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Thavanur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T16:51:12Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating first stub first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Thavanur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 47
| map_image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Beeyam Kayal Park.jpg
| photo2a = Chamravattam bridge-1.JPG
| spacing = 2
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 200
}}
| map_caption = '''Top to bottom:'''<br/>''Beeyam Kayal'' Park near [[Edappal]], and [[Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge]] at [[Triprangode]] that connects [[Tirur Taluk]] with [[Ponnani]] town.
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,99,960 (2021)
| mla = [[V. S Joy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Thavanur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is
[[V. S Joy]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Thavanur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
!width="60px" |[[2020 Kerala local elections|Ruling alliance]]
|-
|1
|[[Thavanur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|2
|[[Kalady, Malappuram|Kalady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|3
|[[Vattamkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|4
|[[Edappal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[Unitet Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|5
|[[Mangalam, Tirur|Mangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|6
|[[Triprangode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|-
|7
|[[Purathur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">'''UDF'''</span>]]
|}
<mapframe text="Thavanur Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13113759,Q16135227,Q20579786,Q7689021,Q13111179,Q13114505,Q13110669"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Thavanur Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/thavanur-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Thavanur
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}

{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. T. Jaleel]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[2021-2026]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[V. S Joy|V.S. Joy]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|2026-2031
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==

=== LOCAL BODY ELECTIONS ===

=== 2025 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|SEGMENTS
|LDF
|NDA
|UDF
|IND
|SDPI
|
|LEADING ALLIANCE
|-
|THAVANUR
|8705
|2408
|10426
|1072
|902
|23513
|UDF
|-
|KALADY
|6314
|2037
|8113
|717
|962
|18143
|UDF
|-
|VATTAMKULAM
|9302
|3550
|11218
|360
|389
|24819
|UDF
|-
|EDAPPAL
|8269
|5021
|8045
|800
|0
|22135
|LDF
|-
|MANGALAM
|7806
|2150
|11077
|316
|360
|21709
|UDF
|-
|TRIPRANGODE
|13180
|1212
|14072
|274
|48
|28786
|UDF
|-
|PURATHUR
|9354
|2545
|10114
|231
|0
|22244
|UDF
|-
|TOTAL
|62930
|18923
|73065
|3770
|2661
|161349
|
|-
|%
|39.00241092
|11.72799336
|45.28382574
|2.336549963
|1.649220014
|}

=== ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS ===
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thavanur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[ADV. V S JOY]]|votes=79,661|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[K. T. Jaleel]]|votes=65,014|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravi Thelath]]|votes=16,039|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14647
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,99,960 registered voters in Thavanur Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thavanur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[K. T. Jaleel]]|votes=69,358|percentage=46.46%|change={{decrease}}1.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Firos Kunnamparambil|votes=67,794|percentage=44.77%|change={{increase}}8.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Ramesh Kottayapurath|votes=9,914|percentage=6.55%|change={{decrease}}4.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Hassan Chiyanoor|votes=1,747|percentage=1.15%|change={{decrease}}0.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=478|percentage=0.32%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jaleel|votes=308|percentage=0.2%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Independent (politician)|candidate=Vellarikkat Mohammed Rafi|votes=227|percentage=0.15%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Firos Kunnathparambil|votes=194|percentage=0.13%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Firos Paruvingal|votes=175|percentage=0.12%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohammed Firos Nurukkuprambil|votes=152|percentage=0.1%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Firos Nellamkunnath|votes=79|percentage=0.05%|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,185
|percentage = 1.69%
|change ={{decrease}}1.51
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,426|percentage=75.72%|change={{decrease}}1.16}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}}1.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,84,868 registered voters in Thavanur Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thavanur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[K. T. Jaleel]]|votes=68,179|percentage=47.97%|change={{increase}}0.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ifthiquarudheen Master|votes=51,115|percentage=35.96%|change={{decrease}}5.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravi Thelath|votes=15,801|percentage=11.12%|change={{increase}}5.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. K. Jaleel Parakkuzhiyil|votes=2,649|percentage=1.86%|change={{decrease}}0.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Ali Kadampuzha|votes=1,077|percentage=0.76%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Muhammed Ponnani|votes=1,000|percentage=0.71%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ifthikarudheen P. P.|votes=601|percentage=0.42%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=473|percentage=0.33%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Appunni O. V.|votes=443|percentage=0.31%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,064
|percentage = 12.01%
|change ={{increase}}6.41
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,125|percentage=76.88%|change={{decrease}}1.27}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{increase}}0.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,56,486 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thavanur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[K. T. Jaleel]]|votes=57,729|percentage=47.20%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. V. Prakash|votes=50,875|percentage=41.60%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nirmala Kuttikrishnan Punnakkal|votes=7,107|percentage=5.81%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Nurul Hack|votes=3,116|percentage=2.55%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=T. A. Jaleel|votes=820|percentage=0.67%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=T. K. Jaleel|votes=768|percentage=0.63%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nanda Kumar|votes=531|percentage=0.43%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,854
|percentage = 5.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,297|percentage=78.15%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Thavanur]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s

2026-05-08T10:49:32Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding a bio.

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Bengali films}}

A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the '''1990s'''.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.in/decadesearch.aspx?decade=1990-1999&lang=Bengali&categ=M&searchtext=1996|url-status=dead|title=gomolo.in: Yearwise search result|publisher=www.gomolo.in|access-date=2008-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2000/0/Bengali |title=List of Films |publisher=www.upperstall.com |access-date=2008-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104324/http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2000/0/Bengali |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

==1990==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1990 Bengali film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Biplab Chattopadhyay || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Satabdi Roy|| [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| ''Abishkar'' || Salil Dutta || [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Agni Kanya''||Gopal Gupta||[[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]||Thriller||
|-
|''Alingan''||Tapan Saha||[[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], Sunetra Bhattacharya|| ||
|-
|''[[Andha Bichar]]''||[[Shakti Samanta]]||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Tanuja]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Apan Amar Apan]]''||[[Tarun Majumdar]]||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]||Drama ||
|-
|''[[Badnam]]''||Shibu Mitra||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Shakti Kapoor]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Balidan (1990 film)|Balidan]]'' ||Anil Ganguly || Tapas Paul, Naina Das, Rupali, [[Papiya Adhikari]], [[Rakhi Gulzar]] ||Drama ||
|-
|''Bhangagara''||Guru Bagchi||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Dipankar Dey]]||Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''Byabodhan''||Dilip Mukherjee||[[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Tapas Paul]]|| ||
|-
|''Chakranta''||Himanshu Parija||Siddhanta Manmohan, Mahapatra, Meghna Mishra|| ||
|-
|''Chetana''||Deb Sinha||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Devika Mukherjee, [[Rabi Ghosh]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Debota''||Abhijit Sen||[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Debashree Roy]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
| ''[[Deepa & Rupa: A Fairy Tale from India]]'' || [[Manick Sorcar]] || [[Piya Sorcar]], Deepa Reddy || [[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]-[[children's film]] ||
|-
|''[[Ekhane Aamar Swarga]]''||Jahar Biswas||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]]||Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Ganashatru]]''||[[Satyajit Ray]]||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]||Drama||
|-
|''Garmil''||Dilip Roy||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Roopa Ganguly]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Gharer Bou''||S. S. Roy||[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Sandhya Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''Hirak Jayanti''||Anjan Choudhury||[[Ranjit Mallick]], Chumki Choudhury, [[Joy Banerjee]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Jwar Bhata''||Dulal Bhowmik||[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Sumanta Mukherjee|| ||
|-
|''Ladai''||Rana Mukherjee||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Ritu Das, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Mandira (film)|Mandira]]''||[[Sujit Guha]]||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]||Drama ||
|-
|''Mon Mayuree''||Biresh Chatterjee||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Dipankar De]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Path O Prasad''||Tarun Majumdar||[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''Rajnartaki''||Narayan Chakraborty||[[Tapas Paul]], Sudha Chandran, Anup Kumar|| ||
|-
|''Sankranti''||Maloy Mitra||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Om Puri]]||Drama||
|-
|''Sei To Abar Kache Ele''||Jayanta Bhattacharya||Arjun Chakraborty, [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Varsha Usgaonkar|| ||
|-
|''[[Shakha Proshakha]]''||[[Satyajit Ray]]||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Swarna Trishna]]''||Mangal Chakraborty||[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Yogeeta Bali]]||Action||
|}

== 1991 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aamar Sathi''
|[[Salil Dutta]]
|[[Satabdi Roy]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Abhagini''
|Bablu Samaddar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Agantuk]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Dipankar De]], Mamata Shankar
|
|
|-
|''Ahankar''
|Shrikant Guha-Thakurta
|[[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Ananda''
|Kumar Swapan
|Kumar Swapan, Talluri Rameshwari, Anupama Chatterjee
|Romance
|
|-
|''Ananda Niketan''
|Sujit Guha
|Suparna Anand, Satya Bandopadhyay, Bratati Bandopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''Antarer Bhalobasa''
|Bimal Roy, jr.
|[[Tapas Paul]], Mandakini, Madhavi Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Beder Meye Josna''
|Tojammel Haque Bokul
|Anju Ghosh, [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], Shambhu Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''Bidhir Bidhan''
|Mohammad Mohsin
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Bourani''
|Bhabesh Kundu
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Manoj Mitra
|
|
|-
|''Debar''
|Amal Ray Ghatak
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Indrani Haldar]], Debraj Roy
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ek Pashla Bristi]]''
|Nitish Ray
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Sreela Majumdar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Jeevan Pradip''
|Pradip Bhattacharya
|Kalipada Chakraborty, Abhishek Chatterjee, Subhendu Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Katha Dilam]]''
|Rajat Das
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Lakhi Durga Saraswati''
|Qamar Narvi
|Shekhar Suman, [[Moon Moon Sen]], Sudha Chandran
|Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Maan Maryada]]''
|[[Sukhen Das]]
|[[Satabdi Roy]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Samit Bhanja]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Mahashya''
|Mukul Dutt
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], Anup Kumar
|
|
|-
|''Nawab''
|Haranath Chakraborty
|Bhaskar Bannerjee, [[Soumitra Bannerjee]], Nimu Bhowmick
|
|
|-
|''Neelimai Neel''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Sreela Majumdar]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Palataka''
|Swaran Dey
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Tarun Kumar]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Pati Param Guru''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|Tapas Paul, Utpal Dutt, Animesh Ray Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Pennam Kolkata''
|Guru Bagchi
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Prashna''
|Sharon Dey
|Sanghamitra Banerjee, Anil Chatterjee, Prosenjit Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Prem Joyare''
|Kajal Chakraborty
|Anupama Chatterjee, [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Dipankar De]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Prem Pujari (1991 film)|Prem Pujari]]''
|Nandan Dasgupta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Nirmal Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sadharan Meye''
|Samit Bhanja
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], Swarup Dutt, [[Kali Banerjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Shubha Kamana]]''
|[[Anup Sengupta]]
|[[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''Sindoor''
|Anandam
|Satya Bandopadhyay, Swantana Basu, Soma Chaki
|
|
|}

== 1992 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Adhikar (1992 film)|Adhikar]]''
|Deb Singha
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Agantuk]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Ananya''
|Dulal Dey
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Joy Banerjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Antardhan]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Madabhi Mukherjee, [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Anutap]]''
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|[[Debashree Roy]], [[Raj Babbar]]
|Family Drama
|
|-
|''[[Apan Por]]''
|Tapan Saha
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Juhi Chawla]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bhalobasa O Andakar''
|Dipranjan Bose
|Sourin Bandopadhyay, Satya Bannerjee, Sanchita Bose
|
|
|-
|''Dharma Yuddha''
|Samit Bhanja
|Roopa Ganguly, [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Tapen Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Fantasy
|
|-
|''[[Hirer Angti]]''
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|[[Basanta Choudhury]], [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Indrajit''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Chumki Choudhury]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Jekhaney Aashroy''
|Amitava Mitra
|[[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Joy Banerjee]], [[Soumitra Banerjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Mahaprithibi]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Victor Bannerjee]]
|Social Drama
|
|-
|''Mani Kanchan''
|Ashim Bannerjee
|Satya Bandopadhyay, [[Shakuntala Barua]], Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Maya Mamata''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Dilip Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayabini (1992 film)|Mayabini]]''
|Tushar Majumdar
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Mon Mane Na (1992 film)|Mon Mane Na]]''
|[[Inder Sen]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Silpa Das
|Drama
|
|-
|''Monikanchan''
|Ashim Bannerjee
|Satya Bandopadhyay, Shakuntala Barua, Nirmal Kumar Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Nabarupa''
|Anand Ray Ghatak
|Ayan Bannerjee, Laboni Sarkar, Bhaskar Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Natun Sansar''
|Sanat Dutta
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Dipankar De]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]''
|[[Goutam Ghose]]
|[[Raisul Islam Asad]], [[Champa]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pennam Kolkata''
|Gurudas Bagchi
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|
|
|-
|''Pratham Dekha''
|Sujit Guha
|Haradhan Bannerjee, [[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|''Priya''
|Shibu Mitra
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Purushottam (1992 film)|Purushottam]]''
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, [[Debashree Roy]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Rakta Lekha''
|Ram Mukherjee
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Rupban Kanya''
|Harumur Rashid
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Anushree Das]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Shwet Pathorer Thala''
|Prabhat Roy
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|''Sone Ki Zanjeer''
|Shivkumar
|Laxmikant Berde, Priya Arun Berde, [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Surer Bhubaney''
|Prabir Mitra
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Tahader Katha]]''
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], Anashua Majumder
|Drama
|
|}

== 1993 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aatmajo''
|Nabyendu Chattopadhyay
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Amar Kahini''
|Indranil Goswami
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Antareen]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Anubhav''
|Deboki Kumar Bose
|Shankar Chakraborty, Rozina Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Charachar]]''
|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|[[Shankar Chakraborty]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Rajit Kapoor]]
|Drama
|Entered into the [[44th Berlin International Film Festival]]
|-
|''Dan Protidan''
|Sukhen Das
|[[Tapas Paul]], Mahashweta Roy, [[Indrani Haldar]]
|
|
|-
|''Duranta Prem''
|Prabhat Roy
|Rachana Banerjee, Baradhan Bannerjee, [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|''Kanyadan''
|Amal Dutta
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Ashok Kumar
|
|
|-
|''Iswar Parameswar''
|Bablu Samaddar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Madhavi, [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Janani (1993 film)|Janani]]''
|Sanat Dasgupta
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|Parallel
|Won [[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]] at [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]
|-
|''Laho Pronam''
|Milan Bhowmik
|Rana Mukherjee, Tapan Mukherjee, Rumki Bhowmik
|
|
|-
|''Man Samman''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Marg''
|Maniklal Banerjee
|Joy Sengupta, Prabhas Basu, Ranjit Seth
|
|
|-
|''Mayer Ashirvad''
|Parimal Ghosh
|[[Dipankar De]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Soma Dey]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Misti Madhur''
|Shantimoy Bannerjee
|Anubhav Rana, Somasree Ghosh, [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Nati Binodini''
|Dinen Gupta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Pashanda Pandit]]''
|Shibaprasad Sen
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Anusuya Majumdar]], [[Manoj Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Prajapati (film)|Prajapati]]''
|[[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|Biplab Chatterjee, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Dipankar De]]
|Social Drama
|
|-
|''Prathama''
|Prabir Mitra
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Biplab Chatterjee
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Prem Puja''
|Durga Bhattacharya
|Kunal Dutta, Madhuri Chatterjee, Ratna Ghoshal
|Drama
|
|-
|''Premi''
|Bikash Bannerjee
|Beena Banerjee, [[Shakuntala Barua]], Arun Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''[[Prithibir Sesh Station]]''
|
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Rajar Meye Parul''
|Milan Choudhury
|[[Tapas Paul]], Anju Ghosh, Papiya Adhikari
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Rakter Swad''
|Dhruba Dutta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Samay Ahsamay Dussamay''
|Arabinda Ghosh
|Kunal Dutta, Sagarika, Manna Dey
|
|
|-
|''[[Shanka]]''
|Salilmoy Ghosh
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Srodhanjali''
|Srikant Guha Thakurta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Sukher Swarga''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Uttam Mohanty
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sunya Theke Suru''
|Ashoke Viswanathan
|Dhritiman Chatterjee, Mamata Shankar, N. Viswanathan
|
|
|-
|''Tomar Rakte Aamar Sohag''
|Ram Mukherjee
|Chiranjit, Debashree Roy, Dipankar De
|
|
|}

== 1994 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aami O Maa''
|Sukhen Chakraborty
|Arindam Ganguly, Sumitra Mukherjee, [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Abbajan''
|[[Anjan Choudhury]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Ajana Path''
|Srinibas Chakraborty
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Ajana Sapath''
|Salil Sen
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Pahari Sanyal
|
|
|-
|''Atikram''
|Amal Dutta
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], Papiya Adhikari, Devika Mukherjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bhalobasar Ashroy''
|Sanjib Dey
|Bhaskar Banerjee, [[Laboni Sarkar]], [[Aditi Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[The Broken Journey]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|Screened at the [[1994 Cannes Film Festival]]
|-
|''Biswas Abiswas''
|
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Bonophool''
|Samit Bhanja
|Master Abhishek, [[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Samit Bhanja]]
|
|
|-
|''Dagi''
|Rama Prasad Chakraborty
|Shoma Anand, Sumitra Mukherjee, Dipankar Dey
|
|
|-
|''Danga''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], Suchitra, Bhaskar Banerjee
|Action
|
|-
|''Dhusar Godhuli''
|Bimal Roy
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Koyel Banerjee, [[Arjun Chakraborty]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Gajamukta]]''
|Ajit Lahiri
|[[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Geet Sangeet''
|Subhash Sen
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Subhendu Chatterjee, [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Kaal Purush''
|Pratap Jaiswal
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Satya Banerjee
|Drama
|
|-
|''Lal Pan Bibi''
|Prashanta Nanda
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Mahabharathi''
|Amar Bhattacharya
|[[Dipankar De]], Rajeswari Roychowdhury, [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Naga Jyoti''
|Ramanarayan
|Anushree Das, Jamuna, Uttam Mohanty
|
|
|-
|''[[Phiriye Dao]]''
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Prasab''
|Utpalendu Chakraborty
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Sreela Majumdar]], Goutam Chakraborty
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pratyaghat''
|Santanu Bhowmick
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Indrani Dutta, [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|
|
|-
|''Prem Sanghat''
|Santanu Bhowmick
|
|
|
|-
|''Raja Harisch Chandra''
|Uma Prasad Maitra
|Ashok Chakraborty, Sujata Devi, Shyamalendu Bhattacharya
|Devotional
|
|-
|''[[Rajar Raja]]''
|[[Shamit Bhanja]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''[[Rakta Nadir Dhara]]''
|[[Ram Mukherjee]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Sarbojaya''
|Sukanta Roy
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Shilpi]]''
|[[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Meghnad Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Tumi Je Aamar]]''
|[[Inder Sen]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Unishe April]]''
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1995 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abirbhab''
|Piyush Debnath
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''[[Amodini]]''
|[[Chidananda Dasgupta]]
|[[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Pijush Ganguly]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Antar Bahir''
|Sushil Mukherjee
|[[Satabdi Roy]], [[Chinmoy Roy]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Romance, comedy
|
|-
|''Antaratama''
|Dinabandhu Ghosh
|[[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], Somasree Ghosh
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhagya Debata]]''
|[[Raghuram]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Buk Bhara Bhalobasha''
|
|
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Dristee''
|Taba Mallick
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Papiya Adhikari]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Jeevan Yodha''
|Mripen Saha
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Indrani Haldar]], Pallavi Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Kakababu Here Gelen?]]''
|[[Pinaki Chaudhuri]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Kencho Khunrte Keute]]''
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Kumari Maa''
|Dulal Bhowmik
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], Anju Ghosh, [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Mejo Bou''
|Bablu Samaddar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|''Nayantara''
|Raja Mitra
|Saswata Chatterjee, [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Swarup Dutt
|
|
|-
|''Protidhwani''
|Anup Sengupta
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Moon Moon Sen]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Rakhal Raja''
|Sanat Dutta
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Rangin Basanta''
|Sandip Chatterjee
|[[Indrani Haldar]], Abhishek Chatterjee, Devika Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Sangharsha (1995 film)|Sangharsha]]''
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sansar Sangram''
|Chiranjit
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], Satabdi Roy, Rituparna Sengupta
|
|
|-
|''Sesh Pratiksha''
|Sachin Adhikari
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Sujan Sakhi''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Teli Samad
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Sukher Asha''
|
|Indrani Dutta, Satabdi Roy, [[Farooq Shaikh]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Yugant]]''
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1996 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abujh Mon''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]''
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Banaphul]]''
|[[Samit Bhanja]]
|[[Samit Bhanja]], [[Indrani Haldar]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Beadap''
|Dulal Bhowmick
|Arun Bannerjee, Nimu Bhowmick, Soma Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bhoy (film)|Bhoy]]''
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, [[Debashree Roy]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
|Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Biyer Phool]]''
|[[Ram Mukherjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rani Mukherji]], [[Indrani Haldar]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Damu (1996 film)|Damu]]''
|[[Raja Sen]]
|[[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
|Children's
|
|-
|''Himghar''
|Sandip Ray
|[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Dhritiman Chatterjee, [[Dipankar De]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jamaibabu]]''
|Dulal Bhowmik
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jhinuk Mala''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Basanti Chattopadhyay, Sumit Ganguly
|
|
|-
|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|[[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Mahaan''
|Pijush Bose
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Mukhyamantri (1996 film)|Mukhyamantri]]''
|[[Anjan Choudhury]]
|[[Chumki Chowdhury]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Political Drama
|
|-
|''Naach Nagini Naach Re''
|Anjan Choudhury
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], Tota Roy Choudhury
|Drama
|
|-
|''Parikrama''
|Shantimoy Banerjee
|[[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Path Beepath''
|Aurobinda Ghosh
|Anjan Mitra, Lily Chandra, Debashish Bardan
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Puja''
|Subhash Sen
|Anil Chatterjee, Manoj Mitra, Sreela Majumdar
|
|
|-
|''Rabibar''
|Nitish Mukherjee
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sakhi Tumi Kar''
|Swapan Saha
|Abhishek Chatterjee, [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''Sinthir Sindoor''
|Anup Sengupta
|[[Tapas Paul]], Nayna Das, Gita Dey
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Tarini Tarama''
|Bhupen Roy
|[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Papiya Adhikari]], [[Gita Dey]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Tridhara''
|Prasanta Nanda
|Arjun Chakraborty, Chiranjit Chakraborty, Indrani Dutta
|
|
|}

== 1997 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abhisapta Prem''
|Manoj Sen
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Achena Atithi (1997 film)|Achena Atithi]]''
|Asim Samanta
|[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Raakhee]]
|Romantic Drama, Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Adarer Bon]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Ajker Santan''
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Baharupa''
|D.S. Sultania
|Kaushik Bannerjee, Sangamitra Bannerjee, Tito Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Bakul Priya]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Baro Bou''
|Subhash Sen
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], Lokesh Ghosh
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bidroho''
|Haranath Chakraborty
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, Satabdi Roy, Ranjit Mallick
|
|
|-
|''Chandra Grahan''
|Anjan Banerjee
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Dabidar''
|Shyamal Bose
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Indrani Haldar]], Laboni Sarkar
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|[[Indrani Haldar]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Social Drama
|
|-
|''Dus Number Bari''
|Biresh Chatterjee
|Satya Bannerjee, [[Shakuntala Barua]], Shankar Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Gosainpur Sargaram''
|Sandip Ray
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], Saswata Chatterjee, [[Rabi Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
|''Jiban Youban''
|Dulal Bhowmick
|Ajoy Bannerjee, Arun Bannerjee, Diptesh Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Kaal Ratri''
|Ujjal Chatterjee
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Anusuya Majumdar, [[Pradip Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Kahini (film)|Kahini]]''
|Malay Bhattacharya
|[[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Lal Darja]]''
|[[Budhhadeb Dasgupta]]
|[[Indrani Halder]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|Allegorical Drama
|
|-
|''Loafer''
|Bablu Sammadar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], Lokesh Ghosh
|Action
|
|-
|''Manasa Kanya''
|Sujit Guha
|[[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Sanjib Dasgupta
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayar Badhon]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Mittir Barir Chhoto Bou]]''
|Sushil Mukhopadhyay
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Moner Manush (1997 film)|Moner Manush]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|Action
|
|-
|''Niranjan Dwip''
|Kumar Swapan
|Kumar Swapan, Suchandra, Nirmal Kumar
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nishpap Asami]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Pabitra Papi]]''
|Anup Sengupta
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pita Mata Santan''
|Swapan Saha
|Bhaskar Bannerjee, [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], Basanti Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Pratirodh''
|Srinivas Chakraborty
|[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|Action
|
|-
|''[[Sabar Upare Maa]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sedin Chaitramash''
|Prabhat Roy
|Indrani Dutta, Sanjib Dasgupta, [[Dipankar Dey]]
|
|
|-
|''Tomake Chai''
|Swapan Saha
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, Rituparna Sengupta, Aditi Chatterjee
|
|
|}

== 1998 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Aamar Maa''
|[[Dilip Biswas]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Aami Sei Meye]]''
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Action Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Ami Je Tomari''
|Milan Bhowmick
|Rajshree Bannerjee, Sanghamitra Bannerjee, [[Soumitra Bannerjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Asol Nakol''
|Bablu Samaddar
|Nimu Bhowmick, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Banglar Badhu]]''
|[[Anup Sengupta]]
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bishnu Narayan''
|Sanat Dutta
|[[Tom Alter]], [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|''Chowdhury Paribar''
|Bablu Sammadar
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''Gharer Laxmi''
|Swapan Saha
|Aparajita, [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Hothat Brishti]]''
|[[Basu Chatterjee]]
|[[Ferdous Ahmed]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Kamalar Banabas''
|Swapan Saha
|Kaushik Bannerjee, Rimashree Biswas, Subhendu Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Mayer Adhikar''
|Narayan Ghosh
|[[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|''Nayaner Alo''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Indrani Haldar]]
|
|
|-
|''Pranar Cheye Priyo''
|Swapan Saha
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Tapas Paul]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Putrabadhu]]''
|Pallab Ghosh
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Raja Rani Badsha]]''
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|[[Shakil Khan]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ranokhetro]]''
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|Action Thriller
|
|-
|''Shimul Parul''
|Swapan Saha
|Tapas Paul, Satabdi Roy, Bhaskar Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Sindurer Adhikar]]''
|[[Anup Sengupta]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sundari''
|Swapan Saha
|Basanti Chatterjee, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], Prosenjit Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Swamir Aadesh]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Tomar Amar Prem''
|M.M. Sarkar
|Rituparna Sengupta, Amin Khan, Sanghamitra Bannerjee
|
|
|}

== 1999 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Agni Shikha]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''Anu''
|[[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Indrani Haldar]], Abani Bhattacharya
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Asukh]]''
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chena Achena (1999 film)|Chena Achena]]''
|Subhas Sen
|[[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Dai Ditya''
|Haranath Chakraborty
|Prosenjit Chakraborty, [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Indrani Halder]]
|
|
|-
|''Gariber Samman''
|Swapan Saha
|Moumita Chakraborty, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Subhendu Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Jibon Niye Khela]]''
|[[Anjan Choudhury]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Kali Aamar Maa''
|Shantilal Soni
|Sangamitra Bannerjee, Utpal Basu, Soma Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Kanchanmala''
|Swapan Saha
|Kaushik Bannerjee, Moumitra Chakraborty, Rahul Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Madhu Malati''
|Swapan Saha
|Kaushik Bannerjee, Prosenjit Chatterjee, Soumitra Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Neoti''
|Bablu Samaddar
|Ranjit Mallick, Satya Bannerjee, Haradan Bannerjee
|
|
|-
|''Parampar''
|Pranab Kumar Das
|Baby Sarkar, Subhra Basu, Meghnad Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''Prem Priti Bhalobasha''
|Chittaranjan Das
|Papia Adhikari, Arjun Chakraborty, [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|''Ranga Bou''
|Mohammed Mohsin
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], Amin Khan, Babor
|
|
|-
|''Sankha Sindurer Dibbye''
|Ratul Ganguly
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Santan (1999 film)|Santan]]''
|[[Anjan Choudhury]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Santan Jakhan Satru''
|Swapan Saha
|Ramaprasad Banik, Moumita Chakraborty, Prosenjit Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Satru Mitra''
|Naryan Ghosh
|Sandipa Bannerjee, Nimu Bhowmick, Shankar Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Satyam Shivam Sundaram''
|Swapan Saha
|Kaushik Bannerjee, Prosenjit Chatterjee, Soumitra Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Shasti Holo''
|Dipen Paul
|Sanghamitra Bannerjee, Tuhin Bannerjee, Bhagro Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''[[Shudhu Ekbar Bolo]]''
|Provat Roy
|Prosenjit Chatterjee, Ranjit Mallick
|
|
|-
|''Sindur Khela''
|Partho Ghosh
|Prasenjit Chatterjee, Chiranjit Chakraborty, Supriya Choudhury
|
|
|-
|''Siraj''
|Ranen Modok
|Arjun Chakraborty, Mita Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Sudhu Ekbar Bolo''
|Provat Roy
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Sundar Bou]]''
|[[Sujit Guha]]
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Debashree Roy]]
|Social drama
|
|-
|''[[Swamir Ghar]]''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Swapno Niye''
|Bishnu Pal Choudhury
|Sanjib Dasgupta, [[Arindam Sil]], [[Indrani Dutta]]
|[[Drama]]
|
|-
|''Yugabatar Lokenath''
|Nandan Dasgupta
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], Arun Bandopadhyay
|Devotional
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1990&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1990;Bengali&&related=9;1990;1990;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/1991/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1990] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year]]

Death of Merit

2026-05-02T17:06:58Z

TeresaBrousseau: Started New Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian documentary series}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
'''''The Death of Merit''''' is a four-part documentary series. The first three parts were created by the Insight Foundation, a [[Dalit]]-[[Adivasi]] student group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Munshi |first1=Suhas |title=Help for reserved categories |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/help-for-reserved-categories/story-KWAros4m6p2zcbXxEQdAhI.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 June 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit suicides in India's top colleges |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/dalit.suicides.in.indias.top.colleges/27945.htm |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=[[Christian Today]] |date=6 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref> The fourth was posted by [https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/ Round Table India]. The whole series has been edited by Gurinder Azad and team. The documentary series focuses on caste-based discrimination in the [[Higher education in India|Indian higher education system]] and the suicides of Dalit students in Indian campuses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmaniam |first=Vidya |date=2011-05-07 |title=In Dalit student suicides, the death of merit |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-Dalit-student-suicides-the-death-of-merit/article13881245.ece |access-date=2022-05-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/video/802029/this-tragic-documentary-series-tells-the-stories-of-dalit-students-who-were-driven-to-suicide | title=This tragic documentary series tells the stories of Dalit students who were driven to suicide | publisher=[[Scroll.in]] | date=18 January 2016 | accessdate=17 May 2022}}</ref> [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]], states that the "Death of Merit, remains one of the most crucial documentations of forms of discrimination faced by [[Bahujan]] students in university spaces."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/caste/rohith-vemula-suicide-triggered-a-new-political-wave | title=Rohith Vemula's Suicide Triggered a New Political Wave | publisher=[[The Wire (India)]] | work=Sukanya Shantha | date=19 January 2018 | accessdate=17 May 2022}}</ref>

The videos are available on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boopalan |first=Sunder John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnk2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |title=Memory, Grief, and Agency: A Political Theological Account of Wrongs and Rites |date=2017-09-18 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-58958-9 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Each part focuses on a specific student who committed suicide and are based on the testimonies of their parents and family members. These interviewees posit that the suicides were a result of caste-based hostility and harassment Dalit and Adivasi students have had to suffer from the faculties, fellow students, and administration in some of the country's premier educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neelakantan |first=Shailaja |title=In India, Caste Discrimination Still Plagues University Campuses |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-india-caste-discrimination-still-plagues-university-campuses/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>

=== Balmukund Bharti ===
The first part of the documentary focuses on Dr. Balmukund Bharti, a final year [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] student from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[New Delhi]], who committed suicide on 3 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIIMS student kills self in hostel room |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aiims-student-kills-self-in-hostel-room/586554/ |publisher=The Indian Express |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> This was published in two parts on 24 April 2011 on the group's blog and documents the testimonies of parents and family members.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Death of Merit': A Documentary| date=6 May 2011 |url=http://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3408:the-death-of-merit-a-documentary&catid=119&Itemid=132|publisher=Round Table India|accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Jaspreet Singh ===
Part two, entitled ''Dr. Jaspreet Singh: The Death of Merit – Another Documentary'', documents the testimonies of parents and family members of Dr. Jaspreet Singh, a final year MBBS student from Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, who committed suicide on 27 January 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarkoti |first1=Rajinder |title=GMCH suicide: Charges framed against two |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/GMCH-suicide-Charges-framed-against-two/articleshow/6334211.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 August 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Jaspreet Singh: The Death of Merit – Another Documentary |url=https://thedeathofmeritinindia.wordpress.com/2011/05/05/dr-jaspreet-singh-the-death-of-merit-another-documentary-2/ |website=Death of Merit |date=5 May 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Manish Kumar Guddolian ===
The third in the series is titled ''The Death of Merit: Manish Kumar (IIT Roorkee)''<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary: The Death of Merit – Manish Kumar (IIT Roorkee)|url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/2011/07/06/documentary/|website=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Caravan|date=6 July 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> documents testimonies of parents and family members of Manish Kumar Guddolian, a second year student who was graduating from the Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, at [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT) Roorkee, who committed suicide by jumping from the fifth floor of his hostel on 6 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kunwar|first1=DS|title=Student of IIT Roorkee commits suicide|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Student-of-IIT-Roorkee-commits-suicide/articleshow/7443366.cms|website=The Times of India|date=7 February 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref> This was released in two parts.

=== Ajay Sree Chandra ===
The fourth part in the series, ''The Death of Merit: Dr. V. Ajay Sree Chandra [A Documentary Film]'', focuses on Dr. Ajay Sree Chandra. Chandra committed suicide by hanging on 27 August 2007 in one of the hostel rooms in IIScl.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Azad|first=Gurinder|title=The Death of Merit – Dr. V. Ajay Sree Chandra|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8702:the-death-of-merit-dr-v-ajay-sree-chandra&catid=119:feature&Itemid=132|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Round Table India|date=26 July 2016 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=2L3y9O1HCBw&t|title=The Death Of Merit: Dr. Balmukund Bharti (Part 1)}}
* {{YouTube|id=ADXnFf_5JT4|title=The Death Of Merit: Dr. Balmukund Bharti (Part 2)}}
* {{YouTube|id=Rd9lcsy9Ty8|title=The Death of Merit- Dr. Jaspreet Singh}}
* {{YouTube|id=4SRzk8Sf32Q|title=The Death of Merit - Manish Kumar (Part 2)}}
* {{YouTube|id=m4IprmwzEZU&t|title=The Death of Merit - Dr. V. Ajay Sree Chandra}}

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about suicide]]
[[Category:Documentary films about human rights]]
[[Category:Documentary films about higher education]]
[[Category:2011 documentary films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Documentary film series]]

Rajasaheb Pet

2026-04-27T12:19:26Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating pg - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajasaheb Pet
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.980425|N|79.031789|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kadapa
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08569
| registration_plate = AP 04
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
Rajasaheb Pet is a small village in [[Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Porumamilla [[mandal]] of [[List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Rajampeta revenue division]].

== Education facilities ==
There is an elementary school in RajasahebPet. Zilla Parishad High School is a high school for studying high school near Tekurpeta

== Medical facilities ==
The village has a primary health center for healing near Tekurpeta

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

Sushma Kharakwal

2026-04-21T23:00:10Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating basic post initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sushma Kharakwal
| image =
| caption =
| office = 5th [[List of Mayors of Lucknow|mayor of Lucknow]]
| term_start = 26 May 2023
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Sanyukta Bhatia]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sushma Kharakwal''' is an Indian politician from [[Lucknow]] who is currently serving as the mayor of [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]] from 26 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Lucknow's new mayor: BJP veteran, was Atal Bihari Vajpayee's loyalist|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/sushma-kharwal-bjp-mayor-lucknow-municipal-corporation-elections-101683974113933.html|date=2023-05-13|access-date=2025-03-29|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucknow Mayor Election Result 2023 - BJP's Sushma Kharakwal elected Mayor of Lucknow
|url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/live-lucknow-mayor-election-result-2023-counting-news-online-latest-updates-winners-losers-votes-count-sushma-kharkwal-bjp-vandana-mishra-samajwadi-party-sangeeta-jaiswal-congress-anju-bhatt-aam-aadmi-party-liveblog-100202121|date=2023-05-13|access-date=2025-03-29|publisher=ET Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucknow New Mayor: सुषमा खर्कवाल बनीं लखनऊ की नई मेयर, कभी नहीं मानी थी कोश्यारी की बात...यूं ही नहीं मिली बुलंदी
|url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/sushma-kharkwal-new-mayor-of-lucknow-political-career-and-personal-life-425877|date=2023-05-14|access-date=2025-03-29|publisher=Newstrack}}</ref>

She won the [[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2023 LMC elections]] held in May representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] which held the post for over three decades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Lucknow New Mayor:लखनऊ में बीजेपी मेयर प्रत्याशी सुषमा खर्कवाल की जीत, जानिए कितने वोट से सपा प्रत्याशी को हराया |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/nagar-nikay-chunav/up-nikay-chunav-2023-result-who-is-lucknow-mayor-check-full-parshad-and-ward-member-winning-candidate-list/1694543 |access-date=2025-03-29 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Sushma Kharkwal: कौन हैं सुषमा खर्कवाल जिन्होंने अपने प्रतिद्वंदियों को चटा दी धूल, दिवंगत पूर्व पीएम अटल बिहारी वाजेपेयी में आती थी स्कूटर से |url=https://www.ibc24.in/uttar-pradesh/sushma-kharkwal-become-mayor-of-lucknow-know-who-is-this-lady-1545171.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |publisher=IBC24}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kharakwal is from [[Uttarakhand]] but settled in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh. She is a Pahadi Brahmin and her husband, Prem Kharakwal, is a retired havildar from Indian army. Together, they have two sons, Manish and Mayank.

She did her graduation at a college affiliated with Srinagar Garhwal University, Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=एक सैनिक की पत्नी अब लखनऊ की नई 'कमांडर', सुषमा ने कभी अटल के लिए खूब दौड़ाया स्कूटर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-who-is-sushma-kharkwal-new-mayor-of-lucknow-8161926.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522080846/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-who-is-sushma-kharkwal-new-mayor-of-lucknow-8161926.html |archive-date=2023-05-22 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Hindustan |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}</ref> She is a BJP worker for 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I plan to ensure that the city continues to smile, says BJP's mayoral candidate in Lucknow |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/05/03/i-plan-to-ensure-that-the-city-continues-to-smile-says-bjps-mayoral-candidate-in-lucknow.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> She served as the president of the Avadh region Mahila Morcha and was also a member of the Sainik Welfare Board and Railway Users Advisory Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Nikay Chunav: जानिए कौन हैं सुषमा खरकवाल, जिन्हें BJP ने लखनऊ से बनाया मेयर प्रत्याशी का उम्मीदवार - UP Nikay Chunav Know who is Sushma Kharkwal whom BJP has nominated as the candidate for mayor from Lucknow |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-nikay-chunav-know-who-is-sushma-kharkwal-whom-bjp-has-nominated-as-the-candidate-for-mayor-from-lucknow-23387826.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kharakwal represented the BJP and won the mayoral election defeating her nearest rival Vandana Mishra of the Samajwadi Party by a margin of 20, 414 votes. She polled 335,035 votes. She won in 80 of the 110 wards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Sushma sets record for highest winning margin in Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sushma-sets-record-for-highest-winning-margin-in-lucknow/articleshow/100219788.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
In January 2025, she made a controversial statement that 2 lakh Bangladeshis have entered Lucknow. Congress councillor Mukesh Singh Chauhan questioned her statement and demanded clarity on certain points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लखनऊ में घुस आए हैं 2 लाख बांग्‍लादेशी, मेयर बोलीं- भविष्‍य में बन सकते हैं खतरा, झुग्गियों में वेरिफिकेशन शुरू |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/up-lucknow-mayor-sushma-kharakwal-says-2-lakh-illegal-bangladeshi-living-in-city-latest-news-update/articleshow/116930205.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> In August 2024, she allegedly threatened to throw the officials of the Municipal Corporation into the dirty drains, if they failed to keep them clean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=राय |first=विवेक |date=2024-08-25 |title='गंदी नाली में डुबो दूंगी...' गंदगी देखकर मेयर सुषमा खर्कवाल ने जोनल अधिकारी को लगाई फटकार |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/lucknow-mayor-sushma-kharakwal-reprimanded-zonal-officer-and-angry-for-dirt-drain-ann-2768834 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharakwal, Sushma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Malihabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:23Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding a bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malihabad
| map_image = 168-Malihabad.svg
| constituency_no = 168
| mla = [[Jai Devi]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,60,275
}}
'''Malihabad''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Malihabad in the [[Lucknow district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency]].

Currently this seat is represented by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate '''Jai Devi''', who won in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Malihabad West Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/malihabad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Pal Trivedi
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Basant Lal
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Kailash Pati
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Man Singh Azad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Baijnath Kureel]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Krishna Rawat
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Jagdish Chandra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Ashok Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Gauri Shankar
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Gauri Shankar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|2009^
|Siddharth Shanker
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Indal Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jai Devi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Malihabad<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jai Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:106372}}
|percentage = 44.15
|change = +2.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Surendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:98627}}
|percentage = 40.93
|change = +9.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish
|votes = {{formatnum:25914}}
|percentage = 10.76
|change = -12.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1478}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7745}}
|percentage = 3.22
|change = -6.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:240941}}
|percentage = 66.88
|change = +0.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Malihabad]]<ref name="Uttar Pradesh election results 2017: Full list of constituency-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=11 March 2017 |title=Uttar Pradesh election results 2017: Full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2017/story/up-election-result-2017-counting-votes-constituencies-965093-2017-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317173224/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2017/story/up-election-result-2017-counting-votes-constituencies-965093-2017-03-11 |archivedate=17 March 2023 |accessdate=17 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jai Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94677}}
|percentage = 41.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajbala]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72009}}
|percentage = 31.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satya Kumar Gautam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53481}}
|percentage = 23.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1692}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22668}}
|percentage = 9.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227724}}
|percentage = 66.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Malihabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Indal Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 62,782
|percentage = 31.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Kaushal Kishore
|party = [[Rashtravadi Communist Party|RCP]]
|votes = 60,567
|percentage = 30.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Siddharth Shanker
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 53,550
|percentage = 26.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Jagdish Chandra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,427
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sangita
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 4,039
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,300
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,215
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,01,417
|percentage = 65.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
*http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/malihabad.html
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.92|80.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dalsinghsarai Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:42Z

TeresaBrousseau: Started A Bio Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dalsinghsarai 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| established = 1972
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Dalsinghsarai Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Dalsinghsarai Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 17. Samastipur | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

==Results==
===1972–2005===
In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005 Bihar Assembly elections]], [[Ram Lakhan Mahato]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the Dalsinghsarai seat defeating his nearest rival Sheel Kumar Roy of [[Lok Jan Shakti Party|LJP]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sheel Kumar Roy of LJP defeated Ram Lakhan Mahato of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. [[Ram Padarnath Mahto]] of RJD defeated [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] of [[Indian National Congress]] in 2000. [[Ram Lakhan Mahato]] of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995. [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] of Congress defeated Harbans Narain Singh of JD in 1990. [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] of Congress defeated Ram Vilas Roy Vimal of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1985. Following the death of sitting legislator Jagdish Prasad Choudhary, [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] of [[Indian National Congress]] defeated Ram Padarath Mahto of Janata Party in a by-election in 1982. Jagdish Prasad Choudhary of Congress (I) defeated Ram Padarnath Mahto of Janata Party (SC). Yashwant Kumar Choudhary of [[Janata Party]] defeated Jagdish Prasad Choudhary of Congress in 1977. Jagdish Prasad Choudhary of [[Indian National Congress]] defeated Yashwant Kumar Choudhary of [[Janata Party]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp98.htm |title = 98 - Dalsinghsarai Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-03-30 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|25|39|47|N|85|50|30|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Francis T. Mavelikkara

2026-04-18T04:06:26Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{short description|Malayalam playwright (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francis T. Mavelikkara
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|03|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mavelikkara]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Playwright
| spouse = Maria
| parents =
| children = 3
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] <br/> [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] <br/>[[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
}}
'''Francis T. Mavelikkara''' (born March 16, 1960) is an Indian Malayalam playwright. He has received many awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], the State Government Award for Best drama script multiple times, the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]], and the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council|KCBC]]'s Best Play Award.

==Biography==
Fransis was born on March 16, 1960, in Mavelikkara to Denz Fernandes and Victoria.<ref name="madhyamam">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-01 |title= അവാർഡ് ഹാട്രിക്കുമായി ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ടി മാവേലിക്കര - State Government Award for Best Drama script |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/state-government-award-for-best-drama-script-867172 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.madhyamam.com |publisher=[[Madhyamam]] |language=ml}}</ref> He studied at Mavelikkara Boys High School and Government ITI, Chengannur.<ref name="madhyamam" /> He has written several street plays during this time.<ref name="madhyamam" />

===Personal life===
Fransis and his wife Maria have three children, Hebbian, Fujin and Angel.<ref name="madhyamam" />

==Career==
The first professional play written by Francis was ''Suryakantham'', written in 1984.<ref name="madhyamam" /> He has written plays for many leading theatre groups in Kerala, including [[Kerala People's Arts Club|K.P.A.C.]], Kalidasa Kalakendram, Kollam Assisi, Kanhirappally Amala, Swadeshabhimani, Akshara Jwala, and Sarathi.<ref name="madhyamam" /> Out of the six plays he wrote for K.P.A.C, four won the Best Play award.<ref name="madhyamam" />

The play ''Amma'', his 350th play, is an independent adaptation of [[The Caucasian Chalk Circle]], a play written by the German playwright [[Bertolt Brecht]] during World War II.<ref name="madhyamam" />

Francis also wrote the screenplay for two Malayalam films ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum|Patchuvum Kovalanum]]'', and ''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency|Vendor Daniel state licensee]]''.<ref name="madhyamam" />

==Awards and honors==
Francis received the Kerala State Government's award for best drama script 8 times. He received awards for his plays ''Samavarthanam'' in 1997, ''Ayalkkoottam'' in 1999, ''Adhyapika'' in 2000, ''Asthamikkatha Sooryan'' in 2006, ''Ottamarathanal'' in 2014, ''Oru Nazhi Mannu'' in 2017, and ''Veritta Kazhchakal'' (written for the Ambalappuzha Akshara Jhavala) in 2018.<ref name="puzha">{{Cite web |title=ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ടി മാവേലിക്കര|url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=2528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008104338/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=2528 |archive-date=2012-10-08 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.puzha.com}}</ref><ref name="madhyamam" /><ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=അവാർഡിൽ 'ഹാട്രിക്' തികച്ച് ഫ്രാൻസിസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/alappuzha/2021/10/31/alappuzha-francis-mavelikkara.html |work=Manorama Online |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> In 2021, he received state government's best drama script award for plays, ''Makkalude Shraddhak'' written for Thiruvananthapuram Sanghachethana and ''Amma'' written for Kollam Kalidasa Kalakendra.<ref name="madhyamam" /> He received the award for best writing at the State Professional Drama Competition in 2014 for his writing of the plays ''Abraham'' and ''Ottamarathanal''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഫ്രാന്‍സിസ്. ടി. മാവേലിക്കര |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%b4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d/francis-t-mavelikkara-%e0%b4%ab%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%8d-%e0%b4%9f%e0%b4%bf-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b5%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%bf/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017}}</ref>

The book ''Dravida Vritham'' received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2007 and in 2015 he received the 'Kalashree Award' by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].<ref name="Manorama"/> He has also won several other awards, including the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] in 2004, the Campissery Karunakaran Award, the Kozhissery Balaraman Award in 2008, the Jaycees Foundation's Comprehensive Contribution Award in 2015 the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]]'s Best Play Award (three times), the O. Madhavan Award, the Kallumala Karunakaran Award, the Paravur George Memorial Award and the EMS Cultural Studies Center's award.<ref name="madhyamam" /><ref name="puzha" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-18 |title= വരാൻ പോകുന്നത് നല്ല നാടകനാളുകൾ: ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ടി മാവേലിക്കര |url=https://www.4pmnewsonline.com/bahrain/23867.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=4PM News |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://kesariweekly.com/43085/ Interview with Fransis in Kesari weekly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fransis, T. Mavelikkara}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Banmankhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:57Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding a article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Banmankhi Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 59-Banmankhi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Krishna Kumar Rishi]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| electors = 302,101
}}
'''Banmankhi''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purnia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 59 Banmankhi Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Banmankhi Bazar|Banmankhi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Aurahi, Barhara Kothi, Dibara Dhani, Gouripur, Latraha, Mulkiya, Nipania, Rustampur, Sukhsena East, Sukhsena West and Matihani [[gram panchayat]]s of Barhara Kothi CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Banmankhi Assembly constituency is part of No 12 [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Banmankhi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/banmankhi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Baldeo Saraf
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Rasiklal Rishideo
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Balbodh Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jaikant Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rasiklal Rishideo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Chunnilal Rajbanshi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Deo Narayan Rajak
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Banmankhi<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122494}}
|percentage = 57.26
|change = +5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Deo Narayan Rajak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:77198}}
|percentage = 36.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Rishi
|votes = {{formatnum:6676}}
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subodh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2128}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4255}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45296}}
|percentage = 21.17
|change = +5.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213932}}
|percentage = 70.81
|change = +12.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Banmankhi<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93594}}
|percentage = 51.74
|change = {{increase}}15.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Upendra Sharma
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65851}}
|percentage = 36.41
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Deo Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3845}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjiv Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3600}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change = {{decrease}}1.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:2135}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Umesh Rishi
|votes = {{formatnum:2033}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5384}}
|percentage = 2.98
|change = {{increase}}1.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27743}}
|percentage = 15.33
|change = {{increase}}14.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180879}}
|percentage = 58.81
|change = {{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Banmankhi<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Kumar Rishi
|votes = {{formatnum:59053}}
|percentage = 35.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Sanjiv Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:58345}}
|percentage = 35.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jai Kishor Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:7458}}
|percentage = 4.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Hari Lal Das
|votes = {{formatnum:5803}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Umesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:5672}}
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dev Narayan Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:5507}}
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Raj Kumar Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:3745}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:3387}}
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The National Road Map Party of India
|candidate = Savita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2857}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Satayanrayan Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1933}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ramdeo Rishideo
|votes = {{formatnum:1749}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Shashi Kala Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1677}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|candidate = Satyanarayan Prasad Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:1517}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1859}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:708}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164850}}
|percentage = 58.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|25|52|43|N|87|11|43|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Dharmashastra National Law University

2026-04-12T15:04:33Z

TeresaBrousseau: Started Initial Entry First Draft

{{short description|Law college in India}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur
| image = Dharmashastra_National_Law_University,_Jabalpur_Logo.png
| motto =
| mottoeng = Truth alone triumphs
| chancellor = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| vice_chancellor = Manoj Kumar Sinha
| established = {{start date and age|2018}}
| city = [[Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = [[National Law University]], [[Public]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]],<br> [[Bar Council of India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in}}
}}

The '''Dharmashastra National Law University''' ('''DNLU''') is a [[National Law University]] founded in 2018 in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name="About_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/|title=Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur|website=www.mpdnlu.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About the University |url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DNLU-clat-brochure-2020.pdf |website=www.mpdnlu.ac.in |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref> As of 2021, the university is headed by Chief Justice of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] as the Chancellor and Manoj Kumar Sinha, as the Vice-Chancellor.

==Overview==
The university has been allotted 120 acres of land close to the [[Jabalpur Airport]]. Until its development is completed, the university will function at the Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao Ambedkar Institute of Telcom Training (BRBRAITT) in Jabalpur. DNLU offers a five-year integrated BA-LLB course and one-year LLM programme.<ref>{{cite web |first=Divya Shakti |last=Shukla|title=NLU Jabalpur (DNLU) - Courses, Ranking, Admission, Cutoff, Placement, Fees & Eligibility |url=https://www.shiksha.com/university/dharmashastra-national-law-university-jabalpur-64731 |website=www.shiksha.com |access-date=24 January 2021|date=7 January 2021}}</ref>

Candidates can be nominated for various scholarships by their home state, other states and the central government.<ref name="About" /><ref name="About_1" />

==Affiliations==
DNLU Jabalpur is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) as a [[state university (India)|state university]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=20&Unitype=2|title=UGC recognition|website=www.ugc.ac.in|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

==Research centres==

* Centre for studies in International Trade and Investment Law<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for studies in Tnternational Trade and Investment Law – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/research-centres/research-centres-ccsitiil.php|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Centre For Alternative Dispute Resolution<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre For Alternative Dispute Resolution – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/centre-for-adr/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Centre For Research In Competition Law And Policy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for Research in Competition Law and Policy – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/centre-for-research-in-competition-law-and-policy/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Centre For Criminal Justice Administration<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre For Criminal Justice Administration – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/centre-for/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Centre For Environmental Law<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre For Environmental Law – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/centre-for-enviro/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Centre For Research And Studies In Human Rights<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre For Research And Studies In Human Rights – Dharmashastra National Law University|url=https://www.mpdnlu.ac.in/centre-for-hr/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legal Aid Clinic 'Vidhi Mitra'==
Dharmashastra National Law University launched a [[legal aid clinic]] named 'Vidhi Mitra' on 18 December 2020 with the aim to raise awareness and empower individuals regarding legal issues. It also launched a program named 'Adhyapan' which provides educational aid for financially disadvantaged students.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Dharmashastra National Law University launches legal aid clinic 'Vidhi Mitra' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/dharmashastra-national-law-university-launches-legal-aid-clinic----vidhi-mitra---.html |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The Pioneer |language=en |date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://mpdnlu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}

{{coord|23.155|79.967|display=title}}

[[Category:Law schools in Madhya Pradesh]]

[[Category:2018 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]

Aligireddy Praveen Reddy

2026-04-03T02:59:57Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aligireddy Praveen Reddy
| birth_date = 28 June 1958
| birth_place = [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| office = Member of the [[Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Husnabad Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
}}

'''Aligireddy Praveen Reddy''' (born 28 June 1958) is an Indian politician from Telangana. Born and raised in Mulkanoor, [[Karimnagar district]], [[Telangana]], to A.K. Vishwanatha Reddy and Vinodha. He is married to Rajyalakshmi, and they have two children, Vinesh Reddy and Powlomi Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1358|title=A Praveen Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- HUSNABAD(KARIMNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

He pursued a [[Bachelor of Agricultural Science]] at Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, [[Maharashtra]], and later pursued a [[PGDM]] to advance his knowledge in [[public administration]] and cooperative management. Inspired by his father, Late Shri. A. K. Vishwanatha Reddy, who established and grew the Mulkanoor Cooperative Rural Credit and Marketing Society Ltd, he has been serving as the President of the Mulkanoor Cooperative Rural Credit and Marketing Society Ltd. since 1989.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810815-mulkanoor-co-operative-rural-bank-brings-hope-to-villages-in-andhra-pradesh-773117-2013-11-14|title=Mulkanoor Co-operative Rural Bank brings hope to villages in Andhra Pradesh|date=14 November 2013|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2009, Praveen Reddy joined the [[Indian National Congress]] under the leadership of then [[Chief Minister]] [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] and PCC Chief D. Srinivas. In the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he contested as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] from the [[Husnabad Assembly constituency]] and won the seat with a majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/RTI_ACT_04.09.2015.pdf|title=ceotelangana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telangana/karimnagar/husnabad-ex-mla-aligireddy-praveen-reddy-joins-congress/articleshow/92979086.cms|title=కాంగ్రెస్‌లో చేరిన హుస్నాబాద్ మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే ప్రవీణ్‌రెడ్డి|website=Samayam Telugu}}</ref> In this election, he contested against [[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]], former minister as [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] candidate, [[E. Peddi Reddy]], former minister as PRP candidate, and Chada Venkat Reddy, floor leader of CPI. He served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the newly demarcated [[Husnabad Assembly constituency]] from 2009 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2022-07-19 |title=Former MLA Aligireddy joins Congress |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/former-mla-aligireddy-joins-congress-754199 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
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Lugdi

2026-04-02T23:47:05Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian alcoholic beverage}}
{{Infobox drink
| name = Lugdi
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[alcoholic drink]]
| proof =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| colour = White
| flavour =
| ingredients = [[Fermentation]] of [[rice]], Phab
| variants =
| related =
| website =
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]]
}}

'''Lugdi''' or '''Jhol''' ([[Hindi]]: Jhol) is an [[alcoholic drink]] produced [[North India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=idiva>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Anannya |title=7 Local Himalayan Drinks To Try Whenever Next You Travel To The Mountains |url=https://www.idiva.com/lifestyle/food/7-local-himalayan-beverages-to-try-whenever-you-get-to-travel-to-the-mountains-next/18021999#Lugdi_in_Manali |publisher=iDiva |date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> It is traditionally prepared from cooked cereal grains, especially rice or barley. It is prepared by boiling barley grains or rice and some local herb known as Phab in water and then fermenting the material. The cereals are left in mesophilic conditions for fermentation and consumed undistilled.<ref>Kumar, A., Joshi, V. K., and Kumar, V. (2019). Systematic investigation on production and quality evaluation of Lugdi: a traditional alcoholic beverage of Himachal Pradesh, India. J. Microbiol. Biotech. Food Sci. 8, 1307–1311</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Manorma Sharma |title=Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=9788170249429 |pages=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nvssBDSGOoC&dq=lugdi+Himachal&pg=PA31}}</ref> It is consumed in many district of [[Himachal Pradesh]], such as [[kinnaur district|kinnaur]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Kullu]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]].

It is usually made during the summer season, as the weather and environment help the fermentation process. The drink is reserved for the winter season as it helps to keep the body warm. It is consumed on festive occasions, religious festivals and other social gatherings.Jhol یا Jhol (هندی: Jhol) یک نوشیدنی الکلی است که در ایالت هیماچال پرادش در شمال هند تولید می شود . به طور سنتی از غلات پخته شده به ویژه برنج یا جو تهیه می شود.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kullar |first1=Dal |title=The History & Popularity of Alcohol in India |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-history-popularity-of-alcohol-in-india |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=Desiblitz.com}}</ref> It is consumed by many local tribes in [[Himachal Pradesh]], such as Kinnara, [[Lahaula]], [[Swangla|Swangia]] and [[Pangwala]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nitin |title=Famous alcoholic drinks of tribals in India ( Popularly known as "Desi Daru") |url=https://yehaindia.com/popular-traditional-alcoholic-drinks-of-tribals-in-india/ |work=yehaindia.com |date=May 20, 2019}}</ref>

In 1965, a report published by the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], [[Government of India]], noted that there was a ban on the sale of Lugdi, but it was being sold despite the ban.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report, Vol. 2 |date=1964 |publisher=India. Study Team on Prohibition, [[Planning Commission (India)]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5LaAAAAMAAJ&q=lugdi+liquor}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The drink was featured in the 2013's [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] starrer [[Hindi]] film ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''.<ref name=idiva/>

== See also ==
* [[Chulli]]
* [[Feni (liquor)]]
* [[Sonti (rice drink)]]
* [[Rice wine]]
* [[List of Indian drinks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Liquor|Drink|India}}
{{Rice drinks}}
{{Indian drinks}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Indian distilled drinks]]
[[Category:Traditional Indian alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Adulteration]]
[[Category:Alcohol in India]]

{{drink-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian history

2026-03-27T07:38:30Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating initial details w/ refs - done

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==To do list==

{| align="center" cellpadding="3"
|+ <big><big>Open tasks for [[WP:HOI|History of India]]</big></big>
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#cdcdcd"
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Top}}]</div> Top priorities
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Missing}}]</div> Missing articles
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Expansion}}]</div> Expansion
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size: 80%;"
|
* [[Gopala (mathematician)]] - The mathematician (see [[Talk:Gopala]])
* [[South India]] - the [[Dravidian rulers]]
|
| rowspan="3" | {{Template|HOIOpenTasks/Expansion}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#cdcdcd"
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Merge}}]</div> Merges
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Maps}}]</div> Maps
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size: 80%;"
|
|
;Routes, Wars, etc.

* [[Kamboja-Dvaravati Route]]
* [[Anglo-Maratha wars]], based on [http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/schmidt34a.jpg]
* [[Anglo-Sikh wars]], based on [http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/schmidt37a.jpg]
* [[Anglo-French wars (India)]], based on [http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/schmidt30a.jpg]
* [[Osmanistan]], based on [http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/dinia.jpg]
|-
|- style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#cdcdcd"
! colspan="2" | <div style="font-size: small; float: right">[{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Recentlyupdated}}]</div> Recently Updated
! <div style="font-size: small; float: right"> [{{ed|Template:HOIOpenTasks/Other}}]</div> Other requests
|- style="vertical-align:top;font-size: 80%;"
| colspan="2" |
* Created [[Rani Mangammal]] - Feb 14
* Created [[Lakshman Sen]] - Feb 17
* Edited and expanded [[Anushilan Samiti]] -Jul-Sept 2015
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** [[Pottery]] <small>''(P)''</small>
** Personal effects <small>''(P)''</small>
*** [[Clothing]] <small>''(P)''</small>
*** [[Jewelry]] <small>''(P)''</small>
** [[Building]]s <small>''(P)''</small>
** [[Furniture]] <small>''(P)''</small>
</small></td></tr></table>

The letters after an item describes ''generally'' the type it is (though this can vary pending the exact source). ''P'' is for Primary sources, ''S'' is for Secondary sources, and ''T'' is for Tertiary sources.

===Sourceberg===

See '''[http://sources.wikipedia.org/ Wikisource]''' for original text (or primary sources). [[Wikisource]] (i.e., "''Sourceberg''") is a repository of source texts in any language which are either in the public domain, or are released under the GFDL.

''See also'' : [[Wikipedia:Informative]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Public domain resources]], [[Wikipedia:Don't include copies of primary sources]]

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''Main article'': [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]] (general style issues)

In historical articles, the '''past tense''' is strongly preferred. While history can be written in the present tense, the general audience of Wikipedia will usually expect the past tense on historical subjects and events that occurred in the past. The present tense in English is only correctly used to describe past events in a work of fiction. This is referred to as the "historical past tense".

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=== Infoboxes ===
A number of infoboxes can be used for History related articles. These include {{tl|Infobox person}} and {{tl|Infobox military person}}.

===Biography===
See: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]

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For naming articles see: [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)]], for use in article content See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]

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''Appearance'':
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Music of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-26T06:35:36Z

TeresaBrousseau: fix formatting further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Musical traditions of the state of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:"Tamil music troop".jpg|thumb|A Tamil musical troup]]
{{Tamils}}
'''Music of Tamil Nadu''' has a long tradition and history going back thousands of years. Music is a very important aspect of marriage and temple festival [[Tamil people]].

==Ancient music==
{{main|Ancient Tamil music}}
[[File:Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu - Hamsadhwani.wav|thumb|left|[[Thiruppugazh]] - Umbartharu]]

The tradition of Tamil music goes back to the earliest period of [[History of Tamil Nadu|Tamil history]]. Many poems of the [[Sangam literature]], the classical [[Tamil literature]] of the early [[common era]], were set to music. There are various references to this ancient musical tradition found in the ancient Sangam books such as ''[[Ettuthokai]]'' and ''[[Pathupattu]]''. The early narrative poem ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', belonging to the post-Sangam period also mentions various forms of music practiced by the [[Tamil people]]. Music was also utilised in the compositions of the Tamil [[Nayanars|Saiva saints]] such as [[Appar]], [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Manikkavasagar]] during the Hindu revival period between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. The musical poet (''sandakkavi'') [[Arunagirinathar]] further embellished the Tamil musical tradition through his compositions of Tamil hymns known as ''[[Thiruppugazh]]''.

==Pannisai==
[[File:Tiruvannamalai-temple-sculpture-depiction_of_musicians.jpg|thumb|[[Arunachalesvara Temple|Tiruvannamalai temple]] sculpture depicting musicians]]

[[Pann]], which is the classical music form of Southern India, has a long history in Tamil Nadu. Later the name was mistakenly changed as Carnatic music. Even today Pannisai is sung in temple festivals. Tamil Nadu has produced a number of famous performers, as well as a closely related classical dance form [[Bharatha Natyam]]. Chennai hosts a large cultural event, the annual [[Madras Music Season]], which includes performances by hundreds of artists.

There are 72 basic scales on the octave, and a rich variety of melodic motion. Both melodic and rhythmic structures are varied and compelling. This is one of the world's oldest and richest musical traditions.<ref name="origin">{{cite web| url=http://www.carnatica.net/origin.htm| title= History of Music, Origins|work=The Carnatica Group|publisher=Carnatica.net|access-date=2007-07-03}}</ref> Songs have been composed by great artists and handed down through generations of disciples.

The composers belonging to the [[Tamil Trinity]] of [[Muthu Thandavar]] (1560 - 1640 CE), [[Arunachala Kavi]] (1712–1779) and [[Marimutthu Pillai]] (1717–1787) composed hundreds of devotional songs in Tamil and helped in the evolution of Carnatic music. Three saint composers of the 18th to 19th Century, [[Tyagaraja]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] and [[Shyama Shastri]], have composed thousands of songs that remain favourites among musicians and audiences. Today, Tamil Nadu has hundreds of notable carnatic singers who spread this music all over the world. [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], a renowned carnatic singer, had the honour of singing a song in the [[UN Security Council]].

==Folk music==
[[File:TamilFolkArtistsInFuneral.jpg|thumb|Tamil folk artists]]

Folk singing remains popular, especially in rural areas; elements of the traditional styles are sometimes used in film music. There are contemporary enthusiasts, like [[Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan]] and Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, who have worked to revive popular interest in the folk music of Tamil Nadu. The urumi melam also remains as one of the more popular forms of folk music in rural Tamil Nadu and the ensemble is most often played with an [[urumi (drum)|urumee]] and the [[nadaswaram]] as the instrument of choice.

The rural hill tribes of Tamil Nadu each have their own folk traditions. The [[Pulayar]], for example, perform [[melody|melodies]] called [[tala (music)|talams]] which are said to come from the cooing of birds. Each talam is named after a deity, including Kunhanada talam, Mangalanada talam and Karaganachi talam.

== Gaana ==
{{Main|Gaana}}

[[Gaana]] is a [[Rapping|rap]]-like "collection of rhythms, beats and sensibilities native to the [[Dalit]]s of Chennai."<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83–84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-04-02|title='Gaana' Ulaganathan bags 3 more film offers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gaana-ulaganathan-bags-3-more-film-offers/article3141626.ece|access-date=2019-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It evolved over the past two centuries, combining influences from the ''siddhars'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]], Tamil Sufi saints, and more.<ref name=":02" /> Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals. Performers sing about a wide range of topics, but the essence of gaana is said to be "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles.<ref name=":02" /> In the past few decades, the genre has entered the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry and gained popularity.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Srivathsan|first=A.|date=2012-08-25|title=A struggle to elevate the subaltern Chennai Gana|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-struggle-to-elevate-the-subaltern-chennai-gana/article3817592.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Contemporary gaana bands like [[The Casteless Collective]] are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially against [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref name=":02" />

==Film music==
[[Tamil cinema]] is well known for its talented composers. The two most famous and acclaimed film composers of India, [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] are from Tamil Nadu, and predominantly work in the Tamil Film Industry, otherwise known as [[Kollywood]]. Other prominent Tamil [[film score]] and [[Film soundtrack|soundtrack]] composers in the industry include [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[D. Imman]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Sirpy]], [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and [[Hiphop Tamizha]]. During the 1960s and 1970s, prominent film composers [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and others were popular.

The film music of Tamil Nadu is widely known for its innovation and eclecticism. Scores may showcase blends of Carnatic, Western and other instruments, with a range of melodic and rhythmic patterns. Orchestral themes and minimalist songs often feature. Recent trends show the prevalence of [[synthesizers]] and other electronic instruments.

== Instruments ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140px">
File:Thavil-DSC_3864.jpg|[[Thavil]]
File:Pipe_organ_Thaarai_at_a_Tamil_wedding.jpg|[[Tharai|Nedunthaarai]]
File:Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg|[[Tharai]] and [[Parai]]
File:Yaarl.jpg|[[Yazh]]
File:Thannumai.jpg|Thannumai
File:A Pambai.JPG|Pambai
File:Veenai (Veena) of Tamilnadu.jpg|[[Veena]]
File:Muzavu.jpg|Muzavu
File:7 mouthed pot (musical instrument).JPG|7 mouthed pot
File:A Horn instrument.JPG|[[Kombu (instrument)|Kombu]]
File:An Udukkai.JPG|[[Urumi (drum)|Udukkai]]
File:A Nadaswaram with seevali.JPG|[[Nadaswaram]]
File:A Drum instrument Thappu.JPG|[[Parai|Thappatai]]
File:A manual shruti box.JPG|[[Harmonium|Shruti box]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Music of Tamil Nadu}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000117233018/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/tnmusic1.html History of classical music in Tamil Nadu]
* [https://tamilnation.org/culture/music/index.htm Tamil Music - Tamil Isai]

[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil music| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]

Tomb of Ataga Khan

2026-03-26T03:08:21Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating first pg added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Tomb of Ataga Khan
| image = Atgha Khan's tomb.jpg
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.59146|77.24216|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1562
| completion_date = 1566
| architect = Ustad Khuda Quli
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture]]
| material = [[Sandstone]]
}}
The '''Tomb of Ataga Khan''' is a 16th-century mausoleum located in the outer limits of the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] complex in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. Built during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], it was dedicated to [[Ataga Khan]], an important noble of Akbar's court.

== History ==
Ataga Khan was Mughal Emperor Akbar's prime minister, and husband to Jiji Anga, one of Akbar's [[Wet nurse|wet nurses]]. In 1562, he was murdered by [[Adham Khan]], a general of Akbar, as a result of jealousy and court intrigue. Adham Khan himself was immediately killed via [[defenestration]] as punishment on the orders of an enraged Akbar. Subsequently, Akbar ordered the construction of a mausoleum for Ataga Khan. Anthony Welch speculates that Ataga Khan's second son [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] was more directly responsible for the patronage of the tomb. The tomb's architect was Ustad Khuda Quli, while its calligrapher was Baqi Muhammad from [[Bukhara]]. Construction of the tomb began in 1562 and was completed in 1566.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=42–43 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Anthony |date=2008-01-01 |title=THE EMPEROR'S GRIEF: TWO MUGHAL TOMBS |journal=Muqarnas Online |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=265–273 |doi=10.1163/22118993-90000136 |issn=0732-2992|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1905, the colonial government's Archaeology Department reached an agreement with the hereditary guardians of the tomb to split custody, whereby conservation of the site would be directed by archaeologists, and repairs would be financed by the government. In return, public access to the site would be allowed, save the central tomb, and with the exception of the ''[[urs]]'' ceremony, when the site would be closed. This agreement was made through the terms of the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=Deborah |date=2018 |title=Inhabited Pasts: Monuments, Authority, and People in Delhi, 1912–1970s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26572586 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1021 |jstor=26572586 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The tomb of Ataga Khan draws from the form of previous Indian tombs.<ref name=":2" /> Particularly, it takes after the cube-shaped structure typical of Delhi tombs;<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=Mughal architecture : an outline of its history and development, 1526-1858 |date=1991 |publisher=Prestel |isbn=3-7913-1070-4 |location=München, Federal Republic of Germany |pages=78 |oclc=26808918}}</ref> the building is a cube of side length 10 m. The tomb features an outer dome of diameter 4 m, under which is an inner dome. The entrance to the structure is from the south, through a wooden door. Located in the outer limits of the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] complex, the site on which the tomb lies is raised compared to that of the ''dargah'' courtyard.<ref name=":0" />

The primary building material of the tomb is rough sandstone. This is faced with red sandstone (inlaid with coloured stones) and white marble (featuring carved verses from the [[Quran]]). This kind of decoration draws from the [[Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque|Qila-i-Kuhna mosque]]. The interior of the tomb was once covered in plaster decoration, which today only exists in fragments. The particular choices made for the Quranic epigraphy on the tomb, as well as the structure's location in the saintly Nizamuddin Dargah, have been argued by scholars to be indicative of the honor and martyrdom status ascribed to Ataga Khan by the Mughals after his death.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Tomb of Adham Khan]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
[[Category:Mughal tombs|Ataga_Khan]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1566]]

1971 Dhaka University massacre

2026-03-25T11:05:53Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Short description|Mass murder}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 Dhaka University massacre
| location = [[University of Dhaka]]
| date = 25 March 1971 <br /> 14 December 1971
| partof = the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]] of the [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image = Martyr's Monument Dhaka University Ashfaq.JPG
| caption = Monument in honour of those killed at Dhaka University. Located at Mol Chottor DU.
| target = [[Bengali people|Bengali]] intellectuals
| type = [[Ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]]
| fatalities = 200 Bengali intellectuals
| perpetrators = [[Pakistan Army]]
* [[Tikka Khan]]
* [[Yahya Khan]]{{Efn|''The Greater National Army Operation under the orders of Yahya Khan, not explicitly the Dacca University Massacre''}}
}}

The '''1971 Dhaka University massacre''' was the mass murder of students and teachers of the [[University of Dhaka]] in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) by the [[Pakistan Army]]. On the night of 25–26 March 1971, under the orders of [[Yahya Khan]], the Pakistan Army's [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Wing Commander]] [[Tikka Khan]] initiated an attack on the university campus as the initial phase of [[Operation Searchlight]], aiming for ethnic cleansing, which is known in history as the most brutal attack on any university. The Pakistani forces shelled and attacked residential halls, including [[Jagannath Hall]] and Rokeya Hall, claimed as assembly points for students and teachers accused of being sympathetic to [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalist ideology]], resulting in the deaths of civilians, professors, and students, with simultaneous reports of executions and arson. The estimated number of casualties varies significantly; while contemporary eyewitness accounts and subsequent analyses indicate hundreds were killed, some Pakistani officials' accounts claim that a few dozen people were killed. This attack was part of a broader Pakistani strategy to decapitate the Bengali intellectual leadership. This mass murder sparked widespread outrage among Bengalis, accelerated the Bengali guerrilla forces, and drew international condemnation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Akram |first=Tanweer |title=The Bangladeshi Genocide of 1971 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |publisher=Elsevier BV |year=2006 |issn=1556-5068 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.984686 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |title=The Civilianization of War |chapter=East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1971–1972: How Many Victims, Who, and Why? |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108643542.007 |pages=116–140 |isbn=978-1-108-64354-2}}</ref>

== Background ==
After the Bengali [[Awami League]] had won a decisive majority (capturing 167 out of 313 seats) in the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 Pakistan parliamentary elections]], the [[Bengalis|Bengali population]] expected a swift transfer of power to the Awami League based on the [[Six point movement|Six Point Programme]]. On 28 February 1971, [[Yahya Khan]], then [[president of Pakistan]], under the pressure of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), postponed the national assembly meeting scheduled for March. The PPP had already started lobbying to weaken the stand of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], and Bhutto was heard saying that he wanted the Bengalis to stay away. The Awami League, in response to the postponement, launched a program of non-cooperation (largely outlined in the 7 March Awami League rally) that was so successful that the authority of the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] became limited to [[Cantonment|military cantonments]] and official government institutions in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Siddiq_p48-51">{{cite book |last=Salik |first=Siddiq |title=Witness To Surrender |year=1977 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-577257-1 |pages=48–51}}</ref>

Clashes between Bengalis and the [[Pakistan Army]], and between the Bengalis and [[Biharis]] erupted and had now become commonplace. President Yahya Khan flew to [[Dhaka]] to hold talks with Mujibur Rahman, then leader of the Awami League, in March and was later joined by Bhutto, whose party had secured the second-largest share of seats (81 out of 300) in the general elections.<ref name="Abdul_Rahman_Pp96">{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Brigadier Abdul Rahman |title=East Pakistan: The Endgame |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-579993-3 |location=Karachi, Pakistan |page=50}}</ref> Unwilling to transfer federal power from [[West Pakistan]] to East Pakistan as demanded by the Awami League (fearing a transfer of power would weaken or destroy the multiethnic Pakistani federation), or to lose face by backing down in the face of the non-cooperation movement, the West Pakistani generals, most of whom (including Commander-in-Chief [[Gul Hassan Khan]]) supported the PPP, finally decided on a military crackdown against the rebelling Bengalis in East Pakistan.<ref name="Siddiq_p48-51" />

After the convening of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Pakistan National Assembly]] was postponed by Yahya Khan on 1 March, [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|ethnic Biharis in East Pakistan]], who supported West Pakistan, were targeted by the Bengali majority.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |title=A History of Bangladesh |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-511-99741-9 |page=173 |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214523/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - From disunion through the Zia al-Huq era |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518073018/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref name="DCosta2011p103">{{Cite book |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780415565660 |page=103}}</ref> In early March 1971, over 300 Biharis were killed in rioting by Bengali mobs in [[Chittagong]].<ref name="DCosta2011p103" /> Following these series of incidents, the Government of Pakistan used the "Bihari massacre" to justify its military intervention in East Pakistan on 25 March,<ref name="DCosta2011p103" /> when it initiated ''Operation Searchlight''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=A History of Modern South Asia. Politics, States, Diasporas |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780300216592 |pages=360}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Pakistan Army]] convoy that attacked [[Dhaka University]] on 25 March 1971 included the 18th Punjab Regiment, 22nd Frontier Force, and 32nd Punjab regiments along with several battalions. Armed with heavy weapons such as tanks, automatic rifles, [[rocket launchers]], [[heavy mortar]]s and [[light machine gun]]s, they encircled Dhaka University from the east (unit 41), from the south (unit 88) and from the north (unit 26).<ref>{{cite book |last=Salik |first=Siddiq |title=Witness To Surrender |year=1977 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-577257-1 |pages=71–78}}</ref>[[Image:Buddhijibi Sriti Soudho01.JPG|right|thumb|Martyred Intellectuals' Memorial at Rayerbazar, Dhaka.]]
At the beginning of [[Operation Searchlight]] 10 teachers of Dhaka University were killed.<ref>Annual Report: Dhaka University 1971–72, Dr. Mafijullah Kabir</ref>

Fajllur Rahman and his two relatives were killed at building 23 situated at Nilkhet. Rahman's wife escaped because she was not in the country. The Pakistan Army also attacked the house of [[Anwar Pasha]] and Rashidul Hassan. Both of them survived by hiding under beds, but were killed later in the war by the [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] militia.<ref name="ReferenceA">Martyrs of Liberation. War at Jagannath Hall by Ratanlal Chakrabarti</ref> Rafiqul Islam (Bangla Literature Department) was in building 24. Two wounded women with their children stayed in the entrance of the building for some time. When the army came, they found blood on the stairs and, surmising that other groups had done the [[massacre]], left. This way Rafiqul escaped. Later he stated that there had been one East Pakistani professor at that building, who left home before 25 March. All other non-Bengali families did the same without informing others.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |date=2003 |title=Ḍhākā Biśvabidyālaẏera āśi bachara, 1921–2001 |trans-title=80 Years of Dhaka University |language=bn |location=[[Dhaka]] |publisher=Ananyā |isbn=984-412-341-0}}</ref>

At Number 12 Fuller Road, the army called on Syed Ali Naqi, a professor at Dhaka University (sociology). They allowed him to go but killed [[Abdul Muktadir]] (geology), who was a resident of the same building. His body was found at Jahurul Huq Hall (then Iqbal Hall). He was buried at Paltan by his relatives. K. M. Munim (English literature), the house tutor of Salimullah Student Hall, was injured at Salimullah Hall. A. R. Khan Khadim and Sharafat Ali of the mathematics department were killed in Dhaka Hall. At [[Jagannath Hall]], they attacked teachers' residence and harassed Mirja Huda (economics) and Mofijullah Kabir (history).

When Jagannath Hall, a student dormitory for minority [[Hindu]] students, was attacked, university staff quarters were also affected. The Army killed ex-provost and professor of philosophy [[Gobindra Chandra Dev]] with his [[Muslim]] adopted daughter's husband. They attacked and killed [[A. N. M. Muniruzzaman (statistician)|A.N.M. Manirujjaman]], professor of statistics, along with his son and two relatives.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Muniruzzaman, ANM}}</ref> [[Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta]], the provost of Jagannath Hall, was severely injured by the army attack and died in the hospital later.<ref>Martyrs of Liberation War at Jagannath Hall by Ratanlal Chakrabarti</ref> Dormitory electrician Chitrabali and eyewitness Rajkumari Devi state that the doctors of [[Dhaka Medical College Hospital]] recognised Guhathakurta and buried him under a tree near [[Dhaka Medical College]] morgue.

Assistant house tutor [[Anudoipayon Bhattacharja]] was also killed at that dorm.<ref>"Riffle Roti Awrat": Professor Anwar Pasha</ref> This information was taken from the novel "Riffel Roti Awrat" (Rifle, Bread, Women) by [[Anwar Pasha]], who was later killed in December. Pasha wrote this novel during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|nine-month war period]] of [[1971 in Bangladesh|1971]].

==Killing of students==
The Non-cooperation movement was organised under the banner of the "Independent Bangladesh Students Movement Council" from Jahrul Hoque Hall of [[Dhaka University]]. The first target of Operation Searchlight was this student hall. By 25 March, all leaders of [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Chhatra League]] had left the hall. According to K.M. Munim, around 200 students were killed at this dorm.

After 12:00, the army entered [[Jagannath Hall]] and initially attacked the hall with mortars and began non-stop firing. They entered through the north and south gates and indiscriminately targeted students in each room, killing around 34 students at that time. Some students of Jagannath Hall were residents of Ramna Kali Bari. Only the name of one of these deceased students is known – Ramonimohon Bhattacharjee – although five or six were killed. Many guests of students who were at those dorms were also killed, including Helal of Bhairab College, Babul Paul of Bajitpur College, Baddruddojha of Jagannath Hall, Jibon Sarkar, Mostaq, Bacchu, and Amar of Netrokona.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==Killing of staff==
The convoy that attacked Sergeant Jahurul Huq Hall initially attacked staff and killed a guard guarding the [[British Council Bangladesh|British Council]] building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Council in Bangladesh |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.bd/sites/default/files/british_council_brochure_vertical.pdf |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[British Council Bangladesh]]}}</ref> They killed hall staff: Shirajul Huq, Ali Hossain, Shohorab Ali Gaji, and Abdul Majid at the university teachers' lounge. At Begum Rokeya Hall, Chottor Ahmed Ali, Abdul Khalec, Nomi, Md. Solaiman Khan, Md. Nurul Islam, Md Hafizuddin, Md. Chunnu Miya were killed with their families.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The convoy that attacked Shahid Minar and [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] also attacked [[Shahidullah Hall]], associated teachers' houses, and the home of Madhushudhan De, owner of [[Madhur Canteen]]. At building 11, Md. Sadeq, a teacher at [[University Laboratory School and College|University Laboratory School]], was killed. The army left around 50 dead bodies, including some police officers (escaped from Rajarbag Police line), Bengali EPR members guarding President House, and general people from Nilkhet Basti on the roof of university residential building-23.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Between 25 and 27 March, the Pakistan Army destroyed three temples: the Arts building-associated Gurdwara (Sikh), [[Ramna Kali Mandir|Ramna Kali Temple]], and Ramna Shiva Temple (Hindu) opposite Shahid Minar. At least 85 people were intentionally murdered in Ramna Kali Temple before it was demolished.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |title=Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-321-0766-8 |editor1-last=Dasgupta |editor1-first=Abhijit |page=147 |editor2-last=Togawa |editor2-first=Masahiko |editor3-last=Barkat |editor3-first=Abul}}</ref> That night, staff of the philosophy department Khagen De, his son Motilal De, university staff Shushil Chandra De, Bodhiram, Dakkhuram, Vimroy, Moniram, Jaharlala Rajvar, Monvaran Roy, Plumber Rajvar, and Shankar Kuri were killed.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==Attack at girls' dormitory==
[[Archer Blood]], the then-consul general of the US at Dhaka, wrote in his book ''[[The Cruel Birth of Bangladesh]]'', "Fire was started at Rokeya Hall (girls' dormitory) and, when the students tried to escape, the military started firing... On 10 November 1971, some armed criminals attacked Rokeya Hall and kept 30 girls confined for two hours. They also attacked Provost House". In 1971 there were two strong military establishments near Rokeya Hall, it was impossible to attack the university girls' hostel without their knowledge for two hours.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last=Blood |first=Archer |author-link=Archer Blood |title=The Cruel Birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American Diplomat |year=2002 |publisher=University Press |isbn=984-05-1650-7}}</ref>

Excerpts from Genocide in Bangladesh by Kalyan Chaudhuri, pp 157–158:<blockquote>...Some army officer raided Rokeya Hall on 7 October 1971. Accompanied by five soldiers, Major Aslam had first visited the hostel on 3 October and asked the superintendent to supply some girls who could sing and dance at a function to be held in Tejgaon Cantonment. The superintendent told him that most of the girls had left the hostel after the disturbances and only 40 students were residing but as a superintendent of a girls' hostel she should not allow them to go to the cantonment for this purpose. Dissatisfied, Major Aslam went away. Soon after the superintendent informed a higher army officer in the cantonment, over the telephone, of the Major's mission. However, on 7 October at about 8 pm. Major Aslam and his men raided the hostel. The soldiers broke open the doors, dragged the girls out and stripped them before raping and torturing them in front of the helpless superintendent. The entire thing was done so openly without any provocation, that even the Karachi-based newspaper, Dawn, had to publish the story, violating censorship by the military authorities. In seven days after liberation about 300 girls were recovered from different places around Dacca where they had been taken away and kept confined by the Pakistani army men. On 26 December altogether 55 emaciated and half-dead girls on the verge of mental derangement were recovered by the Red Cross with the help of the Mukti Bahini and the allied forces from various hideouts of the Pakistani army in [[Narayanganj]], [[Dacca Cantonment]] and other small towns on the periphery of Dacca city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |title=Genocide in Bangladesh |year=1972 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Bombay |oclc=1032116 |pages=157–158}}</ref> </blockquote>

==Academic activities at 1971==
Military Governor of East Pakistan [[Tikka Khan]] ordered department heads to join work from 21 April and the other teachers on 1 June, with classes to start from 2 August. All the dormitories were cleaned to remove any signs of destruction to present a good educational environment at the university to the international community. All exams were postponed due to the national crisis. As the forces of war increased until September, attendance in the classes also increased. As many students had joined the [[Mukti Bahini]], they blasted hand grenades near the university and quickly entered classes. As a result, the Army failed to arrest anyone.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

==Warning, arresting, and punishment of teachers==
For known connections with pro-independence forces, [[Tikka Khan]] issued arrest orders against many teachers and arrested some of them. Among them there were [[Abul Khayer (doctor)|Abul Khayer]], [[Rafiqul Islam (educationist)|Rafiqul Islam]], K.A. M. Salauddin, Ahsanul Hoque, [[Giasuddin Ahmed]], Jahrul Hoque, and M. Shahidullah. Military [[East Pakistan#Governors|Governor of East Pakistan]] Tikka Khan officially warned [[Munier Choudhury|Munir Chowdhury]], [[Nilima Ibrahim]], [[Serajul Islam Choudhury|Shirajul Islam Chowdhury]] and Enamul Hoque. Abu Muhammah Habibullah was terminated. [[Abdur Razzaq (professor)|Abdur Razzak]] (political scientist and later [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh) was sentenced ''in absentia'' to 14 years for supporting the Bengali Independence movement.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Razzaq, Abdur1}}</ref>

==Vice-chancellor during 1971==
After March 1971, Dhaka University was without any vice-chancellor. In early March, the vice-chancellor, Justice [[Abu Sayed Chowdhury]], was in Geneva at the "United Nations Humanitarian Conference". In the middle of March, he read news about the death of two students. He immediately wrote his resignation letter to the state's education secretary and fled to London, leaving the conference. There he worked for Bangladeshi independence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Matin |first=Abdul |title=Svādhīnatā sam̤̊grāme prabāsī bām̤̊gālī : Bām̤̊lādeś, 1971 |trans-title=Role of Overseas Bengalees in the Liberation Struggle of Bangladesh, 1971 |year=1989 |publisher=Radical Asia Publications |isbn=0-907546-09-9 |language=bn}}</ref> After the independence of Bangladesh, he became the country's second president.

The Pakistan Army fetched [[Syed Sajjad Hussain]], the then VC of [[University of Rajshahi|Rajshahi University]], in their convoy. He was made VC of Dhaka University. University teachers who helped the Pakistan government included Hasan Zaman, [[Muhammad Mohar Ali|Mohar Ali]], A. K. M. Abdur Rahman, Abdul Bari, Mukbul Hossain, and Saifuddin Joarder. Collaborator Syed Sajjad Hussain, Hasan Zaman, and Mohar Ali were arrested after the independence of Bangladesh and exiled.<ref>Dainik Bangla:3 October 1971</ref>

==Massacre on 14 December 1971==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
In December, it became clear to the Pakistan government that it would lose the war. When Dhaka University reopened on 2 July 1971, teachers who collaborated with the Pakistani army gathered at Nawab Abdul Gani Road to prepare a list of intellectuals who supported the independence movement. Until then, the Pakistan Army secretly trained a group of Pakistan-supporting madrasa, college, and university students. This group was named [[Al Badar]]. Later, Al-Badr members came out and selectively killed Bengali professors, doctors, engineers, and other intellectuals. Many of those killed were teachers at Dhaka University.

On 14 December 1971, over 200 Bengali intellectuals, including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers, were abducted from their homes in [[Dhaka]] by the [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] militia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Killing of Intellectuals}}</ref> This incident is known as the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]].<ref name=":0" /> Novelist [[Shahidullah Kaiser]] and playwright [[Munier Choudhury]] were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, [[Nakhalpara]], Rajarbagh, and other locations in different parts of the city. Later they were executed ''en masse,'' most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, 14 December is mourned in Bangladesh as ''Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh'', or [[Day of the Martyred Intellectuals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DU set to observe Martyred Intellectuals Day, Victory Day |work=[[News Today]] |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2331520&date=2012-12-14 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214080454/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2331520&date=2012-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{University of Dhaka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaka University massacre, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:University and college massacres in Asia]]
[[Category:1971 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Murder in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:University and college shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:March 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Dhaka in the Bangladesh Liberation War|University massacre]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1971]]

Kotigobba 2

2026-03-24T23:51:16Z

TeresaBrousseau: added information additionally and added references based on references

{{Short description|2016 Indian action film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kotigobba 2
| image = Kotigobba 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Kannada
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| producer = M. B. Babu<br>[[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer = K. S. Ravikumar<br/>T. Sivakumar
| starring = [[Sudeepa]]<br>[[Nithya Menen]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = Raja Rathinam
| editing = Praveen Antony
| studio = {{ubl|[[Rockline Entertainments]] (Kannada)|Rambabu Productions (Tamil)}}
| distributor = [[Rockline Entertainments]]
| released = {{film date|2016|08|11|[[Bangalore]]|2016|08|12|[[India]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 162 minutes<br /><small>'''(Kannada version)'''</small><br />156 minutes<br /><small>'''(Tamil version)'''</small>
| country = India
| language = Kannada<br />Tamil
| budget = {{INR|20 crore}}<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=Eega to Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films of Kannada Star Sudeep |url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|35.40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eega To Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films Of Kannada Star Sudeep |url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kotigobba 2''''' ({{translation|One in a crore 2}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], who co-wrote the script with T. Sivakumar, and produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]] and M. Babu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2016 |title=Kotigobba-2-movie-review |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130816/kotigooba-2-movie-review-satyam-shivam-sundaram.html |access-date=9 October 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=SHASHIPRASAD SM}}</ref> It is shot simultaneously in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, with Tamil version titled '''''Mudinja Ivana Pudi''''' ({{translation|Catch him if you can}}). The film stars [[Sudeepa]], alongside [[Nithya Menen]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] and [[Prakash Raj]]. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Raja Rathinam and Praveen Antony.
Despite the title, the film is not a sequel to the 2001 film ''[[Kotigobba]]'' and is a namesake sequel.

The Kannada-Tamil versions of the film was released on 12 August 2016 coinciding with the 2016 [[Varalakshmi Vratam|Varalakshmi Vrata]], where it received positive reviews from critics and became a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Kotigobba-2-will-have-a-festive-release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/jul/19/kotigobba-2-will-have-a-festive-release-882596.html |website=newindianexpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=kotigobba-2-release-on-varmahalakshmi-festival |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13454-kotigobba-2-release-on-varmahalakshmi-festival.html |website=chitraloka}}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Kotigobba 3]]'' was released on 2021 in which Sudeepa, Prakash Raj and P. Ravi Shankar reprise their roles from the previous film.

== Plot ==
Shiva and his accomplices loot {{INRConvert|150|c}} from a rich businessman. Sathya, Shiva's real twin brother, works in the [[realtor|real-estate business]]. Sathya meets Subha, an upright girl, at an estate deal. Subha blackmails Sathya to hand over {{INRConvert|2|l}} or she will complain to the police as the people, who had paid the money for the [[Real estate contract|estate deal]], are actually cheated by the land owner. However, Subha had made Sathya to make a statement of giving the money if she gets cheated in the estate deal. Days pass by, Sathya returns the money to Subha and the people and Subha and Sathya fall for each other.

Meanwhile, the businessman appoints [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Kishore, a no-nonsense corrupt officer, to search for the robber. After a brief investigation, Kishore interrogates Sathya, but gets stopped by [[Deputy Commissioner|DCP]] Sarathkumar and reveals that Sathya lodged a complaint against his fake twin brother Shiva, who has been torturing him and is also behind several robberies. Kishore suspects foul play and believes that Sathya also known as Shiva are the same person with fake twin, which is later revealed to be true. Sathya and his accomplices rob {{INRConvert|120|c}} from another rich businessman by sneaking into the [[police station]] as [[drain cleaner]]s and digging a tunnel to a factory, where the money is hidden.

The two businessmen become partners and send their henchmen to interrogate Sathya, who defeats them. Subha learns about his real identity and breaks up with him. Kishore tries to expose Sathya by a written complaint from the land owner (who was the one who cheated Sathya, but Sathya had masqueraded as Shiva and had blackmailed him to hand over the money), but to no avail. Sathya reveals his past and his desire for money to Subha, who understands his situation. Sathya tells that he decided to mend his ways for Subha, where she reunites with him. Later, the businessmen kidnap Sathya's accomplices and their families and call Sathya to hand over their money.

Sathya disguises himself as Shiva and calls the businessmen, where he saves the accomplices and their families by pretending to burn their money. At the hideout, Kishore finds Sathya, who makes a deal with Kishore to call the businessmen to arrange an attack on him and fake his death in exchange for {{INRConvert|100|c}}. As planned, Sathya fakes his death with Subha and Sarathkumar as the witnesses, where he later double-crosses Kishore in charges of killing Shiva and Kishore gets arrested. Sathya and Subha get married, but Sathya still continues his masquerade as Shiva to rob unaccounted money from corrupt businessmen, without Subha's knowledge.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Kannada)
!Cast (Tamil)
!Role (Kannada)
!Role (Tamil)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sudeepa]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Shiva "Sathya"
|style="text-align:center;"|Shivam "Sathyam"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nithya Menen]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subha "Subhashini"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravi Shankar]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] A. Kishore
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Sharathkumar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Prakash Raj]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Sathya's father ||style="text-align:center;"| Sathyam's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Mukesh Tiwari]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rich Businessman
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rich Businessman
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Chikkanna]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Chikkanna ||style="text-align:center;"| Saravana
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sathish]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Sathya's friend ||style="text-align:center;"| Sathish
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Land Owner
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Tabla Nani]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Bhaskar
| style="text-align:center;"| Bus passenger
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Imman Annachi]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Bus passenger
| style="text-align:center;"| Annachi
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Devaraj]]
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Delhi Ganesh]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Orphanage Owner
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Subha's brother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Latha Rao
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subha's sister-in-law
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sadhu Kokila]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |Bus passengers
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[C. Ranganathan]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Veena Sundar]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Visweswara Rao]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Ravi Chethan
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Siva Narayana Murthy]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Police officer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Kuri Prathap]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | Shop owners
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bank Janardhan]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Mandeep Roy]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Kovai Senthil]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Scissor Manohar]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| special appearance
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kotigobba 2 / Mudinja Ivana Pudi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|08|05}}
| recorded = 2015–2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:46
| language = Kannada, Tamil
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Soorappa Babu
| prev_title = [[Marudhu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
[[D. Imman]] scored the soundtrack and score for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 17, 2016 |title='Saaluthillave' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/errorpage/ |access-date=2018-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is reported that actors Sudeepa and Nithya Menen lent their voices for a song written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=14 June 2016 |title=Sudeep-nithya sing for Kotigobba 2 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-nithya-sing-for-Kotigobba-2/2016/06/14/article3480768.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132546/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-nithya-sing-for-Kotigobba-2/2016/06/14/article3480768.ece |archive-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The audio was officially released on 5 August 2016 and [[Anand Audio]] procured the music rights of the film. The project marked Imman's debut in [[Kannada cinema]].

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = ''Kotigobba 2'' track listing
| music_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kotigobba
| length1 = 04:17
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title2 = Saaluthillave
| length2 = 04:10
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| writer2 =
| extra2 = Vijay Prakash, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Hunna Hunna
| length3 = 04:23
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = [[Sudeepa]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Mc Rude
| title4 = Hello Mister
| length4 = 04:25
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Neeti Mohan]], Snigdha Chandra
| title5 = Parapancha Neene
| length5 = 04:08
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| total_length = 25:46
}}

{{track listing
| headline = ''Mudinja Ivana Pudi'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Essaalaama
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Pothavilaye
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sakthi Amaran
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Laama Laama
| extra3 = Jithinraj, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Yaavum Neethane
| extra4 = Sathya Prakash
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Hello Mister
| extra5 = [[Neeti Mohan]], Snigdha Chandra
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = ''Kotikokkadu'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chikkodamma Chikkodamma
| length1 = 04:25
| lyrics1 = Vennelakanti
| extra1 = Hema Chandra
| title2 = Hello Mister
| length2 = 04:30
| lyrics2 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra2 = Pooja Vaidyanath
| title3 = Mounamenduko
| length3 = 04:14
| lyrics3 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra3 = Sathya Prakash, Pranavi
| title4 = Daama Daama
| length4 = 04:28
| lyrics4 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra4 = Deepak, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| title5 = Anni Nuvvega
| length5 = 04:13
| lyrics5 = Vennelakanti
| extra5 = Sathya Prakash
| total_length = 21:50
}}

== Release ==
''Kotigobba 2'' was released on 12 August 2016. The distribution rights of the movie were sold for 16 crores, the highest for any Kannada movie at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2016 |title=kotigobba-2-box-office-collections-revealed-at-the-distributors-press |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/kotigobba-2-box-office-collections-revealed-at-the-distributors-press-237800.html |website=filmibeat |publisher=Santhosh Kumar}}</ref> The Tamil version was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Kotikokkadu'' ({{translation}} One in a crore) and in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] under the same title as the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MUDINJA IVANA PUDI (2021) NEW RELEASED Full Hindi Dubbed Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HptVFddenBY |website=[[YouTube]] | date=14 November 2021 }}</ref> The Telugu version will be presented by Lagadapati Srinivas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title=Sudeep's Kotigobba-2 to release in Telugu |url=http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/Sudeeps-Kotigobba-2-to-release-in-Telugu |access-date=6 October 2016 |website=Tollywood.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=Kotigobba-2 to release in Telugu |url=http://www.indiontv.in/movies-news.php?title=kotigobba-2-to-release-in-telugu |access-date=6 October 2016 |website=Indiontv}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite rights of the Kannada version were sold to [[Udaya TV]], while the Tamil and Telugu version were sold to [[Colors Tamil]] and [[Zee Telugu]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "This film will satisfy those looking to get entertained and keep a tab on getting back their money's worth."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movie Review: Kotigobba 2 – Bangalore Mirror - |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Kotigobba-2/articleshow/53675020.cms |access-date=2016-10-26 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "This film is a treat for people who like to be entertained in with the traditional commercial masala fare, for ''Kotigobba 2'' has ample spaces where fans can hoot and whistle."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kotigobba 2 Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Kotigobba-2/movie-review/53684228.cms |access-date=2016-10-26 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Kotigobba 2 is a guaranteed fun filled experience, and is a must for Kiccha fans."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-13 |title=Kotigobba 2 movie review: Satyam shivam sundaram |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130816/kotigooba-2-movie-review-satyam-shivam-sundaram.html |access-date=2016-10-26 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
'''[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]:'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor In A Leading Role – Kannada]] – '''Nominated'''
{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} – [[Sudeepa]]<ref>Filmfare Awards South 2016:
* {{Cite web |title=ಈ ವರ್ಷದ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ಫೇರ್ ನಾಮಿನೇಷನ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರ್ಯಾರಿದ್ದಾರೆ? |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14840-which-films-are-there-for-filmfare-nominations.html |publisher=chitraloka.com}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/kannada/nominations/best-actor-male|title=NOMINATIONS FOR Filmfare Awards South 2017 – Best Actor In A Leading Role (Male)|publisher=filmfare.com}}</ref>

'''[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th SIIMA]]:'''
{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* Best Film – Kannada – '''Won'''
* Best Comedian – Kannada – '''Nominated''' – [[Chikkanna]]

'''[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]:'''
* Best Actor in a Comic Role - '''Won''' - [[Chikkanna]]

'''[[9th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2017|9th Bengaluru International Film Festival]]:'''
* Best Popular Film – '''Won'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Popular Entertainment Kotigobba 2 – Best Film – Kannada Popular Entertainment |work=Bengaluru International Film Festival |url=http://biffes.in/award-winners/ |publisher=biffes.in}}</ref>

'''[[Edison Awards (India)]] 2017:'''
* Best Female Playback Singer - '''Won''' - [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for the song ''Pothavillaye''

'''Mirchi Music Awards South 2017:'''
* Song of the Year - '''Won''' for the song ''Saaluthillave''

'''Mirchi Music Awards South 2021:'''
* Song of the Decade – '''Won''' for the song ''Saaluthuillave''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3540016|Kotigobba 2}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2016 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Kannada-language action comedy films]]

Varun Chawla

2026-03-24T00:51:40Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from 2025, user has made several AI edits around this time}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varun Chawla
| image = VC in 2013.jpg
| caption = Chawla in 2013
| alt =

| birth_name = Varun Chawla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|3|3}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| education = [[Cornell University]] (B.S. in Applied Economics & Management)
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = Co-founder of [[91springboard]]; Founder of build3
| notable_works = 91springboard, build3
| spouse = 
| children = 
| awards = 
| website = {{URL|https://build3.org}}
}}
'''Varun Chawla''' (born March 3, 1981) is an Indian entrepreneur and co-founder of [[91springboard]], a prominent co-working and startup community platform in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=91springboard: Work, Play, Spring |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/91springboard-work-play-spring/52255/1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> He is also a co-founder of [[build3]], a Goa-based startup studio that collaborates with early-stage ventures focused on social and environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2022-08-30 |title=3 Entrepreneurs in Goa are Helping Social Startups with Investments up to Rs 5 Cr |url=https://thebetterindia.com/296076/build3-startup-studio-in-goa-mentors-social-impact-companies-with-funding-and-guidance/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chawla was born in [[Hyderabad]], India, where his maternal grandparents lived, while his parents were residing in [[Saudi Arabia]] at the time. He spent his early childhood in Hyderabad and Saudi Arabia before moving to [[Delhi]] at the age of five, where he attended school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Chawla - For a Person to Be Successful At Work, It's a Combination of Knowledge, Ability, and Attitude (Co-Founder - build3 and 91Springboard) |url=https://www.eatmy.news/2021/06/varun-chawla-for-person-to-be.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Eat My News}}</ref> Chawla graduated from [[Cornell University]] in 2002 with a degree in Applied Economics and Management. He also studied philosophy and architecture during his time at Cornell.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Shubham |date=2016-12-23 |title=The man who cracked space-time |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/the-man-who-cracked-space-time/100246 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Investment Banking ===
After completing his studies, Chawla worked at [[Goldman Sachs]] in New York and Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Shubham |date=2016-12-23 |title=The man who cracked space-time |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/the-man-who-cracked-space-time/100246 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurial Ventures ===
Chawla founded [[MyGuestHouse]], a budget accommodation aggregator, in 2009. The company was acquired by [[MakeMyTrip]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=2014-02-08 |title=India's MakeMyTrip Acquires EasyToBook In A Push To Grow Online Hotel Bookings |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/08/indias-makemytrip-acquires-easytobook-in-a-push-to-grow-online-hotel-bookings/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 91springboard ===
In 2012, Chawla co-founded 91springboard with Anand Vemuri and Pranay Gupta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varun |date=2020-07-23 |title={Varun & Anand, Co-founders of 91Springboard} Co-working & Remote-working will be the new normal |url=https://stars.substack.com/p/varun-and-anand-co-founders-of-91springboard |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Stars & Startups}}</ref> The company expanded to multiple Indian cities and supported a large number of startups and businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=91springboard: Work, Play, Spring |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/91springboard-work-play-spring/52255/1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Chawla stepped down from operational responsibilities at 91springboard in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=91springboard founders Pranay Gupta, Varun Chawla move on from coworking startup |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2021/07/09/91springboard-founders-pranay-gupta-varun-chawla-move-on-from-coworking-startup |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref>

=== build3 ===
After leaving 91springboard, Chawla co-founded [[build3]], a startup studio based in Goa that works with early-stage, impact-focused startups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2022-08-30 |title=3 Entrepreneurs in Goa are Helping Social Startups with Investments up to Rs 5 Cr |url=https://thebetterindia.com/296076/build3-startup-studio-in-goa-mentors-social-impact-companies-with-funding-and-guidance/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> The studio provides funding, mentorship, and operational support to ventures in sectors such as health, sustainability, and community living.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-29 |title=Centre grants Rs 3cr fund to Goa startup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/centre-grants-rs-3cr-fund-to-goa-startup/articleshow/112089099.cms |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lalatendu Mishra |first=The Hindu |date=2024-09-10 |title=build3 looks to raise $5 million to scale up operation, impact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/build3-looks-to-raise-5-million-to-scale-up-operation-impact/article68627279.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

*In 2015, 91springboard, co-founded by Chawla, was selected by Barclays as its partner for the Rise fintech innovation platform in Mumbai, marking Barclays' first such partnership in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barclays Launches Fintech Innovation Platform "Rise" In Mumbai In Partnership With 91springboard |url=https://inc42.com/flash-feed/rise-mumbai/ |date=2016-06-16 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Barclays |url=https://home.barclays/archive-barclays/stories/around-the-world/india/ |date=2021-02-28 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=91springboard Partners With Barclays to Launch a FinTech Focused Co-working Space in Mumbai |url=https://www.bwdisrupt.com/article/91springboard-partners-with-barclays-to-launch-a-fintech-focused-co-working-space-in-mumbai-98834 |date=2016-06-06 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>
*In 2016, 91springboard was recognized as one of six world-class incubators in India under NITI Aayog’s Atal Innovation Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niti Aayog Selects 6 Startup Ecosystem Builders - Provides $1.4 Mn Each |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/niti-aayog-incubators-selected/ |date=2017-02-06 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NITI Aayog - 91Springboard |url=https://www.91springboard.com/niti-aayog/ |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>
*In 2018, 91springboard was chosen by Google as the only Indian partner for the Google for Entrepreneurs (GFE) program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google partners 91springboard to support tech entrepreneurs in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/google-partners-91springboard-to-support-tech-entrepreneurs-in-india/articleshow/65325806.cms |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google, 91springboard to upskill female entrepreneurs in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/news-ians/google-91springboard-to-upskill-female-entrepreneurs-in-india-118080800908_1.html |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google, 91springboard to Empower Female Entrepreneurs in India |url=https://www.dqindia.com/google-91springboard-empower-female-entrepreneurs-india/ |date=2018-08-10 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>
*He has been recognized as an ambassador for the World Startup Report, representing the Indian startup ecosystem on a global platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Chawla - For a Person to Be Successful At Work, It's a Combination of Knowledge, Ability, and Attitude (Co-Founder - build3 and 91Springboard) |url=https://www.eatmy.news/2021/06/varun-chawla-for-person-to-be.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Eat My News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{LinkedIn page|in/varunchawla1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Varun}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station

2026-03-21T12:58:22Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating first stub basic info - done

{{Short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station in Pimpri-Chinchwad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sant Tukaram Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Old Mumbai - Pune Hwy, Sukhwani Complex, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri Colony, [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], Maharashtra 411018
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6146|73.8158|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]]<br/>Platform-1 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]<br/>Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = STG
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left=PCMC Bhavan|right=Nashik Phata|to-right=Swargate}}
| other_services =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sant Tukaram Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 and was the first to be completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to July 2023, the Purple Line operated between PCMC Bhavan and [[Phugewadi metro station|Phugewadi]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Naomi |date=6 March 2022 |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about |work=Urban Transport News |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> but from 1 August 2023 the section between Phugewadi and [[Civil Court metro station]] came into use, so trains ran from PCMC Bhavan to Civil Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 29 September 2024, the launch of Pune Metro Phase I was completed and the Purple Line was fully operational from PCMC to Swargate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-28 |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Sant Tukaram Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|PCMC Bhavan}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Nashik Phata}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|purple}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Nashik Phata metro station|Nashik Phata]]</small>
|-
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|purple}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span>
|Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
In 2021, [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] filmed his movie ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023) at the Sant Tukaram metro station and in the "maha metro train". The filming happened in August–September 2021. The station also appeared in the movie's posters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahrukh Khan starrer Jawan becomes the first film to be shot at Pune Metro |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/shahrukh-khan-starrer-jawan-becomes-the-first-film-to-be-shot-at-pune-metro-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-92086435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153955/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/shahrukh-khan-starrer-jawan-becomes-the-first-film-to-be-shot-at-pune-metro-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-92086435 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=Zoom TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Nayanthara begin 10-day shooting for Atlee's film in Pune – Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-begin-10-day-shooting-for-atlees-film-in-pune/articleshow/85909568.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728213811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-begin-10-day-shooting-for-atlees-film-in-pune/articleshow/85909568.cms |archive-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Maha-Metro offers location for film, promotion shoots |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mahametro-offers-location-for-film-promotion-shoots-101654709301477.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/sant-tukaram-nagar/}}
{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Gitikka Ganju Dhar

2026-03-21T10:07:31Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{short description|Indian TV personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gitikka Ganju Dhar
| post-nominals =
| image = Gitikka ganju dhar 04-02-2020.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = Gitikka's Picture
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Geetika Ganju
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre|AJK MCRC]]<br> [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]]
| occupation = Television personality, actress, television host
| years_active = 2000–present
| employer =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| television =
| spouse = Vineet Dhar (m.2009)
| children = 1
| website =
}}
'''Gitikka Ganju Dhar''' is an Indian [[TV personality]], anchor and television host.<ref name="times" /><ref name="firstpost" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Where's Geetika Ganju? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Wheres-Geetika-Ganju/articleshow/4564680.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Gym means worrying!' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/-gym-means-worrying/593766.html |newspaper=[[Tribune India]] |date=24 May 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401135401/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/-gym-means-worrying/593766.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gitikka Ganju was born in [[New Delhi]] to [[Kashmiri Pandit]] parents.<ref name="ys">{{cite news |last=Virmani |first=Nama |title=Gitikka Ganju Dhar: born to talk |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/yourstory-epaper-yourstory/gitikka+ganju+dhar+born+to+talk-newsid-74917690 |website=[[Dailyhunt]] |date=17 October 2017}}</ref> She received an undergraduate degree in business from the [[University of Delhi]], and a postgraduate degree from the [[AJK Mass Communication Research Center]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In a league of her own |url=http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/22.jpg |work=[[She (magazine)|She]] |date=December 2017 |pages=6, 7 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064815/http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/22.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a formally trained [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and Hindustani classical vocalist.<ref name="ys" />

== Career ==
Gitikka began her career as an anchor in 2000.<ref name="ys" /> She has anchored for many television shows including ''Meri Saheli'' ([[Star Plus]]), ''Zaike ka Safar'' ([[Zee TV]]), ''Executive Class'' ([[DD National]]), ''Sehat Ki Rasoi'' ([[News 24 (India)|News 24]], [[E24 (TV channel)|E24]]) and ''[[Chitrahaar]]'' (DD National).<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Being in TV serials is serious business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Being-in-TV-serials-is-serious-business/articleshow/3008061.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |last=R. Sharma |first=Hemant |title=Confession : स्टार एंकर बनने का गीतिका ने खोला राज |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/entertainment/interview-of-geetika-ganju-dhar-reveals-her-success-story-a-kashmiri-girl-become-star-anchor-in-india-62521.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 October 2017 |language=Hindi |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709082112/https://hindi.firstpost.com/entertainment/interview-of-geetika-ganju-dhar-reveals-her-success-story-a-kashmiri-girl-become-star-anchor-in-india-62521.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gard |first=Gunjan |title=Mic check |url=http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/30.jpg |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 December 2006 |location=[[Chandigarh]] |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070325/http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/30.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also appeared in the [[Hindi]] film ''Music Meri Jaan'' (2016).<ref name="Simplylifeindia">{{cite news |title=Meet Gitikka Ganju Dhar |url=https://www.simplylifeindia.com/gitikka-ganju-dhar.html |accessdate=12 December 2018 |work=SimplylifeIndia |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064927/https://www.simplylifeindia.com/gitikka-ganju-dhar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gitikka has hosted more than 3,000 live events,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gitikka Ganju Dhar wins twin awards for anchoring |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gitikka-ganju-dhar-wins-twin-awards-for-anchoring/articleshow/61297128.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Yamini |title=Apart from how much and how effortlessly you say it, what you say is more important- Emcee Gitikka Ganju Dhar |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Apart-from-how-much-and-how-effortlessly-you-say-it-what-you-say-is-more-important-Emcee-Gitikka-Ganju-Dhar/22-05-2017-118618/ |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=22 May 2017}}</ref> which include anchoring many corporate, government, lifestyle, televised events and awards shows such as Main Bhi Chowkidaar, 20th [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]], Fit India Launch, Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas, EEMAGINE, [[Make In India]], [[IIFA Award for Best Film|IIFA Press Conference]], [[Lakme Fashion Week]], [[The Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards]], The Overdrive Awards, ICWF, WOW Awards Asia, [[Swatch Bharat Abhiyan]], 26/11 Stories of Strength Event Mumbai,<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan graces Indian Express programme featuring 26/11 stories of strength |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/amitabh-bachchan-graces-indian-express-programme-featuring-26-11-stories-strength/amitabh-bachchan-graces-indian-express-programme-featuring-2611-stories-of-strength-3/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The Great Indian Wedding Awards, Hotelier Awards, The Goafest, Magnetic Maharashtra Summit, INDO-ASEAN Summit and Global Solar Alliance.<ref name="Simplylifeindia" /><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Recasting the archetype and leading the fine art of talk on Indian Stage |url=http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/images/mediaco/INDIA-TODAY-2019.jpg |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=September 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015020045/http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/images/mediaco/INDIA-TODAY-2019.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She also has represented brands such as [[BMW]], [[TATA Motors]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[UNICEF]], [[Pepsi]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Google]], [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], [[Samsung]], [[OPPO]], [[Indian Army]], [[Jindal Steel]], [[ONGC]], [[International Data Corporation|IDC]], [[Auto Desk]], [[India Today]], [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]] and [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]].<ref name="wearethecity">{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ashish |title=Inspirational Woman: Gitikka Ganju Dhar |url=http://3.wearethecity.in/gitikka-ganju-anchor-talkthestage/ |website=Wearethecity.in |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Serial<ref name="times" /><ref name="firstpost" /> !! Role !! Channel
|-
| ''Meri Saheli '' || Host || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| ''Bollywood Masala'' || Host || [[Doordarshan]]
|-
| ''Zaike Ka Safar '' || Host|| [[Zee TV]]
|-
|''Aap Ki Pasand'' || Host || [[DD Metro]]
|-
|''Executive Class'' || Host || [[DD National]]
|-
|''Sehat Ki Rasoi '' || Host || [[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]], [[E24 (TV channel)|E24]]
|-
|''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' || Host || [[Sony TV]]
|-
|''[[Chitrahaar]]'' || Host || [[DD National]]
|}

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!Role
|-
|2016
|''Music Meri Jaan''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|Manjeet Kaur
|-
|2025
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|rowspan="2"|Shabnam Jamali
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Gitikka is married to Vineet Dhar, a banker<ref name="wearethecity" /> and has a daughter named, Daeveka.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=She lights up my life |url=http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/25.pdf |magazine=[[Good Housekeeping]] |date=May 2013}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* 2019 - Woman Leadership Award by ET Now at Stars of the Industry Awards 2019.
*2019 - Live Quotient Award for Best Emcee Corporate and Lifestyle Events 2019.
*2019 - Named Nation Builder by [[India Today]], one among 100 Nation Builders, from across the spectrum of Indian Industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=She gave us something to talk about |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/She-gave-us-something-to-talk-about/25-09-2019-176669/ |work=[[Business World]] |date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
* 2019 - Best Contribution to the Live Experiential Domain by BW Applause at the BW Applause & Everythingexperiential.com Summit & Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallery: BW Applause and everythingexperiential.com Summit & Awards |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Gallery-BW-Applause-and-everythingexperiential-com-Summit-Awards/19-01-2019-166311/ |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
* 2018 - Best Anchor India Female Gold at the Spotlight Awards.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Yamini |title=Winners from Spotlight Awards 2018 |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Highlights-from-3rd-edition-of-Spotlight-Awards-2018-in-Jaipur-/10-05-2018-148796/ |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 - WOW Live Artist of the Decade 2018 by Eventfaqs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Shantanu |title=Meet the Winners of the LIVE Quotient Awards at WOW 2018 |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-15193/meet-the-winners-of-the-live-quotient-awards-at-wow-2018 |work=Eventfaqs |date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143000/https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-15193/meet-the-winners-of-the-live-quotient-awards-at-wow-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gitikka Wins another award for anchoring skill |url=http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/95.png |newspaper=[[Bombay Times]] |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065125/http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/mediacoverage/printonline/img/95.png |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet artist of the decade |url=https://eventaa.com/news-details.html?news_id=481 |work=Eventaa |date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 - Named among the Top 10 Most powerful women in the Indian live space in India in the book - ''The Decade of Transformation'', presented by EEMA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Master Blasters of Ceremonies: Our handpicked selection of India's hottest event emcees |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Master-Blasters-of-Ceremonies-Our-handpicked-selection-of-India-s-hottest-event-emcees/12-04-2018-146256/ |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=She Quit Her Career, Then Came Back Better, Stronger, Smarter in Ver2.0. |url=https://eshe.in/2017/12/20/gitikka-ganju-dhar-anchor-emcee/ |work=eShe Magazine |date=20 December 2017}}</ref>
* 2017 - Best Anchor India Female Gold at the Spotlight Awards.<ref name="times" />
* 2017 - Best Emcee India Female by BW Applause at the BW Applause Awards.<ref name="times" />
* 2003 - Bharat Nirman Award for contribution to the field of anchoring in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Offbeat: Netflix, Pak shows on YouTube keep Gitikka Ganju Dhar busy |url=https://www.adgully.com/offbeat-netflix-pak-shows-on-youtube-keep-gitikka-ganju-dhar-busy-79627.html |work=Adgully.com |date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
* 2012 - Best Emcee India Female at the Live Quotient Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gitikka, Nitin Arora win Best Emcee award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Gitikka-Nitin-Arora-win-Best-Emcee-award/articleshow/18195401.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of Micromax Live Quotient Awards 2012! |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/lqa/2012/home.htm |work=Eventfaqs |date=2012 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206141515/https://www.eventfaqs.com/lqa/2012/home.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Biography|India|Bollywood}}
* {{Official website|http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/}}
* [http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Rapid-fire-with-Gitikka-Ganju-Dhar/18-09-2015-103323/ Rapid fire with Gitikka Ganju Dhar] (''[[BusinessWorld]]'')
* [https://www.amarujala.com/video/interviews/sanjay-abhigyan-editor-of-amar-ujala-com-took-interviews-of-anchor-geetika-ganju मशहूर एंकर गीतिका गंजू ने बताया अमर उजाला को अपना ‘घर’] (Interview with ''[[Amar Ujala]]'')
* [https://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/media-coverage.php#gallery-9 Spinning magic with words] (''[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika Plus]]'')
* [http://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/media-coverage.php#gallery-24 Attetion, please] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105125917/https://www.gitikkaganjudhar.com/media-coverage.php#gallery-24 |date=5 November 2019 }} (''[[Femina (India)]]'', Pg. 222, 16 March 2013)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganju Dhar, Gitikka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Masters of ceremonies]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]

Udaala

2026-03-20T23:38:43Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating new stub w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udaala
| image = Udaala.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amol Patil
| producer = [[Yogaraj Bhat|Yogaraj Cinemas]]<br>Ravi Shamanur Films
| writer = Amol Patil
| starring = Prithvi Shamanur<br>Hrithika Srinivas<br>[[Bala Rajwadi]]<br>Malu Nipnal<br>Harish Hiriyur
| music = Chetan–Davy
| cinematography = Shivshankar Noorambada
| editing = Madhu Thumbakere
| studio = Yogaraj Cinemas<br>Ravi Shamanur Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Movie Details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/udaala/movieshow/125341371.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Udaala''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada cinema|Kannada-language]] film directed by Amol Patil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amol Patil's debut film Udaala drops its first teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/16/amol-patils-debut-film-udaala-drops-its-first-teaser |work=Cinema Express |date=16 October 2025}}</ref> The film is produced by Yogaraj Cinemas and Ravi Shamanur Films.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಉಡಾಳ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/udaala-kannada-movie-prithvi-shyamanoor-release-3595426 |work=Prajavani |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> Set in [[North Karnataka]], ''Udaala'' brings together romance, comedy and drama in a way that reflects the region's everyday culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Movie Review |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-udaala-review/articleshow/125358965.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=16 November 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story takes place in and around [[Vijayapura|Bijapur]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Review: Bijapur-set Kannada Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/a-lovely-bijapur-set-drama-with-strong-performances-but-a-slower-second-half/movie-review/125342140.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2025}}</ref> It follows an orphaned auto rickshaw driver who joins a local [[College|college]] after falling in love. What starts as a simple romantic pursuit slowly becomes a journey through campus conflicts, personal challenges and the search for dignity. The film shows his efforts to find a place where he feels accepted.

== Cast ==
* Prithvi Shamanur as Prakash Raj "Pakkya"
* Hrithika Srinivas as Pinky Patil
* [[Bala Rajwadi]] as Marthand Saathe
* Harish Hiriyur as Basant Saathe "Beedi Basya"
* Sumit Sankoji as Balolli
* Vadiraj Babladi as Paapya
* Malu Nipnal as Malu
* Praveen Gasti as Pavya
* Govinde Gowda as Police Constable
* Dayanand Beeligi as Daya
* Vaijanth Viradar as Shindi Master, College Principal
* Renu Gopi as Baby Babladi, final year medical student
* Yograj Bhat as cameo appearance
<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Kannada Movie Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/udaala.html |work=Filmibeat |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

== Production ==
*Udaala* is the first independent directorial work of Amol Patil.<ref>{{cite web |title='Amol Patil: Udaala is my love letter to North Karnataka' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/13/udaala-is-my-love-letter-to-uttara-karnataka |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 November 2025}}</ref> The film uses the dialects, music and visual style of North Karnataka to reflect the rhythm of daily life in the region. Promotional material and interviews suggest that the team wanted the story to feel close to small town reality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Teaser Trending in North Karnataka |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/yogaraj-bhat-produced-pruthvi-shamanur-acted-udaala-movie-teaser-trending-uttara-karnataka-region-104637.html |work=Filmibeat Kannada |date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack is composed by the duo Chetan–Davy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Songs & Music Details |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/udaala/songs.html |work=Filmibeat |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> The songs are aligned with the film's regional tone and are placed at moments that connect with the emotional arc of the story.

== Release ==
The film was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಉಡಾಳ ಚಿತ್ರ ನವೆಂಬರ್ 14ಕ್ಕೆ ರಿಲೀಸ್ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/udaala-kannada-movie-prithvi-shyamanoor-release-3595426 |work=Prajavani |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> Teasers and trailers were circulated widely across social media and local entertainment outlets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Teaser Released |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/teaser-of-udaala-movie/articleshow/124596873.cms |work=Vijaya Karnataka |date=16 October 2025}}</ref> The film found a strong early audience in districts of North Karnataka where the setting and language feel familiar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala gaining traction in North Karnataka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/20/udaala-trending-uttara-karnataka |work=Cinema Express |date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Early reviews described *Udaala* as a film rooted in its regional identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Movie Review: A chaotic, youthful ride |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Nov/15/udaala-movie-review-a-chaotic-youthful-ride-through-bijapurs-streets-and-soul |work=Cinema Express |date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Critics noted the performances and the strong sense of place, though some pointed out that the second half moves at a slower pace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaala Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/a-lovely-bijapur-set-drama-with-strong-performances-but-a-slower-second-half/movie-review/125342140.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Viewers in North Karnataka responded particularly well to the story and the local flavour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Audience reactions to Udaala |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/udaala/ET00469786 |work=BookMyShow |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The film touches on themes of [[Social mobility]], self respect, community identity and ambition. Through the protagonist's decision to return to education, the story reflects the everyday challenges experienced by people from modest backgrounds in small town India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38690152}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Valente Mascarenhas

2026-03-15T08:42:33Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating the stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (1925–1999)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Valente Mascarenhas
| image = Valente Mascarenhas.jpg
| caption = Mascarenhas featured in a promotional image for his ''[[tiatr]] Guneaukari'' (Culpable).
| birth_name = Carmo Valeriano Mascarenhas
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guirim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|8|23|1925|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| years_active = 1938–1998
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|composer|playwright|theatre director}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]'' (1979)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Rita de Souza|1950}}
| children = 5
}}

'''Carmo Valeriano''' "'''Valente'''" '''Mascarenhas''' (16 November 1925 – 23 August 1999) was an Indian actor, singer, composer, playwright, theatre director, and former [[make-up artist]] known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]]s, television, ''[[tiatr]]'' productions, and [[folk play]]s.

==Early life==
Carmo Valeriano Mascarenhas was born on 16 November 1925 in [[Guirim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]], into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. He was the youngest of four children. He had three brothers: Rofino (born 1921), Leonardo (born 1917), and Jermeno (born 1915). They were born to Lourenco Caetano Mascarenhas, a [[landlord]] from [[Sangolda]], Goa, and Maria Aninha Pascoala Mascarenhas, a [[homemaker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

During his childhood, Mascarenhas made the transition to [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) at the age of 12. His educational journey led him to Barretto High School in [[Cavel]], followed by enrollment at Propriety High School. Throughout his time in school, Mascarenhas exhibited a flair for painting, producing several [[portrait]]s.<ref name=":0" /> However, his predominant interest laid in the realm of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<ref name=":1" /> Based on insights from ex-politician and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], Mascarenhas displayed early indications of his future success in the Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' (theater) domain during his youth.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Mascarenhas was a performer known for his involvement in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical tradition of ''[[tiatr]]''. Though he possessed a talent for singing, he initially faced challenges in securing prominent opportunities to showcase this ability. During this time, Mascarenhas regularly sang in the [[choir]] at St. Francis Xavier Church in [[Dabul]], [[Bombay]]. In addition to his vocal skills, Mascarenhas also demonstrated aptitude as a [[painter]], particularly in [[portraiture]], as a school student. He leveraged this artistic talent to gain proximity to the ''[[tiatrist]]s'' - the practitioners of the ''tiatr'' form. Mascarenhas undertook [[portrait painting]] [[Commission (art)|commissions]] for ''tiatrists'', which then led to opportunities for him to work as a [[makeup artist]] for these performers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=40–41}}</ref> This insider access allowed Mascarenhas to immerse himself in the Konkani theatrical milieu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=109–111 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-26 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mascarenhas proved to be a versatile actor on the ''tiatr'' stage, capable of delivering portrayals across a range of roles. In 1938, he was granted the chance to sing five songs in a ''tiatr'' production of ''Kombekar'', staged by [[Miss Ida]] at the Indra Bhavan in [[Dhobitalao]]. [[A. M. B. Rose]] and [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] also contributed their vocal talents to the cast of the same ''tiatr'' performance. However, although possessing strong vocal skills, Mascarenhas failed to leave a significant impact on the audience during his debut performance.<ref name=":1" /> He then subsequently joined the ''tiatr'' [[theatrical troupe|troupe]] of [[Simon C. Fernandes]], appearing in one of the group's productions titled ''Kunvori Hermegildachi''. This marked a turning point in Mascarenhas' career, as he went on to establish himself as an actor within the Konkani theatrical tradition.<ref name=":0" />

Mascarenhas's early career also included a singing role in the 1942 [[Goan]] ''tiatr'' (theatrical production) ''Amel Ponjecarn'' by C. Brazil. During this ''tiatr'' performance, Mascarenhas made his debut as a singer at the P. T. Bhangwadi stage in [[Bombay]]. In this same production, Mascarenhas had the opportunity to perform two songs, one [[solo (music)|solo]] and one [[duet]] with Rosario de Aldona. However, his singing during this performance did not impress the audience. After this initial foray into singing, Mascarenhas appeared to have recognized that his true talents laid more in the realm of acting rather than music.<ref name=":1" /> He was subsequently given the chance to play the role of the [[Pope]] in Simon C. Fernandes's ''tiatr Santa Philomena'', substituting for another actor who was absent. Mascarenhas took advantage of this opportunity and delivered a well-received performance as the Pope, which led to further acting roles being offered to him. He then went on to portray the character of [[Friar Lawrence]] in a production of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. However, it was his lead role in the play ''Judas Iscariot'' that is said to have firmly established him as a versatile actor capable of inhabiting a wide range of characters. While Mascarenhas's initial efforts at singing did not meet with success, he was able to transition his talents towards acting, where he found acclaim and success in his career.<ref name=":0" />

Mascarenhas found success in the ''[[tiatr]]'' theater genre during the mid-20th century. He received acclaim from personalities like [[Saib Rocha]], leading to an invitation to take part in Rocha's theatrical performance titled ''Mog Ani Krim'' (Love and Crime). At first, Mascarenhas encountered enthusiasm but also encountered opposition from his elder brother, who mandated that he exclusively take part in productions under the direction of [[Simon C. Fernandes]]. [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]] was able to intervene and convince the brother to allow Mascarenhas to accept Rocha's offer. Mascarenhas went on to appear in Rocha's 1948 ''tiatr Son of Jerusalem'', where he portrayed the character of Julius. This theatrical production took place at P. T. Bhangwadi on 11 January 1948.<ref name=":0" />

Mascarenhas had previously performed in Rocha's production ''Mog Ani Krim'' (Love and Crime) earlier. Mascarenhas also acted in the ''tiatr Dubavi Ghorkarn'' (Doubtful Housewife). His versatility and talent led to him being sought after by several ''tiatr'' directors. He demonstrated an ability to portray a wide range of characters, including elderly roles, despite his own youth. [[Konkani language|Konkani]] director and singer [[Kid Boxer]] wrote specific parts for Mascarenhas in many of his productions. Mascarenhas also acted in ''tiatrs'' directed by German Pinto, [[Minguel Rod]], [[Pai Tiatrist]], Young Menezes, [[M. Boyer]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], and [[J. P. Souzalin]]. His performance in Pinto's ''Lojechem Boglantt'' was particularly acclaimed by the audience.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=2013-09-21 |title=Valente Mascarenhas: Torekvar bhumikamni nanvlovkik zalolo kolakar |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/21sept_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084226/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/21sept_amcho_avaz |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through his acclaimed work in these various ''tiatr'' productions, Mascarenhas gained acclaim within the [[Goan]] theater scene of the era.<ref name=":0" />

Following his stint in ''[[tiatr]]s'' in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), Mascarenhas returned to [[Goa]] and immersed himself in acting roles within the realm of ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]'' productions. These performances were crafted and overseen by playwrights including Ligorio Fernandes, Pascoal Rodrigues, and Lino Fernandes, among others. Mascarenhas's performances on the ''tiatr'' stage earned him acclaim and recognition.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to his acting work, he made contributions as a playwright. Over the span of his six-decade career, he was involved in the creation, direction, and production of approximately 25 ''tiatrs'', showcasing his talents in the theatrical realm across both Goa and Bombay. Some of his popular plays included ''Guneaukari'' (Culpable), ''Vhoddponn'' (Proudness), ''Tarvotteacho Put'' (Seaman's Son), ''Bim Toxem Bhat'' (As the Seed, so the Land), ''Kirmidoracho Xevott'' (Fate of a Criminal), ''Kednaim Punn Etolo'' (Someday he'll come), ''Toch Amkam Zai'' (He is what we need), ''Asli vo Nakli'' (Real or Fake), ''Khunni Sampoddio'', ''Inam Rogtacho'' (Reward of Blood), ''Kudd'ddo Bhikari'' (Blind Beggar), ''Niropradeak Bondkonn'', and ''Sonxit to Bhagivont'', etc.<ref name=":2" />

Mascarenhas was also known for his skills as a singer and would often perform songs as part of his ''tiatr'' productions. In his vocal [[repertoire]], he participated in a [[duet]] titled "Parmila" alongside Cecilia Machado, as well as a [[solo (music)|solo]] rendition of "I have 100 Acers in the valley," which gained popularity during his era. In addition to his work in tiatr, Mascarenhas composed several [[gospel song]]s. Beyond his achievements in ''tiatr'', Mascarenhas also had a presence in the film industry. He acted in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] films ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' and ''[[Nirmon]]'',<ref name=":1" /> as well as the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]'', where he played a significant role. Mascarenhas also took on minor roles in other [[Hindi cinema]] productions. Moreover, he was involved in the production of traditional [[folk plays]] for [[All India Radio]], Goa, and curated programs for Goa [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":0" /> Over the course of his career, Mascarenhas is estimated to have acted in approximately 3,500 ''tiatr'' productions, cementing his status as an influential figure within the [[Goan]] ''tiatr'' tradition. While his acting prowess was celebrated, his contributions as a playwright and composer also played a significant role in shaping the evolution of this form of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater.<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life==
Mascarenhas and his family<ref name=":1" /> lived in the Bela Vista neighborhood in [[Sangolda]], [[Goa]].<ref name=":2" /> As a youth, he relocated to the city of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), where he settled in the [[Sonapur, Bhandup|Sonapur]] area of the [[Bhandup]] suburb. On 15 April 1950, at the age of 24, Mascarenhas married Rita de Souza, a 20-year-old woman from the [[Dhobitalao]] neighborhood of Bombay. The couple wed at the Church of Our Lady of Dolours in Sonapur and went on to have five children together-three sons Loandro (born 1956), Xavier, and Micky,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Take a cue from him! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223175835/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |url-status=live }}</ref> and two daughters Maria and Dorothy "Dolla" (born 1971) . At the time of his marriage, Mascarenhas was employed as a clerk in Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 January 1969 |title=Transcription of Marriage Certificate |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212143/https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> After returning to Goa, he took a position at the [[Mormugao Port Trust]] (MPT) in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. Mascarenhas's wife Rita also had a role in the 1963 [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'', in which she appeared alongside her husband.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A SPECIALIST AT WORK |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-SPECIALIST-AT-WORK/189260 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Mascarenhas's three children Dola, Xavier, and Micky are involved on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] as theatre actors. Mascarenhas not only engaged in performing but also made contributions to the ''[[tiatr]]'' tradition through his artistry by designing [[Theater drapes and stage curtains|stage panels]] for directors in the genre.<ref name=":3" /> In the early 1990s, Mascarenhas was reported to be in good health,<ref name=":1" /> but his condition later deteriorated, leading him to cease his Konkani stage appearances around 1998. Even as his health declined and he entered retirement, Mascarenhas remained knowledgeable about ''tiatr'' [[Tiatr#songs|songs]] and music, as noted by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Tomazinho Cardozo]].<ref name=":2" /> Mascarenhas died on 23 August 1999, at the age of 73, at the [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm4956254}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Valente}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]

Vellan Kumaran

2026-03-03T17:48:29Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating new bio needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Vellan Kumaran
| image = Tiruvorriyur Inscription of Chaturanana Pandita (Valluvanad).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Tiruvorriyur Inscription of Chaturanana Pandita
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = Nandikkarai Puttur (Kerala)
| nickname = Chaturanana Pandita
| allegiance = [[Chola Empire]]
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank = Perumpatai Nayaka
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Takkolam]] (948–49 CE)
| awards =
| relations = Rajasekhara (father, chieftain of Valluvanatu)
| signature =
}}

'''Vellan Kumaran''' (''fl.'' mid-10th century AD), diksa name<ref name=":1">''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 292–304.</ref> '''Chaturanana Pandita''', was a [[Kerala]] commander in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] army and a close confidant of prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]]. He was probably one of the few Chola commanders to have survived the [[battle of Takkolam]] in 948/49 AD.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=100–101|orig-date=1972}}</ref> Kumaran is best known for engraving his own tragic autobiography in an inscription at Tiruvotriyur, [[Chennai|Madras]] (around 10 years after he had become an ascetic).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":32" />

Kumaran was the son of Rajasekhara, the chieftain of Valluvanatu in [[Kerala]]. He is also described as a native of "Nandikkarai Puttur" in Kerala.<ref name=":32" /> The inscriptions say that he went to Chola country after completing education in his boyhood and became a commander to prince Rajaditya in the Chola army.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=112–13|orig-date=1972}}</ref> After the battle of Takkolam, he became an ascetic and settled at Tiruvotriyur as the disciple of certain Niranjana Guru. Eventually Kumaran, now known as Chaturanana Pandita, became the founder of a matha (the Kalamukha monastery) at Tiruvotriyur.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":1" />

The true significance of the life of Kumaran was discovered by historian V. Raghavan.<ref name=":33" /><ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.</ref>

== Background ==

=== Chola defeat at Takkolam ===
The battle of Takkolam (948/49 AD) was a military engagement between a contingent of troops led by Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] and another led by the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Krishna III]] (939–967 AD). The battle resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam. <ref>S. Swaminathan, ''The Early Chōḷas: History Art and Culture'' (Delhi: Sharada Publishing, 1998), 53–62.</ref><ref>K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''The Cōḷas'' (Madras: University of Madras, 1955), 129–33.</ref><ref name=":32" />

The Rashtrakutas conquered eastern and northern parts of the Chola empire and advanced up to [[Rameswaram]]. As per the Karhad copper plates of [[Krishna III]] (959 AD) the king "uprooted the Cholas, distributed their territory among his followers, and extracted tribute from the Chera and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] kings" during his campaign. The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory over the Chera king for his predecessor Butuga II. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=100-101 and 113-114|orig-date=1972}}</ref>

The death of prince Rajaditya is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.</ref> (1006 CE) of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 CE) of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]].<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.</ref>

=== Kerala military personnel at Takkolam ===
Prince Rajaditya was the son of the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], the [[Chera/Perumal]] princess, and the Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (907–955 AD).<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=99–100|orig-date=1972}}</ref> It is known that the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], mother of prince Rajaditya, was present at Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) (in the 28th year of Parantaka, c. 935 AD) with her entire entourage for some time.<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=100–101|orig-date=1972}}</ref>

Prince Rajaditya commanded a whole contingent of Kerala military personnel in Tirumunaippati Natu as early as the 930s.<ref name=":34" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Chiefdom or clan name
!Location inside chiefdom
!Name
|-
|Malaiyala
|Maluvacchar (Kizhamalai Natu?)
|
|Attankan Chattan
|-
|Malaiyala
|Netunkalai Natu
(Netunganatu?)
|Isanamangalam (Iswaramangalam?)
|Manavallan Kannan
|-
|Malaiyala
|
|
|Iravi Kotai
|-
|Malaiyala
|Netumpuraiyur Natu (Netumpuram Tali)
|Vakkanatu, Mankarai
|Kantan Kaman
|-
|Malaiyala
|Kantiyur Vel Kula ([[Venad|Venatu]]?)
|
|Sundaran
|-
|Malaiyala
|
|[[Thrikkunnapuzha|Tirukunrappozha]] (Thrikkunnappuzha)
|Parivarattu Chevakan, Chenta Kumaran
|-
|Malai Natu
|Matai Vazhkai
|
|Iyakkan Iraman
|}
According to historians, the mid-10th century witnessed a large migration of Kerala people into the Chola country in search of "commercial profit and military adventure".<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=100–101|orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":6">M.G.S. Narayanan, ‘Anatomy of a Political Alliance from Temple Records of Tirunavalur and Tiruvorriyur’, ''Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India'' 5 (1978): 26–31.</ref> A warrior known as Malaiyana Otrai Chevakan shows up in the army of prince Arikulaseri from a record from Kizhur, South Arcot. Several merchants, mostly from [[Kodungallur]] in Malai Nadu, are present in inscriptions from Kudumiya Malai (Pudukkottah), Tirucchanur (South Arcot), Udaiyargudi (South Arcot), Tirumalpurarm (North Arcot) and Tiruvenkatu.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":6" />

== Inscriptions of Vellan Kumaran or Chaturanana Pandita ==

=== As Vellan Kumaran ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Inscription
!Date
!Notes
|-
|Gramam, South Arcot
|29th regnal year of [[Parantaka I]] (936 AD)
|
* Records a gift of sheep for perpetual lamp in the shrine of Srimulasthanattu Mahadeva at Atrutali in Tirumutiyur by Vellan Kumaran of Nandikkarai Puttur in Malai Natu (who was a commander - perumpatai nayakan - of prince Rajaditya).<ref name=":37">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=112–13|orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 32 (2012), no. 33.</ref>
|-
|Gramam, South Arcot
|36th regnal year of [[Parantaka I]] (943 AD)

* Kali Year - 4044
* Kali Day - 1477037
|
* Vellan Kumaran, the Kerala commander of prince Rajaditya, built a stone temple of Atruttali Mahadeva at Mauligrama (Mutiyur) on the Pennai river.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":5">''South Indian Inscriptions'' 32 (2012), no. 44.</ref>
* Adjectives of Vellan Kumaran - "Chamu Nayaka", "Cholarkal Mulabhrtya", "Perumpatai Nayaka" and "Uttamah Keralanam".<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":5" />
* Birthplace is mentioned as "Puttur".<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":5" />
|}

=== As Chaturanana Pandita (Valabha Guha) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Inscription
!Date
!Notes
|-
|Tiruvotriyur, Madras
|
* 18th regnal year [[Krishna III]] Rashtrakuta
|
* Chaturanana Pandita as the recipient of a donation to the temple.<ref name=":37" />
|-
|Tiruvotriyur, Madras
|
* 20th regnal year [[Krishna III]] Rashtrakuta (959 AD)
|
* Found on a slab in the floor of Shiva temple at Tiruvotriyur.<ref name=":1" />
*Described as "Valabha Rashtra Natha".<ref name=":37" />
* Says that Valabha, resembling god [[Kartikeya|Guha]] (Kumaran), son of Rajasekhara, chieftain of Vallabha Rashtra in Kerala, went to Chola country after completing education (in his boyhood) and became a loyal subordinate of Rajaditya.<ref name=":37" />
*Since Valabha was not fortunate enough to die along with his master (in the battle of Takkolam), he felt that he had disgraced his caste, (Vallabha) family, father (Rajasekhara) and master (Rajaditya) by his action and turned away from life. After the bath at Triveni (on the [[Ganges]]) he accepted vratas from Niranjana Guru and assumed the name of Chaturanana.<ref name=":37" />
* Chaturanana donated 100 nishkas (pieces) of gold to the sabha of Narasimha Mangalam (an agrahara) on his birthday on dhanishta naksatra.<ref name=":37" />
*The interest (three mashas per nishka per year) on the 100 nishkas gold was to fund the performance of a special puja to Siva at Tiruvotriyur on the occasion of his natal constellation, the dhanishta naksatra.<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":1" />
*Chaturanana Pandita is described as chief abbot of the Kalamukha Saiva monastery in Tiruvotriyur<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Chola military personnel]]

Kota Vamsa

2026-03-01T05:58:11Z

TeresaBrousseau: corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Medieval dynasty in modern-day India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''Kota Vamsa''' was a medieval dynasty which ruled in parts of the modern-day [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Kotas belonged to Dhananjaya gotra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=V |first=Yashoda Devi |url=https://archive.org/details/svuorientaljourn015489mbp/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |date= |publisher=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Research Institute |year=1975 |volume=18 |pages=58 |language= |chapter=Social and Economic Structure in Ândhradesa in the Reddi Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sōmaśēkharaśarma |first=Mallampalli |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066/page/n283/mode/2up |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |date= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1946 |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> According to V. Yashoda Devi, the Kotas are one of the four lineages—alongside the [[Parichchedi|Parichchedis]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], and Varnatas—from whom the Kshatriyas of the Telugu country have descended.<ref name=":0" /> Kota chiefs ruled [[Kammanadu]] with [[Dharanikota]] as capital.

Kota Kings belonged to the [[Shudra]] varna.<ref>Sastry, P. V. Parabhrama (1978). N. Ramesan, ed. The Kākatiyas of Warangal. Hyderabad: Government of Andhra Pradesh</ref><ref name="The Rule Of The Chalukya Cholas In Andhrapradesa">{{cite book |title=The Rule Of The Chalukya Cholas In Andhrapradesa |date=1978 |page=288 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-rule-of-the-chalukya-cholas-in-andhrapradesa/page/287/mode/2up}}</ref> After they became the rulers, they came to be recognized as [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]].<ref name="The Rule Of The Chalukya Cholas In Andhrapradesa"></ref> They had marital links with the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]]. [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapatideva's]] daughter Ganapamadevi was married to the grandson of Kota Keta II.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Cynthia |title=Precolonial India in practice: society, region and identity in medieval Andhra |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195136616 |pages=156}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]

{{India-history-stub}}

Uma–Maheshvara

2026-02-28T03:21:31Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating a pg first draft - done

{{Short description|Representation of Shiva-Parvati in Hindu iconography}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Not to be confused with|Umamaheshvara|text=}}[[File:Uma_Maheshvara,_central_India,_probably_late_1000s_to_1100s_AD,_buff_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05053.jpg|thumb|Uma–Maheshvara, [[central India]], probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone, [[Dallas Museum of Art]].]]
'''Uma–Maheshvara''' ({{Langx|sa|उमामहेश्वर|translit=Umāmaheśvara}}) is a form of the divine couple, [[Shiva]] (Maheshvara) and [[Parvati]] (Uma), in [[Hindu iconography]]. It features the two principle Hindu deities in a benign form. It is one of the [[panchavimshatimurti]] (twenty-five forms of Shiva in Hindu iconography), as has been described in the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], particularly in the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tracts of [[South India|Southern India]], and in the [[Shilpa Shastras|''Silpa'' texts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singam |first=S. Durai Raja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLFFAQAAMAAJ |title=Ananda Coomaraswamy, the bridge builder: The monographs |date=1900 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Hemakuta. 1: (1. publ.) - 2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-48-4 |location=Delhi}}</ref> The Uma–Maheshvara images are found in the sanctum sanctorum of several South Indian temples, on the relief-sculptures of the temple walls, and in museum collections. Images exist as paintings and sculptures made out of various materials that represent the potent symbol of the two deities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFQ9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-88920-743-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uma-Maheshvara, India ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/5369/uma-maheshvara-india |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> This form of the deities also travelled in neighbouring countries. In terms of the Hindu spiritual symbolism, the image represents the power and the significance of [[Reproduction|procreation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uma-Mahesvara (An Iconographic Study of the Divine Couple) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/uma-mahesvara-iconographic-study-of-divine-couple-uah474/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Spiritual significance ==
[[File:Uma-Maheshvara.jpg|thumb|Stone sculpture of Uma–Maheshvara]]
Uma–Maheshvara symbolises the union of the supreme Shiva (Maheshvara), one of the [[Trimurti|Hindu Trinity]], with his consort, the primordial feminine cosmic energy,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lowitz |first1=Leza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69HZRG_R4KgC |title=Sacred Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation |last2=Datta |first2=Reema |date=2009-05-01 |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |isbn=978-0-89346-983-2 |language=en}}</ref> the supreme goddess Parvati (Uma).<ref name=":0" /> Shiva is a manifestation of the ''[[Purusha]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C |title=Esssential Hinduism |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |isbn=978-0-313-07155-3 |language=en}}</ref> while Parvati, as the goddess, represents [[Prakṛti|''Prakriti'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=Rajeswari Sunder |date=1998 |title=Is the Hindu Goddess a Feminist? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407322 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=33 |issue=44 |pages=WS34–WS38 |jstor=4407322 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> This divine union of ''Purusha'' and ''Prakriti'', the male and the female forms, results in ''srishti'', or procreation, and maintains the constant cycle of creation and balance.<ref name=":0" /> Parvati is an ancient mountain goddess, and is usually featured in the images beside Shiva, her husband. She is a divine deity in her own right in [[Nepal]], and at [[Koh Ker|Koh-Ker]], a briefly surviving [[Cambodia]]n royal capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Uma - Lady of the Mountains - The Goddess - The White Goddess |url=http://www.thewhitegoddess.co.uk/the_goddess/uma_-_lady_of_the_mountains.asp |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.thewhitegoddess.co.uk |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620152839/http://www.thewhitegoddess.co.uk/the_goddess/uma_-_lady_of_the_mountains.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> In certain cultures, such as in [[Bengal]] she is described as the daughter of the Mountain, [[Himavat]]. Her story finds a mention in [[Kena Upanishad]].<ref name=":1" /> It is believed that Sati was reborn as Parvati, after her self-immolation, as the mother goddess who comforted Shiva and maintained the procreative balance of the universe.<ref name=":1" /> Shiva, on the other hand, is described by the Vayu Purana as the ''adisarika'' ''bija'', or the ''first seed of creation'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=G.V.Tagare |url=http://archive.org/details/VayuPuranaG.V.TagarePart2 |title=Vayu Purana - English Translation - Part 2 of 2 |date=1960}}</ref> and his [[Lingam|urdhva-linga]], or the erect phallus, showcases his creative potency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Suresh |date=2000 |title=Saiva Art and Iconography of Mathura |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144438 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1248–1262 |jstor=44144438 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The coming together of the two therefore, foregrounds the biological and spiritual process of creation. As Prof. Kramrisch notes: "Uma–Mahesvara may be seen as wedded divine lovers, exalted in their embrace. They maybe realised in their togetherness as ''Purusa'' and ''Prakriti'', Spirit and Matter, Essence and Subsistence".<ref name=":2" /> The image also reflects domestic and familial values.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Uma Maheshwar Vrat 2023 {{!}} Bhadrapada Purnima Vrat 2023 {{!}} When is Uma Maheshwar Vrat in 2022 {{!}} Uma Maheshwar Vrat Katha {{!}} Uma Maheshwar Puja Vidhi |url=https://www.thedivineindia.com/uma-maheshwar-vrat-katha/6458 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=thedivineindia.com |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620161818/https://www.thedivineindia.com/uma-maheshwar-vrat-katha/6458 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Nepal_Uma_Mahesvara_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art,_1300_CE.jpg|thumb|Nepal Uma Mahesvara, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], 1300 CE|left]]
[[File:Uma Maheswara 10-11th Century at Museum inside Coochbehar Palace.jpeg|thumb|Uma–Maheshvara at [[Cooch Behar Palace]] Museum, West Bengal, India.]]
The several ''Silpa'' texts mention definite rules to create an image of Uma–Maheshwara. The Indian artists, working throughout history, have followed these scriptural injunctions to create the images of the divine couple in diverse media, but mostly in stone and bronze sculptures. Therefore, a pattern is often visible in these sculptural and representational images that exude a certain warmth, youthfulness and beauty of the couple.<ref name=":0" /> Historians have noted that apart from Shiva, no other male deity in early Indian iconography have been depicted with their spouses.<ref name=":2" /> The Uma–Maheshwara image can also be found in the Shaiva sculptures and coins from [[Mathura]], with the earliest depiction of Shiva–Parvati on a gold coin issued by [[Huvishka]], the [[Kushan Empire|Kusana]] Emperor.<ref name=":2" /> Different forms of this iconography have also been found been in the temples, and art forms in the [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] valley that indicate the growth and spread of Shiva worship in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bawa |first=Seema |date=1992 |title=Extension and Entrenchment of Shivaism in the Chamba Valley (a.d. 700-1000) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142778 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |pages=119–127 |jstor=44142778 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Shiva and Parvati are often represented sitting face to face (the ''sammukha mudra''). They can also be seen in various postures connoting love and desire such as embracing each other in the ''alingana pose''. Shiva in some representations touches and caresses Parvati's breasts (the ''kuca-sparsa pose'') or holds her in his lap (''atikarohana'' form). In the ''cibukothhapana'' pose, Shiva holds Parvati's chin, and looks into her shy gaze.<ref name=":0" /> The images are usually shown seated over a throne, and their respective [[Vahana|''vahanas'']] (vehicles), Shiva's bull, and Parvati's lion, are shown crouched beneath the throne, with the pendant legs of each deity kept above their respective ''vahanas''. The sculptures are richly decorated, and the couple are shown wearing heavy jewelry, intricately weaved garments, etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uma-Maheshwar |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/images/uma-maheshwar |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> In the South Indian version of the images, Parvati's lion is often substituted with a ''godha'', or an [[alligator]], associated with an earlier incarnation of the goddess.<ref>Archaeological Museum, Panaji, Goa, Accession No. 15. Quoted in: Pandey, Suresh. “SAIVA ART AND ICONOGRAPHY OF MATHURA.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 61, 2000, pp. 1248–62. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44144438}}. Accessed 20 June 2023.</ref>
[[File:Cover_of_a_Shakta_Manuscript_with_Uma-Maheshvara_LACMA_AC1999.127.20.jpg|thumb|Cover of a Shakta Manuscript with Uma-Maheshvara, [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art|LACMA]].|left]]
[[File:Uma_Maheshwara,_Stone_statue.jpg|thumb|Uma–Maheshvara, Stone statue, at the [[National Museum of India|National Museum, New Delhi]].]]
The Uma–Maheshvara figures can be classified into different types and sub-types on the basis of their diverse styles and subjects. Besides the poses outlined above, the type of the throne can be also used as a category for classification. On this basis, the images vary depending on where Shiva and Parvati are seated, whether under a tree; on a lotus-grove; on a Shiva linga; on [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], the bull; or on [[Mount Kailash]] being carried by [[Ravana]] on his head as in the [[Ravananugraha]].<ref name=":2" /> Images also include Shiva and Parvati with baby [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] on Parvati's lap; and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] rushing towards Shiva's matted hair as the divine couple are seated.<ref name=":2" /> Images could be further classified depending on the type of mounts shown, the number of hands of Shiva and Parvati, the embellishments of the ''prasthsila'' or the back-slab, the deities around the couple, and differences in the sitting-postures, particularly that of Parvati, etc.<ref name=":2" />

In some Uma–Maheshvara images, often Parvati is shown defeating an emaciated Shiva in a game of dice. For many scholars such as N. N. Bhattacharya, this dice-game hints at an egalitarian mechanism of distribution of resources implemented in pre-Vedic societies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Narendra Nath |title=The Indian mother goddess |date=1999 |publisher=Manohar Publ. & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-324-6 |edition=3. |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Interpretations of the iconography as depicting the female [[menstruation]] have also been done by the scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chawla |first=Janet |date=1994 |title=Mythic Origins of Menstrual Taboo in Rig Veda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4401940 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=29 |issue=43 |pages=2817–2827 |jstor=4401940 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Present worship==
Devotees observe a fast on the day of the ''[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] [[Purnima]]''. It is dedicated to the divine couple, and is known as the Uma–Maheshvara [[Vrata]]. It originates from a story in the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', where [[Indra]] incurs [[Durvasa|Durvasa's]] wrath for placing a garland, that the sage had gifted, on [[Airavata]], instead of putting it around his neck. Durvasa's curse entailed that the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] would lose their dominion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=pc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPe6EAAAQBAJ&dq=Indra+Durvasa&pg=PA11-IA1 |title=Matsya Purana - A Concise Guide |date=2023-04-23 |publisher=by Mocktime Publication |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> According to tradition, he maintained a fast dedicated to Uma–Maheshvara. People still observe it today for familial bliss, domestic happiness, while young newly-wedded couples do so for purposes of reproduction. A temple dedicated to this form of the couple stands at [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]], drawing several tourists and devotees daily.
[[File:Uma-Maheshvara, Shiva with spouse Uma riding the bull Nandi, Penjikent Temple II, 690-722 CE, Tajikistan National Museum of Antiquities (60).jpg|center|thumb|Uma-Maheshvara: [[ithyphallic]] [[Shiva]] with spouse [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] riding the bull [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]], [[Penjikent murals|Penjikent Temple]] II, 690-722 CE, [[National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan]].|265x265px]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Shiva Parvati}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]

Belgaum Airport

2026-02-27T07:36:04Z

TeresaBrousseau: further update citations based on references and improved wording

{{short description|Airport in Belgaum, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Belgaum Airport
| image = Belagavi Airport.jpg
| caption =
| IATA = IXG
| ICAO = VOBM
| type = Public
| owner-oper =
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Belgaum]]
| location = [[Sambra]], Belgaum, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1942|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| hub = [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]
| elevation-f = 2489'
| elevation-m = 758
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|51|33|N|74|37|03|E|type:airport_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/node/77581 Belgaum Airport]
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label = '''IXG'''
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Karnataka
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 7,546
| r1-length-m = 2,300
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]/[[Concrete]]
| stat-year = January 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 429,755
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 6,789
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 30.7
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Belgaum Airport''' {{airport codes|IXG|VOBM}}, also known as '''Belagavi Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]]. The current integrated terminal building was inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]] on 14 September 2017.<ref name="BS1">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/upgraded-Belgaum-airport-inaugurated-117091401645_1.html | title=Upgraded Belgaum airport inaugurated| work=[[Business Standard]] | date=14 September 2017 | access-date=18 October 2017| agency=Press Trusted of India}}</ref> Beside the existing terminal, a new, larger terminal is being constructed to meet the rapidly rising traffic and demands. Its [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in March 2024, and construction began in the same month.<ref>{{cite news|author=Uday|title=Foundation Stone Laid for New Terminal at Belagavi Airport|url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/foundation-stone-laid-for-new-terminal-at-belagavi-airport/7|work=All About Belgaum|date=10 March 2024|access-date=28 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is slated to be completed by the end of 2026.<ref>{{cite news|title=New terminal building work at Belagavi Airport in full swing|url=https://belagaviinfra.co.in/new-terminal-building-work-at-belagavi-airport-in-full-swing/|work=Belagavi Infra|date=1 December 2024|access-date=28 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

The airport also serves as an Indian Air Force station.

==History==
Built in 1942 by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF),<ref name="history">{{cite news |last=Patil |first=Vijaykumar |date=18 October 2002 |title=Passenger services from Belgaum Airport soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/19/stories/2002101901410300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Belgaum Airport is the third oldest<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vattam |first1=Krishna |title=Down Memory Lane |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/31260/down-memory-lane.html |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaggere |first1=Niranjan |title=Mining through Bellary's aviation history |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/bellary-mining-karachi-madras/articleshow/46432611.cms |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=3 March 2015}}</ref> airport in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=Five towns that are being added to India's airport map |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/JR9RGL2qeHmwAEz5ZvHgJO/Five-towns-that-are-being-added-to-Indias-airport-map.html |work=[[Livemint]] |access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> The RAF used the airport as a training site during [[World War II]], providing support to the [[South East Asia Command]]. The [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) took control of the airport in 1956, followed by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] in 1962. During the 1990s, Belgaum Airport was served by [[East-West Airlines (India)|East-West Airlines]], [[Gujarat Airways]], [[Indian Airlines]], [[NEPC Airlines]] and [[Vayudoot]]. All airlines ended flights to the airport by the end of the decade.<ref name="history" />

Belgaum Airport saw the return of commercial flights in 2003, with [[Air Deccan]] providing service from [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Air Deccan services to be launched today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/25/stories/2003082501250400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230100/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/25/stories/2003082501250400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Air Deccan also flew to [[Kolhapur]] and [[Mumbai]] for some time.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2004|title=Air Deccan to increase flights|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/apr/16air.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> After Air Deccan completed its merger with [[Kingfisher Airlines]] in 2008, Kingfisher decided to end flights to Belgaum in June 2009.<ref>{{cite press release|date=14 November 2009|title=Flights from Belgaum airport will resume soon|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/businessnews/20091114/231521.htm|agency=India PRwire|access-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917024936/http://www.indiaprwire.com/businessnews/20091114/231521.htm|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, expansion plans for Belgaum Airport were launched in 2010, when the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and the [[Government of Karnataka]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]]. Kingfisher returned in January 2011 with daily flights from Mumbai,<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2011 |title=Kingfisher Airlines starts daily Belgaum-Mumbai flights |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kingfisher-airlines-starts-daily-belgaummumbai-flights/article1079584.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> but it exited the market in November 2011 amid its own financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2012 |title=Belgaum airport to resume flights soon |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1300121.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527225033/http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1300121.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> [[SpiceJet]] arrived at Belgaum in November 2012<ref>{{cite news |last=Urs |first=Anil |date=9 November 2012 |title=SpiceJet to begin Bangalore-Belgaum service |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/spicejet-to-begin-bangalorebelgaum-service/article4080707.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> with flights from Bengaluru and later added direct flights to Chennai, Mumbai, and Hyderabad after Belgaum airport was expanded in September 2017. Spicejet served the airport till May 2018. After Hubballi airport was nominated under the UDAN scheme, Spicejet shifted all its operations to Hubballi which it operated from Belgaum Airport. The airport came into operation again after Alliance Air, a subsidiary of Air India began flight services to Bengaluru from 11 July 2018. This was a three times a week flight operated by ATR 72 type aircraft. Air India began service to Bengaluru with its Airbus A319 aircraft from 10 August 2018 on the remaining 4 days of the week thus connecting Belgaum with Bengaluru all 7 days in the week. Also this was the first arrival of the Airbus A319 in Belgaum.

In 2013, the [[Government of India|Central Government]] cleared the expansion project.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2013 |title=Centre gives nod to upgrade Belgaum Airport |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131116/news-current-affairs/article/centre-gives-nod-upgrade-belgaum-airport |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Work began in February 2015 at a cost of Rs 1.20 billion and took over two and a half years. It involved extension of the runway, construction of a new isolation bay, a taxiway, an apron for three A-320 aircraft and a new 22.5-metre tall ATC tower.<ref name="BS1"/> The expanded facilities were formally inaugurated on 14 September 2017 and AAI commissioned the new terminal and apron on 16 October 2017.<ref name="TOI3">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/new-terminal-commissioned-at-Belgaum-airport/articleshow/61107638.cms | title=New terminal commissioned at Belgaum airport | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 October 2017 | access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, Union Minister of State for Railways [[Suresh Angadi]] requested that the airport be named after [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=HS |first1=Shreyas |title=Angadi bats for naming Belgaum airport after Rani Channamma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/angadi-bats-for-naming-belagavi-airport-after-rani-channamma/articleshow/73280709.cms |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Terminal and airfield==
[[file:IXG Ticket Counter.jpg|thumb|Airport Entrance and Ticketing Counter]]
A new terminal building was inaugurated on 14 September 2017 as part of the airport expansion project. The terminal building is spread over 3,600 square metres and has a capacity to accommodate over 300 passengers. It has two baggage conveyor belts and six check-in counters. It has an [[airport ramp|apron]] for parking of three Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 aircraft.<ref name="BS1"/> The old apron has two parking stands designed for the [[ATR 72]] and similar aircraft.<ref name="techinfo">{{cite web |date=16 October 2012 |title=Belgaum: Technical Information |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/belgaum_technicalinfo.jsp |work=[[Airports Authority of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213322/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/belgaum_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="diagram">{{cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Aerodrome Data: Belgaum Airport (VOBM), effective 23 July 2015 |url=http://www.aai.aero/misc/AIPS_2015_32.pdf |work=[[Airports Authority of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813072514/http://www.aai.aero/misc/AIPS_2015_32.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also two additional aprons, one on the north side of the runway that serves as an isolation bay and one on the south side. These aprons are each connected by single taxiways to runway 08/26, which measures {{convert|2300|x|45|m}}.<ref name="diagram" />

==Expansion==
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has decided to expand the airport in view of the rising traffic and future demands. A new passenger terminal building will be built, which will have an area of 20,000 sq.m., thereby making it bigger than the existing terminal covering 16,000 sq.m. by 3,600 sq.m. It will be equipped with all modern facilities and will have three [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]. It will be able to handle 1,400 passengers (700 arrivals and 700 departures) during peak hours. Other works included as part of the expansion is a new apron and a taxiway connecting to the runway, along with runway expansion to cater larger aircraft like the [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]], which at present do not operate even though the existing new apron is capable of handling such aircraft types due to short length of the runway. The expansion work will be undertaken at a cost of around ₹ 230 crore, and is scheduled to begin from January 2024 with a deadline of completing in 2–3 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belagavi Airport to get massive upgrade – AAI releases Rs.229.57 Cr.|url=https://belagaviinfra.co.in/belagavi-airport-to-get-massive-upgrade-aai-releases-rs-229-57-cr/|work=Belagavi Infra|date=9 July 2023|access-date=9 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list
|[[IndiGo]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/aug/27/indigo-flight-from-belagavi-to-delhi-from-october-5-2609008.html|title=IndiGo flight from Belagavi to Delhi from October 5|work=Indian Express|accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-start-bengaluru-belgaum-flights-from-september-8/articleshow/70772958.cms|title=IndiGo to start Bangalore-Belgaum flights from September 8|work=Economic Times|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]] (begins 29th March 2026),<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds six new routes from Navi Mumbai International Airport through ATR ops
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-adds-six-new-routes-from-navi-mumbai-international-airport-through-atr-ops/articleshow/128749913.cms?from=mdr |publisher=AEconomic Times |date=24 February 2026 }}</ref>
|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight schedules & Route networks|url=https://starair.in/FareAndRules/Flightschedules|website=[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618090232/https://www.starair.in/FareAndRules/Flightschedules|url-status=dead}}</ref>| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]]
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IXG}}

==Air Force Station==
Built by and originally under the control of the Royal Air Force, the Special Reserve Police of [[Karnataka]] took over the airbase in 1984. The air force station was a major base of air operations during [[Annexation of Portuguese India|Operation Vijay]] in 1961. Two years later, No. 1 Ground Training School at [[Jalahalli]] was moved to the base and renamed ''Administrative Training Institute'' (ATI) in 1980. In 2001, the ATI was renamed ''Airmen Training School'' (ATS). The focus of the base turned to providing Joint Basic Phase Training (JBPT) through the Basic Training Institute.<ref name="sainik">{{cite web |last=Mohan |first=R. D. |date=1 October 2012 |title=ATS Belgaum, Historic Alma Mater |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2012/oct01-12/h7.htm |work=[[Sainik Samachar]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> JBPT is designed to teach recruits military values and orient them towards a life in the military.<ref name="sainik" /><ref>{{cite web |last=M. |first=Anantha |date=6 October 2013 |title=IAF to put airmen through new training pattern in January |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/IAF-to-put-airmen-through-new-training-pattern-in-January/2013/10/06/article1821256.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019015512/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/IAF-to-put-airmen-through-new-training-pattern-in-January/2013/10/06/article1821256.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{ Portal | Aviation | transport }}
{{div col}}
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]
* [[Aviation in India]]
{{end div col}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/belgaum Belgaum Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] website.

{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Belgaum]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1942]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1942]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Don Bosco High School, Matunga

2026-02-21T09:06:57Z

TeresaBrousseau: minor fix page after review and updated info based on references

{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Don Bosco High School, Matunga
| image = School emblem of Don Bosco, Matunga.gif
| image_size = 180px
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address = Nathalal Parekh Marg, [[Matunga]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 400019
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.026024|72.858109|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = English medium school
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic]]
| established = 
| founded = {{start date and age|31 January 1942}}
| founder = Fr. Aurelius Maschio
| closed =
| school_board =
| grades =
| principal = Fr. Flovi D'souza
| rector = Fr. Godfrey D'Souza
| administrator = Fr. Orville Coutinho
| staff =
| faculty =
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors = 
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|www.donboscomatunga.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Website">{{cite web|title=Don Bosco High School, Matunga|url=https://donboscomatunga.com/|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''Don Bosco High School''' is a Roman [[Catholic]] all-boys school in [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It has a subsidiary which was built in 1970 in [[Borivali]].

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
In 1937, the general council of [[Salesians]] of [[Don Bosco]] approved a plan to buy 60,000 square yards (50,000 m<sup>2</sup>) land in Matunga from the Bombay Municipal Corporation. The Corporation approved the sale on 16 July 1937. The Don Bosco High School (formerly known as The Catholic Educational Institute) run by them was moved from the rented premises at Tardeo to the new Don Bosco campus at Matunga.

Fr. Aurelius Maschio was the main pillar behind the creation of the school. The land brought from the Bombay Municipal Corporation was marshland which was filled with debris to be able to build the school which started off at a partially completed building on 31 October 1941 and later officially inaugurated on the 31 January 1942. This building still serves as the Main/Secondary section of the school.

The foundation stone of the primary section building was blessed and laid on the feast of Don Bosco 31 January 1950. The building was completed in time for the new school year of June 1951. The architect were the famous and well renowned Patki and Dadarkar. All stained glass were imported from Italy. [[Pope Pius XII]] had inaugurated the school.

The Shrine of Don Bosco's Madonna, which is located in the school campus at [[Matunga]], was opened on 5 August 1957. The church is credited as being one of the architectural high points of the suburb.

== Facilities ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
The syllabus is in accordance with the Maharashtra Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. The school offers kindergarten (junior and senior) to Standard 10. The subjects offered include English, Marathi, Hindi Entire, Hindi composite/French Composite (French language is offered by the school from 8th standard onwards) Mathematics (Algebra and Geometry), General Science (Science I, Science II) History, Civics, Geography and Economics.

The school houses The NIOS and Pre-NIOS School for less-abled students.

Facilities include football grounds, hockey grounds, basketball courts, Rev. Fr. Aurelius Maschio computer institute, Don Bosco Recreation Centre, Health Club with fitness facilities, tennis courts, cricket grounds, and an astroturf ground.
[[File:Don Bosco High School, Matunga Mumbai.jpg|thumb|School Building of Don Bosco in Matunga,Mumbai]]
The school band of Don Bosco High School, Matunga is one of the top 10 bands in India. There is an opportunity of learning different instruments like saxophone, trumpet, and drums.

== Annual events ==
The school organizes a ''Sports Fest'' where students participate in games and athletic events. It is a two-day-long festival.

The annual ''Care n Share' Christmas Panorama'' is organized with a theme. Causes like Gujarat Earth Quake were taken up and the school contributed to these causes. The Panorama is organized along with a funfair where games are organized by the students. Tokens for these games come at a meagre cost and the amount collected is added to the bounty of the cause along with the sponsorships generated by the students.

The Annual Thanksgiving Day is another opportunity for the students to show-case their talents. The school organizes a show every year, most often a Westend-Broadway musical. The shows are staged over two or three days with the final day being the official Annual Day where deserving students and members of the staff are felicitated.

== Administration ==
* Principal: Mrs. Anita Philip<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rector and Principal's Desk {{!}} Don Bosco High School |url=https://donboscomatunga.com/about-us/principals-desk/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Rector: Fr. Godfrey D’Souza

== Emblem ==

The school has the motto {{lang|la|In Virtute Robur}} - which is in the [[Latin]] language. Virtute is a noun associated with meanings like - virtue, strength, bravery, manliness, character, excellence. Robur is a Latin word meaning oak, figuratively perhaps indicating strength. The motto can be probably roughly translated as "In virtue lies strength." This meaning can be also inferred by comparing a similar motto from the New Zealand defence force.<ref name="virtute robur">{{cite web|title=New Zealand Defence Force Command and Staff college crest|url=http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/about-us/command-and-staff-college/college-philosophy/crest.htm|accessdate=15 October 2012|quote=In Sapientia et Virtute Robur', can be translated as ‘Strength through Wisdom and Virtue’.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031042209/http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/about-us/command-and-staff-college/college-philosophy/crest.htm|archivedate=31 October 2012}}</ref> The school colours are blue and white.

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Mahesh Bhatt]], Film director, producer & screenwriter
*[[Aditya Mehta]], World Snooker Champion
*[[Mir Ranjan Negi]], Former Indian Hockey Captain
*[[Royston D'Souza]], professional footballer<ref name=GoalReport>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/04/03/3002867/i-league-scouting-report-royston-dsouza-another-one-of-the |title=I-League Scouting Report: Royston Dsouza - Another one of the Airmen whose career is set to take flight |work=Ayush Srivastava |publisher=goal.com |access-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Farokh Engineer]], cricketer
*[[Piyush Goyal]], Politician and cabinet minister of [[Government of India]].
*[[Trilok Gurtu]], Percussionist, music composer, jazz musician
*[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Indian playback singer
*[[Shreyas Iyer]], Cricketer
*[[Shashi Kapoor]], Bollywood actor
*[[Shammi Kapoor]], Bollywood actor
*[[Akshay Kumar]], Bollywood actor
*[[Anant Mahadevan]], Bollywood, Tamil cinema, TV actor, screenwriter, director
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]], Actor, Director, and Playwright for Bollywood and Marathi films
*[[Shams Mulani]], Cricketer
*[[Sajid Nadiadwala]], Bollywood producer and director
*[[Sharad Panday]], Cardiac Surgeon
*[[Jatin Paranjpe]], cricketer
*[[Ravi Shastri]], Cricket player, captain and former coach for the national Indian cricket team.
*[[Vishal Kotian]], Tv and bollywood actor

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Schools}}
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.donboscomatunga.com}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Salesian schools]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1941]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]

Rayavaram, Konaseema district

2026-02-21T03:48:28Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayavaram
| native_name = Indira colony
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.905|N|82.001|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Rayavaram, East Godavari district
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,149
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533346
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08857
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Rayavaram''' is a village and a mandal headquarters in [[East Godavari district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Villages==
*Chelluru
*Kurakallapalle
*Kurmapuram
*Lolla
*Machavaram
*Nadurubada
*Pasalapudi
*Rayavaram
*Someswaram
*V.savaram
*Vedurupaka
*Venturu

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rayavaram, East Godavari District}}
[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 4

2026-02-19T19:41:10Z

TeresaBrousseau: Starting A Post...

{{moresources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number =
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #FEDF00
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| host = [[Sumeet Raghavan]]<br />[[Mona Singh]]
| judges = [[Remo D'Souza]]<br/>[[Madhuri Dixit]]<br/>[[Malaika Arora]]
| num_contestants = 13
| celebrity_winner = [[Meiyang Chang]]
| professional_winner = Marischa Fernandes
}}
| num_episodes = 24
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|12|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2011|03|08}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4''' is the fourth season of the dance reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''. It premiered on 12 December 2010 on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]. The series was hosted by [[Mona Singh]] and [[Sumeet Raghavan]]. [[Meiyang Chang]] and Marischa Fernandes won the competition on 8 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-season-4-winner-meiyang-chang-129991-2011-03-09|title=Meiyang Chang wins 'Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 4'|date=9 March 2011}}</ref>

==The Judges==
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Remo D'souza]]
* [[Malaika Arora]]

== Cast ==
* [[Meiyang Chang]] and Marischa Fernandes, winners on 8 March 2011
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and Shampa Gopikrishna, second place on 8 March 2011
* [[Yana Gupta]] and [[Salman Yusuff Khan]], third place on 8 March 2011
* [[Mahhi Vij]] and Savio Barnes, fourth place on 8 March 2011
* [[Ankita Lokhande]] and Nishant Bhat, eliminated on 21 February 2011
* [[Ragini Khanna]] and [[Neerav Bavlecha]], eliminated on 14 February 2011
* [[Shekhar Suman]] and Priti Gupta, eliminated on 7 February 2011
* [[Dayanand Shetty]] and Vrushali Chavan, eliminated on 31 January 2011
* [[Aashka Goradia]] and Deepak Singh, not-selected on 30 January 2011
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] and [[Robin Merchant]], eliminated on 10 January 2011
* [[Akhil Kumar]] and [[Sneha Kapoor]], eliminated on 3 January 2011
* [[Renuka Shahane]] and Jai Kumar Nair, eliminated on 27 December 2010
* [[Anushka Manchanda]] and [[Punit Pathak]], eliminated on 20 December 2010

==Scoring chart==
The highest score each week is indicated in {{fontcolor|#004600|'''bold green'''}} with a dagger ({{dagger}}), while the lowest score each week is indicated in {{fontcolor|#800000|''italicized red''}} with a double-dagger ({{double-dagger}}).

;<nowiki>Colour key:</nowiki>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
{{legend|gold|Winners}}
{{legend|silver|Runners-up}}
{{legend|tan|Third place}}
{{legend|lightblue|Bottom two/three}}
{{legend|#f4c7b8|Eliminated}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! rowspan="2" |Couple
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Pl.|Place}}
! colspan="13" |Week
|-
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
|-
!{{Nowrap|Meiyang & Marischa}}
|1st
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|18}}''{{double-dagger}}
|23
|bgcolor=lightblue|28{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|26
|29+10='''{{fontcolor|#004600|39}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+25='''{{fontcolor|#004600|55}}'''{{dagger}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}
|30+10='''{{fontcolor|#004600|40}}'''{{dagger}}
|26+26=52
|27+23=50
|27+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|57}}'''{{dagger}}
|27+27=54
|bgcolor=gold|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|29}}'''{{dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in first place.|name=Win}}
|-
!Sushant & Shampa
|2nd
|20
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|27+10=37
|30+25='''{{fontcolor|#004600|55}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|27}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+10='''{{fontcolor|#004600|40}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+27='''{{fontcolor|#004600|57}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+29='''{{fontcolor|#004600|59}}'''{{dagger}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|0+0=0{{efn||name=Sickie}}{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|30+28='''{{fontcolor|#004600|58}}'''{{dagger}}
|bgcolor=silver|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in second place.}}
|-
!Yana & Salman
|3rd
|20
|29
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|21+6=''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor=darkgrey|{{efn|This couple was eliminated but performed as wild card again, and was selected.|name=WildS}}
|30+8=38
|bgcolor=lightblue|25+25=50{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|24+27=51{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|30+24=54
|bgcolor=lightblue|30+27=57{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=tan|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|29}}'''{{dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in third place.}}
|-
!Mahhi & Savio
|4th
|21
|bgcolor=lightblue|21{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}''{{double-dagger}}
|25
|21+8=29
|24+25=49
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|27}}'''{{dagger}}
|28+9=37
|22+21=''{{fontcolor|#800000|43}}''{{double-dagger}}
|20+21=''{{fontcolor|#800000|41}}''{{double-dagger}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|22+27=''{{fontcolor|#800000|41}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|23+24=''{{fontcolor|#800000|47}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Ankita & Nishant
|5th
|21
|25
|26
|bgcolor=lightblue|26{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|25+4=29{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|27+20=47{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}
|bgcolor=darkgrey|{{efn|This couple was eliminated but performed as wild card again, and was selected.|name=WildS}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|27+8=35{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|28+24=52
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|26+25=51{{efn||name=Elim}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Ragini & Neerav
|6th
|bgcolor=lightblue|19{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|20{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|21
|bgcolor=lightblue|26+6=32{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|26+20=46{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|27+9=36
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|30+23=53{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=darkgrey |
|-
!Shekhar & Priti
|7th
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|27}}'''{{dagger}}
|22
|22
|21
|23+8=31
|26+25=51
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|8+7=''{{fontcolor|#800000|15}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="6" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Daya & Vrushali
|8th
|22
|20
|23
|22
|23+4=''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}''{{double-dagger}}
|19+20=''{{fontcolor|#800000|39}}''{{double-dagger}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|{{efn|This couple did not perform due to illness or injury, but was in the competition based only on public votes.|name=Sickie}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Krushna & Robin
|9th
|22
|27
|bgcolor=lightblue|29{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Akhil & Sneha
|10th
|bgcolor=lightblue|''{{fontcolor|#800000|18}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|23
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Renuka & Jai
|11th
|24
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|19}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Anushka & Punit
|12th
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|18}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}
|bgcolor=darkgrey|
|}
;Notes
{{notelist}}

== Weekly Summary ==
*'''Week 1''': contestants performed on styles like Jazz, Samba and Jive. The top scorers were Shekhar and [https://www.saanwee.com/about-us.php Priti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042934/https://www.saanwee.com/about-us.php |date=6 March 2019 }} who scored {{frac|27|30}} and the lowest were Akhil and Sneha, Anushka and Puneet and Chang and Marischa who scored {{frac|18|30}}
*'''Week 2''': The contestants performed this time on dance styles like Cha-Cha, Tango and Salsa. Sushant and Shampa received the first {{frac|30|30}} for their stunning salsa. The lowest scorers were Renuka and Jai scoring {{frac|19|30}}. Anushka Manchanda was eliminated and hence could not perform.
*'''Week 3''': The contestants were asked to perform on Indian folk styles. The top scorers were Sushant and Shampa, Yana and Salman and Ragini and Neerav who received {{frac|30|30}} and the lowest scorers were Akhil and Sneha, and Mahi and Savio who scored {{frac|21|30}}. Renuka and Jai were eliminated and hence could not perform.
*'''Week 4''': The contestants were asked to perform with another celebrity that is in a trio. The guest participants were [[Rashami Desai]], Aishwarya Sakhuja, Jai Soni, Vidya Malvade, [[Vikrant Massey]], Saloni Daini, Sarita Joshi and Neha Marda. The top scorers were Sushant and Shampa, and Yana and Salman both receiving a {{frac|30|30}} whereas the lowest were Krishna and Robin receiving a {{frac|20|30}}. Akhil and Sneha were eliminated and hence could not perform.
;Teen Ka Tadka
*Ragini & Neerav - [[Jay Soni]]
*Ankita & Nishant - [[Nandish Sandhu]]
*Sushant & Shampa - [[Rashami Desai]]
*Yana & Salman - [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]]
*Krushna & Robin - [[Sarita Joshi]]
*Dayanand & Vrushali - [[Saloni Daini]]
*Mahhi & Savio - [[Vikrant Massey]]
*Akhil & Sneha - [[Ishita Panchal]]
*Shekhar & Priti - Vidya Malvade
*Chang & Marischa - [[Neha Marda]]
*'''Week 5''': The contestants were asked to perform on street dance styles like Locking and Popping, Crumping, Hip-Hop, Lyrical Hip-Hop, Stomping etc. After 4 performances each the contestants were asked to perform a group dance which would give them a chance to increase their scores making the total out of 40. The first day group dance style was Disco whereas for the second day it was Jive. Model Yana Gupta's partner Salman suffered from an injury in the leg and therefore their style was changed from Crumping to Hip-Hop. The top scores were Chang and Marischa who had received a {{frac|29|30}} for their dance and they also performed a jive which made their total a {{frac|39|40}}. The lowest scorers were Daya and Vrushali and Yana and Salman who both received a {{frac|27|40}}. Krushna and Robin were eliminated and hence did not perform.
*'''Week 6''': The Contestants were asked to give a tribute to Madhuri Dixit by performing Bollywood style on her songs. Many actors and Directors shared their thoughts with Madhuri. This week too, the contestants had to perform a group dance after all the performances of the day were over but this the total was out of 30 instead of 10 making their total out of 60. The top scorers were Chang and Marischa and Sushant and Shampa who first received a {{frac|30|30}} and then received a {{frac|25|30}} making their total a {{frac|55|60}}. The lowest scorers were Daya and Vrushali who scored a {{frac|39|60}}
*'''Week 7''': The eliminated contestants had their last chance to come back in the contest and be the wild card entry. All the 6 contestants had performed and were given a rank out of six instead of a score. Akhil and Sneha ranked 6th, Renuka and Jai ranked 5th, Anushka and Puneet ranked 4th, Krushna and Robin ranked 3rd, Ankita and Nishant raked 2nd, Yana and Salman ranked 1st. The judges were only supposed to select one wild card entry, but the judges decided to put the top 2 ranked teams as wild card entries. As a result, Yana and Salman, Ankita and Nishant were selected to come in the next round.
*'''Week 8''': This week the contestants performed on the challenge given by Malika Arora Khan. The highest scorers were Chang and Marischa with {{frac|40|40}} and Sushant and Shampa with {{frac|40|40}} whereas the lowest scorers, Shekhar and Priti received a {{frac|15|40}}, the lowest score in the history of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. Ragini and Neerav and Daya and Vrushali were in the bottom 2 and had to perform in a dance-off. All the three judges voted for Ragini and thus, Daya and Vrushali were eliminated.
*'''Week 9''':The Contestants this time had to do 2 performances instead of one. The highest scorers were Sushant and Shampa with {{frac|57|60}}and the lowest were Mahi and Savio with {{frac|43|60}}. Ankita and Shekhar had to participate in the dance off. Madhuri and Remo voted for Ankita and Malaika voted for Shekhar. Shekhar and his partner Preeti were eliminated.
*'''Week 10''':This time too, the contestants had to do 2 performances. The highest were Sushant and shampa scoring a {{frac|59|60}} whereas the lowest were Mahi and Savio again with a {{frac|41|60}}. This time in the bottom 2 were Yana and Ragini. All three judges voted for Yana. As a result, Ragini and Neerav were eliminated.
*'''Week 11''':Again the contestants had to do 2 performances. Sushant Singh Rajput and his partner Shampa did not perform as Sushant suffered from back injury. The top scorers were Chang and Marischa with a {{frac|57|60}}whereas the lowest scorers were Mahi and Savio scoring a {{frac|49|60}}. In the bottom two were Yana and Ankita. All three judges voted for Yana and hence Ankita was eliminated
*'''Week 12''': This week the bottom two were Sushant and Shampa and Yana and Salman. However, the judges felt that none of them should be eliminated and used their special power to retain both contestants. The top scorers were Sushant and Shampa with a {{frac|58|60}} and the lowest were Mahi and Savio with a {{frac|47|60}}.
*'''Week 13''': Mahi and Savio were eliminated and therefore the top three were Sushant and Shampa, Yana and Salman and Chang and Marischa. On the Tuesday night finale the results were announced as Chang & Marischa as the winner each winning Twenty-Five Lakh Rupees. Sushant and Shampa were the runners-up. Sushant and Shampa won the Ujala Consistent Performer Award of Five Lakh Rupees.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
!Team
!Best score
!Best Dance style
!Worst score
!Worst dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Sushant and Shampa
|30
| Salsa, Contemporary, Mayur ban Chhau, Bollywood
|20
| Jazz
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Renuka and Jai
|24
| Jazz
|19
| Tango
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Yana and Salman
|30
| Kalaripayattu, Contemporary
|20
| Rumba
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Ragini and Neerav
|30
| Dappankuthu, Fusion
|19
| Jazz
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Anushka and Puneet
|18
| Rock and Roll
|18
| Rock and Roll
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Shekhar and Priti
|27
| Samba
|8
| Hip-Hop
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Ankita and Nishant
|28
| Fusion
|21
| Lavani
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Akhil and Sneha
|23
| Salsa
|18
| Samba
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Daya and Vrushali
|23
| Bhangra, Hip-Hop
|19
| Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Krushna and Robin
|29
| Lavani
|20
| Afro Jazz
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Mahii and Savio
|28
| Contemporary
|20
| Tango
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Chang and Marischa
|30
| Bollywood, Freestyle, Hip Hop
|18
| Salsa
|}

== Guest appearances ==
* [[Arti Singh]]
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Mika Singh]]
* [[Anushka Sharma]]
* [[Ranveer Singh]]
* [[Kinshuk Mahajan]]
* [[Parul Chauhan]]
* [[Mohnish Bahl]]
* [[Lata Sabharwal]]
* [[Adhyayan Suman]]
* [[Esha Deol]]
* [[Dharmendra]]
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Hina Khan]]
* [[Manasi Parekh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120604021109/http://colors.in.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/ Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Official website]

{{SET Shows}}
{{Dancing with the Stars}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}

[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa seasons]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television seasons]]

[[pl:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]

Agalpur

2026-02-19T11:01:47Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding info

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agalpur (Raj)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Agalpur bridge with rainbow on Ang river.jpg
| image_alt = Beautiful Agalpur bridge with rainbow on Ang river
| image_caption = Beautiful Agalpur bridge with rainbow on Ang river
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|0|42.36|N|83|24|26.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4234
| population_as_of = 2011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 767022
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06653
| registration_plate = OD-03
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Balangir
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Loisingha
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]]
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Agalpur''' is a town and Block in [[Balangir district]] in the state of [[Odisha]], India. Agalpur (Raj) a historical place and a very old human community centre. It is situated in the triangular land of "Ang" river (also Known as "Ong" river);and Two Small Rivers (in [[Sambalpuri language]] known as "Joor") "Uttali"& "Ghesali". On the extreme north, after crossing the Ong river at about 10–20 km a beautiful hill is situated known as 'Chhelia Pahad".

==History==
The village name of ''Agalpur (Raj)'' is believed to be very old and traditional. There are several stories behind the name of Agalpur (Raj). However, when asked to the former Sarpanch (of Agalpur) Mr. Purna Chandra Meher, he said the name of Agalpur (Raj) is believed to be derived from three different words. first one is "Argala" (Means Barrier) second one is "Pur" (Means Village) and third one is "Raj" (Implying to the King's rule). It is believed that initially it was called as "Argalapur", meaning 'a village of barrier'. In ancient time, it was very difficult to reach the village "Argalapur" due to the nature's barricade of rivers (Ong, Uttali, and Gesali) and dense forest surrounding it. This might be the reason the then king of [[Patna State]] (now [[patnagarh]]) had made "Aragalapur" a hub for own protection. There are several stories that how the king of Patna State used to hide in "Argalapur" during the fight with neighbor states. It is believed that due to a major hub for [[Patna State]] king suffix "Raj" is added in the name of ''Agalpur (Raj)''.

==Demographic==
According to the census of 2011 Agalpur village has a population of 4234 people. out of which 2212 were male while 2022 were female. In Agalpur there were 467 children (age 0-6) which makes up 11.03% of the total population. The Average Sex Ratio of Agalpur village was 914 which is lower than the Odisha state average of 979. According to 2011 Census, the literacy rate of Agalpur village was 77.59% compared to 72.87% of Odisha. This means Agalpur village has a higher literacy rate compared to Odisha. In Agalpur Male literacy stands at 86.86% while the female literacy rate was 67.52%.<ref name="AgalpurCensusData">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Odisha.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828074611/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Odisha.html|archive-date=2015-08-28}}</ref> The total geographical area of Agalpur is about 700 hectares (Approx. 1730 Acre). There are about 1,036 houses in Agalpur village, 2011 Census tell this number. Balangir is the nearest town to Agalpur which is approximately 47 km away.<ref name="AgalpurCensusData"/>

==Geographic==
Agalpur (Raj) is situated in the middle island between three river bodies i.e. river ''Ong'', small river ''Utalli'' and ''Ghensali''. The coordinates where Agalpur (Raj) is situated are '' 21°0'48"N 83°24'29"E ''on the earth surface.<ref name="test4">{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/15405517/Agalpur|title=Agalpur|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref>

==Transport==
Agalpur (Raj) is situated about 50–60 km from main district [[Balangir]], [[Bargarh]]. Which is well communicated via buses and other road transports. There is a new bridge constructed over ''Ong river'' for the good communication during the Rainy Days. You can also find small bridges over the ''Ghesali'' and ''Uttali'' ''joors''.

Agalpur (Raj) has a well-established bus station, with 8–10 buses operating daily to and from various destinations. There is also a direct daily bus service to the capital of Odisha ([[Bhubaneswar]]), operated by a private bus company.

==Politics==
Despite the other socioeconomic importance of Agalpur (Raj), moreover, it is an important political hub. It comes under the [[Loisinga]] constituency for MLA election and under the [[Balangir]] constitution for MP election in the state of Odisha.

Agalpur (Raj) is a Block under the [[Balangir]] district and its office is situated in the village ''Duduka'' (About 5–7 km from Agalpur (Raj)). There are 18 Panchayats and 107 villages in Agalpur Block. Various panchayats included in the Block of Agalpur are ''Agalpur (Raj), Babufasad, Badtika, Bendra, Bharsuja, Budula, Duduka, Jharnipali, Kutasingha, Naongaon(A), Naongaon(B), Nuniapali, Patuapali, Rinbachan, Roth, Salebhata, and Upparbahal panchayat''.<ref name="test7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naveenpatnaik.com/Agalapur-Block-nac-municipality-40.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623174405/http://naveenpatnaik.com/Agalapur-Block-nac-municipality-40.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2017|title=Agalapur Block BOLANGIR District Odisha orissa India}}</ref> Agalpur (Raj) [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] consists of 18 wards from the villages Gudimunda, Ingsa, Nagraj. Mr. Purna Chandra Meher (from the village Agalpur (Raj)) holds the record of being elected as ''Sarpanch'' of the Agalpur [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] for maximum 3 (Three) times.<ref name="test8">{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/panchayat/sarpanchgp.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406233822/http://www.orissa.gov.in/panchayat/sarpanchgp.htm|archive-date=2013-04-06|title=ELECTED SARPANCHES AND SAMITI MEMBERS|website=www.orissa.gov.in}}</ref> In addition people of Agalpur had also elected him as a member to the Block office (In local language Samiti Sabhya). Many developmental strategies were planned and executed during his time. Smt. Nandini Meher is the current (2022- 2027) Sarpanch of the Agalpur panchayat.<ref>url=https://sec.odisha.gov.in/panchayati-raj-result/?dept=elected_sarapanch_ps_members_2022 </ref>

==Education==
Agalpur (Raj) is one of the important education hub in the balangir district. It has got enough facilities for higher education like Agalpur Degree (+3) Science College, Agalpur (It is a newly established college situated on the outskirts of Agalpur, i.e. Shruti Vihar.) presently only Arts courses are being offered affiliated to [[sambalpur]] university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/70448-indiacolleges-Agalpur-Degree-Science-College-Agalpur/|title=Agalpur Degree Science College, Agalpur, Orissa » PunjabColleges.com|website=www.punjabcolleges.com}}</ref> The enormous effort of Shri Purna Chandra Meher (founder president of the college & Ex-sarpanch of Agalpur Gram Panchayat, Agalpur) become a reality as the institute came into Grant-in-Aid (G.I.A) fold from 24 December 2013 and created its first landmark in its journey. [[File:Agalpur Degree Science College, Agalpur, Shruti Vihar.jpg|thumb|right|Agalpur Degree Science College, Agalpur, Shruti Vihar]] Another institute Agalpur (junior) Science College (The college came into G.I.A. fold from 25 May 1991 during the session 01-June-1994)<ref name="test5">{{Cite web |url=http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4629&sid=2 |title=Govt. Of Odisha:: Central Monitoring Mechanism for Right to Information [RTI CMM V-3.0] |access-date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225727/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4629&sid=2 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is situated in the village Agalpur provides intermediate in arts (+2) education. Agalpur Panchayat Samiti College situated at the village Roth (about 2 km from Agalpur Village) facilitates intermediate and graduate-level education. It came into G.I.A fold during the session 1988–89 on 18 August 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4215&sid=2&d=dept |title=Govt. Of Odisha:: Central Monitoring Mechanism for Right to Information [RTI CMM V-3.0] |access-date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124111718/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4215&sid=2&d=dept |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Two High Schools namely Panchayat High School, Agalpur (Raj), S.K. Girls High School are present for better education of students of Agalpur (Raj) and villages around Agalpur. Every day hundreds of students from the nearby villages come to Agalpur (Raj) for education purposes.

For primary Education Agalpur has one of the oldest school in the area established in 1880, now it is known as Govt. Nodal U.P. School. Agalpur has also a developing Saraswati Sishu Mandir near to Panchayat Office.

For Computer education Agalpur MCC (Marvellous Computer Centre) Academy, present near to +2 College Road (Bagpada)Agalpur area and offering all regular and modular computer course.

==Banks, hospital and offices==
Agalpur village is well connected with a branch of Punjab National Bank (a nationalized bank), a mini branch/customer service outlet of the State Bank of India, and a well-furnished branch of Utkal Gramin Bank.

Agalpur is well developed with basic amenities, including a Sub-Post Office of India Post (PIN – 767022) and a newly inaugurated Tahasil Office located near the Nodal UP School. In terms of healthcare, Agalpur has a Community Health Centre (C.H.C) under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

A fire station and police station are also functioning at Agalpur. The Agalpur Police Station (Thana) was inaugurated on 9 January 2023 by the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Odisha, Shri [[Naveen Patnaik]], through video conference. <ref>{{cite web
|title=Today i.e. Dt.09.01.2023 — Agalpur Police Station has been inaugurated by Hon’ble CM of Odisha
|url=https://www.facebook.com/spbalangirodishapolice/posts/today-ie-dt09012023-agalpur-police-station-has-been-inaugurated-by-honble-cm-of-/607667354692115/
|website=Balangir Odisha Police — Facebook
|access-date=12 October 2025
}}</ref>

==Sports==
Agalpur (Raj) is always a reputed sports hub in the Balangir district. Agalpur Athletic Association a registered association (officially registered in 1983) regulates the major sports activities of Agalpur village. In ancient time Agalpur football team was among the top team in Balangir district, It had brought many glory and Agalpur (Raj) also holds recognition in good cricket around the areas.

==Temples==
[[File:Maa pataneswari mandir agalpur.jpg|thumb|right| Maa Pateneswari Mandir at Agalpur]] "MAA Pataneswari" being the easta devi of Agalpur (Raj) situated near the Agalpur bridge, in the bank of Ong river. "MAA Maheswari" Devi Mandir is situated in the north direction near road to the panchayat office and "Jagannath" Mandir is situated in the central hub (near bus station) of Agalpur (Raj) [[File:Jagannath Mandir Agalpur.jpg|thumb|Jagannath Mandir in Agalpur village August 2024]]. A "Ram" mandir is also situated in the promises of Agalpur Village. Lord Shiva Mandir is situated in Agalpur at the riverbank of "Rajghat" (A place of public bathing) at Ong river. Another Lord Shiva Mandir of Agalpur area is situated on the way to village Ingsa.

==Tourism==
Being nature's best place one can enjoy a lot by visiting the Agalpur area.
Buddha religion had been developed in Agalpur area in ancient times its proof has been found in near places of Agalpur Like Nagraj. It is an inspiring visit spot for people having interest in exploring the Buddha religion. Many monuments have been found while digging the soil.

Apart from this rainy day is one of the best time to enjoy the adventure in Agalpur, especially in the Rana Ghat of Ong river of Agalpur. Catching the fish in the river is one of the most enjoyable activities commonly observed. Evening at the newly constructed bridge on the Ong river or gossiping at the bank of river is really attractive. Moreover, if a tourist plan to night halt at Agalpur and want to leave Agalpur with a memorable experience. [[File:Agalpur bridge with rainbow on Ang river.jpg|thumb|Beautiful Agalpur bridge with rainbow on Ang river]] It is suggested to go for a night feast along with friends or family near the bank of Ong river. It is told that Feast (celebration) moments underneath the open sky at the bank of river and pleasant weather will always cherish one's life.

It is a little difficult to get temporary accommodation (viz. for strangers) as no such commercial lodges or hotels are available. However, Agalpur is well equipped with many social people one can easily get temporary accommodation on a personal relation basis. In addition, there is a Dhaba near the Ong bridge providing dinner and temporary night halts. One can easily get foods in many available hotels of Agalpur.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Balangir district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bolangir district]]

Anindith Reddy

2026-02-18T11:59:06Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding page

{{Short description|Indian racing driver and entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anindith Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| education = Mechanical Engineering
| known_for = Racing
| spouse = Shriya Bhupal
| mother = [[Sangita Reddy]]
| father = [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
| relatives = [[Prathap C. Reddy]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Anindith Reddy''' is an Indian racing driver.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/2017-18-was-one-of-best-years-of-my-racing-career-anindith-reddy/articleshow/64646097.cms|title=2017-18 was one of best years of my racing career: Anindith Reddy|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2022-10-10|first=Devadyuti|last=Das|date=19 June 2018}}</ref> He participated in the 2016 Euro JK 16 Championship and the Euro JK 2017 Championship,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2017-jk-tyre-fmsci-national-racing-championship-anindith-reddy-wins-euro-jk-2017-title/|title=2017 JK Tyre FMSCI National Racing Championship: Anindith Reddy wins Euro JK 2017 title|website=Overdrive|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023174655/http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2017-jk-tyre-fmsci-national-racing-championship-anindith-reddy-wins-euro-jk-2017-title/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/we-need-a-system-that-doesnt-restrict-racing-to-the-richie-rich/articleshow/57221541.cms|title=anindith reddy: We need a system that doesn't restrict racing to the richie rich {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|date=19 February 2017|first=Deepu|last=Joseph|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> and the motorsport person of the year 2017 at the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|Federation of Motorsports Clubs of India]] (FMSCI).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/anindith-takes-top-honours/article23041975.ece|title=Anindith takes top honours|last=Ragav|first=S. Dipak|date=2018-03-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won Volkswagen Vento Cup 2015 in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anindith-reddy-races-ahead/article7966172.ece|title=Anindith Reddy races ahead|last=Subrahmanyam|first=V. V.|date=2015-12-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/national-racing-championship-double-delight-for-anindith-reddy-arjun-narendran/story-IrraHnO6qKRmiN93IB5w5N.html|title=National Racing Championship: Double delight for Anindith Reddy, Arjun Narendran|date=2017-08-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> In 2019, he received outstanding achievement in world motor sport from [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|FMSCI]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carwale.com/news/2018-fmsci-annual-awards-held-in-mumbai/|title=2019 FMSCI Annual Awards held in Mumbai|date=2019-02-27|website=CarWale|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>

== Family ==
Anindith Reddy is born to [[Sangita Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/I06PspMoWRjhFXXa0ffCUK/Sangita-Reddy-Donning-many-hats.html|title=Sangita Reddy: Donning many hats|last=Choudhury|first=Sonya Dutta|date=2017-10-20|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> and [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-konda-vishweshwar-reddy-richest-politician-telangana-rs-895-cr-assets-794593|title=Meet Konda Vishweshwar Reddy, the richest politician in Telangana with Rs 895 cr assets|last=Rasheedali|first=Amal|date=2019-03-25|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> He is married to Shriya Bhupal, grand daughter of [[Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy|GVK Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/inside-shriya-bhupal-anindith-reddy-wedding-ram-charan-to-namrata-shirodkar-it-was-a-starry-affair-1279822-2018-07-07|title=Inside Shriya Bhupal-Anindith Reddy wedding: Ram Charan to Namrata Shirodkar, it was a starry affair|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23|agency=Ist}}</ref> He is grandson of [[Prathap C. Reddy]], and great grand son of [[Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/sportfolio/161016/reddy-steady-race.html|title=Reddy, steady, race|last=Kumar|first=C. Santosh|date=2016-10-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>

==Racing record==
===Career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
! 2015-16
|align=left| MRF Formula 1600 Championship
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|?
|36
|style="background:#ffdf9f;" |'''3rd'''
|-
! 2017-18
|align=left| MRF Formula 1600 Championship
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|?
|121
|4th
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2018
|align=left| Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia - Pro
| rowspan="2" align=left| D1 Racing Team
|4
|0
|0
|0
|2
|36
|6th
|-
|align=left| Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia - Pro-Am
|2
|0
|0
|0
|2
|24
|6th
|-
! 2022
|align=left| [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|6
|0
|0
|0
|1
|48
|16th
|-
! 2023
|align=left| [[2023 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|38‡
|8th‡
|-
! 2024
|align=left| [[2024 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 45‡
| 10th‡
|}
‡ Team standings.

===Complete Indian Racing League results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Franchise
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
| [[2022 Indian Racing League|2022]]
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1<br>1]]<br>{{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1<br>2]]<br>{{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1<br>3]]<br>{{small|C}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>1]]<br>{{small|}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>2]]<br>{{small|4}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>3]]<br>{{small|Ret}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>1]]<br>{{small|}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>2]]<br>{{small|7}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>3]]<br>{{small|Ret}}
| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2<br>1]]<br>{{small|}}
|style="background:#000000;color:white"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2<br>2]]<br>{{small|DSQ}}
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2<br>3]]<br>{{small|3}}
! 16th
! 48
|-
| [[2023 Indian Racing League|2023]]‡
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>1]]<br>{{small|6}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>2]]<br>{{small|}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>1]]<br>{{small|}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>2]]<br>{{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3<br>1]]<br>{{small|2}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3<br>2]]<br>{{small|}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 8th
! 38
|-
| [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]‡
! [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>1]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1<br>2]]<br>{{small|9}}
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR<br>1]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR<br>2]]<br>{{small|Ret}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>1]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2<br>2]]<br>{{small|7}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1<br>1]]<br>{{small|5}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1<br>2]]<br>{{small|}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2<br>1]]<br>{{small|}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2<br>2]]<br>{{small|6}}
|
|
! 10th
! 45
|}

‡ Standings based on entry points, not individual drivers.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season in progress.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Anindith}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:JK Tyre National Level Racing Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Lamborghini Super Trofeo drivers]]
[[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]

Awasani railway station

2026-02-16T05:39:44Z

TeresaBrousseau: updated page for clarity

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Awasani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = National Highway 28B, Mangalpur, [[West Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.15958|N|84.051843|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|94|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 1
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AWS
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Valmikinagar Road|right=Bagaha|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Awasani railway station''' is a halt railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. This is situated beside National Highway 28B at Mangalpur in [[West Champaran district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awasani Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/awasani-aws/7494|access-date=2021-08-30|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=AWS / Awasani Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Awasani|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/aws/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Radhika Iyengar

2026-02-13T13:42:08Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating a data - done

{{Short description|Indian journalist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Radhika Iyengar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Journalist
| language =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]], New York City
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = ''[[Fire on the Ganges]]'' (2023)
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_type =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = [http://radhikaiyengar.squarespace.com Official website]
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Radhika Iyengar''' is an Indian journalist, writer, and recipient of the 2018 Red Ink Awards in the category of human rights. She held the Prabha Dutt Fellowship in 2016, the Bianca Pancoat Patton Fellowship in 2019, and the Charles Wallace India Trust fellowship in 2020. She has written for several news magazines including ''[[Aljazeera Publishing|Al Jazeera]]'', ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', ''[[Vogue India]]'', and ''[[Condé Nast Traveler|Conde Nast Traveller India]]''. After seven to eight years of research on the [[Dom people|Dom]] community of [[Varanasi]], she produced ''[[Fire on the Ganges|Fire on the Ganges: Life among the Dead in Banaras]]'', published in 2023 by [[HarperCollins]].<ref name=Iyengar2021>{{cite web |title=Radhika Iyengar |url=https://www.asuitableagency.com/our-writers/radhika-iyengar/ |website=A Suitable Agency |access-date=16 November 2023 |date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116090119/https://www.asuitableagency.com/our-writers/radhika-iyengar/|archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Salam2023>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title='Witnessing such sights each day has a deep, scarring impact on the children at Manikarnika Ghat,' says Radhika Iyengar, author of Fire on the Ganges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/varanasi-untouchability-dalit-community-banaras-ganges-cremation/article67371656.ece |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116085220/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/varanasi-untouchability-dalit-community-banaras-ganges-cremation/article67371656.ece |archive-date=16 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=Rathod2018>{{cite web |last1=Rathod |first1=Pranav |title=Pressclub Mumbai |url=https://mumbaipressclub.com/articledetail/257 |website=MumbaiPressclub |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116145405/https://mumbaipressclub.com/articledetail/257 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |date=2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Radhika}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}

Ratanpur, Raebareli

2026-02-11T12:12:55Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating article

{{other uses|Ratanpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Ratanpur (#454) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.042481|N|81.456444|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title="Geonames Search"}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.082
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 844
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 229127<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ratanpur''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 3 km from Salon, the block and [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Ratanpur has a population of 844 people, in 128 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no schools and no healthcare facilities and it hosts neither a permanent market nor a periodic [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ratanpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 281 people (142 male and 139 female), in 59 households and 58 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 331 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ratanpur as having a population of 396 people, in 81 households, and having an area of 127.89 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=216–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and [[juwar]].<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

K. R. Ramasamy (actor)

2026-02-07T23:14:04Z

TeresaBrousseau: Starting New Data...

{{Short description|Indian actor and playback singer(1914–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. R. Ramasamy
| image = KRRamasamy1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kumbakonam Ramabadran Ramasamy
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|4|14}}
| birth_place = Ammachatram
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|August|5|1914|April|14}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Playback singer}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = Kalyani
| children = 2
}}
'''Kumbakonam Ramabadran Ramasamy''' (14 April 1914 – 5 August 1971), also known by his initials '''KRR''', was an Indian actor and playback singer who worked mainly in Tamil theatre and [[Tamil cinema|cinema]]. He was born in [[Kumbakonam]] and was active during the early days of Tamil cinema. He was also the first actor who also dwelled into politics mainly with [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and later with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], thus setting a trend for many other to follow.<ref name="trend" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R. |date=14 September 2021 |title=Actor who was a martyr for Dravidian movement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-who-was-a-martyr-for-dravidian-movement/articleshow/86189122.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914142314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-who-was-a-martyr-for-dravidian-movement/articleshow/86189122.cms |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
K. R. Ramasamy was born on 14 April 1914,<ref name="HinduTamil" /> as the third child of Ramabadra Chettiar and Kuppammal at Ammachathram near Kumbakonam. He ceased formal education after the [[fourth grade]] due to lack of interest, and started taking formal musical training from the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] musician [[Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai]].<ref name="kalyanamalaimagazine" />

== Personal life ==
Ramasamy married Kalyani, his co-star in various plays,<ref name="kalyanamalaimagazine" /> and the couple had two children. Ramasamy died of cancer on 5 August 1971.<ref name="trend" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1935
| [[Menaka (1935 film)|''Menaka'']]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Menaka" />
|-
| 1941
| ''[[Gumasthavin Penn]]''
| V. P. Var
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="trend" />
|-
| 1944
| ''[[Poompavai]]''
| Thirugnana Sambandhar
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 August 2014 |title=Poompaavai 1944 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-1944-tamil-classic-movie-poompaavai/article6324272.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102151826/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-1944-tamil-classic-movie-poompaavai/article6324272.ece |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1947 ||''[[Deiva Neethi]]''
|Hunter
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 December 2010 |title=Deiva Neethi 1947 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Deiva-Neethi-1947/article15589269.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191008064945/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Deiva-Neethi-1947/article15589269.ece |archive-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1948
| ''[[Kangkanam]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="HinduTamil" />
|-
| 1948
| [[Bilhana (film)|''Bilhana'']]
| [[Bilhana]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 June 2013 |title=Bilhana (1948) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/bilhana-1948/article4863299.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408224631/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/bilhana-1948/article4863299.ece |archive-date=8 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Krishna Bhakthi]]''
|[[Krishna]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=15 February 2008 |title=Krishna Bhakthi 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/krishna-bhakthi-1948/article3022555.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230164630/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/krishna-bhakthi-1948/article3022555.ece |archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1949 ||''[[Velaikari|Velaikkari]]''
|Anandan
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=316}}
|-
| 1950 || [[Vijayakumari (film)|''Vijayakumari'']]
|Vijayan
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 November 2009 |title=Blast from the past: Vijayakumari (1950) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Vijayakumari-1950/article16890418.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328022057/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Vijayakumari-1950/article16890418.ece |archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Or Iravu]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 October 2010 |title=Blast from the past: Ore Iravu (1951) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Ore-Iravu-1951/article15789520.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305154639/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Ore-Iravu-1951/article15789520.ece |archive-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1952
| [[Kanchana (1952 film)|''Kanchana'']]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=19 August 2010 |title=Kanchana 1952 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kanchana-1952/article16137698.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114052953/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kanchana-1952/article16137698.ece |archive-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Sorgavasal]]''
| Madivanna
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=338}}
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Thuli Visham]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2009 |title=Thuli Visham (1954) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thuli-visham-1954/article3022292.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218201113/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thuli-visham-1954/article3022292.ece |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Sugam Enge]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Pattukkuyil" />
|-
| 1955 || [[Menaka (1955 film)|''Menaka'']]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Menaka" />
|-
| 1955 ||''[[Needhipathi]]''
|Manickkam
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Pattukkuyil" />
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Chella Pillai]]''
|Mani
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 September 2009 |title=Blast from the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past/article16883226.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203045653/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past/article16883226.ece |archive-date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Sadhaaram]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Pattukkuyil" />
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Avan Amaran]]''
| Arul
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=353}}
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Kanniyin Sabatham]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=1958 – கன்னியின் சபதம் – ஜூபிடர் புரொடக்சன்ஸ் |trans-title=1958 – Kanniyin Sabatham – Jupiter Productions |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails7.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170602153100/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails7.asp }}</ref>
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]''
| Inbasekaran
|
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Ethaiyum Thangum Ithaiyam]]''
| Guest Appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethaiyum Thangum Ithayam Song Book |publisher=Perina Printers, 77 General Patters Road, Madras}}</ref>
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]''
| Lawyer
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 May 2017 |title=Senthamarai (1962) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/senthamarai-1962/article18574986.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191004085249/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/senthamarai-1962/article18574986.ece |archive-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1966 ||''[[Nadodi]]''
|Neurologist
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 February 2016 |title=Naadodi (1966)tamil |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-naadodi-1966/article8232587.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604095748/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-naadodi-1966/article8232587.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 April 2016 |title=Arasa Kattalai (1967) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-arasa-kattalai-1967/article8513630.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424085653/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-arasa-kattalai-1967/article8513630.ece |archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1969
| [[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|''Nam Naadu'']]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=400}}
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan=7|1944 || rowspan=7|''[[Poompavai]]'' || Thodudaiya Seviyan || rowspan=7|Addepalli Rama Rao ||
|-
| Om Namasivayam Enave ||
|-
| Om Namasivaya Enum Namam ||
|-
| Mandhiram Aavadhu Neeru ||
|-
| Sivamadhe Mudhan Maiyana Deivam ||
|-
| Mattitta Punnaiyanganan ||
|-
| Sivasiva Siva Sankarane ||
|-
| 1947 || ''[[Deivaneethi]]'' || Nirabaraathi Naane Nijamidhu Thaane || M. S. Gnanmani ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Kangkanam]]'' || || H. R. Padmanabha Sastry ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Bilhana (film)|Bilhana]]'' || || [[Papanasam Sivan]]
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Krishna Bhakthi]]''|| Pennulagilae || [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[G. Ramanathan]]<br />& [[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1949 || rowspan=3|''[[Velaikari]]'' || Innamum Paaraamugam Enamma || rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| Eppadi Vaazhven Ini ||
|-
| Neethan Allaamal Thunai Yaar ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Vijayakumari (film)|Vijayakumari]]'' || Katchi Yaavaiyum || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[T. R. Rajakumari]] & [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1951 || rowspan=3|''[[Or Iravu]]'' || Kottu Murase || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] & V. J. Varma
|-
| Enna Ulagamada ||
|-
| Paadi Thiriyum ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]]'' || Ullam Kavarndha En || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]
|-
| rowspan=14|1954 || rowspan=14|''[[Sorgavasal]]'' || Nilave Nilave Aada Vaa || rowspan=14|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Nilave Nilave Aada Vaa (pathos) ||
|-
| Kannithamizh Saalaiyoram Solaiyile ||
|-
| Aanandam Paarai Kanne ||
|-
| Samarasa Nilai Arul Sannidhaanam ||
|-
| Engum Niraivaana Jothiye ||
|-
| Raajaa Magal Raani ||
|-
| Engum Inbame Ulagengum Inbame ||
|-
| Maavodu Thazhuvum Malarkkodi Pole || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Enge Sorgam Enge Sorgam || [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]]
|-
| Veeram Serindha Mugam || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| Engum Niraivaana Jothiye ||
|-
| Maasillaatha Maamani Manonmani || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| Aagum Neriyedhu ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1954 || rowspan=3|''[[Thuli Visham]]'' || Samadhithaal Endrum || rowspan=3|[[K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Vaazhvadhakendre Pirandhom Naam ||
|-
| Vinnile Thavazhum Madhi ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1954 || rowspan=6|''[[Sugam Enge]]'' || Senthamizh Naattu Solaiyile || rowspan=6|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Onnaa Renda Edhu ||
|-
| Kannai Kavarum Azhagu Valai || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Kannnil Thondrum Kaatchi Yaavum || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Sugam Enge Sugam Enge
|-
| Senthamizh Naattu Solaiyile || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1955 || rowspan=4|''[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]]'' || Karpanai Ulagile Soppanam || rowspan=4|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| Azhagin Dheivam Arivin Sigaram || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Manam Pola Ini Vaazhalaam || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| Sugamaana Isaiyaagum Vaazhve ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1955 || rowspan=4|''[[Needhipathi]]'' || Parakkudhu Paar Pori || rowspan=4|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Uruvam Kandu En Manasu || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Jilu Jilunnu Jolikkum Mittaai ||
|-
| Varuvaar Varuvaarendru ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Chella Pillai]]'' || Inbame Neethaan Endhan || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Kaniyum Suvaiyum Servadhupole ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1956 || rowspan=3|''[[Sadhaaram]]'' || Nal Vaaku Nee Kodadi || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Rajaathi Kanee Rajaathi ||
|-
| Villaadhi Villanadaa.... Thullaattam Pottadhellaam ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Avan Amaran]]'' || Van Pasiyaale Thudikkiraar Inge || rowspan=3|T. M. Ibrahim ||
|-
| Ezhaiyai Kozhai Endru Ninaikkudhu ||
|-
| Kanavo Sol Kaadhal ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Kanniyin Sabatham]]'' || Pallam Medulla Paadhaiyile || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Ethaiyum Thangum Ithaiyam]]'' || Ullam Thedadhe Endru Solludhe || rowspan=2|[[T. R. Pappa]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Kannum Kannum Kalandhadhanaal || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' || Paada Maatten Naan || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="trend">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 September 2014 |title=The man who started the trend |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/k-r-ramaswamy-the-man-who-started-the-trend/article6429708.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103154151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/k-r-ramaswamy-the-man-who-started-the-trend/article6429708.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="HinduTamil">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2015 |title=அண்ணாவின் செல்லப்பிள்ளைக்கு 100 வயது!- கே.ஆர். ராமசாமி நினைவலைகள் |trans-title=Anna's dear protégé is 100!- Reminiscences of K. R. Ramasamy |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/51562-100.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004075314/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/51562-100.html |archive-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="kalyanamalaimagazine">{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about cinema - {{sic|R. K. Ramasamy|nolink=y}} |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Sep10_16_30/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_R_K_Ramasamy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190506091313/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Sep10_16_30/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_R_K_Ramasamy.html |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=6 May 2019 |website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref>
<ref name="Menaka">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 September 2011 |title=Menaka 1955 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170629011224/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1955/article2421868.ece |archive-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Pattukkuyil">{{Cite book |last=Tamiḻppittaṉ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV81AQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87.+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%22+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D |title=Pattuk kuyil Kannatacan |publisher=Vanati Patippakam |year=1980 |pages=57 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706105351/https://books.google.com/books?id=RV81AQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87.+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%22+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&dq=%22%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87.+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%22+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1205102}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramasamy, K. R.}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil theatre]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]

Debala Mitra

2026-02-06T06:27:22Z

TeresaBrousseau: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian archeologist (1925–2003)}}
{{More citations needed|date = December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Debala Mitra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khulna]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in [[Bangladesh]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|12|2|1925|12|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| fields = Archaeology
| alma_mater = [[University of Paris]]
| known_for = First woman Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
| notable_works = ''Konarak'' (1968)<br>''Buddhist Monuments'' (1971)<br>''Bronzes from Achutrajpur, Orissa'' (1978)
| institutions =
| awards =
}}
'''Debala Mitra''' (14 December 1925 &ndash; 2 December 2003) was an Indian [[archaeologist]] who served as Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) from 1981 to 1983. She is the first woman archaeologist to head the ASI. She explored and excavated several Buddhist sites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=22 February 2025 |title=The relics of Ratnagiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/the-relics-of-ratnagiri/article69243446.ece |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Debala Mitra become the first woman director general of the ASI. Mitra was 33 when she reached the remote site (Ratnagiri). Over time, she gained the trust of the villagers and unearthed hidden Buddhist treasures.}}</ref>

The historic site of Ratnagiri in Odisha's Jajpur district, first discovered in 1905, gained prominence following extensive excavations between 1958 and 1961 led by Mitra,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2024 |title=Excavation to start again at Ratnagiri this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/archaeological-excavation-resumes-at-historic-ratnagiri-buddhist-site/articleshow/115256338.cms |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The site gained prominence following extensive excavations between 1958 and 1961 led by ASI's Debala Mitra, which unveiled a remarkable Buddhist complex dating from 5th to 13th century AD.}}</ref> which unveiled a remarkable Buddhist complex dating from the 5th-13th century AD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=16 February 2025 |title=Odisha's buddhist past makes itself present |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2025/Feb/16/odishas-buddhist-past-makes-itself-present |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Born on 14 December 1925 at [[Khulna]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), Mitra had her early education in Khulna and [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]) before obtaining her [[doctorate]] in [[Paris]].

== In the ASI ==

Mitra joined the ASI in the 1940s and served as Superintendent of Eastern Circle and Additional Director General of the ASI before succeeding [[B. K. Thapar]] as Director General in 1981.
The first woman to excavate Buddhist sites, she was an authority on the art and archaeology of eastern India. Her books include ''Konarak'' (1968), ''Buddhist Monuments'' (1971) and ''Bronzes from Achutrajpur, Orissa'' (1978).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{cite journal|title=Obituary|journal=Purātattva|year=2003|issue=33}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[B. K. Thapar]]|after=[[M. S. Nagaraja Rao]]|years=1981 - 1983}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Debala}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:People from Khulna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Indian women archaeologists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government Coronation Secondary Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Khulna Division]]

Brajakishore Chakraborty

2026-02-06T06:09:37Z

TeresaBrousseau: Started First Data W/ Sources

{{short description|Bengali revolitionary (1913–1934)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brojokishore Chakraborty
| image = Freedom fighter Brajakishore Chakraborty.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text| 1913}}
| birth_place = Ballavpur, [[Midnapore ]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age text|25 October 1934| 1913}}
| death_place = Midnapore Central Jail, [[Midnapore]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| known =
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| known for =
| citizenship =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Brojokishore Chakraborty ''' (1913 – 25 October 1934) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations of British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N.|last=Chopra|volume=I|publisher=Ministry of information and broadcasting|year=2013|isbn=9788123021805|location=New Delhi|pages=61}}</ref> He was hanged on 25 October 1934 along with [[Ramkrishna Roy]] for the assassination of [[District Magistrate]] Bernard E. J. Burge in 1933.<ref>http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019</ref>

== Family ==
Brojokishore Chakraborty was born in Ballavpur (Paschim Medinipur) in 1913.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} His father's name was Upendranath Chakraborty.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} He joined the Bengal Volunteers, a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|volume=I|first1=Subodhchandra |last1=Sengupta |first2=Anjali |last2=Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|last=Ujjwal Kumar Singh|date= 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352801626}}</ref>

== Revolutionary activities ==
After the murders of two previous [[District Magistrate]]s James Peddy and Robert Douglas, no British officer was ready to take charge of [[Midnapore district]]. Former soldier Bernard E. J. Burge was then posted to [[Midnapore district]].<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabyasachi |first1=Biplabi |title=Historic Day: আজ অত্যাচারী ব্রিটিশ জেলাশাসক বার্জ হত্যার সেই ঐতিহাসিক দিন |url=https://biplabisabyasachi.com/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/ |website=Biplabi Sabyasachi |access-date=2 March 2024 |date=2 September 2021}}</ref> Members of the Bengal Volunteers: [[Ramkrishna Roy]], Brajakishore Chakraborty, [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], Kamakhya Charan Ghosh, Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnananda Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury, Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo, Santi Gopal Sen, Sailesh Chandra Ghose, [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] and Mrigendra Dutta decided to assassinate him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার
|first=Madhumanti |last=Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= January 1, 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref> Roy, Chakraborty, [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]] and Dutta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> planned to shoot Burge dead while he was playing in a football match ([[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt|Bradley-Birt football tournament]]) at the police grounds of [[Midnapore]]. On 2 September 1933 during the half time of the football match on the police parade ground, Burge was shot and killed by Panja and Dutta. Panja was killed instantly by one of Burges' bodyguards. Dutta was also shot and died in hospital the next day.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N.|last=Chopra|volume=I|year=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=9788123021805}}</ref> Anath Bondhu Panja and Mrigendra Dutta were acquitted of the murder of Magistrate Burge.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Pclr-6w94C&q=Nirmal+Jiban+Ghosh&pg=PA44|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="midnapore-volunteers">{{cite web |title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html |website=www.midnapore.in |access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

== Death ==
Chakraborty was executed by hanging on 25 October 1934, as was Ramkrishna Roy, for the assassination of Magistrate Burge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2696808|title=Assassination Of Mr. B.E.J. Burge, I.C.S.|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-4): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961
|last= Srikrishan 'Sarala'|publisher=Ocean Books|year=1999|isbn=9788187100157 |location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Brojokishore}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian nationalist assassins]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]

Kadapa revenue division

2026-02-01T17:58:47Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Kadapa revenue division
| settlement_type = [[Revenue division]] in [[Kadapa district|YSR district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
}}

'''Kadapa revenue division''' (or Kadapa division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Kadapa district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|5 revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of 9 [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dara |first=Gopi |date=2022-06-30 |title=Vijayawada: Chief minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy’s Pulivendula is now a revenue division |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jagans-pulivendula-is-now-a-revenue-division/articleshow/92559476.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715061127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jagans-pulivendula-is-now-a-revenue-division/articleshow/92559476.cms |archive-date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Kadapa]] is the administrative headquarters of the division.

== Administration ==
The 9 mandals in division are:<ref name="mandals">{{cite web |title=Revenue Divisions |url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706135607/http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |archive-date=6 July 2015 |accessdate=22 May 2015 |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mandals
| [[Chennur, Kadapa district|Chennur]], [[Chinthakomma Dinne]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]], [[Pendlimarri]], [[Vallur, Kadapa district|Vallur]], [[Siddavatam|Sidhout]], [[Vontimitta]], [[Yerraguntla]]
|}
==History==
== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Kadapa district]]
*[[Jammalamadugu revenue division]]
*[[Badvel revenue division]]
*[[Pulivendula revenue division]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kadapa district}}

{{Coord|15|54|N|80|40|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

Putrakameshti

2026-01-28T10:23:54Z

TeresaBrousseau: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Ritual in Hinduism}}
[[File:Sacrifices Yield Boon Giving Pudding.jpg|thumb|Putrakameshti performed by King Dhasharatha-Rishyashringa performed the holy sacrifice and the final day of the event, a dark skinned deity appeared from sacrificial altar and handed over a vessel of payasam to Dasharatha.]]
'''Putrakameshti''' ({{Langx|sa|पुत्रकामेष्टि|lit=oblation in desire of children|translit=Putrakāmeṣṭi}}) is a special [[yajna]] performed in [[Hinduism]] for the sake of bearing children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-08-17 |title=Putrakameshti, Putrakāmeṣṭi, Putra-kameshti: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/putrakameshti |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> It is classified under a series of rituals called the [[kaamya-karma|kamya-karma]].

== Literature ==
In the ancient Indian epic [[Ramayana]], upon the recommendation of Sage [[Vashishta]], King [[Dasharatha]] of Ayodhya performed the Putrakameshti [[Yajna]] under the supervision of [[Rishyasringa|Rishyashringa]], an expert in [[Yajurveda]], which has the guidelines for this yajna. After its successful completion, the god of fire, [[Agni]], appeared and gave a bowl of [[Kheer|payasam]] to the King of Ayodhya, which was provided to his three queens in order to promulgate his sons [[Sri Rama|Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], and [[Shatrughna]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Dasharatha+performed|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://myoksha.com/putrakameshti-homam/ ''Guide to Putrakameshti Homam'']

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Yajna]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

The Turtle Prince

2026-01-28T08:35:49Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating new stub first draft

{{Short description|Group of South Indian folktales}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup lang|date=September 2022}}
{{lead too short|date=September 2023}}
{{all plot|date=September 2023}}
}}

'''The Turtle Prince''' or '''The Tortoise Prince''' ({{Lang|ta|āmai rāja katai}})<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LoxuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22amai+raja+katai%22 Coming Out of His Shell: Animal-Husband Tales in India]". In: ''Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization''. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 45. {{ISBN|9780195635492}}.</ref> refers to a group of [[South India]]n and [[Sri Lanka]]n folktales in which a prince in [[turtle]] form is brought to a human king, marries a human princess, and goes on adventures as part of a wedding quest. Along the way, the turtle prince gains the ability to alternate between turtle and human form, until his wife destroys the turtle shell, keeping him human permanently. The character appears in the compilation ''Madanakamaraja Katha'', a book that collects Tamil folktales.

Scholars like Stith Thompson, Warren Roberts and Stuart Blackburn have related the story and variants to the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'', tales wherein a human maiden marries an enchanted husband in animal form.

==Summary==
===''Madanakamaraja Katha''===
The character features in stories compiled in the work ''[[Madanakamaraja Katha]]''.<ref name="Shulman 1980, 198" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Shulman |first=David Dean |jstor=j.ctt7zv390.15 |chapter=Notes |title=Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1980 |page=397 (footnote nr. 30)}}</ref>

====First story====
Author [[Natesa Sastri]] published a translation of ''Madanakamaraja Katha'' as ''The Dravidian Nights Entertainment'', which contains two stories about the turtle ([[tortoise]]) prince. The first one is the tale from the fourth day, which Sastri translated as ''Faith Is Always Rewarded'', while Dravidologist [[Kamil Zvelebil]] translated it as ''The Tortoise-Prince''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Two Tamil Folktales |series=UNESCO collection of representative works: Indian series |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |date=1987 |pages=52–68 |isbn=9788120802124}}</ref>

In this tale, King Venkataja, from the city of Mallikârjunapurî, is married to a wife who has not borne him a son. He divorces her, places the former queen in a separate pavilion next to the palace, and marries a second time. The new queen also does not bear him children. The King searches for answers to this problem, and [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Mahêsvara]] and the Sûlapânin Isa help him by giving the king a magical [[mango]] that he should give to his queen. The king gives the mango to the second queen; she drinks the juice and discards the rest. The first queen's maid hears about the magic mango, finds the discarded seed, and gives it to the first queen. The first queen gives part of the seed to her maid, and they both eat of the magic mango. Consequently, the second queen gives birth to twin boys, the maid to a son, and the first queen to a tortoise. The narrative says that the tortoise son was no ordinary turtle, but a beautiful prince born in [[Parameshwara (god)|Paramêsvara's]] favour. One night, while spying to find out why food is mysteriously disappearing, the queen sees a human child come out of the tortoise shell; he has been sneaking out of his shell at night and eating rice. When he has gone, she smashes the shell and goes to sleep. When the boy tries to find his shell and sees it destroyed, he wakes his mother. He explains that he needed the shell, and asks her to have a box made to replace the shell. She apologizes for breaking the shell, and consents to his request for a box.

Sometime later, the king instructs his twin sons to travel north, to the mountain {{Lang|kej|Himayagiri}} ("the frosty mountain"), and bring back the maiden of the mountain to be their father's third wife. Meanwhile, their half-brother, the tortoise prince, using his gift of {{Lang|kej|Jñanâdrishti}} (a sort of cosmic awareness or omniscience), learns of the quest and knows their endeavor will fail if he does not go with them. He puts some charcoal on his skin to disguise himself and joins the twin princes on their journey. The twin princes do not recognise him as their brother, but think him to be a mountaineer, and they are glad to let him travel with them because he amuses them with stories.

They reach a red-coloured stream and the twin princes drink the water, but the tortoise prince knows that the stream is leftover water from the princess's bath. So he takes his two half-brothers, one in each arm, and leaps from one side of the stream to the other. The princess witnesses this, and having declared that she will marry the man who can cross the stream without stepping in it, she tells her father of the incident and prepares to marry the extraordinary man. The tortoise prince agrees, with the condition that he still wears the black soot at the ceremony. They marry, and the tortoise prince reveals his royal origins to his wife and advises her to go to Himayagiri if he does not return within 28 days.

The tortoise prince (still in his disguise) and the twin princes continue their journey. They come to another city, where a princess has devised a test for suitors: a man at the city entrance gives a pie to travelers and says they must find firewood, leaf, and oil, and return the pie. The tortoise prince deduces the answer and gives the man a [[sesamum]] plant (stem for firewood, its leaves as leaves, and its seed for oil). The princess tells her father, and he arranges the wedding the same day. After the wedding, the prince tells his story and tells her to go to Himayagiri if he does not return after an appointed time.

In a third city, a {{Lang|kej|Pândita}} (learned lady) sets a task for her suitors: she will present a book of her writings on philosophy to the suitor, and he must write a satisfactory comment on it. The black prince succeeds and, with her father's consent, marries the learned lady. After the wedding, he tells her his story, the purpose of his journey, and that she should go to Himayagiri if he does not return within six days. In turn, his third wife tells him how to find the Himayagiri maiden: he should circle around the mountain and touch a certain creeper plant, which will carry him to the princess. Then he should prostrate before her and call her his mother, and inform her that his father wants her for his bride. The tortoise prince arrives at Himayagiri and sees that his two brothers have stopped at its base, uncertain of how to proceed. The prince does everything his third wife has advised, the princess consents to go with him, and they come down the creeper. The prince then realises that he forgot his golden scimitar up on the mountain and goes back to get it. At that moment, his two brothers, jealous of his successes throughout their journey, cut the rope, and he falls to his death.

The twin princes bring the Himayagiri maiden to their father. However, she feels bad about what happened to the tortoise prince, and resolves to make a penance in hopes that he can come back to life. She asks the king to postpone the wedding for six months because she must make a penance (without telling him why), and the king consents and makes the necessary arrangements for her rituals. Meanwhile, the tortoise prince's three wives go to the place where he died and weep over his shattered body. The third wife, the learned lady, knows a way to revive him, so they gather his remains, perform prayer and other rituals, and resurrect him. The quartet visits the home kingdoms of each wife and receive presents and dowries. Then, the prince procures a house a short distance from his town for his wives to wait in, while he goes home to tell his mother of his adventures. The tortoise prince's mother is delighted at seeing her son again, and after hearing his story, goes to meet his wives. She is well-pleased with them, and brings them home to her own palace.

After six months, the Himayagiri maiden wishes to know if the tortoise prince is alive, and devises a way to find out. She asks the king for one last item before her wedding: a golden lotus flower from beyond the seven oceans, saying to her prospective husband that if his twin sons brought her back, surely they can fetch the flower. However, she knows that only the tortoise prince can get the flower.

The twin princes go to the ocean shore and remember, with sorrow and regret, their treachery towards their extraordinary companion. The black prince appears behind them and offers to get the flower, having been informed of their mission by his omniscience, and instructed in how to complete the task by his third wife. He takes seven pebbles and uses each of them to drain the seven oceans; He then reaches the [[sacred waters]] called {{Lang|kej|Akhilâdudakoti Brahmânda}}, chants a summoning command, gives a [[Rakshasa]] a note from his third wife, jumps on a crocodile and gets the golden [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]].

The tortoise prince and his half-brothers deliver the flower to the Himayagiri maiden. She finally consents to the wedding and asks the king to send invitations to all the lords of the world and to have the king's first wife, her son, and the son's three wives give her in marriage. The king visits his first wife and is surprised to see the son - his son - and the three princesses, but does not want to appear ignorant, so he conceals his surprise and invites them all to the wedding. On the wedding day, when kings from all parts of the world are assembled, the Himayagiri maiden tells them what she knows of the story of the tortoise prince, of his mother, his father, and his journey. The tortoise prince then tells the part of the story that the princess does not know, of how he obtained the golden lotus. The king embraces the tortoise prince as his son and marries the Himayagiri maiden. The prince forgives his half-brothers' misdeeds, and they all live peacefully.<ref>{{cite book |first=Natesa |last=Sastri |url=https://archive.org/details/dravidiannights00sastgoog/page/n99/mode/1up |title=The Dravidian Nights Entertainments: Being a Translation of Madanakamarajankadai |location=Madras |publisher=Excelsion Press |date=1886 |pages=54–78}}</ref>

====Second story====
Another tale of the turtle prince from the same compilation is the seventh story, which Sastri translated as ''True Merit Shall Be Rewarded'' and Zvelebil as ''How a prince who was a tortoise married the minister's daughter''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Two Tamil Folktales |series=UNESCO collection of representative works: Indian series |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |date=1987 |pages=103–114 |isbn=9788120802124}}</ref> In this tale, in the northern city of [[Amaravati|Amarâvati]], king Alakiyasingarâja and his minister Subhamantrî are good friends, and promise to marry their children to each other. In time, the queen gives birth to a tortoise and the minister's wife to a daughter. The king laments for his tortoise son, but the animal prince insists he goes through with the marriage promise. The minister is reluctant to a marriage, but his eldest daughter says she will marry one that brings her the [[parijata]] flower, whatever his physical form.

The tortoise prince's father throws him in water and he begins journey, swimming across seven oceans until he reaches Udayagiri, the mountain where the Sun rises every morning, where he salutes the Sun-god, [[Surya|Sûrya]]-[[Bhagawan|bhagavan]], and his charioteer, [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], as they begin their daily journey. The Sun questions the presence of the tortoise there, and the prince explains he wishes to know why he was born an animal in this life, chanting 1,008 praises to the deity. The Sun-god replies the tortoise shape is a penance for a misdeed in a previous life, and, at the tortoise's request, blesses him with the [[Shapeshifting|ability to assume a human state]] at will. In human shape, the now human tortoise prince is direct to a sage, then to two other sages. From the third sage, the prince is advised to steal the clothes of the divine maidens ([[Apsara]]s) that come to bathe that come to bathe in a pond in the temple, then force her to fetch the parijata flower for him. It happens thus, and the prince convinces the Apsara to help him. She regains her dress and flies back to the divine realm, where she commissions a {{Lang|kej|[[Veena|Vînâ]]}} guitar from the divine carpenter, takes a basket full of parijata flowers and dishes, and returns to the prince.

The Apsara and the prince have a meal, and she explains the guitar can summon him and the wonderful dishes. The prince leaves and passes by the sages' houses on the way back. The third sage wishes to have the magic guitar and trades it for a self-attacking club that can decimate armies. As the prince leaves, the club begins to talk and says it wants to beat its previous owner, which the prince lets it do. The third sage is beaten to death. The same event happens to the other two sages: the second sage trades a magic purse for the guitar and the first a pair of teleporting sandals; the prince kills them with the club and retrieves the magic guitar. At last, the prince summons the Apsara and dines with her, explains he will deliver the flower to the minister's daughter and marry her, but he will give the other magical objects to the divine maiden for safekeeping. He assumes his tortoise shape and swims back to his father's kingdom to present the minister's daughter with the flowers.

The minister's daughter receives the flowers and marries the tortoise prince, to her dismay, while her sisters marry human husbands. One night, while his human wife is asleep, the prince crawls to the shore, to the place where the divine maiden hid the objects (a [[Banyan Tree|baniyan tree]]), and commands the club to take off his tortoise shell. He summons the maiden with the guitar and they have a meal. One day, the prince's brothers-in-law decide to go hunting, and the tortoise prince joins with them. The prince rides the lame horse to the [[banyan]] tree, takes off the tortoise shell to become human, dons the sandals and the club, and spreads divine ashes over his body. His brothers-in-law see him, mistake him for a god, and dine with him. The prince pretends to bless the pair and asks for the tips of their little fingers in return. It happens thus, and both cut off the tips of their little fingers to give him. On a second hunt, the prince in god-like disguise demands from his brothers-in-law their rings.

Some time later, war breaks out with an enemy army, and the tortoise prince bids his wife prepares him seven tubs of hot water for his return. He rides to the battlefield as a tortoise, doffs the chelonian shell to assume human shape, and defeats the enemy army with the magic club, earning his brothers-in-law's admiration. He returns home as the tortoise and dismisses his wife from his bathtime. However, she spies on his human form and beaks the prince's tortoise shell. The prince leaves the bath and demands the animal shell back, but his wife explains she smashed it to pieces. The prince excuses her and drops onto the bed out of sheer exhaustion. The minister's daughter rushes to her parents to show them the true form of her husband. The king and queen also see their son's human form. The brothers-in-law recognize him as the god-like being they met in the forest. The prince and the minister's daughter remarry and he assumes the throne.<ref>Natesa Sastri. ''[https://archive.org/details/dravidiannights00sastgoog/page/n185/mode/1up The Dravidian Nights Entertainments: Being a Translation of Madanakamarajankadai]''. Madras: Excelsion Press. 1886. pp. 140–166.</ref> Aside its classification as part of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' cycle, folklorists [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts, in their joint work ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', classified the tale as containing a sequence of tale type 314, "The Youth Transformed to a Horse", in that the lowly hero joins the hunt and marks his brothers-in-law (or demands a piece of them).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=52 (entry "Natesa, Dravidian Nights, 140-166 (tortoise)")}}</ref>

== Other tales ==
===Collected by Henry Parker===
====The Turtle Prince (Sri Lanka)====
Author [[Henry Parker (author)|Henry Parker]] collected a homonymous tale from [[Sri Lanka]] titled ''The Turtle Prince'' ([[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]: {{Lang|si|Ibi Kumārayā}}). In this tale, two noblemen live in two houses in the same city. Their respective wives bear seven children each: one gives birth to seven girls, and the other to six boys and a turtle. Both men decide to have their sons and daughters marry amongst themselves, but there is the problem of the seventh couple: how can a human woman marry a turtle? The nobleman eventually relents and authorizes his daughter's marriage. Sometime later, the king of the same city announces that whoever brings him the Fire [[Chicken|Cock]] ({{Lang|kej|Gini kukulā}}, or fire[-coloured] cock) from the Land of the [[Rakshasas]] shall receive the kingdom. The turtle prince asks his mother to go to the king and offer his services. The turtle prince cooks a bit of rice and starts the journey. On the road, he hides behind some trees and takes off his "turtle jacket". He takes shelter with three old women in his quest for the "Jewelled Cock", and the women all warn him that many have tried and failed in this mission. Since he insists on soldiering on, the widow-mothers teach him magic and give him magic objects to create obstacles for the Rakshasas, should they pursue him after he gets the bird. The prince gets the bird and uses the magical items to hinder the pursuit of Rakshasas. He goes back to the trees, puts the turtle jacket on, and returns to the kingdom with the Fire Cock. Having succeeded, the turtle prince takes off his jacket and goes to hear the ''Bana'' with his wife. The wife, noticing the man is her husband, rushes home to burn the turtle jacket and keep her husband in human form permanently.<ref>Parker, Henry. ''Village folk-tales of Ceylon''. Volume 3. London: Luzac & Co., 1914. pp. 121–126 (English translation), 426–429 ([[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/58889/pg58889-images.html#s207si text]).</ref> Parker sourced this tale from a tom-tom beater in Hiriyala, [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka]].<ref>Parker, Henry. ''Village folk-tales of Ceylon''. Volume 3. London: Luzac & Co., 1914. pp. 126, 429.</ref>

====The Prince who received the Turtle Shell====
In another tale, ''The Prince who received the Turtle Shell'', in a certain kingdom, the prince's teachers notice that he fails to learn what they teach him, and thus inform the king. His brothers prove to be more skilled than him, and dejected, the prince abandons the kingdom. He takes shelter with a cowherd and his wife. While he grazes the cows, a goddess shows compassion to him and gives him a [[turtle shell]] and a magic spell. With it, he can turn into a turtle and vice versa. He goes to another kingdom and becomes the adopted son of a flower mother. He learns the seventh princess is still single and decides to court her in both human and turtle forms. The princess brings the turtle to her palace; he takes off his disguise and tells her his story. With time, she becomes pregnant and the king questions her about it. She tells it is the flower mother's son, so he delivers her to him and banishes her from the palace. Sometime later, the king organizes a feast with a hunt and sends six of his sons-in-law to take part in it. The seventh princess tells her husband and he joins the hunting party in ragged clothes. Out of sight, he changes into a prince, kills the animals, takes their tongues, and returns to his shabby disguise. The brothers-in-law present the animals to the king, but the seventh prince shows up to take the credit for his deed and shows the tongues to the king.<ref>Parker, Henry. ''Village folk-tales of Ceylon''. Volume 3. London: Luzac & Co., 1914. pp. 300–303.</ref>

====Concerning a Royal Princess and a Turtle====
In another published tale, ''Concerning a Royal Princess and a Turtle'', a king and a minister, due to their deep friendship and trust, promise to betroth their eldest children to each other. The king's wife give birth to a girl, and the minister's wife gives birth to a turtle. The time comes for their wedding vows, and the princess refuses to marry the turtle. However, she says, if they insist on continuing with the marriage, she wants the turtle to first bring her a Sūriya-kāntā flower. The turtle goes to the place where the sun (Surya) rises and places his head on the ground in front of the sun's chariot wheel. Surya gives the turtle the ability to change into a man at will and directs him to the trail of three Dēwatāwās. The Dēwatāwās point to him a hidden lake where "Virgin Women" (''Kanniyā-Striyō'') or Sun-maidens (''Sūriyā-kāntāwō'') bathe, and he must steal their clothes and force them to give him the flower. The youth gets the flower and is also given a cudgel and a magic lute. He returns to the turtle shell and marries the princess, while her sisters marry human princes. One day, the six princes go on a seven-day hunt, and the turtle prince, still in turtle form, asks his wife to bring him a mount and a sword. He receives a mule and a short sword and joins his brothers-in-law on the hunt. He hides in the forest, takes off the turtle shell, and summons the Virgin Women to give him a horse and a better sword. The prince, in human shape, hunts the best game for himself. After a while, he meets the six other princes and agrees to give them six dead deer, in exchange for a piece of cloth from each. The turtle prince changes back into a turtle and presents a dead rat as the catch of the day. This goes on for the next few days: the prince exchanges his game for the princes' rings. When the seven-day hunt ends, the turtle prince asks his wife to prepare a hot bath for him; the princess sees him coming out of the shell and burns it. At last, the prince, now fully human, presents his father-in-law with proof that he was the one who hunted the best game for him.<ref>Parker, Henry. ''Village folk-tales of Ceylon''. Volume 2. London: Luzac & Co., 1914. pp. 345–352.</ref> Aside its classification as part of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' cycle, folklorists [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts, in their joint work ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', classified the tale as containing a sequence of tale type 314, "The Youth Transformed to a Horse", in that the lowly hero joins the hunt and marks his brothers-in-law (or demands a piece of them).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=52 (entry "Parker, II, 345—355")}}</ref>

===The Nymph of the Wire Hill===
In a tale collected by author M. N. Venkataswami with the title ''The Nymph of the Wire Hill'', a king has two wives, but no sons. He goes to the forest and meets an anchorite who directs him to a mango tree. The king takes the mangoes and brings them home to his wives. The younger wife eats the fruits, leaving the peels and cots. The senior wife eats the mango kernels. Months later, the younger wife gives birth to twin sons, and the senior wife to a tortoise.

The senior wife accepts her lot in life and cares for the tortoise as her son. One day, she and a servant notice that some food has been disappearing from their palace. It turns out that her tortoise son is indeed human, for he leaves the tortoiseshell in human form, eats the food, and goes to Davendraloka to learn, just as his half-brothers are learning from a pandit. The senior wife discovers the empty shell, notices her son is human after all, and smashes it. Losing his turtle shell, he asks his mother to fashion him a box to cover himself with.

Sometime later, the king becomes ill with longing for the "Nymph of the Wire Hill", and his sons decide to bring her to their father to be his next wife. The tortoise son, now human, tells his mother he must join his brothers since they cannot get the Nymph by themselves. His mother applies some colirium to his face and his appearance darkens, so his brothers cannot recognize him.

He joins his brothers and they begin their quest. Their first stop is a kingdom whose princess has declared she will marry the one who can jump across a large stream. The first princess tells her father she will marry the dark boy who accompanies the twin princes. He tells he is only an ascetic without much to his name. They marry and the prince spends some time with his wife, asking her how to get to Wire Hill. Before he departs, he gives her a ''[[Mangalasustram]]'' flower as a token of life.

Their next stop is another kingdom, where a princess has issued a challenge: who can bring her all the necessary provisions for life in a pie? The tortoise prince goes to the bazaar, buys a unit of all grains in a bundle, and produces some ghi on a leaf and a faggot of wood. The second princess marries the man who brought the provisions, which are the correct answer to her riddle. Before he departs, he gives the princess a flower a token of life.

The prince's third stop is another kingdom, where their princess has issued a proclamation that she will marry anyone who can decipher a drawing of the ''[[Devendraloka]]'' with some inscriptions underneath. The tortoise prince deciphers the drawing and the inscriptions and marries for the third time. While talking to his new wife, she tells him that the on the southern part of Wire Hill there is a wire that he can use to reach the Nymph. Before he departs, he plants a lily as a token of life and instructs her to go to Wire Hill in case the flower blackens.

At last, the three princes arrive at Wire Hill. The twin princes complain to each other about their companion's marital successes and plot against him. The tortoise prince climbs the wire and meets the Nymph. After spending some time with him, the Nymph climbs down the wire but asks the youth to bring her her parrot cage. The tortoise prince descends the wire with the bird cage, but the twin princes cut the wire and he falls to his death.

Each of the princesses notices that the token of life changes color and runs to Wire Hill, the first princess meeting the second and both meeting the third one. The trio reach Wire Hill and see the tortoise prince's bones scattered, and the wives gather up the bones. The youngest wife goes to a cistern, bathes seven times, and enters a meditation state, extending the folds of her garments to receive something. Parwati heeds her lamentations and Parmeshwara gives her a rod to use on the tortoise prince to revive him. The youngest princess uses the rod on her husband and returns it to the cistern.

The tortoise prince, now revived, takes his three wives, passes by each of their kingdoms to gather presents and amass a large retinue, and returns to his kingdom. He asks his three wives to meet and greet his mother, bathe her feet, and offer her a seat.

Meanwhile, the twin princes get the credit for bringing the Nymph of Wire Hill to their father. Still thinking of the youth who came to her at Wire Hill, she tells her husband-to-be, the king, that before their wedding she needs some Cobra-Lillies, found only at the end of seven and seven-fourteen seas, beyond the sea of milk. The tortoise prince notices his brothers are being sent for the Cobra-Lillies, and asks his third and youngest wife for advice. She gives him a letter and some seeds and explains what to do: he is to cast the seeds into the sea, which will open a dry passage for him; he is to walk all the way until he sees a turtle; he is to give the turtle the letter; the turtle will return and take him to its king, the Lord of Serpents.

The tortoise prince follows his third wife's instructions and finds the turtle, giving it the letter. The turtle takes the prince to the court of the Lord of Serpents, who greets him. He marries him to his daughter, the "celestial Swain", gives him some Cobra-Lillies, and sends both his daughter and son-in-law back on the turtle. The twin princes arrive on the beach and see the tortoise prince and his new wife coming. The prince agrees to give them the Cobra-Lillies.

Seeing that the task is fulfilled, the Nymph of Wire Hill agrees to set a date for her marriage with to the king and invites a grand assembly of nobles and monarchs. However, she notices the absence of the senior wife and her son. The king takes issue with this information, since, in his mind, only his younger wife bore him any sons. The Nymph of Wire Hill scolds her fiancé and tells him that his twin sons did nothing heroic, and the tortoise prince did everything. The king spits at the twin sons and banishes them, and embraces his senior wife, their tortoise son, and the tortoise's four wives.<ref>Venkataswami, M. N. ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13096/page/24/mode/1up Folk Stories of the Land of India]''. Madras: Methodist Publishing House. pp. 24–45 (Tale nr. 2).</ref> Venkataswami classified the tale as a "Tortoise Prince Type",<ref>Venkataswami, M. N. ''Folk Stories of the Land of India''. Madras: Methodist Publishing House. pp. xxv.</ref> and, according to his preface, the tale was provided by his cousin named M. Venkatamma, from [[Bezwada]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Venkataswami |first=M. N. |title=Folk Stories of the Land of India |location=Madras |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |date=1927 |page=xviii}}</ref>

===The Turtle Prince (Kannada)===
Indian scholar [[A. K. Ramanujan]] collected and published a tale from [[Kannada]] with the title ''The Turtle Prince''. In this tale, a king and his minister have no children, so they consult a holy man, who tells them that if devote themselves to Siva, their wives will become pregnant. Thus, both men agree to wed their children to each other. In time, the queen gives birth to a turtle and the minister's wife to a girl. Years later, the king worries about marrying the turtle son to the minister's daughter, so, bid by his animal son, consults with the minister and his daughter. The girl says she will marry the man who can bring her the celestial parijata flower.

With some help from his father, the turtle prince begins his journey and swims to Udaya mountain, where he prays to the sun god. The deity himself appears before him, explains that the prince's animal shape is penance for a misdeed in a past life, and transforms him into a handsome human prince. Continuing on his journey, the prince, now in human form, meets three sages on the way and is guided to the temple of the elephant-faced god, where celestial maidens come down to earth to bathe, so the prince should steal one of the girls' saris and force her to help him to find the parijata flowers that grow in the celestial realm. It happens thus and the celestial maiden brings back the flowers. She also gives the prince a flute that can summon her. The prince makes his way back to the sages, who each want the magic flute in exchange for a gift they have: the first a wand that can beat one's enemies, the second a sack that grants the owner whatever they wish for, and the third a pair of teleporting sandals. The prince trades the flute for each, commands the wand to beat up the sages, and retrieves the flute.

The prince returns to his kingdom, hides the magical items and prays to the Sun God to become a turtle again. Since he fulfilled the minister's daughter's request, he marries the girl, while her younger sisters marry human princes. Some time later, the princes go on a hunt, and the tortoise wishes to join them. The turtle's wife, who knows of the mockery she endures, prepares him for the hunt. Out of sight, the turtle takes off his shell and becomes human, then fights some tigers. His brothers-in-law meet the prince ("they saw the turtle"), who do not recognize him. The human turtle prince agrees to a deal: the tigers in exchange for the left half of their mustaches. A deal is made, and the prince returns to turtle form.

Later that night, while the minister's daughter is asleep, the prince takes off his shell, undresses his wife, caresses her body, and goes back to being a turtle. The next morning, she notices that someone came in the night, and decides to investigate. The next night, his wife discovers his human form and wants his charade to end. The next morning, the brothers-in-law go to court to take the credit for killing the tigers, but the turtle appears, takes off the shell, and becomes a man. He reveals he is the one responsible for the deed and shows the mustaches as proof. He is then crowned king.<ref>Ramanujan, A. K. ''[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99wt&chunk.id=ch71&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch71&brand=ucpress A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India]''. Berkeley London: University of California Press, 1997. pp. IX, 193–198 (text for tale nr. 71). {{ISBN|0-520-20398-4}}.</ref> Professors Stuart Blackburn and [[Alan Dundes]], editors of Ramanujan's book, classified the tale as the following tale types: an approximation to type AT 433B, "[[King Lindworm]]"; AT 465A, "The Quest for the Unknown"; and AT 569, "The Knapsack, the Hat, and the Horn".<ref>Ramanujan, A. K. ''[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99wt&chunk.id=ch71&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch71&brand=ucpress A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India]''. Berkeley London: University of California Press, 1997. p. 255 (classification for tale nr. 71). {{ISBN|0-520-20398-4}}.</ref>

=== Beauty and the Beast (Kadar) ===
{{ill|Zacharias P. Thundy|de|Zacharias P. Thundy}} published a tale from the [[Kadar language|Kadar]] that he titled ''Beauty and the Beast'': a turtle is born to a king, and before he marries the minister's daughter, is sent on a quest for the ''parijata'' flower.<ref>Thundy, Zacharias P. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1bwiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22turtle+prince%22 South Indian Folktales of Kadar]''. Archana Publications, 1983. pp. 87–90.</ref>

=== Collected by Stuart Blackburn ===
==== The Turtle Prince (Kovalam) ====
Stuart Blackburn collected an oral tale from a male informant named Devasahayam Pillai, from [[Kovalam]], in 1978. In this tale, two pregnant women, Ammaravathi and Puthuval, go to a well to draw water and make a pledge to marry their children to each other, if one bears a boy and the other a girl, and vice-versa, then go back to their houses. At the end of their pregnancies, Ammaravathi gives birth to a turtle son, while Puthuval to a girl. People flock to the newborn girl's house as part of the seventh-month feeding ceremony, and no one visits the turtle and his mother. The turtle son lives in the gutters, but returns home to be fed by his mother. As time passes, the girl's marriage is arranged, and the turtle son asks his mother to be taken there in a basket. Despite his mother's protests that no one would marry a turtle and that he would die, the woman takes the turtle to the ceremony. During the ceremony, the turtle goes to the area where the wedding couple are and interrupts the wedding to recall about the pledge their mothers made by the well, the turtle's and the girl's. Puthuval admits to the pledge, but refuses to marry her daughter to a turtle. Her daughter says she will toss a garland to a person and marry whoever it lands on. The girl throws the garland and it falls on the turtle, so she redoes her action and it still falls on the turtle three times, marking the animal as her husband. The turtle marries her and takes her home with him, but still lies in the gutter. His mother scolds him for bringing home a beautiful wife and not doing anything with her. The turtle son retorts that he will bring home more beautiful wives. The turtle son learns that Selva Raja has two princesses that are struck with a fatal disease, prays to god to become human, and goes to heal them. On the road, the turtle prince takes the form of an old man and talks to a drum beater about the princesses' situation, promising to heal them and asking to be ferried to the raja on a cart. The old man tells the raja he can cure the princesses, but asks to be given them in marriage in return. He rolls his body dirty in three balls, dips them in water and gives them to the princesses. The raja is happy his daughters are safe, but despairs at the idea of marrying them to an old man. The old man reminds him that his promise (marry the girls to whoever cured them, be it Palan, Paraiyan or whoever) was written on a copper pot, and the king relents. The turtle prince returns home with two new wives and still resumes his chelonian form and does not "speak" with any of his wives (which Blackburn explains is an [[euphemism]] in Tamil for sexual contact).

Lastly, the turtle son goes to find new brides for himself, dons the disguise of a handsome youth and goes to talk to a Chola raja, whose daughter is infected with smallpox. The turtle prince, in the new disguise, cures the princess, and Chola raja promises to marry her to the youth, if he goes to a certain pool, fetch a certain box, take out the knife inside and sacrifice the golden cock, then take the two necklaces inside the bird and bring them back. The youth promises to do it, assumes an ascetic disguise, then goes to talk to the daughter of Icakki, a goddess. The girl helps the disguised turtle prince and asks her mother not to devour him. The turtle prince kills the cock and returns to Chola raja with the necklaces, then marries another princess. Back home, the turtle prince asks his father-in-law to arrange for a drama which people are to attend, which the man agrees to do after some initial reluctance and fear that there will be some confusion. The turtle prince, in turtle form, asks his seven wives to prepare the rice and attend the celebration, for he will stay home. After the septet leaves to the drama, the turtle son prays to Muttu Kutti, his protector, to assume human form, and a horse comes from the heavens to his side. The turtle son, in human form, rides the horse to the festival and clears out space in the crowd for his seven wives, to the latter's admiration. During the drama, a rock is thrown, there is a fight in the crowd with knifes and blades, and the turtle prince returns home ahead of his seven wives, then pretends to be interested in the things the girls saw at the festival. He then convinces the raja to arrange another drama, which he attends in the human disguise on the horse. Like the raja predicted, there is a fight on the second drama, and on the subsequent dramas, up to the seventh. The turtle prince retires to his house with his wives and asks them to prepare him a bath. He removes his shell to take a bath in human form. The co-wives learn of their common husband's true form, steal the shell and decide to burn it to make him human permanently. The turtle son, now human, leaves the bath and cannot find the turtle shell, so he asks his co-wives about it, but they feign ignorance. The seven girls then confront the man that he is not a turtle, but a raja, a man, and has not fulfilled his marital duties. The first wife comes forward and questions him that she has not become pregnant. The now human turtle son prays to god and the becomes pregnant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |date=1995 |chapter=Coming out of his shell: Animal-husband tales from India |editor=David Shulman |title=Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization |pages=43–75 [49–55] |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==== The Turtle Prince (Tamil) ====
Stuart Blackburn collected a [[Tamils|Tamil]] tale from a male informant named Sivalingam, in the 1990s, which he titled ''The Turtle Prince''. In this tale, raja and a minister promise to marry their children. When a turtle is born to the raja and six girls to the minister, the eldest daughter asks for her turtle suitor to get her a parijatam flower. The turtle prince goes to the sun god Surya, who grants him a boon: he can transform into human form and hold the turtle shell in his hand. With the directions of an ascetic, he steals the garments of a Kannimar to convince her to get him the flower. The Kannimar gives him the flower, and a ''vina'' in case he wants to summon her help anywhere. He also obtains a magic wand (baton), a magic bag and magic sandals. Assuming turtle form again, he returns home and marries the minister's eldest daughter. One day, he asks for a blind helper and a lame horse as a mount to join his brothers-in-law in the hunt. Later, he defends his father's kingdom against a foreign army, and, when he goes home to bathe, his wife takes the turtle shell and burns it.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition''. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2001. pp. 235–239 (tale nr. 89), 239 and 310 (source nr. 35). {{ISBN|9789514108976}}.</ref>

=== The Turtle ===
In a South Indian tale from [[Karavali]] [[Uttara Kannada]] with the title "ಆಮೆ" ("The Turtle"), a king has a son in the shape of a turtle. One day, the turtle prince courts a neighbouring king's daughter, but she asks him to find her a certain flower named Kenda Sampi, which lies beyond seven seas. The turtle prince crosses the sea and finds a sage that gives him a jar, which can be used to summon a house and angels to provide him with food. The turtle prince fetches the flower and meets some sages on the road: the first one trades the jar for a magical stick that beats on command of its owner. The turtle prince returns home and gives the princess the flower. For her promise, she marries the turtle. However, one day, she spies on her chelonian husband taking a shower: he is human under the turtle shell. Some time later, the princess's elder sisters' husbands go on a hunt, and the turtle husband wishes to join them. The princess ties the turtle on a horse for him to join the hunt. In the forest, the turtle prince summons a house with the jar, removes the turtle shell and assumes human form, then commands a magical stick to gather all animals around him, and him only. It happens thus. The human brothers-in-law have no luck in finding any game, when they find the mysterious man (the turtle prince in human form), whom they do not recognize and ask for some animals. The human turtle prince makes a deal: some meat for allowing the prince to write a mark on their thighs. Later, war breaks out with another kingdom, and the turtle prince joins in the fray by removing his turtle shell. He meets his brothers-in-law and asks for a signet ring and a sword as payment, while he goes to defeat the enemies. The princess's father sends for his three sons-in-law to congratulate them for their "effort", when the human turtle prince appears to them and reveals their deceit by showing the signet ring and the sword and pointing to the marks on their thighs. At the end of the tale, while the human turtle prince is in the bath, the princess tells her father her chelonian husband is human, after all, and burns his turtle shell to keep him human.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttara Kannada Karavaliya Japanada Kategalu |trans-title=A Collection Stories of Karavali Uttara Kannada |editor=Shanthi Nayaka |location=Uttara Kannada (Dist) |publisher=Centre for Extension and Consultancy Karantaka, Janapada University Gotagodi |date=2014 |pages=22 (summary in the preface); 96–98 (text for tale nr. 44), 154 (source) |isbn=978-93-83149-18-6 |lang=Kannada}}</ref>

=== Pomegranate Prince (Tulu Nadu) ===

In a South Indian tale from [[Tulu Nadu]] with the title "ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ ಕುಮಾರ" ("Pomegranate Prince"), in a kingdom the king and the prime-minister are childless, and make devotions and pilgrimages for the gods for a blessing. One day, an astrologer comes and predicts both rulers will have children, and they arrange a future marriage between their scions: if the prime minister's child is a boy, he will let him marry the princess; if a girl, she will marry the prince. However, the prime minister wants his son to inherit the throne, so he goes to the Ganges to bathe and is granted a blessing from deity Vishwanath: a pomegranate to be eaten by their respective wives. The prime minister presents his wife with the fruit, and goes to deal with his some matters. While her husband is away, the prime minister's wife eats the seeds and leaves the peels. The prime minister learns of this and tells the king. Despite the mistake, the queen gulps the peels with a drink and both women become pregnant. In time, the prime minister's wife gives birth to a girl, and the queen to a son that is covered in pomegranate peels, his head, hands and feet the only visible parts of his body, which reminds people of a turtle. For this, he is called Dalimbe Kumar ("Pomegranate Prince"). After a while, the prince asks to marry the prime minister's daughter, but she sets a condition for him first: fetch flowers from the prime minister's sister-in-law Atti Hu. Dalambe Kumar crawls to a magician's hut, who directs him this guru's ashram. The prince is instructed to go to a certain lake where the Sirikanyas (Yakshinis) play and sport in the water, steal the sáris of one of them and ask her to fetch the flowers. The prince spies on the maidens, steals the sari and crawls up a tree. One of the maidens notices her missing garments, finds the prince and offers a trade: the garments in exchange for her help in getting the flowers. The Sirikanya transports the prince to Sirilok, fetches a basket of jasmine flowers and returns to the lake. The maiden gives the prince a harp to summon her, since she has fallen in love with him, and removes his pomegranate peel skin, turning him into a handsome prince. The human prince asks her to put the husk again, but this time he can alternate between both states. On the road back, the prince trades the harp for the guru's magic sword, whom he kills by commanding the sword, and gains a lute from the magician, whom he also kills with the sword. The prince returns to his kingdom with the flowers and marries the prime minister's daughter. Some time after the wedding, a neighbouring king attacks the prince's kingdom and captures the king and the prime minister. Dalimbe Kumar removes his peely disguise, dons a heavy armour and kills the enemy army with the magic sword, releasing his father and father-in-law. At the end of the tale, the prince takes a bath in human form. His wife spies on him then burns the fruit peel disguise to keep him human.<ref>{{cite book |title=TULUNADINA JANAPADA KATEGALU |trans-title=Folktales of Tulunadu) |editor=Dr. Palthady Ramakrishna Achar |publisher=Centre for Extension and Consultancy, Karantaka Janapada University |date=2013 |pages=82–87 (text for tale nr. 15) |isbn=978-93-83149-00-1 |lang=Kannada}}</ref>

=== Wedding of a Tortoise ===
In a tale collected from [[Tulu Nadu]] with the title ''Oñji Ēmeda Madme'' and translated as ''Wedding of a Tortoise'', a king is childless and worries for not having heirs. One day, he goes on a journey to ascetics in search of an answer, and finds a tortoise trapped in land which he throws back in the water. He meets the ascetic and asks for a boon. The ascetic asks the king what virtuous work he did that would grant him a boon, and the monarch mentions the tortoise he helped, so the ascetic sends him on his way, saying that the king's prayers will be answered. Thus, a tortoise is born to the queen, to the endless mockery of the people. Still, the monarchs rear it to adolescence, until the day the queen asks the king to find the tortoise prince a bride. He sends emissaries to ask for a bride, but many reject him. Eventually, another king with four daughters takes the proposal, and his youngest daughter agrees to marry the tortoise prince, but he must quest for the red champak flower beyond seven seas. The tortoise-prince's parents say that their son cannot do so, thus is unable to have a wife, so he decides to go on the quest for the flower. Out of sight, he removes his carapace to become a handsome youth, then goes to the ascetic for directions. The now human prince reaches a kingdom ruled by women and steals the garments of four bathing ladies in return for their help in getting the flowers. They strike a deal, and the ladies bring back the red champak flowers and gift the prince with a [[Veena|vina]], a stringed musical instrument, to summon them. The prince makes his way back to the ascetic and plays the vina to show him its powers, and orders the ladies to tie him and retrieve the veena for him. The same happens to two other ascetics, who try to steal the veena in exchange for other magical objects: a magic stick and a magic sword. The prince kills the two other ascetics with the stick and the sword and retrieves the veena. The prince then dons the carapace and returns with the flowers to the princess. The princess marries the tortoise-prince. After their marriage, the princess is advised to prepare her husband a bath and hide to see how he takes his bath. She does as instructed and hides in a pile of dry leaves used for fuel, and watches as the tortoise removes his carapace to become human and enter the water. The princess then comes out of hiding and throws the carapace in the fire, making him human for good.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Rainboy: Tulu Folk Tales |editor1=B. Surendra Rao |editor2=K. Chinnappa Gowda |translator1=B. Surendra Rao |translator2=K. Chinnappa Gowda |publisher=KANNADA LANGUAGE CHAIR: Jawaharlal Nehru University; Manohar |location=New Delhi |date=2018 |pages=217-221 (text for tale nr. 26) |isbn=978-90-04-75325-9 |doi=10.1163/9789004753259}}</ref>

==Analysis==
=== Tale type ===
Folklorists [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts established an index for [[South Asia]]n folktales based on the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index|Aarne-Thompson Index]]. In their joint work, titled ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', they identified an Indic type related to the cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'', which they indexed as type 441, "Hans My Hedgehog", a miscellaneous type that, while still belonging to the same cycle and dealing with the marriage between a human maiden and an enchanted animal, lacks the quest for the vanished or missing husband.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=62, 64–65}}</ref>

Stuart Blackburn also related the South Indian tales about "The Turtle Prince" to the cycle of the ''Animal as Bridegroom'',<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LoxuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22disenchatment+is+the+desire%22 Coming Out of His Shell: Animal-Husband Tales in India]". In: ''Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization''. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 43. {{ISBN|9780195635492}}.</ref> but formulated a new Indic type, based on the variants he collected (at least 18 texts): AT 441B Ind, "The Despised Animal-Husband". In this new tale type, the animal husband is born to a woman who pledged to marry her unborn child to another woman's child if a girl, but the second woman reneges on the promise since a turtle is born; the despised turtle prince removes his chelonian disguise to assume human form and perform deeds in order to gain the princess's favour (obtaining objects or a lotus flower); the animal prince also prevails over his brothers or brothers-in-law on a hunt or a quest; finally, he reenters his animal disguise and joins with his wife, but she destroys the turtle shell when her husband is bathing.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+despised+animal-husband%22 Coming Out of His Shell: Animal-Husband Tales in India]". In: ''Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization''. Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 45–47, 66. {{ISBN|9780195635492}}.</ref>{{efn|The abbreviation "Ind" means "Indic". It refers to tale types that, although not registered in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther]] international index, exist in the oral and written literature of these three [[South Asian]] countries: India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.}}

=== Distribution ===
In a 2001 study, Blackburn stated that these stories were "very popular" South Indian tales.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BVSAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22turtle+prince%22+441 Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition]''. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2001. p. 297.</ref> In addition, he developed his new Indian tale type based mostly on oral and written variants of ''The Turtle Prince'', collected from Tamil Nadu, Tamil-speaking areas in Sri Lanka, and in Karnataka. He also drew from the literary text ''Madanakama Raja'', and considered that the literary tales followed the oral versions "in many details".<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |date=1995 |chapter=Coming out of his shell: Animal-husband tales from India |editor=David Shulman |title=Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization |pages=43–75 [45–46] |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Based on the distribution of the tales about the turtle-prince, Blackburn supposed that this new tale type was of Dravidian origin, since most of texts (literary and oral) were collected from languages of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian family]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |date=1995 |chapter=Coming out of his shell: Animal-husband tales from India |editor=David Shulman |title=Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization |pages=43–75 [46fn9] |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

=== Motifs ===
==== The turtle prince ====
The tales contain [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motif T554.5]], "Woman bears tortoise (turtle)",<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 424.</ref> motif D193, "Transformation: man to tortoise (turtle)",<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 101.</ref> B604.2, "Marriage to tortoise" and B604.2.1, "Marriage to turtle".<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. pp. 80–81.</ref>

According to scholarship, the Tortoise Prince appears in [[Tamil folk culture|Tamil folklore]].<ref name="Shulman 1980, 198">[[David Dean Shulman|Shulman, David Dean]]. [//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zv390.11 "The Divine Marriage"]. In: ''Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition''. Princeton University Press, 1980. p. 198.</ref> In a version of the tale, he is born after his mother swallows the pit of a mango.<ref>Shulman, David. [//www.jstor.org/stable/24653474 "Murukan, the mango and Ekāmbareśvara-Śiva: Fragments of a Tamil creation myth?"]. In: ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 21, no. 1 (1979): 35.</ref>

==== Branding the brothers-in-law ====
According to German scholars Günther Damman and [[Kurt Ranke]], a motif that appears in tale type ATU 314 is the hero branding his brothers-in-law during their hunt.<ref>Dammann, Günter. "Goldener (AaTh 314)". In: ''Enzyklopädie des Märchens'' Band 5: Fortuna – Gott ist auferstanden. Edited by Rudolf Wilhelm Brednich; Hermann Bausinger; Wolfgang Brückner; Helge Gerndt; Lutz Röhrich; Klaus Roth. De Gruyter, 2016 [1987]. p. 1375. {{ISBN|978-3-11-010588-9}}.</ref><ref name="Ranke Brandmarken">{{cite book |doi=10.1515/emo.2.143 |title=Brandmarken |last1=Ranke |first1=Kurt }} in {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110866971.262 |chapter=Blutsbrüderschaft – Braut: Die vergessene B |title=Enzyklopädie des Märchens, Band 2, Bearbeitung - Christus und der Schmied |date=1979 |pages=523–738 |isbn=978-3-11-008091-9 }}</ref> Likewise, Ranke stated that the hero's branding represented a mark of his [[Slavery|ownership]] over his brothers-in-law.<ref name="Ranke Brandmarken"/>

=== Interpretation ===
Stuart Blackburn interpreted the ''Turtle Prince'' tales of India as male-centered, in comparison to the European tales of the [[Animal as Bridegroom|animal bridegroom]]: in female-centered tales, the heroine burns the husband's animal skin, causing their separation and her search for him, while in male-centered tales, burning the animal skin restores the animal husband to human form. In addition, while in tale type AT 425 and 433, the animal groom appears as fierce animals like wolves and bears, in Europe, and snakes and tigers in India, in type 441 the hero appears as a despised animal, like a [[Hans My Hedgehog|hedgehog]] in the Grimm's tale, or a turtle or a crab in India. In this light, due to being a lowly animal, the hero is despised by potential brides and his relatives-in-law, and has adventures later in life to prove himself - a narrative that underscores male anxieties regarding their role in life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |date=1995 |chapter=Coming out of his shell: Animal-husband tales from India |editor=David Shulman |title=Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization |pages=43–75 [47–49] |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|}}

==See also==
* [[Tulisa, the Wood-Cutter's Daughter]]
* [[The Snake Prince]]
* [[Princess Himal and Nagaray]]
* [[The Pretty Little Calf]] (Chinese folktale; prince as bull or calf)

=== Water animals as husbands ===
* [[Eglė the Queen of Serpents]]
* [[The Frog Prince]]
* [[The Golden Crab]]
* [[The Little Crab (Greek folktale)]]
* [[Prince Crawfish (Belarusian folktale)]]
* [[Sang Thong]] (Thai folktale; prince as snail)
* [[The Snail Son (Japanese folktale)]]
* [[Muchie-Lal (Indian folktale)|Muchie-Lal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography:
* {{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |date=1995 |chapter=Coming out of his shell: Animal-husband tales from India |editor=David Shulman |title=Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization |pages=43–75 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turtle Prince (folktale)}}
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Turtles in literature]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic turtles]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan folklore]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]

2025 Mumbai Open

2026-01-23T16:56:05Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2025|Mumbai Open|
| date=3–9 February
| edition=4th
| draw=32S / 16D / 16Q
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| champs={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]]
| champd={{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba]] / {{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina]]
| prize_money=$115,000
| location=[[Mumbai]], India
| venue=[[Cricket Club of India]]
}}

The '''2025 [[L&T Mumbai Open]]''' was a professional women's [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[hardcourt|hard courts]]. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was also part of the [[2025 WTA 125 tournaments]]. It took place from 3 to 9 February 2025 at the [[Cricket Club of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=L&T Mumbai Open Overview|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/1100/mumbai-125/2025/overview|website=wtatennis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CCI To Host L&T Mumbai Open WTA 125K Next Month|url=https://www.newsband.in/article_detail/cci-to-host-lt-mumbai-open-wta-125k-next-month|website=newsband.in|publisher=Newsband}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Edition of WTA 125K Mumbai Open from February 3|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/2nd-edition-of-wta-125k-mumbai-open-from-february-3/articleshow/114291004.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==WTA singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank<sup>1</sup>
! Seed
|-style=
|<s>{{flag|GER}}</s>
|<s>[[Tatjana Maria]]</s>
|<s>84</s>
|<s>1</s>
|-
|{{flag|CAN}}
|[[Rebecca Marino]]
|102
|2
|-
|{{flag|SVK}}
|[[Anna Karolína Schmiedlová]]
|115
|3
|-
|{{flag|LAT}}
|[[Darja Semeņistaja]]
|121
|4
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|{{flag|SUI}}
|[[Jil Teichmann]]
|128
|5
|-
|{{flag|JPN}}
|[[Nao Hibino]]
|124
|6
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Léolia Jeanjean]]
|131
|7
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|THA}}
|[[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
|132
|8
|}
* <sup>1</sup> Rankings are as of 27 January 2025.

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tina Nadine Smith]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]

===Withdrawals===
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] → replaced by {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lily Miyazaki]] → replaced by {{flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]]
* {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Kathinka von Deichmann]] → replaced by {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Failla]]

===Retirements===
;During the tournament
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Emina Bektas]] (gastrointestinal illness)
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zarina Diyas]] (gastrointestinal illness)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]] (gastrointestinal illness)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] (left thigh injury)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura]] (gastrointestinal illness)

==WTA doubles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width="70"| Country
!width="175"| Player
!width="70"| Country
!width="175"| Player
!Rank<sup>1</sup>
!Seed
|-
|{{flag|JPN}}
|[[Nao Hibino]]
|{{flag|GEO}}
|[[Oksana Kalashnikova]]
|173
|1
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|
|[[Amina Anshba]]
|
|[[Elena Pridankina]]
|219
|2
|-
|{{flag|GBR}}
|[[Eden Silva]]
|
|[[Anastasia Tikhonova]]
|240
|3
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Nicole Fossa Huergo]]
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Camilla Rosatello]]
|253
|4
|}
* <sup>1</sup> Rankings as of 27 January 2025.

===Other entrants===
The following team received a wildcard into the doubles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]]

===Withdrawals===
;During the tournament
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zarina Diyas]] / {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina]] (Diyas - gastrointestinal illness)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] / {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona Waltert]] (Lumsden - gastrointestinal illness)

==Champions==

===Singles===
{{main|2025 Mumbai Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Jil Teichmann]]''' def. {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]], 6–3, 6–4

===Doubles===
{{main|2025 Mumbai Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|}} '''[[Amina Anshba]]''' / {{flagicon|}} '''[[Elena Pridankina]]''' def. {{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]], 7–6<sup>(7–4)</sup>, 2–6, [10–7]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{2025 WTA 125 tournaments}}

[[Category:Mumbai Open|2025]]
[[Category:2025 WTA 125 tournaments|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:February 2025 sports events in India|Mumbai Open]]

Convent of Jesus and Mary

2026-01-12T16:04:31Z

TeresaBrousseau: Started The Info First Draft

{{Short description|Network of Roman Catholic schools}}
{{for|the Japanese school in [[Madrid]]|Colegio Japonés de Madrid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
The '''Convent of Jesus and Mary''' ("CJM") is a network of [[Catholic School|Roman Catholic schools]] founded by the Congregation of the [[Religious of Jesus and Mary]]. The school network originating in east-central France in the 19th century has since its inception expanded to several countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America.

== Countries ==
There are schools in Ireland, Spain, Italy, England, and Germany, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Bolivia, Lebanon, Syria, [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.<ref>[http://www.genrjm.org Congrégation des Religieuses de Jésus-Marie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808133354/http://www.genrjm.org/ |date=August 8, 2015 }} (Congregation of the Religious of Jesus and Mary), genrjm.org, Retrieved 11 August 2015</ref>

== History ==
[[Claudine Thévenet]] (1774–1837) (known as ''Mary of St. Ignatius'') founded the [[religious institute]] of the [[Religious of Jesus and Mary]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[religious congregation]] of women dedicated to the education and service of the poor in [[Lyon]], France, on 5 October 1818.

== School Network ==
Some of the CJM schools include:

'''India:'''
* St. Patrick’s Junior College, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Agra (1842)
* St. Anthony's Junior College, Agra (1945)
* Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala (1909)
* Convent of Jesus and Mary, Dehradun (1901)
* Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi (1919)
* Mount Mary Convent High School (1913)
* [[Fort Convent School, Mumbai|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Mumbai]]; Fort Convent, Mumbai (1855)
* [[St. Anne’s High School, Fort, Mumbai]] (1929)
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Mussoorie]] (1845)
* [[St. Anne's School (Pune)|St. Anne’s School, Camp, Pune]] (1860)
* Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ranaghat (1996)
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla]] (1864)
* Convent of Jesus and Mary School, Vadodara (1946)
Colleges:
*[[Jesus and Mary College]], New Delhi (1968)
* [[St. Bede's College, Shimla]] (1904)

'''Ireland:'''

* [[Gortnor Abbey|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Gortnor Abbey, Co. Mayo]] (1912)

'''Pakistan:'''
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Sialkot]] (1856)
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Murree]] (1876)
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore]] (1876)
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Karachi]] (1957)

'''United Kingdom:'''
* [[Thornton, Buckinghamshire|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Thornton College]], Thornton, Buckingham
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary Language College]], London

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convent of Jesus and Mary}}
[[Category:Girls' schools in France]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Schools in Lebanon]]

Todabhim

2026-01-02T17:12:34Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Todabhim
| official_name = Todabhim
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Khari
| other_name = toda
| settlement_type = Urban Town
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Toda
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karauli,Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9167|N|76.8167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karauli district]]
| subdivision_name3 = Bharatpur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Constituency
| seat = Todabhim
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Municipal Board
| governing_body = Municipality (NagarPalika)Todabhim
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = AMRITA MEENA (INC)
| leader_title1 = MLA
| leader_name1 = Ghanshyam Mahar(INC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 14.23
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 33876
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 3rd in Karauli diatrict
| population_demonym = Indian
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 321611
| area_code = 07461
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ34
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
[[English language|English]]
}}
'''Todabhim''' is a city and a "municipality" in [[Karauli district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is headquarters of Todabhim sub division, tehsil and C&RD block of Karauli district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Todabhim (Karauli, Rajasthan, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/rajasthan/karauli/0840901000__todabhim/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

==History==
Todabhim was established by Bodamalji Ushara in 302 AD. He was from Ushara clan of Meena tribe, which ruled over [[Bundi]].

Later, the Meenas of Ushahara gotra were defeated by the Meenas of Jorwal gotra and the rule of Jorwal gotra started here.

Todabhim is a prominent historical site where Shri Jagannath Singh Ji's family is believed to have ruled for over 500 years in Todabhim city.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Transport==
Todabhim is accessible by road and by rail. Balaji mod bus stop on National Expressway 21 is 7 km. All types of bus service provide access to Agra and Jaipur. Taxi and autorickshaws are available. Bandikui Jn on Delhi-Jaipur section and Hindaun city on Delhi-Kota section of [[Indian Railways|Indian railways]] are major railheads, about 45 km both from there. Jaipur international airport is the nearest airport.

==Demographics ==
Todabhim Tehsil of Karauli district has total population of 251,180<ref>{{Cite web |title=Todabhim Tehsil Population Karauli, Rajasthan, List of Villages & Towns in Todabhim Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/karauli/todabhim-population.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref> as per the 2011 Census. 134,604 are males while 116,576 are females. In 2011 43,488 families resided in Todabhim Tehsil. The average sex ratio of Todabhim Tehsil is 866.

90.9% lived in rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 73.7% while in the rural areas it is 68.1%. The Sex Ratio in urban areas is 902 while rural areas it was 863.

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Todabhim Tehsil is 40,801 which is 16% of the total population. 22208 male children and 18593 female children are between the age 0–6 years. Thus the Child Sex Ratio of Todabhim Tehsil is 837 which is less than (866) in Todabhim Tehsil.

== Climate ==
Temperature in summer ranges between 25 °C and 45 °C and in winter it is between 2 °C and 23 °C.

==Todabhim Tehsil Data==
As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Todabhim Tehsil.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Children (0-6) || 40,806 || 22,208 || 18,598
|-
| Literacy || 68.66% || 71.12% || 41.78%
|-
| Scheduled Cast || 57,302 || 30,322 || 26,980
|-
| Scheduled Tribe || 81,246 || 43,757 || 37,489
|-
| Literate || 106,743 || 38,872 || 67,871
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Todabhim Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Todabhim, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/todabhim.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=12 October 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Todabhim Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/todabhim-election-result-s20a081/ |website=News18 |access-date=12 October 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Todabhim Election Result 2018 LIVE: Todabhim MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/todabhim-assembly-elections-rj-81/ |website=www.oneindia.com |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |title=todabhim Election Results 2018, Complete List of todabhim MLA Candidates for Madhya Pradesh Elections - India TV Hindi News |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/rajasthan-todabhim-constituency-mla-election-result |website=India TV Hindi |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=hi}}
* {{cite web |title=Todabhim Hindi News, Todabhim Samachar, Todabhim ख़बर, Breaking News on Patrika |url=https://www.patrika.com/tags/todabhim/ |website=Patrika News |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=hindi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Karauli district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gangapur City district]]

{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Stichophthalma sparta

2025-12-16T10:41:57Z

TeresaBrousseau: adding new pg.

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = StichophthalmaSparta167 2.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Stichophthalma
| species = sparta
| authority = [[Lionel de Niceville|de Nicéville]], 1889
}}

'''''Stichophthalma sparta''''', the '''Manipur jungle queen''',<ref name="Savela">[http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/morphinae/stichophthalma/ "''Stichophthalma'' C. & R. Felder, 1862"] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''</ref> is a [[butterfly]] found in [[South Asia]] that belongs to the [[Morphinae]] subfamily of the [[Nymphalidae|brush-footed butterflies]] family.

==Distribution==
The Manipur jungle queen ranges from [[Assam]] ([[Abor Hills]]), [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]] across [[Myanmar]] (Kindat and Katha in the north; Htawgaw and Sadon in the north-east of the country, and Gokteik in the northern Shan states) onto northern [[Yunnan]] in [[China]].<ref name="Savela"/><ref name="Evans">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 |pages=132–133 }}</ref>

==Status==
Evans reports the butterfly as not rare in [[Sikkim]] and [[Assam]] and as very rare in the [[Naga Hills]].<ref name="Evans"/> Haribal reports the butterfly as rare in Sikkim.<ref name="Haribal">{{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}</ref>

==Description==
{{Entomology glossary hatnote}}
Upperside of both males and females ochraceous yellow suffused with a darker, somewhat brownish shade of the same towards base of forewing and on hindwing. Forewing has a postdiscal transverse row of ''[[fleur-de-lys]]''-shaped spots, a subterminal series of broad black lunules, followed by a series of narrow crescentic marks of the ochraceous ground colour; apex and a terminal line black. Hindwing has a subterminal series of black lunules as on the forewing, giving out inwards a series of large, shafted, roundly lanceolate marks of the same colour, followed, as on the forewing, by narrow ochraceous crescentic marks and a terminal black line, the marks posteriorly rather diffuse and tending to run together. Underside ochraceous yellow, with the following transverse markings: subbasal, median, postdiscal, sub terminal and terminal dark brown sinuous lines; a discal row of dark ochraceous [[eyespot (mimicry)|ocelli]], six on forewing, five on hindwing: and, bordering the ocelli on the inner side, a variable diffuse dusky-black band, ending posteriorly on the hindwing in a black tornal spot. Antennae dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, abdomen paler beneath.

Female upperside is similar, the black markings broader and heavier. Underside also similar, but the ground colour a beautiful pale green with a silky lustre, the median transverse dark brown line outwardly bordered from costa of forewing to vein 1 of hindwing with greenish white; the dusky-black transversely discal band broader and more diffuse: forewing with seven ocelli; terminal margins broadly but lightly infuscated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma|The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Butterflies]] |volume=1 |edition=1st |publisher= [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis, Ltd.]] |location=London |year=1905 }} (under ''Stichophthalma howqua'')</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of butterflies of India]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Morphinae)]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)]]

==Cited references==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7616183}}

[[Category:Amathusiini]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Environment of Manipur]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Lionel de Nicéville]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1889]]

Ophisops leschenaultii

2025-12-16T04:09:56Z

TeresaBrousseau: updated page

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image = OphisopsLeschenaultii.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>[[species:Kanishka D.B. Ukuwela|Ukuwela K]], [[species:A. Suneth Kanishka|Kannishka S]], [[Mendis Wickramasinghe|Wickramasinghe LJM]] (2021). "''Ophisops leschenaultii'' ". The [[IUCN]] Red List of Threatened Species 2021: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T172684A1366580.en. Accessed on 10 January 2025.</ref>
| genus = Ophisops
| species = leschenaultii
| authority = ([[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1829)
| synonyms = *''Lacerta leschenaultii'' <br>{{small|Milne-Edwards, 1829}}
*''Cabrita brunnea'' <br>{{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1838}}
*''Calosaura leschenaultii'' <br>{{small|— [[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1839}}
*''Cabrita leschenaultii'' <br>{{small|— [[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1870}}
*''Ophisops leschenaultii'' <br>{{small|— [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1996}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Ophisops|species=leschenaultii}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Ophisops leschenaultii''''', [[Common name|commonly]] called '''Leschenault's snake-eye''', '''Leschenault’s lacerta''', and '''Leschenault's cabrita''', is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Lacertidae]]. The species is native to [[India]] and eastern [[Sri Lanka]]. In Sri Lanka, this lizard is called {{Transliteration|si|pandura katussa}} in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. In some parts of the country, it is also called {{Transliteration|si|heeraluwa}} or {{Transliteration|si|sikanala}}, which is a common name for all skink-like reptiles.

==Description==
The following description is from [[George Albert Boulenger|G.A. Boulenger]]'s'' [[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]. Reptilia and Batrachia'' (1890):

[[File:Ophisops leschenaultii ad.jpg|thumb|left|Adult]]

"Upper head shields strongly keeled and striated; anterior labials keeled, forming a projecting margin; ''canthus rostralis'' very strong; nostril in the horizontal suture between two large nasals which are extensively in contact with the rostral, and followed by one or two postnasals, the upper of which sometimes enters the nostril; no azygous prefrontal; frontal long and narrow; a small occipital; 4 supraoculars, first and fourth small, the two principal separated from the supraciliaries by a series of granules; subocular bordering the lip, between the fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) upper labials; temporal scales small, keeled; two large shields border the parietals exteriorly; a curved large shield on the supero-anterior border of the ear-opening; six large chin-shields on each side, the three anterior in contact with their fellows. Dorsal scales moderately large, scarcely larger on the back than on the sides; ventrals broader than long, in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 29 transverse series, the median longitudinal series narrower than the others; 42 to 48 scales round the middle of the body, ventrals included. A large postero-median preanal plate. The hind limb reaches the ante-humeral fold or a little beyond the ear; the length of the foot equals the distance between the antehumeral fold and the nostril or the tip of the snout. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail nearly twice as long as head and body; caudal scales much larger than dorsals.

Brownish or golden above; a pale band, edged above with a black one, along each side of the body and tail, commencing from the supraciliary edge; another pale, black-edged band along the upper lip and side of the body; the space between the two light bands on each side usually black, or spotted with black; lower surfaces yellowish-white, tail and hind limbs often reddish.

From snout to vent 2 inches [5 cm]; tail 4 [10 cm]."

[[File:Ophisops leschenaultii imm.jpg|thumb|left|Young ones look like snake skinks, genus ''[[Riopa]]'']]

Description from [[Albert Günther|A. Günther]]'s ''The Reptiles of British India'' (1864):

[[File:Ophisops leschenaultii sal.jpg|thumb|Closeup of head]]
"Two loreals; the central occipital very small. The lower eyelid transparent; temples with small, hexagonal, keeled scales of equal size. Dorsal scales keeled, rhombic. Ventral scales in six longitudinal and twenty-five or twenty-six transverse series. Vent covered with a larger central scale, surrounded by other small ones. Fifteen or sixteen femoral pores.

Brown, with two broad whitish bands on each side, the upper arising from the superciliary and running along the side of the back, the lower proceeding from below the eye and ear along; the middle of the side.

Total length 5 1/2 inches [14 cm], of head and trunk 2 inches [5 cm].

The specimens in the Paris Museum are said to be from the coast of Coromandel. [[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]] (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxii. p. 476) says that he has recognized the species: ''it is somewhat locally distributed. I have seen it in the Salem and [[Coimbatore|Coimbatoor]] districts only, especially near the banks of the Cauvery. It frequents bushy ground, hedges of ''Euphorbia'' and clumps of Cactus.'' Mr. [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] adds that the Museum at Calcutta contains examples of what he takes to be this species, from Pind Dadun Khan, in the Punjab Salt Range; and that it formerly possessed the same from Afghanistan."

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''O. leschenaultii'' is rocky areas of either [[forest]] or [[shrubland]], at altitudes from sea level to {{cvt|1,500|m|ft}}.<ref name=iucn/>

==Behavior==
''O. leschenaulti'' is [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]] and [[Diurnality|diurnal]].<ref name=iucn/>

==Reproduction==
''O. leschenaultii'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=RDB/> [[Clutch (eggs)|Clutch]] size is up to six eggs.<ref name=iucn/>

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''leschenaultii'', commemorates French naturalist [[Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; [[species:Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Ophisops leschenaultii'', p. 156).</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1887). ''Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. Lacertidæ'' ...'''.''' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I–XL. (''Cabrita leschenaultii'', pp. 70–71).
*Boulenger GA (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Cabrita leschenaultii'', p. 172).
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Ophisops leschenaultii'', p. 104).
*[[species:Neela Gayen|Gayen NC]] (1999). "A synopsis of the reptiles of Gujarat, western India". ''Hamadryad'' '''24''' (1): 1–22.
*[[John Edward Gray|Gray JE]] (1838). "Catalogue of the Slender-tongued Saurians, with Descriptions of many new Genera and Species. Part 1". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, First Series'' '''1''': 274–283. (''Cabrita brunnea'', new species, p. 282).
*Gray JE (1845). ''Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. (''Cabrita leschenaultii'', p. 43).
*[[Albert Günther|Günther ACLG]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India.'' London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I–XXVI. (''Cabrita leschenaultii'', pp. 71–72).
*[[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards H]] (1829). "''Recherches zoologiques pour servir à l'histoire des lézards, extraites d'une monographie de ce genre'' ". ''Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris'' '''16''': 50–89. (''Lacerta leschenaultii'', new species, p. 80). (in French).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1935). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.—Sauria.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 440 pp. + Plate I + 2 maps. ("''Cabrita leschenaulti'' [sic]", pp. 374–375).

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ophisops leschenaultii}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3011846}}

[[Category:Ophisops]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1829]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards]]

Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System

2025-11-27T04:40:07Z

TeresaBrousseau: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian public financial management reforms}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2010}}

The '''Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System''' ('''CPSMS''') (now called '''Public Finance Management System''' or '''PFMS''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=PFMS|url=https://pfms.nic.in/static/NewLayoutCommonContent.aspx?RequestPagename=Static/Implementation.aspx|access-date=2020-09-28|website=pfms.nic.in}}</ref> is a [[Government of India]] public financial management reforms initiative which monitors programs in the social sector and tracks funds disbursed. Given the large number of programs on which the money is spent, the CPSMS is an initiative by the Indian Central Government to ensure that the money is spent according to its intended purpose, and provide an accounting of same.

==History==
The Economic Survey (2007–08) emphasized the need for effective financial monitoring of the Plan Schemes. The Finance Minister in his Budget Speech (2008–09) announced<ref>[http://gscurrentaffairs.com/gk/central-plan-schemes-monitoring-system-cpsms/ Announcement of CPSMS] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929220209/http://gscurrentaffairs.com/gk/central-plan-schemes-monitoring-system-cpsms/ |date=September 29, 2010 }}</ref> the establishment of a comprehensive [[Decision support system|Decision Support System]] and [[Management information system|Management Information System]]. The 11th Plan Document also recognized the deficiencies in the existing accounting system for the Plan Schemes and its inability to support informed planning, budgeting and effective monitoring of these schemes. It also underlined the need for a consolidated financial information system for the Plan Schemes.

The EFC of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] approved the implementation of CPSMS in a phased manner. The Finance Minister accorded its approval in principle for the entire scheme. Administrative and financial approval for Part A of the Scheme, with an outlay of Rs. 24.25 crores, was received.<ref>[http://www.cga.nic.in/pdf/International_Confereence33.pdf Presentation at Planning Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165712/http://www.cga.nic.in/pdf/International_Confereence33.pdf |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cga.nic.in/pdf/Plan_Scheme_Monitoring_Project_of_GOI.pdf Development of a Management Information & Decision Support System for Plan Schemes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170333/http://www.cga.nic.in/pdf/Plan_Scheme_Monitoring_Project_of_GOI.pdf |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref>

By 2009, the system was available in all the central ministries and all the state, ministry and scheme reports were available to users in these ministries. The system was being implemented in the four states: of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The CPSMS-CBS interface was functional and was providing real time information exchange with the banks. The Planning Commission also decided to fast-track work on the system.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/planning-commission-fast-tracks-scheme-to-monitor-social-projects/20/28/364279/ Planning Commission fast-tracks scheme to monitor social projects]</ref>

=== 2009-10 ===
By the 2009-10 financial year the CPSMS had made significant strides since its initial roll out. The dedicated [[web portal]] of CPSMS was operational and had registered more than 8.00 lakhs hits. All the Plan Schemes of Civil Ministries have been mapped and about 75,000 Sanctions were issued. All releases from the Government of India under Plan Schemes were now made through CPSMS, and all agencies receiving these releases were registered on the CPSMS Portal. More than 800,000 agencies have been registered. Ministry, Scheme, State-wise, District, NGO, Individual data of releases from GOI are available centrally on CPSMS in real time. The CPSMS data is fully reconciled with the accounting data of Controller General of Accounts.

Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System has successfully integrated with the [[Core Banking Solution]] (CBS) of 150 banks all over India. It includes the public sector banks and major private sector banks.

CPSMS won the [[Microsoft]] Developer Innovation & Excellence Award in 2009.<ref>[http://www.windowsfs.com/special-features/windows-in-financial-services-developer-awards-3 Windows in Financial Services Developer Awards 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063909/http://www.windowsfs.com/special-features/windows-in-financial-services-developer-awards-3 |date=October 6, 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.windowsfs.com/uncategorized/state-bank-of-india-wins-developer-award-for-central-plan-scheme-monitoring-system State Bank of India Wins Developer Award for Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819125403/http://www.windowsfs.com/uncategorized/state-bank-of-india-wins-developer-award-for-central-plan-scheme-monitoring-system |date=August 19, 2010 }}</ref>

The CPSMS, after successfully completing the pilots, started pilots on e-payments to beneficiaries under various social sector schemes leveraging its CPSMS-CBS interface. Thus it provides a platform for the schemes for making payments directly in the bank accounts of beneficiaries.

Planning Commission, Government of India issued an office memorandum, making CPSMS mandatory for [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] Scheme of Government of India. CPSMS serves as the central MIS for all DBT transactions.

==Why CPSMS==
There are over 1045 plans being implemented in the priority social sector, aimed at millions of beneficiaries across India, through the different ministries of the central government of India. Moreover, the Central Government also releases funds under Additional Central Assistance program to states to use within their region. Approximately {{INRConvert|3|lc}} are released under these channels each year. Given the diversity in and number of channels through which the money is spent, the Central Government finds it necessary to ensure that the money is spent according to its intended purpose, and provide an accounting of same.{{cn|date=October 2015}}

CPSMS' purpose is to provide greater transparency and accountability to social sector monitoring that has not existed until now. Financial utilization can be put in the public domain, and fund transfers to grassroots entities and utilization by them can be accessed by interested individuals and organizations. Only about 20% of these funds are routed to states through the Treasury route and 80% of funds are sent through Special Purpose Vehicles, which have weaker intrinsic internal control mechanisms available in the Treasury mechanism.{{cn|date=October 2015}}

The current program-specific MISs operate with time lags and do not give a clear picture of funds remaining unutilized in each fiscal year. While funds released by the central government are immediately booked as expenditure in the Central Government accounts, utilization in the field takes time and while commercial banks enjoy the float, the Central Government must borrow to meet its fiscal deficit. This is attributable to the absence of a system that could quickly provide consolidated or granular information on utilization, advances, fund transfers or bank balances across schemes, districts, blocks or institutions. By the time utilization reports reach the State and Central level, the data is already historical, significantly limiting its utility. CPSMS will aid in better fiscal deficit management, and to ultimately move to a system of flow of authorization as against the actual flow of funds, whereby banks will first meet the expenses of the implementing agencies and then seek reimbursement from the Central Government.{{cn|date=October 2015}}

MISs based on post facto data feeding suffer from drawbacks of inefficiencies, inconsistencies, gaps and perennial reconciliations, as they are not integrated with the process flow. CPSMS attempts to address this, and the associated issues of transparency and accountability related to the SPV mode of implementation, keeping all the advantages of the mode intact.{{cn|date=October 2015}}

==Modus operandi==
The system uses a web-enabled application<ref>[http://cpsms.nic.in CPSMS web portal]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> developed in the office of Controller General of Accounts,<ref>[http://www.cga.nic.in Website of Controller General of Accounts]</ref> the apex accounting authority of the Government of India under [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]. In the first step, every agency receiving funds is registered on the system, including registration of all the bank accounts of the agency; this information is shared with the respective banks’ [[Core Banking System]] (CBS) for authentication.

After registration, CPSMS will enable one to one validation or payment authorization of each release of funds, whether expenditure, advance, or transfer. The corresponding instrument number and amount for any release would need to be entered in the system at the time of approval, before the actual transaction. Through the CPSMS-CBS interface, this information would be shared with the banks' CBS and an instrument of payment will be honored by banks only when the corresponding entry is received through the CPSMS.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Government finances in India]]

Miraj

2025-11-18T13:08:38Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Distinguish|Mi'raj}}
{{Short description|City in the Sangli District, Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Miraj
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Mirajmarketnorth.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Laxmi Market in Miraj
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.83|N|74.63|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal corporation
| governing_body = [[Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad City Municipal Corporation]] (SMKC)
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Digvijay Suryavanshi ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Mirajkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 416410
| area_code = 0233
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| registration_plate = MH-10
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Miraj''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[miɾəd͡z]]]; {{audio|Miraj.ogg|listen}}) is a city that is part of the [[Sangli Metropolitan Region|Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad metropolitan region]] in the [[Sangli district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Founded in the early 10th century, Miraj was an important [[jagir]] of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]].

[[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], stayed in Miraj for two months during his south India campaign. Because of its location, Miraj has been held as a strategic bastion. It was the capital of [[Miraj Senior]] and a vital junction on the central railway network. The [[Patwardhan dynasty|Patwardhan family]] were the hereditary rulers of Miraj until [[Indian independence movement|independence]].

Miraj is known for [[Hindustani classical music]] and medical services. It is an emerging medical hub in India. The city has an unbelievable{{what|date=December 2022}} doctor-to-patient ratio. The low cost of medical treatment, treatment facilities, and adjoining medical facilities attract patients to Miraj. The language is a key factor as most of the [[Kannada]]-speaking staff attract many patients from [[North Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mali |first1=Amit Mahadev |last2=Chavan |first2=S. D. |date=Jan 2017 |title=Medical Tourism In Miraj City: Opportunities And Challenges |url=https://ijrssis.in/upload_papers/0803201712033017.pdf |journal=International Journal of Researches in Social Sciences and Information Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=69–74 |issn=2347-8268}}</ref> Many [[medical tourists]] visit from the adjoining districts of North Karnataka and [[Goa]], as well as all over India and from Arab countries. The annual [[Ganesh Visarjan]] procession is an attraction that lasts for an average of twenty hours.

==History==

=== Shilahara (1000 to 1216) ===
At the end of the 9th century, the [[Shilahara]]s of [[Kolhapur]] gained control of Miraj. In 1024, the city was ruled by Narasimha of the Shilahar dynasty. [[Jatiga II]] ({{circa|1000–1020}}), the fourth Shilahar ruler, appears in the records of his son, Narasimha (c. 1050–1075). Jatiga II was succeeded by his son [[Gonka]], who has been described in inscriptions as the conqueror of Karahata ([[Karad]]), Miraj, and [[Konkan]]. The Shilaharas were able to retain control of Miraj despite nearby military action by Chavan-raja, a general of [[Western Chalukya]] King [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]].

===Yadavas and Bahmanis (1216 to 1347)===
In 1216, Miraj, along with other Shilahara territory, was conquered by the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]]. In 1318, the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanis]] gained control.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Husaini |first=S. A. Q. |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/74093.pdf |title=Bahman Shah: The Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=Calcutta}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2024}} The historian Tazkirat-ul-Mulk reported that [[Hasan Gangu]], the founder of the Bahmani dynasty, was in the employ of the Shaikh Muhammad Junaidi at Gangi near Miraj. Hasan found a treasure with which he raised an army, and marched on Miraj. He defeated and imprisoned Rani Durgavati, the [[subedar]] of Miraj, and captured the town's fort. At the behest of Shaikh Muhammad, the name of the town was changed to ''Mubarakabad'' in 1347 (748 [[Hijri year|AH]]). In 1395, the Bahmanis conquered Miraj.<ref name="auto" />{{Page needed|date=March 2024}} Between 1391 and 1403, Miraj was affected by the [[Famine in India#Ancient, medieval and pre-colonial India|Durga Devi famine]]. From 1423, Malik Imad Ul Mulk ruled Miraj. 1494 was the year of [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]]'s rebellion. For two months in 1660, [[Shivaji]] and Adilshah battled for control of Miraj.

===Fortress===
The builder of [[Miraj fort]] is unknown. It probably predates the Bahmani sultans, although they may have repaired it and increased its fortifications. They used the fort as a base for military expeditions against [[South Konkan]] and [[Goa]]. [[Firishta]] mentions the fort in an account of Gilani's rebellion in 1494, which was quelled by [[Sultan Muhammad II]] (1452–1515). Muhammad II took the fort from its governor, Buna Naik, who acquiesced to the new ruler. Gilani's troops were offered the option of joining Muhammad's army and being treated with leniency or leaving. About 2000 soldiers left the fort to join Gilani's rebel forces.

The fortress's main entrance was a massive gate towering at {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}, but it has been destroyed.

===Fall of the Bahmani Empire===
The power of the Bahmani rulers waned under the influence of powerful provincial governors. In 1490, the rule of Miraj passed to the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. During the later years of his reign, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] (1534–1558) kept his son, [[Ali Adil Shah I]] (1558–1580), under house arrest in Miraj. On Ibrahim's death in 1580, Miraj became an assembly point for Ali's troops in his assuming the throne. Subsequently, the troops of Miraj fought with Ismail against [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].

===Rise of the Maratha Empire===
On 28 November 1659, within 18 days of Bijapur General [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]'s death at [[Pratapgad]], the western Adil Sahi district was surrendered to [[Annaji Datto Sachiv|Annaji Datto]] (Shivaji's finance minister). Unlike other towns, the Miraj fort resisted. Shivaji, who was encamped at Kolhapur, sent [[Netaji Palkar]] to besiege Miraj. In January 1660, Shivaji arrived to personally command the three-month-long ongoing siege. However, news of attacks by Siddi Johar and Fazal Khan caused him to return to [[Panhala]]. The siege of Miraj was abandoned and negotiations began. Under the rule of [[Sambhaji]], the [[Maratha Empire]] generals [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] chose Miraj as a safe place for their families while they conducted [[guerrilla action]]s against the invading forces of [[Aurangzeb]] of the [[Mughal Empire]].

===Mughal Empire===
In 1687, Bijapur was conquered by the Mughals. Santaji Ghorpade became [[Deshmukh]] of Miraj in 1680 and Aurangzeb captured the town six years later. In 1730, Maratha [[Shahu I|Chhatrapati Shahu]] of [[Satara (city)|Satara]] ordered [[Pratinidhi|Pant Pratinidhi]]{{which|date=March 2024}} to attack the town. Miraj remained under Mughal rule until 3 October 1739, when it was captured by Shahu after a military campaign of two years, reflecting the fall of the last defences of the Mughals. In 1761, Harbhat Patwardhan's son, Gopalrao, took the Miraj [[jagir]] from [[Peshwa Madhavrao]].

===British Raj===
The [[Patwardhan dynasty]] ruled Miraj as the capital of a principality, overseen by [[British rule]]. Miraj was part of the southern division of the [[Bombay Presidency]] which in turn was part of the southern Maratha jagirs, and later the [[Deccan States Agency]]. In 1820, the state of Miraj was divided into [[Miraj Senior]] and [[Miraj Junior]]. The territory of both regions was distributed among other native states and British districts. The area of Miraj Senior was {{convert|339|sqmi|km2}}. In 1901, its population was 81,467. Its revenue was £23,000 and the tax paid to the British was £800. The population of the town of Miraj in 1901 was 18,425. It lay on a junction of the [[Southern Mahratta Railway]].

===Independence===
On 8 March 1948, Miraj Senior acceded to the [[Dominion of India]], and the city became part of the Republic of India. Since 1960, it has been part of the state of [[Maharashtra]].

== Climate ==

{{Weather box
| location = Miraj (1981–2010, extremes 1968–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.1
| Feb record high C = 40.0
| Mar record high C = 42.3
| Apr record high C = 43.0
| May record high C = 42.9
| Jun record high C = 41.6
| Jul record high C = 35.8
| Aug record high C = 34.8
| Sep record high C = 36.5
| Oct record high C = 39.2
| Nov record high C = 35.1
| Dec record high C = 34.4
| year record high C = 43.0
| Jan high C = 31.8
| Feb high C = 34.1
| Mar high C = 36.8
| Apr high C = 38.5
| May high C = 37.3
| Jun high C = 31.5
| Jul high C = 28.9
| Aug high C = 28.4
| Sep high C = 30.5
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 31.7
| Dec high C = 31.0
| year high C = 32.7
| Jan low C = 14.4
| Feb low C = 15.7
| Mar low C = 18.8
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 22.4
| Jun low C = 22.2
| Jul low C = 21.6
| Aug low C = 21.2
| Sep low C = 20.9
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 17.4
| Dec low C = 14.7
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 7.0
| Feb record low C = 8.6
| Mar record low C = 11.1
| Apr record low C = 14.2
| May record low C = 15.5
| Jun record low C = 18.5
| Jul record low C = 9.7
| Aug record low C = 17.4
| Sep record low C = 14.1
| Oct record low C = 13.3
| Nov record low C = 8.7
| Dec record low C = 6.5
| year record low C = 6.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.3
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 6.5
| Apr rain mm = 21.6
| May rain mm = 51.9
| Jun rain mm = 137.9
| Jul rain mm = 108.1
| Aug rain mm = 89.2
| Sep rain mm = 124.0
| Oct rain mm = 115.6
| Nov rain mm = 22.2
| Dec rain mm = 4.5
| year rain mm = 681.8
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 1.5
| May rain days = 2.8
| Jun rain days = 7.6
| Jul rain days = 9.7
| Aug rain days = 9.2
| Sep rain days = 7.0
| Oct rain days = 5.5
| Nov rain days = 1.5
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 45.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 39
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 30
| Apr humidity = 31
| May humidity = 45
| Jun humidity = 68
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 45
| year humidity = 51
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Miraj (Sangali) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 497–498
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Government of Maharashtra<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SANGLI/gen_climate.html | title = Climate
| publisher = Government of Maharashtra
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>
|date = June 2012
}}

== Demographics ==
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official language, while [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is also a widely spoken language of the city. A form of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Hyderabadi Deccani]] is also spoken.

==Hindustani classical music==
Miraj is a popular place for artists to perform during [[Urs|urus]]. The administrative office of the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]] is at Miraj. The city is known for its players and manufacturers of [[sitar]]s.

===Musicians===
* [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]]
* [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]
* [[Hirabai Badodekar]]
* [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]]
* [[Bal Gandharva]] made his debut performance at the city's Hans Prabha Theatre. In the same location, the Balgandharva Natyagruha was named for him.
* [[Abdul Karim Khan]], a performer of [[Kirana gharana]], lies interred within the Hadrat Khwaja Shamna Mira RH and Hadrat Mira Saheb RH Dargah. An annual music festival at the [[dargah]] takes place in his memory.
* [[Ram Kadam (composer)|Ram Kadam]], a Marathi film composer and musician

==String instruments==
Miraj supplies Indian string instruments such as the sitar, [[sarod]], and [[tanpura]]. These are made of wood and specially treated [[gourd]]s. The art of instrument making was developed by [[Faridsaheb Shikalgar]] in the 18th century, and his descendants, who now use 'Sitarmaker' as their surname,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sarbajaya |date=Feb 29, 2024 |title=Sitarmakers of Miraj: fading notes |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/sitarmakers-of-miraj-fading-notes/ |website=People's Archive of Rural India}}</ref> follow this tradition. The area of Miraj is known for creating sitars. The traditional craft of making these instruments is passed down from generation to generation.

== Famous places ==
Miraj is also known for Khwaja Shamna Mira, a dargah over the tomb of Khwaja Muhammad Mira Hussaini Chishti, a [[Sufi]] originally from [[Kashgar]] who migrated to Miraj. The story behind him is that at the time of his arrival in Miraj, the city was ruled by a [[black magic]]ian Gangna Dhobi who made human sacrifices. It is said that due to Mira's spiritual power he convinced Dhobi to become a [[Muslim]]. Another story tells that Mira was walking barefoot, and a [[shoemaker]] decided to make shoes for him with skin torn from his own thigh. As a reward, he asked for the right to cover the first chadar of Mira during his urus.{{clarify|date=March 2024}} This has continued since, and during his urus a shoemaker first puts a [[Chador#Beyond Iran|chadar]] on the tomb.

== Transportation ==

=== Railway ===
[[Miraj Junction railway station]] is an important junction on the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]. It was the only junction to have all three [[rail gauge]]s: [[broad gauge]], [[narrow gauge]], and [[metre gauge]]. The last narrow gauge train departed on 1 November 2008. Miraj now has only broad gauge railway tracks.{{when|date=March 2024}} Miraj is connected by railway to [[Pune]] in the north, [[Kurduvadi]] via [[Pandharpur]] in the northeast, and [[Belgaum]] and [[Goa]] in the south. In February 2011, passenger trains from [[Kolhapur]] to [[Solapur]] began running on the converted Miraj-Pandharpur-Kurduvadi broad gauge track.

Trains of the [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], like the [[Rani Chennamma Express]] bound for [[Bengaluru]], originate from [[Miraj Junction railway station|Miraj Junction station]].

=== Road ===
Miraj lies off the [[Mumbai]]-[[Pune]]-Bengaluru highway, [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]]. [[Sangli]] and Miraj form a triangle with two exits of NH 48, each about 50 km away. Though the time taken to travel from Miraj varies depending on speed and other factors, Mumbai is about 7 hours away, and Bengaluru about 11 hours away by car.

== MLA ==

[[Suresh Khade]], the MLA from Miraj constituency, represents the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2024 elections.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[William James Wanless]]{{snd}}Founder of Wanless Hospital
* [[Dargah of Meerasaheb Avalia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.smkc.gov.in The Municipal Corporation home page - Marathi language only as of 2006/10/09]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100818065812/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/m/mirajsnr.html List of rulers of Miraj Senior]
* [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SANGLI/places_Miraj.html Original article in the district Gazetteer]

{{Sangli district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangli district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Rising Star (Indian TV series) season 3

2025-11-16T18:08:47Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating info

{{short description|Indian Television show}}
{{About|Indian series|international franchise broadcast in a number of countries|Rising Star (TV series)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| starring =
| num_episodes = 24
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|3|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|6|8}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]''''' is the third [[India]]n version of the international franchise series ''[[Rising Star (TV series)|Rising Star]]'', a reality television singing competition. It is based on the [[Israel]]i singing competition ''[[HaKokhav HaBa]]'' (meaning ''The Next Star'') made by [[Keshet (TV)|Keshet Broadcasting Ltd]].

The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants live via the television channel's mobile app [[Voot]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rising-star-season-3-finale-live-updates-5771227/| title=Aftab Singh wins Colors reality show| website=Indian Express}}</ref> The show premiered on 16 March 2019 on [[Viacom 18|Colors TV]]. Playback singer and music director [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and actor-singer [[Diljit Dosanjh]] return as the experts and are joined by playback singer [[Neeti Mohan]] in this season. The show was hosted by playback singer [[Aditya Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/|title=Watch Rising Star Live on Voot as well as vote for your favorite stars}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsrecorder.in/colors-rising-star-season-3-16th-march-2019-written-updates/amp/#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title= Neeti Mohan replace Monali Thakur}} Retrieve on 16 March 2019</ref>

==Format==
In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges, ''Rising Star'' features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/abc-rising-star-judges-explain-why-this-singing-competition-will-be-different/|title=ABC's 'Rising Star' Judges Explain Why This Singing Competition Will Be Different|work=[[The Wrap]]|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> During each performance, the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/abc-rising-star-trailer-promo-you-are-the-judge-1201210296/|title=ABC's 'Rising Star' Trailer: You're the Judge of the New Singing Competition|date=3 June 2014|first=Laura|last=Prudom|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>

While the viewers at home are considered the "judges", the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5% of the total voting power.

===The Auditions===
The first round where the acts are individually called to perform. As a reportage of the announced performer is shown, viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act. Following a countdown of three seconds, the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called "The Wall".

With start of performance, the voting kicks in. Registered voters have the option of voting just "Yes" or "No". Non-votes are also considered "No" votes. If an expert votes "Yes", another 5% is added to the tally of the contestant. The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour. Faces of panelists voting "Yes" are also shown in larger frames.

Once the contestant reaches 80% of "Yes" votes, the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/06/03/rising-star-trailer/|title='Rising Star' trailer: Ludacris is tired of waiting for results|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref>

===The Duels===
Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel. The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant. The second contestant sings with the wall down. If the second contestant betters the first contestant's vote total, the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall, the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through.

==Live auditions==
;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced to Duels Ki Takkar Round

: {{Color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} Eliminated from Rising Star 3

: {{Color box|#B2EC5D|border=silver}} Highest votes

: {{Color box|#DCDCDC|border=silver}} Lowest votes of episode and Advanced
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>
The Live auditions began from 10 March 2019 on the grand finale of [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]].
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 80%;"
! rowspan="2" |Episode Date
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Age (in years)
! rowspan="2" |City
! rowspan="2" |State
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Guests
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|10 Mar
|Abhishek Saraph
|21
|[[Solapur]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Khamoshiyaan + Mon Majhi Re
|95%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="darkgray" |N/A
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="7" |16 Mar
|Radhika Mishra
|08
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Mai Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya+Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon
|90%
|Sister of [[Amit Mishra (singer)]].
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Salamat
Ali
|35
|[[Matoi, Punjab|Matoi]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Jugni
|91%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Suparna Panda
|19
|[[Midnapore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Bengal]]
|Dilbaro
|88%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Saimann Sewa
|15
|[[Darjeeling]]
|Mere Naam Tu
|91%
|He was a Contestant of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|[[Usha Timothy]]
|70
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai
|94%
|She is a playback singer.
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Animesh Sharma
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|26
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Rangiya]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Assam]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Bol Do Na Zara
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|97%
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|He also participated in [[Dil Hai Hindustani (season 2)]].<br>Highest Percentage in 3 Seasons
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Dee M C
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|25
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Kalyan]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Maharashtra]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Periods
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|83%
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Rapper
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="7" |17 Mar
| Mansi Sisodiya
| 14
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| Dil Haara
| 95%
|
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Aftab Singh
|13
|[[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Re Sultan
|95%
|He was a Contestant of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Diljot Singh
|14
|[[Sangrur]]
|Kar Har Maidan Fateh
|93%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Vishwaja Jadhav
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|09
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Virar]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Maharashtra]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Aawara Bhawre
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|89%
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Shubham Lodhi
|24
|[[Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Lagan Lagi
|93%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|Veer Dahiya
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|33
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[Gurgaon]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[Haryana]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|Teri Aankhya ka Kajal
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|32%
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor ="#FFC0CB" |Eliminated
|-
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Puja Chowdhary
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|19
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Kolkata]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[West Bengal]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Soona Soona
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|96%
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="7" |23 Mar
|Sanjay Satish
|25
|[[Calicut]]
|[[Kerala]]
|Mitwa
|93%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="17" bgcolor="darkgray" |N/A
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|[[Padmanav Bordoloi]]
|29
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|Chunar
|90%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|[[Swaraag|Swaraag Band]]
|21-42
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]
|92%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Ashmani Kundu
|29
|[[Dum Dum]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Namak Ishq Ka
|89%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Kunal Bojewar & Shikhar Rastogi
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|23, 24
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Gwalior]], [[Lucknow]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Tera Yaar Hoon Main
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|87%
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Diwakar Sharma
|26
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|Aai Zindagi
|95%
|He was first runner-up in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs (Season 1)]].
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|07
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Chowkham]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Sar Jo Tera Chakraye
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|96%
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="7" | 24 Mar
|Surtal Kulaar
|20
|[[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Tere Bin Nahi Lagda
|92%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Amritha Rajan
|22
|[[Calicut]]
|[[Kerala]]
|Kehna Hi Kya
|91%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Zuber Hashmi
|30
|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Aaj Ibadat
|90%
|He was a contestant of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa (2016).
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|17
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Odisha]]
|Dhadak Title Track
|93%
|She was the winner of [[Indian Idol Junior (season 2)]].
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |Prativa Dutta
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |15
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |[[Dakshineswar]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |[[West Bengal]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |Hawa Hawai
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |94%
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Chetan Brijwasi
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|12
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Mathura]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Jee Karda
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|86%
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|He was semifinalist in [[Rising Star (Indian season 2)]].
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Rehmat Ali
|31
|[[Phillaur]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Aaj Din Chadeya
|89%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="3" | 30 Mar
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Swastika Thakur
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|35
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Nagpur]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[Maharashtra]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|Agar Tum Sath Ho
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|94%
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#B2EC5D;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Konkan Kanya
|20-37
|[[Konkan]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|London Thumakda + Navrayi Majhi
|91%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Adriza Chakraborty
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|32
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[Kolkata]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[West Bengal]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|Aao Huzur Tumko
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|89%
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|}

==Duels ki Takkar==
;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 80%;"
! rowspan="2" |Episode Date
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Guests
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="4" |30 Mar
| rowspan="2" |1
|Suparna Panda
|Chupke Se
|90%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="darkgray" |N/A
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| [[Usha Timothy]]
| [[Lag Jaa Gale|Lag Ja Gale Se]]
| 81%
|
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Radhika Mishra
| Yeh Ishq Haye
| 82%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|Vishwaja Jadhav
|[[Galliyan|Teri Galiyan]]
|94%
|She got 59% because of Technical Error during Live Votings. She performed again and got 94%.
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="7" |31 Mar
| rowspan="2" |1
|Ashmani Kundu
|Ab Ke Sawan
|66%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| Animesh Sharma
| Muskurane Ki Wajah
| 95%
|
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Harman Singh
| Ruth Aa Gai Re
| 89%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|Aftab Singh
|Layi vi Na Gai
|94%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
|Saimann Sewa
|[[Channa Mereya]]
| 89%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Kunal & Shikhar
| Gulabi Aankhein + Phir Mohabbat
| 85%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| Sanjay Satish
| Tu Hi Re
| 88%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="6" |6 Apr
| rowspan="2" |1
|Mansi Sisodiya
|Chhap Tilak
|88%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| Rehmat Ali
| Dil Da Mamla
| 92%
|
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Salamat Ali
| Dama Dam
| 85%
|
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Puja Chowdhary
|Sapno Se Bhare Naina
|68%
|
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|[[Swaraag|Swaraag Band]]
|Sawan Mein + Rajasthani Folk
|87%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| Swastika Thakur
| Rangeela Re
| 90%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="6" |7 Apr
| rowspan="2" |1
| Konkan Kanya
| Radha Teri + Badri Ki Dulhaniya
| 85%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="darkgray" |N/A
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Surtal Kulaar
| Enna Sona
| 76%
|
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Diwakar Sharma
| Samjhawan
| 93%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|Padmanav Bordoloi
|Saawariya
|82%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|Amritha Rajan
|Sun Raha Hai Na Tu
|90%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Prativa Dutta
| Gulaabo
| 87%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="8" |13 Apr
| rowspan="2" |1
| Ananya Nanda
| Hay Rama
| 91%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Dee M C
| Jagga Jiteya
| 69%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Abhishek Saraph
| [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (song)|Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]
| 94%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Zuber Hashmi
| [[Mast Magan]]
| 79%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| Chow Oupseng Namchum
| Baar Baar Dekho
| 93%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Chetan Brijwasi
| Dil Cheez Tujhe Dedi
| 79%
| India's Favourite 16 was made India's Favourite 17 for Chetan Brijwasi on the request of experts.
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| Adriza Chakraborty
| Aaiye Meharbaan
| 85%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Shubham Lodhi
| [[Jag Ghoomeya]]
| 82%
|
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|}

==Grand Premiere==

=== Episode 10: 14 April 2019 ===

This round had no voting and elimination. Voting for song selection was done for Shankar Mahadevan and Ananya Nanda. Ananya selected song:"Bumbro Bumbro" and Shankar Mahadevan selected "Maahi Ve" and audience voted. Maximum audience selected "Maahi Ve" and both sang the song.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 100%;"
! rowspan="1" |Order No
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" |Contestants
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Companion
! rowspan="1" |Song
|-
|1
|Salamat Ali
| colspan="2" |Rehmat Ali
| colspan="2" |
|Dulhe Ka Sehra
|-
|2
| colspan="3" |Konkan Kanya
| colspan="2" |
|Aankhon Ki Gustakhiya + Ye Kaali Kaali Aankhen
|-
|3
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
| colspan="2" |Vishwaja Jadhav
| colspan="2" |
|Ladaka Bada Anjaana Hai
|-
|4
| colspan="3" |Ananya Nanda
| colspan="2" |[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|Maahi Ve, Bumbro Bumbro
|-
|5
|Diwakar Sharma
|Amritha Rajan
|Sanjay Satish
| colspan="2" |
|Chura Ke Dil Mera
|-
|6
|Animesh Sharma
| colspan="2" |Abhishek Saraph
| colspan="2" |[[Neeti Mohan]]
|Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai
|-
|7
|Aftab Singh
| colspan="2" |Chetan Brijwasi
| colspan="2" |[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|Chalo Ishq Ladaaye
|-
|8
| colspan="3" |Saimann Sewa
|[[Aditya Narayan]]
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|Woh Ladki Jo Sabse Alag Hai + Main Khiladi Tu Anari
|-
|9
|Suparna Panda
|Swastika Thakur
|Adriza Chakraborty
| colspan="2" |
|Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin
|-
|}

==Salam-E-Rekha==

=== Episode 11: 21 April 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Neeti Mohan
!Rekha
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| Ananya Nanda
| rowspan="2" |Salaam-E-Ishq Meri Jaan
| rowspan="2" |92.3%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Abhishek Saraph
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| Aftab Singh
| rowspan="2" |Rang Barse
| rowspan="2" |92.9%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Rehmat Ali
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
| Chetan Brijwasi
| rowspan="3" |Tere Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi
| rowspan="3" |87%
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Chow Oupseng Namchum
|-
| Vishwaja Jadhav
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| Amritha Rajan
| rowspan="2" |Kaisi Paheli Zindagani
| rowspan="2" |86%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Adriza Chakraborty
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| Suparna Panda
| rowspan="2" |Dekha Ek Khwaab
| rowspan="2" |93%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Animesh Sharma
|-
| rowspan="2" |6
| Saimann Sewa
| rowspan="2" |Pardesiya
| rowspan="2" |79%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
| Swastika Thakur
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| Konkan Kanya
| rowspan="2" |Man Kyu Behka + Naam Re
| rowspan="2" |88%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Salamat Ali
|-
| rowspan="2" |8
| Diwakar Sharma
| rowspan="2" |Agar Tum Na Hote
| rowspan="2" |94%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
| Sanjay Satish
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Summer Camp & Bachpan ke Din==

=== Episode 12: 27 April 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Ananya Nanda
|Albela Sajan Aayo Re
|89%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Abhishek Saraph
|[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|Chota Bachcha Jaan Ke
|88%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Chetan Brijwasi
|Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani
|77%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|5
|Salamat Ali
|Tu Maane Ya Na Maane (Folk song)
|87%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|6
|Adriza Chakraborty
|[[Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu]]
|82%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|7
|Animesh Sharma
|Roke Na Ruke Naina
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 13: 28 April 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Aftab Singh
|Arziyan
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Amritha Rajan
|Mere Dholna Sun
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Vishwaja Jadhav
|Dil Hai Chhota Sa
|84%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Rehmat Ali
|Ye Hausla
|88%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Sanjay Satish
|Tere Bina Besuadi
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|6
|Diwakar Sharma
|[[Masakali]]
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|7
|Konkan Kanya
|Intehan Ho Gai + [[Piya Tu Ab To Aaja|Piya Tu]]
|81%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|8
|Suparna Panda
|16 Baras Ki
|77%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Fully Filmy==

=== Episode 14: 4 May 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|[[Mera Joota Hai Japani]]
|88%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Konkan Kanya
|[[Dola Re Dola]]
|77%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|3
|Diwakar Sharma
|Main Hoon Don
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Sanjay Satish
|Deva Shree Ganesha
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Aftab Singh
|Maula Mere Le Le Meri Jaan
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|6
|Adriza Chakraborty
|Kate Nahi Kat Te
|88%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|7
|Ananya Nanda
|[[Deewani Mastani]]
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 15: 5 May 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|1
|Amritha Rajan
|Sun Saathiya
|89%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Rehmat Ali
|Lagan Laagi Tum Se
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Vishwaja Jadhav
|Yeh Hasin Waadiyan
|84%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|4
|Abhishek Saraph
|Aake Seedhi Lage
|89%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Animesh Sharma
|Suno Na Sangemarmar
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|6
|Salamat Ali
|[[Mere Rashke Qamar]]
|87%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Lakshmikant-Pyarelal Songs & Parents Special==

=== Episode 16: 11 May 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Guests
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Abhishek Saraph
|[[Parda Hai Parda (song)|Parda Hai Parda]]
|92%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|--
|2
|Amritha Rajan
|[[Tere Mere Beech Mein]]
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Rehmat Ali
|Lambi Judai
|72%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|4
|Ananya Nanda
|Hungama Ho Gaya
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Aftab Singh
|Khuda Gawah
|92%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|6
|Sanjay Satish
|Ek Haseena Thi
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 17: 12 May 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
| Diwakar Sharma
| Tujhse Naraz Nahi Zindagi
|95%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|--
|2
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|Lakdi Ki Kathi
|89%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Adriza Chakraborty
|Surmai Akhiyon Mein
|81%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Salamat Ali
|Main Jahan Rahoon
|77%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Animesh Sharma
|[[Naina (Arijit Singh song)|Naina]]
|70%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced

:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Dosti Special & Madhuri Dixit Special==

=== Episode 18: 18 May 2019 ===

'''Second Chance:'''

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Rehmat Ali
|Sanu Ek Pal
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="gold"|Won Re-entry
|--
|2
|Konkan Kanya
|[[Humma Humma]] + Ke Sera Sera
|44%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Couldn't make a comeback
|--
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

'''Dosti Special:'''

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Sanjay Satish
|[[Dil Se Re]]
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|--
|2
|Amritha Rajan
|[[Barso Re]] Megha
|83%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Salamat Ali
|Aas Pas Hai Khuda
|80%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|4
|Aftab Singh
|Piya Re Piya Re
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 19: 19 May 2019 ===

'''Madhuri Dixit Special:'''

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Guests
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|1
|Abhishek Saraph
|Khambe Jaisi + Eena Meena Deeka
|88%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Adriza Chakraborty
|Mera Piya Ghar Aaya + Aaja Nachle
|79%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Diwakar Sharma
|Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Rehmat Ali
|O Re Piya
|78%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Ananya Nanda
|Maar Dala
|82%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|6
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|Chak Dhoom Dhoom
|71%
|[[File:Red_Arrow_Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="red"|Eliminated
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Qawwali Special & Bharat Special==

=== Episode 20: 25 May 2019 ===

'''Challenger Week'''

In this week contestant challenged each other to beat their score. The contestant who sat on the Red Chair till the end of the episode was Eliminated.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 99%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Abhishek Saraph
|Aye Meri Zohra Jabeen
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Abhishek was selected to sing first by a lucky dip.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|2
|Rehmat Ali
|Allah Hoo
|87%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged By Abhishek. Could beat the Score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|3
|Adriza Chakraborty
|[[Kajra Re]]
|52%
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Rehmat. Could not beat the score.
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated
|-
|4
|Amritha Rajan
|Kajra Mohabbat Wala
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Adriza. Could beat the score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|5
|Ananya Nanda
|Nigahein Milane Ko
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Adriza. Could beat the score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|6
|Aftab Singh
|Piya Haji Ali
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Adriza. Could beat the score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|7
|Sanjay Satish
|Tumse Milke Dil Ka Jo Haal
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Adriza. Could beat the score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|8
|Diwakar Sharma
|Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana
|96%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|Challenged by Adriza. Could beat the score.
| bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 21: 26 May 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size: 99%;"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| 1
|Abhishek Saraph
|Ishq Di Chashni
|87%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|2
|Sanjay Satish
|Tadap Tadap Ke
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|3
|Diwakar Sharma
|Chand Chhupa Badal Mein
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|4
|Amritha Rajan
|Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
|82%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|5
|Aftab Singh
|Bhar Do Jholi Meri
|94%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|6
|Ananya Nanda
|Kamli
|87%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f"|Advanced
|-
|7
|Rehmat Ali
|Humka Peeni Hai
|61%
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated
|-
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Ticket To Finale & Semi Finale Week==
The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week for ''Ticket To Finale''.

=== Episode 22: 1 June 2019 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' Choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Sanjay Satish
|Satrangi Re
|89.8%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Diwakar Sharma
|Tanhai
|89.1%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ananya Nanda
|[[Duaa (song)|Duaa]]
|74%
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Abhishek Saraph
|Yeh Dil Deewana + Deewana Tera
|84%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Amritha Rajan
|Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna
|73%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated
|-
|'''6'''
|Aftab Singh
|Haanikaarak Bapu
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor=gold|'''Won Ticket To Finale'''
|-
|}
;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

=== Episode 23: 2 June 2019 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' Choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Abhishek Saraph
|Pehla Nasha
|86%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Sanjay Satish
|Roop Tera Mastana
|89%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ananya Nanda
|[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo|Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]
|84%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated
|-
|'''4'''
|Diwakar Sharma
|[[Tum Hi Ho]]
|93%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|}
;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Grand Finale==
=== Episode 24: 8 June 2019 ===

'''First Round:'''
Judges had 3% votes.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' Choices
! rowspan="2" |Guests
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Neeti Mohan
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Diwakar Sharma
|[[Bulleya]]
|91%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Sanjay Satish
|Maa Thuje Salam
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Abhishek Saraph
|Alvida
|79%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated
|-
|'''4'''
|Aftab Singh
|Aahun Aahun
|90%
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|20x20px]]
|bgcolor="#fdfc8f" |Advanced
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Advanced
:{{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

'''Second Round:'''
Judges had no voting power.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="1" |Order
! rowspan="1" |Contestant
! rowspan="1" |Song
! rowspan="1" |Votes
! rowspan="1" |Result
|-
|'''1'''
|Sanjay Satish
|Jhoom Barabar Jhoom
|76%
|bgcolor="pink" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|'''2'''
|Diwakar Sharma
|Ramta Jogi
|82%
|bgcolor="orange" |1st Runner-up
|-
|'''3'''
|Aftab Singh
|Tharki Chokro
|89%
|bgcolor="lime" |Winner<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/rising-star-3-2019-finale-winner-name-live-updates-one-rising-star-contestant-won-winner-trophy-all-are-rocks-the-stage/1046139/| title=Rising Star Season 3 Finale Winner: आफताब सिंह ने जीता खिताब, फर्स्ट रनरअप दिवाकर शर्मा को भी मिली इतनी प्राइज मनी| website=Jansatta}}</ref>
|}

;Color key
<div class="center">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
:{{Color box|lime|border=silver}} Winner
:{{Color box|orange|border=silver}} 1st Runner-up
:{{Color box|pink|border=silver}} 2nd Runner-up
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==India's Favourite 17==

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="1"|No.
! rowspan="1"|Contestant
!City,State
!Notes
!Status
! rowspan="1"|Result
|-
|bgcolor="lime"|1
|bgcolor="lime"|Aftab Singh
|bgcolor="lime"|[[Faridkot, Punjab]]
|bgcolor="lime"|Participated in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017]]
|bgcolor="lime"|Winner
|bgcolor="lime"|1st Position
|-
|bgcolor="orange"|2
|bgcolor="orange"|Diwakar Sharma
|bgcolor="orange"|[[Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|bgcolor="orange"|1st Runner up of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 1]]
|bgcolor="orange"|1st Runner-up
|bgcolor="orange"|2nd Position
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|3
|bgcolor="pink"|Sanjay Satish
|bgcolor="pink"|[[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]
|bgcolor="pink"|2nd Runner up of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors (Tamil)]]
|bgcolor="pink"|2nd Runner-up
|bgcolor="pink"|3rd Position
|-
|bgcolor="silver"|4
|bgcolor="silver"|Abhishek Saraph
|bgcolor="silver"|[[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|bgcolor="silver"|
|bgcolor="silver" |3rd Runner-up
|bgcolor="silver"|4th Position
|-
|bgcolor="gold"| 5
|bgcolor="gold"|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|bgcolor="gold"|[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|bgcolor="gold"|Winner of [[Indian Idol Junior|Indian Idol Junior 2]]
|bgcolor="gold" |Eliminated on 2 June
|bgcolor="gold"|5th Position
|-
|bgcolor="gold"|6
|bgcolor="gold"|Amritha Rajan
|bgcolor="gold"|[[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]
|bgcolor="gold"|
|bgcolor="gold" |Eliminated on 1 June
|bgcolor="gold"|6th Position
|-
|7
|Rehmat Ali
|[[Phillaur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|bgcolor="lightseagreen" |Eliminated on 11 May<br>Re-entry on 18 May
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 26 May
|7th Position
|-
|8
|Adriza Chakraborty
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 25 May
|8th Position
|-
|9
|Chow Oupseng Namchum
|[[Chowkham]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 19 May
|9th Position
|-
|10
|Salamat Ali
|[[Matoi, Punjab|Matoi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 18 May
|10th Position
|-
|11
|Animesh Sharma
|[[Rangiya]], [[Assam]]
|Participated in [[Dil Hai Hindustani (season 2)]]
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 12 May
|11th Position
|-
|12
|Vishwaja Jadhav
|[[Virar]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 5 May
|12th Position
|-
|13
|Konkan Kanya
|[[Konkan]], [[Maharashtra]]
| bgcolor="lightseagreen" |Eliminated on 4 May<br>Re-entry on 18 May
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 18 May
|13th Position
|-
|14
|Suparna Panda
|[[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]]
|
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 28 April
|14th Position
|-
|15
|Chetan Brijwasi
|[[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Participated in [[Rising Star (Indian season 2)]]
|bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 27 April
|15th Position
|-
|16
|Swastika Thakur
|[[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 21 April
|16th Position
|-
|-
|17
|Saimann Sewa
|[[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]
|Participated in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017]]
| bgcolor="red" |Eliminated on 21 April
|17th Position
|}

<div class="center">{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|lime|border=silver}} Winner
: {{Color box|orange|border=silver}} 1st Runner-up
: {{Color box|pink|border=silver}} 2nd Runner-up
: {{Color box|silver|border=silver}} 3rd Runner-up
: {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Semi finalists
: {{Color box|red|border=silver}} Eliminated
: {{Color box|lightseagreen|border=silver}} Eliminated and Re-entry
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Scoring Chart==
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:70%"
!Contestant
!Auditions
!Duels
!Week 1
Salam-E-Rekha
!Week 2
Summer Camp &<br>Bachpan ke Din
!Week 3
Fully Filmy
!Week 4
Lakshmikant-<br>Pyarelal Special &<br>Parents Special
!colspan="2" |Week 5
Second Chance & Dosti Special & Madhuri Dixit Special
!colspan=2 |Week 6
Qawwali Special & Bharat Special
!colspan=2 |Week 7
TICKET TO FINALE & SEMI FINALE
! colspan="2" |GRAND FINALE
!Position
!Average%
|-
|'''Aftab Singh'''
|95%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |94%
|92.9%
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|93%}}
|92%
|colspan = "2" bgcolor="lightblue" |93%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |94%
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
|bgcolor="Gold" |{{Font color|blue|93%}}
|bgcolor="Gold" colspan=1|''Ticket To Finale''
|bgcolor="lightblue" |90%
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|89%}}
|bgcolor="lime" |{{Font color|blue|1st}}
|92.8%
|-
|-
!'''Diwakar Sharma'''
|95%
|93%
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
|bgcolor="lightblue" |90%
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|95%}}
|colspan = "2" bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|96%}}
|bgcolor="lightblue" |93%
|89.1%
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|93%}}
|bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|91%}}
|bgcolor="lightblue" |82%
| bgcolor="gold" |{{Font color|blue|2nd}}
|92.2%
|-
!'''Sanjay Satish'''
|93%
|88%
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |91%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |90%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |93%
|colspan = "2" |91%
|93%
|91%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |89.8%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |89%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |90%
|bgcolor="lightpink" |76%
|bgcolor="silver" |{{Font color|blue|3rd}}
|89.9%
|-
!'''Abhishek Saraph'''
|95%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |94%
|92.3%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |91%
|89%
|92%
|colspan = "2" |88%
|91%
|87%
|84%
|bgcolor="lightpink" |86%
|bgcolor="salmon"|79%
|bgcolor="gray"|{{Font color|white|Finalist}}
|bgcolor="pink" |{{Font color|blue|4th}}
|89.0%
|-
!'''Ananya Nanda'''
|93%
|91%
|92.3%
|89%
|bgcolor="lightblue" |90%
|86%
|colspan = "2" |82%
|91%
|87%
|bgcolor="lightpink" |74%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=1|84%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan="2"|Eliminated
|bgcolor="orange" |5th
|87.2%
|-
!'''Amritha Rajan'''
|91%
|90%
| bgcolor="lightpink" |86%
|86%
|89%
|90%
|colspan = "2" |83%
|bgcolor="lightpink" |86%
|bgcolor="lightpink" |82%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=1|73%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=3|Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |6th
|85.6%
|-
!'''Rehmat Ali'''
|89%
|92%
|92.9%
|88%
| bgcolor="lightpink" |86%
| bgcolor="salmon" |72%
| bgcolor="navy" |{{Font color|white|86%}}
|bgcolor="lightpink" |78%
|87%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=1|61%
| bgcolor="salmon" colspan=4|Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |7th
|83.2%
|-
!'''Adriza Chakraborty'''
|89%
|85%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |86%
|82%
|88%
|81%
|colspan = "2" |79%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=1|52%
| bgcolor="salmon" colspan=5|Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |8th
|80.3%
|-
!'''Chow Oupseng Namchum'''
| bgcolor="lightblue" |96%
|93%
|87%
|88%
|88%
|89%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=2|71%
| bgcolor="salmon" colspan=6|Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |9th
|87.4%
|-
!'''Salamat Ali'''
|91%
|85%
|88%
|87%
|87%
|bgcolor ="salmon" |77%
|bgcolor="salmon" colspan=2|80%
| bgcolor="salmon" colspan=6|Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |10th
|85.0%
|-
!'''Animesh Sharma'''
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|97%}}
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|95%}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |93%
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|94%}}
| bgcolor="royalblue" |{{Font color|white|93%}}
| bgcolor="salmon" |70%
| colspan="8" bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |11th
|90.3%
|-
!'''Vishwaja Jadhav'''
|89%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |94%
|87%
|84%
| bgcolor="salmon" |84%
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |12th
|87.6%
|-
!'''Konkan Kanya'''
|91%
|85%
|88%
| bgcolor="lightpink" |81%
| bgcolor="salmon" |77%
| bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="purple" |{{Font color|white|44%}}
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |13th
|77.7%
|-
!'''Suparna Panda'''
|88%
|90%
| bgcolor="lightblue" |93%
| bgcolor="salmon" |77%
| colspan="10" bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |14th
|87.0%
|-
!'''Chetan Brijwasi'''
|86%
| bgcolor="tomato" |79%
|87%
| bgcolor="salmon" |77%
| colspan="10" bgcolor="orange" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |15th
|82.3%
|-
!'''Swastika Thakur'''
|94%
|90%
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |79%
| colspan="11" rowspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |Eliminated
| bgcolor="orange" |16th
|87.7%
|-
!'''Saimann Sewa'''
|91%
|89%
| bgcolor="orange" |17th
|86.3%
|-
|}

:{{Color box|royalblue|border=silver}} The contestant was the highest scorer.
:{{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} The contestant was the second highest scorer.
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} The contestant was the second lowest scorer.
:{{Color box|salmon|border=silver}} The contestant was the lowest scorer and was eliminated.
:{{Color box|tomato|border=silver}} The contestant was actually eliminated but was saved on Expert's Request.
:{{Color box|navy|border=silver}} The contestant had a chance to return, won and re-entered the competition.
:{{Color box|purple|border=silver}} The contestant had a chance to return to the competition but lost was eliminated again.
:{{Color box|gold |border=silver}} Ticket To Finale
:{{Color box|green|border=silver}} Winner
:{{Color box|brown|border=silver}} 1st Runner-up
:{{Color box|olive|border=silver}} 2nd Runner-up
:{{Color box|gray|border=silver}} 3rd Runner-up

==Guests==

: {{Color box|#87ceeb|border=silver}} Guest Judge
: {{Color box|#fdfc8f|border=silver}} Expert Judge
: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Guest Companion

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Guest !!Episode !!Date !!Notes
|-
|[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]] Contestants and Host
|style="text-align:center" |0
|10 March
| Grand Finale and Motivate [[Aditya Narayan]]
|-
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Akriti Kakkar]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Master Saleem]]
| style="text-align:center" |1
|16 March
| To introduce new contestants
|-
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |17 March
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|Guest Judge
|-
|Rohanpreet Singh & Akhtar Bros
|Ex Contestants & for a performance
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| style="text-align:center" |3
|23 March
|LIVE from [[Filmfare Awards]].
|-
| rowspan="1" |Vishnumaya Ramesh, Maithili Thakur, [[Hemant Brijwasi]], Bannet Dosanjh, Rohanpreet Singh, Akhtar Bros, Chetan Brijwasi, Vikramjeet Singh
| style="text-align:center" |3 & 4
|23 March & 24 March
| rowspan="1" |Ex Contestants of Season 1 & 2 [Finalists]
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians]] team: [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]], [[Krunal Pandya]]
| style="text-align:center" |6
|31 March
|[[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team of [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|[[Mika Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |7
| rowspan="2" | 6 April
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|Guest Judge
|-
|[[Darshan Raval]]
|To promote "Dil Beats"
|-
| [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| style="text-align:center" |8
| 7 April
| Promotion of "[[Kalank]]"
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|[[Kumar Sanu]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |10
| rowspan="2" | 14 April
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;"|Guest Judge
|-
|bgcolor="lightgreen" |[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|bgcolor="lightgreen" | To sing "[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar]]", "[[Leja Leja Re|Leja Re]]", "[[Vaaste (song)|Vaaste]]" with Saimann Sewa and Aditya Narayan in The Grand Premiere
|-
| style="background-color:#fdfc8f;"|[[Rekha]]
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdfc8f;" |11
| style="background-color:#fdfc8f;"| 21 April
| style="background-color:#fdfc8f;"|Expert Judge
|-
| [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Tara Sutaria]], [[Student of the Year 2|Ananya Pandey]]
| style="text-align:center" |12
| 27 April
| Promotion of "[[Student of the Year 2]]"
|-
| [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| style="text-align:center" |15
| 5 May
| Promotion of "[[De De Pyaar De]]"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgreen" | [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Pyarelal]] and Band
|bgcolor="lightgreen" style="text-align:center"| 16
|bgcolor="lightgreen" | 11 May
|style="background-color:lightgreen" | Guest Judge & Companion
|-
|
* [[Deepika Singh]] as Sandhya Patwardhan
* [[Namik Paul (actor)|Namik Paul]] as Angad Jindal
* [[Vin Rana]] as Kapil Mittal
| style="text-align:center;" |18
|18 May
|To promote "[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach 2]]"
|-
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;" |[[Madhuri Dixit]]
| style="background-color:#87ceeb; text-align:center;" |19
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;" |19 May
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;" | To promote "[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 2]]"
|-
|[[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |21
| rowspan="2" |26 May
|To promote "[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]"
|-
|
* [[Pearl V Puri]] as Ragbir Malhotra
|To promote "[[Bepanah Pyaar]]"
|-
|[[Tushar Kalia]], [[Shashank Khaitan]], [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |23
| 2 June
| To promote "[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 2]]"
|-
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;" |[[Udit Narayan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |24
| rowspan="2" |8 June
| style="background-color:#87ceeb;" |Guest Judge
|-
|
* Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia
|To promote "Choti Sardaarni"
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rising Star India}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Rising Star (Indian TV series)]]

1957 Indian vice presidential election

2025-10-26T11:52:28Z

TeresaBrousseau:

{{Short description|Vice-presidential election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1957 Indian vice presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1952 Indian vice presidential election
| previous_year = 1952
| next_election = 1962 Indian vice presidential election
| next_year = 1962
| election_date = 11 May 1957
| image1 = Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg
| nominee1 = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| party1 = Independent politician
| home_state1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''Unopposed'''
| color1 = ABCDEF
| title = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| before_election = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| before_party = Independent politician
| after_election = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| after_party = Independent politician
}}
The '''1957 Indian vice presidential election''' was held in 1957 to elect the [[vice president of India]]. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] was reelected unopposed.<ref name=eci>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Vice%20Presidentail%20Election%20Background.pdf BACKGROUND MATERIAL REGARDING FOURTEENTH ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT, 2012, ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA]</ref> Had the election been contested by more than one candidate, the poll would have occurred on 11 May 1957.

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 9 April 1957.<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6926-background-material-related-to-election-to-the-office-of-vice-president-of-india-2017/ |title=Background material related to Election to the office of Vice-President of India, 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!Poll Event
!Date
|-
!1.
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 18 April 1957
|-
!2.
| Date for Scrutiny of nomination
| 20 April 1957
|-
!3.
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 23 April 1957
|-
!4.
| Date of Poll
| 11 May 1957
|-
!5.
| '''Date of Counting'''
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center| '''NA'''
|-
|}

==Result==
The Electoral College consisted of 735 members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Dr. Radhakrishnan was the only validly nominated candidate and hence he was declared as elected unopposed, to the office of the Vice-President on 23 April 1957. He started his second term on 13 May 1957.<ref name=election2017/>

==See also==
* [[1957 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian vice presidential elections}}

[[Category:Vice-presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:1957 elections in India|India]]
[[Category:Uncontested elections|Indian vice presidential election, 1957]]

Nyapin–Palin Assembly constituency

2025-10-02T23:06:24Z

TeresaBrousseau: creating new bio - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nyapin–Palin
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,795
| mla = Tadar Tang
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Nyapin–Palin''' or '''Nyapin–Palim''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | Tadar Tang || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin-Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Tang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,265 |percentage=41.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamen Ringu |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,836 |percentage=35.66% |change={{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dozang Taging |party=Independent politician |votes=1,371 |percentage=17.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tai Punung |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=4.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takio Sonia |party=Janata Party |votes=101 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=429 |percentage=5.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,953 |percentage=80.08% |change= {{increase}}21.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,795 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin-Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Tang |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,362 |percentage=49.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Taniang |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,086 |percentage=43.81% |change={{increase}}23.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Techi Tuku |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=314 |percentage=6.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=276 |percentage=5.80% |change= {{decrease}}53.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,762 |percentage=55.92% |change= {{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}30.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin-Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Tang |party=Janata Party |votes=3,961 |percentage=79.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Taniang |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=999 |percentage=20.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,962 |percentage=59.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,960 |percentage=59.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,743 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}