economist-no-more/article68440057.ece |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725013933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ct-kurien-distinguished-economist-no-more/article68440057.ece |archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Our five year plans<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society |year=1966 |pages=199}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Indian economic crisis: a diagnostic study<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Asia Pub. House |year=1969 |pages=123}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=A theoretical approach to the Indian economy<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1970 |pages=64}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Poverty and development<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Christian Literature Society |year=1974 |pages=209}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Poverty, planning, and social transformation<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Allied |year=1978 |pages=174}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Economic change in Tamil Nadu, 1960–1970: a regionally and functionally disaggregated analysis<br />
|author1=C. T. Kurien |author2=Josef James |publisher=Allied |year=1979 |pages=374}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Mission and Proclamation: The Church in India Today and Other Pieces<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Christian Literature Society |year=1981 |pages=116}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Dynamics of Rural Transformation: A Study of Tamil Nadu, 1950–1980<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=University of Nevada Press |year=1989 |isbn=086311086X |pages=169}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Economy, society, and development: essays and reflections in honour of Malcolm S. Adiseshiah<br />
|author1=C. T. Kurien |author2=E. R. Prabhakar |author3=Sarvepalli Gopal |author4=Malcolm S. Adiseshiah |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1991 |isbn=0803996985 |pages=331}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=The economy: an interpretive introduction<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Sage |year=1992 |isbn=0803994281 |pages=436}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Growth and justice: aspects of India's development experience<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |pages=295}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Global capitalism and the Indian economy<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Orient Longman |year=1994<br />
|isbn=8125002723 |pages=132}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Rethinking economics: reflections based on a study of the Indian economy<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Sage Publications |year=1996 |isbn=0803993099 |pages=272}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Economic Reforms and the People<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Madhyam Books |year=1996 |pages=84}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|title=Wealth and Illfare: An Expedition into Real Life Economics<br />
|author=C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Books for Change |year=2012 |pages=253}}<br />
<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name=meatrust>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.meatrust.in/ctkurien.html<br />
|title=Dr. C. T. Kurien<br />
|publisher=Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust<br />
|accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Pani2012>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3247623.ece<br />
|work=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|date=26 March 2012<br />
|title=Conceiving an alternative future<br />
|author=NARENDAR PANI<br />
|accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurien, C. T.}}<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata_Marcopolo&diff=450300Tata Marcopolo2025-12-26T15:02:52Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Joint venture company involved in manufacturing of buses and coaches}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Tata Marcopolo Motors Ltd.<br />
| type = [[Joint venture]]<br />
| logo = Tata Marcopolo logo.jpg<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| slogan = <br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008||}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| location_city = Marcopolo Manu Unit, [[Karnataka]]<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| area_served = [[India]]<br />
| key_people = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = {{ubl<br />
|[[Tata Motors]]<br />
}}<br />
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br />
| products = Fully built buses and coaches<br />
| subsid = <br />
| parent = <br />
| homepage = <br />
}}[[File:Tata Marcopolo Green Chandigarh Ind.jpg|thumb|A Tata Marcopolo bus in [[Chandigarh]], India.]]<br />
<br />
'''Tata Marcopolo''' (officially '''Tata Marcopolo Motors Ltd.''') is a bus and coach manufacturing company with headquarters in [[Karnataka]], India.<br />
<br />
It was incorporated as a joint venture between [[Tata Motors]] and [[Marcopolo S.A.]] In December 2020, Marcopolo and Tata Motors came to an agreement, whereby Tata Motors would purchase the 49 percent stake held by Marcopolo in the bus-making joint venture for {{currency|100|INR}} [[crore]], bringing curtains to the 14-year old partnership and paving the way for a smooth exit for the Brazilian company. The deal was completed on 29 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Tata Motors acquires full stake of the JV - Tata Marcopolo Motors |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/tata-motors-acquires-full-stake-of-the-jv-tata-marcopolo-motors-article-93900078 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The deal allowed Tata Motors to continue using the ‘Marcopolo’ trademark for a minimum of three years with a non-compete provision in [[India]] for a corresponding period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/tata-motors-to-buy-remaining-49-share-in-tata-marcopolo-motors-for-nearly-rs-100-crore-2339829|title=Tata Motors To Buy Remaining 49% Share In Tata Marcopolo Motors For Nearly ₹ 100 Crore |access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
The primary bus manufacturing and building unit started in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], with an output of 8 buses per day.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} A second production facility is at [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]], and this facility can produce up to 30,000 buses per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-29 |title=Tata Motors & Marcopolo {{!}} Bus & Chassis Manufacturing Facilities |url=https://www.buses.tatamotors.com/about-tata-motors/infrastructure/tata-manufacturing-facilities/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Tata Motors Buses {{!}} Range of BS IV Buses from Tata Motors |language=en}}</ref> Tata Marcopolo buses were seen at Bus World exhibitions too, and it was able to capture the attention of customers and viewers. 9/12m electric buses have been launched by Tata Marcopolo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-28 |title=TATA MOTORS BUSES {{!}} Urban 9/12m AC Electric Bus Specs {{!}} Tata Motors Buses |url=https://www.buses.tatamotors.com/products/brands/starbus/tata-urban-9-12m-ac-electric-bus/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Tata Motors Buses {{!}} Range of BS IV Buses from Tata Motors |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sales ==<br />
The company received 300 bus orders from some state governments of [[India]], each bus costing around {{currency|1|INR}} [[crore]].Tata Marcopolo buses are being used in several Indian cities as part of the local transport fleets like [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Mysore|Mysuru]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Madurai]], [[Naya Raipur]], [[Indore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Thane]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Amritsar]], [[Amaravati]], etc.<br />
It is a low-floor bus with both air-conditioned and non air-conditioned variants available.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:DTC low-floor bus.jpg|Tata Marcopolo CNG bus in Delhi, India<br />
<br />
File:Old and New DTC Bus.jpg|Tata Marcopolo DTC bus and older Tata DTC bus side by side rear view<br />
File:AC Purple Marcopolo.jpg|WBHIDCO AC Tata Marcopolo purple series bus in Kolkata<br />
<br />
File:Best CNG Hybrid.png|A Tata Marcopolo CNG hybrid bus in Mumbai<br />
File:DTC Bus Green Non AC.jpg|DTC Tata non-AC bus<br />
File:DTC AC Bus.jpg|DTC Tata AC bus<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Buses}}<br />
* [[List of buses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tata Motors}}<br />
{{Bus manufacturing companies of Asia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tata buses]]<br />
[[Category:Bus manufacturers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Former joint ventures]]<br />
<br />
{{bus-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurada&diff=474521Kurada2025-11-25T02:47:42Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: further adjusted intro after review further and updated info after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kurada<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.886319|N|82.118336|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karapa]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[East Godavari district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Pedakurapadu|url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Kurada&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes|accessdate=6 August 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050908/http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Kurada&units=m|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| elevation_m = 19<br />
| population_total = 3559<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626893|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Kurada%20&district=East%20Godavari 533 xxx]<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kurada''' is situated in [[East Godavari district]] in [[Karapa]], in [[Andhra Pradesh State]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles&diff=4752986th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles2025-11-01T03:19:28Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: further fixed citations per sources also and corrected details after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name= 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates= 1817–1994<br />
|country={{flagcountry|British Raj}}<br>{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|branch={{army|United Kingdom}}<br />
|type=Rifles<br />
|role=[[Light Infantry]]<br />
|size=1–4 battalions (One: 1817–1903, two: 1903–68, three: 1940–47, four: 1941–46)<br />
|garrison=[[British Hong Kong]]<br />
|ceremonial_chief=<br />
|ceremonial_chief_label=<br />
|colonel_of_the_regiment=<br />
|nickname=<br />
|motto=<br />
|colors= Green; faced black<br />
|march=Young May Moon'' (Quick March)''<br />
|mascot=<br />
|battles=[[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]<br><br />
[[World War I|Great War]]<br />
* [[Gallipoli campaign]]<br />
* [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian campaign]]<br />
* [[Mesopotamian campaign]]<br />
[[World War II|Second World War]]<br />
* [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]<br />
* [[Burma campaign]]<br />
[[Malayan Emergency]]<br><br />
[[Indonesian Confrontation|Confrontation]]<br />
|notable_commanders=<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
|decorations=2 [[Victoria Cross|VCs]]<br />
|identification_symbol=[[File:6th Gurkhas Crossed Kukris Shoulder Flash.PNG|70px]]<br />
|identification_symbol_label=Shoulder Flash<br />
|identification_symbol_2='''6 GR'''<br />
|identification_symbol_2_label=Abbreviation<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles''' was a [[rifle regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]], before being transferred to the [[British Army]] following India's independence. Originally raised in 1817 as part of the army of the British [[East India Company]], the [[regiment]] has been known by a number of names throughout its history. Initially the unit did not recruit from the [[Gurkha]]s, although after being transferred to the British Indian Army following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], it became a purely Gurkha regiment, in due course with its regimental headquarters at [[Abbottabad]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]] of [[British India]]. After 1947 the regiment was one of only four Gurkha regiments to be transferred to the British Army and this continued up until 1994, when it was amalgamated with other Gurkha regiments to form the [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]]. Over the course of its 177-year history, the regiment was awarded 25 battle honours, although prior to [[World War I]] it had only been awarded one and no battle honours were awarded to it after [[World War II]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Beginnings===<br />
[[File:42nd Gurkha Light Infantry, later 6th Gurkha Rifles, c. 1890.jpg|thumb|left|42nd Gurkha Light Infantry, c. 1890]]<br />
<br />
The regiment was initially raised in 1817 as the '''Cuttack Legion''' as part of the army of the East India Company.<ref name=6thgrorg>{{cite web|title=History of the 6th Gurkhas |url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_history.shtml |publisher=6th Gurkhas.org |access-date=2009-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829045842/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_history.shtml |archive-date=2008-08-29 }}</ref> This was a unit of Indian natives from the Cuttack City of [[Odisha]] area and initially it was used to maintain order in the region, before moving to Northern [[Bengal]] in 1823 when it became known as the '''Rungpoor Light Infantry'''.<br />
<br />
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] the regiment remained "loyal" to the British and two of its members were awarded with the [[Indian Order of Merit]],<ref name=6thgrorg/> which was the highest award that a Gurkha could receive until 1911 when Gurkhas became eligible for the Victoria Cross.<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 61–62.</ref><br />
<br />
Following this, the regiment was transferred to the newly formed [[British Indian Army]] and as time passed, the regiment began recruiting [[Nepal]]ese [[Gurkhas]] into its ranks—initially only two [[company (military unit)|companies]] of Gurkhas were formed, but, over time, more and more were recruited until it eventually became a pure Gurkha regiment, being numbered as the '''42nd Regiment of Goorkha Light Infantry''' in 1886.<ref name=lineage>{{cite web|url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_titles.shtml|title=6th Gurkha's Regimental Titles|publisher=6th Gurkhas.org|access-date=2009-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724211116/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_titles.shtml|archive-date=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the period before the [[First World War]], the regiment was primarily involved in patrolling the north-east border of [[India]], indeed it remained in eastern India for 77 years, and as such the regiment gained only a single [[battle honour]] up to 1914.<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
In 1899 the regiment moved from Assam to [[Abbottabad]], in present-day Pakistan, and began operations on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]].<ref name=6thgrorg/> In 1903, the regiment was also renumbered as the 6th Gurkha Rifles.<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 87–88.</ref> A year later, a second battalion for the regiment was raised from a cadre taken from the 1st Battalion.<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
===First World War===<br />
[[Image:KhanBaghdadi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The 2nd Battalion, 6th Gurkha Rifles of [[42nd Indian Brigade]] march towards the [[action of Khan Baghdadi]]]]<br />
During the First World War the regiment was expanded further with the raising of a third battalion.<ref name=6thgrorg/> The regiment served in a number of theatres during the war, including Persia, the Middle East, Turkey and Greece.<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
The 1st Battalion had the distinction of being the first Gurkha unit to arrive at [[Gallipoli]], landing at Cape Helles on 25 April 1915.<ref>Parker 2005, p. 116.</ref> Their first major operation saw them attack an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] position that was doing significant damage to Allied forces with [[machine guns]]—this involved them going up a 300-foot (91 metre) vertical slope which had defeated both the [[Royal Marines|Royal Marine Light Infantry]] and the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]]—however, the Gurkhas gained the position with ease.<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 118–119.</ref> Eighteen Gurkhas were killed in this action and another forty-two were wounded. For their sacrifice, this area is now known as ''Gurkha Bluff''.<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 117–118.</ref><br />
<br />
The 2nd Battalion meanwhile began service with the [[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]]<ref name=Perry42>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=42}}</ref> and in April 1916 transferred to the new [[15th Indian Division]] where it served the remainder of the war in [[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia]].<ref name=Perry134>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=134}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 3rd Battalion was formed as the ''3rd Gurkha Reserve Battalion'' on 5 February 1917<ref name=Perry177>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=177}}</ref> at [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name=Perry43>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=43}}</ref> In February 1918, it was transferred to the [[Bannu Brigade]] on the North East Frontier.<ref name=Perry154>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=154}}</ref> With the brigade, it served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919.<ref name=Perry156>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=156}}</ref> It was disbanded on 1 February 1921.<ref name=Gaylor235>{{harvnb|Gaylor|1996|p=235}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Inter-war years===<br />
Between the First and Second World Wars the regiment was reduced to two battalions once more and they returned to the North-West Frontier where they were employed on garrison duties.<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
===Second World War===<br />
The Second World War saw the expansion of all ten Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army, and the 6th Gurkhas raised a further two battalions, numbered as the 3rd and 4th Battalions.<ref>Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 31.</ref> Over the course of the conflict, battalions of the regiment fought in [[Italy]] and [[Burma]], and also in [[Waziristan]] on the North West Frontier (1940–41) where they served as garrison troops and saw action against [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] tribesmen.<ref name=6thgrorg/><ref>Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 114.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE1934.jpg|thumb|left|Men of the 6th Gurkha Rifles go into action at Singu on the Irrawaddy bridgehead with [[Stuart tank]]s in support, February 1945.]]<br />
<br />
In January 1943 the 2nd Battalion was attached to the [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]] which had just returned from the Western Desert after being almost destroyed at the [[Battle of Gazala]].<ref name=Rothwell>{{cite web|title=rothwell|url=http://www.rothwell.force9.co.uk/NA150541.htm}}</ref> At the end of the month the brigade was renamed as the [[43rd Indian Infantry Brigade (Lorried)]]. The brigade and its Gurkha battalions were sent to [[Italy]] in mid-1944 as an Independent brigade and fought in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].<ref name=Chappell58>Chappell 1993, p. 58.</ref><br />
<br />
It was during the [[Burma Campaign]], that the regiment received its first [[Victoria Cross]], in fact two awards were made to members of the regiment for actions on the same day. Captain [[Michael Allmand]] and Rifleman [[Tulbahadur Pun]]<ref name=6thgurkhasvc>{{cite web|title=6th Gurkha's Victoria Crosses|url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_vc.shtml|publisher=6th Gurkhas.org|access-date=2009-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011131906/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_vc.shtml|archive-date=2008-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> were awarded the VC for their actions during the fighting around the Pin Hmi Road Bridge at the [[Battle of Mogaung]] in Burma on 23 June 1944 while serving with the 3rd Battalion<ref>Referred to as the 3/6th.</ref> who were taking part [[Operation Thursday]], which was the second Chindit expedition.<ref>Parker 2005, pp. 193–198.</ref> The 3rd Battalion's involvement in this operation proved very costly and they suffered 126 killed, 352 wounded and 7 missing.<ref>These casualties were broken down as follows: British officers—11 killed and 9 wounded; Gurkha officers—6 killed, 8 wounded and Gurkha other ranks—109 killed, 335 wounded and 7 missing.</ref> As well as the two previously mentioned VCs, members of the battalion also received the following awards: 2 [[Distinguished Service Order|DSOs]], 3 IOMs, 6 [[Military Cross|MCs]], 4 [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSMs]], 12 [[Military Medal|MMs]], 3 [[Silver Star|US Silver Stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|title=The Battle for Mogaung|publisher=6th Gurkhas.org|access-date=2009-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235622/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|archive-date=2008-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post 1947===<br />
In 1946 the regiment was reduced to three battalions, following the disbandment of the 4th Battalion. A year later, India gained its independence and under the 1947 [[Britain–India–Nepal Tripartite Agreement|Tri Partite Agreement]] four regiments of the Brigade of Gurkhas were allocated to the [[British Army]], while the other six were transferred to the newly formed independent [[Indian Army]].<ref>Parker 2005, p. 248.</ref> The 6th Gurkhas were one of the regiments that were transferred to the British Army, although the 3rd Battalion was transferred to the [[5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]], which was one of the battalions that had been allocated to the Indian Army, and the regiment was thus reduced to two battalions once more.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In 1959, the regiment was renamed as the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles in honour of [[Elizabeth II]].<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
As with other Gurkha regiments, the 6th Gurkhas primarily saw service in the Far East until the British withdrawal from East of Suez. Both battalions participated in the [[Malayan Emergency]].<ref name=6thgrorg/> Later, between 1962 and 1964, the 1st Battalion served in the United Kingdom. Between 1963 and 1966, both the 1st and 2nd Battalions saw service in Borneo during the [[Indonesian Confrontation|Confrontation]].<ref name=6thgrorg/><br />
<br />
On 16 June 1969, the 6th Gurkhas was reduced to a single [[battalion]], when the 1st and 2nd Battalions were amalgamated as the 1st Battalion.<ref name=6thgrorg/> The single battalion continued to rotate with the other Gurkha regiments between [[Hong Kong]], [[Brunei]] and [[Church Crookham]] until 1 July 1994. At that point, while in Hong Kong, the 1st Battalion was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion, [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]] to form the 1st Battalion, [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]].<ref name=Parker387>Parker 2005, p. 387.</ref><br />
<br />
==Lineage==<br />
1817–1823: The Cuttack Legion<br />1823–1823: Rungpore Local Battalion (January–March)<br />1823–1823: Rungpore Light Infantry (March–May)<br />1823–1826: 10th Rungpore Light Infantry<br />1826–1827: 8th Rungapore Light Infantry<br />1827–1844: 8th Assam Light Infantry<br />1844–1850: 8th/1st Light Infantry Battalion<br />1850–1861: 1st Assam Light Infantry Battalion<br />1861–1861: 46th Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry <br />1861–1865: 42nd Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry <br />1865–1885: 42nd (Assam) Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry<br />1885–1886: 42nd (Assam) Regiment of Bengal (Light) Infantry<br />1886–1889: 42nd Regiment Gurkha Light Infantry<br />1889–1891: 42nd (Gurkha) Regiment of Bengal Light Infantry<br />1891–1901: 42nd Gurkha (Rifle) Regiment of Bengal Light Infantry<br />1901–1903: 42nd Gurkha Rifles<br />1903–1959: 6th Gurkha Rifles<br />1959–1994: 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles.<ref name="lineage" /><br />
<br />
==Victoria Cross recipients==<br />
There have been two [[Victoria Cross]] recipients from the 6th Gurkhas. These were:<br />
* Lieutenant (acting Captain) [[Michael Allmand]], [[6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)]] attached to the 3rd Battalion, 6th Gurkha Rifles, 23 June 1944, Burma (posthumous); and<br />
* Rifleman [[Tulbahadur Pun]], 3rd Battalion, 23 June 1944, Burma.<ref name=Parker393>Parker 2005, p. 393.</ref><br />
<br />
==Battle honours==<br />
The 6th Gurkhas received the following [[battle honours]]:<br />
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Burma 1885–87]].<br />
* ''The Great War'': [[Landing at Cape Helles|Helles]], [[Battle of Krithia|Krithia]], [[Landing at Suvla Bay|Suvla]], [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]], [[Gallipoli 1915]], [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#First Suez Offensive|Suez Canal]], [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt 1915–16]], [[Action of Khan Baghdadi|Khan Baghdadi]], [[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia 1916–18]], [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persia 1916–1918]], [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier India 1915–17]].<br />
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]].<br />
* ''The Second World War'': Coriano, Sant Angelo, Monte Chicco, [[Gothic Line|Lamone Crossing]], [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Gaiana Crossing]], [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1944–45]], [[Burma 1942–45]], [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay#Movements in January|Shwebo]], [[Kyaukmyaung Bridgehead]], [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Mandalay]], [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945#Race for Rangoon|Rangoon Road 1945]], [[Chindits 1944]].<ref name=Parker387>Parker 2005, p. 387.</ref><br />
<br />
==Regimental Colonels==<br />
Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/06GR.htm |title=6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101204744/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/06GR.htm |archive-date=1 January 2007}}</ref><br />
;6th Gurkha Rifles<br />
* 1926–1951: F.M. Sir [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|William Riddell (Birdwood), 1st Lord Birdwood]], GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCVO, CIE, DSO<br />
* 1951–1961: Gen. Sir [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|John Harding]], GCB, CBE, DSO, MC, ADC (Field Marshal from 1953)<br />
;6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles (1959)<br />
* 1961–1969: Maj-Gen. James Alexander Rowland Robertson, GB, CBE, DSO<br />
* 1969–1974: Maj-Gen. [[Arthur Gordon Patterson]], CB, DSO, OBE, MC<br />
* 1974–1978: Brig. David Leonard Powell-Jones, DSO, OBE<br />
* 1978–1983: Col. (Hon. Brig.) Sir Noel Edward Vivian Short, Kt, MBE, MC<br />
* 1983–1988: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Derek Boorman]], KCB (also [[Staffordshire Regiment]])<br />
* 1988–1994: Maj-Gen. Raymond Austin Pett, MBE<br />
<br />
''*1994 Regiment amalgamated to form [[The Royal Gurkha Rifles]]''<br />
<br />
==Uniforms==<br />
The unique status of the unit until 1886 as the only Gurkha [[Light Infantry]] Regiment was reflected in its distinctive red coats. All other Gurkha regiments wore dark green uniforms and were designated as rifles.<ref>{{cite book|first=J.B.R.|last=Nicholson|pages=30–32 & plate D1|title=The Gurkha Rifles|date=15 June 1974 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-196-5}}</ref> A suggestion by the then Viceroy [[Lord Dufferin]] that the regiment change from light infantry to rifles was declined after long discussion on the grounds that recruits sought service in the distinctive ''Lai kurti paltan'' (red coat regiment) where they were sworn in on regimental colours (not carried by rifle regiments). While standardisation eventually converted the 1st Gurkha Light infantry to the 6th Gurkha Rifles the historic red was commemorated in the red ''toories'' on the [[rifle green]] Kilmarnock caps.<ref>W.Y. Carman, page 208 "Indian Army Uniforms under the British from the 18th century to 1947. Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgan-Gramian: London 1969"</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[John Lucas (MC)]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|title=The Gurkhas|publisher=Osprey Military Publishing|location=London|series=Elite series|date=30 September 1993 |isbn=978-1-85532-357-5}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Cross|first=J.P|author2=Buddhiman Gurung|title=Gurkhas at War: Eyewitness Accounts from World War II to Iraq|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|year=2007|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-85367-727-4}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Gaylor | first = John<br />
| year = 1996<br />
| edition = 2nd<br />
| title = Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991<br />
| publisher = Parapress<br />
| location = Tunbridge Wells<br />
| isbn = 1-898594-41-4<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Parker|first=John|title=''The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers''|publisher=Headline Book Publishing|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Perry | first = F.W.<br />
| year = 1993<br />
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions<br />
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books<br />
| location = Newport<br />
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Lunt|first=James|title=Jai Sixth! The Story of the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles 1817–1994|publisher=Leo Cooper|year=1994|isbn=0-85052-423-7}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Maj.Dennis GJ &|last2=Strachan|first2=Maj.GC|title=Historical Records of the 6th Gurkha Rifles, Vol I, 1817-1919|publisher=Gale & Polden|year=1925}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Gibbs|first=Col.HKR|title=Historical Records of the 6th Gurkha Rifles, Vol II, 1919-1948|publisher=Gale & Polden|year=1955}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235617/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/home.shtml 6th Gurkhas Homepage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Royal Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
[[Category:Brigade of Gurkhas|06]]<br />
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army|Gurkha 006]]<br />
[[Category:Rifle regiments of the British Army]]<br />
[[Category:Rifle regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1817]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:British light infantry]]<br />
[[Category:Border guards]]<br />
[[Category:Gurkhas]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1994]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Ikuto_Zhimomi&diff=499446G. Ikuto Zhimomi2025-10-21T11:28:45Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
'''G. Ikuto Zhimomi''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G Ikuto Zhimomi(NDPP):Constituency- AGHUNATO (ST)(ZUNHEBOTO) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6766 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Aghunato Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Zünheboto district|Zunheboto District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/nagaland-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-371964-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He is the chief minister's advisor on land resources.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-07-15 |title=Town councils installed for Zunheboto, Satakha, Aghunato and Atoizu |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/town-councils-installed-for-zunheboto-satakha-aghunato-and-atoizu/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Akuluto, Atoizu, Suruhoto, Aghunato, Zünheboto: Check Result of Nagaland Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/live-counting-updates-akuluto-atoizu-suruhoto-aghunato-znheboto-result-2023-counting-of-votes-winners-list-article-98330600 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Zhimomi is from [[Aghunato]], Zunheboto District, Nagaland. He is the son of late Ghonivi Zhimomi. He completed his B.Sc. in agriculture in 1983 at College of Agriculture, Medziphema, Nagaland, which is affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Zhimomi won the 2023 Nagaland assembly election from Aghunato Assembly constituency, representing [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]. He polled 7,133 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Hukiye N. Tissica of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]], by 592 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G Ikuto Zhimomi in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/g-ikuto-zhimomi-aghunato-candidate-s17a034c002/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Winning Candidates List 2023: Full list of BJP, NPF and Congress leaders - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nagaland-winning-candidates-list-2023-full-list-bjp-npf-ndpp-congress-leaders-neiphio-rio-16076361.htm |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhimomi, G. Ikuto}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:People from Zünheboto district]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khizrabad_Village&diff=509763Khizrabad Village2025-09-19T11:55:15Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: starting new place - done</p>
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<div>{{one source|date=June 2021}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Khizrabad Village<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighbourhood]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Delhi<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28.3421|N|77.1626|E|display= inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi district|South East]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 30 Thousand Approx.<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 110025<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]<br />
[[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi Municipal Council|Zakir Nagar Ward]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''Khizrabad''' also known as '''Khidrabad''' is an old Village in [[South East Delhi district|South East]] district of Delhi. It is situated near New Friends Colony and Taimoor Nagar.<ref>{{cite news |title=River view' New Friends Colony of 1980s now landlocked|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/river-view-new-friends-colony-of-1980s-now-landlocked/story-FVnW4u2CK6pQQR7PRkbbGL.html|work= Hindustan Times|date=4 November 2019}}</ref> This village is set to consist of the descendants of Baba Rupa. Baba Rupa moved from [[Madanpur Khadar Village]] to Khizrabad Village. According to Villagers, Khidr-abad means "land of Khizr (a mythological figure who is said to live near seas and other waterbodies)" since the village is situated at the Banks of [[Yamuna]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mythology: Khawaja Khizr of the Indus | date=12 January 2020 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1527475 }}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
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According to villagers, the village is about 800 years old, and for initial years it was inhabited by Kahar Caste. But around Samwat 1400, One Baba Rupa shifted to Khizrabad from Madanpur Khadar Village. the current generation is descendants of Baba Rupa Bidhuri.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/marriages-between-bidhudi-and-rakshwal-gotra/articleshow/64531104.cms|title=पंचायत का फैसला: बिधुड़ी और रक्षवाल गोत्र के बीच अब होंगी शादियां}}</ref><br />
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== Notable people ==<br />
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* [[Kunwar Bidhuri]] {{endash}} Ranji Player, Delhi<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Tughlakabad Village]]<br />
* [[Tehkhand]]<br />
* [[Madanpur Khadar Village]]<br />
* [[Fatehpur Beri Village]]<br />
* [[Old Pilanji Village]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in South East Delhi district]]<br />
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{{Delhi-geo-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkura&diff=489879Barkura2025-09-14T14:47:47Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Barkura<br />
| other_name = Borkura<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| etymology = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4507|91.4266|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Paschim Batahgila<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| seat_type = <br />
| seat = <br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 3516 <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = Postal code<br />
| postal_code = 781335 <br />
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]<br />
| area_code = 03624<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 303897<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district<br />
| area_total_ha = 470.27<br />
}}<br />
'''Barkura''', also spelled as '''Borkura''', is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nath |first=Hemanta Kumar |title=Assam: Girl makes Tiktok video minutes before killing self in Nalbari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-girl-makes-tiktok-video-minutes-before-killing-self-in-nalbari-1689720-2020-06-16 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Barkura has a total population of 3,516 including 1,827 males and 1,689 females with a literacy rate of 79.41%.<ref>{{cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703045835/https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=[[Government of Assam]] {{!}} [[Nalbari district|Nalbari District]]}}</ref><br />
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Barkura village has a markable history in the [[Assam Movement]], where the movement participants tried to stop [[Abida Ahmed]] from filing her nomination for the Barpeta constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bora |first=S. |title=Student Revolution in Assam, 1917-1947 : A Historical Survey |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-81709-9332-2 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]<br />
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{{Assam-geo-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saraswata_kingdom&diff=533107Saraswata kingdom2025-09-13T19:25:01Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new a post</p>
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<div>The '''Saraswata kingdom''' was an ancient kingdom, territory, or region on the banks of the [[Sarasvati River]] during the pre-historic ages. This region is mentioned in detail in as many as 20 chapters in the [[Mahabharata]] from (9:35) to (9:54). [[Balarama]] traced the Saraswati river through its partially dried up course from the ocean near ''Prabhasa'' (close to [[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]]) to its origin in the [[Himalayas]].<br />
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==Mahabharata==<br />
The regions called Saraswata on the banks of Saraswati River are mentioned at (3:83, 84).<br />
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=== Saraswata kings ===<br />
Saraswata kings are mentioned as performing a sacrifice (3:129) at '''Plakshavatarana''', a place on the banks of the Sarasvati at its origin from the [[Himalayas]]. This place is to the north of [[Kurukshetra]] in [[Haryana]]. The Saraswata sacrifice is mentioned again at (3:90) as being performed at Plakshavatarana. King [[Yayati]] had also constructed many sacrificial fire-altars here.<br />
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According to Adi parva of Mahabharata (1.90.25-26), it is mentioned that "King Matinara performed yagya (sacrifice) in Fire altars at the bank of [[sarasvati river]]".<ref>Mhb 1.90.26</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/2_epic/mbh/sas/mahabharata.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-11-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107222102/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/2_epic/mbh/sas/mahabharata.htm |archivedate=2010-11-07 }}; sanskrit verse 1.90.25-26</ref><ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm; English translation,page-203,1st paragraph</ref> [[Kalibangan]] is a town located on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]), identified with the [[Sarasvati river]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Puratattva | publisher = [[Indian Archaeological Society]] | year = 2002 | chapter = The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts | pages = 1–5}}</ref><ref>http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp; First paragraph</ref> At Kalibangan fire [[Vedi (altar)]]s have been discovered<ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Frontiers of the Indus civilization | publisher = Sir Mortimer Wheeler commemoration volume<br />
| year = 1984 | pages = 57–58}}</ref><ref>http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp; Last paragraph</ref><ref>http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213184422/https://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html |date=2019-12-13 }}; Second last paragraph</ref><ref>http://www.zeenews.com/Elections08/rajesthanStory.aspx?aid=482985; history,1st paragraph</ref> similar to those found at [[Lothal]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Frontiers of the Indus civilization | publisher = Sir Mortimer Wheeler commemoration volume<br />
| year = 1984 | pages = 57–58}}</ref> This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes.<ref>http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp; Last paragraph</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Frontiers of the Indus civilization | publisher = Sir Mortimer Wheeler commemoration volume<br />
| year = 1984 | pages = 57–58}}</ref><br />
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=== King Prithu, the son of Vena ===<br />
''King Prithu is mentioned as having Saraswatas for his companions. (12:58)''<br />
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King [[Prithu]] was the son of King [[Vena (Hindu king)|Vena]], in the line of Kardama. His lineage is described at (12:58) as follows: Virajas – Krittimat – Kardama – Ananga – Ativala – Vena. Descendants of Vena became the [[Nishada kingdom|Nishadas]] who established themselves close to the Saraswati valley (in [[Rajasthan]] to the north of [[Anarta kingdom]] in [[Gujarat]]). Those tribes that had the hills and the forests for their abode and practiced fishing and hunting as their chief occupation, as also those hundreds and thousands of others called the Mlecchhas, residing on the [[Vindhya]] mountains were all the descendants of Vena. However Prithu became a great king. Clad in mail, armed with scimitars, bows and arrows, and well-versed in the science of weapons, he was fully acquainted with the [[Vedas]] and their branches. [[Shukracharya|Sukra]], the great scholar of [[Brahman|Brahma]]-knowledge, became his priest. The Valakhilyas became his counsellors, and the '''Saraswatas''' his companions. The great and illustrious Rishi Garga became his astrologer (12:58).<br />
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Prithu, the royal son of Vena, gave unto the Sutas the lands lying on the eastern sea-coast ([[Anga kingdom|Anga]] and [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]), and unto the Magadhas the country since known as [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]]. Sutas and Magadhas were till then bards and panegyrists in royal courts. Prithu made the land levelled for making roads. Vena’s son removed the rocks and rocky masses lying all around. He cultivated 17 kinds of crops for producing food (12:58).<br />
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=== The Battle-ground of ancient wars ===<br />
Saraswati valley seems to have witnessed the clashes of many ancient tribes (most times mentioned as [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and [[Asuras]] but originally [[Kshatriya]]-like tribes). It was the origin of Hindu traditions and scriptures<br />
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On the banks of the Saraswati River was a place called '''Aditya'''. Here [[Varuna]] the son of [[Aditi]] had performed a great [[Rajasuya]] yagna. Upon the commencement of that foremost of sacrifices, a battle ensued between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and the [[Danavas]] (who were mentioned here as [[Kshatriyas]] (9:49)). It is mentioned as the place where all the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], the Vishwadevas, the Maruts, the [[Gandharva kingdom|Gandharvas]], the [[Apsaras]], the [[Yaksha kingdom|Yakshas]], the [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rakshasas]], and the [[Pishacha|Pisachas]] could be seen (9:49). Here [[Vishnu]] himself, having in days of yore slain the [[Asuras]], Madhu and Kaitabha, had performed his ablutions (9:49). Another place on the banks of the Saraswati River called '''Soma''', is mentioned as the place where King Soma performed his [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice. Here a great battle was fought in which [[Tārakāsura|Taraka]] was the enemy (9:51).<br />
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The island-born sage ([[Vyasa]]) also having bathed in this place, obtained great Yogic powers and attained great success. Endowed with great ascetic merit, the Sage Asita-Devala also, having bathed in that very Tirtha with his soul rapt in high [[Yoga]] meditation, obtained great Yogic powers (9:49).<br />
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''These passages are from the narration of [[Yadu|Yadava]] [[Balarama]]'s pilgrimage along the ancient river Saraswati. Saraswati was partially dried up then. It disappeared into the desert and only the dried river bed can be seen after a place called Vinasana. See [[Sudra Kingdom]] for more details.''<br />
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===Sage Saraswata, the drought and the Vedas ===<br />
''Saraswati valley was the seat of [[Vedas]] (knowledge) and Vedic traditions. It was for this reason that the river Saraswati was later considered as [[Saraswati|the goddess of knowledge]]. At (9:51) we found mention of the decline of Vedic culture due to the drying up of Saraswati River and its revival by a sage belonging to the same region.''<br />
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There (in a place called Soma on the banks of Saraswati River), during a drought extending for twelve years, the Sage Saraswata, in former days, taught the [[Vedas]] unto many foremost of [[Brahmanas]] (9:51).<br />
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Saraswata was born to family of sage [[brighu]], his father was sage (some time prince) dhadichi (not one who donate his bones). In battle 99 heroes in the army of the [[Daityas]], (a clan of [[Asuras]]) were slain. After this great war there was a drought extending for 12 years. During that drought extending for twelve years, the great sages (who practiced Vedic traditions and who were settled on the banks of Saraswati River) for the sake of sustenance, migrated from the river valley (9:51). However, Sage Saraswata continued to live on the banks of the Saraswati.<br />
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After the drought of 12 years had died, the great sages solicited one another for lectures on the [[Vedas]]. While wandering with famished stomachs, the sages had lost the knowledge of the Vedas. There was, indeed, not one amongst them that could understand the scriptures. It chanced that someone amongst them encountered Saraswata, that foremost of sages, while the latter was reading the Vedas with concentrated attention. Coming back to the conclave of rishis, he spoke to them of Saraswata, of unrivalled splendour and god-like form engaged in reading the Vedas in a solitary forest. Then all the great Rishis came to that spot, and jointly asked him to teach them the Vedas. Those sages duly became his disciples and obtaining from him their knowledge of the Vedas, once more began to practice their rites. A total of 60,000 sages became disciples of the venerable Rishi Saraswata for the sake of acquiring their knowledge of the Vedas from him (9:51). The present day Saraswat Brahmins who are kashmiri pandits, punjabi brahmins, Goud saraswat brahmins, Shenvis, Chitrapur saraswats, bhalvalikar, Rajapur Saraswats, and pednekars, have this event as part of their culture.{{cn|date=May 2018}}<br />
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This event is repeated again at (3:85): At the forest of '''Tungaka''' in olden days sage Saraswata taught the [[Vedas]] to the ascetics. When the [[Vedas]] had been lost in consequence of the sages having forgotten them. Here (3:85) he is mentioned as the son of Angirasa. The asylum of Aditya, the place of Soma and the hermitage of Dadhichi were mentioned as adjacent places on the banks of Saraswati at (3:83). Here it is mentioned that Angirasa – a great sage belonging to the Saraswata race. At (13:50) Saraswata is sometimes mentioned as Sage Atri’s son. Saraswata is mentioned as a sage from the western regions of India at (12:207, 13:165).<br />
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===Saraswatas in the Kurukshetra War ===<br />
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[[Nakula]] the son of [[Madri]], hath intended to take as his share the deceitful Uluka.<br />
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====Post-Mausala Parva====<br />
After the [[Mausala Parva]], which claims the lives of almost all Yadavas, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] bring the survivors with them.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]<br />
*[[Kurukshetra]]<br />
*[[Abhira kingdom]]<br />
*[[Nishada kingdom]]<br />
*[[Sarasvati River]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<br />
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[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}<br />
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[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrigation_tank&diff=451695Irrigation tank2025-06-10T09:01:15Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Water reservoir}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[File:குளம்.JPG|thumb|right|A tank in [[Tamil Nadu]]]]<br />
An '''irrigation tank''' or '''tank''' is an artificial [[reservoir]] of any size. In countries like Sri Lanka and India they are part of historic methods of [[Rainwater harvesting|harvesting and preserving rainwater]], critical in regions without [[Perennial water|perennial]] [[water resources]]. A tank is often an [[Water bund|earthen bund]] (embankment or levee) constructed across a long slope to collect and store [[surface water]] from the above [[Drainage basin|catchment]] and by taking advantage of local [[topography]]. The water would be used primarily for agriculture and drinking water, but also for bathing and rituals.<ref name="Tank management">{{cite web |title=Tank management |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Dhan.htm |access-date=2006-10-17 |website=rainwaterharvesting.org |publisher=Centre for Science and Environment}}</ref> The word tank is the English language substitute for several vernacular terms.<ref name="glossary">{{cite web |title=Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent – glossary |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106230438/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |archive-date=6 November 2006 |access-date=2006-12-18 |website=indoarch.org}}</ref><br />
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'''Tank irrigation''', or reservoir irrigation, utilizes tanks and connected [[sluice]]s and channels to direct water to the crops. This [[surface irrigation]] method can be used to grow crops like rice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Esha |url=https://edepot.wur.nl/139417 |title=Social Designs: Tank Irrigation Technology and Agrarian Transformation in Karnataka, South India |publisher=Thesis published by Orient Longman as a part of Wageningen University Water Resources Series |year=2003 |isbn=90-5808-827-8 |pages=3, 34, 37 |via=Wageningen University}}</ref> Tank irrigation in Thailand is a newer method of irrigation as compared to peninsular India.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Easter |first1=K. William |title=Tank Irrigation In India And Thailand: An Example Of Common Property Resource Management |date=1986 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/umaesp/13888.html |pages=1, 5 |series=Staff Papers Series |publisher=University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics |last2=Palanisami |first2=Kuppannan|journal=Staff Papers }}</ref> Similar small-scale reservoir based irrigation methods using earthen bunds are used in countries like Ghana.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2%2e2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-0-&a=d&c=fnl2.2&cl=CL1.4&d=HASHa7909460293ada0236fd7d.4.2.2.10 |title=Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Africa (UNEP-IETC) |year=1998 |chapter=Chapter 1.1.8 and 1.1.9 |via=New Zealand Digital Library Project, University of Waikato}}</ref><br />
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A '''tank cascade''' is a system of irrigation tanks in single or multiple chains where water from a higher tank flows into lower tanks. Examples of tank cascades include [[ Tank cascade system| Sri Lanka's tank cascade system]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geekiyanage |first1=Nalaka |last2=Pushpakumara |first2=D.K.N.G. |date=2013 |title=Ecology of ancient Tank Cascade Systems in island Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of Marine and Island Cultures |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.1016/j.imic.2013.11.001|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JMICu...2...93G }}</ref> the Indian city of Bangalore's cascading [[Lakes in Bangalore|lakes]] in the Varthur lake series,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sudarshan |first1=P. |last2=Mahesh |first2=M.K. |last3=Ramachandra |first3=T.V. |date=2020 |title=Dynamics of Metal Pollution in Sediment and Macrophytes of Varthur Lake, Bangalore |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00128-020-02816-x |journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=411–417 |doi=10.1007/s00128-020-02816-x |pmid=32152684 |bibcode=2020BuECT.104..411S |s2cid=212642148 |issn=0007-4861|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the Indian city of [[Madurai]]'s Vandiyur tank cascade system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Aman |last2=Chinnasamy |first2=Pennan |date=2021 |title=Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India |journal=SN Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=281 |doi=10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0 |s2cid=234022533 |issn=2523-3963|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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== Structure and features ==<br />
[[File:Sri Lanka tank cascade system aerial and elevation diagrams.jpg|thumb|Tank cascade system diagram, aerial and elevation views, Sri Lanka]]<br />
A tank consists of a shallow bed area near the inlet(s) and a relatively deeper bed area near the bund.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrapani |first1=B.K. |url=https://archive.org/details/Wetlands1989 |title=Survey of Irrigation Tanks as Wetland Bird Habitats in the Bangalore area, India |last2=Desai |first2=Milind |last3=George |first3=Joseph |last4=Karthikeyan |first4=S. |last5=Krishna |first5=M.B. |last6=Kumar |first6=U. Harish |last7=Naveein |first7=O.C. |last8=Sridhar |first8=S. |last9=Srinivasa |first9=T.S. |publisher=[[Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore]] |year=1990 |page=6 |via=Internet Archive |last10=N. |first10=Srinivasan |last11=S. |first11=Subramanya}}</ref> The inlet is fed by an upstream catchment area and stream or canals.<ref name=":0" /> As part of an irrigation system, a number of sluices at the deeper bund area allows water to be fed into surface canals which distribute water to crops within the tank command area.<ref name=":0" /> A surplus/waste weir or the overflow outlet allows water to drain into a downstream tank.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The bund or embankment is an uneven bow or crescent-shaped structure.<ref name=":1" /> Depending on the landscape the length could vary widely from two to many kilometers. The bund is a few meters high.<ref name=":1" /> Irrigation tanks provide features that allow for other useful products such as fishes, grass, and silt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aubriot |first1=Olivia |last2=Prabhakar |first2=P. Ignatius |date=2011 |title=Water institutions and the 'Revival' of Tanks in South India: What is at Stake Locally? |url=https://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/Vol4/v4issue3/145-a4-3-4/file |journal=Water Alternatives |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=332}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern tank management==<br />
In India there are approximately 120,000 small-scale tanks, irrigating about 41,200&nbsp;km² in semi-arid areas of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anbumozhi |first1=V. |last2=Matsumoto |first2=K. |last3=Yamaji |first3=E. |year=2001 |title=Towards Improved Performance of Irrigation Tanks in Semi-Arid Regions of India: Modernization Opportunities and Challenges |journal=Irrigation and Drainage Systems |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=293–309 |doi=10.1023/A:1014420822465 |id={{INIST|13552012}} |s2cid=110086216}}</ref> This constitutes about one third of the total irrigated land in South India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arumugam |first1=N. |last2=Mohan |first2=S. |last3=Ramaprasad |first3=R. |year=1997 |title=Sustainable Development and Management of Tank Irrigation Systems in South India |journal=Water International |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1080/02508069708686676 |bibcode=1997WatIn..22...90A |id={{INIST|2829920}}}}</ref> The development of large-scale water management methods and hydroelectric generation have replaced much of the local efforts and community management of water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bird monitoring at Rampura and Kalkere tanks |url=http://en.arocha.org/india/index5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222103324/http://en.arocha.org/india/index5.html |archive-date=22 February 2007 |access-date=2006-10-17 |publisher=[[A Rocha]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ralegaon Siddhi]] is an example of a village that revitalised its ancient tank system. In 1975 the village was [[drought]]-stricken. The village tank could not hold water as the earthen [[reservoir|embankment dam]] wall leaked. Work began with the [[percolation]] tank construction by the villagers to repair the embankment. Once this was fixed, the village's seven wells below the tank filled with water in the summer. Now the village has a supply of water throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ralegan Siddhi : A village Transformed |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Ralegan.htm |access-date=2006-10-30 |website=rainwaterharvesting.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2006 Sri Lanka had over 11,000 tanks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Tushaar |last2=Samad |first2=Madar |last3=Ariyarantne |first3=Ranjith |last4=Jinapala |first4=K |date=2013 |title=Ancient Small-Tank Irrigation in Sri Lanka: Continuity and Change |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=58–65 |jstor=23391422 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other types of tanks ==<br />
Other types of tanks in the subcontinent include [[temple tank]]s and [[stepwell]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |access-date=2006-10-17 |publisher=Indian Architecture |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Temple tanks are water storage tanks that combine the practical and sacred.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Binda |title=Introduction to Indian Architecture |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7946-0011-2 |location=Singapore |page=24 |chapter=Architecture and Water}}</ref> Many temple tanks are decaying and drying up today.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=June 1, 2006 |title=Ponds, tanks relics of a bygone era |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060601/aplus.htm |access-date=2006-10-17 |publisher=The Tribune AmritsarPlus Online Edition}}</ref> Since ancient times, the design of water storage has been important in Indian architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture – Stepwells |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/culture/architecture/stepwells/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216004806/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Stepw.html |archive-date=16 February 2007 |access-date=2007-01-09 |website=southasia.ucla.edu}}</ref> Stepwells were often used for leisure, providing relief from daytime heat. This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings and in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments. An example of the art of tank design is the large, geometrically spectacular stepped tank at [[Vijayanagara]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], surrounding the modern town of [[Hampi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Tank |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/hampi/lt01.html |access-date=2007-01-13 |publisher=art-and-archaeology}}</ref><gallery><br />
File:ShrineInTankVijayanagara.jpg|A shrine in a ruined tank at [[Vijayanagara]] in [[Karnataka]]<br />
File:Badami countryside.jpg|A tank at [[Badami]] in [[Karnataka]]<br />
File:Bawdi.jpg|A [[bavdi]] at [[Shekhawati]] in [[Rajasthan]]<br />
File:Johad.JPG|A [[johad]] at [[Thathawata]] in [[Rajasthan]]<br />
File:Trikuteshwara well.JPG|A well at [[Trikuteshwara]] temple in [[Karnataka]]<br />
File:Schacht Adalaj Stepwell.jpg|[[Adalaj Stepwell]] in [[Gujarat]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Permaculture]]<br />
* [[Dam (agricultural reservoir)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Palanisami |first1=K. |title=Tank Irrigation in the 21st Century – What Next? |last2=Easter |first2=K.W. |publisher=Jain Book Agency |year=2000 |isbn=9788171415588}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Van Meter |first1=Kimberly J. |last2=Steiff |first2=Michael |last3=McLaughlin |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Basu |first4=Nandita B. |date=2016 |title=The socioecohydrology of rainwater harvesting in India: understanding water storage and release dynamics across spatial scales |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/2629/2016/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=2629–2647 |doi=10.5194/hess-20-2629-2016 |bibcode=2016HESS...20.2629V |issn=1607-7938|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/95857 |hdl-access=free }}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective |url=https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_pr/t_pr_hooja_book_frameset.htm |publisher=Infinity Foundation}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mukherji |first1=Aditi |last2=Rawat |first2=Stuti |last3=Shah |first3=Tushaar |date=2013 |title=Major Insights from India's Minor Irrigation Censuses: 1986-87 to 2006-07 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=48 |issue=26/27 |pages=115–124 |jstor=23527239 |issn=0012-9976}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Fernando |first=A. Denis N. |date=1980 |title=Major ancient irrigation works of Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of the Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |pages=1–24 |jstor=45277707 |issn=1013-9818 }}<br />
* {{Citation |last1=Critchley |first1=Will |title=Water harvesting. A Manual for the Design and Construction of Water Harvesting Schemes for Plant Production. |date=1991 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/u3160e/u3160e00.htm#Contents |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |last2=Siegert |first2=Klaus |last3=Chapman |first3=C}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuYGS5pLRZg |title=Permaculture Water Management. This farm cracked the code#1: Water Wizard of Oregon |date=August 7, 2022 |last=Millison |first=Andrew |type=YouTube |author-link=Andrew Millison}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Rainwater harvesting]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealdah_Main_and_North_section&diff=533803Sealdah Main and North section2025-06-03T16:21:08Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: new new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Railway Route in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| box_width = 28em<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] Sealdah Main and North section<br />
| color = 800000<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| image = Sealdah North Section.jpg<br />
| image_width = 300px<br />
| caption =<br />
| type = [[Commuter rail]]<br />
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]<br />
| status = Operational<br />
| locale = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<br/>[[North 24 Parganas]]<br/>[[Howrah district|Howrah]]<br/>[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br/>[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br/>[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Sealdah||Sealdah Main and North}}<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Lalgola}}<br/>{{stnlnk|Gede}}<br/>{{stnlnk|Bangaon}}<br/>{{stnlnk|Hasnabad}}<br/>{{rws|Dankuni}}<br />
| routes = Sealdah–Dankuni<br/>Dum Dum–Bangaon<br/>Barasat–Hasnabad<br/>Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede<br/>Ranaghat–Bangaon<br/>Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City<br/>Krishnanagr City–Lalgola<br />
| daily_ridership = <br />
| open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1862|1|2}}<br />
| close = <br />
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| character = At grade<br />
| depot = Narkeldanaga EMU Carshed<br/>Barasat EMU Carshed<br/>Ranaghat EMU Carshed<br />
| stock = <br />
| tracklength = <br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br />
| old_gauge = <br />
| minradius = <br />
| racksystem = <br />
| electrification = 25 kV AC overhead line<br />
| speed = up to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />
| elevation = <br />
| website = {{url|http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in|Eastern Railway}}<br />
| map = {{Sealdah Main and North section|collapse=yes|inline=yes}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Sealdah Main and North section''' refer to a set of rail lines which connect the city of [[Kolkata]] with its northern suburbs and with the [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] districts of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] along the eastern bank of the Hooghly river. It is a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] and is under the jurisdiction of the [[Sealdah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452 Brief Detail of Sealdah Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625120205/http://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452|date=2018-06-25}}, ''Eastern Railway''</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Division System map|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is linked to the [[Sealdah South section]] via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] at {{Rws|Dum Dum Junction}} and Kankurgachi Road Junction railway stations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It connects Kolkata to the rest of the country via the [[Calcutta Chord link line]] and the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Naihati–Bandel branch line]], which link it to the districts of [[Howrah district|Howrah]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] on the west bank of the Hooghly river via the [[Howrah railway division|Howrah]] and [[Kharagpur railway division|Kharagpur division]] railway networks.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
This section also has two international railway transit points, with Bangladesh at [[Gede railway station|Gede]] and [[Petrapole railway station|Petrapole]] from where the majority of the freight traffic from India is imported into Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trade through Benapole land port resumes after 10 weeks|language=en|work=The Financial Express|location=Dhaka|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/public/trade/trade-through-benapole-land-port-resumes-after-10-weeks-1591550428|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Procurement Details|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement-detail/OP00050975|access-date=2020-06-28|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Lines and services==<br />
The section consists of multiple lines which have been treated in detail in separate sections along with their branch lines and services:<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
* [[Calcutta Chord link line]]<br />
** [[Calcutta Chord link line|Andul–Calcutta Chord link (ACCL) branch line]]<br />
* [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line]]<br />
** [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Naihati–Bandel branch line]]<br />
** [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line]]<br />
* [[Sealdah–Bangaon line]]<br />
** [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Barasat–Hasnabad branch line]]<br />
**[[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon branch line]]<br />
**[[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Dum Dum Cantonment–Biman Bandar branch line]] (now dismantled)<br />
* [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola branch line]]<br />
** [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Kalinarayanpur–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City branch line]]<br />
** [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Krishnanagar City–Nabadwip Ghat branch line]]<br />
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All the lines, except for the ACCL branch line and the Krishnanagar City–Lalgola section of the Lalgola branch line, are suburban sections which form a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
=== Pre-Partition (1857-1947) ===<br />
{{See also|Partition of India}}<br />
The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:EBR}} company was formed in 1857 for the construction and working of a line from [[Calcutta]] to [[Dacca]], with a branch to [[Jessore]].<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'', Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref> The construction of the {{Convert|112|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] line began in 1859 and was completed in stages up to [[Kushtia]] by 1864, but the planned branch to [[Jessore]] was not built.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Administration Report on Railways 1918|url=https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n55mode/1up|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf H.M. Government “Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 127-8, paragraphs 3.51 - 3.55] Retrieved on 2 Jun 2016</ref> The company also acquired a steam vessel service operating between [[Kushtia]] and [[Dhaka|Dacca]] on the [[Padma River]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1871 the line was extended from Poradaha to a new ferry terminal at [[Goalundo|Goalundo Ghat]], about {{Convert|45|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} east of [[Kushtia]], reducing the river trip to [[Dacca]], and becoming the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=History Of Indian Railways, constructed and in progress', 31 March 1937 by 'The Government of India - Railway Department'|url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> With the successful construction and opening of the [[Hardinge Bridge]] in 1915 and gauge conversion of the [[Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line|Santahar–Parbatipur–Siliguri line]] from 1924 to 1926, the Calcutta–Siliguri broad gauge line was completed and became the main line of the eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The Bengal Central Railway {{Reporting mark|:BCR}} company constructed two [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] lines: one connecting [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat]] and [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] ({{Convert|21|mi|km|abbr=on}}) in 1882, and the other connecting [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum]] with [[Khulna railway station|Khulna]] (now in Bangladesh), via [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] ({{Convert|108|mi|km|abbr=on}}), which opened in stages and was completed in 1884. These lines were merged with [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] in 1904, with the Sealdah–Bangaon–Jessore–Khulna line becoming the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the Central section of EBR.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal Central Railway|url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Central_Railway|access-date=2 May 2013|publisher=fibis}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Martin's Light Railways]] {{Reporting mark|:MLR}} company constructed and opened the {{Convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long, {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} narrow gauge Ranaghat–Krishnanagar Light Railway line from Aistalaghat (near Ranaghat on the right bank of [[Churni River]]) to [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar]] via [[Shantipur]] in 1899.<ref name=":3" /> This line was amalgamated with EBR on 1 July 1904.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> EBR further extended the line from Krishnanagar to Nabadwip Ghat and opened the line for traffic from 30 June 1926.<ref name=":2" /> EBR further built a {{Convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long {{Gauge|5ft 6in}} broad gauge extension from Ranaghat to the left bank of Churni River on 1902.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1925 an alternate {{Gauge|5ft 6in}} broad gauge line was built from Kalinarayanpur (Churni Bridge) to Shantipur, and the old {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} gauge line between Shantipur and Aistola Ghat was abandoned.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Santipur Local - Part 2|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-santipur-local-part-2|access-date=17 January 2022|website=Get Bengal}}</ref><br />
<br />
MLR also constructed and opened a {{Convert|26|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long {{Gauge|2ft 6in}} narrow gauge line from [[Barasat Junction railway station|Barasat]] to [[Basirhat railway station|Basirhat]] in 1905, known as the [[Barasat–Basirhat light railway]] {{Reporting mark|:BBLR}}.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> It was further extended via [[Taki Road railway station|Taki]] to [[Hasnabad railway station|Hasnabad]] (Chingrighata) in 1909. A {{Convert|16.62|mi|km}} long extension was built from Beliaghata Bridge on the Barasat–Basirhat line to [[Patipukur railway station|Patipukur]] in 1910. This was further extended to [[Belgachia]] in 1914 and was known as the Shyambazar Branch.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The {{Convert|94.28|mi|km|abbr=on}} long Murshidabad Branch railway was constructed by EBR from Ranaghat to Lalgola Ghat in stages from 1905 to 1907.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Post-Partition (1947-) ===<br />
After the partition of India in 1947, the Eastern and Central sections of EBR were divided between India and East Pakistan. The direct connection between South Bengal and North Bengal was affected as the Calcutta–Siliguri line was snapped, resulting in Haldibari–Chilahati and Gede–Darsana becoming international transit points for trains. In the Central section, [[Petrapole railway station]] was created as the terminus on the Indian side while the [[Benapole railway station]] became the terminus in the East Pakistani side of the line. The [[Barisal Express]], launched in 1884, from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] to [[Khulna railway station|Khulna]], continued post-partition until rail services between the two countries were suspended due to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thapliyal, Sangeeta. "India-Bangladesh Transportation Links: A Move for Closer Cooperation". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001012050222/http://idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 October 2000|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Barasat–Basirhat light railway]] closed down in 1955 due to increasing losses.<ref name="history2">{{cite web|title=The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian|url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|archive-date=16 March 2008|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=railindia|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, a new {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line was built in a new alignment between Barasat and Hasnabad from 1957 to 1962. The Shyambazar branch line was abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60|title=Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy|work=page 60|publisher=Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059|year=1986|isbn=81-7022-089-0|access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Non-IR Railways in India|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=[[IRFCA]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The gauge conversion of the Shantipur–Krishnanagar City–Nabadwip Ghat line to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] began in 2010. The electrified broad gauge line between Shantipur and Krishnanagar City was opened for service in 2012. The construction of the rest of the section along with a new bridge over the Ganges river is blocked due to land disputes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nabadwip Dham-Sealdah Rail Link Work Suspended Over Land Dispute|url=https://newsfromnadia.in/nabadwip-dham-sealdah-rail-link-work-suspended-over-land-dispute/|access-date=17 January 2022|website=News from Nadia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2020|title=জমির জটে লাইন ফেঁসে বছর-বছর|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/krishnanagar-to-nabadwip-railworks-still-suspended-1.1117647|access-date=17 January 2022|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electrification==<br />
The Sealdah Main and North section lines are fully electrified with a 25 kV AC overhead system. The electrification process started in 1963 from {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} to {{stnlnk|Ranaghat}}. The Ranaghat–Shantipur and Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City lines were electrified in 1964.<ref name="History of Electrification">{{cite web | url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | title = History of Electrification | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 4 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | archive-date = 19 October 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The ACCL and Kalyani Simanta branch lines were electrified in 1972 and 1979 respectively.<ref name="History of Electrification" /><br />
<br />
== EMU Carsheds ==<br />
The Sealdah North section is primarily served by nine-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] rakes from the Narkeldanga [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] Carshed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Highlights of TRS Organisation, Sealdah division, Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,468|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> It was originally a steam locoshed which was transformed into an EMU carshed in 1963 along with the facility to maintain electric locomotives as well.<ref name=":6" /> As of December 2021, it contains 29 9-car EMU rakes, a few of which served the Sealdah South section mostly via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular line]], while the rest served the Sealdah North section.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
To handle the increased traffic requirements of the [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Sealdah–Bangaon]], [[Barasat–Hasnabad line|Barasat–Hasnabad]] and [[Ranaghat–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon]] lines, a new EMU carshed was opened in Barasat in 1990.<ref name=":6" /> In 2018, [[Three-phase electric power|three phase]] [[IGBT]] based 12-car EMU rakes were introduced in this carshed.<ref name=":6" /> As of December 2021, the shed contains eight nine-car EMU rakes and 25 12-car EMU rakes, six of which are three phase IGBT based.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
In 2007, a new EMU carshed was commissioned in Ranaghat to cater to the increased traffic requirements in the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Ranaghat–Gede]], [[Ranaghat–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Lalgola]] and [[Ranaghat–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City]] lines.<ref name=":6" /> [[Mainline Electric Multiple Unit|MEMU]] services were also introduced in 2012 between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Lalgola railway station|Lalgola]]. As of December 2021, the shed contains 15 12-car EMU rakes and five [[MEMU]] rakes, of which one is an eight-car rake while the rest are 12-car rakes.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Sealdah South}}<br />
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Kolkata topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1950)&diff=452392Paul Wilson (footballer, born 1950)2025-05-25T01:46:48Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Footballer (1950–2017)}}<br />
{{Other people||Paul Wilson (disambiguation){{!}}Paul Wilson}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Paul Wilson<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|11|23|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2017|09|18|1950|11|23}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| height = 1.70 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.motherwellnet.com/database/player-archive/w/paul-wilson/ |title=Paul Wilson |publisher=motherwellnet.com |access-date=25 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]<br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = [[Drumchapel Amateur F.C.|Drumchapel Amateurs]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2354346/Visionary-who-made-dreams-come-true.html |title='Visionary' who made dreams come true |author=Philip, Robert |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |date=26 January 2005 |accessdate=24 October 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035227/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2354346/Visionary-who-made-dreams-come-true.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| years1 = 1967–1978<br />
| clubs1 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]<br />
| caps1 = 131<br />
| goals1 = 30<br />
| years2 = 1967–1970<br />
| clubs2 = → [[Maryhill F.C.|Maryhill]] (loan)<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| years3 = 1978–1979<br />
| clubs3 = [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]]<br />
| caps3 = 21<br />
| goals3 = 1<br />
| years4 = 1979–1980<br />
| clubs4 = [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]]<br />
| caps4 = 10<br />
| goals4 = 0<br />
| years5 = 1980–1982<br />
| clubs5 = [[Blantyre Celtic F.C.|Blantyre Celtic]]<br />
| totalcaps = 160<br />
| totalgoals = 31<br />
| nationalyears1 = 1975<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 1<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
}}<br />
'''Paul Wilson''' (23 November 1950 – 18 September 2017) was a professional [[association football|footballer]], who played as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] and [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]]. His football career peaked in season 1974–75 after being moved to play as a striker when he scored 29 goals for Celtic, including two in that season's [[1975 Scottish Cup Final|Scottish Cup final win]].<br />
<br />
Born in India, he played once for [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] in 1975. This made him the only non-white player to represent the full Scotland team in the 20th century, and the first footballer with Asian origins to represent any of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland at senior level. Following his mother's death, his enthusiasm for football diminished. He left the professional game at the age of 29.<ref name="india"/><br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
Wilson was born in [[Bangalore]], India.<ref name="india">{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/spfl/interview-paul-wilson-on-stein-celtic-and-racial-abuse-in-the-1970s-1-1901659|title=Interview: Paul Wilson on Stein, Celtic and racial abuse in the 1970s|first=Andrew|last=Smith|work=The Scotsman|date=10 October 2011|accessdate=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808034618/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/spfl/interview-paul-wilson-on-stein-celtic-and-racial-abuse-in-the-1970s-1-1901659|url-status=live}}</ref> His Scottish father was stationed there with the [[Royal Air Force]]. His mother was Indian of Dutch-Portuguese origin. The family moved to Scotland when Wilson was one year old, living first in the [[Dennistoun]] district of [[Glasgow]] then in the town of [[Milngavie]] in the northern outskirts.<ref name="india"/><br />
<br />
==Club career==<br />
===Celtic===<br />
[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] manager [[Jock Stein]] signed Wilson for the club in 1967 and immediately farmed him out to [[Scottish Junior Football Association|Junior club]], [[Maryhill F.C.|Maryhill]], to gain experience before returning to Celtic. Wilson was part of a group of young players named the [[Quality Street Gang (Celtic F.C.)|Quality Street Gang]] by the Scottish media. He was one of many in that group who gradually replaced Celtic's [[Lisbon Lions]] team which had won the [[1967 European Cup Final]]. Wilson's senior debut was in a European Cup 9–0 win at [[Celtic Park]] against [[KPV Kokkola]] in 1970 in which he scored twice.<br />
<br />
Wilson was a quick footballer able to shoot with either foot. He was largely deployed by Stein on the wing where he felt Wilson's pace would be useful. Wilson disliked playing wide, preferring to play more centrally. He had dark skin tone and received racist abuse in his football career during [[Old Firm]] games against rivals [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]<ref name = "india"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Gilroy, Carrington and McDonald | year=2001| title='Race', sport, and British society| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6eCAgAAQBAJ&q=Wilson |page=42| accessdate=8 August 2010|isbn=0-415-24629-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Wilson became a first team regular in August 1973. He ended season [[1973–74 in Scottish football]] with a league winners' medal but did not feature in the squad for the [[1974 Scottish Cup Final]], a 3–0 win over [[Dundee United]].<br />
<br />
Stein moved the fast and elegant Wilson to play up front for the 1974–75 season where he outscored his friend and strike partner, [[Kenny Dalglish]], with 29 goals. This culminated with Wilson scoring two headed goals in the 3–1 victory over [[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrie]] in the [[1975 Scottish Cup Final]]. This was also the season he was selected to play for Scotland.<ref name = "india"/><br />
<br />
Wilson's mother died in the week leading up to the final against Airdrie. He later stated his mother's death was the source of his waning enthusiasm for football. This was not helped by a niggling injury requiring cortisone injections. Wilson did though collect a second championship winning medal in 1976–77 when he had been a regular until [[Alfie Conn Jr.|Alfie Conn]] joined in March that season. Wilson remained at Celtic until 1978 when he was out of favour under [[Billy McNeill]]'s management. At Celtic he made 226 appearances in all competitions, scoring 62 goals including six in matches against Rangers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player2.php?playerid=2712 |title=Celtic player Paul Wilson (record by opponent) |website=FitbaStats |accessdate=24 October 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073734/http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player2.php?playerid=2712 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later club career===<br />
Next Wilson moved to [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] for one season.<ref>[http://www.motherwellnet.com/database/player-archive/w/paul-wilson/ Paul Wilson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913152534/http://www.motherwellnet.com/database/player-archive/w/paul-wilson/ |date=13 September 2020 }}, MotherWELLnet</ref> He then finished his senior career at the end of the 1980 season with [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]] at the age of 29.<ref name = "india"/><br />
<br />
After his spell at Thistle he was tempted into junior football by ex-Celtic teammate [[Jimmy Johnstone]] with [[Blantyre Celtic F.C.|Blantyre Celtic]],<ref name = "india"/> winning a [[Scotland national Junior football team|junior international]] cap.<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Wilson gained one international [[caps (sport)|cap]] for [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]. On 5 February 1975, [[Willie Ormond]] sent him on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny Burns in a European Championship qualifier. The 1–1 draw was against [[Spain national football team|Spain]] in [[Valencia]] in which [[Joe Jordan]] had put the Scots ahead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/scot-intres1975.html |title=Scotland - International Matches 1971-1975 RSSSF |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207155623/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/scot-intres1975.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/ideally-suited-to-face-up-to-racism-why-the-boy-from-possil-is-mystified-over-scots-game-1.3973 |title=Ideally suited to face up to racism Why the boy from Possil is mystified over Scots game |last=Greig |first=Martin |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=25 November 2006 |accessdate=10 August 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005062442/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/ideally-suited-to-face-up-to-racism-why-the-boy-from-possil-is-mystified-over-scots-game-1.3973 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{SFA Profile |id=113833 |name=Paul Wilson}}</ref> Wilson remarked, "I nearly scored but their keeper just got his hands to my effort. I was as sick as a dog. I was so proud to get my one cap."<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilson, Paul|url=http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Wilson,+Paul|work=The Celtic Wiki|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319201914/http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Wilson%2C+Paul|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
[[Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856)|Andrew Watson]] collected three full caps in the 1880s. Wilson was the only non-white of the 727 players to be selected by the full Scotland international team during the 20th century.<ref name=the18>{{Cite web |url=https://the18.com/soccer-entertainment/paul-wilson-celtic-scotland-national-team |title="Remembering Paul Wilson: The Only Non-White Player To Represent Scotland In The 20th Century" the18.com 28 December 2017 |access-date=9 February 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630201845/https://the18.com/soccer-entertainment/paul-wilson-celtic-scotland-national-team |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "india"/> The book "'Race', Sport and British Society" notes Wilson's Scotland outing was a full three years before [[Viv Anderson]] became the first black player to play for England: "Anderson's selection was heralded as a significant step forward for black representation in football; Wilson's selection for Scotland was ignored," wrote the authors. Wilson was the first player of Asian descent to have represented any of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland at senior level.<ref name = "india"/> The third non-white player to be capped by Scotland was [[Nigel Quashie]] in 2004.<ref name=the18/><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Wilson died on 18 September 2017, at the age of 66.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.celticfc.net/news/13257 |title=Death of former Celt, Paul Wilson |publisher=Celtic FC |date=18 September 2017 |accessdate=18 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921031453/http://www.celticfc.net/news/13257 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
'''Celtic'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player2.php?playerid=2712|title=Celtic player Wilson, Paul)|website=FitbaStats|accessdate=12 February 2020|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073734/http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/player2.php?playerid=2712|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Scottish Football League]]: [[1973–74 Scottish Division One|1973–74]], [[1976–77 Scottish Premier Division|1976–77]]<br />
* [[Scottish Cup]]: [[1974–75 Scottish Cup|1974–75]], [[1976–77 Scottish Cup|1976–77]]<br />
* [[Scottish League Cup]]: [[1974–75 Scottish League Cup|1974–75]]; runner-up [[1973–74 Scottish League Cup|1973–74]], [[1975–76 Scottish League Cup|1975–76]], [[1976–77 Scottish League Cup|1976–77]], [[1977–78 Scottish League Cup|1977–78]]<br />
* [[Glasgow Cup]]: 1974–75 (shared)<br />
* [[Drybrough Cup]]: 1974–75<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{NeilBrownPlayers|player/paulwilson|Paul Wilson}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Paul}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Scotland men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Scotland men's junior international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Junior Football Association players]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish people of Dutch descent]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish people of Portuguese descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Dutch descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Portuguese descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Scotland]]<br />
[[Category:British Asian footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Drumchapel Amateur F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Motherwell F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Partick Thistle F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Maryhill F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Football League players]]<br />
[[Category:People from Milngavie]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch]]<br />
[[Category:Blantyre Celtic F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Place of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Scottish sportsmen]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adityavarman_(Chalukya_dynasty)&diff=484676Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)2025-05-15T11:13:39Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started initial stub more to come.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Short description|Chalukya Emperor from 643 to 645}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Adityavarma<br />
| title = [[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]], [[Maharajadhiraja]], Parameshvara<br />
| succession = [[Chalukya king]]<br />
| reign = {{circa|643|645}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Pulakeshin II]]<br />
| successor = possibly [[Abhinavaditya]]<br />
| house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]<br />
| house-type = Dynasty<br />
| father = Pulakeshin II<br />
| issue = Abhinavaditya<br />
}}<br />
{{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}<br />
'''Adityavarma''' (r. c. 643–645&nbsp;CE) was a king of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] in southern India. He was a son of [[Pulakeshin II]], who was defeated and probably killed when the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] invaded and captured the Chalukya capital Vatapi. The immediate history of the dynasty after Pulakeshin's death is not clear, but inscriptions of Adityavarma and his son suggest that Adityavarma ruled a weakened Chalukya kingdom for a short period, before his younger brother [[Vikramaditya I]] defeated the Pallavas and restored the Chalukya power.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Adityavarman was one of the sons of the Chalukya emperor [[Pulakeshin II]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=114}} In 642–643&nbsp;CE, the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], who were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas, [[Battle of Vatapi|invaded and captured]] the Chalukya capital Vatapi. Pulakeshin was probably killed in this conflict.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=99}}<br />
<br />
The history of the Chalukya dynasty over the next decade, when Pulakeshin's other son [[Vikramaditya I]] ascended the throne in c. 655, is not clear. It cannot be said with certainty if the Chalukya empire was divided among the various sons of Pulakeshin, or if his successor(s) ruled from other headquarter(s) while the Pallavas occupied Vatapi.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=113}} Despite this uncertainty, Adityavarman's existence and his rule as the Chalukya king is attested by his [[Kurnool]] (Karnul) grant inscription, his son's Nelakunda grant inscription, [[Someshvara III]]'s ''Vikramankabhyudaya'', and Sarvajnatma's ''Samkshepa-Shariraka''.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=114}}<br />
<br />
The Kurnool inscription does not mention Adityavarman's order of birth among Pulakeshin's sons, and does not mention Vikramaditya.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=74}}<br />
<br />
The 1009&nbsp;CE Kantheru grant inscription of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], who claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Badami, names Adityavarman as a son of Nedamari and a grandson of Pulakeshin II. However, this late account contains several inaccuracies, and cannot be considered as reliable.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=74}}<br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
<br />
''Vikramankabhyudaya'' of the 12th century king [[Someshvara III]], whose dynasty claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Vatapi, states that Adityavarman succeeded his father Pulakeshin.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=114}}<br />
<br />
According to the Kurnool and Nelakunda inscriptions, Adityavarman bore the regnal titles ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'', ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'', and ''Parameshvara'' ("Supreme Lord").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=114}}<br />
<br />
The Kurnool inscription boasts that he possessed the "supreme rule over the whole circuit of earth which had been overcome by the strength of his arm and prowess".{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=74}}<br />
<br />
The Kurnool grant inscription is dated to Adityavarman's first regnal year: historian D. P. Dikshit assumes that he may have ruled during c. 643–645&nbsp;CE, spending most of his time trying to regain the former Chalukya territory from the Pallavas and other enemies.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=115-116}} Historian [[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that Vikramaditya I and Adityavarman ruled different parts of the Pulakeshin's former empire simultaneously.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=115}}<br />
<br />
== Identification as Vikramditya I ==<br />
<br />
Historian [[T. V. Mahalingam]] theorized that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I. His theory is based on the following arguments:{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|pp=75-76}}<br />
<br />
* Adityavarman's Kurnool inscription and Vikramaditya's Gadval inscription feature similar phraseology.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=75}}<br />
* Adityavarman's Kurnool inscription states that he made the grant for "the merit of his mother and father and himself". Such a statement is found in Vikramaditya's Kurnool inscriptions as well, but is uncommon in the inscriptions of other Chalukya kings. The Navsari inscription of Vikramaditya's younger brother [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman|Jayasimha]] also mentions that Vikramaditya "meditated on the feet of his mother and father": such an expression is not found in other Chalukya records.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=75}}<br />
* The Chalukya inscriptions issued after the restoration of the Chalukya power mention that Vikramaditya acquired the title ''Parameshvara'' ("Supreme Lord") by subjugating the hostile kings.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=75}} Adityavarman also bore the title ''Parameshvara''.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|p=76}}<br />
<br />
Historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification based on the following arguments:{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=114-115}}<br />
<br />
* The similarity between the inscriptions of the succeeding kings can be explained by the fact that such records were drafted by state officials on the lines of the previous records.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=114}}<br />
* The grant inscriptions only furnish a genealogy of the king, not a chronology of succession. This explains why Adityavarman's records do not mention Vikramaditya, and vice versa.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=115}}<br />
* The records of the later Chalukyas of Kalyani, although unreliable, mention Adityavarman. Had Adityavarman not been a distinct, sovereign king, he would have been forgotten by the time of the later Chalukyas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=115-116}}<br />
* The Nelakunda inscription of Adityavarman's son [[Abhinavaditya]] suggests that both men were sovereign rulers, and that Abhinavadiya succeeded Adityavarman.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=116}}<br />
<br />
== Successor ==<br />
<br />
The Nelakunda inscription of Adityavarman's son [[Abhinavaditya]] gives both men the imperial title ''Parameshvara'', which suggests that Abhinavaditya succeeded his father as the Chalukya sovereign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=116}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=Aditya and Vikramaditya |title=Readings in South Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJeFswEACAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies / B.R. }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Early Chalukyas]]<br />
[[Category:Chalukya kings]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gumut,_Bankura&diff=501400Gumut, Bankura2025-04-29T17:23:56Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gumut<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.126883|N|87.383452|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1723<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 722140<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 03243<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]<br />
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Gumut''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It includes Muninagar.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=360| height=370| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption=Places in Bishnupur subdivision in Bankura district<br/>M: Municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bankura]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bankura]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bankura]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] (M)| shape-color11=#800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =[[Sonamukhi]] (M)| shape-color12=#800000<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =[[Kotulpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= [[Dwadashbari]] (T) |shape-color19=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulnagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= Gumut, Bankura (T) |shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Gumut is located at {{coord|23.126883|N|87.383452|E|display =inline}}.<br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gumut had a total population of 1,723, of which 872 (51%) were males and 851 (49%) were females. There were 162 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Gumut was 1,136 (72.77% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Gumut Vidyasagar Sisu Shiksha Niketan was established in 2010 and Gumut Girls Primary School was established in 1939.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132205302/gumut-vidyasagar-s-s-niketan.html |title = Gumut Vidyasagar SS Niketan |publisher= Schools.org | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132205001/gumut-girls-p-s.html|title = Gumut Girls PS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Muninagar Radhakanta Bidyapith is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1956. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers, a library with 2,500 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132204902/muninagar-radhakanta-bidyapith.html |title = Muninagar Radhakanta Bidyapith |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions the Muninagar Radha Kanta temple, located in Gumut, as a smooth twin deuls plain laterite temple built in 1678.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, page 70. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
At places such as Kharar and the 17th century Radha Kanta temple at Muninagar and earlier at [[Baidyapur Jora Deul|Baidyapur]], the porch is almost as high as the main shrine, giving the impression of twin deuls.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 67-68. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
The temple of Radha Kanta at Muninagar (at Sr No S-WB-10) is included in the [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal]] by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp |title = Protected Monuments in West Bengal |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130903065804/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp | access-date = 17 April 2020|archive-date = 2013-09-03 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Radha-Kanta-Deul-Muninagar-Bankura.jpg|Radhakanta Deul Muninagar<br />
File:Pond-View-Radha-Kanta-Deul-Muninagar-Bankura.jpg|View from across the pond<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bankura District}}<br />
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathuralal_Damar&diff=516823Mathuralal Damar2025-02-28T16:26:35Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: added details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''Mathuralal Damar''' (born 1955)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mathura Lal Damar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RATLAM RURAL (ST)(RATLAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=397 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Ratlam Rural Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Ratlam district|Ratlam District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ratlam Rural, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Ratlam Rural में Mathura Lal Damar ने 34324 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/ratlam-rural-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830364-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratlam Rural Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Mathura Lal Damar Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ratlam-rural-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687319.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Damar is from [[Ratlam]], Madhya Pradesh. His father Natha Ji Damar was a farmer. He passed Class 5 and discontinued his studies while studying Class 6 at Government School in Birmaval.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Damar won from Ratlam Rural Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 102,968 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Laxman Singh Dindor of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 34,324 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=mathura lal damar madhya-pradesh mathura-lal-damar-ratlam-rural candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/mathura-lal-damar-madhya-pradesh-ratlam-rural-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party from Ratlam Rural seat defeating Laxmi Devi Kharadi of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 26,969 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratlam Rural Constituency Election Results 2023: Ratlam Rural Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/ratlam-rural |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Damar, Mathuralal}}<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ratlam district]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaimai_Road_railway_station&diff=462887Kaimai Road railway station2024-12-06T00:54:23Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: improve citations additionally and corrected details as per guidelines</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Rani Gaidinliu railway station]]<br />
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{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_district,_India&diff=495289Dadra and Nagar Haveli district, India2024-11-13T16:57:14Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: Redirect article</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district]]<br />
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}}</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinatha&diff=467861Srinatha2024-11-08T11:06:03Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|15th century Telugu poet}}<br />
{{redirect|Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowma|the 1993 Indian film|Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Srinatha<br />
| image =Portrait of Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhouma.jpg<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| pseudonym =<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|1355-1360}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Godavari]] Region, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]{{sfn|Rao & Shulman, Srinatha|2012}}<ref>{{cite book<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4170|title= The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature: Sasay To Zorgot|first=Mohan|last=Lal|year=2006|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 978-81-260-1221-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC&pg=PA53|title= Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938 By Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras - 1942|isbn= 978-81-206-1851-0|last1= Madras|first1= Government of|date= 2004|publisher= Asian Educational Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216|title= The Andhras through the ages by Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram, Sri Saraswati Book Depot, 1973|last1= Sekaram|first1= Kandavalli Balendu|date= 1973}}</ref><br />
| death_date = {{death year|1441}} (aged {{age range|from1=1370|from2=1365|to=1441}})<br />
| death_place = Boddepalli, on the banks of River Krishna<br />
| occupation = [[Poet]]<br />
| period =<br />
| genre = [[Religion]], Hindu<br />
| subject =<br />
| movement =<br />
| signature =<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Srinatha''' ({{circa|1355-1360}} – 1441) was a well-known 15th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[poet]] who popularised the [[Prabandha (Telugu)|Prabandha]] style of composition.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Srinatha was born in a {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pākanāṭi Niyōgi}} Telugu Brahmin family of Bharadwaja gotra in Kalapatam village on Gudur Mandal in Krishna district to parents {{transliteration|te|ISO|Bhīmāmba}} and {{transliteration|te|ISO|Mārayya}} in 1355/1360.<ref>{{citation |author=Srinatha |chapter=''Parvathidevi Tapassu'' |title=Unknown Telugu text |language=te |chapter-url=http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/12/Telugu/Poetry/8%20ParvathiDevi%20Thapassu.pdf |access-date=2008-05-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022606/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/12/Telugu/Poetry/8%20ParvathiDevi%20Thapassu.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-10 |at=editor introduction}}</ref> His grandfather was {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kamalanābhāmātyuḍu}} who allegedly wrote a Telugu translation of [[Padma Purana]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1901 |title= {{transliteration|te|Śrī Bhīmēśvara Purāṇamu}} |url=https://ia601409.us.archive.org/22/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.395642/2015.395642.Sree-Beemeswara.pdf|language=Telugu |location=Madras |publisher= Krottapalli Venkata Padmanabha Sastri|page=iv }}</ref><br />
<br />
Srinatha was respected as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kavi Sārvabhauma}} (King among poets) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and patronised by many kings. Srinatha worked as a minister in the court of [[Prolaya Vema Reddi|Pedakomati Vema Reddy]] of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]. He managed to get his king's prestigious knife {{transliteration|te|Nandikanta Pōtarāju Kaṭhāri}} which was taken away by Lingamanedu ruler of [[Devarakonda|Devarakanda]] in return for his literary prowess. Srinatha produced and dedicated a host of books to kings and enjoyed a luxurious life. However, he seemed to have suffered from poverty at the end of his life. Srinatha died in 1441, after the conquest of Coastal Andhra by Kapileswara Gajapati.<ref>{{citation |first=Mallampalli |last=Somasekhara Sarma |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.) |publisher=Andhra University |location=Waltair |year=1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was not the brother-in-law of another famous Telugu poet [[Potana]] as shown in the Telugu movies.<br />
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==Works==<br />
Srinatha wrote ''Sivaratri Mahatyam'', ''[[Haravilāsamu]]'', ''[[Bhimeswara Puranam|Bhimakhandam]]'', ''[[Kasikhandamu]]'', ''Srungara Naishadham'', ''Palanati Veeracharitra'', ''[[Kota Vamsa|Dhananjaya Vijjayam]]'', Marrutaratcharithra, ''Srungaradipika'' and ''Kridabhiramam'' over the subjects of [[history]] and [[mythology]]. He translated ''Salivahana Gatha Saptasati'' in to Telugu from [[Prakrit]].<br />
<br />
==Style==<br />
''Prabandha'' can be described as a story in verse form with a tight metrical structure. Srinatha's ''Srungara Naishadhamu'' is a well-known example of the form.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html<br />
|title = Languages - Literature<br />
|publisher = aponline.gov.in<br />
|access-date = 2007-01-06<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html<br />
|archive-date = 2012-02-08<br />
}}</ref><br />
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He is also credited with hundreds of extempore poems called Chatuvulu in Telugu.<br />
<br />
Moreover, Srinath was considered popular for his composition of the Seesa Meter in his books, where most part of his eloquent poetry is written in. <br />
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==Awards and Titles==<br />
He was widely regarded as the ''Kavi'' ''Sarvabhouma'' (The emperor among poets). He had broken the drum of Gouda Dimdimabhattu in the court of Vijayanagara during the reign of Proudhadevarayulu, by his incredible skill of conversing. He was honoured with gold for his dexterity in the Telugu literature by the king. <br />
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==In popular culture==<br />
A [[biographical film]] on Srinatha named ''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu|Srinatha Kavi]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://latestvideos.in/shrinatha-kavi-sarvabhowma/ |title=Shrinatha Kavi Sarvabhowma &#124; latestvideos.in |access-date=2013-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234801/http://latestvideos.in/shrinatha-kavi-sarvabhowma/ |archive-date=2013-12-30 }}</ref> directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] was released in 1993 starring veteran actor [[N. T. Rama Rao]], also popularly called Nata Sarvabhoumudu, and [[Jayasudha]].<br />
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Srinatha is a prominent character in the Telugu film ''[[Bhakta Potana]]'' produced by the [[Vauhini Studios]] in 1942. In the fim thespian [[V. Nagayya]] played the role of [[Pothana|Bammera Potana]], and Gowrinatha Sastry played the role of Srinatha as the brother-in-law of Potana.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Poetry}}<br />
* [[Peddana]], another famous composer of Prabandhas.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=Velcheru Narayana |chapter=Multiple Literary Cultures in Telugu: Court, Temple and Public |editor=Sheldon I. Pollock |title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia |pages=383–436 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA385 |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Velcheru Narayana |last1=Rao |first2=David |last2=Shulman |title=Srinatha: The Poet Who Made Gods and Kings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199863044 |url= |ref={{sfnref|Rao & Shulman, Srinatha|2012}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu poets]]<br />
[[Category:1360s births]]<br />
[[Category:1441 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Biographical films about poets]]<br />
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agomani&diff=484863Agomani2024-10-16T16:31:31Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: started some details w/ sources</p>
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<div>{{About|the town in Dhubri District|its namesake district|Dhubri district}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{confusing|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{essay-like|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}<br />
}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Agomoni<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Sub-divisional Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.199|N|89.785|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 15th century<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 9<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = Agomanian<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = [http://pincode.net.in/783335_PINCODE 783335]<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]<br />
| registration_plate = AS 17<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = Agomani, Agamani, Agomoni<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Agomani''' (also spelt as Agomoni or Agamani) is a sub town area of [[Dhubri district]] ([[Assam]]) [[India]]. It is an area on the bank of [[Gangadhar River]] with historical significance. Agomani stands in a town area. The area of Agomani is about 9&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> Agomani is situated at a distance of 50&nbsp;km to the North West of [[Dhubri]], 12&nbsp;km to the South of West Bengal border and 8&nbsp;km to the North East of Bangladesh border. [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] passes through Agomani from North to South and the historical [[Gohain Kamal Ali]] (Road) runs from East to West. Both the roads crossed it the heart of Agomani. At the conjunction, there is a daily market and shops of all kinds are established. In 1963 a terrible Cyclone blew over Agomani and swept away many houses, lives and properties and the name of Agomani appeared on Newspaper, Radio & T.V and Agomani had been known to all over Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/agmhistory.html |title=History |access-date=27 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227195138/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/agmhistory.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Agomani is an important place with some historical background. It is situated in the district of [[Dhubri]] ([[Assam]]). There are some sayings about the origin of the name of AGOMANI. Agomani derives from the word '''"AGOMAN"'''which means arrival. It is said that Mahapurush Sri Sri Shankardeva, the great preacher of the Bhagawati Bhaishnava faith, made a voyage from Pathbaushi with his niece Aai Bhubeneshwari to get her marriage with Chillarai, the brother of Nara Narayana, the king of Koch kingdom. They made a journey by boat on the river Ganghadhar. Both of them arrived at Agomani Ghat and received each other. From that time the place was named Agomani. Later Shankardeva and Chilarai came to Satrasal where marriage ceremony of Aai Bhubeneshwari with Chilarai was performed. (which is controversial) There are other sayings that Raja Probhat Ch. Baruah, the Jamindar of Gouripur and Maharaja Nara Narayana, the King of Koch kingdom arrived at the place of Agomani to meet and to settle some disputes overland. To commemorate that historical meeting, the place has been known as Agomani.<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
Agomani is a thickly populated area. Most of the inhabitants are cultivators. There are some service holders and Business men also. Cultivators produced rice, jute, wheat, vegetable and other agricultural crops. But the economic condition of the general people of Agomani is good. This is due to the fact that most of the people belong to the backward classes. Residences of Agomani are mostly Hindus and Muslims. They are peace-loving people and have been living in communal harmony and peace since long ago. There was no record of communal disturbances at Agomani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/festival.html |title=Road & Electricity |access-date=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233455/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/festival.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/frame3.html |title="Agomani Development Block" |access-date=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052309/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/frame3.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sheelbhadra the famous Assamese writer, wrote a novel namely "AGOMANIR GHAT" which made Agomani well known.<br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
There are several Govt. Offices and Institutions are in and around Agomani these are – A.S.O and Circle Office, B.D.O and CIC Office, S.D.O ASEB Office, Post Office, Courier Facilities - DTDC Express, [[Delhivery]], Ecom Express, Handloom and Textile Office, S.O, P.W.D Office, Telephone Exchange, P.H.C. and Hospitals, UCO Bank, State Bank Of India, Bandhan Bank, Lower Assam Public School, Pragati College, Agomani H.S. School, Agomani J.B. School, Girls high and M.E. School, Indoor Stadium, Basketball Court, and Agomani Mini Stadium etc. These offices and Institutions increased the importance of Agomani and It is going to form a small town-ship. There is a big Bi-Weekly market at a distance of half a kilometer to the West called kaldoba haat (market). It is a business place. The [[Gangadhar river]] flowing towards the Brahmaputra is at a distance of half a kilometer to the east to the Agomani. The famous "Agomani Ghat" is still surviving.<br />
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== Educational institutes ==<br />
[[File:Agomani.JPG|thumb|Agomani Higher Secondary School]]<br />
Educational institutions of Agomani are :<br />
* [[Pragati College]] is premier college in Dhubri District.<br />
* [[Agomani Higher Secondary School]]; Founded in 1948 and Provincialised in 1977.<br />
*[[Lower Assam public School, Agomani]] (Private) CBSE<br />
* [[1476 No. Agomani J.B. School]]; Established in 1947.<br />
* [[1967 No. Bangla L.P. School]]; Established in 1971,<br />
* [[Kaldoba J.B. School]] (Private); Established in 1985,<br />
[[Agomani Junior College, Agomani]]; Established in 2018<br />
*[[Sankardev shishu aru Bidya Niketan, Kaldoba]] Agomani (Shishu Shikha Samiti Assam, Guwahati)<br />
* [[Agomani Girls' M.E. School]]; Established in 1972,<br />
* [[Agomani Girls' High School]] (Private); Established in 1980,<br />
* [[Agomani Jatiya Vidyalaya]] (private);<br />
*[[Gurukul Adarshya Vidyalaya, Agomani]] (private) Digital school,<br />
*[[Dhubri Pollytechnic, Agomani]] it was sanctioned,<br />
*[[Shernagar Jatiya Vidyalaya]] (private) Agomani,<br />
*[[Chilarai Academy, Agomani]] an english medium school (private)<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
Agomani has a railway station named [[Agomani railway station]]. Two trains runs via this station. One train (Rajya Rani Express) runs three days in a week and another Train runs daily from [[Dhubri]] to [[New Jalpaiguri]] (Siliguri) (Inter City Express) via Agomani town.<br />
Agomani has a small bus stand. Air port facilities are available in the distance of 34.9&nbsp;km named Rupshi Airport and 14.9&nbsp;km distance from the district head quarter Dhubri Town.[[File:Proma Cinema,Agomani.JPG|thumb|Talkies in Agomani Town]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Assam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhubri district]]<br />
[[Category:Dhubri district]]</div>TeresaGuercio23https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladnun_railway_station&diff=472910Ladnun railway station2024-08-01T04:53:59Z<p>TeresaGuercio23: adjust content to improve readability and updated info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Ladnun <br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| address = [[Ladnun]], [[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.645867|74.406291|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| line = [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line]]<br>[[Falna–Merta Road line]]<br />
| other = <br />
| elevation = {{convert|330|m|ft}}<br />
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| depth =<br />
| levels =<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = No<br />
| opened = <br />
| closed =<br />
| rebuilt =<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible =<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = LAU<br />
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Jodhpur}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]<br />
| status = Functioning <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year =<br />
| pass_percent =<br />
| pass_system =<br />
| mpassengers =<br />
| services = <br />
| map_type = India#India Rajasthan<br />
| map_dot_label = Ladnun railway station<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ladnun railway station''' is a railway station in [[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]]. Its code is '''LAU'''. It serves '''[[Ladnun]]''' town. The station consists of two platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ladnun-lau/2492| title=LAU/Ladnun| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/ladnun-lau-railway-station| title=LAU/Ladnun:Timetable| website=Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=LAU| title=LAU:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Jodhpur<br />
| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/churu-news/foundations-at-the-station-instructions-for-improvement-3600003/| title=स्टेशन पर मिली खामियां, सुधार के निर्देश| website=Patrika}}</ref><br />
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==Trains==<br />
<br />
The following trains halt at Ladnun railway station in both directions:<br />
<br />
* [[Bandra Terminus–Jammu Tawi Vivek Express]]<br />
* [[Jodhpur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]]<br />
* [[Salasar Express]]<br />
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Kamakhya Express]]<br />
* [[ Howrah Barmer superfast Biweekly express]]<br />
* [[ jodhpur rewari express ]]<br />
* [[Merta Road Ratangarh/churu passenger ]]<br />
* [[ jammu Tawi - Bandra vivek express ]]<br />
* [[ Hisar -Bandra Termins express ]]<br />
* [[Barmer-Howrah express]]<br />
* [[ Delhi sarai rohilla -Johdpur superfast express ]]<br />
* [[ Jodhpur- Hissar Express ]]<br />
* [[ Rewari- Jodhpur express ]]<br />
* [[ Hisar- Johdpur express ]]<br />
* [[ Churu/Ratangarh-Merta Road passenger ]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Nagaur district]]<br />
[[Category:Jodhpur railway division]]<br />
<br />
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{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}</div>TeresaGuercio23