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Maharaja (2024 film)

2026-05-31T16:00:43Z

TeodoroGalvan6: new - done

{{short description|2024 Indian film by Nithilan Saminathan}}
{{Distinguish|Maharaj (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maharaja 2024 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nithilan Saminathan]]
| screenplay = Nithilan Saminathan Raam Murali<ref name="30C" />
| story = Nithilan Saminathan
| producer = Sudhan Sundaram Jagadish Palanisamy
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
* Sachana Namidass
* [[Mamta Mohandas]]
* [[Natty Subramaniam]]
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Purushothaman
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = Passion Studios Think Studios The Route
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|06|12|premiere|2024|06|14|theatrical|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharaja-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymtiz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617035040/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharaja-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymtiz |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore{{Efn|According to ''[[Jagran English]]'', Maharaja was made on a budget of 20 crores which included promotion costs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=15 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Box Office Collection Day 1: Strong Opening For Vijay Sethupathi's Tamil Movie |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-strong-opening-for-vijay-sethupathi-tamil-movie-10167284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619024632/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-strong-opening-for-vijay-sethupathi-tamil-movie-10167284 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Jagran English]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Box Office Collection Day 5: Vijay Sethupathi-Anurag Kashyap's Movie Maintains Steady Pace |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-movie-maintains-steady-pace-10168047 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125545/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-movie-maintains-steady-pace-10168047 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[English Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}190 crore<ref name="low point">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Reveals Maharaja Came To Him At His Lowest Point "People Said My Career Is Over" |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-reveals-maharaja-came-to-him-at-his-lowest-point-people-said-my-career-is-over-article-119000243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316171118/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-reveals-maharaja-came-to-him-at-his-lowest-point-people-said-my-career-is-over-article-119000243 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Maharaja''''' ({{Translation|[[Maharaja|The Great King]]}}){{Efn|Also the name of the title character.}} is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja |url=https://tiff.net/events/maharaja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710044218/https://tiff.net/events/maharaja |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=[[Toronto International Film Festival]] |quote=A barber sets out for revenge after his home is broken into in this Tamil-language action thriller}}</ref> directed by [[Nithilan Saminathan]]. Produced by The Route, [[Think Music|Think Studios]] and Passion Studios, the film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], alongside [[Anurag Kashyap]] and Sachana Namidass (in her major film debut), with [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Divyabharathi]], [[Singampuli]], [[Aruldoss]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Manikandan]] and [[Bharathiraja]] in key roles. The story follows a barber in [[Chennai]] who goes to the police station to retrieve his stolen dustbin, only for the police to find his intentions to be something else.

The film was officially announced in February 2023 under the tentative title ''VJS50'', as it is Sethupathi's 50th film as the lead actor. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month, predominantly taking place in Chennai throughout a single schedule. The official title was announced in July, coinciding with the filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] and Think Studios joining as co-producers. The music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], with cinematography by Dinesh Purushothaman and editing by [[Philomin Raj]].

''Maharaja'' had its world premiere on 12 June 2024 in India, and had a proper theatrical release two days later. The film received critical acclaim, who praised Sethupathi and Kashyap's performances, Philomin's editing and Swaminathan's script and direction. It set several records, including the highest-grossing South Indian film in China, highest-grossing Indian film in China since 2018 and emerged the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|fourth highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024]].<ref name="50c" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=20 June 2024 |title=With Maharaja, Garudan and Aranmanai 4, is Tamil cinema back on track? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-maharaja-garudan-and-aranmanai-4-is-tamil-cinema-back-on-track/50ac4f8505420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710044220/https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-maharaja-garudan-and-aranmanai-4-is-tamil-cinema-back-on-track/50ac4f8505420 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=5 January 2025 |title=Maharaja is the highest grossing Indian film in China post pandemic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-sethupathi-maharaja-becomes-highest-grossing-indian-film-in-china-since-aamir-khan-secret-superstar-rs-92-crore-101736070617879.html |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=[[hindustantimes]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Maharaja is a quiet [[barber]] working at Ramki Saloon in [[Chennai]]. While visiting a house with his wife and daughter, a [[truck]] crashes into the building, killing his wife. His daughter survives after a [[Waste container|dustbin]] falls over her and shields her from the impact. Maharaja and his daughter, Jothi, affectionately name the dustbin “Lakshmi”.

Years later, Maharaja visits a police station to report that Lakshmi has been stolen. The officers mock him for filing a complaint about a dustbin, but he persuades Inspector Varadharajan to investigate by offering {{INR}}5 lakhs. Maharaja claims that three men broke into his house, assaulted him, and stole Lakshmi. Secretly, however, he is using the investigation to track down the attackers. A toll receipt left behind by the criminals leads him to a delinquent named Dhana, whom Maharaja captures and kills after learning that one of the culprits is connected to the police station.

Flashbacks reveal that Selvam and Sabari were violent criminals who robbed houses, raped women, and murdered them. Selvam lived with his unsuspecting wife, Kokila, and daughter, Ammu. After Selvam was arrested during a police raid, he wrongly believed Maharaja had informed on him because Maharaja had earlier returned a gold chain Selvam had left behind at the saloon. Kokila, horrified by Selvam’s crimes, disowned him.

Meanwhile, the police decide to close Maharaja’s complaint by replacing the missing dustbin and forcing their informant, Nallasivam, to pretend to be the thief. During a staged reconstruction, Maharaja realises Nallasivam was one of the real attackers because of a distinctive deformity on his back.

The truth is then revealed. While Maharaja was away, Jothi had returned home from a sports camp organised by her teacher, Aasifa. Selvam, Dhana, and Nallasivam broke into the house intending to kill Maharaja in revenge for Selvam’s imprisonment, but instead brutally assaulted Jothi. Traumatised but determined, Jothi later asked her father to let her confront the perpetrators herself. Maharaja invented the stolen-dustbin story to investigate the crime without arousing suspicion.

Varadharajan reveals that he and his team uncovered Nallasivam and Selvam’s involvement while investigating Dhana’s death. Disgusted by their crimes, they deliberately brought Nallasivam to Maharaja so he could take revenge. After killing Nallasivam, Maharaja abducts Selvam and takes Jothi to confront him. She throws a bag of jewellery at him before leaving with Maharaja and Aasifa. Inside the bag, Selvam finds the gold chain he once bought for Ammu.

Another flashback reveals that, after Selvam’s arrest, Maharaja and his family visited Kokila’s new home to return the chain. While Maharaja was out buying a toy for Ammu, the [[truck]] crashed into the house, killing everyone except Ammu, who survived because Kokila’s dustbin protected her. Maharaja adopted Ammu, renamed her Jothi, and raised her as his own daughter.

In the present, Selvam notices a scar on Jothi’s shoulder and realises she is Ammu, meaning he unknowingly caused his own daughter’s assault. Overcome with guilt, Selvam commits suicide by jumping from the building.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Maharaja
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as Selvam
* Sachana Namidass as Jothi / Ammu
** Baby Shynika as Baby Jothi
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Aasifa
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as [[Inspector]] S. Varadharajan
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Kokila Srilakshmi
* [[Divyabharathi]] as Maharaja's wife
* [[Singampuli]] as Nallasivam
* [[Aruldoss]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Perumalsamy
* [[Munishkanth]] as [[Constable]] Kuzhandhaivelu
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Sabari, Selvam's assistant
* [[Manikandan]] as Dhana
* Kaalaiyan as [[Councillor]] Karunakaran
* Kalki Raja as Police, a thief
* [[P. L. Thenappan]] as a [[Beauty salon|salon]] owner
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Inspector
* Vetrivel Raja as Constable Dhanapal
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Gopal Thatha
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Doctor
* [[Poovaiyar]] as a salon staff member
* [[Lizzie Antony]] as a victim of robbery
* [[Poster Nandakumar]] as a school Correspondent
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Aasifa's mother
* [[A. Govindamoorthy|Pichaikkaran Moorthy]] as Cyber-crime staff member
* Sangeetha V. as Varadharajan's wife
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as a toy shop owner
* Mullai Arasi as a thief's wife
* Pradeep K Vijayan as a saloon customer
* Hello Kandasamy as a constable
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' (2017), [[Nithilan Saminathan]] was signed by Sudhan Sundaram's Passion Studios to direct his next directorial under their production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Not Vijay Sethupathi, This Actor Was The First Choice For Tamil Movie Maharaja |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/not-vijay-sethupathi-this-actor-was-the-first-choice-for-tamil-movie-maharaja-8938529.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710044221/https://www.news18.com/movies/not-vijay-sethupathi-this-actor-was-the-first-choice-for-tamil-movie-maharaja-8938529.html |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the project was in [[development hell]] for several years for unknown reasons. Nithilan then narrated the script to [[G. Dhananjayan]], who suggested to the director that he should narrate it to [[Vijay Antony]], which he did and impressed the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Maharaja: Not Vijay Sethupathi, THIS Actor Was The First Choice For Tamil Actioner |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-not-vijay-sethupathi-this-actor-was-the-first-choice-for-tamil-action-movie-vijay-antony-10168324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621063225/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/maharaja-not-vijay-sethupathi-this-actor-was-the-first-choice-for-tamil-action-movie-vijay-antony-10168324 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[English Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref> Nithilan, however, had to receive a [[No Objection Certificate]] (NOC) from Sundaram's production house. The company was not in favour of passing the project to another house, therefore not giving the NOC. Soon after, the company then stated that they would narrate the script to [[Vijay Sethupathi]], and if he declines being part of the film, they would pass the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2024 |title=Did you know Vijay Antony agreed to play lead in 'Maharaja' before Vijay Sethupathi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-vijay-antony-agreed-to-play-lead-in-maharaja-before-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/111141052.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621063338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-vijay-antony-agreed-to-play-lead-in-maharaja-before-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/111141052.cms |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Sethupathi, who was impressed by the script, agreed to be part of the film, leading to him replacing Antony. Sundaram's company made a public announcement on 1 February 2023, confirming the project. The project would signify Sethupathi's 50th film as a lead actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Natty in Kurangu Bommai fame Nithilan's action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-natty-in-kurangu-bommai-fame-nithilans-action-drama/articleshow/97517463.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225023201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-natty-in-kurangu-bommai-fame-nithilans-action-drama/articleshow/97517463.cms |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Tentatively titled ''VJS50'', [[principal photography]] began shortly after a muhurat puja held the same day at a film studio in [[Chennai]] with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi on board for Nithilan's upcoming action drama, filming commences |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/farzi-jawan-vijay-sethupathi-onboard-for-nithilans-upcoming-action-drama-filming-commences-2329458-2023-02-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214065922/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/farzi-jawan-vijay-sethupathi-onboard-for-nithilans-upcoming-action-drama-filming-commences-2329458-2023-02-02 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> On 12 July, in addition to the principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]], the film's official title, ''Maharaja'', was announced by the production houses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film titled as Maharaja |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-as-maharaja-723959 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615040542/https://www.dtnext.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=790289 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Mamta Mohandas]] and [[Natty Subramaniam]] were announced to play the lead roles alongside Sethupathi, while [[Divyabharathi]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Aruldoss]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Manikandan]], [[Singampuli]], [[Bharathiraja]], [[Vinod Sagar]] and [[P. L. Thenappan]] would appear in the supporting roles. Sachana Namidass introduced in the major role by playing the central character Jothi / Ammu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film titled 'Maharaja' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513131335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-titled-maharaja/articleshow/101701879.cms |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dubbing works were completed by 31 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Dubbing wrapped for Vijay Sethupathi's Maharaja |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/01/dubbing-wrapped-for-vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-50859.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119105906/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/01/dubbing-wrapped-for-vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-50859.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maharaja
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| released = 7 June 2024
| recorded = February–July 2023
| studio = Sound Town Studio, [[Chennai]] RM Studio, Chennai Abbs Studios, [[Bangalore]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 7:13
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| prev_title = [[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = <nowiki>[[Vaamana (2024 film)|Vaamana]</nowiki>
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Maharaja
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Thayee Thayee
| single1date = 7 June 2024
| single2 = Raja Paya Onnu
| single2date = 15 June 2024 (After the film's release)
}}
}}
The music and background score is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], in his first collaboration with Sethupathi; second with Saminathan after ''Kurangu Bommai''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2023 |title=First look poster of Vijay Sethupathi's50th film, 'Maharaja' out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-vijay-sethupathis50th-film-maharaja-out/articleshow/103556999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513175436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-vijay-sethupathis50th-film-maharaja-out/articleshow/103556999.cms |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second single "Raja Paya Onnu" was released on 15 June 2024, after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title='Raja Paya Onnu' song from Vijay Sethupathi's Maharaja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/16/dd%7D%7D-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013511/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/16/dd%7D%7D-3 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 7:13
| title1 = Thayee Thayee
| length1 = 3:08
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = Raja Paya Onnu
| length2 = 4:05
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| extra2 = Jithin Raj, Harshika Devanath
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Maharaja'' had its official premiere in India on 12 June 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Natty credits director Nithilan Saminathan for his role in 'Maharaja' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/natty-credits-director-nithilan-saminathan-for-his-role-in-maharaja/articleshow/110961297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614013349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/natty-credits-director-nithilan-saminathan-for-his-role-in-maharaja/articleshow/110961297.cms |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' early reviews hail Vijay Sethupathi starrer as the 'Film of the Year' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maharaja-early-reviews-hail-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-as-the-film-of-the-year/articleshow/110957929.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614024316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maharaja-early-reviews-hail-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-as-the-film-of-the-year/articleshow/110957929.cms |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and was released theatrically on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maharaja' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-gets-a-release-date/article68254055.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607092413/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-gets-a-release-date/article68254055.ece |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Apart from its original Tamil language, it was also dubbed and released in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=11 June 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi expresses confidence on 'Maharaja' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/vijay-sethupathi-expresses-confidence-on-maharaja-884120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612154613/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/vijay-sethupathi-expresses-confidence-on-maharaja-884120 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was initially planned to be released in May 2024, but was later shifted to June due to unspecified reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film 'Maharaja' to have a theatrical release in May |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-maharaja-to-have-a-theatrical-release-in-may/articleshow/109166300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513132817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-maharaja-to-have-a-theatrical-release-in-may/articleshow/109166300.cms |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered in Los Angeles on 28 June 2024, as it was selected as one of the closing night selections at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLOSING NIGHT: MAHARAJA |url=https://iffla2024.eventive.org/schedule/66454451efc8f4004f641da4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013526/https://iffla2024.eventive.org/schedule/66454451efc8f4004f641da4 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]}}</ref> The film was released in China on 29 November 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maharaja to release in China |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-to-release-in-china/article68871516.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115123337/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-to-release-in-china/article68871516.ece |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> in over 40,000 screens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=THIS ₹25 crore Vijay Sethupathi movie is set to pull in ₹700 crore in China—over Kalki, Kanguva, Singham. Here's how |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/maharaja-vijay-sethupathi-rs-25-crore-movie-is-set-earn-big-bucks-in-china-news-over-kalki-2898-kanguva-singham-dangal-11732409897965.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125012256/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/maharaja-vijay-sethupathi-rs-25-crore-movie-is-set-earn-big-bucks-in-china-news-over-kalki-2898-kanguva-singham-dangal-11732409897965.html |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
NVR Cinemas bought the distribution rights of the film for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=NVR Cinema To Release Vijay Sethupathi's 50th Movie Maharaja In Telugu States |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/nvr-cinema-to-release-vijay-sethupathis-50th-movie-maharaja-in-telugu-states-article-110738557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605154254/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/nvr-cinema-to-release-vijay-sethupathis-50th-movie-maharaja-in-telugu-states-article-110738557 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> AV Media Consultancy Release In [[Kerala]] Through.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1800550833425355072 |user=Trendswoodcom |title=#Maharaja Is 50th Release For @venkatavmedia An AV Media Consultancy Release In Kerala Through #SreePriyaCombines |author=Trendswood |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mani's Cine World, a Kerala-based distributor released the film across North India.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1801588827292872890 |user=maniscineworld |title=Thank you all for the overwhelming response towards our movie #Maharaja 🤍🙏🏻 |author=Mani's Cine World |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 12 July 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maharaja' tops OTT charts. Where and when to watch |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-tops-ott-charts-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/111743997.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125616/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-tops-ott-charts-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/111743997.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and had its television premiere on 31 October the same year on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Anurag Kashyap starrer 'Maharaja' set for its world television premiere on October 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-and-anurag-kashyap-starrer-maharaja-set-for-its-world-television-premiere-on-october-31/articleshow/114810547.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103143647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-and-anurag-kashyap-starrer-maharaja-set-for-its-world-television-premiere-on-october-31/articleshow/114810547.cms |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Maharaja'' received critical acclaim from critics, who praised Vijay Sethupathi's and Anurag Kashyap’s performance, Philomin's editing, and Swaminathan's screenplay and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 1: Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film is expected to earn double-digit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-is-expected-to-earn-double-digit/articleshow/111000347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615040535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-is-expected-to-earn-double-digit/articleshow/111000347.cms |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's "Maharaja" Breaks 2024 Box Office Records |url=https://kovai.app/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-breaks-2024-box-office-records/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620155349/https://kovai.app/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-breaks-2024-box-office-records/ |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=Kovai News |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=7.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=31 October 2024}}

Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Maharaja'' is a surprisingly novel outing, rejuvenating the tired tropes of revenge films with a morally challenging revelation in the final hour, that compensates for the little contrivances in the writing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=15 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Review: Chilling |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/maharaja-review/20240615.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615162945/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/maharaja-review/20240615.htm |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Manikandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Maharaja'' is a fairly good revenge/investigative drama that primarily works because of fine performances from its entire cast and some exceptional work by its stuntmen and stunt choreographer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manikandan |date=12 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Review: Vijay Sethupathi, Anurag Kashyap, Manikandan impress in This Revenge Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/maharaja-review-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-manikandan-impress-in-this-revenge-drama-review-110935779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613110033/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/maharaja-review-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-manikandan-impress-in-this-revenge-drama-review-110935779 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rakesh Tara of ''[[ABP News]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Maharaja'' is an ambitious attempt to blend serious societal issues with commercial cinema elements. While it succeeds in parts, particularly through strong performances and engaging music, it falls short in delivering a cohesive and compelling narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Rakesh |date=14 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Review: Vijay Sethupathi Shines In His 50th Film Which Succeeds In Parts |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-maharaja-movie-review-starring-vijay-sethupathi-in-his-50th-film-anurag-kashyap-1695636 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618125808/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-maharaja-movie-review-starring-vijay-sethupathi-in-his-50th-film-anurag-kashyap-1695636 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Vijay Sethupathi is wonderful in his 50th film, and he has a well-written role at his disposal."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=14 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Movie Review: An engaging but engineered film that works even with faults |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maharaja/movie-review/110948075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615043753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maharaja/movie-review/110948075.cms |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Maharaja'' is a film that feeds you information in every frame and second, so losing a grip on it might leave you unable to understand when the knots are tied."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=13 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi is brilliant in this karmic drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-brilliant-in-a-karmic-drama-that-settles-for-convenient-choices/4b98f7daeb484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613083020/https://www.ottplay.com/review/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-brilliant-in-a-karmic-drama-that-settles-for-convenient-choices/4b98f7daeb484 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Maharaja'' is yet another sign of the serious filmmaker Nithilan is, and shows us how a good writer can convert even a dated idea into a gripping big-screen experience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=14 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' movie review: Vijay Sethupathi stands out in Nithilan Saminathan's almost-there thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-stands-out-in-nithilan-saminathans-almost-there-thriller/article68288795.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615041612/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-stands-out-in-nithilan-saminathans-almost-there-thriller/article68288795.ece |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Director Nithilan Swaminathan and Vijay Sethupathi have delivered a film that’s definitely worthy of your time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=13 June 2024 |title=Maharaja movie review: Vijay Sethupathi is stellar in this thrilling tale of a desperate father |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-stellar-in-this-thrilling-tale-of-a-desperate-man-101718252899281.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614024316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maharaja-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-stellar-in-this-thrilling-tale-of-a-desperate-man-101718252899281.html |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "''Maharaja'' is undoubtedly a thrilling revenge drama that deserves to be watched in theatres."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajith |first=Swathi P |date=14 June 2024 |title=An intense Vijay Sethupathi returns with a gritty revenge drama in 'Maharaja' {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/06/14/maharaja-movie-review-tamil-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-revenge-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614104453/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/06/14/maharaja-movie-review-tamil-vijay-sethupathi-anurag-kashyap-revenge-drama.html |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> G.A. Gowtham of ''Uyirmmai'' wrote that ''Maharaja'' wears the crown of box office by its gripping screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=மகாராஜா: திரைக்கதையில் சூடிய மகுடம் : ஜி.ஏ. கௌதம் - |url=https://uyirmmai.com/article/uyirmmai-magazine-july-2024-g-a-gowtham-article-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824090245/https://uyirmmai.com/article/uyirmmai-magazine-july-2024-g-a-gowtham-article-08/ |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Uyirmmai |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave 48/100 and wrote this film gives punishment hiddenly to those who have similar thoughts on children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=மகாராஜா விமர்சனம்: அசத்தல் திரைக்கதை, அற்புதமான நடிப்பு, மிரட்டலான மேக்கிங் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/maharaja-review-a-wonderfully-crafted-screenplay-with-minor-hiccups-in-the-moral-quadrant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060347/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/maharaja-review-a-wonderfully-crafted-screenplay-with-minor-hiccups-in-the-moral-quadrant |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Janani. K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Maharaja'' has a lot going on. Sadly, the hits and misses are not proportional, with the latter having the upper hand. These good moments get buried under dark humour, which hardly works, and many other shortcomings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=13 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Review: Vijay Sethupathi film is bogged down by convenient writing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maharaja-review-vijay-sethupathi-film-is-bogged-down-by-convenient-writing-2552680-2024-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614024317/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maharaja-review-vijay-sethupathi-film-is-bogged-down-by-convenient-writing-2552680-2024-06-13 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> B. V. S. Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Director Nithilan deserves a pat since he makes the girl victim stronger and determined who wants to meet scrupulous characters and question them for their heinous act face-to-face and throws up another twist in the end."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=14 June 2024 |title=Maharaja: Vijay Sethupathi rocks in this dark entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-movie-review-rating-898934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614153521/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-movie-review-rating-898934 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The overarching problem with ''Maharaja'' is its ‘wannabe’ nature to come across as a gritty, dark, and emotional rollercoaster. It is more concerned about how it wants to come across than what it really is."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=13 June 2024 |title=Maharaja movie review: Contrived screenplay overshadows the few good things in Vijay Sethupathi's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharaja-movie-review-contrived-screenplay-overshadows-the-few-good-things-in-vijay-sethupathis-film-9389245/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614024323/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharaja-movie-review-contrived-screenplay-overshadows-the-few-good-things-in-vijay-sethupathis-film-9389245/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Maharaja'' grossed {{INRConvert|4.7|c}} on its opening day.<ref name="opening gross">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 3 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-3-vijay-sethupathi-and-anurag-kashyap-film-mints-nearly-22-crore-so-far-101718600736058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-3-vijay-sethupathi-and-anurag-kashyap-film-mints-nearly-22-crore-so-far-101718600736058.html |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|7.75|c}} on the second day and {{INRConvert|9|c}} the third day.<ref name="opening gross" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 2: Vijay Sethupathi starrer earns Rs 19.58 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-2-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-earns-rs-7-58-crore/articleshow/111033395.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-2-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-earns-rs-7-58-crore/articleshow/111033395.cms |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film surpassed [[Garudan (2024 film)|''Garudan'']] to become the third biggest opening for a Tamil film in 2024, behind [[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']] and ''[[Aranmanai 4]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 1: Vijay Sethupathi starrer marks the third-best opening in 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-marks-the-third-best-opening-in-2024/articleshow/111017011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618044414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-1-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-marks-the-third-best-opening-in-2024/articleshow/111017011.cms |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|52.6|c}} on its opening weekend of three days, becoming the highest opening weekend for a Tamil film in 2024.<ref name="30C">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Maharaja earns over Rs 30 crores at global box office |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/17/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-earns-over-rs-30-crores-at-global-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618044410/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/17/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-earns-over-rs-30-crores-at-global-box-office |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> On its fourth day, the film crossed {{INRConvert|48.50|c}} from India, bringing its worldwide gross to {{INRConvert|50|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Maharaja Day 4 Collection: Vijay Sethupathi Film Grosses Over Rs 50 Crore Worldwide |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/maharaja-day-4-collection-vijay-sethupathi-film-grosses-over-rs-40-crore-worldwide-8936186.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013438/https://www.news18.com/movies/maharaja-day-4-collection-vijay-sethupathi-film-grosses-over-rs-40-crore-worldwide-8936186.html |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 4: Vijay Sethupathi starrer surpasses Rs 50 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-4-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-surpasses-rs-50-crore/articleshow/111075111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618125151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-4-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-surpasses-rs-50-crore/articleshow/111075111.cms |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film's worldwide collection crossed {{INRConvert|66|c}} globally in five days earning {{INRConvert|60|c}} from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 5: Vijay Sethupathi's 50th film inches towards the 50 crore mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-inches-towards-the-50-crore-mark/articleshow/111108064.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619104449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-5-vijay-sethupathis-50th-film-inches-towards-the-50-crore-mark/articleshow/111108064.cms |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|77|c}} in the six days of its release. The film became the fastest worldwide grosser for a Tamil film in 2024 and the fastest film of Sethupathi to reach the {{INR}}50 crore mark.<ref name="50c">{{Cite news |date=20 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' Box Office Collection Day 6: Vijay Sethupathi starrer hits ₹50 crore in record time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-6-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-hits-50-crore-in-record-time/articleshow/111131294.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620141010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-6-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-hits-50-crore-in-record-time/articleshow/111131294.cms |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film collected over {{INRConvert|70|c}} worldwide and over {{INRconvert|48|c}} from the Indian box office in nine days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' box office collection day 9: Vijay Sethupathi's emotional thriller peaks well |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-sethupathis-emotional-thriller-peaks-well/articleshow/111203272.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623133858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-sethupathis-emotional-thriller-peaks-well/articleshow/111203272.cms |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It crossed the {{INR}}80 crore mark at the box office worldwide in the 10 days of its release, grossing {{INRConvert|81.8|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2024 |title='Maharaja' Box Office Collection Day 11: Vijay Sethupathi starrer successfully starts third week as it nears Rs 100 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-11-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-successfully-starts-third-week-as-it-nears-rs-100-crore/articleshow/111250262.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626013440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maharaja-box-office-collection-day-11-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-successfully-starts-third-week-as-it-nears-rs-100-crore/articleshow/111250262.cms |archive-date=26 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After its release in China, it grossed {{INR}}91.55 crores in the China box office, emerging the highest grossing South-Indian film in China to that point.<ref name="low point" />

== Potential remake ==
After the success of the film, it was announced that [[Aamir Khan Productions]] acquired the Hindi remake rights, with its proprietor [[Aamir Khan]] planning to portray Sethupathi's role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=N. P. |date=25 July 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Maharaja' to be remade in Hindi with Aamir Khan in the lead role |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-to-be-remade-in-hindi-with-aamir-khan-in-the-lead-role-3121951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727024738/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathis-maharaja-to-be-remade-in-hindi-with-aamir-khan-in-the-lead-role-3121951 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]

Research & Analysis Wing

2026-05-08T11:13:02Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Made First Details Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian external intelligence agency}}
{{Redirect|R&AW|other use|RAW (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Research & Analysis Wing (R&AW)
| type = [[Intelligence agency]]
| seal = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Research&analysisWING.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = R&AW's headquarters at [[Lodi Road|Lodhi Road]], New Delhi.
| formed = {{Start date and age|1968|9|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RAW: India’s External Intelligence Agency(Date of formation)|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency|website=Council of foreign relations|access-date=11 March 2026|archive-date=13 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213133933/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency|url-status=live}}</ref>
| preceding1 = [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| agency_type = [[Intelligence agency|Foreign intelligence service]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = CGO Complex, [[Lodi Road|Lodhi Road]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| motto = ({{Langx|sa|धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः}}) {{transliteration|sa|ISO|[[Dharma|Dharmō]] [[Raksha (Vedic)|Rakṣati Rakṣitaḥ]]}} {{translation|[[Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah|"''The Dharma protects its protector''"]]}}
| employees = Classified
| budget = ''Classified''<ref name="Caravan_1">{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/team-rivals|title=Team of Rivals|website=caravanmagazine.in|date=1 August 2010|access-date=22 October 2025|archive-date=7 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007210913/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/team-rivals|url-status=live}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| minister3_name =
| minister3_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Parag Jain]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
| parent_department = [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Electronics and Technical Services]] (ETS) [[Aviation Research Centre]] (ARC) Radio Research Centre (RRC) [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]] (SG) [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF)
| keydocument1 =
| website = Classified
}}

The '''Research & Analysis Wing''' ('''R&AW''') is the [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence agency]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ijic" /> It is responsible for the collection, processing and assessment of [[Intelligence (information)|intelligence]] outside India's borders deemed vital for the advancement of the country's [[National security|national security interests]].<ref name="FAsummary">{{cite news |date= |title=India, Intelligence and Security. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security (2004) |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5211/is_2004/ai_n19126352/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306003114/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5211/is_2004/ai_n19126352/ |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=11 October 2009 |work=BNet |publisher= |via=[[findarticles.com]]}}</ref> A key member of the [[Indian Intelligence Community]], R&AW's mandate includes surveillance of foreign politico-military developments that directly affect [[Foreign relations of India|India's foreign policy]], [[Counterproliferation|counterproliferation]] and [[Counterterrorism|counterterrorism]].<ref name="Print_4">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/security-code/raw-must-answer-why-tolerates-poor-tradecraft-recruitment-standards-officer-oversight/2320373/|title=R&AW must answer why it tolerates poor tradecraft, recruitment standards, officer oversight|website=theprint.in|date=20 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |date=7 November 2008 |title=RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707032714/http://www.cfr.org/india/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency/p17707 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Administratively, R&AW is not an agency in essence, but rather functions as a ''wing'' of the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], albeit with autonomy from bureaucratic control.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists">{{cite web |title=Research and Analysis Wing [RAW] |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203070530/http://fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/index.html |archive-date=3 December 2009 |access-date=11 October 2009 |website=fas.org |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |df=dmy}}</ref> Its chief officer – designated as [[Secretary (Research)]], works under the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] and cooperates with the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] to report to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] on all intelligence-related concerns.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/>

Functionally, R&AW manages its own specialized service cadre – the Research and Analysis Service (RAS), although its core leadership is generally drawn from the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS).<ref name=":6"/> Unlike other international contemporaries, R&AW is a creation of [[Executive order|executive order]], which has allowed it to operate without answerability to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2020/05/14/the-legitimacy-of-indian-intelligence-agencies/|title=Parliamentary oversight of intelligence agencies|website=lawschoolpolicyreview.com|date=8 July 2010|access-date=22 October 2025|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602151632/https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2020/05/14/the-legitimacy-of-indian-intelligence-agencies/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite lacking a codified charter, R&AW's norms of conduct are drawn from the ''Intelligence Organisations (Restriction of Rights) Act, 1985''.<ref name="ORF_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-enduring-challenge-of-intelligence-reforms|title=India's Enduring Challenge of Intelligence Reforms|website=www.orfonline.or|date=9 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":6"/>

Historically, little verifiable information exists about R&AW's functioning; nevertheless, some of its known operations include espionage during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971]], assisting in the [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|annexation of Sikkim in 1975]], and reconnaissance of [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan's nuclear programme]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundhra |first=Shreya |date=16 December 2021 |title=1971 Masterstroke: How 'Kao Boys' & 'Manekshaw's Men' Helped India Liberate Bangladesh From Pakistan |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/kao-boys-manekshaws-men-india-liberate-bangladesh-from-pakistan/?amp |website=Eurasian Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Jyoti |date=15 August 2007 |title=What's the score on India's covert operations |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070815/asp/opinion/story_8195501.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410230845/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070815/asp/opinion/story_8195501.asp |archive-date=10 April 2012 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prahladan |first=Vivek |date=6 January 2017 |title=Declassified: How India Tracked Pakistan's Development of a Nuclear Device |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/declassified-how-india-tracked-pakistans-development-of-a-nuclear-device/ |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

Presently, R&AW's current Secretary (Research) is [[Parag Jain]], who took office on 1 July 2025.<ref name="Express_2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parag-jain-new-raw-chief-operation-sindoor-mastermind-10094131/|title=Brain behind Operation Sindoor, 1989-batch officer Parag Jain appointed new R&AW chief|website=indianexpress.com|date=29 June 2025|access-date=22 October 2025|archive-date=5 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105085132/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parag-jain-new-raw-chief-operation-sindoor-mastermind-10094131/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Objectives==
Formally, R&AW does not have a written charter or legally-established [[Statute|statute]] that defines its responsibilies, but as the agency principally responsible for external intelligence collection, its mandate is ''understood'' to have the following: 
* '''Surveillance:''' To monitor the political and military developments in adjoining countries, which have direct bearing on India's national security and in the formulation of its foreign policy.<ref name=":6"/> 
* '''Counterproliferation:''' To seek the control and limitation of the supply of military assets to India's regional adversary i.e., Pakistan, from suppliers including [[Europe]], the [[United States]], and [[China]].<ref name=":6"/> 
* '''Counterterrorism:''' To eliminate [[Terrorism in India|terrorist entities]] that pose a direct threat to sovereignty and security of India.<ref name="Unmasking">{{Cite web|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/05/27/unmasking-indias-ib-and-raw/|title=Unmasking India's IB and RAW|website=moderndiplomacy.eu.com|date=27 May 2022}}</ref> 
* '''Collection:''' To conduct intelligence collection about foreign threats deemed averse to India's long-term national security interests, and to suppress them through covert action.<ref name=":6"/>
* '''Cooperation:''' To cooperate with other nodes of the Indian intelligence apparatus, including the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and the [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO) to establish an integrated intelligence network and to advise the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] about intelligence-related concerns.<ref name="VIF_1">{{Cite web|title=Strategic Policy Group – Evolution of Integrated National Security Structure |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2018/october/25/strategic-policy-group-evolution-of-integrated-national-security-structure|website=www.vifindia.org|date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="inside_raw">{{Cite book |last1=Raina |first1=Asoka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zYmAAAAMAAJ |title=Inside RAW: the story of India's secret service |publisher=Vikas |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-7069-1299-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502173655/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zYmAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Organizational structure==
===Secretary (Research)===
{{Main|Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing}}
As R&AW functions as an arm of the Cabinet Secretariat, its ''chief officer'' – designated as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary (Research)]], works in the Cabinet Secretariat.<ref name="Print_1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/no-ips-officer-should-head-raw-chief-should-be-pms-choice-indira-gandhi-told-rn-kao/340457/|title=No IPS officer should head RAW, chief should be PM's choice — Indira Gandhi told RN Kao|website=theprint.in|date=25 December 2019}}</ref> By placement of position, the Secretary (Research) is understood to have the undermentioned details: 
* Works under the Cabinet Secretary while cooperating with the National Security Advisor to report-cum-advise the Prime Minister on all intelligence-related concerns and affairs.<ref name="Sahay_1">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Sheela |date=2 April 2003 |title=New R&AW chief is first to be trained in Israel |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/02raw.htm |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
* Exercises sweeping powers over R&AW's functioning, except regarding administrative and financial matters – which is the remit of the Cabinet Secretary.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> 
* Is a member of the Strategic Policy Group under the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]], tasked with advising policymakers on long-term strategic reviews and national security decision-making.<ref name="VIF_1"/>

At the time of R&AW's inception in 1968, the [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi-led government]] had designated the position of Secretary (Research) on par with other secretaries, such as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] and the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]].<ref name="Hand">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm|title=A RAW hand|website=www.rediff.com|date=2 February 2005|access-date=24 October 2025|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180621/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, that status was degraded and redesignated as Director, R&AW – by the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Morarji Desai-led government]] in 1977; nevertheless, the pre-1977 designation was reinstated by the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi-led government]] in 1986.<ref name="Hand"/>

The Secretary (Research) is appointed by the Prime Minister vis-à-vis the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] for an initial period of two years, with extensions permissible if the service of the officeholder is deemed fit for such extension.<ref name="Hindu_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brain-behind-operation-sindoor-ips-parag-jain-is-new-raw-chief/article69748757.ece|title=Brain behind Operation Sindoor, IPS Parag Jain is new RAW Chief|website=www.thehindu.com|date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Print_2">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/raw-chief-goel-could-be-longest-serving-in-decades-but-modi-govt-undecided-on-another-extension/951506/|title=RAW chief Goel could be longest-serving in decades, but Modi govt undecided on another extension|website=theprint.in|date=16 May 2022}}</ref> The longest serving chief was R. N. Kao, who held the office from R&AW's inception in 1968 up to his retirement in 1977.<ref name="Print_2"/>

Although R&AW has its own specialized service cadre – the Research and Analysis Service (RAS), most of the organization's chiefs have been drawn from the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) – a practice which has often been criticized.<ref name="Express_1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/samant-goel-named-raw-chief-arvind-kumar-to-head-intelligence-bureau-5801791/|title=Samant Goel named R&AW chief, Arvind Kumar to head IB|website=indianexpress.com|date=27 June 2019|access-date=22 October 2025|archive-date=1 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101093503/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/samant-goel-named-raw-chief-arvind-kumar-to-head-intelligence-bureau-5801791/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Print_1"/> To date, N. F. Suntook and [[Vikram Sood]] are the only non-IPS officers to have ever led R&AW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/21spec.htm|title=Who will succeed RAW chief Vikram Sood?|date=21 January 2003|work=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=19 February 2010|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106092855/https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/21spec.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Aviation Research Centre===
{{main|Aviation Research Centre}}
The Aviation Research Centre (ARC) was established in 1963 for [[aerial reconnaissance]] after R. N. Kao persuaded the Government of India to create a dedicated airborne intelligence capability. It was later made permanent in 1971. ARC superseded the [[Indian Air Force]]'s earlier reconnaissance aircraft and by the mid-1970s was producing high-quality aerial imagery of installations along the [[Line of Actual Control]] and the [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=28 April 2013 |title=Intelligence agencies run into babu bind |url=http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Intelligence-agencies-run-into-babu-bind/2013/04/28/article1564632.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704132333/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Intelligence-agencies-run-into-babu-bind/2013/04/28/article1564632.ece1 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=21 May 2013 |work=The Sunday Standard |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Conboy |first1=Kenneth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsDtAAAAMAAJ |title=The CIA's Secret War in Tibet |last2=Morrison |first2=James |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7006-1159-1 |pages=188–195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Research Center |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/ARC |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |archive-date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819174935/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/ARC |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Electronics and Technical Services===
{{main|Electronics and Technical Services}}
The Electronics and Technical Services (ETS) unit was added to R&AW as the agency expanded its [[technical intelligence]] (TECHINT) capabilities during the late twentieth century. ETS provides technical support including [[ELINT|electronic surveillance]] (ELINT), [[COMINT|communications monitoring]] (COMINT), and specialized equipment used in intelligence gathering operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthening India's External Intelligence Infrastructure: An Assessment|url=https://www.sspconline.org/sites/default/files/india-external-intelligence_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413131705/http://sspconline.org/sites/default/files/india-external-intelligence_0.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2017 }}</ref>

===Radio Research Center===
The Radio Research Center (RRC) was established as part of the agency’s growing [[signals intelligence]] (SIGINT) and communications monitoring capability. It works alongside other technical units to intercept and analyze radio and communication signals relevant to national security operations.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shaffer| first1 = Ryan| title = Indian intelligence revealed: an examination of operations, failures and transformations | doi = 10.1080/02684527.2017.1327135 | journal = Intelligence and National Security | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 598–610| year = 2017 | s2cid = 157485301}}</ref>

===Special Frontier Force===
{{main|Special Frontier Force}}
The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is an [[Special forces of India|Indian special forces]] unit composed primarily of [[Refugees in India#Tibet|Tibetan refugees]] and [[Gurkha]]s in [[India]]. It was established after the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 to primarily conduct covert operations behind the [[Line of Actual Control]] in case of another war with [[China]].<ref name="ijic"/>{{rp|262}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shaffer |first1=Ryan |year=2017 |title=Significant Distrust and Drastic Cuts: The Indian Government's Uneasy Relationship with Intelligence |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08850607.2017.1263529 |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=522–531 |doi=10.1080/08850607.2017.1263529 |s2cid=157714194 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Based in [[Chakrata]],<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 1971 |title=Establishment 22 |url=http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706173443/http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=chushigangdruk.org}}</ref> Uttarakhand, the force was put under the direct supervision of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), and later the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), India's external [[intelligence agency]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |title=Bollywood Sargam – Special: Tibetan faujis in Bluestar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133625/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> and is not part of the [[Indian Army]] but functions under their operational control with its own rank structure, charter and training infrastructure.

===Special Group===
{{main|Special Group (India)}}
The Special Group (SG) is a covert special [[clandestine operation]] unit operating under the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). It was formed in the early 1980s to conduct sensitive missions such as counter-terrorism, special reconnaissance, and covert operations. The unit is believed to be composed largely of personnel drawn from the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. Due to the classified nature of its activities, most details about its structure and operations remain undisclosed.<ref name=":SG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/special-group-warriors-of-stealth/story-qoVFwEMb9kHXNov80WKQRL.html|title=Special Group: Warriors of stealth|date=9 February 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003085832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/special-group-warriors-of-stealth/story-qoVFwEMb9kHXNov80WKQRL.html|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

===Directorate General of Security===
{{main|Directorate General of Security (India)}}
The Directorate General of Security (DGS) is an organisation under the Research and Analysis Wing responsible for supervising several specialized security and covert units. It oversees agencies such as the [[Special Frontier Force]] and the [[Aviation Research Centre]]. The directorate coordinates sensitive operations and provides administrative control for these units. Due to the classified nature of its work, many operational details remain undisclosed.<ref>[https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/schedulefile?aid=AC_CEN_39_65_00003_198558_1517807326430&rid=118 Schedule to the Intelligence Organisations (Restriction of Rights) Act, 1985], from ''India Code''</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1987.1099/page/n1/mode/2up S.O. 208(E) dated 11 March 1987], ''The Gazette of India''</ref>

===Rank Structure of Officers & Employees===
Given R&AW's secretive nature, there is little verifiable knowledge regarding the true orientation of its administrative structure.<ref name=":6"/> Unlike other intelligence agencies like the IB or NIA, R&AW was created not as an agency per se, but rather a ''wing'', or arm of the Cabinet Secretariat – designed to mask any undue attention.<ref name="Print_1"/>

The R&AW is patterned on the lines of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) in terms of rank structure, promotions, pay and allowances in India and abroad.<ref name="Memorandum for lateral induction into RAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.dop.rajasthan.gov.in/Uploadfiles/1932012_13248_Nomination%20of%20IFS%20for%20lateral%20Induction%20to%20the%20RAS.pdf |title=Memorandum for lateral induction into RAS |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013 |author=Cabinet Secretariat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609223638/http://www.dop.rajasthan.gov.in/Uploadfiles/1932012_13248_Nomination%20of%20IFS%20for%20lateral%20Induction%20to%20the%20RAS.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

'''Note:''' In addition to their basic pay, R&AW officers are entitled to a '''Special Security Allowance''', amounting to approximately 20% of the basic pay and other allowances like DA, TA and HRA, while posted within India. When assigned to postings abroad, they receive a '''Foreign Allowance''' in addition to their basic pay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://employmentnews.gov.in/3-60.pdf |title=Employment News PDF |website=Employment News |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819082736/http://employmentnews.gov.in/3-60.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Memorandum for lateral induction into RAS" />

===Field formations===
R&AW has 10 field formations all over India, known as '''Special Bureaus'''. These Bureaus have an area of responsibility targeted towards the countries that share land [[Borders of India|border with India]]. They are largely located in major cities near or along the borders:<ref>[https://madc.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/856e9770c9b8e63e7bb0bcd428555d31/posts-259-mara-reih-athaipa-chata-rai-ruapa.pdf Recruitment Notice for Field Assistant (GD)], R&AW Headquarters, 13 March 2020, forwarded to District Magistrate, Saiha, Mizoram by Deputy Commissioner, Special Bureau, Aizawl on 2 July 2020, see list of recipients on page 5 of the file, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210820030427/https://madc.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/856e9770c9b8e63e7bb0bcd428555d31/posts-259-mara-reih-athaipa-chata-rai-ruapa.pdf archived copy]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+Zonal Structure and Equivalent Ranks
|-
! Zone
! Headquarters
! Rank of Zonal Head
! Equivalent Rank in R&AW
|-
| Northern Zone
| [[Jammu]]
| Additional Secretary
| [[Additional Secretary]]
|-
| Eastern Zone
| [[Kolkata]]
| Commissioner
| [[Joint Secretary]]
|-
| South-Western Zone
| [[Mumbai]]
| Commissioner
| Joint Secretary
|-
| North-Eastern Zone
| [[Shillong]]
| Commissioner
| Joint Secretary
|-
| Southern Zone
| [[Chennai]]
| Additional Commissioner
| Director
|-
| Central Zone
| [[Lucknow]]
| Additional Commissioner
| Director
|-
| Western Zone
| [[Jodhpur]]
| Deputy Commissioner
| Deputy Secretary
|}

===Stations abroad===
R&AW has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries.<ref name="FAsummary" /> R&AW offices abroad have limited strength and are largely geared to the collection of [[military intelligence|military]], [[Business intelligence|economic]], [[Industrial espionage|scientific]], and [[politics|political intelligence]]. R&AW monitors the activities of certain organisations abroad only insofar as they relate to their involvement with [[Narcoterrorism|narco terrorist]] elements and [[smuggling]] arms, ammunition, explosives, etc. into India.<ref>{{cite journal |date=3 October 2017 |title=Vohra Committee Report (Ministry of Home Affairs) |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=640–647 |doi=10.1177/0019556119950343 |s2cid=220370239}}</ref> It does not monitor the activities of criminal elements abroad, which are mainly confined to normal smuggling without any links to terrorist elements.<ref name="FAsummary" /><ref name="Federation of American Scientists" />

R&AW officers are posted to [[Diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic missions]] under [[Cover (intelligence gathering)|official cover]] as [[Indian Foreign Service|diplomats]], frequently in the consular wing. The relationship between R&AW and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] has historically been characterized by both cooperation & tension and there is a very thin line between the R&AW and the MEA as both organizations work on the matter of [[Foreign relations of India| Indian Foreign Policy]] and [[National Security]], according to The Times of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEA, RAW mum over official policy on declassification |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mea-raw-mum-over-official-policy-on-declassification/articleshow/5003831.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

A task force report prepared by a New Delhi-based security think tank highlighted that R&AW operatives have inadequate number of non-official cover for overseas operations which 'limits access to spot real targets' and causes issues on handling 'high-value assets'.<ref name="outlookindia.com" />

== Recruitment ==
{{see also|Recruitment of spies}}
===Historical Way of recruitment===
Initially, R&AW relied primarily on trained [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] officers who were recruited directly. These belonged to the external wing of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]. Candidates are mostly recruited from the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and few other civil services along with candidates from armed forces of India, the latter being in lesser number though. Later, it began directly recruiting graduates from universities. However owing to allegations of nepotism{{Citation needed |date=February 2026}}
in appointments,<ref name=":10">{{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=R |url=http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book_IntellegenceReform.pdf |title=A case for intelligence reforms in India |last2=Upadhyay |first2=PK |last3=Singh |first3=Harinder |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA) |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-82169-03-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013204746/http://idsa.in/system/files/book_IntellegenceReform.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> in 1983 R&AW created its own service cadre, the Research and Analysis Service (RAS),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Adrian |author-link1=Adrian Levy |title=Spy Stories. Inside the Secret World of R.A.W. and I.S.I. |last2=Scott-Clark |first2=Cathy |author-link2=Cathy Scott-Clark |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books|Juggernaut]] |isbn=9789391165147 |chapter=Part 1—The Back Story. 1968—2000. The 1980s: I.S.I. soars |date=2021 }}</ref> to absorb talent from other Group A Civil Services, under the Central Staffing Scheme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharath asked: How about a website for R&AW and can we recruit more people from outside UPSC route? we got to change |url=http://www.idsa.in/askanexpert/HowaboutawebsiteforRAWandcanwerecruitmorepeoplefromoutsideUPSCroute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418162522/http://www.idsa.in/askanexpert/HowaboutawebsiteforRAWandcanwerecruitmorepeoplefromoutsideUPSCroute |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA) |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Current Scenario===
There is no direct recruitment in the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Individuals who wish to join R&AW must first qualify through one of the following competitive examinations to become academically eligible for Group A and Group B posts: [[UPSC CSE]], [[UPSC ESE]], [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]], [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI Grade B]], [[Indian Economic Service|UPSC IES]], [[Indian Armed Forces|SSB Interview]], [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF Examination]]. After successfully clearing any of the aforementioned examinations, officers are required to join the corresponding Central Government service. Following a period of approximately four to five years, their Annual Confidential Reports (ACRs) are reviewed by the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Based on this assessment, R&AW initiates the enrollment process for eligible officers into its specific organizational divisions. Then the candidates are required to undergo a separate selection process conducted by R&AW, which includes a specialized test and interview. Only those who successfully clear this process are appointed to the '''Research and Analysis Service (RAS)'''. Delhi-based security think tank [[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] noted in one of its reports that R&AW suffered from the 'tail-end syndrome' where the 'bottom of the entrance lists' of those qualifying the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC examinations]] were offered jobs.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web |last=Datta |first=Saikat |date=28 February 2011 |title=Ghosts Who Walk |url=http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407172251/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270538 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|outlookindia.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, recruitment is also by lateral deputation from the Officer corps of Armed Forces or Group A Civil Service Officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davp.nic.in/WriteReadData/ADS/eng_58101_6_1213b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190918/http://www.davp.nic.in/WriteReadData/ADS/eng_58101_6_1213b.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Advertisement for position in Cabinet Secretariat |publisher=[[Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity]]| date= 19 August 2013|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> The Civil and Defence Service Officers permanently resign their cadre and join the RAS. However, according to recent reports, officers can return to their parent cadre after serving a specific period in the agency if they wish to.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaul |first=Sumir |date=27 August 2006 |title=Soon, a beefier, meaner, deadlier RAW |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/27raw.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008101430/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/27raw.htm |archive-date=8 October 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Most of the [[Secretary to Government of India|secretaries]] have been officers from the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] and [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officers. R&AW also employs a number of linguists and other experts in various fields.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2002 |title=Career Queries Hotline: I want to join RAW. How should I go about it? |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020618/edu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203091159/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020618/edu.htm |archive-date=3 December 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The service conditions of R&AW officers are governed by the Research and Analysis Wing (Recruitment, Cadre and Service) Rules, 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinod Kumar Jain vs Union of India on 5 March, 2009 |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/58327933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122131/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/58327933/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=[[Indian Kanoon|indiankanoon.org]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Difference between Officer and Agent===
A common misconception exists that an agent ([[Spy]]) and an officer ([[List of spymasters|Spymaster]]) are the same. This is not the case. Officers of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) are formally appointed members of the [[Government of India|Government of India]], whereas agents are not enlisted or employed directly by the government. Recruitment is conducted exclusively for officers; agents are never formally inducted into government service.<ref>{{Cite video |title=Amar Bhushan, RAS (ex‑IPS) on R&AW Officers and Agents|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-pojsb7DuI&t=1h3m0s|publisher=Raj Shamani |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

Furthermore, when an R&AW officer is posted to a foreign embassy or assignment, they are provided official cover and the protections of [[diplomatic immunity]]. Agents, however, do not receive such privileges. If an officer’s activities are discovered, they may be declared a [[persona non grata]]; in contrast, an agent apprehended while conducting espionage may face [[prosecution]] and, in extreme cases, [[capital punishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Cover vs Non‑Official Cover |url=https://lithub.com/on-the-real-life-story-of-deep-cover-russian-spies-living-as-american-families/ |website=Literary Hub |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>

==Training==
===Basic Training===
Basic training consists of motivational talks and an introduction to the 'real' world of intelligence and [[espionage]], as opposed to fiction.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Hali |first=Gp Capt SM |date=February–March 1999 |title=Raw at War-Genesis of Secret Agencies in Ancient India |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/feb-mar99/raw-at-war.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502180923/http://www.defencejournal.com/feb-mar99/raw-at-war.htm |archive-date=2 May 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=Defencejournal.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Common usages, [[tradecraft]] techniques and [[Classified information|classification of information]] are taught.<ref name=":7" /> Case studies of other intelligence agencies are presented for study.<ref name=":7" /> The inductee is also taught the role of the country's foreign policy in the field.<ref name=":7" /> The recruit is made to specialise in a foreign language. Basic classroom training is imparted at the residential Training and Language Institute in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=4 February 2014 |title=To bridge language gap, R&AW ropes in native linguists as 'gurus' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-bridge-language-gap-raw-ropes-in-native-linguists-as-gurus/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301085823/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-bridge-language-gap-raw-ropes-in-native-linguists-as-gurus/ |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014 |work=The Indian Express |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A multi-disciplinary school of economic intelligence is also being set up in Mumbai to train intelligence officers in investigating economic crimes like money laundering for terror purposes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |date=17 July 2011 |title=Soon, training school for secret agents in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-training-school-for-secret-agents-in-Mumbai/articleshow/9253591.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-training-school-for-secret-agents-in-Mumbai/articleshow/9253591.cms |archive-date=17 July 2011 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> They are also sent to top-tier institutions such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Rudra |last2=Shende |first2=Shreyas |date=2024-05-30 |title=Low promotions, borrowed officers: India's hurdles in creating a professional intelligence service |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/low-promotions-borrowed-officers-indias-hurdles-in-creating-professional-intelligence-service/2108184/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=excerpt from Institutional Roots of India's Security Policy...from Oxford University Press.}}</ref>

===Field Training===
After completing basic training the recruit is given field training.<ref name=":7" /> They learn the art of reconnaissance, making contacts, and the [[Espionage#Technology and techniques|numerous skills of operating an intelligence mission]].<ref name=":7" /> During night exercises they are taught [[infiltration tactics|infiltration]] and [[exfil]]tration.<ref name=":7" /> They are instructed to avoid capture and if caught, how to face [[interrogation]].<ref name=":7" /> At the end of the [[field training]], the recruit is brought back to school.<ref name=":7" /> Before deployment in the field, they are given exhaustive training in [[self-defence]] and the use of technical espionage devices.<ref name=":7" /> Field and arms training is provided by the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Maloy Krishna |author-link=Maloy Krishna Dhar |title=[[Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled]] |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7049-216-0}}</ref> and the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF).<ref name=":9" /> Commando and explosives training are given to all recruits.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |title=RAW: A History of India's Covert Operations |publisher=[[Westland Publications]] |year=2020 |isbn=9789389648096}}</ref> They are also drilled in various administrative disciplines so that they could take their place in foreign missions without arousing suspicion.<ref name=":7" />

Training lasts for four years.<ref name=":8" /> It aims to make the inductees ready to set up their own network of informers, [[mole (espionage)|moles]] or operatives, or operate under the cover of an Embassy to gather information, as the task may require.<ref name=":7" /> In the past, the training model has been criticised as being 'archaic and too police-centric and not incorporating 'modern technological advances in methods of communication'.<ref name="outlookindia.com" />

===Advanced Training===
Even after completing the field training, certain candidates who have performed exceptionally well during both Basic and Field training may be sent to friendly foreign countries for advanced espionage training and operational experience. For example, the former Chief of R&AW, [[C. D. Sahay]], was sent to [[Israel]] for specialized training.<ref>{{cite web |title=New R&AW chief is first to be trained in Israel |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/raw/20030402.htm |publisher=Rediff.com |date=2 April 2003 |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

==In public view==
===Oversight===
Formally, R&AW does not have a [[Statute|written statute]], rather, it is a creation of [[Executive order|executive order]], which has allowed the agency to operate without answerability to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref name="Law_1">{{Cite web|url=https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2020/05/14/the-legitimacy-of-indian-intelligence-agencies/|title=The Legitimacy of Indian Intelligence Agencies|website=lawschoolpolicyreview.com|date=14 May 2020}}</ref> This nature is also shared by the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which also has its origin in executive order, and thus also lacks a written statute.<ref name="Law_1"/> Technically, it means both agencies exist and function without legal legitimacy or parliamentary authorization.<ref name="Accountability_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/making-intelligence-agencies-accountable-news-263866|title=Making Intelligence Agencies Accountable|website=www.outlookindia.com|date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

Calls for accountability for India's intelligence apparatus were made in the aftermath of [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] of 1975–77, when institutional abuses under the then-[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi government]] were widespread.<ref name="Accountability_3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/web-exclusives/national-security-whom.html|title="National Security" for whom?|website=www.epw.in|date=21 June 2014}}</ref> In 1978, then-prime minister [[Morarji Desai]] appointed a committee headed by former [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] [[Lallan Prasad Singh|L. P. Singh]] to investigate the functioning and misuse of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) and the IB for political ends; it subsequently recommended the creation of “a comprehensive central legislation to remove the deficiency of not having a central investigative agency with a self-sufficient statutory charter of duties and functions”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/needed-eagle-not-parrot-2259740|title=Needed an eagle, not a parrot|website=www.deccanherald.com|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> However, Gandhi's return to power in 1980 prevented the implementation of the recommendations.<ref name="Accountability_3"/> In 2010, then-[[Vice President of India|vice president of India]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] highlighted the need for R&AW to have accountability under parliamentary oversight to prevent any potential misuse of power.<ref name="Accountability_1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/v-p-pushes-for-mps-oversight-of-intelligence-agencies/articleshow/5478011.cms|title=V-P pushes for MP's oversight of intelligence agencies|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=10 January 2010|access-date=25 October 2025|archive-date=4 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104184201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/v-p-pushes-for-mps-oversight-of-intelligence-agencies/articleshow/5478011.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, 2019 and 2024 [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[Manish Tewari]] attempted to introduce private member's bill to initiate oversight, called ''The Intelligence Services (Powers And Regulation) Bill''; however, none of his attempts succeeded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/19/parliamentary-oversight-of-intel-agencies-an-idea-whose-time-has-come-manish-tewari|title=Parliamentary oversight of intel agencies an idea whose time has come: Manish Tewari|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=19 October 2024}}</ref> His 2011 attempt to pass the bill was criticized by former R&AW chiefs C. D. Sahay and Anand Verma as being too micromangerial towards R&AW operations; the bill was never passed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/eye-on-the-spies/cid/351898|title=EYE ON THE SPIES|website=www.telegraphindia.co|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

Nevertheless, there have been some arguments in support of no oversight; it has been opined that a foreign intelligence agency does not operate within a permissible area – while they may be working in the interests of one's own country, they are certainly not operating in the interest of the host country, and are thus not liable to legal accountability.<ref name="ORF_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/legally-empowering-indias-intelligence-and-enforcement-structures|title=Legally empowering India's intelligence and enforcement structures|website=www.orfonline.org|date=9 December 2009|access-date=25 October 2025|archive-date=9 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809084514/https://www.orfonline.org/research/legally-empowering-indias-intelligence-and-enforcement-structures|url-status=live}}</ref> Another argument in favor is that in multi-party systems or coalition politics, the efficient functioning of the agency may be hindered due to political interference, thus necessitating a nature of functioning independent from oversight.<ref name="ORF_2"/>

===Scrutiny===
Since its inception in 1968, R&AW has maintained a rigorously secretive existence, with little information available about it in the public domain about its operational activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latest.sundayguardianlive.com/investigation/raw-continues-to-be-secretive-unlike-its-global-intelligence-counterparts|title=R&AW continues to be secretive unlike its global intelligence counterparts|website=sundayguardianlive.com|date=28 April 2024}}</ref>

Provisionally, the vast majority of India's intelligence apparatus – including R&AW, are listed in the Second Schedule of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|''Right to Information Act, 2005'']], which in conjunction of Section 24 of the Act, is exempted from the public disclosure of sensitive information, unless the information that is requested pertains to allegations of corruption and human rights violations.<ref name="Law_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/09/09/exempted-authorities-under-section-24-of-the-rti-act-an-in-depth-analysis-across-jurisdictions/|title=Exempted Authorities under Section 24 of the RTI Act: An in-Depth Analysis Across Jurisdictions|website=www.scconline.com|date=9 September 2025}}</ref> However, the information related to such allegations may also be withheld, if it is found to be in contravention to Section 8 of the Act, which specifies that "information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State".<ref name="RTI_1">{{Cite web|url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/RTI%20Act%202005%20%28Updated%29.PDF|title=THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005|website=dopt.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
===Background (1923–69)===
Prior to the inception of the Research and Analysis Wing, overseas intelligence collection was primarily the responsibility of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB),<ref name=":6" /> which was created by the Government of India during [[British Raj]] in 1887.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaya |first=Dheeraj Paramesha |title=India's Intelligence Culture and Strategic Surprises. Spying for South Block |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2022 |chapter=Chapter 1. Lord Curzon and India's First Intelligence Reform |quote=on 23 December 1887 the Central Special Branch was established, which independent India's Intelligence Bureau considers its date of birth.}}</ref> In 1933, sensing the political turmoil in the world which eventually led to the [[Second World War]], the Intelligence Bureau's responsibilities were increased to include the collection of [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] along India's borders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Srikanta |title=Keeping the Peace. For Whom the Bell Tolls : Police Then and Now |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |year=1989 |isbn=9788170242376 |pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

In 1947, after [[History of India#Indian independence movement (1885–1947)|independence]], Sanjeevi Pillai took over as the first Indian Director of the IB.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=RK |title=Mission RAW |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-7049-474-4 |pages=24, 25}}</ref> [[Bhola Nath Mullik|B. N. Mullik]] took over in 1950 until 1965.<ref name=":5" /> Having been depleted of trained manpower by the exit of the British after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]],<ref name=":5" /> Pillai tried to run the bureau on [[MI5]] lines.<ref name=":7" /> In 1949, Pillai organised a small foreign intelligence set-up, but the Indian debacle in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 showed it to be ineffective.<ref name=":7" /> The [[Directorate General of Security (India)|Directorate General of Security]] was created as a result.<ref name=":10" />After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], the Chief of Army Staff, General [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], also called for more intelligence-gathering.<ref name=":7" /> The [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo revolt in 1966]] also acted as a reason for the changes in the external intelligence structure.<ref name=":10" /> Around the end of 1966 the concept of a separate foreign intelligence agency began to take concrete shape.<ref name=":7" />

===Formation of R&AW in 1968 to present===
[[File:Indian intelligence setup.gif|thumb|299x299px|The framework of Indian intelligence]]

There is no official source in the public domain for the reasoning behind the creation of R&AW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin A. |date=25 December 2019 |title=No IPS officer should head RAW, chief should be PM's choice — Indira Gandhi told RN Kao |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/no-ips-officer-should-head-raw-chief-should-be-pms-choice-indira-gandhi-told-rn-kao/340457/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1968 the [[premiership of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi administration]] decided that a full-fledged second security service was needed.<ref name=":7" /> [[R. N. Kao|RN Kao]], then a deputy director of the Intelligence Bureau,<ref name=":7" /> and head of IB's External Wing,<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Rudra |title=Routledge Companion to Intelligence Studies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780415507523 |editor-last=Dover |editor-first=Robert |pages=185 |chapter=Systems of intelligence. Chapter 18: India |editor-last2=Goodman |editor-first2=Michael S. |editor-last3=Hillebrand |editor-first3=Claudia}}</ref> submitted a blueprint for the new agency.<ref name=":7" /> Kao was appointed as the chief of India's first foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.<ref name="ijic">{{Cite journal |last=Shaffer |first=Ryan |year=2015 |title=Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2015.992754 |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=252–289 |doi=10.1080/08850607.2015.992754 |s2cid=154372472 |url-access=subscription |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|259}} Frontmen included [[K. Sankaran Nair|Sankaran Nair]], MBK Nair, IS Hassanwalia and [[P. N. Banerjee|PN Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nandakumar |first1=Anusha |title=The War That Made R&AW |last2=Saket |first2=Sandeep |publisher=[[Westland Publications]] |year=2021 |isbn=9789389152579 |pages=22}}</ref> The R&AW was given the responsibility for strategic external intelligence, human as well as technical, plus concurrent responsibility with the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate-General of Military Intelligence]] for tactical trans-border military intelligence up to a certain depth across the [[Line of control]] (LOC) and the [[India–Pakistan border|international border]].

From its inception R&AW has been criticised for being an agency not answerable to the people of India (R&AW reports to Prime Minister only). Fears arose that it could turn into the [[KGB]] of India. Such fears were kept at bay by the R&AW's able leadership{{cn|date=March 2026}} (although detractors of R&AW and especially the [[Janata Party]] have accused the agency of letting itself be used for terrorising and intimidating opposition during [[The Emergency (India)|the 1975–1977 Emergency]]). The main controversy which has plagued R&AW in recent years is over bureaucratisation of the system with allegations about favouritism in promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no financial accountability,<ref name="outlookindia.com"/> and inter-departmental rivalry.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 February 2009 |title=Special report: New Era, New Hope at India's Intelligence Agency |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/02/special-report-new-era-new-hope-at.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205090738/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/02/special-report-new-era-new-hope-at.html |archive-date=5 February 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=intellibriefs.blogspot.com |publisher= |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Kutty, C K (2 February 2005). [http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm A RAW Hand]. [[rediff.com]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315153842/http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm|date=15 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Can its new chief turn R&AW around? |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02can-new-chief-turn-raw-around.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518102120/http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02can-new-chief-turn-raw-around.htm |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=12 September 2011 |title=The unintelligence of India's intelligence system |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws120911unintelligence.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325204303/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws120911unintelligence.asp |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=28 May 2012 |work=Tehelka |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Noted security analyst and former [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]] [[B. Raman]] has criticised the agency for its asymmetric growth; "while being strong in its capability for covert action it is weak in its capability for intelligence collection, analysis and assessment. Strong in low and medium-grade intelligence, weak in high-grade intelligence. Strong in [[TECHINT|technical intelligence]], weak in human intelligence. Strong in collation, weak in analysis. Strong in investigation, weak in prevention. Strong in crisis management, weak in crisis prevention."<ref name=":12">[[B. Raman|Raman, B.]] (2007). 'The Kaoboys of RAW: Down Memory Lane'. Lancer Publishers (2007). p 10, 287. {{ISBN|0-9796174-3-X}}</ref>

R&AW started as a wing of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] with 250 employees and an annual budget of {{Indian Rupee}}2 [[crore]].<ref name="Federation of American Scientists" /><ref name=":7" /> In the early seventies, its annual budget had risen to {{Indian Rupee}}30 crore while its personnel numbered several thousand.<ref name=":7" /> By 2000, the think tank [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]] estimated the budget was Rs.1500 crore ($145 million).<ref name="Federation of American Scientists" /><ref name=":6" /> Other 2002–03 estimates place the budget from as high as {{USD}}150 million to as low as {{USD}}31 million.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McGirk |first=Tim |date=29 April 2002 |title=India vs. Pakistan |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C501020506-234000%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C501020506-234000%2C00.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="brasseys_international_intelligence_yearbook_2003_edition">{{Cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEp9FjHckLYC |title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition (Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (Paperback)) |publisher=Brassey's Inc |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57488-550-7 |page=78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108060646/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEp9FjHckLYC |archive-date=8 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==International Operations==
The known activities and international operations of R&AW, by country:

===Africa===
====South Africa and Namibia====
R&AW trained the intelligence officers of many independent African countries and assisted the anti-apartheid struggles in South Africa and [[Namibia]]. Retired R&AW officers were deputed to work in training institutes of intelligence agencies of some African states.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaulia |first=Sreeram |date=18 August 2007 |title=Book Review: India's silent warriors. The Kaoboys of R&AW: Down Memory Lane |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IH18Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IH18Df03.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=28 May 2012 |work=Asia Times |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Senegal====
R&AW was one of the primary agencies that provided the information about [[Ravi Pujari]] being located in Senegal. This information was provided to Senegalese authorities, who arrested Pujari and deported him to India. He was formally arrested at [[Kempegowda International Airport]] by [[Karnataka Police]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Babu |first=Venkatesha |date=March 2020 |title=How a special squad caught gangster Ravi Pujari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-the-run-for-over-20-years-how-a-special-squad-tracked-down-pujari/story-KJP5PGsHZQEQpR9ZK7tsTN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623040948/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-the-run-for-over-20-years-how-a-special-squad-tracked-down-pujari/story-KJP5PGsHZQEQpR9ZK7tsTN_amp.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Asia===
====Afghanistan====
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet War in Afghanistan]], R&AW had recruited three powerful warlords, including [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=2 August 2020 |title=R&AW had recruited three warlords in Afghanistan, says book |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/raw-had-recruited-three-warlords-in-afghanistan-says-book-868599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415010922/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/raw-had-recruited-three-warlords-in-afghanistan-says-book-868599.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

In 1996, R&AW had built a 25-bed military hospital at the [[Farkhor Air Base]].{{efn|The Northern Alliance military commander, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], who was assassinated in September 2001 by two Arab suicide bombers posing as journalists, died in the India-run hospital.<ref name="farkhor"/>}}<ref name="farkhor">{{cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=14-27 September 2002 |title=India and Central Asia |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1919/19190600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171947/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1919/19190600.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |website=frontlineonnet.com |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |df=dmy}}</ref> This airbase was used by the [[Aviation Research Centre]], the reconnaissance arm of R&AW, to repair and operate the Northern Alliance's aerial support. This relationship was further cemented in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 Afghan war]].<ref name="farkhor"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=15 March 2001 |title=India joins anti-Taliban coalition – Jane's Security News |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010315_1_n.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226012915/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010315_1_n.shtml |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=Janes.com}}</ref>

After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], R&AW provided the intelligence to western countries that there were over 120 [[Afghan training camp|training camps]] operating in Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]], run by a variety of militant groups.<ref name=Cnn-2001-09-19>
{{cite news
|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/19/inv.afghanistan.camp/
|title=India identifies terrorist training camps
|publisher=CNN
|date=2001-09-19
|author=Bindra, Satinder
|quote=Sources told CNN that more than 120 camps are operating in the two countries.
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073323/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/19/inv.afghanistan.camp/
|archive-date=2008-12-10
}}
</ref>

After the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan#Overthrow of the Taliban|overthrow of Taliban in Afghanistan]] in 2001, R&AW was the first intelligence agency to determine the extent of the [[Airlift of Evil|Kunduz airlift]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hersh |first1=Seymour M |date=28 January 2002 |title=The Getaway |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/28/020128fa_FACT?currentPage=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701233232/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/28/020128fa_FACT?currentPage=all |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-india-secretly-armed-ahmad-shah-massouds-northern-alliance/article29310513.ece|title=How India secretly armed Afghanistan's Northern Alliance|last=Sudarshan|first=V.|date=2019-09-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818135158/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-india-secretly-armed-ahmad-shah-massouds-northern-alliance/article29310513.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, R&AW undertook a [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorism]] operation, described as "unprecedented in its scale and scope", foiling a major terrorist attack by an [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|Islamic State – Khorasan]] [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] in New Delhi. The [[CIA]] was also involved in this operation. The militant was later transferred to a US base in Afghanistan for further questioning. The operation spanned 3 countries and involved 80 Research officers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=11 July 2018 |title=Indian intelligence infiltrated Islamic State ring to track, arrest Afghan suicide bomber sent to hit Delhi |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-intelligence-infiltrated-is-ring-to-track-arrest-afghan-suicide-bomber-sent-to-hit-delhi-5254357/lite/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711112514/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-intelligence-infiltrated-is-ring-to-track-arrest-afghan-suicide-bomber-sent-to-hit-delhi-5254357/lite/ |archive-date=11 July 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

In November–December 2019, a special [[Extraction (military)|exfiltration]] operation was undertaken by R&AW. At least four Indian nationals working in various parts of Afghanistan, that had been abducted by the [[Haqqani network]], were successfully rescued.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhinandan |date=4 January 2020 |title=Agencies rescue Indians abducted in Afghan |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/agencies-rescue-indians-abducted-afghan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623125423/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/agencies-rescue-indians-abducted-afghan |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |publisher=Sunday Guardian}}</ref>

In 2020, 10 [[Ministry of State Security (China)|MSS]] operatives from [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Xinjiang State Security Department (XSSD)]] were arrested in [[Kabul]] by the Afghan [[National Directorate of Security|NDS]]. During questioning, one of the operatives told the interrogators that they were gathering information about al-Qaeda, Taliban and [[Turkistan Islamic Party]] in [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] and [[Badakhshan province]]s, and wanted to assassinate high-level members of [[Turkistan Islamic Party|TIP]]. This [[Counter-Intelligence|counter-intelligence]] operation was undertaken based on a tip from R&AW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrdad |first=Ezzatullah |date=17 February 2021 |title=Did China Build a Spy Network in Kabul? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/did-china-build-a-spy-network-in-kabul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222700/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/did-china-build-a-spy-network-in-kabul/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=thediplomat.com}}</ref>

====Bangladesh====
{{Further|Bangladesh Liberation War|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
In the early 1970s, the [[Pakistan Army|army of Pakistan]] launched [[Operation Searchlight|military crackdown]] in response to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh independence movement]].<ref>{{Banglapedia|Operation_Searchlight|Operation Searchlight}}</ref> Nearly 1 crore (10 million) refugees fled to India. R&AW was instrumental in the formation of the Bangladeshi guerrilla organisation [[Mukti Bahini]] and responsible for supplying information, providing training and heavy ammunition to this organisation. [[Special Frontier Force]], then under R&AW, actively participated in military operations especially in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=26 December 2011 |title=India's secret war in Bangladesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-secret-war-in-bangladesh/article2747538.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331062228/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-secret-war-in-bangladesh/article2747538.ece |archive-date=31 March 2014 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> After the war ended in the successful creation of Bangladesh, four years later [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was assassinated on 15 August 1975 at his residence.<ref>{{cite news |author=Radhakrishnan |first=R. K. |date=13 April 2013 |title=Before his assassination, there was an attempt on Mujib's life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/before-his-assassination-there-was-an-attempt-on-mujibs-life/article4611312.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226225316/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/before-his-assassination-there-was-an-attempt-on-mujibs-life/article4611312.ece |archive-date=26 December 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |df=dmy-all}}</ref> R&AW operatives claimed that they had advance information about [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujibur Rahman's assassination]] but Sheikh Mujib tragically ignored inputs.<ref name="SunilSaini_RNKao">{{Cite news |last=Sainis |first=Sunil |date=March–April 2002 |title=Obituary:Rameshwar Nath Kao (1918–2002) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520170101/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=Volume 4(5) |publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak|Bharat Rakshak Monitor]] |df=dmy}}</ref> He was killed along with much of his family. Later, R&AW successfully thwarted plans of assassinating [[Sheikh Hasina Wazed]], daughter of Mujibur Rahman, by [[Islamist extremists]].<ref>[http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/hasina.html The plan to assassinate Bangladesh Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Wajed: How LTTE deal was blocked, suicide bombers failed to explode] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110235700/http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/hasina.html |date=10 November 2006 }} last visited on 9.4.07</ref>

In 1990, R&AW helped engineer and support a democratic uprising against [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad|Mohammed Ershad]], thus leading to his resignation. His pro-Pakistan and [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu]] policy decisions had been considered a threat by Indian government.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=2 August 2020 |title='R&AW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920033749/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.amp |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 1991, after [[Khaleda Zia]] won an election, India was alarmed over increased harassment of pro-India politicians, large-scale radicalisation and meticulously planned infiltration of trained extremists into Indian territory by [[Jamaat-e-Islami]]. JeI had set-up several terror training camps located along the border. In order to stop this activity, R&AW spontaneously bombed several of its camps and a major ISI safe house, thus dismantling JeI's terror network.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=30 June 2018 |title=R&AW covert ops dismantled Jamaat-e-Islami terror camps in 1992, reveals spymaster Amar Bhushan in book |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/raw-covert-ops-dismantled-jamaat-e-islami-terror-camps-in-1992-reveals-spymaster-amar-bhushan-in-book-4636441.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161727/https://www.firstpost.com/india/raw-covert-ops-dismantled-jamaat-e-islami-terror-camps-in-1992-reveals-spymaster-amar-bhushan-in-book-4636441.html/amp |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

In 1977–97, India took active part in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict]]. R&AW trained and financed the rebels of [[Shanti Bahini]], the militant wing of the [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti|PCJSS]]. In 2025, the chief of the PCJSS, [[Jyotirindra Bodhipriya Larma|Santu Larma]], was accused of carrying out human rights violations, child soldier recruitment, arms and narcotics trafficking on behalf of the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-07-14 |title=CHT Youth Federation urges UN to expel PCJSS (Santu) over human rights abuses |url=https://nenews.in/neighbours/cht-youth-federation-urges-un-to-expel-pcjss-santu-over-human-rights-abuses/28883/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Northeast News – Northeast India news 24×7 |language=en-US |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716091621/https://nenews.in/neighbours/cht-youth-federation-urges-un-to-expel-pcjss-santu-over-human-rights-abuses/28883/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt11Jun1989">{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=11 June 1989 |title=Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/world/bangladeshi-insurgents-say-india-is-supporting-them.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807013059/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/world/bangladeshi-insurgents-say-india-is-supporting-them.html|archive-date=August 7, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |author=Kabir |first=A. |date=January 2005 |title=Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Peace Accord |url=https://www.academia.edu/2504753 |url-status=live |journal=Working Paper No 2. The Role of Parliaments in Conflict & Post Conflict in Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517154946/https://www.academia.edu/2504753 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

====China====
{{see also|Nanda Devi Plutonium Mission}}
After China tested its [[596 (nuclear test)|first nuclear weapons]] on 16 October 1964, at [[Lop Nur]], [[Xinjiang]], India and the USA shared a common fear about [[Nuclear weapons of China|the nuclear capabilities of China.]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohli |first1=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yajeAAAAMAAJ |title=Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs |last2=Conboy |first2=Kenneth J. |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7006-1223-9 |pages=54–56}}</ref><ref>'An Eye at the Top of the World', by Pete Takeda, Thunder's Mouth Press; 1st edition (4 September 2006), {{ISBN|1-56025-845-4}}</ref> Owing to the extreme remoteness of Chinese testing grounds, strict secrecy surrounding the Chinese nuclear programme, and the extreme difficulty that an Indian or American would have passing themselves off as Chinese, it was almost impossible to carry out any [[HUMINT]] operation. So, the [[CIA]] in the late 1960s decided to launch an [[ELINT]] operation along with R&AW and [[Aviation Research Centre|ARC]] to track China's nuclear tests and monitor its missile launches. The operation, in the garb of a mountaineering expedition to [[Nanda Devi]] involved Indian climber [[M S Kohli]] who along with operatives of [[Special Frontier Force]] and the [[CIA]] – most notably Jim Rhyne, a veteran [[STOL]] pilot – was to place a permanent [[ELINT]] device, a transceiver powered by a plutonium battery, that could detect and report data on future nuclear tests carried out by China.<ref>Spies in the Himalayas, by Kenneth Conboy and M.S. Kohli, University Press of Kansas (March 2003), {{ISBN|0-7006-1223-8}}</ref> The monitoring device was near successfully implanted on [[Nanda Devi]], when an [[avalanche]] forced a hasty withdrawal.<ref>Harish Kapadia, "Nanda Devi", in ''World Mountaineering'', Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8212-2502-2}}, pp. 254–257.</ref> Later, a subsequent mountain operation to retrieve or replant the device was aborted when it was found that the device was lost. Recent reports indicate that radiation traces from this device have been discovered in sediment below the mountains.<ref name="seattle_pi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/309005_spymain26.html |title=Spy Robert Schaller's life of secrecy, betrayal and regrets |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=25 March 2007 |access-date=28 September 2009 |first1=Carol |last1=Smith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103171044/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Spy-Robert-Schaller-s-life-of-secrecy-betrayal-1232285.php |archive-date=3 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In February 2020, [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Indian Customs]] officials detained a Chinese ship from [[Shanghai Port]], at [[Kandla Port]]. The ship was bound for [[Port Qasim]] in [[Karachi]]. It was seized for wrongly declaring an autoclave, which can be used in the launch process of [[ballistic missile]]s, as an industrial dryer. This seizure was done on an intelligence tip-off by R&AW.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pak-bound-chinese-ship-intercepted-in-india-contains-cargo-used-to-launch-missiles-4951051.html/amp|title=Pak-bound Chinese ship intercepted in India, contains cargo used to launch missiles|access-date=17 February 2020|publisher=MoneyControl|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164700/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pak-bound-chinese-ship-intercepted-in-india-contains-cargo-used-to-launch-missiles-4951051.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kartha |first=Tara |date=20 February 2020 |title=Mystery Chinese ship to Karachi, 5 indicted in US show Pakistan's nuclear racket is alive |url=https://www.theprint.in/opinion/mystery-chinese-ship-to-karachi-5-arrested-in-us-show-pakistans-nuclear-racket-is-alive/368151/%3famp |access-date=20 February 2020 |publisher=The Print}}</ref>

==== Fiji ====

In [[Fiji]], where Fijians with Indian ancestry were being persecuted by [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], R&AW launched an operation involving informants in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[UK]] to successfully oust him from power.<ref name="Fiji">{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=2 August 2020 |title='RAW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601210018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.html |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=}}</ref>

====Iran====
In August 1991, R&AW undertook a [[Surveillance#Methods|physical surveillance]] and tracking operation of Indian nationals from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] that were taking weapons training in [[Qom]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhinandan |date=6 July 2019 |title=Ex-R&AW officers want PM to act against Hamid Ansari's 'anti-national' acts |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/ex-raw-officers-want-pm-act-hamid-ansaris-anti-national-acts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708031124/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/ex-raw-officers-want-pm-act-hamid-ansaris-anti-national-acts |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019 |publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian|Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
Since 2014, R&AW has undertaken numerous identification, [[Surveillance#Methods|physical surveillance]] and tracking operations in Malaysia targeted towards [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] organisations. It is only of because such operations that many high-ranking Khalistani militants like Harminder Singh Mintoo, Tara Singh, Kulbir Kaur, Ramandeep Singh etc. have been arrested and deported to India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |date=31 August 2010 |title=Malaysia: Sikh militant groups' new base |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/malaysia-sikh-militant-groups-new-base/20100831.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627014320/https://www.rediff.com/amp/news/report/malaysia-sikh-militant-groups-new-base/20100831.htm |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=19 May 2020 |title=Trial of 'RAW Agent' in German Court Casts Spotlight on India's Secret War Against Khalistan Terror |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523080722/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Manjeet |date=17 August 2019 |title=Malaysian woman accused of Khalistani terror funding arrested |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/malaysian-woman-accused-of-khalistani-terror-funding-arrested-1581721-2019-08-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818002643/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/malaysian-woman-accused-of-khalistani-terror-funding-arrested-1581721-2019-08-17 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2014 |title=Deported from Malaysia, Punjab terrorist arrested in Chennai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/deported-from-malaysia-punjab-terrorist-arrested-in-chennai-114110601173_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408065657/https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/deported-from-malaysia-punjab-terrorist-arrested-in-chennai-114110601173_1.html |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Business Standard |agency=IANS}}</ref>

====Maldives====
{{See also|Operation Cactus}}
In November 1988, the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), composed of about 200 [[Tamil people|Tamil]] secessionist rebels under Abdullah Luthufi, invaded [[Maldives]]. At the request of the president of Maldives, [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], the [[Indian Armed Forces]], with assistance from R&AW, launched a military campaign to throw the mercenaries out of Maldives. On the night of 3 November 1988, the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted the 6th parachute battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] from [[Agra]] and flew them over 2,000 km to [[Maldives]]. The Indian paratroopers landed at the airstrip of [[Hulhule]] island and restored the Government rule at [[Malé]] within a day. The operation, labelled [[Operation Cactus]], also involved the [[Indian Navy]]. Swift operation by the military and precise intelligence by R&AW quelled the [[insurgency]].<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Chordia |first=Squadron Leader A K |date=3 November 1988 |title=Operation Cactus |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020330080238/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html |archive-date=30 March 2002 |access-date=28 September 2009 |website=bharat-rakshak.com |publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |df=dmy}}</ref>

In 2018–19, R&AW undertook many operations that crippled [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and [[Ministry of State Security (China)|MSS]] intelligence network in Maldives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/raw-stuns-isi-and-mss-spy-agencies-foils-china-pakistan-nexus-in-maldives/|title=RAW Stuns ISI and MSS; Foils China-Pakistan Nexus in Maldives|date=30 June 2019|access-date=30 June 2019|publisher=The Eurasian Times|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212035303/https://eurasiantimes.com/raw-stuns-isi-and-mss-spy-agencies-foils-china-pakistan-nexus-in-maldives/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2024 ''The Washington Post'' reported that R&AW tried (but later dropped the plan altogether as relations started to improve between India and Maldives) to oust Maldivian government because Government of India perceived the Maldivian government to be pro-China.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shih |first1=Gerry |last2=Roy |first2=Siddharthya |date=30 December 2024 |title=A plot in paradise and India's struggle for influence in Asia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/30/maldives-president-muizzu-india-china-influence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241230120422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/30/maldives-president-muizzu-india-china-influence/ |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> After the publication of ''The Washington Post'' report the Maldivian Foreign Minister in an interview to [[WION]] said (regarding ''The Washington Post'' story) "very short answer for that. It is totally, something that is untrue, unfounded. There is no truth in that. So it is as simple as that."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibal |first=Sidhant |date=4 January 2025 |title=India's security is our security: Maldives Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/maldives-foreign-minister-abdulla-khaleel-says-indias-security-is-our-security-8591399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501103736/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/maldives-foreign-minister-abdulla-khaleel-says-indias-security-is-our-security-8591399 |archive-date=2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=[[Wion]] |language=en}}</ref>

====Mauritius====
{{See also|Operation Lal Dora}}
In [[Anerood Jugnauth#1982 elections and first tenure as prime minister|February 1983]], [[Mauritians|Mauritian]] Prime Minister [[Anerood Jugnauth]] requested assistance from Indira Gandhi in the event of a coup by rival politician [[Paul Bérenger]]. In March 1983, Gandhi ordered the Indian Army and Navy to prepare for a military intervention against a possible coup against the Jugnauth government. But the military intervention was put off by Gandhi, after a squabble between the Indian Navy and Army, on who would lead the operation. Instead, she chose to task the Research and Analysis Wing's then chief, Nowsher F. Suntook, with supervising a largely intelligence-led operation to reunite the Indian community of [[Mauritius]] whose fracturing along ideological and communal lines had allowed Berenger to mount a political challenge.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brewster |first=David |url=https://www.academia.edu/7992843 |title=India's Ocean: The Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. |publisher=Taylor and Francis |others=Retrieved 13 August 2014 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-315-81524-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070526/http://www.academia.edu/7992843/Extract_from_Indias_Ocean_-_Operation_Lal_Dora |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Myanmar====
During the 1990s, R&AW cultivated Burmese rebel groups and pro-democracy coalitions, especially the [[Kachin Independence Army]] (KIA). India allowed the KIA to carry a limited trade in [[jade]] and precious stones using Indian territory and even supplied them weapons. It is further alleged that KIA chief [[Maran Brang Seng]] met the Secretary(R) in Delhi twice. However, when the KIA became the main source of training and weapons for militant groups in Northeast India, R&AW initiated an operation, code named ''Operation Leech'', to assassinate the leaders of the Burmese rebels as an example to other groups. In 1998, six top rebel leaders, including military wing chief of National Unity Party of Arakans (NUPA), Khaing Raza, were shot dead and 34 Arakanese guerrillas were arrested and charged with gunrunning.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/><ref>[http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm Guns, drugs and rebels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923193152/http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm |date=23 September 2009
}}. B.B. Nandi, former R&AW additional secretary, interview to author, 6 March 2002.</ref>

In 1995, in [[Mizoram]] along the [[India–Myanmar barrier|India–Myanmar border]], the [[III Corps (India)|57th Mountain Division]] of the [[Indian Army]] carried out the [[Operation Golden Bird]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2007 |title=India seen arming Burma to counter Chinese |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/mar/23/20070323-103215-4113r/?page=all |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308063221/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/mar/23/20070323-103215-4113r/?page=all |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=27 July 2020 |work=The Washington Times}}</ref> The operation was launched because R&AW had provided information that a huge consignment of arms had reached to [[Cox's Bazar]] (Bangladesh) and was to be sent to insurgents in [[Manipur]]. The arms, as per intelligence, were meant for groups in [[Nagaland]] and [[Isak Chishi Swu|Isak-Muivah]] group in Manipur. Forces were deployed for counterinsurgency in the states of Manipur and Nagaland. Radio sets and other technological instruments were used to intercept insurgent messages. On 5 April 1995, Indian troops captured an insurgent named Hathi Bsrvah, trained by Pakistani ISI near Karachi. By 21 May 1995, the operation was finally called off.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9KGAwAAQBAJ&q=Wyakaung+beach&pg=PA185|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East By Subir Bhaumik|isbn=9788132104797|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|date=10 December 2009|publisher=SAGE Publications India }}</ref>

In 2015, R&AW and [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military Intelligence of Indian Army]] provided the intelligence support to [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para (SF)]], for their [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Datta |first=Saikat |date=12 June 2015 |title=Why the Modi government decided to deliberately leak information about the Myanmar strikes |url=https://www.scroll.in/article/733855/why-the-modi-government-decided-to-deliberately-leak-information-about-the-myanmar-strikes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213913/http://scroll.in/article/733855/why-the-modi-government-decided-to-deliberately-leak-information-about-the-myanmar-strikes |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

==== Nepal ====
In 1998, [[Mirza Dilshad Beg]], a Nepalese parliamentarian and an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] informant was assassinated by R&AW.<ref name="Defence Lover">{{cite web |last=Gakhar |first=Raghav |date=15 November 2013 |title=How R&AW Attacked ISI in Nepal And Finished Terrorists |url=https://defencelover.in/nepal-and-india-raw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312060039/http://defencelover.in/nepal-and-india-raw/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Defence Lover}}</ref>

[[Assassination of Raju Pargai & Amit Arya|Raju Pargai & Amit Arya]] were shot dead in 2011, who were running [[Mirza Dilshad Beg]]'s entire network in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2011 |title=NSG commando, friend held for Bhawali double murder. Police in search of two of their accomplices |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110910/dun.htm#3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423083538/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110910/dun.htm#3 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Dehradun Edition}}</ref> Despite the accusation and arrest of [[Lucky Bisht]], there was not enough evidence to convict him in the murder case, leading to his eventual acquittal.<ref>{{cite news |title=दोहरे हत्याकांड में लकी कमांडो समेत पांचों आरोपी बरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/haldwani/story-five-accused-including-lucky-commando-in-double-murder-casea-acquitted-1837453.html |work=livehindustan.com |date=7 March 2018 |language=hindi |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920041753/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/haldwani/story-five-accused-including-lucky-commando-in-double-murder-casea-acquitted-1837453.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khatoon |first=Farah |date=17 June 2023 |title=R.A.W Hitman: The real story of Agent Lima brings the interesting story of Lucky Bisht |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/r-a-w-hitman-the-real-story-of-agent-lima-brings-the-interesting-story-of-lucky-bisht/cid/1945689 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164926/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/r-a-w-hitman-the-real-story-of-agent-lima-brings-the-interesting-story-of-lucky-bisht/cid/1945689 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/news/delhi/nsg-commando-ex-raw-agent-lucky-bishts-biography-raw-hitman-published-s-hussain-zaidi-is-the-author-6112950/|title=एक्स रॉ एजेंट लकी बिष्ट की ज़िन्दगी से रूबरू होगी दुनिया, एस. हुसैन जैदी ने लिखी 'रॉ हिटमैन' बायोग्राफी|website=www.india.com|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719165113/https://www.india.com/hindi-news/news/delhi/nsg-commando-ex-raw-agent-lucky-bishts-biography-raw-hitman-published-s-hussain-zaidi-is-the-author-6112950/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 1997–2013, R&AW along with IB carried out multiple operations, in which many militant leaders like [[Yasin Bhatkal]] of [[Indian Mujahideen]]; Bhupinder Singh Bhuda of [[Khalistan Commando Force]]; Tariq Mehmood, Asif Ali, [[Syed Abdul Karim Tunda]], Abu Qasim  of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]; Fayaz Ahmed Mir of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] were secretly brought to India.<ref name="Defence Lover"/><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Rajesh |date=18 August 2013 |title=Intelligence op that spanned 3 nations, 20 yrs led to Tunda's arrest |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Intelligence-op-that-spanned-3-nations-20-yrs-led-to-Tunda-s-arrest/Article1-1109280.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818142147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Intelligence-op-that-spanned-3-nations-20-yrs-led-to-Tunda-s-arrest/Article1-1109280.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="Terror vet falls into net">{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Imran Ahmed |date=17 August 2013 |title=Terror vet falls into net |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130818/jsp/frontpage/story_17243306.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821125707/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130818/jsp/frontpage/story_17243306.jsp |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |work=The Telegraph |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2014, R&AW along with [[Directorate General of Forces Intelligence|DGFI]] tracked down [[Indian Mujahideen]]'s top commander, Zia Ur Rehman in Nepal. The operation was executed by [[Directorate General of Forces Intelligence|DGFI]] after formal request from India's R&AW and Nepal's law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Datta |first1=Saikat |last2=Anand |first2=Jatin |date=2 April 2014 |title=Bangladesh, Nepal helped India nab IM top guns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bangladesh-nepal-helped-india-nab-im-top-guns/story-ScJxf7cONPSefqxK8VxoJL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719080502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bangladesh-nepal-helped-india-nab-im-top-guns/story-ScJxf7cONPSefqxK8VxoJL.html |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, it was reported that R&AW had kidnapped a mid-level ISI officer Lt. Col. Mohammed H Zahir from [[Lumbini]]. There were reports that Zahir was among the ISI team that had taken part in kidnapping and smuggling of former Indian Navy officer Kulbhushan Jadhav from [[Chabahar]], Iran to Meshkal Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Syed Ali |date=24 March 2016 |title='RAW officer' arrested in Balochistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1247665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326070900/http://www.dawn.com/news/1247665 |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|dawn.com]] |publisher=DAWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Manoj |date=12 April 2017 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Nakshab |title=Vanished' Pakistan Officer Was on a 'Sensitive' ISI Mission to Nepal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vanished-pakistan-officer-was-on-a-sensitive-isi-mission-to-nepal-1372013.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415161137/http://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/vanished-pakistan-officer-was-on-a-sensitive-isi-mission-to-nepal-1372013.html |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref>

In September 2022, Mohammad Lal, who was a huge supplier of counterfeit Indian currency was shot dead by two unidentified armed men in Kathmandu. The assailants immediately fled the scene after shooting Lal. R&AW had been looking for Lal for a long time for his alleged connections with [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and [[D-Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2022 |editor-last=Shaurya |editor-first=Surabhi |title=Breaking: ISI Agent Laal Mohammad— Biggest Supplier of Fake notes in India Shot Dead in Nepal |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/breaking-isi-agent-laal-mohammad-biggest-supplier-of-fake-notes-in-india-shot-dead-in-nepal-5645822/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=india.com |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621161054/https://www.india.com/news/world/breaking-isi-agent-laal-mohammad-biggest-supplier-of-fake-notes-in-india-shot-dead-in-nepal-5645822/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Pakistan====
During the late 1980s, R&AW had infiltrated the highest levels of Pakistani military and political leadership. It even had a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] inside General [[Yahya Khan]]'s Office. This mole had also alerted the Indian armed forces, a week before about impending Pakistani air attack. This alert was correct as Pakistan attacked India on December 3, thus starting [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chakrabarti |first=Sumon K |date=6 August 2007 |title=Mole and careless Pak army ensured early victory in 1971' |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/147067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623015341/https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/147067 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=6 August 2007 |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |publisher=}}</ref>

R&AW's most successful spy was [[Ravindra Kaushik]], who spied in Pakistan in the 1970s. He was from Rajasthan's [[Sri Ganganagar]]. Kaushik was a student and an aspiring actor. He was acting in a patriotic play in a theatre in Lucknow when an R&AW recruiter spotted him. He joined R&AW in 1975 at the age of 23. They trained him, created a disguise identity and sent him to Pakistan. He did an LLB at [[Karachi university]] and joined the Pakistani army, eventually he was promoted to the rank of major. Between 1979–83 he passed valuable information to R&AW. Due to his feats the then Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] gave him title of "The Black Tiger".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Story of R&AW agent, Ravinder Kaushik, who worked as a Pakistan Army Major |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/story-of-raw-agent-ravinder-kaushik-who-worked-as-a-pakistan-army-major/new-identity-in-pak/slideshow/58240717.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125093651/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/story-of-raw-agent-ravinder-kaushik-who-worked-as-a-pakistan-army-major/new-identity-in-pak/slideshow/58240717.cms |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Aditya |date=10 August 2022 |title=... Remembering Ravindra Kaushik's... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/indias-soldiers-in-shadows-remembering-ravindra-kaushiks-supreme-sacrifice-for-nation-all-you-need-to-know-about-black-tiger-article-93461316/amp |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125095323/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/indias-soldiers-in-shadows-remembering-ravindra-kaushiks-supreme-sacrifice-for-nation-all-you-need-to-know-about-black-tiger-article-93461316/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Kahuta]] is the site of the [[Khan Research Laboratories]], Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging centre for long-range missile development. The primary Pakistani missile-material production facility is located at Kahuta, employing gas centrifuge enrichment technology to produce [[Highly Enriched Uranium]] (HEU). R&AW first confirmed Pakistan's nuclear programs by analysing the hair samples snatched from the floor of barber shops near KRL; which showed that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality. R&AW operatives knew about [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] from at least early 1978,<ref>{{cite book |author=Hutchinson |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tluk-CiKERwC&pg=PT136 |title=Weapons of Mass Destruction |publisher=Orion |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-78022-377-3 |page=136 |quote=In a stunning intelligence coup, India apparently first learned of Pakistan's programmes by analysing the hair samples snatched from the floors of barber shops near the Pakistani nuclear research facility at Kahuta. India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, sent the samples to New Delhi's Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, which discovered clear indications from analysis of the hair, that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality.}}</ref> when the then Indian Prime Minister, [[Morarji Desai]], accidentally exposed R&AW's operations on [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan's covert nuclear weapons program]]. In an indiscreet moment in a telephone conversation one day, Morarji Desai informed the then Pakistan President, [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], that India was aware of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. According to later reports, acting on this "tip-off", Pakistan's ISI and army eliminated most of R&AW's assets in and around Kahuta.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm |title=RAW & MOSSAD: The Secret Link |work=Rediff.com |date=8 September 2003 |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912075501/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>According to 18–24 September 1988 issue of the weekly Indian Magazine Sunday</ref>

R&AW received information from one of its informants in a London-based company, which had supplied Arctic-weather gear to Indian troops in [[Ladakh]], that some Pakistan paramilitary forces had bought similar Arctic-weather gear.<ref name="time">{{cite news |last1=McGirk |first1=Tim |last2=Adiga |first2=Aravind |date=4 May 2005 |title=War at the Top of the World |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501050711/story2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414200007/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501050711/story2.html |archive-date=14 April 2010 |magazine=Time |df=dmy}}</ref> This information was shared with the Indian Army which launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] to take control of the Siachen Glacier with around 300<ref name="time"/> acclimatised troops airlifted to Siachen before Pakistan could launch any operation, resulting in an Indian head start and the eventual Indian domination of all major peaks in Siachen.<ref name="time"/>

In the mid-1980s, R&AW set up two special units, ''Counterintelligence Team-X(CIT-X)'' and ''Counterintelligence Team-J(CIT-J)'', the first directed at [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Siddiqa |first=Ayesha |date=July 2007 |title=The 'Jihad' Against India |url=http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJul2007/bookmarkjuly.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202125431/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJul2007/bookmarkjuly.htm |archive-date=2 December 2007 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline.com.pk]]}}</ref> and the second at [[Khalistan]]i groups.<ref>{{cite web |author=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=28 April 2013 |title=Sarabjit Singh, and the spies India left out in the cold |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/sarabjit-singh-and-the-spies-india-left-out-in-the-cold-734703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531231211/http://www.firstpost.com/india/sarabjit-singh-and-the-spies-we-left-out-in-the-cold-734703.html |archive-date=31 May 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=[[Firstpost]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rabinder Singh (intelligence officer)|Rabinder Singh]], the R&AW officer who later [[defection|defected]] to the United States in 2004, helped run CIT-J in its early years. Both these covert units used the services of cross-border traffickers to ferry weapons and funds across the border, much as their [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] counterparts were doing. According to former R&AW official and noted security analyst B. Raman, the Indian counter-campaign yielded results. "The role of our cover action capability in putting an end to the ISI's interference and support of khalistani militants in Punjab, thus completely stopping years of violence and insurgency", he wrote in 2002, "by making such interference prohibitively costly is little known and understood." These covert groups were disbanded during the tenure of [[IK Gujral]] and were never restarted.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=10-23 September 2005 |title=Covert contestation |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2219/stories/20050923004503000.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110212607/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2219/stories/20050923004503000.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010 |access-date=28 September 2009 |website=Hinduonnet.com |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> As per [[Bahukutumbi Raman|B Raman]] a former R&AW [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]], these covert groups were successful in keeping a check on [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and were "responsible for ending the Khalistani insurgency".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=B. |date=19 February 2010 |title=Under Cover of Deniability |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264366 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502201825/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264366 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the mid-1990s, R&AW undertook an operation to infiltrate various [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]-backed militant groups in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. R&AW operatives infiltrated the area, collected military intelligence, and provided evidence about [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]'s involvement in training and funding separatist groups. R&AW was successful not only in unearthing the links, but also in infiltrating and neutralising the terrorism in the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html|title=Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict|access-date=5 May 2006|first=Rory|last=McCarthy|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=25 May 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/https://www.theguardian.com/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html|archive-date=14 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI]. Intelligence Resource Program |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=11 June 2014 |website=fas.org |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |df=dmy}}</ref> It is also credited for creating a split in the [[Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Watt |first=Romeet |date=July 2002 |title=R A W: Kashmir & Beyond |url=http://www.kashmirtelegraph.com/raw.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033300/http://www.kashmirtelegraph.com/raw.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=The Kashmir Telegraph |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Operation Chanakya also marked the creation of pro-Indian groups in Kashmir like the Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen, Muslim Mujahideen etc. These [[counterinsurgency|counter-insurgencies]] consist of ex-militants and relatives of those slain in the conflict. Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen leader Kokka Parrey was himself assassinated by separatists.<ref name="FAsummary"/>

During the [[Kargil War]], R&AW was also successful in intercepting a telephonic conversation between [[Pervez Musharraf]], the then Pakistan Army Chief who was in Beijing and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Mohammed Aziz in [[Islamabad]].<ref name="india-seminar.com">{{cite web |author=Bhaumik |first=Subir |title=Guns, drugs and rebels |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923193152/http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=India-seminar.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This tape was later published by India to prove Pakistani involvement in the Kargil incursion.<ref name="india-seminar.com"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kutty |first=C K |date=2 February 2005 |title=A RAW hand |url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315153842/http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=Rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2004, it had come to light that a timely tip-off by R&AW helped foil a third assassination plot against Pakistan's former president, General [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-raw-intelligence-saved-prez-musharraf-s-life-in-2004-2101535|title=R&AW intelligence saved Prez Musharraf's life in 2004|date=4 July 2015|publisher=DNA|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004142601/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-raw-intelligence-saved-prez-musharraf-s-life-in-2004-2101535|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 2–6 months before [[26/11 Mumbai attacks]], R&AW had intercepted several telephone calls through SIGINT which pointed at impending attacks on Mumbai Hotels by Pakistan-based terrorists,<ref>Sundarji, Padma Rao (3 December 2008). [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/57012.html India's lack of preparedness raised Mumbai death toll]. ''[[McClatchy]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414152741/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/57012.html|date=14 April 2009}}</ref> however there was a coordination failure and no follow up action was taken.<ref>Angel Rabasa, Robert D. Blackwill, Peter Chalk, Kim Cragin, [[C. Christine Fair]], Brian A. Jackson, [[Brian Michael Jenkins]], Seth G. Jones, Nathaniel Shestak, [[Ashley J. Tellis]] (2009). [https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf The Lessons of Mumbai]. Rand Corporation. p19. {{ISBN|978-0-8330-4667-3}}. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004044642/http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Few hours before the attacks, a R&AW technician monitoring satellite transmissions picked up conversations between attackers and handlers, as the attackers were sailing toward Mumbai. The technician flagged the conversations as being suspicious and passed them on to his superiors. R&AW believed that they were worrying and immediately alerted the office of the National Security Advisor. However the intelligence was ignored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=24 April 2010 |title=The issue is not about the principle of tapping telephones but the motive behind it |url=http://www.virsanghvi.com/CounterPoint-ArticleDetail.aspx?ID=474 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427083702/http://www.virsanghvi.com/CounterPoint-ArticleDetail.aspx?ID=474 |archive-date=27 April 2010 |website=virsanghvi.com}}</ref> Later, just after the terrorists had attacked Mumbai, the technicians started monitoring the six phones used by the terrorists and recorded conversations between the terrorists and their handlers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=24 April 2010 |title=Why politicians won't get off the line |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426101803/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Why-politicians-won-t-get-off-the-line/H1-Article1-535365.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2010 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In March 2016, [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]], an Indian naval officer who working as a R&AW agent, was arrested in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and charged with espionage and sabotage. He was accused of operating a [[covert]] terror network within Balochistan. In 2017, he was [[sentenced to death]] by a Field General Court Martial in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2019 |title=Timeline: How the Kulbhushan Jadhav saga unfolded |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1493236 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717082914/https://www.dawn.com/news/1493236 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |work=DAWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2017 |title=Who is Kulbhushan Jadhav? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-kulbhushan-jadhav-the-hindu-explains/article61594966.ece |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |quote=Kulbhushan Jadhav was allegedly arrested in the Chaman area of Balochistan on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border on March 3, 2016. Pakistan said he was a serving Indian naval officer and accused him of working for India's Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027065156/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-kulbhushan-jadhav-the-hindu-explains/article61594966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Spy">{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=10 April 2017 |title=Pakistan Sentences Indian Spy to Death for Operating Terrorism Ring |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/pakistan-india-death-sentence-spy-kulbhushan-yadav.html |url-access=registration |work=The New York Times |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020139/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/pakistan-india-death-sentence-spy-kulbhushan-yadav.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While held by Pakistani authorities, Jadhav had confessed in a video recording that he was tasked by R&AW, “to plan and organise espionage and sabotage activities” in Balochistan and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2016 |title=Transcript of R&AW agent Kulbhushan's confessional statement |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1248786 |work=DAWN.com |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231024932/https://www.dawn.com/news/1248786 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Spy"/>

During the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Line of Control strike]], R&AW played an important role by providing real time and accurate intelligence to operational advisors and planners. It had deployed its human assets closest to the 8 demarcated launch-pads in Pakistan administered Kashmir. It also started Physical Surveillance of [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Pakistan army]], 10 Corps commander and force commander of Northern Areas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kanwal |first=Rahul |author-link=Rahul Kanwal |date=7 October 2016 |title=[Exclusive] Inside story of India's daring surgical strikes against Pakistan |url=https://www.dailyo.in/lite/politics/surgical-strikes-narendra-modi-indian-army-india-pak-nawaz-sharif-line-of-control-pok-kashmir-baramulla/story/1/13303.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014232326/http://www.dailyo.in/lite/politics/surgical-strikes-narendra-modi-indian-army-india-pak-nawaz-sharif-line-of-control-pok-kashmir-baramulla/story/1/13303.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |publisher=DailyO}}</ref>

During [[2019 Balakot airstrike]], R&AW played an important role by identifying and providing intelligence on Markaz Syed Ahmad Shaheed training camp, to operational planners. It had [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|HUMINT]] that a large number of terrorists had congregated in the camp.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masih |first=Archana |date=23 October 2019 |title=Moles inside terror camps sent info for Balakot strike |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/moles-at-terror-camps-sent-info-for-balakot-strike/20191023.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024145/https://www.rediff.com/amp/news/interview/moles-at-terror-camps-sent-info-for-balakot-strike/20191023.htm |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chengappa |first=Raj |date=15 March 2019 |title=Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326002024/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>

On 1 March 2022, one of the hijackers of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Flight IC 814]] flight, Zahoor Mistry, was killed by two bike-borne assailants in Karachi. It was Mistry who had killed one of the passengers, 25-year-old [[Rupin Katyal]], on the flight. It is widely believed he was assassinated by R&AW.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=IC 814 hijacker Zahoor Mistry killed in Pakistan, Masood Azhar's brother attends funeral: Reports |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/ic-814-hijacker-zahoor-mistry-killed-in-pakistan-7809422/lite/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309073322/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ic-814-hijacker-zahoor-mistry-killed-in-pakistan-7809422/lite/ |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |last3=Baloch |first3=Shah Meer |date=2024-04-04 |title=Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902191622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 February 2023, [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizbul]] Commander Bashir Ahmad Peer alias Imtiyaz Alam who was India's most wanted designated terrorist under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] was shot dead outside a store by unknown assailants in Rawalpindi. It is widely believed that R&AW was behind this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masoodi |first=Nazir |date=21 February 2023 |title=Wanted In India, Top Hizbul Commander Killed In Pakistan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wanted-in-india-top-hizbul-commander-killed-in-pakistan-3802474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121512/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wanted-in-india-top-hizbul-commander-killed-in-pakistan-3802474 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=[[NDTV.com]]}}</ref>

On May 6, 2023, [[Khalistan movement|Paramjit Singh Panjwar]], the Chief of [[Khalistan Commando Force]] was gunned down by two unidentified bike-borne gunmen in Johar Town of Lahore while he was out for a morning walk near his residence. Most likely it is believed he was assassinated by R&AW operative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Mukul |date=5 May 2023 |title=Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar, wanted by India, gunned down in Pakistan |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/paramjit-singh-panjwar-terrorist-wanted-by-india-gunned-down-in-pakistan-report-589648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621123957/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/paramjit-singh-panjwar-terrorist-wanted-by-india-gunned-down-in-pakistan-report-589648 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=[[WION]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

On April 4, 2024, [[The Guardian|''The Guardian'']] reported that the Indian government had allegedly ordered the killings of individuals in Pakistan. Up to 20 assassinations had taken place since 2020, targeting individuals who were either linked to known terrorist organizations or were former members of these organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |last3=Baloch |first3=Shah Meer |date=2024-04-04 |title=Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902191622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 16, 2025, Multiple news outlets reported that a top [[LeT]] commander named Abu Qatal Sindhi was killed by ‘unknown gunmen’ in the Jhelum area of Pakistan. Sindhi was a key LeT operative responsible for coordinating several major attacks in the Rajouri-Poonch region along [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-03-16 |title='Unknown gunmen' strike Hafiz Saeed's close aide Sindhi in Pakistan; was behind Poonch-Rajouri attacks |url=https://theprint.in/defence/unknown-gunmen-strike-hafiz-saeeds-close-aide-sindhi-in-pakistan-was-behind-poonch-rajouri-attacks/2549720/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410102820/https://theprint.in/defence/unknown-gunmen-strike-hafiz-saeeds-close-aide-sindhi-in-pakistan-was-behind-poonch-rajouri-attacks/2549720/ |archive-date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], R&AW supplied intelligence about terrorist hideouts in Pakistan to [[Indian Armed Forces]] for [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |last2=Das |first2=Harshita |date=2025-05-08 |title=Exclusive: Heroes behind the success of Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sinfoor-heroes-pm-modi-vikram-misri-army-chief-chief-of-defense-staff-raw-navy-air-force-2721753-2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720150352/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sinfoor-heroes-pm-modi-vikram-misri-army-chief-chief-of-defense-staff-raw-navy-air-force-2721753-2025-05-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-06-28 |title=Brain behind Operation Sindoor, IPS Parag Jain is new RAW Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brain-behind-operation-sindoor-ips-parag-jain-is-new-raw-chief/article69748757.ece |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Philippines ====
In March 2023, with the help of Indian intelligence inputs, officers from the [[Bureau of Immigration (Philippines)|Philippine Bureau of Immigration]], the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center and the [[National Intelligence Coordinating Agency]] arrested three suspected members of the [[Khalistani groups|Khalistan Tiger Force]] (KTF) in the central Philippine city of [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aben |first1=Ellie |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanjay |date=2023-03-27 |title=Philippines arrests suspected Sikh separatists in first Khalistan detection |url=https://arab.news/bumtv |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=3 suspected members of Khalistan Tiger Force arrested in the Philippines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-suspected-members-khalistan-tiger-force-arrested-philippines-8525167/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701033125/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-suspected-members-khalistan-tiger-force-arrested-philippines-8525167/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> The suspects were deported back to India in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=PH deports suspected Indian terrorists |url=http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/5/19/ph-deports-suspected-indian-terrorist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233052/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/5/19/ph-deports-suspected-indian-terrorist.html |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=CNN Philippines}}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
Since the 1990s, given its position as the largest source of funds and promoter of [[Salafi jihadism|Salafist]] ideology and being considered major security challenge for India. R&AW has greatly expanded its activities and operation in Saudi Arabia. [[Syed Abdul Karim Tunda|Abdul Karim Tunda]] was captured in Saudi Arabia and was secretly brought to India.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/>

Since 2012, R&AW has carried out numerous operations in Saudi Arabia. It is only because of such operations that dozens of high-ranking terrorists like [[Zabiuddin Ansari]], Habibur Rahman, [[Sabeel Ahmed]], Muhammed Gulnawaz etc. have been deported and arrested in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahuja |first1=Rajesh |last2=Jacob |first2=Jayanth |date=24 August 2018 |title=Of 24 terror suspects turned in by Gulf countries to India since 2012, 18 are from UAE and Saudi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/of-24-terror-suspects-turned-in-by-gulf-countries-to-india-since-2012-18-are-from-uae-and-saudi/story-225ND6iIOaWrD9mYZYRFLL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004165801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/of-24-terror-suspects-turned-in-by-gulf-countries-to-india-since-2012-18-are-from-uae-and-saudi/story-225ND6iIOaWrD9mYZYRFLL_amp.html |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2020 |title=Terror case accused deported from Saudi, held from airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/terror-case-accused-deported-from-saudi-held-from-airport/articleshow/78241881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/terror-case-accused-deported-from-saudi-held-from-airport/articleshow/78241881.cms |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson T A |date=30 August 2020 |title=Deported from Saudi, LeT 'terror recruiter' held by NIA |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/deported-from-saudi-let-terror-recruiter-held-by-nia-6575605/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150725/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deported-from-saudi-let-terror-recruiter-held-by-nia-6575605/lite/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Abu Jundal, 6 others sentenced to life imprisonment in 2006 Aurangabad arms haul case |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/abu-jundal-aurangabad-arms-haul-case-life-imprisonment-2949408/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004152229/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/abu-jundal-aurangabad-arms-haul-case-life-imprisonment-2949408/lite/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In April 2023 the Saudi cabinet gave approval for joint cooperation with Indian intelligence agencies. It also approved Riyadh's status as a dialogue partner for SCO as India prepares to host the SCO summit in July. India-Saudi defence and security partnership has been steadily growing. There were a number of high-level bilateral visits and meetings, beginning with the first-ever official visit to India by Lt Gen Fahd bin Abdullah Mohammed Al-Mutair, commander of [[Royal Saudi Land Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhinandan |date=2023-04-01 |title=Saudi, Indian intelligence come together to combat terrorism |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/saudi-indian-intelligence-come-together-to-combat-terrorism |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210705/https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/saudi-indian-intelligence-come-together-to-combat-terrorism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2023-04-01 |title=Saudi cabinet okays cooperation with Indian intelligence agencies |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/saudi-cabinet-okays-cooperation-with-indian-intelligence-agencies/articleshow/99155102.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/saudi-cabinet-okays-cooperation-with-indian-intelligence-agencies/articleshow/99155102.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====

{{More citations needed section|date=March 2026}}

In the early 1980s, R&AW allegedly started funding and training Tamil militants to keep a check on [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/25/madras-cafe-brings-back-memories-123664.html |title=Madras Cafe brings back memories | Niti Central |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022835/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/25/madras-cafe-brings-back-memories-123664.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 }} Madras Cafe brings back memories by [[Tavleen Singh]]</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2020}} which had helped Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pak War]] by allowing Pakistani ships to refuel at Sri Lankan ports. R&AW split the Tamil militants into more than 20 groups, among which Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was one.{{cn|date=March 2026}} However, when LTTE disobeyed the directions offered by R&AW, the agency switched sides and started providing intelligence support to Sri Lanka. When Prime Minister of India [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was forced to send the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) under [[Operation Pawan]] in 1987 to restore normalcy in the region. The disastrous mission of the IPKF was blamed by many on the lack of coordination between the IPKF and R&AW. Its most disastrous manifestation was the [[Jaffna University Helidrop|Heliborne assault on LTTE HQ]] in the [[Jaffna University]] campus in the opening stages of [[Operation Pawan]]. The dropping [[paratroopers]] became easy targets for the LTTE. A number of soldiers were killed. The [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] ended India's involvement in Sri Lankan Civil war.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In 2010, R&AW carried out a snatch operation in Sri Lanka, in which a top [[HuJI]] militant Sheikh Abdul Khawaja – handler of the [[26/11]] Mumbai terror attackers was captured and secretly taken away to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/26-11-attacks-handler-arrested/story-YHnOhmpBbT7dL1uwp7yTbL.html|title=26/11 attacks handler arrested|date=18 January 2010|access-date=19 January 2010|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2015, it was allegedly reported by the Sri Lankan newspaper [[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]], that R&AW had played a role in uniting the opposition, to bring about the defeat of [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]. There had been growing concern in the Indian government, on the increasing influence of economic and military rival China in Sri Lankan affairs. Rajapaksa further upped the ante by allowing 2 Chinese submarines to dock in 2014, without informing India, in spite of a stand still agreement to this effect between India and Sri Lanka. The growing Chinese tilt of Rajapaksa was viewed by India with unease. Further, it was alleged, that R&AW's [[Station chief|Chief of Station]] in Colombo, helped coordination of talks within the opposition, and convincing former PM [[Ranil Wickremasinghe]] not to stand against Rajapaksa, but to choose a common opposition candidate, who had better chances of winning. The [[station chief]] was also alleged to have been in touch with [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], who played a key role in convincing [[Maithripala Sirisena]] to be the common candidate.<ref name=Chalmers-Miglani>{{cite news|last1=Chalmers|first1=John|last2=Miglani|first2=Sanjeev|title=Indian spy's role alleged in Sri Lankan president's election defeat|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-election-india-insight-idUSKBN0KR03020150118|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Reuters|issue=US|date=17 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203032640/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/18/us-sri-lanka-election-india-insight-idUSKBN0KR03020150118|archive-date=3 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However these allegations were denied by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]]<ref name="HT">{{cite news|title=India denies RAW deal in Sri Lanka's recent elections|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/intel-agencies-deny-raw-official-s-hand-in-rajapaksa-s-defeat/article1-1308061.aspx|access-date=2 February 2015|issue=New Delhi|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130024310/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/intel-agencies-deny-raw-official-s-hand-in-rajapaksa-s-defeat/article1-1308061.aspx|archive-date=30 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Sri Lankan Foreign Minister]] [[Mangala Samaraweera]].<ref name=DM.LK>{{cite news|title=SL election won by the people, not by RAW-Mangala|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/61561/sri-lankan-election-won-by-the-people-not-by-raw-mangala|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Daily Mirror|date=19 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203032451/http://www.dailymirror.lk/61561/sri-lankan-election-won-by-the-people-not-by-raw-mangala|archive-date=3 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/11/03/spies-rule-the-roost.amp.html|title=Spies rule the roast|date=11 November 2018|publisher=The Week|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920041038/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/11/03/spies-rule-the-roost.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|2019 Easter bombings]], R&AW had issued precision intelligence warnings to its [[State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan counterpart]] about an impending terrorist attack. All of these warnings were based on [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|HUMINT]] gathered by it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-sent-three-alerts-to-sri-lanka-before-attack/story-o4UxdS30demqRFwMRwxE2O.html|title=India's first alert sent to Lanka 17 days before deadly bombing, then 2 more|access-date=22 April 2019|publisher=Hindustan Times|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424031058/https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-sent-three-alerts-to-sri-lanka-before-attack/story-o4UxdS30demqRFwMRwxE2O_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/sri-lanka-bomb-blasts-precision-intelligence-warnings-on-colombo-were-ignored-documents-show-6496211.html/amp|title=Sri Lanka bomb blasts: Precision intelligence warnings on Colombo were ignored, documents show|access-date=22 April 2019|publisher=First Post|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422195614/https://www.firstpost.com/world/sri-lanka-bomb-blasts-precision-intelligence-warnings-on-colombo-were-ignored-documents-show-6496211.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Tajikistan====
In the mid-1990s, after the rise of Pakistan backed [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan, India started supporting the [[Northern Alliance]]. In order to provide support, India had acquired [[Farkhor Air Base]]. This airbase was used by R&AW, along with [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|M.I.]], as a base of operations for all their activities directed to Afghanistan like covert paramilitary operations and [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|HUMINT]] gathering. The airbase was also used by [[Aviation Research Centre|ARC]] and [[Directorate of Air Intelligence]] (DAI), to provide aerial reconnaissance to Northern Alliance.<ref name="farkhor"/>

====Turkey====
During the [[2015 G20 Antalya summit]], the R&AW station in [[Ankara]] increased its strength in order to provide additional security cover for visiting PM Modi, along with [[Special Protection Group|SPG]]. Officers from [[MI5]] and [[Mossad]] were also deployed to provide Security as part of liaison agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Rajshekhar |date=15 November 2015 |title=Mossad, MI5 roped in to shield Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkey? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mossad-MI5-roped-in-to-shield-Prime-Minister-Narendra-Modi-in-Turkey/articleshow/49786782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517081759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mossad-mi5-roped-in-to-shield-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-turkey/articleshow/49786782.cms |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
A detailed report from ''The Washington Post'' and ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' revealed R&AW's deep operations in the country. Australian authorities expelled two Indian intelligence operatives in 2020 for being members of an elaborate "nest of spies" that attempted to steal sensitive information about defence technology, major airport security and trade relationships.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Knott |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-30 |title=Indian spies booted out of Australia for trying to steal sensitive information |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/indian-spies-booted-out-of-australia-for-trying-to-steal-sensitive-information-20240430-p5fnol.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503182019/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/indian-spies-booted-out-of-australia-for-trying-to-steal-sensitive-information-20240430-p5fnol.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Greg |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |last3=Nakashima |first3=Ellen |date=2024-04-29 |title=An assassination plot on American soil reveals a darker side of Modi's India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/29/india-assassination-raw-sikhs-modi/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-04-30 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]] Director-General Mike Burgess revealed in 2021 that ASIO had uncovered a "nest of spies" from R&AW, whose operations included grooming politicians and a foreign embassy as informants and R&AW had also recruited an Australian government official with security clearance.<ref name=":1" />

===Europe===
====Belgium====
In 2021, R&AW is reported to have foiled an assassination plot hatched by [[Khalistan Commando Force]] militants from Belgium and United Kingdom, to target farmers' leader protesting at Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=17 February 2021 |title=Khalistani terrorists from Belgium, UK planning to kill a farmer leader: intelligence agencies |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/khalistani-terrorists-planning-to-kill-a-farmer-leader-intelligence-agencies-11613547238202.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217082040/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/khalistani-terrorists-planning-to-kill-a-farmer-leader-intelligence-agencies/amp-11613547238202.html |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ankur |date=17 February 2021 |title=Plan to eliminate a farmer leader by Khalistani terrorist organisation leaders from Belgium, UK tracked by Central intel agencies |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/plan-to-eliminate-a-farmer-leader-by-khalistani-terrorist-organisation-leaders-from-belgium-uk-tracked-by-central-intel-agencies20210217124843/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125221/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/plan-to-eliminate-a-farmer-leader-by-khalistani-terrorist-organisation-leaders-from-belgium-uk-tracked-by-central-intel-agencies20210217124843/ |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-24 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |language=en}}</ref>

====Germany====
Since 2014, R&AW has undertaken numerous physical surveillance, identification and tracking operations in Germany, targeted towards Khalistani militants and Islamic fundamentalists. It has aggressively recruited agents inside pro-Khalistan circles all across Germany, in cities like [[Frankfurt]] and [[Berlin]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=19 May 2020 |title=Trial of 'R&AW Agent' in German Court Casts Spotlight on India's Secret War Against Khalistan Terror in Europe |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523080722/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2019 |publisher=News18}}</ref>

In 2019 a surveliiance operation was undertaken with the target being Gurmeet Singh Bagga, co-leader of the [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]], and a fugitive wanted for the [[Khalistan Zindabad Force#Status|Punjab drone arms drop case]].<ref name="auto1"/>

====Italy====
After [[26/11]], it was uncovered that Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] had not only laundered a large amount of money for the attack but also arranged [[Voice over IP|VOIP]] calls that allowed the handlers to talk to the militants through the Italian city of [[Brescia]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

In order to counter these activities, R&AW established a new station in [[Rome]].
Since then, it has undertaken hundreds of operations, directed towards [[Clandestine cell system|sleeper cells]]/operatives of Pakistan-based Islamic and Khalistani militant organisations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marino |first=Francesca |date=1 February 2019 |title=Italy: The latest ISI outpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/italy-the-latest-isi-outpost-6010711.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427175127/https://www.firstpost.com/world/italy-the-latest-isi-outpost-6010711.html/amp |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Majumdar |first=Ushinor |date=1 February 2018 |title=Sikh Extremists In Canada, The UK And Italy Are Working With ISI Or Independently |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/amp/sikh-extremists-in-canada-the-uk-and-italy-are-working-with-isi-or-independently/299753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203090858/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/amp/sikh-extremists-in-canada-the-uk-and-italy-are-working-with-isi-or-independently/299753 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> It has also aggressively recruited agents inside Pro-Khalistan circles all across Italy.<ref name="auto1"/>

====United Kingdom====
During the 1980s, R&AW launched an extensive operation in London to neutralise UK-based Pakistani national Abdul Khan, who had played an instrumental role in sheltering extremists and planning attacks in India.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=2 August 2020 |title=R&AW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920033749/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.amp |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Since the suppression and defeat of [[Insurgency in Punjab|Khalistani insurgency]] in the late 1990s, R&AW has greatly expanded its informant network inside Khalistani circles and associations in the UK. Wanted Khalistanis like Paramjeet Singh Pamma and Kuldeep Singh Chaheru have been living in UK since they fled in 1992, thus necessitating increased R&AW presence.{{according to whom|date=November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=9 December 2020 |title=Know all about the 2 prominent 'Khalistani extremists' who led anti-India rally in London amid farmers' protest in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/know-all-about-the-2-prominent-khalistani-extremists-who-led-anti-india-rally-in-london-amid-farmers-protest-in-india-1747912-2020-12-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920035415/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/know-all-about-the-2-prominent-khalistani-extremists-who-led-anti-india-rally-in-london-amid-farmers-protest-in-india-1747912-2020-12-09 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="The New Indian Express"/>

On 15 June 2023, Avtar Singh Khanda, the UK-based chief of the [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] (KLF) was suddenly admitted to the hospital with a case of blood cancer, and later died. His followers in the UK believe that Indian intelligence had him poisoned and are demanding the full medical report.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=15 June 2023 |title=UK-based Khalistan Liberation Force chief on life support in London, poisoning suspected |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/khalistan-liberation-force-chief-avtar-singh-khanda-poisoned-life-support-at-hospital-in-london-2393179-2023-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/khalistan-liberation-force-chief-avtar-singh-khanda-poisoned-life-support-at-hospital-in-london-2393179-2023-06-15 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Aman |title=Amritpal Singh's close aide Avtar Singh Khanda dies in UK |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/amritpal-singhs-close-aide-and-khalistan-sympathiser-avtar-singh-khanda-dies-in-uk-11686802631976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/amritpal-singhs-close-aide-and-khalistan-sympathiser-avtar-singh-khanda-dies-in-uk-11686802631976.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

===North America===

====Canada====
Kanishka Bombing case: On 23 June 1985 Air India's [[Air India Flight 182|Flight 182]] was blown up near Ireland and 329 people died. On the same day, another explosion took place at Tokyo's Narita airport's transit baggage building where baggage was being transferred from Cathay Pacific Flight No CP 003 to [[Air India Flight 301]] which was scheduled for [[Bangkok]]. Both aircraft were loaded with explosives from Canadian airports. Flight 301 got saved because of a delay in its departure. This was considered as a major setback to R&AW for failing to gather enough intelligence about the [[Babbar Khalsa|Khalistani militants]].<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab1.pdf CBC]. Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) had obtained permission to tape Parmar's phone on the basis that he was the leader of the Babbar Khalsa. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319070406/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab1.pdf |date=19 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2006 |title=Air India witness describes impact of wife's death |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060925/airindia_inquiry_060925/20060925?hub=TopStories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004011415/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060925/airindia_inquiry_060925/20060925?hub=TopStories |archive-date=4 October 2006 |website=[[CTV Television Network|ctv.ca]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810064513/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/ |archive-date=10 August 2006 |website=[[CBC.ca]]}}</ref>

In April 2020, it was reported that R&AW and [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] had launched an extensive operation in 2009–2015, to influence the Canadian government and politicians into supporting India's interests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Stewart |date=17 April 2020 |title=Canadian politicians were targets of Indian intelligence covert influence operation: document |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6823170/canadian-politicians-targeted-indian-intelligence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094608/https://globalnews.ca/news/6823170/canadian-politicians-targeted-indian-intelligence/amp/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=[[Global News]]}}</ref>
Canada has long being accused by India for being a safe haven for Khalistani separatists.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2019 |title=Canada, UK remain safe havens for Khalistani terrorists, says expert |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/canada-uk-remain-safe-havens-for-khalistani-terrorists-says-expert-119071601004_1.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411081406/https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/canada-uk-remain-safe-havens-for-khalistani-terrorists-says-expert-119071601004_1.html |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |newspaper=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]] |publisher= |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

In July 2020, Canada put two Sikh men on [[Passenger Protect]], the Canadian no-fly list, after [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] had received information from R&AW that both intended to travel to Pakistan and carry out an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]-backed terrorist attack inside India. One of the men was identified as the son of [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]], a well-known Khalistani separatist.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Anirudh |date=10 July 2020 |title=Canadian report flags ISI using pro-Khalistan elements for terror acts in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/canadian-report-flags-isi-using-pro-khalistan-elements-for-terror-acts-in-india/story-0i4fpUgzRHOBDFjR9XySFL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004143152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/canadian-report-flags-isi-using-pro-khalistan-elements-for-terror-acts-in-india/story-0i4fpUgzRHOBDFjR9XySFL_amp.html |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 19 June 2023, [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]], a prominent Khalistani leader and alleged chief of the [[Khalistan Tiger Force]] was shot to death outside the parking lot of Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Kusum |date=19 September 2023 |title=Hardeep Nijjar is Third Pro-Khalistani Activist to Die Abroad in 45 Days, Canada Probing Motive |url=https://thewire.in/world/hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing-khalistan-speculation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://thewire.in/world/hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing-khalistan-speculation |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Nijjar was accused of training and funding members of the separatist group and had been declared a terrorist by India, who put a bounty of {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on|year=2020}} for information leading to his arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Alisha Rahaman |date=2023-06-19 |title=Hardeep Singh Nijjar: Khalistani leader shot dead inside gurdwara in Canada |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/khalistan-leader-shot-dead-canada-b2360146.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210707/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/khalistan-leader-shot-dead-canada-b2360146.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> This was heavily seen as an R&AW assassination operation by not only followers of Nijjar, but also from Canadian officials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Stewart |date=22 June 2023 |title=Murder at the temple: The conflicting legacies of a B.C. Sikh leader |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9784316/hardeep-singh-nijjar-death-surrey-b-c/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919144314/https://globalnews.ca/news/9784316/hardeep-singh-nijjar-death-surrey-b-c/ |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[Global News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Isai |first=Vjosa |date=2023-06-24 |title=Killing of Sikh Leader Raises Fears in British Columbia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/24/world/canada/sikh-killing-british-columbia-india.html |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/24/world/canada/sikh-killing-british-columbia-india.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 18 September 2023, Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] formally accused the Indian government of the [[Extrajudicial killing|killing]] and acknowledged the expulsion of a prominent Indian diplomat responsible for R&AW activities in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Austen |first1=Ian |last2=Isai |first2=Vjosa |date=2023-09-18 |title=Justin Trudeau Accuses India in a Killing on Canadian Soil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/world/canada/canada-india-sikh-killing.html |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919010329/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/world/canada/canada-india-sikh-killing.html |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> India rejected Canada's allegations of involvement in Nijjar's murder, calling the Canadian government's allegations "absurd and motivated", and expelled numerous Canadian diplomats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=India rejects allegations by Canada |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37125/India_rejects_allegations_by_Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008193938/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37125/India_rejects_allegations_by_Canada |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=english}}</ref>

==== United States ====
On 23 November 2023, [[Financial Times|''The'' ''Financial Times'']] reported that the United States had foiled a plan to assassinate [[Gurpatwant Singh Pannun]], a Sikh separatist, on American soil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=US foils bid to kill Sikh terrorist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, warns India: Report |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/us-thwarts-plot-to-kill-sikh-separatist-issues-warning-to-india-report-11700650091904.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Livemint}}</ref> Following this, the US requested India to hold accountable those responsible for the plot. The plot in the United States coincided with the June 18 shooting death of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] in Surrey, B.C., near Vancouver — an operation also linked to R&AW. Experts and officials say that the foiled assassination is part of an escalating campaign of aggression by R&AW against alleged Sikh Separatists in Asia, Europe, USA and Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |last3=Baloch |first3=Shah Meer |date=4 April 2024 |title=Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |work=The Guardian |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902191622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/04/indian-government-assassination-allegations-pakistan-intelligence-officials |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 December 2023, ''The Washington Post'' reported that an R&AW officer established a fake news site to spread disinformation against critics of the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shih |first1=Gerry |last2=Ence Morse |first2=Clara |last3=Verma |first3=Pranshu |date=2023-12-11 |title=Covert Indian operation seeks to discredit Modi's critics in the U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/10/india-the-disinfo-lab-discredit-critics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211080558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/10/india-the-disinfo-lab-discredit-critics/ |archive-date=2023-12-11 |access-date=2023-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 March 2024, ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' reported that an Indian investigation had found "rogue operative" who were not authorized by the government to be involved in the plot. Additionally, at least one person who was directly involved in the alleged assassination attempt is no longer employed by R&AW. However, India has not initiated any criminal action against them.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |last2=Antony |first2=Anto |date=2024-03-20 |title=India's Probe Finds Rogue Officials Involved in US Murder Plot |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-20/india-s-probe-finds-rogue-officials-involved-in-us-murder-plot |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=[[Bloomberg News|bloomberg.com]] |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404150010/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-20/india-s-probe-finds-rogue-officials-involved-in-us-murder-plot |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', it is the U.S. intelligence agencies assessment that the operation targeting Pannun was approved by [[Samant Goel]], the R&AW chief at the time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Greg |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |last3=Nakashima |first3=Ellen |date=April 29, 2024 |title=An assassination plot on American soil reveals a darker side of Modi's India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/29/india-assassination-raw-sikhs-modi/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

On 15 October 2024 ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that India has conveyed to the United States that it (India) has arrested the "rogue operative".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=October 15, 2024 |title=India tells US 'CC1' arrested as team heads to Washington |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-tells-us-cc1-arrested-as-team-heads-to-washington-101728933357929.html |access-date=October 15, 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The "rogue operative" had made bail in April 2024 according to [[The Indian Express|''The'' ''Indian Express'']]''.'' The "rogue operative" was arrested in an extortion case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=2024-10-19 |title=Weeks after US called him key conspirator in Pannun murder bid, Delhi Police arrested Vikash Yadav in local extortion case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/weeks-after-us-called-him-key-conspirator-in-pannun-murder-bid-delhi-police-arrested-vikash-yadav-in-local-extortion-case-9627561/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230104312/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/weeks-after-us-called-him-key-conspirator-in-pannun-murder-bid-delhi-police-arrested-vikash-yadav-in-local-extortion-case-9627561/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 18 November 2024 ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' reported that the "rogue operative" had sought exemption <bdi>from physical appearance in the court citing threat to his life.</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shekhar |date=2024-11-18 |title=Vikas Yadav to court: Exempt me from physical appearance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Nov/18/vikas-yadav-to-court-exempt-me-from-physical-appearance |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230104312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Nov/18/vikas-yadav-to-court-exempt-me-from-physical-appearance |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 January 2025 ''The Indian Express'' reported that an inquiry committee which was formed by the Government of India after US allegation regarding Gurpatwant Singh Pannun came to light had recommended legal action against an unnamed individual and the committee also recommended "functional improvements in systems and procedures as well as initiation of steps that could strengthen India's response capability, ensure systematic controls and coordinated action in dealing with matters like this."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=2025-01-15 |title=Gurpatwant Pannun assassination plot: Govt panel suggests legal action against 'individual' with 'criminal links and antecedents' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pannun-assassination-plot-legal-action-criminal-9780314/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115112755/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pannun-assassination-plot-legal-action-criminal-9780314/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Controversies===
R&AW's controversies and failures at times can be attributed to weak political leadership which translated into operational hurdles manifesting in the form of political interference, budget constraints, Inter Services/Departmental/Cadre rivalry and corruption.
* In the early 1980s, K.V. Unnikrishnan, R&AW officer stationed in Colombo was honey-trapped by CIA. Between 1985 and 1987 he gave away information to his handler on training and arming Tamil groups including LTTE, the Indian government's negotiating positions on the peace accord with Sri Lanka and the encryption code used by the agency. He was caught by IB counterintelligence in 1987, spent a year in Tihar jail and was dismissed from IPS cadre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/madras-cafe-madras-honey-trap-john-abraham-cia-ltte-raw/1/304302.html|title=Madras Cafe brings back uncomfortable memories of the CIA's honey trap|last=Unnithan|first=Sandip|date=29 August 2013|work=India Today|access-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912104153/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/madras-cafe-madras-honey-trap-john-abraham-cia-ltte-raw/1/304302.html|archive-date=12 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |author-link=Shekhar Gupta |date=11 September 2013 |title=Such a long Lankan journey |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-lankan-journey/1167330/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914042030/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-lankan-journey/1167330/0 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |work=The Indian Express |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://media2.intoday.in/indiatoday/9_30_1987-RAW_Spy-Catching.pdf|title=Spy Catching|last=Bahdwar|first=Inderjit|date=30 September 1987|work=India Today|access-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918113918/http://media2.intoday.in/indiatoday/9_30_1987-RAW_Spy-Catching.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In 2004, there was a spy scandal involving the [[CIA]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2001 |title=India's CIA spy scandal |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jid/jid040701_1_n.shtml |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164631/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jid/jid040701_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=[[Janes Information Services|janes.com]]}}</ref> [[Rabinder Singh (intelligence officer)|Rabinder Singh]], [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] and the head of R&AW's [[South East Asia|South-East Asia]] department, defected to America on 5 June 2004. R&AW had already become suspicious about his movements, and he was under surveillance for a long time. Soon he was confronted by Counterintelligence officials on 19 April 2004. Rabinder Singh managed to defect with 'sensitive files' he had allegedly removed from R&AW's headquarters in south New Delhi. This embarrassing fiasco and national security failure were attributed to weak surveillance, shoddy investigation, and lack of coordination between the Counterintelligence and Security, [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau (IB)]] and R&AW.<ref>Kutty, C K (3 February 2005). [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/04spec1.htm Did the CIA help Rabinder Singh flee? rediff.] [[rediff.com]]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706044620/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/04spec1.htm|date=6 July 2006}}</ref> According to unconfirmed reports, Singh has surfaced in [[Virginia]], USA. Recently in an affidavit submitted to the court, R&AW deposed that Singh has been traced in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/15865.html |title=Rabinder in US, we want him back: RAW in court |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307091854/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/15865.html |archive-date= 7 March 2008 }}</ref> It has been speculated in the book ''Mission R&AW'' that although the CIA was found directly involved in compromising Singh and Unnikrishnan, at least eight other R&AW officers managed to clandestinely migrate and settle in foreign countries like the US and Canada with the help of their spy agencies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=6 April 2014 |title=Former Spy Reveals Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Former-Spy-Reveals-Secrets-of-Research-and-Analysis-Wing/2014/04/06/article2151632.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407151105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Former-Spy-Reveals-Secrets-of-Research-and-Analysis-Wing/2014/04/06/article2151632.ece |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=6 April 2014 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* In September 2007, R&AW was involved in a [[Ashok Chaturvedi#The V.K. Singh Book Dispute|controversy]] due to a high-profile [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] raid at the residence of [[Major general|Major General]] (retired) V K Singh, a retired [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] of R&AW who has recently written a book on R&AW where it was alleged that political interference and corruption in the intelligence agency has made it vulnerable to defections. One of the instances of corruption mentioned in the book was the preference given by R&AW departments towards purchasing intelligence from the [[Rohde and Schwarz]] company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research & Analysis Wing (RAW) |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2007 |isbn=9788170493327 |location=New Delhi |pages=87}}</ref> A reason for such corruption as explained by the author is that "''...''R&AW was not answerable to any outside agency – the control of the [[Indian Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Office]] was perfunctory, at best – many officers thought that they were not only above the law but a law unto themselves''.''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research & Analysis Wing (RAW) |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2007 |isbn=9788170493327 |location=New Delhi |pages=12}}</ref> A case under the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]] has also been filed against V K Singh.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/070921/211/6l26e.html RAW man protests CBI raid on his home over story book]. Retrieved 24 September 2007 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* On 19 August 2008,<ref>{{cite web |last=Burman |first=Partho |date=19 August 2008 |title=RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO |url=http://www.headlinesindia.com/defence-news/army/raw-officer-attempts-suicide-outside-pmo-531.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113073046/http://www.headlinesindia.com/defence-news/army/raw-officer-attempts-suicide-outside-pmo-531.html |archive-date=13 January 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=headlinesindia.com}}</ref> the R&AW Director (Language) who was also head of the R&AW Training Institute in [[Gurgaon]] from 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/350996.html |title='Sexually harassed but no one listening': suicide bid at PMO by RAW director |work=The Indian Express |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204204148/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/350996.html |archive-date=4 December 2008 }}</ref> tried to commit suicide in front of [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Prime Minister's Office]], alleging inaction and wrong findings to a [[sexual harassment]] complaint filed against a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]], who was on deputation to R&AW.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=19 August 2008 |title=RAW officer attempts suicide near PMO |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202115533/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062175 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |publisher=NDTV.com |df=dmy |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/12668 |title=RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO |publisher=Newstrackindia.com |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423145447/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/12668 |archive-date=23 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was discharged from duty on the ground that she was mentally unfit<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1061624/ |title=Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia vs Cabinet Secretariat (R ) on 31 December, 2009 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319031347/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1061624/ |archive-date=19 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and that her identity was disclosed.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-grave-mental-disorder-institute-seeks/756075/ |title=No 'grave' mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304121325/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-grave-mental-disorder-institute-seeks/756075/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was later separately charged with criminal trespass,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arrested-raw-director-gets-bail-in-trespass/552243/ |title=Arrested RAW director gets bail in trespass case |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=28 May 2012 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Foreign-baddies-muscle-into-Tamil-cinema/2013/09/01/article1757724.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> human trafficking<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-RAW-official-tries-to-undress-in-court/articleshow/7326218.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Former RAW official tries to undress in court |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-RAW-official-tries-to-undress-in-court/articleshow/7326218.cms |archive-date=24 January 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> and for her repeated attempts to commit suicide.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) ordered R&AW to reinstate her<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cat-snubs-r&aw-reinstates-officer/592870/ |title=CAT snubs R&AW, reinstates officer |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123005713/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cat-snubs-r%26aw-reinstates-officer/592870/ |archive-date=23 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> however R&AW filed an appeal against the CAT order which is pending before [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-grave-mental-disorder-institute-seeks-review-in-trial-of-exraw-official/756075/2 |title=No 'grave' mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Foreign-baddies-muscle-into-Tamil-cinema/2013/09/01/article1757724.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 January 2011 she was sent for psychological evaluation<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ex-raw-official-to-stay-in-medical-detention/articleshow/7376165.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Ex-RAW official to stay in medical detention | date=28 January 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210074902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ex/RAW-official-to-stay-in-medical-detention/articleshow/7376165.cms | archive-date=10 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and medical detention by a Delhi High Court judge when she tried to strip herself in the court protesting over the slow pace of her trial.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Protesting-slow-pace-of-trial-woman-strips-in-HC/articleshow/7330669.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Protesting slow pace of trial, woman strips in HC | date=21 January 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124204733/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Protesting-slow-pace-of-trial-woman-strips-in-HC/articleshow/7330669.cms | archive-date=24 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-raw-official-strips-in-court/141077-3.html |title=Former RAW official strips in Delhi court -India News – IBN7 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501030648/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-raw-official-strips-in-court/141077-3.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The psychological evaluation report stated that 'she may be suffering a mental problem due to loss of job and her continuous run-ins at the courts, but she was certainly not suffering from any permanent or grave mental disorder.'<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> On 15 December 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] quashed the 2008 media release, which proclaimed Ms. Bhatia as mentally unstable, on the ground that it affected the "dignity, reputation and privacy of a citizen".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanity slur off|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141216/jsp/nation/story_3825.jsp|access-date=16 December 2014|work=Calcutta Telegraph|date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216145356/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141216/jsp/nation/story_3825.jsp|archive-date=16 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 4 February 2009, A senior technical officer worked in the division was arrested by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] on graft charges, the officer was accused of demanding and accepting a bribe of ₹ 100,000 from a [[Chennai]] based manufacturer for obtaining an export license.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020455681300.htm |title=Front Page : RAW official arrested on graft charge |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629014937/http://hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020455681300.htm |archive-date=29 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* In September 2009, seven [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretaries]] from the RAS cadre had gone on protest leave after A. B. Mathur, an IPS officer, superseded them to the post of Special Secretary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/07/indias-spies-the-latest-to-go-on-strike.htm |title=India's spies the latest to go on strike: Rediff.com news |work=Rediff.com |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014065415/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/07/indias-spies-the-latest-to-go-on-strike.htm |archive-date=14 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/32/20090907/1053/tnl-ips-promoted-raw-officials-strike-wi.html |title=IPS promoted, RAW officials strike with a holiday – Yahoo! India News |publisher=Yahoo! News |access-date=28 September 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Over the years the tussle between the RAS cadre and officers on deputation from IPS cadre has caused friction in the working of the agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237864 |title=Spy Versus Spy | Saikat Datta |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016030914/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237864 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* In 2007, there was a spy scandal involving [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=12 June 2007 |title=Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years- Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bangladeshi-worked-for-r-aw-for-6-years/story-Uf6RDpK51dvMPbh9NQUbtK.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108064316/http://newsrack.in/DisplayNewsItem.do%3Bjsessionid%3D12C267E943FFA098F3EF22DDAB5D0D83?ni=12.6.2007%2F390.ht.india%2Fni1.redir.aspx_ID%3D0d7300bc-67d0-4611-9eee-6713d46e0630 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |access-date=28 September 2009 |website= |publisher=Hindustan Times |df=dmy-all |via=Newsrack.in}}</ref> A Bangladeshi [[Directorate General of Forces Intelligence|DGFI]] agent concealed his nationality before joining R&AW, and was known by the name of Diwan Chand Malik in the agency. He was known to have some important intel which was damaging for the national security. He joined the agency in 1999 and used to live in East [[Delhi]]. A case of cheating and forgery was filed against him at the Lodhi Colony police station on the basis of a complaint by a senior R&AW official.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=0d7300bc-67d0-4611-9eee-6713d46e0630&MatchID1=4586&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1151&MatchID2=4588&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1152&PrimaryID=4586&Headline=Bangladeshi+worked+for+R%26amp%3bAW+for+6+years Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103103401/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=0d7300bc-67d0-4611-9eee-6713d46e0630&MatchID1=4586&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1151&MatchID2=4588&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1152&PrimaryID=4586&Headline=Bangladeshi%20worked%20for%20R&amp%3BAW%20for%206%20years |date=3 January 2008 }}</ref>

* In the edition of 8 February 2010 ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]'' reported on former R&AW Chief, [[Ashok Chaturvedi]], used agency funds to take his wife along on international trips and after retirement, Chaturvedi had a diplomatic passport issued for himself and his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Saikat |date=8 February 2010 |title=A Spy And His Soup |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264027 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204075311/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264027 |archive-date=4 February 2010 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|outlookindia.com]]}}</ref>
* On 25 March 2016, Pakistan claimed that they arrested a R&AW operative by the name of [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] who was operating in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] province under the cover name [[Hussain Mubarak Patel]] and used to operate a jewelry shop in [[Chahbahar]], Iran. However, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian MEA]] said that though Jadhav was an Indian Navy officer who retired prematurely, he has no link with the government.{{cn|date=May 2026}} The Indian High Commission has also sought consular access to Jadhav, but Pakistan has not agreed to it<ref name="newindianexpress.com 2016-03-27">{{cite web |date=27 March 2016 |title=Iran President Dismisses Pakistan's RAW Spy Claim |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Iran-President-Dismisses-Pakistans-RAW-Spy-Claim/2016/03/27/article3348018.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404192454/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Iran-President-Dismisses-Pakistans-RAW-Spy-Claim/2016/03/27/article3348018.ece |archive-date=4 April 2016 |work=The New Indian Express |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Pakistan leaked some information without realising glaring loopholes in the same. The [[Iranian President]] [[Hassan Rouhani]] also dismissed Pakistan's claim and stated them as mere rumors.<ref name="newindianexpress.com 2016-03-27" /> According to an Indian official, Jadhav owns a cargo business in Iran and had been working out of [[Bandar Abbas]] and [[Chabahar]] ports. "It appears that he strayed into Pakistani waters. But there is also a possibility that he was lured into Pakistan sometime back and fake documents were created on him.<ref name="newindianexpress.com 2016-03-27" />

== In popular culture ==
R&AW has been depicted widely in Bollywood and regional movies, television and web series and novels.

Films in the 1960s and 1970s, such as ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Aankhen]]'' (1968), starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Mala Sinha]], ''Prem Pujari'' starring [[Dev Anand]] in 1970, and ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]'' (1973) starring [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Priya Rajvansh]] referenced "agents" and "espionage". However, since the late 1990s and early 2000, [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of India#Regional industries|other regional]] films have openly mentioned R&AW and its allied units, with the intelligence agencies at the center of the plot. In ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy|The Hero]]'' (2003) film [[Sunny Deol]] played a R&AW spy, who eliminates Pakistani terrorists who tried to gain bombs to use against India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2018 |title=Ten Bollywood female spies... |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/TlAMqMcR5Ch6QnqAArJYXN/Ten-Bollywood-female-spies-to-remember.html%3Ffacet%3Damp&ved=2ahUKEwixkYSJjdeBAxVbUGwGHXiqC904ChAWegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw0o0nfyZJ270RevJADst8VT |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233050/https://www.livemint.com/consumer/tlamqmcr5ch6qnqaarjyxn/ten-bollywood-female-spies-to-remember.html?facet=amp&ved=2ahukewixkysjjdebaxvbugwghxiqc904chawegqichab&usg=aovvaw0o0nfyzj270revjadst8vt |archive-date=3 October 2023 |website=Live Mint}}</ref> In ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' (2019), [[John Abraham]] played the role of a spy recruited by the Research and Analysis Wing.<ref>{{Citation |last=Grewal |first=Robbie |title=Romeo Akbar Walter |date=2019-04-05 |type=Action, Drama, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8550208/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |others=John Abraham, Jackie Shroff, Sikandar Kher |publisher=Kyta Productions, NNB Digital Media, VA Film Company |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130231629/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8550208/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike|Uri]]'' (2019) highlights the collaborative role of specialized agencies. It depicts the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] and the agency ([[Yami Gautam]]'s character Pallavi Sharma) working alongside [[ISRO]] for satellite imagery and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for drone surveillance to plan the operation.{{cn|date=May 2026}} In the film ''[[Mission Majnu]]'' (2023), [[Siddharth Malhotra]] played a secret r&aw field agent.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 December 2022 |title=Mission Majnu teaser out! Sidharth Malhotra plays RAW agent, promises to protect India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mission-majnu-teaser-out-sidharth-malhotra-plays-raw-agent-promises-to-protect-india-2309986-2022-12-16 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085709/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mission-majnu-teaser-out-sidharth-malhotra-plays-raw-agent-promises-to-protect-india-2309986-2022-12-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2023 film ''[[Khufiya]]'' directed by [[Vishal Bharadwaj]], actress [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] played a role of R&AW operative.

The agency also serves as the backdrop for the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' and it's sequel ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'', which offers a raw, authentic<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-dhars-dhurandhar-is-rooted-in-reality-says-colonel-bhupinder-shahi-reveals-real-spy-stories-he-lived-in-pok-even-got-married-there/articleshow/129811369.cms |title=Aditya Dhar's Dhurandhar is rooted in reality, says Colonel Bhupinder Shahi; reveals real spy stories |website=The Times of India |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> and intense portrayal of Indian intelligence that stands in stark contrast to conventional Bollywood cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|title='ISI and R&AW Agents Won’t Dance With Each Other': Dhurandhar Actor Takes Dig At Pathaan And Tiger|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/isi-and-raw-agents-wont-dance-with-each-other-dhurandhar-actor-takes-dig-at-pathaan-and-tiger-ws-l-9788431.html|work=News18|access-date=2026-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101184456/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/isi-and-raw-agents-wont-dance-with-each-other-dhurandhar-actor-takes-dig-at-pathaan-and-tiger-ws-l-9788431.html|archive-date=1 January 2026|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> Former R&AW chief [[Vikram Sood]] has criticized Bollywood spy films like ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'', ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'', and ''[[Raazi]]'' for being unrealistic, glamorous, and inaccurate depictions of intelligence work. He considers these movies, which often feature stylized action and R&AW-ISI romances, as mere entertainment rather than reality. Real agents, he notes, are discreet and professional, not superheroes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/former-r-aw-chief-vikram-sood-on-pathaan-ek-tha-tiger-101687687744241.html |title=Former R&AW chief Vikram Sood says Bollywood spy films like Pathaan, Ek Tha Tiger and Raazi are unrealistic and glamorized depictions of intelligence work |website=Hindustan Times |date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-date=19 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419190337/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/former-r-aw-chief-vikram-sood-on-pathaan-ek-tha-tiger-101687687744241.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During 2010 to 2020, many films on R&AW were produced. Among them, ''[[Madras Cafe]]'', ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'', ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' and ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'' most accurately depict the realistic work culture and life of officers and agents, following the ''[[Production of the Dhurandhar film series|Dhurandhar Film Series]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five Hindi spy thrillers to binge if you can’t get over ‘Dhurandhar’ mania |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/five-hindi-spy-thrillers-to-binge-if-you-cant-get-over-dhurandhar-mania-photogallery/cid/2152476 |work=The Telegraph |date=2026-03-21 |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Dhurandhar', Madras Cafe; Bollywood edge-of-the-seat spy thrillers inspired by real terror operations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhurandhar-madras-cafe-bollywood-edge-of-the-seat-spy-thrillers-inspired-by-real-terror-operations/photostory/127882646.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-02-03 |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref>

[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|''Vikram'' (1986)]], a Tamil movie and the first Indian film to use computer for recording the songs, features a R&AW agent and his mission to safeguard the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Indian Missile Program]]. The [[Highway (1995 film)|''Highway'' (1995)]], a popular Malayalam movie features [[Suresh Gopi]] in the role of a R&AW officer.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} In 2003 Tamil film, [[Ottran]] Arjun Sarja plays a R&AW agent who is on the trail of a terror plot to destabilise the country. The critically acclaimed Tamil movie [[Vishwaroopam|''Vishwaroopam'' (2013)]], Kamal Hassan plays the role of a veteran R&AW operative during [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|the war in Afghanistan]]. In the 2019 Telugu movie [[Goodachari]], Adivi Sesh plays a fresh recruit to the agency.

In [[Television in India|television series]], [[Epic TV]] in ''[[Adrishya]]'', a documentary show dedicated to India's legendary spies broadcast the biography of [[Ravindra Kaushik]], R&AW's most celebrated spy. In another episode India's current NSA, former R&AW agent [[Ajit Doval]]'s story was featured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Adrishya Onilne {{!}} Episode 6 Ravindra Kaushik {{!}} EPIC ON |url=https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/adrishya/season-1/e6-ravindra-kaushik |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.epicon.in |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233050/https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/adrishya/season-1/e6-ravindra-kaushik |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adrishya – Ajit Doval {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} Indian Spy Master {{!}} Operation Black Thunder {{!}} EPIC | date=27 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1UN3UYzuaw |access-date=2023-10-02 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317170135/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1UN3UYzuaw |url-status=live }}</ref> ''2612'', which used to air on [[Life OK]], featured Cabir Maira as a R&AW agent Anand Swami who helps an STF officer Randeep Rathore to save the country from a terrorist attack. ''Time Bomb 9/11'', a series aired on [[Zee TV]], featured [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] in the role of a R&AW field officer. [[Zee Bangla]] featured a serial named ''Mohona'' where the chief protagonist is a R&AW officer. The Indian version of ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' has a host of characters affiliated with R&AW.

In web series, ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]'' released on Hotstar has [[Kay Kay Menon]] in the role of a seasoned R&AW officer and his task force chasing a terror mastermind.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Neeraj Pandey to Helm Spy Thriller Web Series 'Special Ops'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/neeraj-pandey-to-helm-spy-thriller-web-series-special-ops-2504913.html|work=News18|access-date=2026-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104023754/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/neeraj-pandey-to-helm-spy-thriller-web-series-special-ops-2504913.html|archive-date=4 January 2026|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> Set in the volatile 1970s, ''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha (2025 TV series)|Saare Jahan Se Accha]]'' is a Netflix espionage thriller that follows a resilient Indian spy as he infiltrates Pakistan to sabotage its [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|developing nuclear weapons program]] in a high-stakes battle of wits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81281013 |website=Netflix |access-date=March 3, 2026}}</ref> Although not mentioned explicitly, R&AW serves as the backdrop for ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', featuring Manoj Bajpayee as an intelligence officer striving to thwart terrorist threats while managing a high-pressure job and a volatile domestic life.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Special Ops, The Family Man bridge the spy gap. They're office-going, not just gun-toting|url=https://theprint.in/feature/special-ops-the-family-man-bridge-the-spy-gap-theyre-office-going-not-just-gun-toting/2699652/|work=ThePrint|date=2025-07-23|access-date=2026-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724110111/https://theprint.in/feature/special-ops-the-family-man-bridge-the-spy-gap-theyre-office-going-not-just-gun-toting/2699652/|archive-date=24 July 2025|language=en-US|first=Tina|last=Das|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' on Netflix has a R&AW agent played by [[Radhika Apte]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sacred Games: Radhika Apte on playing a R&AW agent, the freedom that comes with a Netflix series|language=en-US|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sacred-games-radhika-apte-on-playing-a-raw-agent-the-freedom-that-comes-with-a-netflix-series-4716311.html|access-date=2018-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109113644/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sacred-games-radhika-apte-on-playing-a-raw-agent-the-freedom-that-comes-with-a-netflix-series-4716311.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some commentators have linked the surge of Indian films and TV series on espionage thriller genre, as a marker of ''[[Indian Century|Pax Indica]],'' diverging from the older paradigms of pacifism associated with [[Gandhi]] and [[Nehru]] and on the motif of an increasingly assertive [[India as a rising superpower|rising superpower]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Opinion: Opinion {{!}} When Hollywood Patriotism Wins Oscars, But Indian Films Get Called 'Propaganda'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/when-hollywood-patriotism-wins-oscars-but-indian-films-get-called-propaganda-10199025|work=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2026-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110001351/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/when-hollywood-patriotism-wins-oscars-but-indian-films-get-called-propaganda-10199025|archive-date=10 January 2026|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
* [[National Technical Research Organisation]]
* [[NIA Most Wanted]]
* [[Indian Intelligence Community]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{Div col}}
*{{cite book |title=The Unending Game, A Former R&AW Chief' |first=Vikram |last=Sood |publisher=Penguin Viking |date=13 July 2018 |isbn=978-0670091508}}

* ''Inside RAW'', Ashok Raina, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1981
* ''[http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/lifting-the-sacred-veil-on-sikkim-114022501239_1.html Smash and grab: Annexation of Sikkim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107021037/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/lifting-the-sacred-veil-on-sikkim-114022501239_1.html |date=7 January 2019 }}'', Sunanda K Datta-Ray, Tranquebar, 1984
* ''Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled'' – Maloy Krishna Dhar, New Delhi, Manas Publication, 2005 {{ISBN|81-7049-240-8}}
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/8170491487 Mission to Pakistan: An Intelligence Agent in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220631/http://www.amazon.com/dp/8170491487 |date=10 April 2021 }}'' Maloy Kri. Dhar, Manas Publication, 1 January 2002, {{ISBN|978-81-7049-148-4}}
* ''Mission: Pakistan'', Maloy Krishna Dhar, iUniverse (January 2004), {{ISBN|978-0-595-30482-0}}
* ''Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA and Al qaeda Nexus'' – Maloy K Dhar, New Delhi, Manas Publication, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7049-278-5}}.
* ''Sin of National conscience'' – R.N. Kulkarni, Mysore: Kritagnya Publication, 2004.
* ''Intelligence: Past, Present, Future'' – B.R. Raman
* ''Indians Hand Evidence on bin Laden to US'', [[Herald Sun]], 17 September 2001.
* ''The KaoBoys of RAW: Down Memory Lane'', B. Raman, Lancer Publishers (2007), {{ISBN|0-9796174-3-X}}
* ''{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202111827/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242507800.htm Inside IB and RAW: The Rolling stone that gathered moss]}}'', K. Sankaran Nayar, Manas Publication
* ''RAW: Global and Regional Ambitions'' edited by Rashid Ahmad Khan and Muhammad Saleem, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers, Islamabad, 2005
* ''The Game Of Foxes: J-K Intelligence War'', Manoj Joshi, Times Of India, 16 July 1994
* ''Indian Spy Agency's Machinations'', [[Islamabad]], The Muslim, 18 December 1996 p6
* ''[https://archive.today/20130408230430/http://www.dukandar.com/raw.html RAW: Research and Analysis Wing]'' – Tariq Ismail Sagar, Sagar Publication. See also: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/E-buyer_in_soup_for_Pak_writers_book/articleshow/1847954.cms E-buyer in soup for Pak writer's book on RAW]. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
* ''[[Soft Target (book)|Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada]]'' – Zuhair Kashmeri and Brian McAndrew, Toronto: James Lorimer, 1989.
* ''[http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-spies-in-the-himalayas.html Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807225727/http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-spies-in-the-himalayas.html |date=7 August 2007 }}'' – MS Kohli and Kenneth Conboy, Ed. KS Lawrence, University of Kansas Press, 2003.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191908/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/othercountries_folder/india.html Intelligence: A Security Weapon]'', DC Pathak, New Delhi: Manas Publication, 2003.
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/9559519905 Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: The role of India's intelligence agencies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220652/http://www.amazon.com/dp/9559519905 |date=10 April 2021 }}'', Rohan Gunaratna, South Asian Network on Conflict Research, 1993, {{ISBN|955-95199-0-5}}
* ''India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)'', Maj. Gen. V.K Singh, Manas Publications, {{ISBN|81-7049-332-3}}
* {{Cite book| last1 = Lerner | first1 = Brenda Wilmoth | title = Encyclopedia of espionage, intelligence, and security | year = 2004 | publisher = Thomson/Gale | location = Detroit | isbn = 0-7876-7687-X }}
* ''[https://www.flickr.com/photos/21709881@N02/2211134333 Assignment Colombo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702093515/https://www.flickr.com/photos/21709881@N02/2211134333 |date=2 July 2016 }}'', J.N. Dixit, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 1998.
* ''Escape To Nowhere'', Amar Bhushan, Konark publishers, 2012, {{ISBN|9789322008109}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085530/http://manaspublications.in/product/mission-raw/ Mission R&AW]'', RK Yadav, Manas Publications, 2014, {{ISBN|9788170494744}}
* ''[https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-zero-cost-mission-the-wily-agent/ The Zero-Cost Mission/The Wily Agent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185634/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-zero-cost-mission-the-wily-agent/ |date=30 June 2018 }}'', Amar Bhushan, HarperCollins (India), 2018.
* ''The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace'', A.S. Daulat, Aditya Sinha and Asad Durrani, HarperCollins, 2018.
{{Div col end}}
{{refend}}

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{India topics}}
{{National intelligence agencies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing| ]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Information sensitivity]]
[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1968]]

Amruthadhare

2026-05-01T11:01:13Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adding

{{Short description|Kannada language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Amruthaaadhare.png
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = present
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|5|29|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| num_episodes = 800 
| language = Kannada
| related = ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| num_seasons =
| editor = Shashank Venky
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| writer = Goutam Vakhaari, Mahesh Rao
| producer = Keerti M Rao, Prakash Agara
| country = India
| director = Guruprasad Mudenahalli
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Amruthadhare''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language drama series airing on [[Zee Kannada]] which premiered from 29 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoomika attends her pre-wedding party hosted by friends - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-bhoomika-attends-her-pre-wedding-party-hosted-by-friends/articleshow/102428644.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoomika doesn't want to follow the ritual - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-bhoomika-doesnt-want-to-follow-the-ritual/articleshow/102636391.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2023 }}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]'s Hindi series ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautham's younger brother, Partha, returns from Australia - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-gauthams-younger-brother-partha-returns-from-australia/articleshow/103029760.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manya forcibly enters Gautham's office - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-manya-forcibly-enters-gauthams-office/articleshow/102750891.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 August 2023 }}</ref> It stars [[Chaya Singh]] and [[Rajesh Nataranga]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoomika visits the hospital to check on Gautham - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-bhoomika-visits-the-hospital-to-check-on-gautham/articleshow/102838141.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautham performs the Kashi Yatra ritual - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-gautham-performs-the-kashi-yatra-ritual/articleshow/103174400.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 August 2023 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
45 year old Goutham Diwan is an unmarried, wealthy, established, and well-reputed Bangalore-based businessman and the Chairman of Diwan Groups. 35 year old Bhoomika Sadashiva is a college lecturer and comes from a middle-class family. Goutham's stepmother Shakuntala only uses him for money and is responsible for Goutham being unmarried. Shakunthala's elder son Jaidev aka Jai is similar to his mother and at times can be more cruel than her. Shakuntala's brother Lakshmikanth is always concerned about his greed and sides with wrong people, but he loves Shakuntala and her children. Goutham's childhood best friend Anand is worried because Goutham is unmarried. He and Goutham share a bond like brothers. Anand is married to Aparna and has two children. Anand and Aparna always try to find a suitable bride for their friend. Bhoomika's father Sadashiva is a combination of best friend, mentor and big support for Bhoomika. Goutham's spoilt half-sister, Mahima, and Bhoomika's brother, Jeevan, fall in love and have to consider the Hindu culture taboo of younger siblings marrying before their elder siblings. Bhoomika has yet to select a prospective groom so the marriage of Jeevan and Mahima must wait. So Shakuntala proposed Bhoomika as a match for Goutham, but both of them refused. Goutham and Bhoomika consider each other arrogant and quarrelsome. However, they agree to get married so that the marriage of Jeevan and Mahima can take place. Shakuntala is unhappy as Goutham and Bhoomika's relationship is improving day by day and now they are best friends. Goutham and Bhoomika's trust in each other increases when Bhoomika's ex Kiran tried to cause misunderstanding but Goutham exposed him without doubting Bhoomika at all. Goutham and Bhoomika falls in love but the core of their relationship is friendship, trust and bickering. Shakuntala, Lakshmikanth, and Jaidev try their best to break their relationship.

Now the story focuses on the life of Goutham and Bhoomika, while dealing with the evil plans of Shakunthala.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Bhoomika Goutham Diwan, College Lecturer; Goutham's wife; Jeevan and Apeksha's sister; Sadashiva and Mandakini's daughter; Bhagya's daughter-in-law; Nakshatra and Akash's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya gets bail - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-maya-gets-bail/articleshow/103089752.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manya gets arrested - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-manya-gets-arrested/articleshow/102805789.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Goutham Diwan, Chairman of Diwan Groups; Bhoomika's husband; Bhagya's son; Shakuntala's stepson; Sudha's brother; Lakshmi's uncle; Jaidev, Ashwini, Partha and Mahima's stepbrother; Anand's childhood best friend; Jeevan and Apeksha's brother-in-law; Sadashiva and Mandakini's son-in-law; Nakshatra and Akash's father<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevan and Mahima get married - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-jeevan-and-mahima-get-married/articleshow/103213824.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manya gets kidnapped - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthadhare-manya-gets-kidnapped/articleshow/102643593.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2023 }}</ref>
* Dushyanth Chakravarthi as Akash Goutham Diwan, Goutham and Bhoomika's son; Nakshatra's twin brother; Sadashiva, Mandakini and Bhagya's grandson
* Nainika Mahesh Rao as Minchu (Nakshatra) Goutham Diwan, Goutham and Bhoomika's daughter; Akash's twin sister; Sadashiva, Mandakini and Bhagya's granddaugter

=== Supporting ===
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Shakuntala Diwan aka Pankaja Diwan, Goutham's stepmother; Jaidev, Ashwini, Partha and Mahima's mother; Malli, Diya, Arun, Apeksha, Jeevan's mother-in-law, Lakshmikanth's sister
* Anand as Anand, CEO of Diwan Groups; Goutham's childhood best friend and well-wisher; Aparna's husband
* Swathi as Aparna Anand, Anand's wife; Goutham and Bhoomika's friend
* [[Chitkala Biradar]] as Bhagya Diwan, Goutham and Sudha's mother; Bhoomika and Srujan's mother-in-law; Lakshmi, Nakshatra and Akash's grandmother
* Raanav as Jaidev Diwan, Shakuntala's son; Goutham and Sudha's stepbrother; Ashwini, Partha and Mahima's brother, Malli and Diya's husband
* Krishnamurthy Kavathar as Lucky Lakshmikant Shankuntala's brother; Gowtham, Jaydev, Partha, Mahima and Ashwini's uncle
* Radha/Anvitha Sagar as Malli Sunil, Jaidev's wife; Shakuntala's daughter-in-law; Rajendra Bhupathi's daughter
* Yashwanth as Sunil, Malli's second husband
* Hanumanthe Gowda as Rajendra Bhupathi, Malli's father; Jaidev's father-in-law; Goutham's former rival
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Mandakini Sadashiva, Sadashiva's wife; Bhoomika, Jeevan and Apeksha's mother; Goutham, Mahima and Partha's mother-in-law
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Sadashiva, Mandakini's husband; Bhoomika, Jeevan and Apeksha's father; Goutham, Mahima and Partha's father-in-law
* Amrutha Nayak as Apeksha Partha Diwan, Partha's wife; Bhoomika and Jeevan's sister, Shakuntala's daughter-in-law
* Karan as Partha Diwan, Apeksha's husband; Shakuntala's son; Goutham's stepbrother; Jaidev, Ashwini and Mahima's brother
* Megha Shenoy as Sudha Srujan, Srujan's wife; Goutham's sister; Bhagya's daughter; Lakshmi's mother
* Praveen as Srujan, Sudha's husband; Bhagya's son-in-lawn; Goutham's brother-in-law, Lakshmi's stepfather
* Pranvi Akshay as Lakshmi, Sudha's daughter; Srujan's stepdaughter; Goutham's niece; Bhagya's granddaughter
* Sara Annaiah/Ishitha Varsha/Rohini Krishna as Mahima Jeevan, Jeevan's wife; Goutham's stepsister; Shakuntala's daughter; Jaidev, Ashwini and Partha's sister; Sadashiva and Mandakini's daughter-in-law
* Shashi Hegde/Yashwanth Kumar as Jeevan Sadashiva, Mahima's husband; Bhoomika and Apeksha's brother; Goutham's brother-in-law; Shakuntala's son-in-law
* Chandana as Ashwini Arun, Shakuntala's daughter; Goutham's stepsister; Jaidev, Partha and Mahima's sister
* Shwetha Gowda as Diya, Jaydev's second wife; Shakuntala daughter-in-law; Bhoomika and Apeksha's sister-in-law; Gowtham and Partha's sister-in-law
* Malathi Sri as Sarvamangala Gowtham's grandmother; Shakuntala and Bhagya's mother-in-law; Jaydev, Partha, Mahima and Ashwini's grandmother.

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' बडे अच्छे लगते हैं
| 30 May 2011
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
| 10 July 2014
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Anuraga Ganam Pole]]'' അനുരാഗ ഗാനം പോലെ
| 17 April 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 15 March 2024
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Amruthadhare'' ಅಮೃತಧಾರೆ
| 29 May 2023
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2024 TV series)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]'' நெஞ்சத்தை கில்லாதே
| 1 July 2024
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 17 January 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Veen Doghantali Hi Tutena]]'' वीण दोघांतली ही तुटेना
| 11 August 2025
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32165568}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amruthadhaare/0-6-4z5364077 ''Amruthadhare''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Jalpaiguri

2026-04-25T14:19:36Z

TeodoroGalvan6: further correct information based on references additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the city in India|other uses|Jalpaiguri (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalpaiguri
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname =
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/1/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Jalpaiguri Zilla School]]
| image2 =
| caption2 = The St Michael’s and All Angels’ Church
| image3 =
| caption3 = View of the [[Kangchenjunga]] from [[Jalpaiguri railway station]]
| image4 =
| caption4 = Teesta Udyan
| image5 =
| caption5 = The circuit bench of the [[Calcutta High Court]]
| image6 =
| caption6 =}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.52|N|88.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1869
| founder = [[British India]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = {{Bulleted list|[[Jalpaiguri Municipality]]|[[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]]|Jalpaiguri Zilla Parishad}}
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Chairman of Jalpaiguri Municipality
| leader_name = Saikat Chatterjee <ref>{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Rajdeep |date=13 November 2025 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/organisational-revamp-jalpaiguri-municipality-council-dissolved-635348|title=‘Organisational revamp’: Jalpaiguri Municipality council dissolved |work=Millennium Post |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Chairman of [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority|SJDA]]
| leader_name1 = Preeti Goyal<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Board Members as per Government Notification |url=https://www.sjda.org/BoardMember |website=[[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Sabhadhipati of Jalpaiguri Zilla Parishad
| leader_name2 = Krishna Roy Barman
|leader_title3 = District Magistrate
|leader_name3 = Sandeep Ghosh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|leader_title4 = Superintendent of police
|leader_name4 = Amarnath K, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalpaiguri District Police |url=https://jalpaiguripolice.wb.gov.in/ |website=jalpaiguripolice.wb.gov.in |access-date=14 September 2025 }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Municipality |url=http://jalpaigurimunicipality.org/about-us/history-of-jalpaiguri-municipality |website=jalpaigurimunicipality.org |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 12.95
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 89
| population_total = 107,341
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|title=Jalpaiguri Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/194-jalpaiguri.html|website=Jalpaiguri City Census 2011 data|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 169,002
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=CensusIndia2011 /><ref name="CensusTable3" />
| population_rank = [[List of cities in West Bengal by population|19th]] in [[West Bengal]]
| population_demonym = Jalpaigurians, Jalpaiguribashi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{Cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735101 - 735 110 (city limits), 735120 - 735134 (suburbs)
| area_code = +913561
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB - 71, WB - 72 2
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Per Capita Income
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{INRConvert|193726}} {{Increase}} (2024-25)
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{Convert|3395|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{Convert|24.8|°C|°F|0}}
| website = {{URL|https://jalpaigurimunicipality.org/}} {{URL|https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/}}
{{URL|https://jalpaigurizp.in/}}
| footnotes = 1The coordinates given here are in metric system and based upon the Microsoft Encarta Reference Library Map Center 2005
2 The Vehicle Code given here based upon the Jalpaiguri District Court documentations.
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]], [[Rajganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajganj]], [[Maynaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maynaguri]], [[Mal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mal]], [[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Fulbari]], [[Dhupguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhupguri]], [[Nagrakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagrakata]]
}}

'''Jalpaiguri''' ({{IPA|bn|d͡ʒɔlpai̯guɽi}}) is a city in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2022 |title=Jalpaiguri: সিলিংয়ের দিকে তাকাতেই শরীরে হিমস্রোত জলপাইগুড়ির বিডিও কর্মীর! শুয়ে বিরাট এক …… |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/a-python-catched-from-jalpaiguri-bdo-office-act/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |lang=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810133055/https://thebengalichronicle.com/a-python-catched-from-jalpaiguri-bdo-office-act/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the headquarter of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] and the [[Jalpaiguri division]], covering the five districts of [[North Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbnorthbengaldev.gov.in/HtmlPage/about_jalpaiguri.aspx|website=jalpaiguri.gov.in|title=Official Website of Jalpaiguri|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> The city is located on the banks of the [[Teesta River]] and [[Karala River]], on the foothills of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/html/tourism.html|website=jalpaiguri.gov.in|title=Official Website of Jalpaiguri|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Bench (law)|circuit bench]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]], the other seat being at [[Port Blair]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name=Census2011 /><ref name=CensusIndia2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |publisher=Census India |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> Jalpaiguri features the [[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College]], the second campus of the [[University of North Bengal]] and the Biswa Bangla Krirangan/ Jalpaiguri Sports Village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports Village for Jalpaiguri|url=http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/wb-cm-inaugurates-jalpaiguri-sports-village-2/|access-date=5 December 2015|website=aitcofficial.org|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226040829/http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/wb-cm-inaugurates-jalpaiguri-sports-village-2/|url-status=bot: unknown}} on 22 March 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/boxing-academy-for-jalpaiguri/cid/158564|website=m.telegraphindia.com|title=Biswa Bangla Krirangan in Jalpaiguri|access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> It lies about {{cvt|35|km}} south of its [[twin cities|twin city]] [[Siliguri]]. The merging of the two cities makes it the largest metropolis of the [[North Bengal|region]].

== Etymology ==
The name "Jalpaiguri" comes from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] words "''Jalpai''" meaning [[Elaeocarpus serratus|''Ceylon olive'']], which grew in the city and adjacent areas, and "Guri" meaning ''a place''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: Jalpaiguri |date=1997 |publisher=Controller, Government Print., West Bengal |page=XVI |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1991_Jalpaiguri/djMP8pPdRdIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jalpai |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Raha|first=Manis Kumar|title=Matriliny to Patriliny: A Study of the Rabha Society|year=1989|publisher=Gian Publishing House|page=22}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jalpaiguri is the district headquarter of [[Jalpaiguri District]]. It is situated at a height of 89m(292ft) from Mean Sea Level.
The city lies very close to the [[Himalayas]] and on the left bank of [[Teesta]] river. The Karla river is another major river of Jalpaiguri which flows through the city.

[[File:Kanchenjunga from Jalpaiguri 2.jpg|thumb|Mount [[Kanchenjunga]] as viewed from Jalpaiguri in October 2020]]
[[File:Kangchenjunga from Jalpaiguri at sunrise.jpg|thumb|Kangchenjunga from Jalpaiguri at sunrise (November 2022)]]

===Climate===
====Temperature====
The annual average temperature of Jalpaiguri city is 24.8 °C. In summer, the temperature varies from a minimum of 20–22 °C to a maximum of 30–35 °C. August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 29.2 °C. The temperature in peak summer sometimes exceeds 37 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.184585|title=রেকর্ড ছাড়াল দুই শহরের তাপমাত্রা|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/state/uttarbanga-weather-7jll|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922165738/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/uttarbanga-weather-7jll|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2019|title=উত্তরবঙ্গ জুড়ে তীব্র তাপদাহ|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Jalpaiguri was 40.9 °C, recorded on 21 July 1986. The winter maximum temperature here hovers around 22–25 °C and minimum drops to 8–10 °C. The minimum temperature sometimes falls below 7 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/winter-bengal-8lc8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111041005/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/winter-bengal-8lc8|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=বাংলায় শৈত্য, ৩.৮ ডিগ্রিতে জলপাইগুড়ি|access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://ebela.in/amp/cold-wave-warning-for-west-bengal-dgtl-1.548882|title=আজ মরশুমের শীতলতম দিন! রাজ্যে জারি শৈত্যপ্রবাহের সতর্কতা, মৃত এক শিশু|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coldest-day-in-kolkata-in-16-years/article4291398.ece|title=Coldest day in Kolkata in 16 years|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 June 2016|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever dropped in Jalpaiguri city was 2.2 °C, recorded on 5 February 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/FEB/jalpaiguri2.htm|title=February Weather History of Jalpaiguri (42399)|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

====Rainfall and other conditions====
As Jalpaiguri is located on the base of the [[Himalayas]], the city receives a high amount of rainfall throughout the year. The average annual rainfall is approximately 3400 mm.<ref name="auto">
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Jalpaiguri, Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| access-date = 9 December 2020}}</ref> A distinct season, monsoon is observed from June to September. About 917.3 mm rain falls in July. Though the amount plummets to 3.3 mm in December.<ref name="auto"/> On an average, the rainy days in Jalpaiguri city are 100.<ref name="auto"/> The heaviest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1999 when 474 mm rain fell on the city. The wettest month was July 1996. In that month, a total of 1546.2 mm of rain was received.<ref name="auto"/> Jalpaiguri doesn't get snowfall. Humidity is very high in the air.
{{Weather box
|location = Jalpaiguri (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
|collapsed =
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 31.0
|Feb record high C = 32.9
|Mar record high C = 37.4
|Apr record high C = 40.0
|May record high C = 40.4
|Jun record high C = 39.4
|Jul record high C = 40.9
|Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 38.8
|Oct record high C = 38.4
|Nov record high C = 35.1
|Dec record high C = 33.5
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 23.5
|Feb high C = 26.5
|Mar high C = 30.1
|Apr high C = 31.8
|May high C = 32.2
|Jun high C = 32.3
|Jul high C = 32.1
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 32.0
|Oct high C = 31.5
|Nov high C = 29.4
|Dec high C = 26.0
|year high C = 30.1
|Jan low C = 10.7
|Feb low C = 13.4
|Mar low C = 17.3
|Apr low C = 21.1
|May low C = 23.3
|Jun low C = 25.0
|Jul low C = 25.5
|Aug low C = 25.6
|Sep low C = 24.7
|Oct low C = 21.8
|Nov low C = 17.0
|Dec low C = 12.8
|year low C = 20.0
|Jan record low C = 3.8
|Feb record low C = 2.2
|Mar record low C = 7.8
|Apr record low C = 10.3
|May record low C = 11.5
|Jun record low C = 15.5
|Jul record low C = 18.1
|Aug record low C = 18.1
|Sep record low C = 17.7
|Oct record low C = 15.4
|Nov record low C = 9.4
|Dec record low C = 5.6
|year record low C = 2.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.0
| Feb rain mm = 16.1
| Mar rain mm = 35.2
| Apr rain mm = 118.7
| May rain mm = 332.2
| Jun rain mm = 628.4
| Jul rain mm = 917.3
| Aug rain mm = 624.1
| Sep rain mm = 511.1
| Oct rain mm = 154.1
| Nov rain mm = 7.1
| Dec rain mm = 3.3
| year rain mm = 3356.9
|Jan rain days = 0.8
|Feb rain days = 1.1
|Mar rain days = 2.3
|Apr rain days = 6.9
|May rain days = 12.5
|Jun rain days = 17.4
|Jul rain days = 21.2
|Aug rain days = 17.5
|Sep rain days = 14.3
|Oct rain days = 5.4
|Nov rain days = 0.7
|Dec rain days = 0.3
|year rain days = 100.3
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity = 77
|Feb humidity = 68
|Mar humidity = 62
|Apr humidity = 69
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 80
|Jul humidity = 82
|Aug humidity = 82
|Sep humidity = 83
|Oct humidity = 80
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 76
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Jalpaiguri, Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 351–352
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M236
| access-date = 19 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart|value1=83.27|value2=14.06|value3=2.13|value4=0.54|color1=Red|color2=Orange|color3=Yellow|color4=Black|caption=Languages of Jalpaiguri (2011 census)|label1=Bengali|label2=Hindi|label3=Nepali|label4=Others}}
According to the 2011 census, Jalpaiguri had a population of 107,341 people (53,708 male and 53,633 female)<ref name=Census2011 /> while the Metropolitan region had a population of 169,002 people (85,226 males and 83,787 females). The population for children aged 0-6 was 14,522. Effective literacy rate for people aged 7+ was 86.43 per cent.<ref name="CensusTable3">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |publisher=censusindia.gov |access-date=21 October 2011 }}</ref>
The main languages spoken here are [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jalpaiguri<ref name=Census2011 />
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|88.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.54}}
{{bar percent|Others|magenta|1.20}}
|caption=Distribution of religions. ''Others'' include [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (0.47%) and [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.22%)
}}

== Civic administration ==
Civic administration is the responsibility of the [[Jalpaiguri Municipality]] which is the tenth oldest in West Bengal<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalpaiguri Municipality |url=https://jalpaigurimunicipality.org.in/# |website=Jalpaiguri Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> after that of [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Kolkata Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp |website=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Uttarpara]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Uttarpara – Uttarpara Municipality |url=https://www.uttarparamunicipality.in/history-of-uttarpara.html |website=Uttarpara Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Shantipur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Shantipur Municipality |url=https://www.santipurmunicipality.org/about.php#:~:text=Santipur%20Municipality%20is%20the%20second,Vice%2DChairman%20of%20the%20Municipality. |website=Shantipur Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Howrah]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Howrah Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/ |website=Howrah Municipal Corporation |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Krishnanagar Municipality |url=https://krishnanagarmunicipality.com/public/about-us |website=Krishnanagar Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Burdwan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Burdwan Municipality |url=https://www.burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/about.php?subject=History%20of%20Burdwan%20Municipality |website=Burdwan Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Basirhat]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Basirhat Municipal Authority |url=https://basirhatmunicipality.in/ |website=Basirhat Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Baharampur|Berhampore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Berhampore Municipality |url=https://www.berhamporemunicipality.org.in/Default.aspx?PageID=103#:~:text=Berhampore%20Municipality%20is%20one%20of,this%20institution%20a%20heritage%20one. |website=Berhampore Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> and [[Suri, Birbhum|Siuri]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Suri Municipality| url = http://www.surimunicipality.co.in/default.aspx| access-date = 29 May 2020| archive-date = 21 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201021152049/http://surimunicipality.co.in/default.aspx| url-status = dead}}</ref> Set up in 1885, it is headed by a chairman who is elected by the residents of the city. It has 25 wards that elect the ward councillors. The [[All India Trinamool Congress]] is in the power of this municipal body. The chairperson of the municipality is Papia Pal.<ref name=delimit>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf
| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission
| access-date = 18 April 2009
| work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal
| publisher =Delimitation Commission
| pages = 4, 23
}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Jalpaiguri has its own bank, the Jalpaiguri Central Co-operative Bank, whose head office is located at Temple Street of the city. Founded in 1919, it has more than 20 branches with ATMs spread across the District.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jalpaiguri Central Cooperative Bank |url=https://www.jalpaiguriccb.com/ |website=jalpaiguriccb.com |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
== Utility services ==
The municipality is responsible for providing basic services, such as [[potable water]] and [[sanitation]]. The water is supplied by the municipal authorities using its groundwater resources, and almost all the houses in the municipal area are connected through the system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guha|first=Kamal|date=11 June 2019|title=গরমে শহরবাসীকে বাড়তি পানীয় জল সরবরাহ জলপাইগুড়ি পুরসভার|url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/jalpaiguri-municipality-starts-one-hour-more-water-flow-for-055777.html|access-date=20 September 2020|website=One India|language=bn}}</ref>

[[File:Jalpaiguri Circuit Bench of Calcutta High Court 05.jpg|thumb|Calcutta High Court Circuit Bench in Jalpaiguri]]

==Tourism==
There is one national park and one wildlife sanctuary in Jalpaiguri.
* [[Gorumara National Park]]
* [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==Transport==
=== Rail ===
Jalpaiguri city region has four important railway stations:-
# [[Jalpaiguri railway station|Jalpaiguri Town]] is the oldest station in the area.
# [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station|Jalpaiguri Road]] was opened in 1944 and is the primarily crucial railway station of the city.
# [[Mohitnagar railway station|Mohitnagar]] lies at Mohitnagar in the [[Haldibari-New Jalpaiguri line]].
# [[Raninagar Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|Raninagar Jalpaiguri Junction]] is situated at the further western part of the city. The railway station serves Jalpaiguri, [[Raninagar, Jalpaiguri|Raninagar]] and other nearby places.

=== Road ===
[[File:Goshala More at Jalpaiguri 06.jpg|thumb|Goshala More, Highway connector of Jalpaiguri]]
The [[Asian Highway 2]] and the National Highway 31D [<nowiki/>[[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] (New Numbering)] passes just through the city connecting it right with the rest of the country.

The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Central Bus Terminus situated next to the North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC) Bus Terminal is a major stop for most private and state-owned buses in the region. The Royal Government of [[Bhutan]] also operates buses from Jalpaiguri to its border town [[Jaigaon]]/ [[Phuentsholing]], [[Bhutan]]. Air-conditioned sleeper coach bus service is also available from Jalpaiguri to [[Kolkata]] (Banglashree Express).<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2018|title=Ac Volvo bus will ply in 20 new routes {{!}} Kolkata - News18 Bangla, Today's Latest Bengali News|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/ac-volvo-bus-will-ply-in-20-new-routes-196771.html|access-date=20 September 2020|website=bengali.news18.com|language=bn}}</ref>

There are several bus stands<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bus Services in Jalpaiguri, Jalpaiguri Bus Services|url=https://www.jalpaigurionline.in/city-guide/bus-services-in-jalpaiguri|access-date=20 September 2020|website=jalpaigurionline.in}}</ref> in Jalpaiguri:-
* NBSTC Depot: Government buses are available from here.
* Kadamtala Bus Terminus: Private buses to [[Siliguri]] and [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] are available from here.
* Super Bus Stand near the [[Jalpaiguri railway station]] – Super (or non-stop) bus services to Siliguri are available from here.
* Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Private Bus Terminus: Buses to the [[Dooars]] region, i.e., [[Malbazar]], Birpara, are available from here.
* Bowbazaar Bus Stand: Bus services to [[Haldibari, West Bengal|Haldibari]] are available from here.

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Bagdogra Airport]], [[Siliguri]], which lies 45 km north-west from Jalpaiguri city centre, with regular flights to major cities like [[Kolkata]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Guwahati]] and has international connectivity with [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]] and [[Bangkok]].

== Education ==
[[File:College building side view.jpg|thumb|[[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College]] (JGEC) campus]]
Jalpaiguri's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the primary languages of instruction; [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Hindi]] are also used.<ref name=educationsystem>{{cite web |title= Annual Report 2007–2008 |url= http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf |publisher= Department of School Education, Government of West Bengal |access-date= 10 December 2011 |page= 69 |archive-date= 7 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040131/http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf%20 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= List of most reputed schools in West Bengal|url= http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm|publisher= West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|access-date= 10 December 2011|archive-date= 7 January 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040440/http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm%20|url-status= dead}}</ref> Schools in Jalpaiguri follow the [[Education in India|"10+2+3" plan]]. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]], the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref name=educationsystem /> They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.<ref name=educationsystem /> In 2012, the Government proposed a medical college for the suburb of Paharpur.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly|first=Arnab |title=Medical college for Indian cities |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/siliguri/story_15718501.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717082133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/siliguri/story_15718501.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=27 October 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Colleges include:


*[[Ananda Chandra College]]
*[[Ananda Chandra College of Commerce]]
*[[EIILM-Kolkata]], Jalpaiguri Campus is a business and management Institute, established in 2018. The college offers BBA, BCA and MBA courses which are affiliated to [[Raiganj University]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://eiilm-jc.in/| title = EILM, Jalpaiguri Campus| publisher = EILM|access-date = 19 February 2026}}</ref>
*[[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College]] is an autonomous institution of the [[Government of West Bengal]], one of premier technical institutes is present in Jalpaiguri, best known for scientists like [[Promode R. Bandyopadhyay]]. It is located near the [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] (West Bengal State Highway 12A) at Denguajhar, Jalpaiguri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@26.5456466,88.7037619,18.5z|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|language=en|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> The institute is one of the oldest institutes of engineering in the state.
*[[Jalpaiguri Government Medical College and Hospital]], established in 2022, is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government Medical college. It is located at Jalpaiguri town of West Bengal. The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Jalpaiguri district. The yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2022.
*[[Jalpaiguri Law College]] is the city's law college.
*[[Jalpaiguri Polytechnic Institute]], is a Government [[Diploma in Engineering|Diploma]] level institute with 3 yrs.(10+) Civil Engineering, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
*[[North Bengal St. Xavier's College]], all of which are affiliated with the [[University of North Bengal]]. Also, since 2011, the second campus of the university with the same name provides with master's degrees in arts, sciences, and commerce.<ref>{{cite news|last=EOI|first=Correspondence|title=NBDD minister inaugurates multiple projects|url=http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114100759/http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[P.D. Women's College]]



== Notable people ==


* [[Promode R. Bandyopadhyay]], Indian born American inventor, research scientist and Technical Program Manager at the [[Naval Undersea Warfare Center]], New Port, [[Rhode Island]], USA
* [[P. K. Banerjee]], Indian [[footballer]] and coach who represented India at the international level.
* [[Swapna Barman]], the heptathlete was born here.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/could-never-afford-nutritious-food-required-by-athlete-asian-gold-medallist-swapna-barmans-father-4745931/|title=Could never afford nutritious food required by athlete, Asian gold-medallist Swapna Barman's father|date=11 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ratan Lal Basu]], an economist, [[fiction]] [[author]] in English, [[Indologist]] and specialist in [[Yoga]] and [[Tantra]] cult.
* [[Moushumi Bhowmik]], the eminent singer-songwriter was born here.
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]], Tollywood actress and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from Jadavpur constituency.
* [[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar]], Indian [[footballer]] of the 1970s
* [[Samaresh Majumdar]], Bengali author of novels like ''Uttoradhikar'', ''Kalpurush'', and ''Kaalbela''.
* [[Debesh Roy]], (17 December 1936 — 14 May 2020) Bengali-language writer, best known the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]-winning novel ''Teesta Parer Brittanta'' (1990).
* [[Khaleda Zia]], Former Prime Minister of [[Bangladesh]] during 1991 to 1996 & 2001 to 2006 and leader of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].



== See also ==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalpaiguri]]
* [[Cities and towns in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{sisterlinks|Jalpaiguri}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Jalpaiguri}}
* [http://jalpaigurimunicipality.org/ Official website of Jalpaiguri Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114055/http://jalpaigurimunicipality.org/ |date=17 May 2014 }}
* [http://jalpaiguri.nic.in/index.htm Official website of Jalpaiguri district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001021190100/http://www.wb.nic.in/dist/jalpai.html West Bengal Jalpaiguri District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070905172720/http://www.sjda.org/ Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]

{{Jalpaiguri district}}
{{Jalpaiguri topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Jalpaiguri| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Araku Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:48:32Z

TeodoroGalvan6: stub

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Araku {{Small|AP-1}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Araku.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Araku Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| assembly_cons = [[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] [[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]] [[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]] [[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]] [[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]] [[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]]
| mp = [[Gumma Thanuja Rani]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| preceded_by =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
}}
'''Araku''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. As per the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order (2008),'' it was formed as a reserved constituency for the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]], comprising seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] and [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] s .<ref name="constituency">{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tdp-wand-fails-to-do-the-trick-in-visakha-agency/article27228779.ece|title=TDP wand fails to do the trick in Visakha Agency|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh|date=2019-05-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Assembly Segments ==

The seven [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segments of Araku Lok Sabha constituency are:<ref name="constituency" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|10
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" |[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram]]
|[[Nimmaka Jaya Krishna]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party|JSP}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|11
|[[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]] (ST)
|[[Jagadeeswari Thoyaka]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|12
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]] (SC)
|[[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]]
|-
|13
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Saluru]] (ST)
|[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]
|-
|28
|[[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
|[[Regam Matyalingam]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|-
|29
|[[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] (ST)
|[[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]]
|-
|53
|[[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]] (ST)
|[[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
|[[Miriyala Sirisha Devi|Miryala Sirisha Devi]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1952{{ndash}}2009: [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Kothapalli Geetha]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Goddeti Madhavi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Gumma Thanuja Rani]]
|}

== Election results ==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Araku]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gumma Thanuja Rani]]
|votes = 477,005
|percentage = 40.96
|change ={{decrease}}11.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kothapalli Geetha]]
|votes = 4,26,425
|percentage = 36.62
|change ={{increase}}34.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Appalanarasa Pachipenta
|votes = 1,23,129
|percentage = 10.57
|change ={{increase}}10.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 50,470
|percentage = 4.33
|change ={{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,580
|percentage = 4.34
|change ={{decrease}}16.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,65,787
|percentage =74.87
|change ={{increase}}0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Araku]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1359-general-election-2019/|title = General Election 2019 (Excluding Vellore PC)}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Goddeti Madhavi]]
| votes = 562,190
| percentage = 52.14
| change = {{increase}}6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
| votes = 338,101
| percentage = 31.36
| change = {{decrease}}3.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 47,977
| percentage = 4.45
| change ={{increase}}2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janasena Party
| candidate = Gangulaiah Vampuru
| votes = 42,794
| percentage = 3.97
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[K. K. V. V. V. Satyanarayana Reddy]]
| votes = 17,867
| percentage = 1.66
| change = {{increase}}1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Shruti Devi Vyricherla
| votes = 17,730
| percentage = 1.64
| change = {{decrease}}4.15
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 224,089
| percentage = 20.78
| change = {{increase}}10.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 10,74,538
| percentage = 74.03
| change = {{increase}}2.53
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,51,418
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Araku]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/araku.html|title = Araku (Andhra Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results - Araku Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSRCP|candidate=[[Kothapalli Geetha]]|votes=413,191|percentage=45.42|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]|votes=321,793|percentage=35.38|change={{increase}}35.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]|votes=52,884|percentage=5.81|change={{decrease}}39.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Midiyam Baburao]]|votes=38,898|percentage=4.26|change={{decrease}}16.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kangala Baludora|votes=23,251|percentage=2.55|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Chetti Sankararao|votes=8,951|percentage=0.98|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Burjabariki Dhanaraju|votes=8,569|percentage=0.94|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sallangi Ratnam|votes=7,688|percentage=0.85|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Biddika Ramaiah|votes=7,587|percentage=0.83|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Illa Rami Reddy|votes=5,692|percentage=0.63|change={{decrease}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Vanugu Sankararao|votes=4,614|percentage=0.51|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=16,532|percentage=1.82|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,398
|percentage = 10.04
|change = {{decrease}}14.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 909,614
|percentage = 72.92
|change ={{increase}}5.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Araku]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|votes = 360,458
|percentage = 45.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Midiyam Baburao]]
|votes = 168,014
|percentage = 21.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Meenaka Simhachalam
|votes = 128,649
|percentage = 16.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jayalakshmi Shambudu
|votes = 27,758
|percentage = 3.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lake Raja Rao
|votes = 24,331
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kurusa Bojjaiah
|votes = 23,093
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Appa Rao Kinjedi
|votes = 15,851
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Satta Party
|candidate = Vadigala Pentayya
|votes = 13,886
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Illa Rami Reddy
|votes = 12,086
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Gadugu Balayya Dora
|votes = 10,450
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arika Gumpa Swamy
|votes = 7,791
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 192,444
|percentage = 24.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 792,367
|percentage = 67.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190406174744/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/araku/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Araku lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Araku Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Alluri Sitharama Raju district}}
{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}
{{Coord|18.33|82.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

Khushal Singh Adhikari

2026-04-19T23:12:57Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up A Bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khushal Singh Adhikari
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 1967
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Puran Singh Phartyal]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| profession = Politician
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Khushal Singh Adhikari''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Lohaghat Assembly constituency]] in [[Champawat district]]. He won as an MLA in the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lohaghat, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: INC's Khushal Singh Adhikari with 32272 defeats BJP's Puran Singh Fartyal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lohaghat-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923013-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Adhikari is from [[Lohaghat]], Champawat district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Trilok Singh. He is a "A" class [[General contractor|contractor]] by profession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khushal Singh Adhikari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- LOHAGHAT(CHAMPAWAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=20 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Adhikari won from Lohaghat Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 32,950 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Puran Singh Phartyal]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 6,038 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lohaghat Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Khushal Singh Adhikari of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/lohaghat-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854656.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He had earlier lost from Lohaghat Assembly constituency in 2017 Uttarakhand Assembly election as an Indian National Congress candidate to [[Puran Singh Fartyal]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a narrow margin of 834 votes.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhikari, Khushal Singh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Champawat district]]

Srinagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:11Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adding info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttarakhand State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Uttar Pradesh Pradesh|Sri Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Srinagar
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Dhan Singh Rawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:107347}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| map_image = Srinagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

''' Srinagar Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 constituencies in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state of [[India]]. Srinagar is also part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/pauri.html|title=Pauri Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Brijmohan Kotwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Ganesh Godiyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Dhan Singh Rawat|Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Srinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Rawat|Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,618 |percentage=45.55% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Godiyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,031 |percentage=44.65% |change={{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Kala |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=4,271 |percentage=6.57% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajender Singh Chauhan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=700 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=643 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Kumar |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=463 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=587 |percentage=0.90% |change= {{decrease}}13.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,024 |percentage=59.40% |change= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,467 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Srinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Rawat|Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,816 |percentage=50.80% |change={{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Godiyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,118 |percentage=36.46% |change={{decrease}}14.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Prasad Kala |party=Independent politician |votes=4,854 |percentage=8.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=697 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Prakash Nautiyal |party=Independent politician |votes=608 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Prasad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=532 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhirendra Singh Bisht |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=516 |percentage=0.85% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,698 |percentage=14.34% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,656 |percentage=57.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,290 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Srinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Godiyal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,993 |percentage=50.96% |change={{increase}}18.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhan Singh Rawat|Dr. Dhan Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,930 |percentage=41.75% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=833 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=672 |percentage=1.22% |change={{decrease}}17.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarvender Singh Panwar (Saheb) |party=Independent politician |votes=631 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=577 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,063 |percentage=9.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,927 |percentage=59.17% |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,823 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Srinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brijmohan Kotwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,551 |percentage=42.71% |change={{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,399 |percentage=32.78% |change={{decrease}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohanlal Muyal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=5,809 |percentage=18.31% |change={{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=710 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bholadutt Manderwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=392 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=328 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjana Devi |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=296 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohanlal |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=242 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,152 |percentage=9.93% |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,727 |percentage=53.55% |change= {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,416 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Srinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,040 |percentage=40.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brijmohan Kotwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,403 |percentage=33.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohanlal Muyal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,747 |percentage=11.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal Pradyot |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,179 |percentage=4.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=844 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=468 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganpat Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhakti Lal Tamta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=307 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harishpati |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=182 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh Gothwal |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=130 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,637 |percentage=6.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,787 |percentage=42.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,403 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|30.22|78.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Artistic depictions of the Partition of India

2026-04-19T16:32:28Z

TeodoroGalvan6: new

{{Short description|none}} 
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Partition Anti-Memorial Project.webp|alt=The Partition Anti-Memorial Project by Pritika Chowdhry commemorates the Partition of India.|thumb|500x500px|The Partition Anti-Memorial Project by Pritika Chowdhry commemorates the Partition of India.]]

The [[Partition of India]] and the associated bloody riots inspired many creative minds in the republics of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] to create literary/cinematic depictions of this event.<ref name="Cleary2002">{{cite book|last=Cleary|first=Joseph N.|title=Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omFqtDGADfYC|access-date=27 July 2012|date=3 January 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-65732-7|page=104|quote=The partition of India figures in a good deal of imaginative writing... }}</ref> While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border. Even now, more than 60 years after the partition, works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition. [[W.H. Auden]] in his poem "Partition" showed the dilemmas of [[Cyril John Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe]], responsible for deciding which parts of India went where.

Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises [[Khushwant Singh]]'s ''[[Train to Pakistan]]'' (1956), several short stories such as ''[[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]]'' (1955) by [[Saadat Hassan Manto]], [[Urdu]] poems such as ''Subh-e-Azadi'' (Freedom's Dawn, 1947) by [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s ''Tamas'' (1974), [[Manohar Malgonkar]]'s ''A Bend in the Ganges'' (1965), and [[Bapsi Sidhwa]]'s ''[[Cracking India|Ice-Candy Man]]'' (1988), among others.<ref name="Natarajan1996">{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Nandi|editor-last=Natarajan|editor-first= Nalini|title=Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC|access-date=27 July 2012|year=1996|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|chapter=Twentieth Century Hindi Literature|pages=146–147}}</ref><ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Rituparna|title=South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCQfRFr6iMgC|access-date=27 July 2012|date=15 July 2011|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|isbn=978-90-8964-245-5|pages=24–29}}</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1980), which won the [[Booker Prize]] and the [[The Best of the Booker|Booker of Bookers]], weaved its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947.<ref name="Roy2011"/> ''[[Freedom at Midnight]]'' (1975) is a non-fiction work by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]] that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition.<ref name="Bhatia2008">{{cite book|last=Mandal|first=Somdatta|editor1-last=Bhatia|editor1-first= Nandi|editor2-last= Roy|editor2-first= Anjali Gera|title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC|access-date=27 July 2012|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India| isbn=978-81-317-1416-4|pages=66–69|chapter=Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films}}</ref><ref name="hindi guide">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dwyer | first1 = R. | title = Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India | doi = 10.1080/03068374.2010.508231 | journal = Asian Affairs | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 381–398 | year = 2010 | s2cid = 70892666 }} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar2009">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Bhaskar|title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC|access-date=27 July 2012|date=29 April 2009|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-4411-7|page=121}}</ref> Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence, partition and the aftermath include [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]'s ''[[Chinnamul]]'' (1950),<ref name="Bhatia2008"/> ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961),<ref name="vishwanath 2009"/> [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960), ''[[Komal Gandhar]]'' (1961), ''[[Subarnarekha (1962 film)|Subarnarekha]]'' (1962);<ref name="Bhatia2008"/><ref name="ritwik journal">{{cite journal |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Anindya |year= 2009|title=Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak |journal=Social Semiotics |volume=19 |issue= 4|pages= 469–481 |doi=10.1080/10350330903361158|s2cid=143332374 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> later films include ''[[Garm Hava]]'' (1973) and ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]'' (1987).<ref name="vishwanath 2009">{{cite journal|last1= Vishwanath|first1= Gita|last2= Malik|first2= Salma|year= 2009|title= Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan|journal= [[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume= XLIV|issue= 36|pages= 61–69|url= http://keithmccluskey.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/REVISITING-1947-THROUGH-popular-cinema.pdf|access-date= 27 July 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140606233740/http://keithmccluskey.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/REVISITING-1947-THROUGH-popular-cinema.pdf|archive-date= 6 June 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> From the late 1990s onwards, more films on this theme were made, including several mainstream films, such as ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998), ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]'' (1998) (based on the aforementioned book), ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001), ''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]'' (2003), ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'' (2007) and ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010),.<ref name="vishwanath 2009"/> The [[biopic]]s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah]]'' (1998) and ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'' (1993) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay.

Some of the books and films are discussed here. However, the list is far from being exhaustive.

==Fiction==

===Ordered by date of publication===
*[[Qurratulain Hyder|Hyder, Qurratulain]], '''''[[Aag Ka Darya]] (River of Fire)''''' (1959). Translated into English by the author in 1998. Reprint 2019 by New Directions. "River of Fire tells a completist and syncretistic version of 2,500 years of history in modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh—beginning with the Nanda Dynasty on the brink of defeat by the founder of the Mauryan Empire (323 to 185 BCE), and ending in post-Partition despair."<ref name="Ahsan">{{cite magazine |last1=Ahsan |first1=Kamil |title=The Alternate India |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/river-of-fire-qurratulain-hyder-india-pakistan-partition-novel-review/ |website=The Nation |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726070251/https://www.thenation.com/article/river-of-fire-qurratulain-hyder-india-pakistan-partition-novel-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]], '''''[[Midnight's Children]]''''' (1980). New York: Knopf, 1981; {{ISBN|0-394-51470-X}}.
*[[Saadat Hasan Manto|Manto, Saadat Hasan]], '''''Kingdom's End and Other Stories''''' (1987). Penguin Books India. {{ISBN|0-14-011774-1}}. The majority of stories by this Punjabi writer revolve around the end of the Raj, Partition and communalism.
*[[Bhisham Sahni|Sahni, Bhisham]], '''''Tamas''''' (1987). Penguin Books India. {{ISBN|0-14-011477-7}}
*[[Bapsi Sidhwa|Sidhwa, Bapsi]], '''''Ice-Candy Man''''' (1989) {{ISBN|0-14-011767-9}} later published as ''Cracking India'' (1991). {{ISBN|0-915943-56-5}}
*[[Khushwant Singh|Singh, Khushwant]], '''''Train to Pakistan''''' (1990). Grove Press; {{ISBN|0-8021-3221-9}}
*[[Jhumpa Lahiri|Lahiri, Jhumpa]], '''''[[Interpreter of Maladies]]''''' (1999). Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-92720-X}}
*[[Shauna Singh Baldwin|Baldwin, Shauna Singh]], '''''What the Body Remembers''''' (2001). Anchor: {{ISBN|0-385-49605-2}}
*[[Rohinton Mistry|Mistry, Rohinton]], '''''[[A Fine Balance]]''''' (2001). Random House {{ISBN|1-4000-3065-X}} (though this book is set in 1975 Partition plays a dominant role in the narrative)

===''Hoshyarpur to Lahore''===
Entitled ''[[Hoshyar Pur say Lahore tak]]'' in Urdu, it is a true story based on a train journey from Indian city of [[Hoshiarpur]] to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. It is written by a Police officer who traveled in this train.

===''This is Not That Dawn (Jhoota Sach)''===
Jhootha Sach is arguably the most outstanding piece of Hindi literature written about the Partition. Reviving life in Lahore as it was before 1947, the book opens on a nostalgic note, with vivid descriptions of the people that lived in the city's streets and lanes like Bhola Pandhe Ki Gali: Tara, who wanted an education above marriage; Puri, whose ideology and principles often came in the way of his impoverished circumstances; Asad, who was ready to sacrifice his love for the sake of communal harmony. Their lives—and those of other memorable characters—are forever altered as the carnage that ensues on the eve of Independence shatters the beauty and peace of the land, killing millions of Hindus and Muslims, and forcing others to leave their homes forever. Published in English translation for the first time, Yashpal's controversial novel is a politically charged, powerful tale of human suffering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/not-dawn|title = Home}}</ref>

===''Ali Pur Ka Aeeli''===
[[Ali Pur Ka Aeeli]] in Urdu is an autobiography of [[Mumtaz Mufti]] that includes his narration on the account of bringing his family from [[Batala]] to [[Lahore]] on a truck.

===''Khaak aur Khoon''===
Khak aur Khoon is a historical novel by [[Naseem Hijazi]] that describes the sacrifices of Muslims of the sub-continent during the time of partition in 1947.

When a portion of the Muslims from the various regions of India were trying to get to Pakistan, some faced attacks from Hindu and Sikh groups, during their journeys, that involved snatching of money, and jewellery of their wives and daughters.

===''The Broken Mirror''===
''The Broken Mirror'', a Hindi novel by Krishna Baldev Vaid, portrays the psychological and sociological transformations in a West Punjabi village in the phase leading up to the Partition, with emphasis on commensal taboos and hardened community boundaries.

===''Half a Village (Aadha Gaon)''===
''Half a Village'', a Hindi novel by Rahi Masoom Reza, represents the experiences of subaltern Indian Muslims in village Gangauli, and their distinctive take on the vacuity of 'high politics'.

===''The Weary Generations''===

''The Weary Generations'', an Urdu novel by Abdullah Hussein, tracks the prehistory of the partition through the experiences of the main character, Naeem, a veteran of the First World War who faces up to the futility and meaningless of the partition.

===''Basti''===
''Basti'' by [[Intizar Hussain]] is an Urdu novel that focuses on the partition as memory, through the lens of protagonist Zakir, a historian who seeks to come to terms with this memory in the context of the happenings in 1971 in Pakistan leading up to the formation of Bangladesh.

===''The Dark Dancer''===
''The Dark Dancer'' is a novel by Balachandra Rajan that portrays the experiences of an Indian educated abroad who returns home to face the horror of the Partition.

==='' A Bend in the Ganges''===
''A Bend in the Ganges'' is a novel by [[Manohar Malgonkar]] that features some of the graphic violence that occurred during the partition.

===''Sunlight on a Broken Column''===
''Sunlight on a Broken Column'' is a novel by Attia Hosain which depicts the experiences of the protagonist, Laila, a young woman from a taluqdari family of Oudh, in the years leading up to the partition.

===''Pinjar''===

''[[Pinjar (novel)|Pinjar]]'' is a Punjabi novel written by [[Amrita Pritam]] which is the story of a Hindu Girl who was kidnapped by a Muslim young man who married her. At the time of partition that girl again got chance to go to her family and re-unite which she refuses as she starts loving her husband. A [[Pinjar (film)|film]] based on the novel was released in 2003 while the [[Ghughi|TV series]] adapted from the novel was broadcast on TVOne Pakistan in 2018.

===''Bano''===

[[Bano (novel)|Bano]] is an Urdu novel by [[Razia Butt]] which is the story of a Muslim family in Ludhyiana (located in undivided Punjab) and two lovers Hassan and Bano who got separated during partition. The heart breaking story of the partition of India further continues after the independence of Pakistan. Later, the novel was also adapted into a [[Dastaan (2010 TV series)|TV series]] which broadcast on [[Hum TV]] (Pakistan) in 2010.

===Kingdom's End and Other Stories===
''Kingdom's End and Other Stories'' (1987) is a collection of stories written by [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], published by Penguin Books India ({{ISBN|0-14-011774-1}}).
The majority of stories by this Urdu writer from Punjab revolve around the end of the Raj, Partition and communalism. His stories include ''[[Thanda Gosht]], Khol Do, [[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]], Iss Manjdhar Mein, Mozalle, Babu Gopi Nath'' etc. Some of his characters became legendary. An online translation of [https://web.archive.org/web/20060703151945/http://www.sikh-history.com/literature/stories/tobatek.html ''Toba Tek Singh''] is available.
"Toba Tek Singh" was the basis for [[Ken McMullen (film director)|Ken McMullen]]'s 1987 film ''[[Partition (1987 film)|Partition]]''.

===''Raavi Paar and Other Stories''===
''Raavi Paar and Other Stories'' (2000) is a collection of stories by Sampooran Singh [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] that deal with the partition of India and Pakistan.
The book was published by HarperCollins Publishers India {{ISBN|81-7223-275-6}}.

===''Sacred Games''===
While [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s 2006 novel ''[[Sacred Games (novel)|Sacred Games]]'' is not about partition, it does contain a long and graphic chapter describing the main character's mother's flight as a young Sikh girl from what would become Pakistani Punjab, during which her beloved older sister was abducted.

===''Train to Pakistan''===
This saga by [[Khushwant Singh]] was first published in 1956. Singh's version of the Partition is a social one, providing human accounts in a diverse, detailed character base where each person has unique points of view, pointing out that everyone is equally at fault and that placing blame was irrelevant. Interwoven with this point are the subtle questions of morality which Singh asks through his characters, such as whether or not the bad needs to be recognized to promote the good, and what constitutes a good deed. It was adapted into a Hindi film [[Train to Pakistan (film)|by the same name]] by [[Pamela Rooks]] in 1998.<ref name="tr">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Films & Partition train of History|date=5 August 2007|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

''Train to Pakistan'' (1990). Grove Press; {{ISBN|0-8021-3221-9}}.

===''Tamas''===
Penned by [[Bhisham Sahni]] and the winner of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1975, ''Tamas'' depicted riots in a small town at the time of the partition of India in 1947, which Sahni witnessed at [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21939.htm Tamas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022150021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21939.htm|date=22 October 2006}}</ref> The novel was later adapted into a TV series by [[Tamas (film)|the same name]] for [[Doordarshan]], and later a one-off four-hour feature film.
''Tamas'' – [[Rajkamal Prakashan]] Pvt. Ltd.. {{ISBN|978-81-267-1539-8}}.

===''Midnight's Children''===
[[Salman Rushdie]] wrote this famous surrealistic fiction full of satirical references to the event of partition and independence. The "midnight" alluded to in the title is the moment at which partition and independence became official. It was later adapted into a film [[Midnight's Children (film)|by the same name]] by [[Deepa Mehta]].

''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1980). New York: Knopf, 1981; {{ISBN|0-394-51470-X}}.

===''Purbo-Paschim''===
''Purbo-Paschim'' (East and the West) is an epic Bengali saga by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]. The narrative deals with a particular family that had to migrate from [[East Pakistan]] to [[West Bengal]], and their fight against the tide. The story stretches from a pre-independence period to early 1980s and reflects the socio-economical changes that this region went through during this long period of time.

===''A Fine Balance''===
Written by [[Rohinton Mistry]], the story is set in 1975. However, the Partition plays a dominant role in the narrative.

''[[A Fine Balance]]'' (2001). Random House {{ISBN|1-4000-3065-X}}

===''Ice-Candy Man''===
[[Bapsi Sidhwa]]'s 1989 novel ''Ice-Candy Man'', written in the backdrop of the riots in [[Lahore]], was re-released in 1991 as ''[[Cracking India]]''. Later the story was made into a film, called ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' by [[Deepa Mehta]].<ref name= "Sidhwa">''Ice-Candy Man'' (1989) {{ISBN|0-14-011767-9}}, later published as ''[[Cracking India]]'' (1991). {{ISBN|0-915943-56-5}}</ref>

===''Interpreter of Maladies''===
[[Jhumpa Lahiri]] was awarded the 2000 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] for ''[[Interpreter of Maladies]]'', a collection of short stories some of which involved the aftermath of the partition.

Interpreter of Maladies (1999). Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-92720-X}}

===''Kitne Pakistan''===
''[[Kitne Pakistan]]'' (How Many Pakistan?) 2000 Hindi novel by [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]], noted 20th-century Hindi writer, a pioneer of the ''Nayi Kahani'' i ("New Story") movement of the 1950s, deals with historical context on the based on the rise of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]], the violence and bloodshed in aftermath of partition of India in 1947 and examines the nature and futility of divisive politics and religion.<ref name="Kumar2004">{{cite book|author=Sukrita Paul Kumar|title=Narrating partition: texts, interpretations, ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFjAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Indialog Publications|page=15|isbn=978-81-87981-62-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=अदीबों की अदालत है 'कितने पाकिस्तान'|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2003/12/031229_kitnepakistan_review|language=Hindi|work=BBC, Hindi|date=29 December 2003 |access-date = 2014-10-11}}</ref>

===''Azadi''===
Semi-autobiographical novel by [[Chaman Nahal]].

Azadi (Freedom). New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, and Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1975; London, Deutsch, 1977 {{ISBN|9780395194010}}.

===''The Shadow Lines''===
''[[The Shadow Lines]]'' is a novel by Amitav Ghosh. It is a non-linear narrative that covers several crucial periods in the history of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. It explored the themes of violence, memory, loss, and of the 'grand narratives' propagated by those in power, as opposed to the more individual and personal 'little narratives' seen through its central characters, Thamma, Tridib, and the unnamed narrator.

=== ''Aangan'' ===
''[[Aangan (novel)|Aangan]]'' is an Urdu-language award winning novel by [[Khadija Mastoor]]. Aangan means ''Courtyard'', thus as the name represents it deals with the events of life inside the house walls at the time of partition and depicts the stories of its characters ''Chammi'', ''Aaliya'', ''Tehmina'' and ''Salma'' from Aaliya's perspective. The novel was also adapted into a [[Aangan (2018 TV series)|TV series with the same name]] by [[Hum TV]] (Pakistan).

==Plays==
''[[Drawing the Line (play)|Drawing the Line]]'' is a 2013 play by [[Howard Brenton]], centred on [[Cyril Radcliffe]] and his part in the [[partition of India]] in 1947. It premiered from 3 December 2013 to 11 January 2014, in a production directed by [[Howard Davies (director)|Howard Davies]] at London's [[Hampstead Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What's On: Drawing the Line|publisher = [[Hampstead Theatre]] |url=http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/whats-on/2013/drawing-the-line/|date = 2013|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

==Feature films==

===Films ordered by release date===
* ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'', directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]] (1960){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Garam Hawa]]'', directed by [[M. S. Sathyu]] (1973){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Partition (1987 film)|Partition]]'', directed by [[Ken McMullen (film director)|Ken McMullen]], adapted from Saadat Hasan Manto's story [[Toba Tek Singh]], by [[Tariq Ali]] (1978){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'', directed by [[Deepa Mehta]] (1998){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah]]'', directed by [[Jamil Dehlavi]] (1998){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Hey Ram]]'' directed by [[Kamal Haasan]] (2000){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'', directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] (2001){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Kaalapaani]]'', directed by [[Priyadarshan]] (1996){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'', directed by [[Vic Sarin]] (2007){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Garam Hawa''===
Directed by [[M. S. Sathyu]], ''[[Garam Hawa]]'' (1973) was [[Balraj Sahni]]'s last major role.

===''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' (The Cloud-Capped Star)===
Directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]], ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960), never explicitly mentions the Partition, but takes place in a refugee camp in the outskirts of [[Calcutta]], and concerns an impoverished genteel Hindu [[bhadralok]] family and the problems they face because of Partition.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Komal Gandhar'' (E Flat)===
Directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]] ''[[Komal Gandhar]]'' (1961), the protagonists suffer from the same anguish: the separation from their home, on the other side of the border.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Dharmputra''===
It was first Hindi film to depict the partition of India, and [[Hindu fundamentalism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmakers refused to portray partition: film scholar|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/indiancinema/news/article_1216957.php/Filmmakers_refused_to_portray_partition_film_scholar |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=1 November 2006 }}</ref> ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961) directed by [[Yash Chopra]], two years after he made his debut with ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959), steeped in [[Nehruvian]] [[Secularism in India|secularism]], wherein a Muslim brings up an 'illegitimate' Hindu child and featured classic song, ''Tu Hindu banega na Musalman banega, insaan ki aulaad hai, insaan banega'', the theme was reverse in this film as herein a Hindu family brings an illegitimate Muslim child,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nehru's vision shaped many Bollywood golden oldies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nehrus-vision-shaped-many-Bollywood-golden-oldies/articleshow/5233286.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513230400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-16/delhi/28068204_1_secularism-yash-chopra-big-dams |url-status=live |archive-date=13 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 November 2009 }}</ref> who grows up to become a Hindu fundamentalist.<ref name=mint>{{cite news |title=Back Story: Separate lives |url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/07/27221329/Film--Back-story.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date= 27 July 2012 }}</ref> The film was critically acclaimed, and won the [[9th National Film Awards|9th]] [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]].,<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> however its release saw near riots at the theatre, discouraging other Hindi film directors from approaching the theme for another decade, although subtly.<ref name=sify04>{{cite news |title=Communal holocaust in Hindi films |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/communal-holocaust-in-hindi-films-news-bollywood-kkfvLaideda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208125419/http://www.sify.com/movies/communal-holocaust-in-hindi-films-news-bollywood-kkfvLaideda.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 24 June 2004 }}</ref>

===''Earth''===
Directed by [[Deepa Mehta]], ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998), an India/Canada co-production, is a thoughtful examination of a circle of friends and acquaintances affected by the Partition. A scoundrel uses communal violence as an excuse for retaliation against a romantic rival. The film is based on [[Bapsi Sidhwa]]'s ''Cracking India''; Sidhwa co-wrote the screenplay with Mehta. Contains brutal scenes of communal carnage.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Hey Ram''===

[[Kamal Haasan]] wrote, directed, and starred in ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000) film about the Partition and the assassination of [[Gandhi]]. The story follows the life of a south Indian Brahmin man caught up in the madness surrounding the direct action day in Calcutta and the subsequent events culminating in the assassination of Gandhi. It portrays the greatness of M.K. Gandhi in a telling way and also shows how even educated men acted mad out of grief and rage during the partition. The screenplay touches on many things that are common to the modern nations of India and Pakistan, starting from the Indus valley civilisation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''===
Directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001), is an Indian movie about the Partition; notable for shocking scenes of riot and massacre of Hindus and Sikhs being killed in the famous scene of train full of dead bodies of Hindu and Sikh people escaping from Pakistan. The train was marked by Pakistani mobs by writing "Ajadi Ka Tohfa," that translates as "Gift of Independence" on it. In the movie the trains that came from Pakistan had another sentence written on them, which translates as "Indians! learn cutting from us." It was a major hit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Khamosh Paani (Silent Waters)''===
Directed by [[Sabiha Sumar]], ''[[Khamosh Pani]]'' ([[Khamosh Pani|Silent Waters]]) (2003), depicts the partition ironically and shows the situation of [[Jihadi]]s in 1979 Pakistan.

=== ''Pinjar'' ===
''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]'' was a 2003 film, adapted from the novel by same name by [[Amrita Pritam]], and had [[Urmila Matondkar]] in the role of the protagonist, ''Puro''.

===''Partition''===
Directed by [[Vic Sarin]] ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'', is a Canada/UK/South Africa co-production. A retired Sikh military officer (played by [[Jimi Mistry]]) helps and falls in love with a Muslim teenaged girl (played by [[Kristin Kreuk]]).{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Tamas''===
Based on author, [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s acclaimed Hindi novel, ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]'' (1987) depicted the makings of riots in a small Indian town, and its aftermath, first shown adapted into a TV series by [[Govind Nihalani]] for [[Doordarshan]], and later shown as a one-off four-hour feature film.

===''Gandhi''===
Richard Attenborough's film on Gandhi's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Gandhi's reaction. The movie won 8 Academy Awards{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''Jinnah''===
[[Jamil Dehlavi]]'s film on [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]'s life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Jinnah's reaction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===''The Sky Below''===
A feature-length award-winning documentary by [http://www.sarahsingh.com Sarah Singh] which explores the history and current climate on both sides of the Indo-Pakistani divide (2007).

== Art ==
The early members of the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group|Bombay Progressive Artist's Group]] cite the Partition of India as a key reason for its founding in December 1947. Those members included [[F. N. Souza]], [[M. F. Husain]], [[S. H. Raza]], [[Sadanand Bakre|S. K. Bakre]], [[H. A. Gade]], and [[K. H. Ara]], who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2012|title=Progressive Artists Group of Bombay: An Overview|url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=progressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview&iid=29&articleid=800|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214145023/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=progressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview&iid=29&articleid=800|archive-date=14 December 2013|access-date=18 November 2017|publisher=Artnewsnviews.com}}</ref>

Contemporary Indian artists that have made significant artworks about the Partition are [[Nalini Malani]], [[Anjolie Ela Menon]], [[Satish Gujral]], [[Nilima Sheikh]], [[Arpita Singh]], [[Krishen Khanna]], Pran Nath Mago, S. L. Parasher, [[Arpana Caur]], [[Tayeba Begum Lipi]], Mahbubur Rahman, Promotesh D Pulak, and [[Pritika Chowdhry]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Micieli-Voutsinas|first=Jacque|date=2013|title="Subaltern" Remembrances: Mapping Affective Approaches to Partition Memory|url=https://ajolbeta-bur.ateneo.edu/st/articles/100/1166|journal=Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–58|doi=10.13185/ST2013.01103|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |doi-access=free|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029052821/https://ajolbeta-bur.ateneo.edu/st/articles/100/1166|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Micieli-Voutsinas|first=Jacque|date=2015-07-03|title=What the Nation Re-members: Resisting Victim Nationalism in Partition Memorial Project|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196|journal=GeoHumanities|volume=1|issue=2|pages=398–413|doi=10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196|s2cid=147050563|issn=2373-566X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Partition Art - Pritika Chowdhry's art installations about Partition|url=https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/partition-art|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Pritika Chowdhry Art|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-14|title=A Visual History of the Partition of India : A Story in Art • The Heritage Lab|url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/india-partition-art/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=The Heritage Lab|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ekatmata|date=2019-08-17|title=Revisiting Partition through art|url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/revisiting-partition-through-art/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=Art Culture Festival|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Project Dastaan]] is a [[Peacebuilding|peace-building]] initiative that reconnects displaced [[refugee]]s of the 1947 [[Partition of India|Partition]] of [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] with their childhood communities and villages through virtual reality digital experiences.

The [[Partition Museum]] is a public museum located in the town hall in [[Amritsar]], [[India]]. The museum aims to become the central repository of stories, materials, and documents related to the post-partition riots that followed the division of [[British India]] into two independent countries: India and [[Pakistan]]. The museum was inaugurated on 25 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partition Museum {{!}} Amritsar|url=https://www.partitionmuseum.org/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=The Partition Museum|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[The 1947 Partition Archive|1947 Partition Archive]] is a non-profit non-governmental organization dedicated to institutionalizing the people's history of Partition through documenting, preserving and sharing eye witness accounts from all ethnic, religious and economic communities affected by the Partition of British India in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=University |first1=© Stanford |last2=Stanford |last3=California 94305 |title=The 1947 Partition Archive |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Spotlight at Stanford |language=en}}</ref>

==Advertisements==
The 2013 Google India advertisement ''[[Reunion (advertisement)|Reunion]]'' (about the [[Partition of India]]) has had a strong impact in both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries.<ref name="expresstrib">{{cite news
|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19647/google-can-envision-pakistan-india-harmony-in-less-than-4-minutes-can-we/
|title=Google can envision Pakistan-India harmony in less than 4 minutes…can we?
|last=Naqvi
|first=Sibtain
|date=2013-11-19
|newspaper= [[The Express Tribune]]
}}</ref><ref name="pti">{{cite news
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/news-current-affairs/article/google-ad-reignites-hope-easier-indo-pak-visas
|title=Google reunion ad reignites hope for easier Indo-Pak visas
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=2013-11-15
|newspaper= [[Deccan Chronicle]]
}}</ref><ref name="tears">{{cite web
|url= https://theworld.org/stories/2013/11/20/indian-google-ad-may-bring-you-tears-0
|title=This ad from Google India brought me to tears
|last=Chatterjee
|first=Rhitu
|date=2013-11-20
|publisher= [[Public Radio International]]
}}</ref> It [[Viral video|went viral]]<ref name="ibt">{{cite news
|url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/522379/20131115/google-india-reunion-pakistan-partition-1947-suman.htm#.UoZy-WR4ZAt
|title=Google Search: Reunion Video Touches Emotions in India, Pakistan; Goes Viral [Watch VIDEO]
|last=Peter
|first=Sunny
|date=2013-11-15
|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121105651/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/522379/20131115/google-india-reunion-pakistan-partition-1947-suman.htm
|archive-date=21 November 2013
}}</ref><ref name="tia">{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/googles-india-pak-reunion-ad-strikes-emotional-chord/articleshow/25753015.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117102808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-14/internet/44072930_1_yusuf-sweet-shop-ad
|url-status=live
|archive-date=2013-11-17
|title=Google's India-Pak reunion ad strikes emotional chord
|date=2013-11-14
|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]
}}</ref> and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013.<ref name="apjohnson">{{cite web
|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/india-pakistan-agree-emotional-google-ad-hit-20898645
|title=Google ad an unlikely hit in both India, Pakistan by referring to traumatic 1947 partition
|last= Johnson
|first=Kay
|date=2013-11-15
|publisher= [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]/[[Associated Press]]
}}</ref>

==Television==
* "[[Demons of the Punjab]]", the sixth episode of the [[Doctor Who (series 11)|eleventh series]] of the [[BBC]] science-fiction series ''[[Doctor Who]]'' in 2018 deals with how series [[Companion (Doctor Who)|companion]] [[Yasmin Khan (Doctor Who)|Yasmin Khan]] learns about her family heritage and how it was affected by the sectarian violence unleashed by the Partition.<ref name="doctorwho">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bs748h
|title=BBC One – Doctor Who, Series 11, Demons of the Punjab
|access-date=2018-11-20
|date=2018-11-11
|publisher=[[BBC]]
}}</ref>
* ''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]'' by Rajinder singh Bedi was a daily soap on Zee TV.
* ''[[Dastaan (2010 TV series)|Dastaan]]'' by Samira Fazal was a series on Hum TV that follows the story of Bano and her trials and tribulations in migrating from India to Pakistan
* The [[Disney+]] and [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] television series ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/ms-marvel-time-travel-episode-4-newsupdate/|title=Ms Marvel adds time travel twist to episode 4|website=[[Radio Times]]|first=Huw|last=Fullerton|date=June 29, 2022|access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> (2022) depicts a historical fiction version of a Muslim family, the maternal grandmother and maternal great-grandparents of [[Kamala Khan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kamala Khan]] fleeing to Pakistan during the partition, however Kamala's great-grandmother, Aisha, who is from an alternate dimension is killed by her former ally and fellow inhabitant of the alternate dimension, while her grandmother and great-grandfather manage to make it out alive.
* ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'' was a daily soap on Sony TV. Set in 1947 Lahore, the show is a period drama that revolves around three young girls Amrit, Vashma and Radha.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|date=January 10, 2021|title=Period drama Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye trailer out. New TV show narrates story of three young girls|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/period-drama-kyun-utthe-dil-chhod-aaye-trailer-out-new-tv-show-narrates-story-of-three-young-girls-1757644-2021-01-10}}</ref>
* [[Freedom at Midnight (TV series)|''Freedom at Midnight'']] (2024), a historical drama series produced by [[SonyLIV]] depicts events leading to the partition.

==See also==
* [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
* [[Opposition to the partition of India]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
* [[Roy, Pinaki]] (July–December 2010). "''Hearts Divided'': Anglo-Indian Writers and the Partition". ''Exploring History'' 1.1: 54–61. {{ISSN|2230-8490}}.
* [[Roy, Pinaki]], and Ashim kumar Sarkar, eds. (2016). ''The Broken Pens: The (Indian) Partition in Literature and Films''. [[Jaipur]]: Aadi Publications. {{ISBN|978-93-82630-75-3}}.

[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement| ]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction| ]]
[[Category:Conflict in popular culture|Partition of India]]

Savner Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:03Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adding page.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Savner
| map_image = 49-Savner.svg
| map_caption = Savner Assembly constituency
| mla = [[Ashish Deshmukh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ashish_deshmukh.jpeg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 49
| electors = 322,122
}}

'''Savner Assembly constituency''' ''formerly Saoner'' is one of twelve constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Nagpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC) from Nagpur district along with five other assembly constituencies, viz. Katol, Hingna, Umred (SC), Kamthi and [[Ramtek Assembly constituency]].

On 24 December 2023, [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Savner Assembly Constituency]] became vacant as [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] was disqualified from the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savner Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/savner.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=3|Narendra Tidke
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=2|Ramji Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar|Sunil Kedar]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Devrao Asole
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=4|[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar|Sunil Kedar]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ashish Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Savner">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Savner |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1349.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206080203/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1349.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashish Deshmukh|Ashish Ranjeet Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,19,725 |percentage = 53.75% |change={{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anuja Sunil Kedar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 93,324 |percentage = 41.90% |change={{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tarabai Babulalji Gaurakar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,263 |percentage = 1.02% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Kundalik Sahare |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,152 |percentage = 0.97% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 633 |percentage = 0.28% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,401 |percentage = 11.85% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,23,374 |percentage = 69.34% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,22,741}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,22,122|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,13,184 |percentage = 53.93% |change={{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajeev Bhaskarrao Potdar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,893 |percentage = 41.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanchayata Sudesh Patil |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,381 |percentage = 2.09% |change={{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Vyankatrao Bagde |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,539 |percentage = 1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,819 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,291 |percentage = 12.53% |change= {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,11,781 |percentage = 68.09% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,09,853}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,11,018|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 84,630 |percentage = 45.99% |change={{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Bapuraoji Jivtode (Guruji) |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 75,421 |percentage = 40.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sureshbabu Dongre |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,097 |percentage = 6.03% |change={{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kishor Shankarrao Chaodhari|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,139 |percentage = 3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,681 |percentage = 1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,209 |percentage = 5.00% |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,86,879 |percentage = 69.17% |change= {{decrease}}2.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,84,030}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,70,185|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 82,452 |percentage = 47.13% |change={{increase}}40.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashish Deshmukh|Ashish Ranjeet Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,980 |percentage = 45.14% |change={{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Vinayakrao Wankhede |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,699 |percentage = 3.83% |change={{decrease}}8.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Raghobaji Nikose |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,250 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashish Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,280 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,472 |percentage = 1.98% |change= {{decrease}}7.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,75,056 |percentage = 70.45% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,74,957}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,489|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 61,863 |percentage = 41.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deorao Vitthalrao Asole|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,396 |percentage = 32.31% |change={{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Amarchand Fulchand Jain|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 18,293 |percentage = 12.21% |change={{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Chandansingh Premsingh Rotele|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,499 |percentage = 6.34% |change={{decrease}}20.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Shamrao Pal|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,614 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pramod Namdeorao Dhole|party=Independent politician |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Kaluram Uikey |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,570 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,467 |percentage = 8.99% |change= {{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,49,837 |percentage = 74.55% |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,49,799}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,00,994|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Devrao Vitthalrao Asole |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,180 |percentage = 36.62% |change={{increase}}20.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,005 |percentage = 32.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shantaram Ramchandra Gawande|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,228 |percentage = 27.11% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Suresh Nilkanth Kekatpure|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,535 |percentage = 3.07% |change={{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,175 |percentage = 3.62% |change= {{decrease}}11.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,21,632 |percentage = 69.26% |change= {{decrease}}16.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,15,197}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,604|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar |party=Independent politician |votes = 60,325 |percentage = 42.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,932 |percentage = 27.41% |change={{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadarao Mahadeorao Mangale |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,206 |percentage = 15.63% |change={{decrease}}15.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Nilkanth Kekatpure |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,538 |percentage = 7.42% |change={{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaibhulkar Atmaram Dajiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,497 |percentage = 1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhore Bhujangrao Nathuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,969 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Vithalrao Ingole |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,393 |percentage = 15.06% |change= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,45,097 |percentage = 83.78% |change= {{increase}}16.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,42,041}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,198|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,410 |percentage = 35.90% |change={{decrease}}15.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadarao Mahadeorao Mangale|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,873 |percentage = 31.43% |change={{decrease}}6.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Q. Jama Abdul Quddus |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,020 |percentage = 7.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Krushnarao Baburaoji Mowade|party=Independent politician |votes = 6,513 |percentage = 6.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Suresh Nilkanth Kekatpure|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,129 |percentage = 5.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Anantramjji Kedar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,703 |percentage = 4.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aole Anil Kawaduji |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 2,333 |percentage = 2.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,537 |percentage = 4.47% |change= {{decrease}}9.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,03,155 |percentage = 66.72% |change= {{increase}}8.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,01,412}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,605|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,728 |percentage = 51.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadarao Mahadeorao Mangale |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,539 |percentage = 37.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ganpati Tulhsiram Dhole |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,451 |percentage = 3.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dhanraj Kawadu Awale|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,667 |percentage = 2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rewaram Gowardhan Chakrawarti|party=Independent politician |votes = 631 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhote Shrikant Madhukarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 620 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narottam Bapurao Lambhare |party=Independent politician |votes = 495 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,189 |percentage = 13.65% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,647 |percentage = 58.06% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,332}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,229|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramji Chiman Naik|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,932 |percentage = 52.13% |change={{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vithalrao Kisan Ingole|party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 22,181 |percentage = 39.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gajendra Umashankar Lodhi|party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,602 |percentage = 4.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Narottam Bapurao Lambghare|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sheshrao Tohluji Bagde|party=Independent politician |votes = 629 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,751 |percentage = 12.16% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,654 |percentage = 53.29% |change= {{decrease}}21.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,310|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Savner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramji Chiman Naik|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,028 |percentage = 49.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shankerao Ramchandrarao Phate|party=Janata Party |votes = 24,034 |percentage = 32.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chhatrapal Anandrao Kedar|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,078 |percentage = 17.57% |change={{decrease}}33.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,994 |percentage = 17.46% |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,375 |percentage = 75.83% |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,433}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,720|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Mahipati Tidke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,784 |percentage = 50.83% |change={{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jambuwantrao Dhote|Bhau Jambuwantrao Dhote]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 25,018 |percentage = 42.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mool Janardan Mahadeorao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,113 |percentage = 3.61% |change={{decrease}}14.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayaram Shrawan Nikose |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,678 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,766 |percentage = 8.13% |change= {{decrease}}32.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,805 |percentage = 65.46% |change= {{decrease}}0.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,593}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,895|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Mahipati Tidke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,859 |percentage = 58.11% |change={{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Z. Deshbhratar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 9,086 |percentage = 17.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. B. Dhote |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,538 |percentage = 14.67% |change={{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramji Chimnaji Naik |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,882 |percentage = 7.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. L. Danao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,773 |percentage = 40.42% |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,271 |percentage = 67.01% |change= {{increase}}5.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,988|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Mahipati Tidke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,413 |percentage = 51.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramji Chimnaji Naik |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,771 |percentage = 23.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fatesingh Hansrajsing Thakur |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,983 |percentage = 14.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranchhoddas Asaram Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,425 |percentage = 8.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tejrao Nagorao Kedar |party=Independent politician |votes = 747 |percentage = 1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,642 |percentage = 28.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,579 |percentage = 61.27% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,339}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,128|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Savner]]
*[[Kalameshwar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.4|78.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain

2026-04-14T14:07:27Z

TeodoroGalvan6: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain
| image = Hussain sahib in his office.jpg
| caption = Hussain in his office in Jammu
| birth_date = 1 January 1929
| birth_place = [[Jhangar]], [[Rajouri district]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gujjars remember Chowdhary Mohammad Hussain on 18th death anniversary - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=97220 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Scoop News}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|30 September 2002|1 January 1929}}
| alma_mater = [[Lahore University]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| children = 6 including [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] (Former Cabinet Minister J&K Govt.) & Showkat Ali Chowdhary ([[Indian Forest Service|IFS]])
| office = Minister of Revenue, Relief and rehabilitation, Rural development and [[Panchayati Raj]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| constituency = [[Darhal Assembly constituency|Darhal]]
| term = 1977-1983
| term1 = 2000-2002
| predecessor = Mirza Mohd. Iqbal
| successor = Mirza Abdul Rashid
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1967-1975)
| office2 = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Darhal Assembly constituency|Darhal]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1996
| successor2 = Mirza Abdul Rashid

| term_start3 = 1977
| predecessor3 = Mirza Abdul Rashid
| term_end3 = 1996
| successor3 = Bashir Ahmed

| term_start4 = 1987
| predecessor4 = Bashir Ahmed
| term_end4 = 2002
| successor4 = Thakur Puran Singh
}}
'''Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain''' was an Indian politician and bureaucrat. He was part of 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th Jammu and Kashmir state Legislative assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]).<ref>[[Darhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darhal (Vidhan Sabha) constituency]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/darhal-jammu-kashmir-assembly-constituency|title=Darhal Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>[https://india.votebook.world/chmohdhussain-po12213.aspx]{{dead link|date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/jk-minister-choudhary-mohammad-hussain-dead_60386.html|title=J-K minister Choudhary Mohammad Hussain dead|date=30 September 2002|website=Zee News}}</ref> He represented the [[Darhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darhal Vidhan Sabha constituency]] of [[Rajouri district]] of erstwhile State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] 5 times.

==Early life==
He was born in 1929 to [[Buland Khan]] in the Dhakkar clan of [[Muslim Gujjars]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2021-09-30 |title=Remembering Chowdhary Mohammad Hussain: Who served the society till his last breath |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/remembering-chowdhary-mohammad-hussain--who-served-the-society-till-his-last-breath-95252 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Kashmir News Service |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=BHALLESI |first=ZAKIR MALIK |date=2017-01-10 |title=Ch Mohammad Hussain: Leader of masses in Pir Panjal |url=https://archive.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=39402 |access-date= |website=The News Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2020-09-30 |title=Tribute to Ch Mohammad Hussain Leader of the Masses |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/tribute-to-ch-mohammad-hussain-leader-of-the-masses/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> His forefathers had migrated from Gujrat and settled in various regions of [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]. His grandfather, [[Khokhar Khan]], had two sons named Buland Khan and Misri Khan, and he had settled in the village of Bain Hills Sikri in [[Kotranka]] town of [[Rajouri district]], Kashmir.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
He was first elected as MLA from this seat, on the mandate of [[Indian National Congress|Indian national congress]] in 1967 and 1969 (bi elections). He remained district chief of the INC for a long period. In 1972 he was denied the mandate by the INC, In 1975 he joined [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir national conference]] headed by [[Sheikh Abdullah|Sheikh Mohmmed Abdullah]]. In 1977 he contested the elections from the same vidhan sabha seat on the mandate of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] and was elected for 3rd time to the Vidhan Sabha. He was inducted in the council of ministers of [[Sheikh Abdullah|Sheikh Mohmmed Abdullah]]. In 1983 he lost the elections to INC candidate and veteran spiritual Gujjar leader with a very thin margin. In 1987, elections to Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, he was again elected (4th time) to represent this constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/jammu-kashmir/darhal.html|title=Darhal Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency and Assembly Election Results|website=Maps Of India}}</ref>

Again, in 1996 elected to vidhan sabha for (5th time),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-and-kashmir/1996/darhal/|title=🗳️ Ch. Mohd. Hussain winner in Darhal, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 1996: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates|website=LatestLY}}</ref> and was again inducted in the council of ministers headed by Dr [[Farooq Abdullah]] which he held till his death 30 September 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=82389|title=Ch Mohd Hussain remembered on 16th anniversary - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir|website=Scoop News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ch-mohd-hussains-16th-death-anniversary-observed/|title=Ch Mohd Hussain's 16th death anniversary observed|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

He also served as Block Development Officer from 1957 to 1967. As a minister he headed the revenue, relief and rehabilitation, rural development and [[Panchayati Raj]] cooperatives departments etc.<ref name=":2" /> His younger son [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] also represents [[Darhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darhal (Vidhan Sabha)]] [[Darhal vidhan sabha i|in]] 11th and 12th Assemblies and was a cabinet minister in the [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed|Mufti Mohommad Sayeed]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] Governments.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Death==
He died on 30 September 2002, while holding the position of Minister in the [[Farooq Abdullah]]-led government.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]

Raajakumara

2026-04-05T20:21:08Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Made Some Bio W/ Infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{other uses|Rajkumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raajakumara
| image = Raajakumara poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
| producer = [[Vijay Kiragandur]]
| writer = Santhosh Ananddram
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Priya Anand]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = [[Hombale Films]]
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|03|24}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}75{{nbsp}}crore<ref name="NW" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261 |title=Entertainment News, Bollywood News, Top Celebrity Entertainment TV News & Gossip |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221336/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261 |archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> 
}}

'''''Raajakumara''''' ({{Translation|The Prince}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed and written by [[Santhosh Ananddram]] and produced by [[Vijay Kiragandur]] under [[Hombale Films]]. It stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], alongside [[Priya Anand]]. [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Achyuth Kumar]] and [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Exclusive-Puneeths-look-in-Raajakumara/articleshow/54839427.cms|title=Exclusive: Puneeth's look in Raajakumara — Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127031755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Exclusive-Puneeths-look-in-Raajakumara/articleshow/54839427.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]] and K. M. Prakash.

''Raajakumara'' was released on 24 March 2017 and received positive reviews from critics, where the film grossed {{INRConvert|75|c}} worldwide<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-rise-and-rise-of-hombale-films-1021941.html#google_vignette | title=The rise and rise of Hombale Films }}</ref> and went on to become the [[List of Highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film at the time of its release]] until ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' surpassed it.<ref>https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/from-kgf-to-kantara-how-hombale-films-took-kannada-cinema-global</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">[http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/raajakumara-movie-review-inheritance-of-loss/articleshow/57816005.cms Raajakumara movie review: Inheritance of loss – Bangalore Mirror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044211/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/raajakumara-movie-review-inheritance-of-loss/articleshow/57816005.cms |date=16 April 2017 }}. Bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com (24 March 2017). Retrieved on 2017-06-27.</ref> The film became the first Kannada movie to complete 6000 shows in multiplex within six weeks of its release and also completed 7577 shows in multiplex within 87 days.<ref>Kumar, Santhosh. (5 May 2017) [http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/raajakumara-continues-the-golden-run-at-box-office-260212.html Raajakumara Continues The Golden Run At Box Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508130944/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/raajakumara-continues-the-golden-run-at-box-office-260212.html |date=8 May 2017 }}. Filmibeat. Retrieved on 2017-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=22479&boxid=31246861 Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135043/http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=22479&boxid=31246861 |date=29 September 2017 }}. Vijaykarnatakaepaper.com. Retrieved on 27 June 2017.</ref><ref>[http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/new-benchmark-for-kannada-films/articleshow/58580154.cms New benchmark for Kannada films – Bangalore Mirror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616092320/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/new-benchmark-for-kannada-films/articleshow/58580154.cms |date=16 June 2017 }}. Bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com (9 May 2017). Retrieved on 2017-06-27.</ref> The film had a theatrical run of more than 100 days in 45–50 centres across [[Karnataka]] and also ran for 150 days in few centers.<ref name="AS">Upadhyaya, Prakash. [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-yash-upendra-jaggesh-join-puneeths-raajakumara-100-day-celebration-732967 "Sudeep, Yash, Upendra, Jaggesh to join Puneeth's Raajakumara 100-day celebration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920131644/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-yash-upendra-jaggesh-join-puneeths-raajakumara-100-day-celebration-732967 |date=20 September 2017 }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajakumara-100-all-time-industry-hit-kannada-news-188991.html "Rajakumara 100, all time industry hit-Kannada Movie News"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121132032/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajakumara-100-all-time-industry-hit-kannada-news-188991.html |date=21 November 2021 }}. ''IndiaGlitz''.</ref>

==Plot==
Siddharth is a helpful youngster and adopted son of Ashok, a kind-hearted corporate [[business magnate]]. He leads a happy life in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] taking care of his father's business and fighting for his native country's pride. Siddharth meets and falls for Nandini, a [[Salsa (dance)|salsa instructor]] and the daughter of Ashok's friend Jagadeesh. Siddharth's life takes a tragic turn as he loses his whole family in a flight crash and returns to [[Bangalore]] to his orphanage headed by Krishna, who now runs an [[old-age home]]. Siddharth discovers that Ashok was framed for the deaths of infant children due to the [[Pulse Polio|polio scheme]] introduced by Ashok for the poor people and he decides to prove Ashok's innocence.

Siddharth looks after the old people in an old age home and solves their problems, while also purchasing medicines for the children affected by the polio scheme. One day, Siddharth comes across Vishwa Joshi in the hospital, who also stays at the old-age home. Joshi reveals that the polio scheme was actually ruined due to the machinations created by his son Jagannath, the present [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Minister]] of [[Karnataka]]. Joshi wants to expose the illegal acts committed by Jagannath and was hiding in the old-age home for the right time to expose him.

Siddharth supports Vishwa Joshi and makes Jagannath hand over the case to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] for further investigation in a [[TV News|news interview]]. Jagannath tries to ruin their plans, where he gets the old age home and Joshi attacked by his henchmen. However, Jagannath has a change of heart, where he saves Joshi and surrenders himself to the police and all the old people reunite with their children, after realizing their mistakes from Siddharth, [[News broadcasting|who gave a speech at a news]].

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Siddharth aka Appu, Ashok's and Sujatha's adopted son
* [[Priya Anand]] as Nandini, a salsa instructor and Siddharth's fiancée
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Ashok, Siddharth's adoptive father
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Vishwa Joshi, Jagannath's father
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Jagannath, a corrupt health minister of [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie%27s/news/Prakash-Raj-enjoys-hopping-across-cities-on-work/articleshow/55581012.cms|title=Prakash Raj enjoys hopping across cities on work — Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411052323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie%27s/news/Prakash-Raj-enjoys-hopping-across-cities-on-work/articleshow/55581012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Chikkanna]] as Chikka, Ashram's cook
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Anthony Gonsalves, a guide at [[Goa]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Krishna, Ashram's head
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] as Muniyappa
* [[Bhargavi Narayan]] as Puttamma
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Gayathri
* Anil as Suri, Jagannath's assistant
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] as Sujatha, Siddharth's adopted mother
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Venky, Siddharth's fun-loving uncle
* [[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]] as Mohammad Rafi
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Jagadeesh, Nandini's father
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Murthy
* Dany Kuttappa as Financier
* M P Venkata Rao
* [[Aruna Balraj]]
* Rockline Sudhakar
* Ravi Hegde
* Sundar Ram
* Goutham Karanth
* Bank Suresh
* Malathi Sudhakar
* Ashok Dev
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Vijay Koundinya as corrupt [[Inspector]]
* M. K. Mata as Thangam
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* Vijayanand as a press photographer
* K. S. Shridhar
* [[Jani Master]] in a cameo appearance "Appu Dance"
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===

In March 2016, it was reported that Director [[Santhosh Ananddram]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] would work together for the first time together. [[V. Harikrishna]] was selected to compose the music for this film. The film was highly expected due to its marketing. "Rajakumara is a different subject which portrays two different stories & the two stories are bridged between Appu's character", said Santhosh. Pre-production work, location hunt and casting finalisation required almost a year.

===Casting===
[[Priya Anand]] was roped to play lead actress role which marked her debut in [[Kannada cinema]], collaboration with [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]. The film has an ensemble cast starring [[Ananth Nag]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sarath Kumar]], Achyuth Rao, Chikkanna, Datthanna, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] and others.

===Filming===
The film went on the floors on 22 April 2016. The first schedule took place in [[Australia]] in various parts like [[Brisbane]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]] after which the crew did the rest of the shoot in [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Mysuru]], [[Goa]], [[Varanasi]] and later in [[Malaysia]]. The makers of his upcoming film, Raajakumara released the first look of the film on 17 March — to coincide with the actor's 41st birthday.
{{Clear}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Raajakumara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 March 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=15}}
| language = Kannada
| label = D Beats
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|wNareVvRzr4|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] composed the soundtrack album and background score for the film. The full album was released on 6 March 2017.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJyZ6p_WaIk&t=0s Raajakumara |Track List | Puneeth Rajkumar | V Harikrishna | Santosh Ananddram | Hombale Films] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJyZ6p_WaIk&t=0s |date=5 April 2017 }}. YouTube (5 March 2017). Retrieved on 2017-06-27.</ref> The song "Bombe Helutaithe" samples the beat of the song "Aadisi Nodi Beelisi Nodu" from the film ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]''.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yarivanu Kannadadavanu
| length1 = 4:03
| lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
| extra1 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]]
| title2 = Yaakingagidhe
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| title3 = Bombe Helutaithe
| length3 = 4:47
| lyrics3 = [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title4 = Appu Dance
| length4 = 4:12
| lyrics4 = [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
| extra4 = [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| title5 = Saagaradha
| length5 = 4:34
| lyrics5 = Ghouse Peer
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mr. Perfect
| length1 = 4:03
| lyrics1 = M. V. Gopal Ram
| extra1 = Harry Mallya
| title2 = Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = M. V. Gopal Ram
| extra2 = Rajkumar
| title3 = Gudiya Dolti Hai
| length3 = 4:47
| lyrics3 = M. V. Gopal Ram
| extra3 = Harry Mallya
| title4 = Appu Dance
| length4 = 4:12
| lyrics4 = M. V. Gopal Ram
| extra4 = Harry Mallya, Rini Chandra
| title5 = Saagar Ki Lehre
| length5 = 4:34
| lyrics5 = M. V. Gopal Ram
| extra5 = Pankaj Saini
| total_length =
}}

==Reception==
''Raajakumara'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/raajakumara-rajakumara-movie-review-live-audience-response-720562 Raajakumara (Rajakumara) movie review:A tailor-made entertainer for Puneeth Rajkumar fans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612004000/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/raajakumara-rajakumara-movie-review-live-audience-response-720562 |date=12 June 2017 }}. Ibtimes.co.in (24 March 2017). Retrieved on 2017-06-27.</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Sunayana Suresh from ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The entire ensemble cast, right from comedians Rangayana Raghu and Achyuth Kumar to antagonist Prakash Raj and veterans like Ananth Nag, HG Dattatreya and Bhargavi Narayan have interesting characters sketched out that entertain you."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raajakumara/movie-review/57808912.cms|title=Raajakumara Movie Review|work=[[Times Of India]]|author=Sunayana Suresh|access-date=24 March 2017|date=24 March 2017|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327150742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raajakumara/movie-review/57808912.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Archana Nathan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as generic and wrote "There is very little that gives Raajakumara its identity or a clear storyline ... Achyuth Kumar and Ananth Nag perform well but their roles too are too simplistically written."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raajakumara-too-generic-even-for-a-star-vehicle/article17650150.ece Raajakumara: Too generic even for a star vehicle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raajakumara-too-generic-even-for-a-star-vehicle/article17650150.ece |date=11 November 2020 }}. The Hindu. Retrieved on 27 June 2017.</ref> Shyam Prasad of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The constant reference to Puneeth’s career and films goes overboard at times. The film becomes a tribute to the actor and a personality building exercise mostly. But he manages to pull off the role with the subtlety that proves his acting prowess again."<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

==Box office==
The film released in over 350<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-film-is-not-about-appaji/article17459827.ece The film is not about Appaji – Bangalore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107033057/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-film-is-not-about-appaji/article17459827.ece |date=7 November 2021 }}. The Hindu (14 March 2017). Retrieved on 2017-09-29.</ref> screens across [[Karnataka]]. The makers claimed the movie grossed ₹46 crores even before completion of seven weeks.<ref>https://hombalefilms.com/news-events/raajakumara-to-be-first-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore-mark/</ref> Though later there were reports of the movie having collected a little less than ₹100 crores,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Oct/30/rip-puneeth-rajkumar-sudden-end-to-appus-scintillating-journey-2377471.html | title=RIP Puneeth Rajkumar: Sudden end to Appu's scintillating journey | date=8 October 2021 }}</ref> the tracked figures was ₹75 crore.<ref name="Bangalore gross">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-the-rs-100-cr-club-a-reality-in-kannada/articleshow/66322009.cms|title=Can Shiva Rajkumar-Sudeep starrer 'The Villain' make it to the Rs 100 crore club? - Kannada Sandalwood News|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028231220/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-the-rs-100-cr-club-a-reality-in-kannada/articleshow/66322009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AS"/><ref name="NW">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/puneeth-rajkumar-sudeep-yash-darshan-salary-raajakumara-anjaniputra-kannada-stars-salary|title=This man is the highly paid actor in Kannada film industry|date=23 May 2017|website=Asianet Newsable|access-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612214614/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/puneeth-rajkumar-sudeep-yash-darshan-salary-raajakumara-anjaniputra-kannada-stars-salary|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It went on to become [[List of Highest-grossing Kannada films|highest grossing Kannada film of all time]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/puneeth-rajkumar-a-youth-icon-gone-too-soon-2592811?amp=1&akamai-rum=off | title=Puneeth Rajkumar: A Youth Icon Gone Too Soon }}</ref> until the release of ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raajakumara-to-be-first-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore-mark/articleshow/58588208.cms : Raajakumara to be first film to cross Rs 50 crore mark]. M.timesofindia.com (9 May 2017). Retrieved on 2017-09-29.</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2017 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Family Entertainer|Best Family Entertainer]]
|Vijay Kiragandur [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2017 Announced |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512114405/https://m.vijaykarnataka.com/state/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/amp_articleshow/66367331.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|title=State Film Award 2017: Suddi bags Best Film award|website=Deccan Herald|date=25 October 2018|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516060049/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]
|[[V. Harikrishna]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|[[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 | date=16 June 2018 | work=Filmfare | access-date=9 December 2018 | archive-date=17 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|[[V. Harikrishna]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|Santhosh Ananddram ("Bombe Heluthaithe")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]] – "Bombe Heluthaithe"
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|Zee Kannada Hemmeya Kannadiga Award 2018
|Hemmeya Chitra (Proud Film)
| Raajakumara
|{{won}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heresthe-list-of-hemmeya-kannadigas-who-have-made-karnataka-proud/articleshow/63313183.cms|title=Here's the list of Hemmeya Kannadigas who have made Karnataka proud|website=Times Of India|date=15 March 2018|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723022601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heresthe-list-of-hemmeya-kannadigas-who-have-made-karnataka-proud/articleshow/63313183.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Hemmeya Nata (Proud Hero)
|Puneeth Rajkumar
|{{won}}
|-
|Hemmeya Nirdeshaka (Proud director)
|Santhosh Ananddram
|{{won}}
|-
|Love Lavike Readers Choice Award
|Best Actor
|Puneeth Rajkumar
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=8|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Film]]
|Vijay Kiragandur
|{{won}}
|rowspan=8|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135901/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015075146/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Best Director Award (SIIMA)|Best Director]]
|Santhosh Ananddram
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Puneeth Rajkumar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Chikkanna]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
|V Harikrishna
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Santhosh Ananddram ("Bombe Heluthaithe")
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|Vijay Prakash – "Bombe Heluthaithe
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6359554}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sydney]]
[[Category:Films set in Sydney]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Films shot in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santhosh Ananddram]]
[[Category:Films shot on the Gold Coast, Queensland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films about polio]]
[[Category:Indian-Australian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]

Lovely (2025 film)

2026-04-05T06:20:45Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Starting New Article

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language fantasy comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lovely (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dileesh Nair]]
| writer = Dileesh Nair
| producer = Saranya Dr. Amar Ramachandran
| starring = [[Mathew Thomas]] [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| cinematography = [[Aashiq Abu]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]] [[Bijibal]]
| studio = Western Ghats Productions Neni Entertainments
| distributor = OPM cinema Release
| released = {{Film date|2025|5|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Lovely''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[comedy-drama film|comedy ]] film written and directed by [[ Dileesh Nair]]. The film stars [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]], and [[Manoj K. Jayan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Lovely' 3D: Mathew Thomas to headline Malayalam's first hybrid animation & live-action 3D film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lovely-3d-mathew-thomas-to-headline-malayalams-first-hybrid-animation-live-action-3d-film/articleshow/118696055.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lovely release date: Mathew Thomas-starrer to hit theatres in summer of 2025 in 3-D |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/lovely-release-date-mathew-thomas-starrer-to-hit-theatres-in-summer-of-2025-in-3-d/3364bbb473856 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.ottplay.com |archive-date=2025-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210223543/https://www.ottplay.com/news/lovely-release-date-mathew-thomas-starrer-to-hit-theatres-in-summer-of-2025-in-3-d/3364bbb473856 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This film was released on 16 May 2025 and opened with a mixed-to-negative reviews critics with praise towards the 3D making and direction but criticism for the weak script. The film was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
A young man develops an unexpected friendship with a talking housefly.
Boney - a young happy man who takes up his late father’s government job until a turn of events take place in his life.

He ends up in remand in the sub-jail for 14 days after a false allegation against him, where he meets his new best friend- ‘eecha’ (housefly in Malayalam). He names it Lovely. He makes a little home for Lovely in his cell in the sub-jail.

He is soon taken out in bail, but he finds himself missing the housefly from sub-jail. He tries different things to go back to the sub-jail, including accepting the false allegation made against him in court. But to his dismay, he fails to go back to the sub-jail.

On the other hand, Lovely who had never been out of the sub-jail before, finds herself missing Boney too. The story ends with Boney and Lovely re-uniting. Boney is seen on the hill with Lovely, talking about his new superpower- ‘to be able to predict everyone’s next move’

==Cast==
*[[Mathew Thomas]] as Boney
*[[Unnimaya Prasad]] (motion capture) & [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] (voice) as Housefly
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Magistrate
*Aswathy Manoharan as Grace
*Radhika
*Prasanth Murali as Shinemon
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Simon
*[[Joemon Jyothir]]
*[[Arun Pradeep]] as Godmon Biju
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Bombay Shibu
*[[Jayashankar]]
*Ashlin
*[[Arun Ajikumar]]
*Ganga Meera as Boney's Mother

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]] and [[Bijibal]] with lyrics by [[Suhail Koya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lovely (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/lovely-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-malayalam |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=15 March 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bubble Poomottukal
| length1 = 3:22
| music1 = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Vishnu Vijay
| title2 = Craziness
| length2 = 3:05
| music2 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra2 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], Vishnu Vijay
| title3 = Lovely's Dream
| length3 = 2:56
| music3 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra3 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title4 = Intha Idayathile
| length4 = 0:59
| music4 = [[Bijibal]]
| extra4 = G. Sreeram, [[Soumya Ramakrishnan]]
| total_length = 10:22
}}

==Reception==
Gopika I. S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The screenplay is very shaky and half-baked at best. The dialogues are also all over the place, never quite achieving a natural tone. [...] ''Lovely'' might be worth a one-time watch, given that it's experimental at its core, and Aashiq Abu's cinematography makes it aesthetically pleasing."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Lovely Movie Review : A fantasy comedy weighed down by a poor screenplay and half-baked ideas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/lovelyreview/movie-review/121217836.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517101715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/lovelyreview/movie-review/121217836.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Lovely'' is, simply put, one of those films where nearly every member of the technical crew has done an excellent job, but their efforts are ultimately wasted due to subpar writing."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lovely movie review: Stellar visuals can't save Dileesh Karunakaran and Mathew Thomas' thinly written 3D fantasy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lovely-movie-review-stellar-visuals-cant-save-dileesh-karunakaran-and-mathew-thomas-thinly-written-3d-fantasy-10009522/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518021314/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lovely-movie-review-stellar-visuals-cant-save-dileesh-karunakaran-and-mathew-thomas-thinly-written-3d-fantasy-10009522/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "A charming premise sinks under the weight of confused storytelling, abrupt emotional shifts, and a script that mistakes randomness for depth".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santhosh |first1=Vivek |title=Lovely Movie Review: A flying fantasy that never quite takes off |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/May/16/lovely-movie-review-a-flying-fantasy-that-never-quite-takes-off |work=Cinema Express |date=8 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title | tt27917202}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 3D films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Burba Mohan Tripura

2026-04-04T03:56:06Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Burba Mohan Tripura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Indian Politician Burba Mohan Tripura.png
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 March 2018
| term_end = 23 September 2022
| predecessor = [[Priyamani Debbarma]]
| successor = [[Sanjoy Manik Tripura]]
| constituency = [[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]]
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date = 8 February 1955
| birth_place = Madhu Krishna Para, Patichhari
| parents =
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2018–2022)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|5|10|1955|2|8|df=y}}
| children = 4
}}

'''Burba Mohan Tripura''' was an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won the election in 2018 as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/karbook-assembly-elections-tr-43/|title=KARBOOK ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS 2018|website=One India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6049|title=BURBA MOHAN TRIPURA (Winner)|website=My Neta|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/karbook-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=Karbook Assembly Constituency Election Result}}</ref>
In 2022, he left BJP and joined [[Tipra Motha Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/burba-mohan-tripura-resigns-to-join-tipra-motha/|title=BJP MLA Burba Mohan Tripura Resigns To Join Tipra Motha This Evening|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/4th-bjp-mla-in-tripura-resigns-protesting-misrule-joins-tipra/articleshow/94407533.cms|title= 4th BJP MLA in Tripura resigns protesting misrule joins Tipra|website= Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Tripura was a member of the Tribal Advisory Committee of Tribal Welfare Department, Government of Tripura from 2019 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribal Advisory Committee (2019) |url=https://twd.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-02/Notification-of-Tribal-Advisory-Committee.pdf}}</ref> He also served as a member of the Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes from 2021 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Legislative Assembly Committees (2021-2022) |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/Committee%20Formation%2021-22.pdf}}</ref>

== Death ==
Burba Mohan Tripura died on May 10, 2025, following a brief battle with blood cancer. He was undergoing treatment at the G.B.P Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Mourns loss of Former-BJP MLA Burba Mohan Tripura {{!}} tripuratimes |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/tripura-mourns-loss-of-former-bjp-mla-burba-mohan-tripura-27251.html/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Tripura Mourns loss of Former-BJP MLA Burba Mohan Tripura {{!}} tripuratimes |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Burba Mohan}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]

Nandurbar district

2026-03-25T08:23:45Z

TeodoroGalvan6: formatting fix

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Nandurbar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandurbar district
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo3a = Yashwant-lake.jpg
| photo2a = Toranmal-Nandurbar.jpg
| photo1a = DSC 7300-Kathi Holi.jpg
| photo1b = DSC 6873-Kathi Holi.jpg
| spacing = 2
| color_border = #000000
| color = #000000
| size = 220
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kathi Holi, Toranmal-Nandurbar, Yeshwant Lake
| nickname =
| image_map = Nandurbar in Maharashtra (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Nandurbar district'''
|type=shape |id=Q1623525
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Nandurbar district of Maharashtra
|type2=line|id2=Q1191|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Maharashtra
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|21|23|N|74|22|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nashik division|Nashik]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for = Aadivasi ([[tribal]])
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nandurbar]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = {{olist
|[[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]]
|[[Nandurbar]]
|[[Navapur Taluka|Navapur]]
|[[Taloda]]
|[[Akkalkuwa]]
|[[Dhadgaon]]
}}
| government_type =
| governing_body = '''Nandurbar Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = {{ubl|'''[[Hasan Mushrif]]''' | {{small|([[Nationalist Congress Party ]])}} }}
| leader_title1 = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1 =
{{ubl|*President|'''Mrs. Adv. Seema Padmakar Valavi'''}}
{{ubl|*Vice President|'''Mr. Adv. Ram Chandrakant Raghuvanshi'''}}
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 =
*'''Dr. Mittali Sethi (IAS)'''
| leader_title3 = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3 =
*'''Mr. Raghunath Gawde (IAS)'''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 =
{{ubl|*'''[[Gowaal Kagada Padavi]]'''| {{small|([[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]])}} }}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 5955
| area_rank = Area Rank (Maharashtra): 26th.
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,648,295
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 260
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_info2 = Aadivasi, [[Bhili]], [[Gojari language|Gujar]] and various dialects of [[bhili and kokani tribal language s]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 425412
| area_code = 91-2564
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH-NB]]
| registration_plate = MH-39<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/shifting-gears/34593-vehicle-registration-number-useful-info-car-lover.html |title=Vehicle Registration Number – Useful info for car lover |publisher=Team-BHP |access-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101185723/http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/shifting-gears/34593-vehicle-registration-number-useful-info-car-lover.html |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 975 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|https://nandurbar.gov.in/}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 64.38%%
}}

'''Nandurbar district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[nən̪d̪uɾbaːɾ]]]) is an administrative district in the northwest corner of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. On 1 July 1998 [[Dhule district|Dhule]] was bifurcated as two separate districts now known as Dhule and Nandurbar. Nandurbar is a tribal-dominated district with its headquarters located at [[Nandurbar]] city. The district occupies an area of {{convert|5955|km2}} and has a population of 1,648,295 of which 16.71% were urban (as of 2011).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Nandurbar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/812/download/2898/DH_2011_2701_PART_A_DCHB_NANDURBAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Nandurbar district is bounded to the south and south-east by Dhule district, to the west and north is the state of [[Gujarat]], to the north and north-east is the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The northern boundary of the district is defined by the [[Narmada River]].

==Politicians==

===Members of Parliament===
{{ubl|*'''[[Gowaal Kagada Padavi]]''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Candidate Affidavits for Election in India| url=http://www.myneta.info | access-date=2025-05-10 | website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>]]|{{small|([[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]]}}) }}

===Guardian ministers===
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister of Nandurbar
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री नंदुरबार '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = {{ubl|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]] | {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} }}
| incumbentsince = 4 October 2023
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years – No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|http://nandurbar.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| {{ubl|'''[[Girish Bapat]]'''|{{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} }}
| 31 October 2014 - 23 May 2019
|-
|{{ubl|'''[[Ram Shinde]]''' | {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} | Additional Charge}}
|23 May 2019- 8 November 2019
|-
| {{ubl|'''[[Kagda Chandya Padvi|Adv. Kagda Chandya Padvi]]''' | {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} }}
| 9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
| {{ubl|'''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit|Dr.Vijaykumar Gavit]]''' | {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} }}
| 24 September 2022 - 4 October 2023
|-
|{{ubl|'''[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]''' | {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}} }}
|4 October 2023 - Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate{{snd}}Collector Nandurbar
| native_name = '''जिल्हाधिकारी आणि जिल्हा दंडाधिकरी नंदुरबार '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Dr. Mittali Sethi (IAS)
| incumbentsince = 2024
|
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Nandurbar district
| formation =
| succession =
| website =
{{URL|http://nandurbar.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of District Magistrate{{snd}}Collector ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''Dr Mittali Sethi(IAS)'''
|2024 - Incumbent
|}

==Divisions==
The district comprises six talukas. These talukas are [[Nandurbar]], [[Navapur Taluka|Navapur]], [[Shahada, Maharashtra|Shahada]], [[Talode|Taloda]], [[Akkalkuwa]] and [[Dhadgaon|Akrani Mahal (also called Dhadgaon)]].

There is one [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in the district which is [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar (ST)]] reserved for Scheduled Tribes. There are four [[Maharashtra Assembly]] seats namely [[Akkalkuwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Akkalkuwa (ST)]], [[Shahada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shahada (ST)]], [[Nandurbar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar (ST)]], [[Navapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nawapur (ST)]].

[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] and [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] assembly seats from [[Dhule district]] are also part of Nandurbar Lok Sabha seat. Nandurbar is primarily a tribal (Adiwasi) district.

==History==
Nandurbar is a part of Satpuda Pradesh, meaning Seven Hills Region. The district was part of the district with Dhule and Jalgaon till July 1998. The ancient name of the region was Rasika, when Nandurbar was also called Nandanagri after the name of its king Nandaraja.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/nandurbar.pdf |title=District Tourism Plan for Nandurbar District |access-date=11 July 2019 |date=December 2012|archive-date=21 August 2021 |id=Submission by a'XYKno Capital Services Ltd to District Collectorate Office, Nandurbar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821060358/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/nandurbar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 3 June 1818 the Maratha Peshwa surrendered Khandesh to the British rule.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,91,238|13=1911|14=2,38,612|15=1921|16=2,53,399|17=1931|18=3,04,918|19=1941|20=3,60,685|21=1951|22=4,52,166|23=1961|24=5,65,958|25=1971|26=6,92,467|27=1981|28=8,48,010|29=1991|30=10,62,545|31=2001|32=13,11,709|33=2011|34=16,48,295|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Nandurbar district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|5.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.51}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.34}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Nandurbar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,648,295,<ref name="districtcensus" /> roughly equal to the nation of [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|title=Country Comparison:Population|author=US Directorate of Intelligence|access-date=1 October 2011|quote=Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226212024/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> similar to the US state of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=Idaho 1,567,582|archive-date=December 27, 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 304th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 276 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.5%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Nandurbar has a [[sex ratio]] of 972 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 64.38%. 12.25% of the population live in ruban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.91% and 69.28% of the population respectively The Bhils form the major group in the district.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nandurbar District had a population of 1,309,135, being 50.62% male and 49.38% female. Nandurbar District has an average literacy rate of 46.63%: male literacy is 55.11%, and female literacy is 37.93%.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Nandurbar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]] |value1 = 45.45 |color1 = indianred
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 16.06 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] |value3 = 10.46 |color3 = coral
|label4 = [[Rathwi Bareli language|Pawri]] |value4 = 7.34 |color4 = firebrick
|label5 = [[Mawchi language|Mawchi]] |value5 = 4.40 |color5 = hotpink
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 3.79 |color6 = green
|label7 = [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Kukna]] |value7 = 2.61 |color7 = darksalmon
|label8 = [[Hindi]] |value8 = 2.55 |color8 = orange
|label9 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value9 = 1.90 |color9 = lightblue
|label10 = [[Gujari language|Gujari]] |value10 = 1.62 |color10 = salmon
|label11 = Others |value11 = 3.82 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 45.45% of the population in the district spoke [[Bhili language|Bhili]], 16.06% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 10.46% [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]], 7.34% [[Rathwi Bareli language|Pawri]], 4.40% [[Mawchi language|Mawchi]], 3.79% [[Urdu]], 2.61% [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Kukna]], 2.55% [[Hindi]], 1.91% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and 1.62% [[Gujari language|Gujari]]{{Efn|Gujari refers to the Leva Gujars, who speak a mixed language between Gujarati and Marathi.|group=lower-alpha}} as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Aadivasi (tribal) Languages spoken include Ahirani, a Khandeshi tongue with approximately 780,000 speakers, similar to [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bhili language|Bhili]].<ref name='ethnoahirani'>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Ahirani: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ahr | access-date =28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher=SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> and [[Pauri Bareli]], a [[Bhil languages|Bhil]] and other tribal language with approximately 175 000 speakers, written in the [[Devanagari script]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title =gujar is also indian language Bareli, Pauri: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfb | access-date =28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher=SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Nandurbar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of [[Districts of India|a total of 640 districts]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Heena Gavit]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Panigrahy |first1=Sarita |last2=Dhar |first2=Jay Chandra |date=2020-02-17 |title=Design of $$\text {Er}_{2}\text {O}_{3}$$-capped $$\text {SnO}_{2}$$ nanostructures using glancing angle deposition technique for enhanced photodetection |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03035-0 |journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=4780–4787 |doi=10.1007/s10854-020-03035-0 |s2cid=213988266 |issn=0957-4522|url-access=subscription }}</ref> (Former Member of Parliament from Nandurbar Constituency)
* [[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit|Vijaykumar Gavit]] (Member of the Legislative Assembly from Nandurbar Constituency)
* [[Kagda Chandya Padvi|Adv. K. C. Padavi]] (Member of the Legislative Assembly from Akkalkuwa Constituency)
* [[Rajesh Padvi]] (Member of the Legislative Assembly from Shahada Constituency)
* [[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]] (Member of the Legislative Assembly from Navapur Constituency)
* [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]] (Former member of parliament from Nandurbar Constituency and former member of the Legislative Assembly from Navapur Constituency)

==Climate==

{{climate chart|[[Nandurbar]]
|11|25|7.00
|13|27|1.18
|18|32|1.42
|22|37|1.79
|25|38|9.15
|25|33|108.62
|23|28|373.63
|22|27|134.91
|21|30|122.75
|19|31|40.40
|15|28|16.39
|12|25|3.49
|source =<ref name="The Gazetteers Department – DHULIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/DHULIA/agri_rainfall.html |title=The Gazetteers Department – DHULIA |publisher=Maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>
|float=right
|clear=right
}}

The [[climate]] of Nandurbar District is generally Hot and Dry. As the rest of India Nandurbar District has three distinct seasons: summer, [[monsoon]] (rainy) and the winter season.

Summer is from March to mid of June. Summers are usually hot and dry. During the month of May the summer is at its peak. Temperatures can be as high as {{cvt|45|C}} during the peak of Summer. The Monsoon sets in during the mid or end of June. During this season the weather is usually humid and hot. The northern and western regions receive more rainfall than the rest of the region. The average rainfall is {{cvt|767|mm}} through the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/nandurbar.php |title=Special Articles |website=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> Winter is from the month of November to February. Winters are mildly cold but dry.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Seasons
! Start
! End
|-
| Summer
| March
| Mid June
|-
| Monsoon
| mid June
| October
|-
| Winter
| November
| February
|}

{{Weather box
|location = Nandurbar
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 25
|Feb high C = 27
|Mar high C = 36
|Apr high C = 42
|May high C = 43
|Jun high C = 35
|Jul high C = 28
|Aug high C = 27
|Sep high C = 30
|Oct high C = 31
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 25

|Jan low C = 11
|Feb low C = 13
|Mar low C = 18
|Apr low C = 22
|May low C = 25
|Jun low C = 25
|Jul low C = 23
|Aug low C = 22
|Sep low C = 21
|Oct low C = 19
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 12

|Jan precipitation mm = 7.00
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.18
|Mar precipitation mm = 1.42
|Apr precipitation mm = 1.79
|May precipitation mm = 9.15
|Jun precipitation mm = 108.62
|Jul precipitation mm = 373.63
|Aug precipitation mm = 134.91
|Sep precipitation mm = 122.75
|Oct precipitation mm = 40.40
|Nov precipitation mm = 16.39
|Dec precipitation mm = 3.49

|source = <ref name="The Gazetteers Department – DHULIA"/>
|date = June 2012
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nandurbar.nic.in Nandurbar District official website]
{{Commons category|Nandurbar district}}
*[[Aadiwasi Janjagruti]]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Nandurbar district
|North = [[Chhota Udaipur district]], Gujarat
|Northeast ={{ubl| [[Alirajpur district]], Madhya Pradesh | [[Barwani district]], Madhya Pradesh}}
|East = [[Dhule district]]
|Southeast = [[Dhule district]]
|South = [[Dhule district]]
|Southwest = [[Tapi district]], Gujarat
|West = [[Tapi district]], Gujarat
|Northwest = [[Narmada district]], Gujarat
}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandurbar District}}
[[Category:Nandurbar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik division]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hibi Eden

2026-03-25T00:35:20Z

TeodoroGalvan6: brief refined page for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1983)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hibi George Eden
| image = File:Hibi Eden.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|4|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| residence = [[New Delhi]] / [[Kochi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[K. V. Thomas]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Dominic Presentation]]
| successor2 = [[T. J. Vinod]]
| constituency2 = [[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Anna Linda|30 January 2012}}
}}

Hibi George Eden, commonly known as '''Hibi Eden''' (born 19 April 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Ernakulam]], Kerala and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Hibi is the son of the late George Eden, a long time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of Parliament]] from the [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=CBI Takes Over Solar Scam Probe, Case Against Top Kerala Congress Leaders|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/solar-panel-case-cbi-case-against-top-congress-leaders-in-kerala-over-solar-panel-scam-2512225|last=|date=17 Aug 2021|work=NDTV|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817072023/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/solar-panel-case-cbi-case-against-top-congress-leaders-in-kerala-over-solar-panel-scam-2512225|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hibi Eden was born in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]] to the former [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam MP]] George Eden<ref name="Archbishop’s letter">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/16/stories/2009031654280400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107093259/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/16/stories/2009031654280400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Archbishop's letter draws criticism. Rooting for Hibi termed interference in the political affairs of a party|last=Basheer|first=K.P.M.|date=16 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=17 March 2014}}</ref> (who died in office, 2003)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article578696.ece#.Uyc4OoWDmMU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317212735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article578696.ece#.Uyc4OoWDmMU|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2014|title=George Eden an outstanding politician|date=29 July 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 March 2014|location=Kochi}}</ref><ref name="MMP">{{cite web|url=http://www.ernakulammp.com/page/dr-sebastian-paul-mp|title=Dr Sebastian Paul _ Ernakulam MP/More a journalist than a politician|date=1 November 2009|accessdate=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313045438/http://www.ernakulammp.com/page/dr-sebastian-paul-mp|archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> and Rani Eden at Thoppumpady, Ernakulam on 19 April 1983. He has a younger sister. He lost his mother at an early age and his aunt raised him and his younger sister.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hibi Eden |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/hibi-eden/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709113233/https://indianexpress.com/about/hibi-eden/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hibi Eden married Anna Linda, a [[Malayalam]] television channel anchor on 30 January 2012 at [[Kaloor]] St Francis Xavier church after 4 years of love.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/Aug/20/in-love-with-and-married-to-hibi-eden-398825.html |title=In love with and married to Hibi Eden |first=Divya |last=Kandukuri |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The couple has a daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-impressive-comeback-for-mlas-wife/article6968480.ece |title=An impressive comeback for MLA's wife |first=Sarath Babu |last=George |date=7 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Hibi is a devout member of the [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Keralite Latin Catholic]] community.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nedumudy|first=Vinod|date=2019-03-31|title=Alphons may find it hard to eat into Eden's Christian base|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310319/alphons-may-find-it-hard-to-eat-into-edens-christian-base.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181502/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310319/alphons-may-find-it-hard-to-eat-into-edens-christian-base.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Hibi Eden and Sasi Tharoor.jpg|thumb|left|Hibi Eden with [[Shashi Tharoor]] during [[2011 elections in India|2011 election campaign]].]]
Hibi Eden was the general secretary of the [[Kerala Students Union]] (
KSU) at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300440100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030324224018/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300440100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-03-24|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-02-03|title='Netagiri' on the shelf?}}</ref> He later became the president of KSU and [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI), the students' wing of the [[Indian National Congress]].

He became a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Kerala]] from Ernakulam constituency after winning the 2011 Kerala Assembly elections by a 32,437 vote majority, making him the youngest member in the Assembly.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's youngest candidate fights his first election |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-kerala-assembly-keralas-youngest-candidate-fights-his-first-election/20110411.htm |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623002200/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-kerala-assembly-keralas-youngest-candidate-fights-his-first-election/20110411.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016 assembly elections, he got elected<ref>{{cite web |title=Eranakulam Candidates Kerala Assembly Election 2016 & Results |url=http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/kerala/constituency/eranakulam |website=Zee News |accessdate=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524115829/http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/kerala/constituency/eranakulam |archive-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> for the second time as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Kerala from Ernakulam constituency winning<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/ernakulam.html|title=Ernakulam Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714193901/http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/ernakulam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by 21949 votes. In [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Loksabha election]] he contested from [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and Eden won by a margin of over 1.6 lakh votes against his nearest rival, [[P. Rajeev (Kerala)]] of CPI(M). In [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Loksabha election]] he contested again from [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and Eden won by a margin of over 2.5 lakh votes against his nearest rival, K J Shine of CPI(M).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha Elections: Hibi Eden walks into book of political records with a margin of 2.50 lakh votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-elections-hibi-eden-walks-into-book-of-political-records-with-a-margin-of-250-lakh-votes/article68251387.ece |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605015346/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-elections-hibi-eden-walks-into-book-of-political-records-with-a-margin-of-250-lakh-votes/article68251387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Parliamentary Election
!Year
!Constituency
!Closest Rival
!Majority
(Votes)
!Won/Lost
|-
|2019
|Ernakulam
|P Rajeev [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|169510
|Won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - State Wise and Party Wise Results|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/index.html/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Elections in India|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509061814/https://www.elections.in/amp/kerala/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Ernakulam
|K.J. Shine Teacher [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|250385
|Won
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kerala Legislative Assembly Election
!Year
!Constituency
!Closest Rival
!Majority
(Votes)
!Won/Lost
|-
|2011
|Ernakulam
|Dr. Sebastian Paul (IND)
|32437
|Won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2011|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924045351/https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Ernakulam
|M Anil Kumar ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]])
|21949
|Won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.elections.in|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924050604/https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
Represented India in the Commonwealth Country Seminar held at Samova Island and presented a paper on ‘Parliament and Civil Society’. Represented a ten member Kerala Assembly delegation to China in 2012. Represented INC as a member of Multiparty delegation invited by Singapore High Commission in 2013. Represented India in the Indo-Pak delegation to American Council of Young Political Leaders (ACYPL) held in US in 2014. Represented India in the European Union Visitors Programme in 2015. Attended the Conference of the Regions conducted as the preparatory session of the World Climate Change Conference in Lyon, France (2015) and presented a paper on 'Transport and mobility'.<ref name="Welcome to Kerala Legislature">{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.niyamasabha.org|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518234755/http://www.niyamasabha.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Parliamentary Activity==
During the 17th Lok Sabha, Hibi Eden has 89% attendance. In this term, he asked a total of 318 questions, participated in 61 debates, and introduced 9 private member bills.<ref name="PRS India MP Track">{{Cite web|title=PRS India MP Track|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/hibi-eden/|access-date=2024-03-18|website=www.prsindia.org|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319021027/https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/hibi-eden|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hibi Eden}}
* {{Official website|http://hibieden.in/}}

{{17th LS members from Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eden, Hibi}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Studio N (TV channel)

2026-03-23T21:49:41Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language television news channel}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{notability|Company|date=August 2017}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Studio N news
| logo = Studionnewslogo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt = Studio N
| launch_date =
| picture_format = [[16:9]]
| network = Studio N News
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| headquarters = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| sister_channels =
| website =
}}
'''Studio N''' is a 24-hour [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel from Narne group which is aired in [[Telugu states|Telugu States]] [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==History==
Studio N news channel was launched by its Chairman Narne Srinivasa Rao who is the leader of [[YSR Congress Party|YCP]] and a relative of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] chairman [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. Jr.NTR married the one and only daughter of Narne Srinivasa Rao on 5 May 2011.

==Ownership==

In 2014, Narne Srinivas Rao sold the Studio N business to [[Godman (India)|godman]] and cult leader [[Kalki Bhagwan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Self-styled godman Kalki Bhagwan's properties in Hyderabad, Chittoor come under I-T lens {{!}} Hyderabad News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/self-styled-godman-kalki-bhagwans-properties-in-hyderabad-chittoor-come-under-i-t-lens/articleshow/71621483.cms|date=17 October 2019|first=U. Sudhakar|last=Reddy|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telugu Language Television}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]

Shyam Singh Rana

2026-03-21T04:26:10Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Second Saini ministry|Cabinet Minister]], Government of Haryana
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
*Animal Husbandry & Dairying
*Fisheries

| term_start = 17 October 2024

| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Radaur Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor1 = [[Bishan Lal Saini]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Shyam Singh Rana ji''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Radaur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Radaur, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Shyam Singh Rana defeats INC's Dr. Bishan Lal Saini with 13132 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/radaur-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612782-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Radaur Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/radaur-election-result-2024-live-update-9077296.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Shyam Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kenkre FC

2026-03-20T01:46:19Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up New Entry...

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Kenkre
| nickname = Mumbaikars
| image = Mumbai Kenkre FC.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Kenkre Football Club
| founded = {{start date and age|13 January 2000}}
| ground = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| capacity = 5,000
| owner = Adib Krishna Sinai Kenkre
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Abdul Siddique
| league = [[Mumbai Premier League]]
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'''Kenkre Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Kaushal|title=Gritty LoneStar Kashmir FC thwart spirited Kenkre FC|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/gritty-lonestar-kashmir-fc-thwart-spirited-kenkre-fc/|access-date=29 January 2017|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=16 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027050816/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/gritty-lonestar-kashmir-fc-thwart-spirited-kenkre-fc/|archive-date=27 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Rahul|last=Bhutani|title=I-League Division 2 : Mohammedan Sporting, Mumbai Tigers Start As Favorites|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/i-league-division-2-mohammedan-sporting-mumbai-tigers-start-as-favorites/|date=29 March 2013|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522073914/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/i-league-division-2-mohammedan-sporting-mumbai-tigers-start-as-favorites/|archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/team/kenkre-fc-academy|title=Kenkre F.C. Academy|website=Khelnow.com|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428162431/https://khelnow.com/football/team/kenkre-fc-academy}}</ref> Founded in 2000,<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India – List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> the club currently competes in the [[MFA Elite Division]] of [[Mumbai Football League]]. Nicknamed "Mumbaikars", they previously participated in the [[I-League]], then highest division of the [[Indian football league system]], as well as the [[I-League 2]], and the [[I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=I-League 2022–23: Sudeva Delhi to start their season campaign against Kenkere FC |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1019407 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |publisher=DaijiWorld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114142608/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1019407 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |location=New Delhi |agency=IANS }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In the last matchday of the I-League season, teams compete for improved Super Cup qualifying ranking|url=https://footballexpress.in/in-the-last-matchday-of-the-i-league-season-teams-compete-for-improved-super-cup-qualifying-ranking/|first=Veronica|last=Tarafdar|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express India|date=30 March 2023|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407041622/https://footballexpress.in/in-the-last-matchday-of-the-i-league-season-teams-compete-for-improved-super-cup-qualifying-ranking/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> Kenkre was relegated to the I-League 2 at the end of the [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23 I-League season]].<ref>{{cite news|date=21 January 2017|agency=TNN|location=Bengaluru|title=Ozone squander lead to go down to Kenkre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/ozone-squander-lead-to-go-down-to-kenkre/articleshow/56705939.cms|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=16 April 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/ozone-squander-lead-to-go-down-to-kenkre/articleshow/56705939.cms}}</ref>

==History==
===Formation and journey===
The club was founded on 13 January 2000 as '''Kenkre Academy FC''',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangde|first=Arjun|date=2021-09-15|title=Will go the extra mile to promote local talent – Joshua Lewis, CEO – Kenkre FC|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/will-go-the-extra-mile-to-promote-local-talent-joshua-lewis-kenkre-owner/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918114038/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/will-go-the-extra-mile-to-promote-local-talent-joshua-lewis-kenkre-owner/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9425|title=Team Profile — Kenkre FC|access-date=31 December 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129173259/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9425|archive-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> under the patronage of former [[footballer]] and [[coach (sport)|coach]] Adib Kenkre, and [[CEO]] Joshua Lewis.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/adib-kenkre-kenkre-fc-football-match-made-in-heaven/95m34u4issjh1951if4n3ybf1|title=Adib Kenkre & football — A match made in heaven|website=Goal.com|date=26 December 2019|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803202210/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/adib-kenkre-kenkre-fc-football-match-made-in-heaven/95m34u4issjh1951if4n3ybf1|archive-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="FPJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making|title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making|website=freepressjournal.in|publisher=The Free Press Journal|first=Anil|last=Dias|location=Mumbai|date=8 December 2021|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208150044/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making}}</ref> Kenkre was based at [[Shivaji Park]] during its incorporation.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Soham|last1=Mukherjee|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kenkre-fc-made-in-maharashtra-and-ready-to-conquer-india/blt24298d33db6c43b8|title=Kenkre FC: Made in Maharashtra & ready to conquer India|website=Goal.com|date=8 December 2021|access-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208052820/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kenkre-fc-made-in-maharashtra-and-ready-to-conquer-india/blt24298d33db6c43b8|archive-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

{{Cquote|When we first started this club, the players themselves contributed [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 100 each. With that, we were able to buy our half-time refreshments, and we paid for a train pass for those who couldn't afford it. While it feels surreal to think that we're actually going to play in the I-League, it's something we've worked extremely hard for. This academy [Kenkre FC academy] and club are all his doing. He [Adib Kenkre] could've easily given up and shut shop like the many clubs in Mumbai, but his perseverance is tremendous. This club is going to be in the top divisions of India football for a long time, now that it has finally entered the door.|source=Joshua Lewis (CEO of Kenkre), on club's early days and journey towards I-League.<ref name="FPJ"/>|Cquote}}
Kenkre FC were crowned champions of the Maharashtra Football League in 2010 for the first time in the club's history, after defeating [[Bengal Mumbai FC|Bengal Mumbai]] 3–0, thanks to goals from Nigerian striker Mathew Odje, Francisco Salin and Charanjeet Singh.<ref>{{cite web|author=Neil Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|title=India — List of Mumbai (Bombay) League Champions|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020500/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref> After achieving that result, Kenkre was granted admission into the I-League 2nd Division, then second-tier of Indian football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/dec4thpart_2010.html|title=kolkatafootball.com|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128065315/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/dec4thpart_2010.html}}</ref>

In March 2013, ahead of the I-League Second Division kick-off, Kenkre roped in [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[José Luís (footballer, born 1958)|Jose Luis Lopes Da Costa]] as [[head coach]] and brought three of their first foreigners, Portuguese Rodilson Felisberto Fernandes Dias, Domingo De Jesus Gomes, Bruno Daniel Alciaes, and [[Australia|Australian]] Daniel Atkins.<ref name="José Luís">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league|title=Mumbai's Kenkre FC name squad for 2nd Division I-League|date=5 March 2013|access-date=7 March 2023|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142309/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league}}</ref>

===2020–present===
In December 2021, the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] club licensing committee has unanimously decided to not grant the exemption sought by former I-League champion [[Chennai City FC]], after having failed to receive the ICLS licence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|title=I-LEAGUE: Introducing shirt sponsors of every I-league club for 2021-22 season|website=www.khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=21 January 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|first=Waseem|last=Zaidi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125039/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> As a result, Kenkre replaced them in the 2021–22 I-League.<ref>{{cite web|author=S. Dipak Raghav|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/aiff-bars-chennai-city-from-i-league-2021-22-names-kenkre-as-replacement/article37839682.ece|title=AIFF bars Chennai City from I-League 2021-22, names Kenkre as replacement|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=6 December 2021|date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204142111/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/aiff-bars-chennai-city-from-i-league-2021-22-names-kenkre-as-replacement/article37839682.ece|archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=S. Dipak Raghav|url=https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-kenkre-fc-all-set-to-join-i-league-chennai-city-fc-gets-barred-27123|title=Kenkre FC is all set to join I-League as Chennai City FC gets barred|publisher=The Bridge|website=thebridge.in|date=4 December 2021|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204153516/https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-kenkre-fc-all-set-to-join-i-league-chennai-city-fc-gets-barred-27123|archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2021-22 to be held in Kolkata: Everything you need to know|website=Goal.com|date=26 June 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2021-22-in-kolkata-everything-you-need-to-know/81887uer3sho1j0jzdqsvd5yf|access-date=2021-12-07|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207173424/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2021-22-in-kolkata-everything-you-need-to-know/81887uer3sho1j0jzdqsvd5yf|first=Anselm|last=Noronha}}</ref> In June 2021, Akhil Kothari, India's youngest AFC A license holder, as new head coach of Kenkre.<ref name="Kothari">{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/we-will-be-more-competitive-this-season-says-mumbai-kenkre-fc-head-coach-akhil-kothari/|title=We will be more competitive this season, says Mumbai Kenkre FC head coach Akhil Kothari|website=i-league.org|date=13 November 2022|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114103451/https://i-league.org/we-will-be-more-competitive-this-season-says-mumbai-kenkre-fc-head-coach-akhil-kothari/}}</ref> The club began their league journey on 4 March 2022 against [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] with earning a historic point in the 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/real-kashmir-and-kenkre-fc-play-out-thrilling-1-1-draw|title=Real Kashmir and Kenkre FC play out thrilling 1-1 draw|date=4 March 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|location=[[Kalyani, West Bengal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328022838/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/real-kashmir-and-kenkre-fc-play-out-thrilling-1-1-draw|archive-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Kenkre finished bottom after the phrase 1 and was placed in relegation stage. They achieved 12 points and got relegated to the [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-i-league-2022-kenkre-fc-relegated-indian-arrows-stab-home-late-winner|title=I-League 2022: Kenkre FC relegated after Indian Arrows stab home a late winner|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=4 May 2022|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505052325/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-i-league-2022-kenkre-fc-relegated-indian-arrows-stab-home-late-winner|archive-date=5 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Trust of India |title=Kenkre FC suffer relegation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-valiant-real-kashmir-beat-drop-kenkre-fc-suffer-relegation/articleshow/91322204.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |location=Naihati |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-valiant-real-kashmir-beat-drop-kenkre-fc-suffer-relegation/articleshow/91322204.cms |url-status=live |author1-link=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

After being relegated at the end of the season, Kenkre was reinstated on sympathetic grounds and allowed to participate in the 2022–23 I-League season.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 September 2022|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|title=AIFF set to ban foreign players from lower leagues|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-set-to-ban-foreign-players-from-lower-leagues/articleshow/94490651.cms|agency=TNN|location=Panaji, Goa|access-date=27 September 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927185737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-set-to-ban-foreign-players-from-lower-leagues/articleshow/94490651.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Six foreigners recommended for matchday squads as I-League returns on Oct 29 |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/six-foreign-players-recommended-for-matchday-squads-as-i-league-returns-on-oct-29-198670 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=www.news9live.com |first=Sayan |last=Mukherjee |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008175503/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/six-foreign-players-recommended-for-matchday-squads-as-i-league-returns-on-oct-29-198670 |archive-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref> The club later participated in Baji Raut Cup in Odisha,<ref>{{cite web|title=Baji Rout Cup: Pradhan attends inaugural match between Odisha & Mumbai Kenkre FC|url=https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/baji-rout-cup2022-pradhan-attends-inaugural-match-between-odisha-mumbai-kenkre-fc|website=argusnews.in|publisher=Argus News|date=3 November 2022|location=Dhenkanal, Odisha|access-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108111510/https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/baji-rout-cup2022-pradhan-attends-inaugural-match-between-odisha-mumbai-kenkre-fc|archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> in which they reached semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2022 |title=FULL MATCH – Baji Rout Cup semis – Churchill Brothers bulldoze Kenkre FC in 5 goal haul |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18698-full-match--baji-rout-cup-semis--churchill-brothers-bulldoze-kenkre-fc-in-5-goal-haul |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=thefangarage.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108105444/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18698-full-match--baji-rout-cup-semis--churchill-brothers-bulldoze-kenkre-fc-in-5-goal-haul |archive-date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> After struggling since beginning of the [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23 league season]], Kenkre along with Sudeva Delhi, relegated from I-League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/trau-aim-for-full-points-vs-relegated-mumbai-kenkre/|title=TRAU aim for full points vs relegated Mumbai Kenkre|website=i-league.org|date=5 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311052756/https://i-league.org/trau-aim-for-full-points-vs-relegated-mumbai-kenkre/|location=Mumbai|first=AIFF|last=Media Team}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC wins I-League title, gains ISL promotion|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174447/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/roundglass-punjab-clinch-historic-i-league-title/20230304.htm|title=RoundGlass Punjab clinch historic I-league title|website=Rediff.com|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174452/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/roundglass-punjab-clinch-historic-i-league-title/20230304.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title =Roundglass Punjab FC: The first I-League side to be promoted to the Indian Super League|url=https://footballexpress.in/roundglass-punjab-fc-the-first-i-league-side-to-be-promoted-to-the-indian-super-league/|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|date=16 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316093756/https://footballexpress.in/roundglass-punjab-fc-the-first-i-league-side-to-be-promoted-to-the-indian-super-league/|archive-date=16 March 2023|first=Veronica|last=T}}</ref> The [[2023–24 I-League 2]] season became disastrous to Kenkre as the club ended their campaign with bottom place finish with 9 points in 14 matches, and relegated to I-League 3.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-LEAGUE 2 2023/2024 — Table (final standings)|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/|access-date=27 April 2024|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070019/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC return to I-League after nine years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428073725/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|archive-date=18 June 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref> In 2024–25 season, the club along with its fellow Mumbai-based team [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]], took part in I-League 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League 2 2024–25: Newly promoted SAT Tirur face familiar foes KLASA FC in season-opener |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=24 October 2024 |website=Khel Now |first1=Anuj |last1=T |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106051023/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |archive-date=6 November 2024 }}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2021–2023
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Chittu|last=Shetty|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/kenkre-fc-announce-tie-up-with-hummel-india-as-official-kit-partner/|title=Kenkre FC announce tie-up with Hummel India as official kit partner|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|access-date=26 February 2022|date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004223326/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/kenkre-fc-announce-tie-up-with-hummel-india-as-official-kit-partner/|archive-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | Kenkre Sports Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|title=I-LEAGUE: Introducing shirt sponsors of every I-league club for 2021–22 season|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=21 January 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|first=Waseem|last=Zaidi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125039/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present
|KING
|}

==Stadium==
[[File:Cooperage Football Ground.jpg|thumb|300px|Cooperage Football Ground before renovation]]
[[Cooperage Ground]] in [[Nariman Point]], Mumbai, serves as the home ground of Kenkre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-fc-split-points-lonestar-kashmir-1-1-draw/|title=Kenkre FC split points with Lonestar Kashmir in 1–1 draw|publisher=Football Counter|website=www.footballcounter.com|date=20 April 2017|access-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428074823/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-fc-split-points-lonestar-kashmir-1-1-draw/|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Prasad|last=Bhutkar|date=13 April 2017|location=Mumbai|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2017/10-men-kenkre-fc-pay-penalty-slump-1-0-defeat/|title=10-men Kenkre FC pay the penalty as they slump to a 1–0 defeat|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005203/http://www.footballcounter.com/2017/10-men-kenkre-fc-pay-penalty-slump-1-0-defeat/}}</ref> It has [[artificial turf]] and has a seating capacity of 5,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|title=FIFA sanctions 2 million grant for Cooperage|publisher=DNA India|website=dnaindia.com|date=15 April 2011|first=Mihir|last=Vasavda|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621094538/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rosy Sequeira|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|title=A Shot in the arm for Cooperage Ground|publisher=DNA|date=11 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621071505/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> The club qualified for the [[I-League]] in [[2021–22 I-League|2021]],<ref name="Newcomer">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|title=Newcomers Kenkre FC put Mumbai back on the I-League map|date=25 December 2021|access-date=1 February 2023|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Mumbai|first=Rutvick|last=Mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206122858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> but due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], league format was shortened and matches were played in few centralised venues.<ref name="Homecoming"/> As the league came back with home-away format, Kenkre played its first home match at the Cooperage Ground against [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] on 24 November 2022.<ref name="Homecoming">{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/mumbai-kenkre-geared-up-for-homecoming-churchill-brothers-seek-first-win/|title=Mumbai Kenkre gear up for homecoming, Churchill Brothers seek first win|date=23 November 2022|access-date=1 February 2023|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=i-league.org|publisher=Hero I-League|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201080429/https://i-league.org/mumbai-kenkre-geared-up-for-homecoming-churchill-brothers-seek-first-win/|archive-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

In later years, the club used Neville D'Souza Turf in Bandra for Mumbai Premier League matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League 2023–24: Mumbai's Best Teams Ready to Compete |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/mumbai-premier-league-2023-24-mumbais-best-teams-ready-to-compete/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter India |location=Mumbai |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031082624/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/mumbai-premier-league-2023-24-mumbais-best-teams-ready-to-compete/ |first1=Chittu |last1=Shetty |date=29 October 2023 }}</ref> Ahead of the 2023–24 I-League 2, the club announced AIFF Centre of Excellence ground in Kharghar as their home venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|title=I-League 2 Set to Kick Off Exciting 2023-24 Season with 8 Clubs in the Fray|date=8 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=en.bongfootball.in|publisher=Bong Football News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109043700/https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|archive-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{{updated|October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Siddique
|-
|Assistant coach
| align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Deepak Dattu Kamble
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishal Patel
|-
|Team doctor
| align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Prasad Risaldar
|-
|Team analyst
| align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Nilesh Pal
|}

===Management===
As of December 2022
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Adib Krishna Sinai Kenkre
|-
|Chief Executive Officer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joshua K.Lewis
|-
|Team photographer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pravin Saru
|-
|Operations & accreditions
|{{flagicon|IND}} Christopher Shriodkar
|-
|Logistics
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shouvik Das
|}

==Statistics and records==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=10 class="unsortable" | League
|-
!League
!{{tooltip|Level|Level on National Pyramid}}
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!Points
!Position
|-
|-
|[[2011 I-League 2nd Division|2011]]
| rowspan="8" |[[I-League 2]]
| rowspan="8" |II
|6
|3
|1
|2
|14
|11
|10
| Group Stage
|-
|[[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]
|7
|2
|1
|4
|2
|16
|7
| Group Stage
|-
|[[2013 I-League 2nd Division|2013]]
|8
|3
|3
|2
|12
|10
|12
| Group Stage
|-
|[[2014 I-League 2nd Division|2014]]
|4
|0
|0
|4
|1
|12
|0
| Group Stage
|-
|[[2015 I-League 2nd Division|2015]]
|14
|3
|1
|10
|21
|39
|10
| 7th
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League 2nd Division|2015–16]]
|8
|1
|3
|4
|6
|11
|6
| Group Stage
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]
|16
|4
|5
|7
|18
|24
|17
| 6th
|-
|[[2021 I-League qualifiers|2021]]
|7
|3
|3
|1
|6
|4
|12
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd {{rise|b}}
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
| I
|17
|3
|3
|11
|11
|25
|12
| 13th
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| II
|22
|3
|8
|11
|23
|40
|17
| 11th {{fall|b}}
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|[[I-League 2]]
| III
|14
|3
|0
|11
|17
|34
|9
| 8th {{fall|b}}
|}

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|2021]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4507069/how-vikrant-sharma-inspired-rajasthan-united-fairytale-rise-i-league-indian-football?platform=amp|title="If you want a future for yourself, fight and take it" – The story behind Rajasthan United's I-League fairytale|website=espn.com|publisher=[[ESPN]]|agency=AIFF Media|date=27 October 2021|access-date=19 August 2022|first=Anirudh|last=Menon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102094048/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4507069/how-vikrant-sharma-inspired-rajasthan-united-fairytale-rise-i-league-indian-football?platform=amp|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-23|title=Rajasthan United FC Crowned Champions of the I-League Qualifiers 2021|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/rajasthan-united-fc-crowned-champions-of-the-i-league-qualifiers-2021-4357031.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025191552/https://www.news18.com/news/football/rajasthan-united-fc-crowned-champions-of-the-i-league-qualifiers-2021-4357031.html}}</ref>
* '''[[MFA Elite Division]]'''
**Champions (1): 2010
**Runners-up (1): 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rounak|last=Majumder|title=MDFA distribute trophies for Season 2019-20|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|date=24 November 2020|access-date=17 December 2021|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184744/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/}}</ref>

===Cup===
*'''[[Nadkarni Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2009<ref>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|title=India — List of Nadkarni Cup Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129033202/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Women===
*'''[[WIFA Women's Football League]]'''
**Champions (1): 2019–20<ref name="FPJ 2">{{cite web |title=Unbeaten Kenkre FC win WIFA Women's League |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/unbeaten-kenkre-fc-win-wifa-womens-league |website=freepressjournal.in | publisher=Free Press Journal |date=27 December 2019 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223219/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/unbeaten-kenkre-fc-win-wifa-womens-league }}</ref>
*'''Mumbai Women's Football League'''
**Champions (1): 2023–24<ref name="MFA">{{cite web |title=Kenkre FC Women Emerged as a Champion of WPL |url=https://footballmfa.com/kenkre-fc-women-emerged-as-a-champion-of-wpl/ |website=footballmfa.com | publisher=Mumbai Football Association |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006192900/https://footballmfa.com/kenkre-fc-women-emerged-as-a-champion-of-wpl/ }}</ref>

==Notable players==
===Past and present internationals===
*The players below had senior/youth international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players with listed names represented their countries before or after playing for ''Kenkre FC''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te61583/all-players/|title=Kenkre FC — Players from A–Z|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307141543/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/kenkre-fc/10/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orok Essien]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=Mumbai FC rope in Orok Essien|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3875/transfer-zone/2013/09/20/4275687/mumbai-fc-rope-in-orok-essien|work=Goal.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925071203/http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3875/transfer-zone/2013/09/20/4275687/mumbai-fc-rope-in-orok-essien}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ogunyale|first=Bunmi|title=Indian league is goldmine – Orok Orok Essien|url=http://www.soccerstarng.mobi/story_display_page.php?interviews_id=85|publisher=Soccer Star NG|date=12 April 2013|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925193917/http://www.soccerstarng.mobi/story_display_page.php?interviews_id=85|archive-date=25 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> The player represented Nigeria U23 national team: {{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-minerva-punjab-fc-complete-double-deal-rope-in-brazilian-winger-and-nigerian-striker|title=Indian football transfers: Minerva Punjab FC rope in Sergio Barboza Jr and Orok Essien in a double deal|website=Sportskeeda.com|date=10 August 2019|first=Sounak|last=Mullick|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013102115/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-minerva-punjab-fc-complete-double-deal-rope-in-brazilian-winger-and-nigerian-striker|archive-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MWI}} Young Chimodzi Jr. (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite web|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51875/Young_Jr_Chimodzi.html|title=Chimodzi, Young Jr|access-date=7 January 2021|website=national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102072517/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51875/Young_Jr_Chimodzi.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GUI}} [[Boubacar Keita]] (2011–2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-fc-geared-make-winning-start/|title=Kenkre FC geared up to make winning start|date=8 April 2017|access-date=23 November 2020|location=Mumbai|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226085320/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-fc-geared-make-winning-start/|archive-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
*{{flagicon|TIB}} [[Tenzin Samdup]] (2021–2023){{Cref2|nb 1}}<ref>{{cite web|first=Arjun|last=Bangde|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/lot-of-the-credit-for-those-clean-sheets-goes-to-my-teammates-kenkre-fc-goalkeeper-tenzin-samdup/|title=Lot of the credit for those clean sheets goes to my teammates – Kenkre FC Goalkeeper Tenzin Samdup|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=11 November 2021|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111164116/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/lot-of-the-credit-for-those-clean-sheets-goes-to-my-teammates-kenkre-fc-goalkeeper-tenzin-samdup/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjan Bista]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goalnepal.com/news/detail/15100|title=Anjan Bista Signs For I-League Side Mumbai Kenkre FC|date=21 January 2023|access-date=21 January 2023|website=goalnepal.com|publisher=Goal Nepal|location=Kathmandu|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121070720/https://www.goalnepal.com/news/detail/15100}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57603/Anjan_Bista.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Anjan Bista|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=15 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215224408/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57603/Anjan_Bista.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

==Managerial history==
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[José Luís (footballer, born 1958)|Jose Luis Lopes Da Costa]] (2014–2016)<ref name="José Luís"/>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Akhil Kothari (2021–2023)<ref name="Kothari"/>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Siddique (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/atharva-rewales-late-strike-secures-crucial-point-for-kenkre-fc-against-klasa-fc/|title=Atharva Rewale's late strike secures crucial point for Kenkre FC against Klasa FC|date=7 September 2024|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007120455/https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/atharva-rewales-late-strike-secures-crucial-point-for-kenkre-fc-against-klasa-fc/|archive-date= 7 October 2024|work=Football Counter}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sushant Shripath Pawar (2024–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/31178|title=I-League 2: Kenkre FC 3–5 Sudeva Delhi FC (11 April 2024)|date=11 April 2024|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420142614/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/31178|archive-date=20 April 2025|work=All India Football Federation}}</ref>

==Other departments==
===Women's section===
Kenkre has its women's team which played in the [[Indian Women's League]], the top flight of Women's football league system organised by the All India Football Federation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2020|title=IWL 2020: FC Kolhapur City defeat Baroda Football Academy for first win, Kenkre FC inch closer to SF|url=https://scroll.in/field/952042/iwl-2020-fc-kolhapur-city-defeat-baroda-football-academy-for-first-win-kenkre-fc-inch-closer-to-sf|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Scroll.in|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503161652/https://scroll.in/field/952042/iwl-2020-fc-kolhapur-city-defeat-baroda-football-academy-for-first-win-kenkre-fc-inch-closer-to-sf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Achal|first=Ashwin|date=25 January 2020|title=IWL 2020: Kenkre FC, Baroda FA cruise to big wins|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/iwl-2020-indian-womens-league-kenkre-fc-odisha-police-soumya-samiksha-soren-bbk-dav-baroda-bishnoi-sushmita-akanksha/article30651577.ece|access-date=2021-01-02|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924042750/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/iwl-2020-indian-womens-league-kenkre-fc-odisha-police-soumya-samiksha-soren-bbk-dav-baroda-bishnoi-sushmita-akanksha/article30651577.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/952374/iwl-2020-defending-champions-sethu-fc-kenkre-fc-advance-to-semi-finals|title=IWL 2020: Kenkre FC, defending champions Sethu FC qualify for semi-finals|website=Scroll.in|date=6 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519234952/https://scroll.in/field/952374/iwl-2020-defending-champions-sethu-fc-kenkre-fc-advance-to-semi-finals|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Press Trust of India|last=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-fc-embarrass-kenkre-fc-10-1-in-indian-womens-league/articleshow/73697563.cms|title=Gokulam Kerala FC embarrass Kenkre FC 10–1 in Indian Women's League|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 January 2020|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428162446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-fc-embarrass-kenkre-fc-10-1-in-indian-womens-league/articleshow/73697563.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> They also participate in [[WIFA Women's Football League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PIFA Win WIFA Women's League Title, Qualifies For IWL – Final Round |url=https://wifa.in/pifa-win-wifa-womens-league-title-qualifies-for-iwl-final-round/ |website=WIFA |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210181355/https://wifa.in/pifa-win-wifa-womens-league-title-qualifies-for-iwl-final-round/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chittu |last=Shetty |title=Priyanka strikes brace as Mumbai Knights lift WIFA Women's League title |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/priyanka-strikes-brace-as-mumbai-knights-lift-wifa-womens-league-title/ |website=Football Counter |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009164529/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/priyanka-strikes-brace-as-mumbai-knights-lift-wifa-womens-league-title/ }}</ref> The club clinched [[WIFA Women's Football League]] title in 2019–20.<ref name="FPJ 2"/> Kenkre is also a one time champion in the MFA Women's Football League, title being clinched in the 2023–24 season.<ref name="MFA"/>

===Youth and academy===
Since the inception of Kenkre, the club kept focus on nurturing youth talents and running academies.<ref name="Newcomer"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/8/201007242010072404431233954bf1437/True-colours.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906004520/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/8/201007242010072404431233954bf1437/True-colours.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Mirror |website=mumbaimirror.com |date=24 July 2010 |access-date=6 September 2012 |title=True Colours |first=Vaibhav |last=Pawar |location=Mumbai }}</ref> The club runs eight academies with more than a thousand kids enrolled before the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="Newcomer"/> Club's U17 team, which was managed by both Floyd Pinto and Akhil Kothari, previously participated in the MSSA (Mumbai Schools Sports Association) tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sattyik|last=Sarkar|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-kenkre-fc-all-you-need-to-know/|title=All you need to know about new entrant Kenkre FC|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=28 December 2021|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228130342/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-kenkre-fc-all-you-need-to-know/}}</ref> The club also took an initiative of grassroots development, organizing 'Go Green Cup' (with six categories including U-17, U-14, U-12, U-10, U-8 and open-age group of girls) in 2015, at the Don Bosco Grounds in Matunga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/over-600-kids-to-go-green-as-kenkre-fcs-initiative-shows-plenty-of-promise/|title=Over 600 kids to 'Go Green' as Kenkre FC's initiative shows plenty of promise|location=Mumbai|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|first1=Kaushal|last1=Shukla|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131033023/https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/over-600-kids-to-go-green-as-kenkre-fcs-initiative-shows-plenty-of-promise/|access-date=20 January 2024|date=22 February 2015}}</ref> They also organized 'Kenkre Champions League', another academy-based tournament, in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/photo-gallery-kenkre-go-green-cup-2017-part-2/|title=Kenkre – 'Go Green' Cup 2017 (Day 1)|location=Mumbai|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|first1=Avinash|last1=Palai|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203025747/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/photo-gallery-kenkre-go-green-cup-2017-part-2/|access-date=25 January 2023|date=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-champions-league-kcl-day-1/|title=Kenkre Champions League (KCL) – Day 1|location=Mumbai|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|first1=Avinash|last1=Palai|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814092911/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/kenkre-champions-league-kcl-day-1/|access-date=25 January 2023|date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

Club's U-19 team participated in Maharashtra zone of [[2014 I-League U19]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/kenkre-u19/27588/matches/|title=KENKRE FC UNDER 19 — Matches — U19 I-League|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121000503/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/kenkre-u19/27588/matches/|archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref> The U17 team later took part in group stages of [[2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|title=49 teams to participate in AIFF Elite Youth League 2022–23|date=7 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208054612/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round|title=Quick starts, watertight defences and perfect records: A look ahead to the Hero U-17 Youth Cup final round|date=18 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=Vaibhav|last=Raghunandan|location=New Delhi|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122082038/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round}}</ref> The U19 team also participates in MDFA Super Division League.<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA announce teams for Super Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/ |website=Football Counter |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224104725/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2021-11-04|title=MFA announce teams for Super Division|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714231439/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/}}</ref> Club's U17 team has also competed in MFA Third Division league.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai Marines FC go through to the semifinals 4—1 on penalties |url=https://footballmfa.com/event/mumbai-marine-sd-vs-kenkre-sc-u-17/ |date=28 June 2022 |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=footballmfa.com |publisher=Mumbai Football Association |location=Mumbai |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714231321/https://footballmfa.com/event/mumbai-marine-sd-vs-kenkre-sc-u-17/ }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
*[[List of football clubs in India#Maharashtra|List of football clubs in Mumbai]]
*[[Sports in Maharashtra]]

==Footnotes==
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|nb 1|Represented [[Tibet national football team]] in [[Confederation of Independent Football Associations|CONIFA]] tournaments internationally.}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}
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*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league|title=Mumbai's Kenkre FC name squad for 2nd Division I-League|date=5 March 2013|access-date=7 March 2023|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142309/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/mumbais-kenkre-fc-name-squad-for-2nd-division-i-league}}
*{{Cite web|title=Featured : Haryanavi Defender Ravi Kumar Punia Qualified for I-League by Winning the Qualifiers with Rajasthan United.|url=https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=futbolindia.in|publisher=Futbol India|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126160147/https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|date=24 October 2021|first=Brian|last=Luiz}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/orok-eyes-cfa-title-with-viva-before-joining-kolkata-club/articleshow/52256972.cms|title=Orok eyes CFA title with Viva before joining Kolkata club|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 May 2016|agency=TNN|location=Chennai|first=Damayanti|last=Dasgupta|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920134912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/orok-eyes-cfa-title-with-viva-before-joining-kolkata-club/articleshow/52256972.cms|archive-date=20 September 2023}}
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*{{Cite web|title=The Story of Ravi Kumar Punia, defender from Haryana playing for Rajasthan United FC|work=Halfway Football|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|access-date=2021-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126161645/https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|date=22 October 2021|first=Joel|last=Stan}}
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*{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/spencers-hat-trick-for-sea-view-sinks-a-helpless-naval-dockyard-side/|title=Spencer's hat-trick for Sea View sinks a helpless Naval Dockyard side.|website=footballcounter.com|date=10 January 2016|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116160634/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/spencers-hat-trick-for-sea-view-sinks-a-helpless-naval-dockyard-side/|archive-date=16 January 2017|location=Mumbai|first=Prasad|last=Bhutkar}}
*{{cite web |title=Kenkre 2—3 Ozone |url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/924_Match_Summary_V13_1487939868.pdf |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024091048/https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/924_Match_Summary_V13_1487939868.pdf }}
*{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=10459|title=2nd Division League Starts in Feb '14|access-date=16 January 2014|website=i-league.org|publisher=All India Football Federation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111052218/http://i-league.org/?p=10459|archive-date=2014-01-11|url-status=dead|date=9 January 2014|location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite news |title=I-League: Churchill Brothers come from behind to defeat Kenkre FC |url=https://theprint.in/sport/i-league-churchill-brothers-come-from-behind-to-defeat-kenkre-fc/910799 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI |location=Naihati |date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509160349/https://theprint.in/sport/i-league-churchill-brothers-come-from-behind-to-defeat-kenkre-fc/910799/ }}
*{{Cite web |last=News Services |first=FPJ |date=2023-03-15 |title=MFA League: Atlanta FC comfortably retain Elite Premier League crown |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/mfa-league-atlanta-fc-comfortably-retain-elite-premier-league-crown |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617070601/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/mfa-league-atlanta-fc-comfortably-retain-elite-premier-league-crown }}
*{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2023-03-11 |title=Atlanta FC secures back-to-back MFA Elite Premier League titles with win over KSA |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atlanta-fc-secures-back-to-back-mfa-elite-premier-league-titles-with-win-over-ksa/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313132415/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atlanta-fc-secures-back-to-back-mfa-elite-premier-league-titles-with-win-over-ksa/}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|114088106313}}
* {{Instagram|mumbaikenkrefc}}
* {{Twitter|mumbaikenkrefc}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9425 Kenkre Football Club] at [[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211211222210/https://au.soccerway.com/teams/india/kenkre-football-academy-fc/18327/ Kenkre Football Club] at Soccerway
*[https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/kenkre-fc/244435 Kenkre Football Club] at Sofascore
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/kenkre-fc/14559/ Team profile] at Global Sports Archive

{{I-League}}
{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2000]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Fasih Bokhari

2026-03-19T06:55:20Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Pakistani military officer (1942–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]]
| name = Fasih Bokhari
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|فصیح بخارى}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Military orders and medals|PGAT]]}}
| image = File:Fasih Bokhari.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| order = [[Chairperson|Chairman]] of the [[National Accountability Bureau]]
| office =
| term_start = 17 October 2011
| term_end = 29 May 2013
| president =
| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding = 
| constituency =
| majority =
| predecessor = Deedar Hussain Shah
| successor = [[Qamar Zaman Chaudhry]]
| prior_term =
| order2 = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 2 May 1997
| term_end2 = 2 October 1999
| president2 = 
| primeminister2 = 
| chancellor2 = 
| taoiseach2 = 
| governor2 = 
| vicepresident2 = 
| viceprimeminister2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Admiral|Adm.]] [[Mansurul Haq]]
| successor2 = Adm. [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]]
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 = 
| prior_term2 = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|3|8|df=y}}{{rp|265}}<ref name="K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press">{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIxtAAAAMAAJ&q=fasih+bokhari|access-date=16 January 2017|language=en|year=1997}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|11|24|1942|3|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>[https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2020/11/former-cns-admiral-fasih-bokhari-passes-away/ "Former CNS Admiral Fasih Bokhari Passes Away"] Bol News [24-11-2020]</ref>
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = {{unbulletedlist|[[British Raj|British Indian]] {{small|([[Partition of India|until 1947]])}}|[[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] {{small|(1947–2020)}}}}
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| parents = 
| relatives =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| nickname = 
| allegiance = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| branch = {{flagicon image|Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1959–1999
| rank = [[File:15-Pakistan Navy-ADM.svg|20px]] [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]] {{small|([[Service number|S/No.]] PN-858)}}{{rp|150}}<ref name="The Gazette of Pakistan">{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1979|publisher=The Gazette of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrlPAQAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+ON+858|access-date=16 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Submarine Command]]
| commands = {{bulletedlist|[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]|[[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander – Pakistan Fleet]]|[[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|DCNS (Operations)]]|[[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|ACNS (Personnel)]]}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|Naval operations]]
* [[Kargil War]]
* [[1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown|Atlantique Incident]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}} [[File:Naval Forces Medal - 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|40px]] {{small|[[Naval Forces Medal]]}} [[File:Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Grand Cordon.png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Order of Military Merit]]}} [[File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Courageous Commander (Malaysia).svg|40px]] {{small|[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Military orders and medals|Order of Military Service]]}}
| military_blank1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_blank5 =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Fasih Bokhari''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Military orders and medals|PGAT]]}} ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|فصیح بخارى}}}}; 8 March 1942<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/24-Nov-2020/former-naval-nab-chief-fasih-bokhari-passes-away-at-chak-shehzad|title = Former naval, NAB chief Fasih Bokhari passes away at Chak Shehzad|date = 24 November 2020}}</ref>{{rp|265}}<ref name="K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press"/> – 24 November 2020) was a [[Pakistani]] [[admiral]] who served as the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] from 1997 to 1999. He was a well-known [[Pacifism|pacifist]] and a prominent political figure as the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] from 1997 until his voluntary resignation in 1999, which stemmed from his staunch opposition to the then-[[President of Pakistan|Pakistani President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s instigation of the [[Kargil War]] with [[India]], a conflict that Bokhari reportedly saw as an act of inappropriate and uncoordinated aggression from [[Pakistan]] and one that subsequently led him into a bitter dispute with Musharraf.<ref name="Pakistani connections">{{cite web|title=پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل فصیح بخاری|url=http://www.pakistanconnections.com/history/index/2015-05-02/2209|website=www.pakistanconnections.com|publisher=Pakistani connections|access-date=16 January 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> Bokhari also served as the chairman of the [[National Accountability Bureau]], a Pakistani anti-corruption agency.

In 1999, Bokhari [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état#Revolt of the Admiral|publicly disagreed and revolted]] against the decision of then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] to extend Pervez Musharraf's tenure as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] preceding the latter's supersession as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].<ref name="Herald Magazine">{{cite news |title=Admiral Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/admiral-r-fasih-bokhari-1341|access-date=17 January 2017|work=Pakistan Herald |publisher=Herald Magazine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328064322/http://www.pakistanherald.com/Profile/Admiral-R-Fasih-Bokhari-1341|archive-date=28 March 2013}}</ref> He is notable for his [[Anti-war movement|war opposition]] stance, having called for public introspections about Musharraf's decisions related to the 1999 Kargil War in 2000.<ref name="Daily Times, 2002">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 October 2002 |title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari |url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=17 January 2017 |work=Daily Times |publisher= |issue=4 |agency=Daily Times}}</ref>

In 2011, Bokhari was appointed the chairman of the [[National Accountability Bureau]] by President [[Asif Ali Zardari]]. However, his appointment was mired in public controversies, leading to his eventual removal by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in 2013.<ref name="Dawn newspaper, Nasir Iqbal">{{cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Nasir|title=SC removes NAB chief Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1014659|access-date=17 January 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspaper|issue=2|publisher=Dawn newspaper, Nasir Iqbal|date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

== Biography ==

===Naval career and between wars (1965–1971)===

Fasih Bokhari was born in 1942 in [[British Indian Empire]], now [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].{{rp|265}}<ref name="K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press"/> In 1959, he was [[Commissioned officers|commissioned]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] as a [[Midshipman]] and was sent to the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in [[United Kingdom]] to complete his training.<ref name="Karachi Times, 1997">{{cite news|agency=Associate Press |title=Fasih Bokhari appointed naval chief|url=http://www.karachipage.com/news/may97/0501_10.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20010727101706/http://www.karachipage.com/news/may97/0501_10.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2001|access-date=17 January 2017|work=Karachi Times |publisher=Karachi Times |date=2 May 1997|language=en|format=txt}}</ref><ref name="Awaz Today Biography">{{cite news|last1=Awaz Today|display-authors=etal|title=Awaz Today Profile: Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.awaztoday.pk/profile_Admiral-R-Fasih-Bokhari_419.aspx|access-date=17 January 2017|work=www.awaztoday.pk|agency=Awaz Today|publisher=Awaz Today Biography|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118070210/http://www.awaztoday.pk/profile_Admiral-R-Fasih-Bokhari_419.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan News HD">{{cite news|title=Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.pakistannewshd.com/fasih-bokhari/|access-date=25 April 2018|work=www.pakistannewshd|agency=Pakistan News HD|publisher=Pakistan News HD Biography|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013417/http://www.pakistannewshd.com/fasih-bokhari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His [[Service number|S/No.]] was PN No. 858 when he joined the Navy in 1959.{{rp|150}}<ref name="The Gazette of Pakistan"/>

Upon returning to Pakistan in 1962, he was promoted to [[Sub Lieutenant|Sub-Lieutenant]] and inducted into the [[Pakistan Navy#Submarine Command|Submarine Command]] as a navigation officer.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography"/> He served in the [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] and did short training on submarine operations at the [[Naval Academy (Turkey)|Naval Academy]] in [[Turkey]].{{rp|259}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Mian Zahir|title=Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy|date=2001|publisher=PN Book Club Publication|location=Karachi, [pak]|isbn=9789698318031|pages=487 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks [snippet view]}}</ref>

[[Sub-Lieutenant|S/Lt.]] Bokhari joined ''Ghazi'' as a torpedo specialist under then-[[Commander (rank)|Cdr.]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] and participated in war operations in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with [[India]] in 1965.<ref name="Pakistani connections" /> In 1969, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] and moved to join the [[PNS Hangor (S131)|''Hangor'']] under the command of Cdr. [[Ahmed Tasnim]]. {{rp|370}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah" /> He earned notability for his valor of actions in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with [[India]] in 1971 when he served as a torpedo officer in the ''Hangor''.{{rp|11}}<ref name="Defence Journal, Sehgal">{{cite journal|last1=Sehgal|first1=Ikram ul-Majeed|title=Defence Journal|journal=Defence Journal|date=1 January 2001|volume=4-5|issue=3|pages=457|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLfAAAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+|access-date=17 January 2017|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|language=en}}</ref> [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] Bokhari, together with then-[[Lieutenant-Commander|Lt.Cdr]] A.U. Khan correctly identified the [[INS Khukri (F149)|INS ''Khukri'']], and provided coordinates that ultimately sank the [[INS Khukri (F149)|''Khukri'']] in 1971.<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H.|title=Remembering Our Warriors - Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal, Amin|access-date=17 January 2017|location=Karachi, Sindh|language=en|date=May 2001|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510114649/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the war, he was honored with ''[[Sitara-e-Jurat]]'' together with [[Ahmed Tasnim|Commander Tasnim]].<ref name="Defence Journal, Amin"/>

During the war, Lt. Bokhari was pulled off the Submarine Command after [[PNS Hangor (S131)|''Hangor'']] reported back to its [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|base]] and was sent to join the elite [[Special Services Group Navy]] (SSGN) after completing the quick training on special operations.{{rp|372}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah"/> He led a [[Platoon]] that consisted of 80 men and was stationed in [[Karachi]] to defend the [[Sir creek|coastal areas]] from the advancing [[Indian Army]].{{rp|373}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah"/> After learning of the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrender]] and the [[Independence of Bangladesh|secession]] of [[East Pakistan|east-Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], Lt. Bokhari became disillusioned with his war career and immediately submitted his resignation in the face of what he considered bleak prospects in the Navy for his future.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography"/> However, his resignation was not accepted by his superior [[commanding officer]]s who successfully persuaded him to continue serving in the Navy.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography"/>

In 1973, Lt. Bokhari was sent to [[France]] where he attended the [[École Militaire]] (a French naval war college) and graduated with a staff course degree in 1975.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography"/> Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted as [[Lieutenant-Commander]] and commanded the [[PNS Mangro (S133)|PNS ''Mangro'']] as his commanding assignment. In 1978, he was promoted to [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] and briefly completed a war assignment at the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD).{{rp|150}}<ref name="The Gazette of Pakistan"/> In 1983–84, Commander Bokhari attended the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] and briefly studied at the Armed Forces War College.{{rp|190}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Anwar">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|title=Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals: Autobiography of a Senior Naval Officer|date=2005|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=London [uk]|isbn=9781425900205|pages=268|language=en}}</ref> He studied under then-Colonel [[Jehangir Karamat]] who had profound influence on his critical thinking and authored his thesis on the [[war studies]], required for his [[Master of Science|master's degree]] which he attained in 1984.<ref name="Guide Publications">{{cite book|title=SP's Military Yearbook|date=1998|publisher=Guide Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+1984|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

=== Command and staff appointments ===

From 1985 to 1991, [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Bokhari was posted at the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] and served as the Director of Naval Operations (DNO) and director of the naval warfare operation plans.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography" /> In addition, Captain Bokhari also commanded a [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné]] submarine and two destroyers as part of his command experience in the Navy.<ref name="Karachi Times, 1997" /><ref name="Guide Publications" />

In 1991, he was promoted to one-star rank, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]], and briefly tenured as [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|ACNS (Personnel)]] until 1992 when he was promoted to [[Rear-Admiral]].<ref name="Awaz Today Biography" />

At the NHQ, Rear-Admiral Bokhari was appointed DCNS (Supply) until 1995 when he was promoted to the three-star assignment.<ref name="Awaz Today Biography" /> From 1995 to 1997, Vice-Admiral Bokhari commanded the [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Pakistan Fleet]] as its commander when he took over the command from out-going Vice Admiral Shamoon Alam Khan.{{rp|182}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Anwar" />

In 1995, [[Vice-Admiral]] Bokhari was elevated as the [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] (VCNS) under [[Admiral]] [[Mansurul Haq]].{{rp|819}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Anwar" />{{rp|501}}<ref name="Govt. of Pakistan, Directorate General of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information and Media Development">{{cite book|last1=Publication|first1=Pakistan Directorate General of Films and|title=Pakistan chronology, 1947-1997: with prologue and afterword|date=1998|publisher=Govt. of Pakistan, Directorate General of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information and Media Development|location=Islamabad|isbn=9789695070000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pONtAAAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+vice|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|182}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jane|first1=Frederick Thomas|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9YqAQAAMAAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+vice|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|isbn=9780710619051|year=1999}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Research Recorder">{{cite news|last=Navy sources|title=Indonesian Navy arrives in Pakistan|url=http://www.paksearch.com/br96/Aug/24/INDONESI.htm|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Research Recorder|date=24 August 1996}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Research recorder">{{cite news|last=Navy sources|title=Bokarhi takes command of PN fleet|url=http://www.paksearch.com/br95/Aug/01/bokharit.htm|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Research recorder|date=1 August 1995}}</ref>

Vice-Admiral Bokhari became involved in the acquisitions and indigenous production of [[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 90B]] submarines, with the French assistance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Admiral Fasih Bokhari|url=http://paktribune.com/authors/Admiral-Fasih-Bokhari-323.html|access-date=17 January 2017|work=Paktribune}}</ref>
He died on 24 November 2020.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Chief of Naval Staff ==

On 1 January 1997, Vice-Admiral Bokhari was promoted to [[Four-star admiral|four-star]] rank admiral and took over the command of the Navy from the dismissed Admiral [[Mansurul Haq]] as [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] on 5 February 1997.{{rp|199}}<ref name="Karachi Times, 1997" /><ref name="NYU Press, Cheema">{{cite book|last1=Cheema|first1=Pervaiz Iqbal|author-link1=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema|title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=NYU Press, Cheema|location=New York, US|isbn=9780814716335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Fasih+Bokhari+vice&pg=PA199|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks}}</ref> Upon appointment, Admiral Bokhari superseded Vice-Admiral A. U. Khan who was already on extension due to his chairmanship of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC)|National Shipping Corporation]], and visited the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]] and called on [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal|Gen.]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Feroze Khan]].<ref name="Karachi Times, 1997" />

As a [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]], Admiral Bokhari made numerous attempts to reconstruct the Navy and encouraged his subordinates to be more analytical in their thinking.{{rp|66}}<ref name="Springer, Siddiqa-Agha">{{cite book|last1=Siddiqa-Agha|first1=A.|title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230513525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJ8DAAAQBAJ&q=Fasih+Bokhari+1990s&pg=PA66|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|date=2001-03-20}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari also provided his crucial support for [[Jinnah Naval Base|naval base]] to be established in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]], which was made operationalized on 26 April 1997.<ref name="DAWN WIRE SERVICE">{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Shahid|title=New naval base to be operational next month|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1997/26Apr97.html#newn|access-date=17 January 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=DAWN Newspapers|issue=3/17|publisher=DAWN WIRE SERVICE|date=26 April 1997}}</ref> In 1999, Admiral Bokhari oversaw the Hammerhead– 99 as part of a series of conceptual exercises
conducted annually by the Navy as a prelude to the [[Exercise Sea Spark|''Sea Spark'']].<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 1999">{{cite news |author-link1=NNI News |date=25 September 1999 |title=Navy begins war-games |url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#navy |access-date=23 January 2017 |work=asianstudies.github.io |publisher=Dawn Newspaper, 1999 |location=Arabian Sea |issue=5/39 |agency=Dawn Wire Service, 1999}}</ref>

===1998 Nuclear tests and General Karamat's relief===
{{Main|List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|Chagai-I|Chagai-II|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat}}

Admiral Bokhari was the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] when [[India]] announced that the country conducted the series of nuclear tests under codename [[Operation Shakti]] on 12 May 1998.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|author-link1=Owen Bennett-Jones|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=978-0300101478|pages=384|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA191|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=The Atom Bomb}}</ref> He attended the informal meeting with [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] General [[Jehangir Karamat]] and [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[PQ Mehdi]], the [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]] of Pakistan Air Force, at the residence of General Karamat.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones"/> Admiral Bokhari reportedly argued against the authorisation of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear testings]] on [[Moral philosophy|moral grounds]], stressing his arguments on the fact that "Pakistan would be able to claim moral high ground."{{rp|190}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones"/>

Admiral Bokhari made a case for the support of [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|nuclear ambiguity]] and pointed out that Pakistan still had the [[nuclear capability]] and recommended the "wait and watch" policy to see the world's reaction.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones"/> At the [[Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)|National Security meeting]] held on 13 May 1998, Admiral Bokhari again stressed his stance on opposing atomic tests and was joined by [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] [[Sartaj Aziz]] who argued against the tests in a fear of economic sanctions.{{rp|270}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press, Khan|location=Stanford, CA, US|isbn=9780804784801|pages=400|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=Bokhari&pg=PA270|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=The Nuclear Test Decision}}</ref> At the meeting, Admiral Bokhari again exhorted for practicing the [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|nuclear ambiguity]] and strongly urging restraint.{{rp|271}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan"/> Nonetheless, the nuclear tests were carried out on [[Chagai-I|28 May]] and [[Chagai-II|30 May]] in 1998, authorized by the Prime Minister Sharif himself.{{rp|271}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan"/>

On 6 October 1998, Admiral Bokhari invited [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Jehangir Karamat|General Karamat]] to deliver the lecture on [[Civil military relations|civil-military]] relations at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] where the [[Jehangir Karamat|General Karamat]] pressed for the idea of reestablishing the official [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] that would take on the perennial problem posed to the country, with military having the representation.{{rp|150}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|author-link1=Stephen P. Cohen|title=The Idea of Pakistan|date=2006|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington DC|isbn=0815797613|pages=382|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&q=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council&pg=PA150|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=Political Pakistan}}</ref> Prime Minister Sharif viewed this lecture as military's interference on [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] and eventually relieved from the command of the military as the Chairman joint chiefs tendered the signed resignation.{{rp|150}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press"/>

At the public circle, Admiral Fasih Bokhari criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and popularly elected Prime Minister.{{rp|151–152}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press"/>

===Kargil War and Atlantique incident===
{{Main|Kargil War|Atlantique incident}}

In 1999, General [[Pervez Musharraf]] led the [[Pakistan Army]] to engage in bitter conflict with [[Indian Army]] in disputed [[Indian Kashmir|Kashmir]]– an event known as [[Kargil War]].{{rp|37}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /><ref name="The News International, Klausra">{{cite web|last1=Klausra|first1=Rauf|author-link1=Rauf Klasra|title=Kargil Debacle: Musharraf's Time Bomb, Waiting to Explode|url=http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/august04/P1_rauf.htm|website=antisystemic.org|publisher=Rauf Klaura, The News International|access-date=19 January 2017|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|pages=1|language=en|date=3 August 2004|archive-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201010417/http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/august04/P1_rauf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the issue of Kargil debacle, Admiral Bokhari attended multiple meetings with the Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Pervez Musharraf|General Musharraf]] to be briefed on the Kargil events, and the Indian Army's counterattacks on the Pakistan Army soldiers.{{rp|246}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Anwar" /> After attending the last session on Kargil with the Prime Minister Sharif, Admiral Bokhari did not view the Pakistan Army's engagement with Indian Army as appropriate and lodged a powerful protest against General Musharraf's [[grand strategy]] while recommending the constitution of a Commission to completely probe the Kargil issue.<ref name="The News International, 2011">{{cite news|title=Why Admiral Bokhari is a favourite of Zardari, rejected by Nawaz|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz|access-date=19 January 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International|issue=1/2|publisher=The News International, 2011|date=11 October 2011|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200856/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About the [[Indian Navy]] maneuvering its fleets to [[Arabian Sea]], Admiral Bokhari reportedly marked that: "Pakistan's already badgered economy could be throttled in a war scenario."<ref name="Rediff, Mehta">{{cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Major General Ashok K.|title=The Indian Navy's role during Kargil|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm|access-date=20 January 2017|work=www.rediff.com|agency=Rediff|issue=1|publisher=Rediff, Mehta|date=5 August 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210030822/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm|archive-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> Bokhari had the Pakistan Navy's warships begin providing escorts for its existing oil tankers, and secretly deployed submarines to keep track of any attempt by the Indian Navy to block the [[Karachi coast]].<ref name="HarperCollins">{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Harper|title=On the brink|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012061345/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2017|access-date=20 January 2017|work=The Telegraph|agency=The Telegraph|publisher=HarperCollins|date=28 April 2013}}</ref>{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bakshi">{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=G. D.|title=Green Consciousness Rising: The Coming Wars of Energy and Ecology|year=2004|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170622994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se9uXTkOdB8C&q=pakistan+navy+kargil+submarines&pg=PA63|access-date=20 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

At the country's [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]], Admiral Bokhari became well known for his publicly questioning the [[military strategy]] behind the Kargil infiltration and gave criticism on General Musharraf's inability for not taking the Navy into the planning stage, while the latter hoped for Navy's intervention to support the nation's defence after the conflict had reached an impasse.<ref name="Efficient Offset Printers">{{cite book|author1=Sanj Dutt|title=War in Peace in Kargil Sector|publisher=Efficient Offset Printers|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=81-7648-151-3|pages=478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA453 |access-date=18 May 2012|format=google books|year=2000}}</ref>

After the Kargil debacle and the martial law in 1999, Admiral Bokhari advised Musharraf to [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|resign from the command]] of the military and it would be the best for him to leave as soon as possible and seek a solution like former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|A.W. Kakar]] did.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002" />

About the [[Atlantique incident]] in 1999, Admiral Bokhari reacted angrily on statements issued by the Indian [[Indian Ministry of External Affairs|External Affairs ministry]] and reportedly quoted: "They [Indian] have been trying take the conflict to maritime scale, after the Kargil incident."<ref name="Associate Press">{{cite web|last1=Associated Press|first1=AP|title=PAKISTAN: PAKISTAN/INDIA CONFLICT: SITUATION UPDATE|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dc0jy_x0sQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/0dc0jy_x0sQ |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=5 February 2017|date=21 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Revolt and the resignation ===
{{Main|Revolt of the Admiral}}
On 7 October 1998, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] was promoted to [[Four-star rank|four-star]] army general and took over the command of army from General Karamat as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]; in addition, General Musharraf was also made acting [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] on 7 October 1998.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 1998">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=Karamat retired, Musharraf takes over as COAS|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/10Oct98.html#kara|access-date=17 January 2017|work=Dawn Wire Service, Area studies|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=4/40|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 1998|date=10 October 1998|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|language=en}}</ref>

The appointment to the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] was only meant to be temporary and it was hoped that Admiral Bokhari would be appointed to the post.{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT419|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> In September 1999, General Musharraf had sent a message to Prime Minister Sharif that "anyone in the Navy and Air Force can become the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] as I did not care."{{rp|111}}<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Musharraf">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|date=26 September 2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743298438|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&q=Bukhari&pg=PA34|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> General Musharraf reportedly backed Admiral Bokhari's bid for the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] but he was overseen by the Prime Minister who confirmed and extended General Musharraf's term until 2001.<ref name="DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=DAWN WIRE SERVICE|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/02oct99.html#mush|access-date=17 January 2017|work=DAWN WIRE SERVICE Area Studies|agency=DAWN newspaper|issue=5/40|publisher=DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque|date=2 October 1999}}</ref>

Upon hearing the news, Admiral Bokhari lodged a strong protest against this decision in the news media and reportedly revolted against [[Prime Minister]] Sharif's appointment for the Chairman joint chiefs in 1999.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|access-date=17 January 2017|work=Daily Times Pakistan|agency=Daily Times Pakistan|publisher=Daily Times Pakistan 2002|date=9 October 2002|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari telephoned the Prime Minister Sharif and announced his intention to resign from the command of the Navy despite the Prime Minister urging to complete his tenure. Admiral Bokhari strongly urged his resignation since General Musharraf was his junior and often referred to him as "Sir."<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002" />{{rp|1265}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita|title=Competition Science Vision|date=December 1999|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gDAAAAMBAJ&q=admiral+bukhari+nuclear+tests&pg=PA1265|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

On 5 October 1999, Admiral Bokhari resigned from the command of the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] as the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] construed Admiral Bokhari's resignation merely as unhappiness over not being appointed [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002"/>

Admiral Bokhari, however, maintained in 2002 that his resignation came only after realizing that General Musharraf and Prime Minister Sharif had decided to topple each other and he did not want to be part of these "dirty games".<ref name="Daily Times, 2002" /> Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the [[Civil-military relations|civil-military]] relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military taking over the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999.{{rp|63}}<ref name="SAGE Publications India, Singh">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|last2=Singh|first2=M. P.|title=Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India, Singh|location=London [uk]|isbn=9788132102663|pages=300|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63|access-date=17 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=google books|chapter=Pakistan since 1999 coup}}</ref>

== Public service ==
===Chairman National Accountability Bureau===

In 2007, Bokhari became the President of the Pakistan Ex Servicemen Association which he remained until 2010 before becoming the Convenor of The Save Pakistan Coalition in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spokesman|first1=The|title=Bokhari's letter to president 'NAB chief defamed SC'|url=http://www.thespokesman.pk/index.php/history/item/1137-bokhari%E2%80%99s-letter-to-president-%E2%80%98nab-chief-defamed-sc%E2%80%99|access-date=23 January 2017|language=en-gb}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 17 October 2011, Bokhari was appointed Chairman of the [[National Accountability Bureau]] by the then-[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]], which the president also confirmed his appointment.<ref name="Dunya News TV, 2011">{{cite news|last1=News Desk|first1=ND|title=Admiral (r) Fasih Bokhari appointed as chairman NAB - Pakistan {{!}} Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/75494-Admiral-(r)-Fasih-Bokhari-appointed-as-chairman-NA|access-date=23 January 2017|work=dunyanews.tv|agency=Dunya News TV|issue=1|publisher=Dunya News TV, 2011|date=17 October 2011}}</ref> His appointment was met with the controversy when then-[[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Opposition leader]] [[Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan|Nisar Ali Khan]] raised objection to the nomination on technical grounds but was rejected by the President Zardari.<ref name="samaa.tv 2011">{{cite news|last1=Samaa Web desk|first1=SWD|title=Fasih Bukhari appointed chairman NAB – SAMAA TV|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2011/10/fasih-bukhari-appointed-chairman-nab/amp/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=www.samaa.tv|agency=samaa.tv|issue=1|publisher=samaa.tv 2011|date=17 October 2011}}</ref> In 2012, he vowed to eliminate the corruption and maintained that the [[National Accountability Bureau|NAB]] should adapt to eliminate corruption from the country.<ref name="Samaa TV">{{cite news|title=I will eliminate corruption, says NAB Chief Fasih Bokhari {{!}} SAMAA TV|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2012/11/i-will-eliminate-corruption-says-nab-chief-fasih-bokhari/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=Samaa TV}}</ref>

Following his appointment, Admiral Bokhari's appointment was challenged by then-[[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Opposition leader]] [[Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan|Ali Khan]] after he submitted a complaint at the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] on technicality.<ref name="South Asian News Agency, 2013">{{cite news|last1=South Asian News Agency|first1=SANA|title=SC declares NAB Chairman's appointment null and void; orders federal govt to appoint new chairman follow the legal procedure|url=http://www.sananews.net/english/sc-declares-nab-chairmans-appointment-null-and-void-orders-federal-govt-to-appoint-new-chairman-follow-the-legal-procedure/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=South Asian News Agency|agency=South Asian News Agency|publisher=South Asian News Agency, 2013|date=17 May 2013}}</ref> In 2013, [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|Senior Justice]] [[Tassaduq Hussain Jillani|T.H. Jillani]] declared the Bokhari's appointment as "null and void."<ref>{{cite news|title=SC declares NAB chairman Fasih Bukhari's appointment null, void - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/555458/sc-declares-nab-chairman-fasih-bukharis-appointment-null-void/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dismissed: NAB chief sent packing - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/555909/dismissed-nab-chief-sent-packing/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=29 May 2013}}</ref> On 28 May 2013, President Zardari approved the summary that officially terminated Fasih Bokhari's appointment as chairman of NAB.<ref name="CNBC Pakistan">{{cite news|title=President Approves Sacking Of Chairman NAB Fasih Bokhari - JAAG TV|url=http://www.cnbcpakistan.com/President-Approves-Sacking-Of-Chairman-NAB-Fasih-Bokhari-news-17567.html|access-date=23 January 2017|work=www.cnbcpakistan.com|agency=CNBC Pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202154213/http://www.cnbcpakistan.com/President-Approves-Sacking-Of-Chairman-NAB-Fasih-Bokhari-news-17567.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Peace activism==
=== Kargil War Introspection and pacifism ===

After his famous revolt and resignation, Admiral Bokhari began his political activism aimed towards [[Peace Between Nations|peace between]] [[India and Pakistan|two countries]] and showed [[Opposition to war|opposition towards wars]].<ref name="Daily Times, 2002" /> In 2002 and again in 2011, Admiral Bokhari pressed for constituting a commission that would introspect the events that led to the [[Kargil War]] and showed his willingness to testify before an inquiry commission that would be formed by the government of the day.<ref name="The Pak Tea House: 2011">{{cite news |title=Kargil Commission|url=http://thepakteahouse.blogspot.com/2011/04/former-air-naval-chiefs-demand-kargil.html|access-date=20 January 2017|work=The Pak Tea House|agency=The Pak Tea House|publisher=The Pak Tea House: 2011|date=April 2011}}</ref> His support for forming an inquiry commission was supported by then-[[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|air chief]] [[PQ Mehdi]], [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Jamshed Gulzar Kiani|Gulzar Kiyani]] ([[Director-General|DG]][[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|MI]]), Lieutenant-General Tauqeer Zia ([[Director-General|DG]][[Military operations|MO]]), Lieutenant-General [[Shahid Aziz]] (DG ISI Analysis Wing), and Lieutenant-General Abdul Majeed Malik.<ref name="The News International 2008">{{cite news|title=DGMO of Kargil era ready to face inquiry|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/657580-dgmo-of-kargil-era-ready-to-face-inquiry|access-date=20 January 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International 2008|publisher=The News International 2008|date=9 June 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune, 2017">{{cite news|last1=Rana|first1=Amir|title=Kargil Operation: Musharraf kept Kayani in the dark, book reveals - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/847350/kargil-operation-musharraf-kept-kayani-in-the-dark-book-reveals/|access-date=22 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|agency=Express Tribune|issue=6|publisher=Express Tribune, 2017|date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

After the Kargil War and [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] in 1999, followed by the [[2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff|military standoff]] between [[India and Pakistan relations|two nations]], Admiral Bokhari became politically active in supporting peace and expressing [[opposition to war]] by pressing towards the idea of resolving any possible sources of future conflict at sea.<ref name="Zee News, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporters|first1=War correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup in advance: Ex-Admiral|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/musharraf-planned-coup-in-advance-exadmiral_61428.html|access-date=22 January 2017|work=Zee News|agency=Zee News|publisher=Zee News, 2002|date=8 October 2002|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indian Navy]]'s former [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] [[Admiral]] [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni|J.G. Nadkarni]] recently opined that Pakistan had sensible mariners in decision-making positions who were keen to have agreements with the Indian Navy. Admiral Fasih Bokhari, Pakistan's naval chief from 1997 to 1999, was a great proponent of maritime co-operation with India and believed that it would benefit both countries."<ref name="Daily Times, 2002" />

From 2010–2011, Admiral Bokhari wrote [[Column (periodical)|column]] based on defence and strategic strategies for the English-language newspaper, [[Express Tribune]], where he focused on [[peaceful coexistence]] with India and balanced relations with the [[United States]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Express Tribune, Bokhari">{{cite news|title=fasih.bokhari, Author at The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/author/775/fasih-bokhari/|access-date=23 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|agency=The Express Tribune, Bokhari|publisher=The Express Tribune, Bokhari}}</ref>

=== Views on 1999 Coup d'état ===
{{Main|Musharaf Coup}}

In 2002, Admiral Bokhari quoted that: he knew about General Musharraf’s plans to topple [Prime Minister] Nawaz Sharif and did not want to be part of these "''Dirty Games''".<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002" /> Admiral Bokhari also noted that a power struggle between an elected Prime Minister and appointed-[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] ensued and relations were severely damaged after the Kargil war.{{rp|37–38}}<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|publisher=Yale University Press|location=United States|isbn=0-300-10147-3|pages=37–38|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=PA37 |chapter-format=google books|chapter=The 1999 Coup|year=2002}}</ref>

Before enforcing the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] in 1999 against the elected government, Admiral Bokhari noted: "The two men could not work together, both were preparing to take active actions against each other. I could see that there now two centers of power on a collision course".{{rp|37}}<ref name="Yale University Press"/> At an informal meeting held at the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in September 1999, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[General Musharraf]] indicated his displeasure with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's handling of the country describing Prime Minister Sharif as "incompetent and incapable of running the country."{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press"/> Admiral Bokhari firmly got the impression whether General Musharraf was sounding out to rely on the support from the Navy in the event of the coup and Admiral Bokhari discouraged the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] from doing so.{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press"/>

He contended that the Lahore Declaration process was the best trajectory for Pakistan and should be continued through a political dialogue. He further added that any rupture in the dialogue process would set the country back.<ref name="Yale University Press" /> Bokhari realised that this meeting was held to secure his support against the elected government.<ref name="Yale University Press" />

=== Contribution to "Military Inc." by Ayesha Siddiqa ===
Admiral Bokhari is mentioned multiple times by [[Ayesha Siddiqa]] in her book [[Military Inc.|Military Inc]]., which describes the ideology and actions of the Pakistani military in running their commercial enterprises and business interests. He is quoted directly, as well as cited in multiple other places as an observer of the events and ideology that are described within the military. His significant contribution is acknowledged at the start of the book.

==Criticism==

In 2012, Brian Coughley, the historian of Pakistan, found it strange that Admiral Bokhari did not inform the government or [[Rafiq Tarar|President Tarar]] if he had the prior knowledge of [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|intended martial law]] against the elected government.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley" />

In 2011, the [[The News International|''News International'']] editorial gave criticism to Bokhari after his appointment as Chairman NAB and opined that "Admiral Bokhari, as [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|CNS]], had quietly closed the case against retired [[Mansurul Haq]] when the latter was not found guilty but did not take actions against those naval officers [[Karachi affair|who had received kickbacks]], including [[Aftab Shaban Mirani]] who the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] involved in the affairs."<ref name="The News International, 2011" />

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pak Navy CaS.png|width=55}}
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa (1998).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=40 years Service Medal (Pakistan Armed Forces).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Naval Forces Medal - 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Grand Cordon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=The Gallant Order of Military Service - Courageous Commander (Malaysia).svg|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Command at Sea insignia]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
| colspan="2" |[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|'''Hilal-e-Imtiaz''']]
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Star of Excellence)''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Star of Good Conduct)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''

'''1. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]] Clasp'''

'''2. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]] Clasp'''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
(''War Star 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Baqa]]'''
''([[Chagai-I|Nuclear Test Medal]])''

'''1998'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|40 Years Service Medal]]'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]'''
''(Democracy Medal)''

'''1988'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''(Resolution Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1990'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]'''
''(Independence Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1997'''
|'''Naval Forces Medal'''

'''(1st Class)'''

'''''([[Saudi Arabia]])'''''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Order of Military Merit]]'''
'''''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Grand Cordon]]'''''

'''''([[Syria|Jordan]])'''''
|'''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Military orders and medals|The Order of Military Service]]'''
'''''([[United States|Malaysia]])'''''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|'''Naval Forces Medal - (1st Class)'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Naval Forces Medal - 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit - Grand Cordon]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Grand Cordon.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|Malaysia}}'''
|'''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Military orders and medals|The Order of Military Service - Courageous Commander]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=The Gallant Order of Military Service - Courageous Commander (Malaysia).svg|width=130}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Philosophy]]
**[[Morality and ethics]]
**[[Moral values]]
*[[Interservice rivalry]]
**[[Army vs. Navy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://shiacelebrities.com/scholars/fasih-bokhari/ Fasih Bokhari Biography]
* [http://www.karachipage.com/news/may97/0501_10.txt Fasih Bokhari appointed naval chief]
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=141618 "Cut the umbilical cord" by Adm Fasih Bokhari (The News) 18 October 2008]
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=151985 "Let’s get our act together in South Asia" by Adm Fasih Bokhari (The News) 15 December 2008]
* [http://www.nab.gov.pk/ The Official Website of the National Accountability Bureau, Pakistan.]
*[https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1997/26Apr97.html#newn naval base]
*[https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#navy war games]
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mansurul Haq]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]|years=1997–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Aziz Mirza]]}}
{{end}}

{{Pakistan Navy Staff Chief}}
{{Chairmen of the National Accountability Bureau}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bokhari, Fasih}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:École navale alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Special Service Group (Navy) personnel|B]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:French–Urdu translators]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Naval Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:People of the Kargil War]]
[[Category:Pakistani pacifists]]
[[Category:Pakistani military writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani conscientious objectors|B]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-war activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti–Iraq War activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-e-Basalat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Jordan)]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
[[Category:Defence and security analysts in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the National Accountability Bureau]]

Dohar (band)

2026-03-18T20:25:59Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{Short description|Indian folk music musical ensemble}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dohar
| native_name = দোহার
| origin = Kolkata, West Bengal. India
| genre = Bengali Folk Music
| years_active = 07 August 1999-present
| current_members = Rajib Das (Team Leader), Rittik Guchait, Mrignabhi Chattopadhyay, Satyajit Sarkar, Niranjan Haldar, Amit Sur, Sudipto Chakraborty
| label = Concord Music, Sony Music, [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], Orion Entertainment, Picasso Entertainment
| image = KALIKA.jpg
| website = http://www.doharfolk.com/
| caption = Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya, founder member of Dohar in one of their folk concerts.
| past_members = Kalika Prasad Bhattacharjee
}}
[[File:TEAM DOHAR 20 copy.jpg without logo.jpg|alt=Team DOHAR - a group of folk musicians|thumb|Team '''DOHAR''' - a group of folk musicians]]
'''Dohar''' ({{Langx|bn|দোহার)}} is an Indian [[folk music]] [[musical ensemble]] that specializes in the styles of greater [[Bengal]] as well as the [[Northeast India|North East India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/bengali/39189367|title=দোহার ব্যান্ডের কালিকাপ্রসাদ মারা গেছেন|date=2017-03-07|work=BBC বাংলা|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> It is very popular in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esamakal.net/?archiev=yes&arch_date=23-10-2013#|title=The Daily eSamakal|website=esamakal.net|access-date=2017-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.samakal.com/music/article/1703275490/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|title=বাংলাদেশের গান গেয়েই যাত্রা 'দোহার' ব্যান্ডের|last=Team|first=Samakal Online|work=সমকাল|access-date=2017-10-02|language=bn}}</ref>

Dohar has popularised Bengali and Assamese folk music. They have played for various Bengali communities in India<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Sway-to-the-beats-of-folk-tunes/articleshow/52743776.cms|title=Sway to the beats of folk tunes|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 February 2017 }}</ref> and abroad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bangla-folk-band-dohar-to-perform-in-dubai-on-may-29-2015-05-26-1.591879|title=Bangla folk band Dohar to perform in Dubai on May 29|date=26 May 2015 }}</ref>

== History ==
The group was co-founded by [[Rajib Das]] and [[Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya]] on 7 August 1999. Both the members came to Kolkata from Barak Valley of Assam. The name of the band 'Dohar' was given by Aveek Majumdar, [[Professor]] of [[Jadavpur University]]. Dohar means 'chorus'.<ref name=":1" /> [[Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya]] and Rajib Das both were the lead singers and leader of Dohar. Bhattacharya died in a road accident near Gurap village in [[Hooghly district]] on 7 March 2017, aged 47.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kalikaprasad-passes-away-dgtl-1.575593|title=গাড়ি দুর্ঘটনায় প্রয়াত দোহারের কালিকাপ্রসাদ|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2017-10-02|language=bn}}</ref> 5 other members were also injured.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kalikaprasad-the-artist-of-the-soil-who-wanted-to-popularize-folk-music-on-urban-dias-dgtl-1.575685?ref=hm-ft-stry|title=মাটিতে পা রেখেই শহরের মঞ্চে লোকগান শোনাতে চেয়েছেন কালিকাপ্রসাদ|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2017-10-02|language=bn}}</ref> The remaining members of the band have continued singing under the leadership of Rajib Das.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/purolia-birvhum-bankura/dohar-started-performing-in-district-but-kalika-prasad-went-missing-on-stage-1.602768|title=জেলায় 'দোহার', নেই শুধু কালিকা|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2017-10-02|language=bn}}</ref>

== Members ==
Sources:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://doharfolk.com/|title=Dohar – A Group of Folk Musicians|website=doharfolk.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
*[[Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya|Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee]].
*[[Rajib Das]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/RAJIB+DAS+DOHAR/@22.6248159,88.4186605,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39f89fa5229fa0b5:0x1e1984174f072d4a!8m2!3d22.6248159!4d88.4186605!16s%2Fg%2F11gjnwjtvw?entry=ttu | title=RAJIB DAS DOHAR · ANNEX TO LOKNATH ASHRAM, 2/15 KHUDIRAM BOSE SARANI, MALL ROAD CHALACHAL APARTMENT, North Dumdum, West Bengal 700080, India }}</ref>
* Rittik Guchait
* Mrignabhi Chattopadhyay
* Satyajit Sarkar
* Niranjan Haldar
* Amit Sur
* Sudipto Chakraborty
* Rahul Karmakar

== Albums & Music CDs ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doharfolk.com/achievements/|title=Achievements – Dohar|website=doharfolk.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-02}}</ref>
* “Bandhur Deshey” by Concord Records India – 2001
* “Banglar gaan Shikorer Taan” by [[Sony Music]] – 2002
* “Rupsagare” by [[Saregama]] – 2004
* “Bangla” by Saregama – 2006
* “2007” by Saregama – 2007
* “MATI’SWAR” by [[Orion Entertainment|ORION ENTERTAINMENT]] – 2009
* “MATIR KELLA” – Video Album, a Musical Documentary of Folk Music of Bengal by Saregama – 2011
* “BAUL FOKIRER RABINDRANATH” by ORION ENTERTAINMENT – 2012
* “SAHASRA DOTARA” by ORION ENTERTAINMENT – 2013
* “UNISHER DAAK” – by PICASSO ENTERTAINMENT-2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/a-new-album-by-kalikaprasad-of-dohar-bangla-band-for-bengali-spoken-people-1.144791|title=শুধু ভাষার জন্য|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2017-10-02|language=bn}}</ref>
* “Rajib Das remembers Kalikaprasad” – by Rajib Das 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/rajib-das-remembers-kalikaprasad-on-day-before-of-his-first-death-anniversary-dgtlx-1.766090?ref=hm-ft-stry-6|title=কালিকাদা, তোমার ওপর খুব রাগ হয়|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-03-05|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Sudhakar (actor)

2026-03-17T19:19:24Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adjust lead per standard format and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian, film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Sudhakar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 18 May 1959 (age 66)
| birth_place = [[Markapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | }}
| years_active = 1978-2009; 2018
}}

'''Sudhakar''' is a retired Indian actor, comedian and film producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=“ரஜினி எனக்கு சீனியர்... சிரஞ்சீவி எனக்கு ஜூனியர்!” - ’கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்’ சுதாகர் ரீவைண்ட்... |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/senior-actor-sudhakar-interview |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> He has appeared more than 600 films in predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remember Actor G Sudhakar Who Has Done Over 600 Films? This is How He Looks Now|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/remember-actor-g-sudhakar-who-has-done-over-600-films-this-is-how-he-looks-now-8772503.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=News 18}}</ref> He produced several films in Telugu, including ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988). He won two [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Betha Sudhakar |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/comedian/betha-sudhakar|work=Nettv 4u}}</ref>

== Early life and personal life ==

Sudhakar was born in [[Prakasam district|Vishakapatnam district]]. His father was a deputy collector who traveled all across [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was the seventh and youngest of seven brothers. After completing his intermediate at [[Andhra-Christian College|Andhra-Hindu College]] in [[Guntur]], he enrolled in the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Madras Film Institute]] to pursue a career in film acting.<ref>{{Cite news |title=
Sudhakar |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/sudhakar |work=Filmy Focus}}</ref>

== Film career ==

Sudhakar made his acting debut as a lead hero in the 1978 Tamil film, ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]''. He portrayed the lead hero in a number of Tamil films and had a number of box office successes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Sudhakar slams his death rumors
|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/actor-sudhakar-slams-his-death-rumors |access-date=2023-05-25 |work=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

In 1980, he forayed into Telugu films with ''Srushti Rahasyalu''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Sudhakar: Petty politics forced me to leave Tamil films |url=https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/actor-sudhakar-petty-politics-forced-me-to-leave-tamil-films |access-date=2020-08-07 |work=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> For close to a decade, he continued playing lead roles. From the early 90s, he started taking up comic roles and gained a lot of popularity as one of the top comedians in Telugu industry. His unusual vocal modulation and speech pronunciation made him an ideal choice for comedic roles on the silver screen.

He turned producer with [[Chiranjeevi]] starrer 1988 film ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'', and went on to produce three more films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chiranjeevi & Sudhakar: A revival of Friendship |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/246394/chiranjeevi-sudhakar-a-revival-of-friendship |access-date=2023-06-20 |work=Gulte}}</ref>

As a comedian, some of his best films include ''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' (1993), ''[[Sisindri]]'' (1995), ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997) and ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997), ''[[Pelli Pandiri]]'' (1997), among others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Sudhakar reacts to 'fake news' about his death: Don’t believe rumours, I’m very happy and doing absolutely fine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/actor-sudhakar-reacts-fake-new-death-rumours-101685161175866.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2015|access-date=31 December 2020|website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] - ''[[Peddarikam]]'' (1992)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] - ''[[Snehitulu]]'' (1998)

== Partial filmography ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
=== Telugu ===
* ''Srushti Rahasyalu'' (1980)
* ''Pavitra Prema'' (1980)
* ''[[Agni Poolu (film)|Agni Poolu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Oorukichina Maata]]'' (1981)
* ''Bhogi Mantalu'' (1981)
* ''Chilipi Vayasu'' (1982)
* ''[[Kalavari Samsaram]]'' (1982)
* ''Bangaru Bhoomi'' (1982)
* ''Nijam Chepithe Nerama'' (1983)
* ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983)
* ''Mayagadu'' (1983)
* ''Konte Kodallu'' (1983)
* ''[[Prema Pichollu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Janani Janmabhoomi]]'' (1984)
* ''Rama Rao Gopal Rao'' (1984)
* ''Mogudu Pellalu'' (1985)
* ''Vintha Mogudu'' (1985)
* ''Maya Mohini'' (1985)
* ''[[Maha Manishi]]'' (1985)
* ''Mogudu Pellalu'' (1985)
* ''Maa Inti Mahalakshmi'' (1985)
* ''Paripoyina Khaideelu'' (1985)
* ''Mayadari Maridi'' (1985)
* ''Kutra'' (1986)
* ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Chanakya Sapatham]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Majnu (1987 film)|Majnu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sahasa Samrat]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Allari Krishnayya]]'' (1987)
* ''Rotation Chakravarthy'' (1987)
* ''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Trimurtulu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Ramu (1987 film)|Ramu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Vijetha Vikram]]'' (1987)
* ''Aatma Bandhuvulu'' (1987)
* ''Indra Dhanusu'' (1988)
* ''Annapurnamma Gari Alludu'' (1988)
* ''Nyayam Kosam'' (1988)
* ''Prithviraj'' (1988)
* ''[[Raktha Thilakam]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Marana Mrudangam]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1988)
* ''[[August 15 Raatri]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Muthyamantha Muddu]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989)
* ''Manchivaaru Maavaaru'' (1989)
* ''Paila Pachessu'' (1989)
* ''Neram Nadia Kadu'' (1989)
* ''[[Ontari Poratam]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Vicky Daada]]'' (1989)
* ''Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham'' (1989)
* ''[[State Rowdy]]'' (1989)
* ''Manchi Kutumbam'' (1989)
* ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' (1990)
* ''Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu'' (1990)
* ''Maa Inti Katha'' (1990)
* ''Irugillu Porugillu'' (1990)
* ''[[Sundarakumara]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Chinnari Muddula Papa]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kobbari Bondam]]'' (1991)
* ''Bhargav'' (1991)
* ''Jeevana Chadarangam'' (1991)
* ''[[Parishkaram]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Asadhyulu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Peddarikam]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Prema Sikharam]]'' (1992)
* ''Repati Koduku'' (1992)
* ''Bangaru Mama'' (1992)
* ''Nani'' (1992)
* ''Golmaal Govindam'' (1992)
* ''Jagannatham & Sons'' (1992)
* ''Pachchani Samsaram'' (1992)
* ''420'' (1992)
* ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kondapalli Raja]]'' (1993)
* ''Kokkoro Ko'' (1993)
* ''Pelli Gola'' (1993)
* ''Kaliyugam'' (1993)
* ''Mogudu Garu'' (1993)
* ''Kirayi Gunda'' (1993)
* ''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One by Two]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Aasayam]]'' (1993)
* ''Chinna Alludu'' (1993)
* ''[[Bhale Pellam]]'' (1994)
* ''President Gari Alludu'' (1994)
* ''Gharana Alludu'' (1994)
* ''[[Allari Premikudu]]'' (1994)
* ''Palletoori Mogudu'' (1994)
* ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (1994)
* ''Theerpu'' (1994)
* ''Kurradhi Kurradu'' (1994)
* ''[[Bhale Bullodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Sankalpam]]'' (1995)
* ''Alibaba Adbhuta Deepam'' (1995)
* ''Rendu Krishnudu'' (1995)
* ''[[Sisindri]]'' (1995)
* ''Mayabazaar'' (1995)
* ''Street Fighter'' (1995)
* ''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Raja Simham]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Lingababu Love Story]]'' (1995)
* ''Shubhamastu'' (1995)
* ''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Bombay Priyudu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Gokulamlo Seeta]]'' (1997)
* ''Circus Sattipandu'' (1997)
* ''[[Subhalekhalu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Ugadi (1997 film)|Ugadi]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pattukondi Chuddam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Pandiri]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Kanuka (1998 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pelli Peetalu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suswagatham]]'' (1998)
* ''Sreevarante Maavare'' (1998)
* ''Yuvarathna Rana'' (1998)
* ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pavitra Prema]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Srimathi Vellostha]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suryudu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pandaga]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Snehithulu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Abhishekam (film)|Abhishekam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Auto Driver]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Swapna Lokam|Swapnalokam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Yamajathakudu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Raja (1999 film)|Raja]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Naa Hrudayamlo Nidurinche Cheli]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Hello...Yama!]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Maa Balaji]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Postman (2000 film)|Postman]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Choosoddaam Randi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Okkadu Chalu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Maa Pelliki Randi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Manasunna Maaraju]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Manasichanu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Moodu Mukkalaata]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Navvuthu Bathakalira]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]'' (2001)
* ''Inspector Vikram'' (2001)
* ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Repallelo Radha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' (2001)
* ''Evadra Rowdy'' (2001)
* ''[[Snehamante Idera]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Family Circus (2001 film)|Family Circus]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Neethone Vuntanu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Juniors (film)|Juniors]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Fools (2003 film)|Fools]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' (2007)
* ''Doshi'' (2008)
* ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' (2009)

{{div col end}}
* “[[Oka Padhakam Prakaram]] (2025 film)

=== Tamil===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Inikkum Ilamai]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Niram Maratha Pookal]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Manthoppu Kiliye]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Chakkalathi]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Aayiram Vaasal Idhayam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' (1980)
* ''Karumbu Vil'' (1980)
* ''Chinna Chinna Veedu Katti'' (1980)
* ''Kuruvikoodu'' (1980)
* ''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]'' (1980)
* ''Anna Paravai'' (1980)
* ''Chinnajiru Kiliye'' (1980)
* ''Malargale Malarungal'' (1980)
* ''Ethir Veetu Jannal'' (1980)
* ''[[Enga Ooru Rasathi]]'' (1980)
* ''Azhaithal Varuven'' (1980)
* ''[[Rusi Kanda Poonai]]'' (1980)
* ''Pennin Vazhkai'' (1981)
* ''Oruthi Mattum Karaiyinile'' (1981)
* ''Pen Manam Pesugirathu'' (1981)
* ''Nadhi Ondru Karai Moondru'' (1981)
* ''Tharayil Vazhum Meengal'' (1981)
* ''Thunaivi'' (1982)
* ''[[Kai Naattu]]'' (1988)
* ''Maduraikara Thambi'' (1988)
* ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018)
{{div col end}}

=== Kannada===
* ''[[Nagaradalli Nayakaru]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]]'' (2003)

=== Malayalam===
* ''Paapathinu Maranamilla'' (1979)

====Producer====

* ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
* ''Tatayya Pelli Manavadi Shobhanam'' (1989)
* ''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' (1993)
* ''Kishkindakanda'' (1994)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0837191}}
* [https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/actor-sudhakar-petty-politics-forced-me-to-leave-tamil-films Actor Sudhakar: Petty politics forced me to leave Tamil films]
*[http://www.telugulo.com/view_news.php?id=8215 An Interview With Sudhakar]

{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Sailesh Kolanu

2026-03-08T08:42:41Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adding new page.

{{Short description|Indian director, screenwriter}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sailesh Kolanu
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Sailesh Kolanu''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is known for hit film series in Telugu cinema<ref name="thehindu.2022.11.28">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-28 |title=Director Sailesh Kolanu on Adivi Sesh-starrer 'HIT: The Second Case', presented by Nani: 'HIT 2' lays the foundation for a 'HIT' universe |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sailesh-kolanu-talks-about-telugu-film-hit-2-starring-adivi-sesh-and-produced-by-nani-and-prashanti/article66186903.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208184831/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sailesh-kolanu-talks-about-telugu-film-hit-2-starring-adivi-sesh-and-produced-by-nani-and-prashanti/article66186903.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Sailesh was born and raised in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], where his father, Seshagiri Rao Kolanu, was a production manager for Pratap Art Productions and then worked for late filmmaker, [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. He graduated in [[Optometry]] from [[LV Prasad Eye Institute]]. He further pursued his PhD in optometry from the [[University of New South Wales]], before pursuing a career as a filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-29 |title=The science of an artist |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/290120/the-science-of-an-artist.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Asian Age |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165311/https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/290120/the-science-of-an-artist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kolanu began his career with the 2018 short film, ''Checklist'', which was made for [[I F P]]'s 50-hour filmmaking challenge. He went on to direct his first feature film, ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' produced by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]. It was a box-office success. In 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIT: The First Case Movie Review: Rajkummar Rao delivers a stellar performance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hit-the-first-case-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-delivers-a-stellar-performance-1975854-2022-07-15 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230072704/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hit-the-first-case-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-delivers-a-stellar-performance-1975854-2022-07-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-24 |title=Rajkumar Rao says 'HIT – The First Case' is a film he is proud of, it presents him in a new avatar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rajkumar-rao-says-hit-the-first-case-is-a-film-he-is-proud-of-it-presents-him-in-a-new-avatar/articleshow/92424800.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129133838/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rajkumar-rao-says-hit-the-first-case-is-a-film-he-is-proud-of-it-presents-him-in-a-new-avatar/articleshow/92424800.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=HIT director Sailesh Kolanu says, 'not every South film does well, many won't work even if it is dubbed' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hit-director-sailesh-kolanu-says-not-every-south-film-does-well-many-won-t-work-even-if-it-is-dubbed-1975046-2022-07-13 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208184916/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hit-director-sailesh-kolanu-says-not-every-south-film-does-well-many-won-t-work-even-if-it-is-dubbed-1975046-2022-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> he went on to create the ''[[HIT Universe]]'',<ref name="thehindu.2022.11.28" /> with the release of second film of the franchise, ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=HIT 2 director Sailesh Kolanu on violent films influencing real-life crimes: 'Important to not glamourise violence' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hit-2-director-sailesh-kolanu-talks-about-violent-films-influencing-real-life-crimes-101669208063028.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208184819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hit-2-director-sailesh-kolanu-talks-about-violent-films-influencing-real-life-crimes-101669208063028.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=HIT 2: Samantha Ruth Prabhu keen to play 'badass cop'; Adivi Sesh gets emotional as Mahesh Babu calls him |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/hit-2-samantha-ruth-prabhu-keen-to-play-badass-cop-adivi-sesh-gets-emotional-as-mahesh-babu-calls-him-1201803 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208133412/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/hit-2-samantha-ruth-prabhu-keen-to-play-badass-cop-adivi-sesh-gets-emotional-as-mahesh-babu-calls-him-1201803 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=All women cops will relate to my character in 'HIT 2': Komalee Prasad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/dec/01/all-women-cops-will-relate-to-my-character-in-hit-2komalee-prasad-2523834.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207005833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/dec/01/all-women-cops-will-relate-to-my-character-in-hit-2komalee-prasad-2523834.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-02 |title='HIT 2', 'HIT: The Second Case' movie review: Adivi Sesh scores in a taut cop drama that paves the way for a 'HIT Universe' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-2-telugu-movie-review-adivi-sesh-scores-in-a-taut-cop-drama/article66214017.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208170747/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-2-telugu-movie-review-adivi-sesh-scores-in-a-taut-cop-drama/article66214017.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Hit The Second Case box office collection: Adivi Sesh's mystery thriller collects Rs 20 crore worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hit-the-second-case-box-office-adivi-seshs-mystery-thriller-collects-rs-20-cr-worldwide-8305140/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209150731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hit-the-second-case-box-office-adivi-seshs-mystery-thriller-collects-rs-20-cr-worldwide-8305140/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He announced ''HIT: The Third Case'', during the [[post-credits scene|mid-credits scene]] of ''HIT: The Second Case'', starring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Nani's HIT 3 will create 'next level rampage', promises director Sailesh Kolanu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nanis-hit-3-will-create-next-level-rampage-promises-director-sailesh-kolanu-2305858-2022-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nanis-hit-3-will-create-next-level-rampage-promises-director-sailesh-kolanu-2305858-2022-12-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Adivi Sesh shares a 'HIT' pic with Nani, Vishwak Sen and Sailesh Kolanu, hints to collab together |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/adivi-sesh-shares-a-hit-pic-with-nani-vishwak-sen-and-sailesh-kolanu-hints-to-collab-together-1202078 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208102816/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/adivi-sesh-shares-a-hit-pic-with-nani-vishwak-sen-and-sailesh-kolanu-hints-to-collab-together-1202078 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, after the release of “HIT: The Third Case”, Sailesh Kolanu teased Karthi as ACP Veerappan for the next movie in the franchise, “HIT: The Fourth Case”.

== Filmography ==
===As director===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" |''[[HIT: The First Case]]''
| Telugu
| Debut; First installment in [[HIT Universe]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|HIT: The First Case]]''
| Hindi
| Remake of ''HIT: The First Case''
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
| rowspan="5" | Telugu
| Second installment in HIT Universe
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Saindhav]]''
|
|-
|2025
! scope="row" | ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|Third Installment in the HIT Universe
|
|-
|2026
!scope="row" | Emo Emo Idi
|
|-
|[[TBA]]
| HIT: The Fourth Case
| Fourth Installment in the HIT Universe
|-
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{refh}}
|-
| 2022 || "Poratame" || ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' || Suresh Bobilli || ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10466813}}

{{Sailesh Kolanu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolanu, Sailesh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)

2026-03-03T23:54:12Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up New Article...

{{distinguish|text=[[Insan Jaag Utha]], 1959 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaag Utha Insan
| image = Jaag Utha Insan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Viswanath]]
| producer = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = P. L. Raj
| studio = Filmkraft Productions
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Sridevi]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Deven Verma]] [[J V Somayajulu]] [[Sujit Kumar]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1984|7|6}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = [[Rupee|Rs]] 10 lakhs
}}
'''''Jaag Utha Insan''''' ({{Translation|Awakened Man}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[K. Viswanath]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Deven Verma]], [[J V Somayajulu]] [[Sujit Kumar]] and music composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]]. It is the Hindi version of Viswanath's 1981 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]''. It is a love story between a [[Dalit]] boy and a [[Brahmin]] Girl, played by [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Sridevi]] respectively in the lead roles, supported by [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[J V Somayajulu]] [[Deven Verma]], [[Sujit Kumar]]. The cinematographer P.L. Raj won the Filmfare Award for best cinematography. Film expert Rajesh Subramanian reveals that [[Jaya Prada]] was the first choice but since her dates were committed and clashed with Prakash Mehra's Sharaabi, Sridevi was signed to play the female lead.

== Plot ==
In the film, Sandhya – a Brahmin dancer falls in love with Hari, a [[Dalit]]. She visits her maternal grandfather – who is a staunch Hindu pundit – accompanied by her father and Hari, to perform at the village temple, where her grandfather is the head-priest. There, the grandfather decides to get Sandhya married to his adopted grandson Nandu, who is also a priest at the temple, but with a broader mind. Hari, citing the apparent caste difference, urges Sandhya to marry Nandu.

Hence Sandhya marries Nandu. However, on their wedding night, when Nandu enters the bedroom, he sees a Devi (Goddess) in Sandhya, and not his wife. This continues for a few nights, and people start talking about Nandu spending his nights outside the house. Before long, Sandhya confronts Nandu at the temple and asks him to try and accept her. Here Nandu tells her that he sees a Devi in her, and not his wife, because she belongs to someone else and not him. They are bound into this marriage by the Pundit's chants, ''[[mantra]]s'', and the ''seven pheras'', but Sandhya has taken the ''eighth phera'', which is the ''phera'' of the heart and mind, with someone else, and thus she belongs to that person alone, and must go back to him, whoever that may be.

Nandu explains this to the rest of the family, and the grandfather accepts Sandhya's love for Hari, in spite of Hari being a Harijan. This comes as a result of Nandu explaining the truth, that every person is a human being first, and a [[Shudra]] at birth. It is only because of his/her deeds that a person becomes a Brahmin. The common misinterpretation of the Hindu caste system is that, a person acquires his caste at birth, which is not so, as explained above.

Hari soon gets this news, and quickly arrives at the village. Even though the head priest of the village, Nandu's grandfather accepts Sandhya and Hari's relationship, his son and the rest of the village opposes it, and a fight breaks out. In the end both, Hari and Sandhya lose their lives.

Deven Verma, who plays the head priest's blood-related grandson, provides for the counter view throughout the film, and is the only one besides Nandu, who understands the real meaning of the [[Vedas]], and supports him towards the end.

== Cast ==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Harimohan "Hari"
* [[Sridevi]] as Sandhya
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] as Brahmanand Chaturvedi "Nandu"
* [[Deven Verma]] as Devendra Chaturvedi "Deva"
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Ram Narayan Chaturvedi
* [[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Sandhya's Grandfather

== Songs ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Teri Zindagi Ke Ragini Par Mera Naam Likh De"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aayi Parvaton Pe Jhoomti Ghata"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Morni Ne Seekha"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Tarpat Beete"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Jai Mata Di"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Empty section|date=March 2025}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0087492|Jaag Utha Insan}}
{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}
{{Rakesh Roshan}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]

Purani Kabar

2026-03-03T23:41:29Z

TeodoroGalvan6: added layout based on references as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Purani Kabar
| director = K. I. Seikh
| producer = M. Kartik
| writer =
| starring = [[Mohan Joshi]] [[Harish Patel]] [[Jack Gaud]] [[Poonam Dasgupta]] [[Kiran Kumar]]
| music = Isfaq
| studio = Heena Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|01|01}}
| runtime = 118 min
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Purani Kabar''''' is a [[Hindi]] [[horror film]] of [[Bollywood]] directed by K.I. Seikh and produced by M. Kartik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/indian-film-cinema-publicity-memorabilia/song-synopsis-booklets/purani-kabar-1998-1108433|title=CURRENT RECORDS FOR CINE|website=osianama.com|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> This movie was released in 1998 under the banner of Heena Films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/purani-kabar-movie-cast-crew/7507|title=Purani Kabar (1998 - Hindi)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bollywood.expertscolumn.com/article/100-greatest-bollywood-horror-movies|title=100 Greatest Bollywood Horror Movies|website=bollywood.expertscolumn.com|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/purani-kabar/cast/|title=Purani Kabar|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=January 1998 |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Four friends in different religions buy lottery ticket for each. The seller sells the last ticket to their fifth friend and after the lucky draw the fifth friend wins the money. The other four claim that they should have an equal share in that prize. The winner friend refuses to give share, they kill him and steal the ticket money. When the wife of the deceased friend charges them they also drive her away. Years later deceased son grows up and become a police officer and knows about the murder of his father.

==Cast==
* [[Mohan Joshi]]
* [[Jack Gaud]] as Demon
* [[Harish Patel]]
* [[Kiran Kumar]]
* [[Poonam Dasgupta]]
* Jyothi Rana
* Vinod Tripathi as dance master
* Kirti Shetty as Lalita
* Rajeev Raj as Inspector Vishal
* Mohini as Madhu
* Jayant Patekar
* Johny Nirmal as Dancer
* Firdaus Mewawala as Kanu

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Purani Kabar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Isfaquel
| cover =
| alt = Purani Kabar Audio CD
| released = September 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=24|s=19}}
| label = Love Audio
| producer =
}}

The music soundtrack of ''Purani Kabar'' was composed by Isfaquel with lyrics penned by Vishu Raj. Assamese heartrob-singer [[Zubeen Garg]] sang two Hindi songs, "Kuch To Kaho" and "Dil Mein Churaya Ek Hasina".
===Tracklist===
{{Track listing
| headline = Purani Kabar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| total_length = {{duration|m=24|s=19}}
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Kuch To Kaho
|note1 =
|extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
|length1 = 4:54
|title2 = Yeh Mera Dil Tere Liye
|extra2 = Irfan Kumar, [[Chandana Dixit]]
|length2 = 4:32
|title3 = Chuui Muee
|extra3 = Chandana Dixit
|length3 = 3:55
|title4 = Dil Mein Ek Bijali Se
|extra4 = Jojo, Chandana Dixit
|length4 = 4:12
|title5 = Dil Mein Churaya Ek Hasina
|extra5 = Zubeen Garg, Chandana Dixit
|length5 = 5:12
|title6 = Additional Attraction Song
|extra6 =
|length6 = 2:54
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3713300}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-horror-film-stub}}

Haage Summane

2026-03-03T21:42:06Z

TeodoroGalvan6: cleaned up formatting based on references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Haage Summane
| image = HAAGESUMMANE.JPG
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Preetham Gubbi]]
| writer = Preetham Gubbi
| screenplay = Preetham Gubbi
| producer = Murali Mohan Pramod Santosh
| starring = [[Kiran Srinivas]] [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami|Suhasi]]
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cinematography = [[Krishna (Cinematographer)|Krishna]]
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|12|26}}
| studio = Dharma Pictures [[Zee Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = Jayanna films
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}
'''''Haage Summane''''' (transl. Just Like That) is a [[Kannada films of 2008|2008]] [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Preetham Gubbi]]. [[Kiran Srinivas]] and [[Suhasi Goradia Dhami|Suhasi]] played the lead roles. Music was composed by [[Mano Murthy]]. The film released nationwide on 26 December 2008. The film's title is based on a lyric from "[[Anisuthide]]" from ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006).<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/itll-do-better-than-mungaru-male/articleshow/2819352.cms</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Kiran Srinivas]] as Preetham
*[[Suhasi Dhami]] as Khushi
*[[Pooja Gandhi]] (cameo appearance)
*Chandrashekar
*[[Sarath Babu]]

==Soundtrack==
The film has six songs composed by [[Mano Murthy]] with the lyrics penned by [[Jayant Kaikini]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Haage Summane
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|10|11}}
| recorded = [[Anand Audio]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 29:47
| language = Kannada
| label = Anand Audio
| producer = Murali Mohan, Pramod, Santosh
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Haage Summane" || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 04:53 || [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
|-
| 2 || "Oorella Koogi" || Keshav Prasad, Supriya || 04:41 || Jayanth Kaikini
|-
| 3 || "Haadonave" || [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 04:38 || Jayanth Kaikini
|-
| 4 || "Odi Bandenu" || Sonu Nigam || 05:11 || Jayanth Kaikini
|-
| 5 || "Odi Bandenu" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 05:11 || Jayanth Kaikini
|-
| 6 || "Nanenu Nambodilla" || [[Udit Narayan]], Shreya Ghoshal || 05:17 || Jayanth Kaikini
|-
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Newcomers Kiran and Suhasi are the find of the season. Both look good on screen and prove that they can act. Yesteryear hero Edakallu Guddadhamele Chandrashekhar and Sharath Babu do well. Yamuna is a good choice for the role of heroine's mother. Haage Summane is a candyfloss love story, worth a watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/26review-haage-summane.htm|title=Haage Summane is enjoyable|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 December 2008}}</ref>
A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Sharat Babu and K S L Swamee are wasted in their roles. Excessive viewing of chocolate -faced Kiran and Suhasi in the film may put you off good-looking people for sometime".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/haage-summane-saccharine-overdose/articleshow/22272195.cms|title=Haage Summane: Saccharine overdose|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=26 December 2008}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Filmfare Awards South for Best Cinematographer S Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/moggina-manasu-filmfare-030809.html |title=Moggina Manasu bags five Filmfare awards |access-date=12 November 2009 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708133724/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/moggina-manasu-filmfare-030809.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8395832}}

{{Preetham Gubbi}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mano Murthy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Preetham Gubbi]]

Maniyarayile Ashokan

2026-03-03T09:39:42Z

TeodoroGalvan6: typo fix

{{Short description|2020 Malayalam romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maniyarayile Ashokan
| image = Maniyarayile Asokan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Shamzu Zayba
| producer = [[Dulquer Salmaan]] [[Jacob Gregory]]
| story = Magesh Boji
| writer =
| screenplay = Vineeth Krishnan
| based_on =
| starring = Jacob Gregory [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
| music = Sreehari K. Nair
| cinematography = Sajad Kakku
| editing = Appu N. Bhattathiri
| studio = [[Wayfarer Films Production|Wayfarer Films]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2020|08|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maniyarayile Ashokan''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Shamzu Zayba. The film stars [[Jacob Gregory]] and [[Anupama Parameswaran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anjana |title=Anupama Parameswaran returns to M-town through Maniyarayile Ashokan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anupama-parameswaran-returns-to-m-town-through-maniyarayile-ashokan/articleshow/73122272.cms |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The cast also includes [[Krishna Sankar]] and [[Shine Tom Chacko]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Dulquer Salmaan's production titled 'Maniyarayile Ashokan' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/oct/05/dulquer-salmaans-production-titled-maniyarayile-ashokan-2043382.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2019}}</ref> The film was produced by Gregory and [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in his newly established production company Wayfarer Films. He made a cameo appearance along with [[Nazriya Nazim]] and [[Anu Sithara]] as other characters.

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film was directly released through [[Netflix]] on 31 August 2020.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=English |first1=Mathrubhumi |title='Maniyarayile Ashokan', produced by Dulquer Salman, gets an OTT release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-maniyarayile-ashokan-produced-by-dulquer-salman-gets-an-ott-release-1.4980128 |access-date=16 August 2020 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=16 August 2020}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/maniyarayile-ashokan/ottmoviereview/77815658.cms|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan Review: A charming tale that celebrates little moments in life|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in a fictional village, the story starts by introducing two characters: Unnimaya and Ashokan. Unnimaya is described as the most beautiful woman in that village, whom every men to woo. However, she eloped with a postman named Padmanabhan. On the other hand, Ashokan is an ordinary young man who has misfortunes in his marriage proposals. During Ashokan's wedding night, the newlywed wife asks him whether this is his second marriage. Ashokan then recalls his earlier dreams of getting married.

As Ashokan is a single man past "the marital age", he is always questioned by the villagers and his relatives, including his cousin, Ajayan, who never misses a chance to tease him. Apart from his loving parents, Ashokan is supported by his friends, Ratheesh and Shaiju, who stand by him through thick and thin. Ashokan's father and Narayanan bring the marital proposal for Ashokan to Narayanan's daughter - Anju. Anju rejects the proposal saying that Ashokan isn't fair-skinned or tall enough.

Later, Ashokan learns of Shyama's love for him. Despite convincing Shyama's family into marriage, the wedding is called off as Ashokan's horoscope predicts the death of his first wife. Ashokan is heartbroken. Meanwhile, Ratheesh falls in love with Rani teacher, and they get married.

Ashokan consults an astrologer and seeks solutions for the problems in his horoscope. The astrologer asks him to [[Mangala Dosha|marry a plantain]] so that no human will get hurt. Ashokan finds a plantain of his choice and marries it. He considers the plantain a human wife and talks to it regularly. Later, the plantain falls off and Ashokan is heartbroken. But it is then revealed that two corms from the plantain are planted again and Ashokan considers these two plantains his kids.

A new marriage proposal comes but Ashokan is reluctant to agree because he is already married. His friends make him understand the reality in vain. Ratheesh brings him into a mental health facility and after talking to his cousin, Arjun, he grasps the reality. He then agrees to the marriage proposal and marries Indu. On the wedding night, he replies to his wife that this is his first marriage.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Jacob Gregory]] as Ashokan
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Shyama, love interest of Ashokan
* [[Krishna Sankar]] as Ratheesh, friend of Ashokan
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Shaiju, friend of Ashokan
* [[Sudheesh]] as Alex
* [[Sreelakshmi]] as Lakshmi, mother of Ashokan.
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Achuthan, father of Ashokan.
* [[Indrans]] as Priest
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Narayanan
* Nayana Elza as Rani Teacher, Ratheesh's wife
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Shyama's father
* [[Anjali Aneesh]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Ranjitha Menon]] as Asha, wife of Shaiju
* [[Al Sabith]] as Shyama's brother
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Arjun (cameo)
* [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Indhu Ashokan's Wife (cameo)
* [[Anu Sithara]] as Unnimaya (cameo)
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Ajayan (cameo)
* [[Shritha Sivadas]] as Anju (cameo)
* Ranjini T.H. as Kunju (cameo)
* Onima Kashyap as Olu (cameo)
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
It was reported that [[Dulquer Salmaan]] will make his debut in film production, for his upcoming project directed by Shamzu Zayba. [[Anupama Parameswaran]] announced her return to Malayalam cinema after a hiatus of five years since ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), and she further revealed that she would work as an assistant director for this film apart from doing one of the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Anupama Parameswaran turns assistant director |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/29/anupama-parameswaran-turns-assistant-director-1982956.html |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=29 May 2019}}</ref> After registering his production company titled Wayfarer Films, Dulquer announced the project as their maiden production which was titled Maniyariyile Ashokan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1=Shalkie |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Wayfarer starts exploring |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/041019/dulquer-salmaans-wayfarer-starts-exploring.html |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 October 2019}}</ref> Comedian-turned-director [[Ramesh Pisharody]] was the one who suggested the title for the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=.Com |first1=TimesofIndia |title=Dulquer Salmaan's first production venture is titled 'Maniyarayile Ashokan' and here's who gave the name |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaans-first-production-venture-is-titled-maniyarayile-ashokan-and-heres-who-gave-the-name/articleshow/71438392.cms |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=4 October 2019}}</ref> Although ''Maniyarayile Ashokan'' was announced as the first production, Wayfarer released ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' to theatres first.<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk|title=Ayyappanum Koshiyum and Varane Avashyamund movie release: Highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ayyappanum-koshiyum-and-varane-avashyamund-movie-review-and-release-live-updates-6255392/ |access-date=31 July 2020 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maniyariyile Ashokan
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Sreehari K. Nair
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 31 July 2020
| recorded = 2020
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:44
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]]
| producer = Sreehari K. Nair
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack album was composed by Sreehari K. Nair, with lyrics by B. K. Harinarayanan, Muzammil Kunnumal, Shamzu Zayba, Ajeesh Dasan, Amir Pallikal, and Shihas Ahmedkoya. The song "Unnimaya" was sung by Dulquer Salmaan and Jacob Gregory.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dulquer, Jacob Gregory record a track for Maniyarayile Ashokan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-jacob-gregory-record-a-track-for-maniyarayile-ashokan/articleshow/76851403.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dulquer and Gregory rock quirky love song, Unnimaya - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-and-gregory-rock-quirky-love-song-unnimaya/articleshow/77222970.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 31 July 2020.{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Peyyum Nilaavu
| lyrics1 = B. K. Hari Narayanan
| extra1 = K. S. Harisankar
| length1 = 3:46
| title2 = Engo Ninnu
| lyrics2 = Muzammil Kunnumal
| extra2 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Olu
| lyrics3 = Shamzu Zayba
| extra3 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length3 = 3:43
| lyrics6 = Shihas Ammedkoya
| title9 =
| extra5 = Sreehari K. Nair
| lyrics5 = Amir Pallikal
| extra4 = Sreehari K. Nair
| lyrics4 = Ajeesh Dasan
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| length4 = 3:42
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length6 = 2:01
| title6 = Unnimaya
| length5 = 3:57
| title5 = Vidacholi
| title4 = Thornidathe
| extra6 = [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Jacob Gregory]]
}}

== Release ==
''Maniyarayile Ashokan'' was scheduled for release on 10 April 2020 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The film was made available on the streaming platform [[Netflix]] on 31 August 2020, coinciding with the [[Onam]] festival.<ref name="auto"/>

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "''Maniyarayile Ashokan'' is a slice-of-life story with a genuine dose of humour."<ref>{{Citation|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan Review: A charming tale that celebrates little moments in life|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/maniyarayile-ashokan/ottmoviereview/77815658.cms|access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> Writing for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Haricharan Pudipeddi stated "The film, which revolves around Ashokan (Jacob Gregory) and his attempts to get married, is lighthearted and fun to watch despite its slightly predictable ending."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan review: A quirky take on what defines Indian marriages|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/maniyarayile-ashokan-review-a-quirky-take-on-what-defines-indian-marriages/story-4O3VMzXrn8cUUG55MqKhcL.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated "The typicality of Ashokan's life, however, fades in the latter part of the film. It starts with some strange advice from a priest but goes on to affect the man all too much. Gregory easily adapts to this new character that emerges from the village guy with the government job. As with the rest of the movie, director Shamzu doesn't let this unusual part stick too much and the movie ends as sweetly as the description of the village it began with."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title='Maniyarayile Ashokan' review: Jacob Gregory is endearing in this romantic entertainer|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maniyarayile-ashokan-review-jacob-gregory-endearing-romantic-entertainer-132006|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

[[Sify]] gave 2 out of 5 and stated "Maniyarayile Ashokan is a below average comedy-drama which fails to impress."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan review: Below average comedy-drama|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maniyarayile-ashokan-review-below-average-comedy-drama-review-malayalam-ujcftucehhfec.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902082905/https://www.sify.com/movies/maniyarayile-ashokan-review-below-average-comedy-drama-review-malayalam-ujcftucehhfec.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2020|access-date=2020-11-28|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars and stated "Shamzu Zayba did not clearly think through the idea. The half baked plot results in the wannabe slice-of-life movie."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-01|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan review: A half-baked slice-of-life film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maniyarayile-ashokan-movie-review-netflix-6577351/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad|Anna M. M. Verticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the same and stated "The confirmation of Dulquer's hotness in a cameo that he spends mostly attired in a Navy outfit is the only worthwhile takeaway from Shamzu Zayba's ''Maniyarayile Ashokan.''"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan movie review: Dulquer Salmaan looks hot in a Navy uniform — that's it |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maniyarayile-ashokan-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-looks-hot-in-a-navy-uniform-thats-it-8783751.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of [[Film Companion]] wrote "In trying to make the proceedings “entertaining”, the film cheats its protagonist, who remains a flat line from start to finish."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2020-08-31|title=Maniyarayile Ashokan, On Netflix: A Sweet-Natured Romance That Needed To Be Sharper, Quirkier|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/maniyarayile-ashokan-review-netflix-malayalam-movies-a-sweet-natured-romance-that-needed-to-be-sharper-quirkier-baradwaj-rangan-dulquer-salmaan/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> A review from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "The Malayalam film manages to make us empathise with the protagonist's plight, but one cannot miss the fact that it does become absurd and unbelievable beyond a point."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. r|date=2020-09-01|title='Maniyarayile Ashokan' movie review: Slips and falls on its own quirkiness|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maniyarayile-ashokan-movie-review-slips-and-falls-on-its-own-quirkiness/article32495721.ece|access-date=2020-11-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11060730}}
*[https://m3db.com/film/maniyarayile-ashokan ''Maniyarayile'' ''Ashokan''] on ''[https://m3db.com/ m3db]''

{{Wayfarer Films}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic comedy films]]

Adharma Kadhaigal

2026-03-03T02:40:49Z

TeodoroGalvan6: stub

{{short description|Indian fantasy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adharma Kadhaigal
| image = Adharma Kadhaigal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kamaraj Vel
| writer = Kamaraj Vel
| producer = Kamaraj Vel
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]]
* [[Sakshi Agarwal]]
* [[Ammu Abhirami]]
* [[Dhivya Duraisamy]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* K. K
* Ms. Barani
* Rajiv Rajendran
* Jebin Rejinald.
}}
| editing = {{plainlist|
* [[Nagooran Ramachandran]]
* Satesh Kurasowa
*Mahendran Ganesan
* E. Gopalakrishnan
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* A. R. Reihana
* S. N. Arunagiri
* Harish Arjun
* Charan Kumar
}}
| studio = Big Bang Movies
| distributor = Blockbuster Production
| released = {{film date|2024|8|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Adharma Kadhaigal''''' ({{translation|Stories of injustice}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[thriller drama film]] written and directed by Kamaraj Vel. The film stars [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-08-20 |title=Sakshi Agarwal: Reinvented the actor in me after Bagheera misfire |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Aug/20/sakshi-agarwal-reinvented-the-actor-in-me-after-bagheera-misfire?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Ammu Abhirami]], and [[Dhivya Duraisamy]] in lead roles.

== Cast ==

* [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]] as Shiva
* [[Sakshi Agarwal]] as Priya
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as Nandhini
* [[Dhivya Duraisamy]] as Dhivya
* [[Sunil Reddy]] as Dinesh
* [[Poo Ramu]]
* Sri Deva

== Production ==

The Anthology film was shot in [[Besant Nagar, Chennai|Besant Nagar]], Palayam Nesappakkam and the surrounding areas of [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=J.Durai |title=பிக் பேங் மூவீஸ் சார்பாக காமராஜ் வேல் தயாரித்து இயக்கியுள்ள படம் "அதர்மக் கதைகள்" |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/atharmakathikal-movie-updates-124073100045_1.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=tamil.webdunia.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film was produced by Kamaraj Vel under the banner of Big Bang Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-09 |title='Enathuyire Neeyadi' from Adharma Kadhaigal out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/09/enathuyire-neeyadi-from-adharma-kadhaigal-out?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography was done by K. K, ms. Barani, Rajiv Rajendran, Jebin Rejinald<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-17 |title=Adharma Kadhaigal Trailer: Vetri stars in an intense revenge story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/17/adharma-kadhaigal-trailer-vetri-stars-in-an-intense-revenge-story?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823055803/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/17/adharma-kadhaigal-trailer-vetri-stars-in-an-intense-revenge-story |archive-date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> while editing was handled by Nagooran Ramachandran, Satesh Kurasowa, Mahendran Ganesan, E. Gopalakrishnan and music composed by A. R. Raihanah, S. N. Arunagiri, Harish Arjun, Charan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title='Adharma Kadhaigal' teaser: Vetri, Sakshi Agarwal, Ammu Abirami, and more star in 'an anthology of revenge' - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adharma-kadhaigal-teaser-vetri-sakshi-agarwal-ammu-abirami-and-more-star-in-an-anthology-of-revenge/article68495672.ece |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808071629/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adharma-kadhaigal-teaser-vetri-sakshi-agarwal-ammu-abirami-and-more-star-in-an-anthology-of-revenge/article68495672.ece |archive-date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 23 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-20 |title=Adharma Kadhaigal clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/20/adharma-kadhaigal-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823055757/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2f70fb173b9000da126c79afe2098f02.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaexpress.com |archive-date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Harshini SV of ''[[Times of india]]'' rated two out of five and stated that " In the tales of the nurse and the young man, you often feel like montages are stitched together using a voiceover or a song. Those sequences neither take us close to the characters nor help us understand their motives. "<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adharma Kadhaigal Movie Review : Blunt writing choices spoils the revenge plans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/adharma-kadhaigal/movie-review/112741770.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt33075455}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Girmitiyas

2026-02-24T05:22:35Z

TeodoroGalvan6: New

{{Short description|Indentured laborers from British India}}
{{Expand Bengali}}

'''Girmitiyas''', ([[Kaithi]]: {{Script |Kthi|𑂏𑂱𑂩𑂧𑂱𑂗𑂱𑂨𑂰}}, {{ipa|hi|ɡɪɾmɪʈɪjaː|ipa}}) also known as '''Jahazis''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{lang|hi|जहाज़ी}}, {{ipa|hi|dʒəɦaːziː|ipa}}) or '''Jahajis''' ({{ipa|hi|dʒəɦaːdʒiː|ipa}}), were indentured labourers from [[British Raj|British India]] transported to work on [[plantation]]s in [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], [[British South Africa|South Africa]], [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]], and the [[Caribbean]] (namely [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[British Guiana]], [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]] and [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]]) as part of the [[Indian indenture system]].<ref name="Ghosh2014"/><ref name="KellyKaplan2001"/>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Suriname Bhojpuri.jpg|thumb|[[Caribbean Hindustani#Sarnami Hindustani|Sarnami Hindustani]] (Roman script) plaque at Suriname Memorial, [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]]]
The word ''girmit'' represented an Indian pronunciation of the [[English language|English]] word "agreement" - from the [[indenture]] "agreement" of the [[British Empire|British]] Government with labourers from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">
{{Cite web|title=Girmit History|url=http://www.fijigirmit.org/history.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914023617/http://www.fijigirmit.org/history.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 14, 2012|access-date=2020-11-10|website=www.fijigirmit.org}}
</ref> The agreements specified the workers' length of stay in foreign parts and the conditions attached to their return to [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 2|url=http://www.fijigirmit.org/a_girmit_an_introduction.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610052325/http://www.fijigirmit.org/a_girmit_an_introduction.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 10, 2004|access-date=2020-11-10|website=www.fijigirmit.org}}</ref> In [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic (Indo-Aryan) languages]] such as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the word ''Jahāz'' ({{lang|hi|जहाज़}}), which is sometimes pronounced as ''Jahāj'' in certain languages such as [[Maithili language|Maithili]], means 'ship' (from the Arabic/Persian ''Jahāz/'' جهاز), with ''Jahazi'' implying 'people of ship' or 'people coming via ship'.<ref name="Ghosh2014">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Papiya |title=Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-80965-4 |language=en |quote=... even as he writes about the bonds of ''jahazi bhais'' (ship brothers) being strong among the descendants of the ''girmitiyas'' (Mishra 2001b: 327).}}</ref><ref name="KellyKaplan2001">{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=John D. |last2=Kaplan |first2=Martha |title=Represented Communities: Fiji and World Decolonization |date=September 2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-42990-8 |page=87 |language=en |quote=''Jahazi bhais'', ship brothers and sisters, had social relationships persisting long after ''girmit'' itself.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Brij V.|date=|title=Chalo Jahaji – on a journey through indenture in Fiji|url=http://girmitiya.girmit.org/new/index.php/articles/dr-brij-lal/chalo-jahaji/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=New Girmit.org|language=en-US}}</ref> These Indian-origin labourers referred to one another as जहाज़ी भाई ''jahāzī bhai'' (ship brother) or जहाज़ी बेहेन ''jahāzī behen'' (ship sister), reflecting the brotherly and sisterly bonds made on their voyage from India to the West.<ref name="RoyPereira2017">{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Shefali |last2=Pereira |first2=Matilda |title=Challenging Patriarchy: A Humanist Perspective |date=2017 |publisher=Synergy Books |isbn=978-93-82059-62-2 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanadhya |first1=Totaram |title=My Twenty-one Years in the Fiji Islands; And, The Story of the Haunted Line |date=1991 |publisher=Fiji Museum |isbn=978-982-208-003-2 |page=162 |language=en |quote=...jahazi bhais, 'brotherly' relationships formed on the ships}}</ref>

Many Girmitiyas—indentured labourers taken from British India came from marginalised and lower-caste backgrounds, including a significant number from the [[Chamar]] caste. Facing entrenched discrimination, poverty, and limited opportunities in India, they were often drawn by misleading promises of better livelihoods abroad. As a result, they formed an important yet frequently overlooked segment of the indentured workforce in regions such as Fiji, Mauritius, and the Caribbean.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Origins of Girmityas |url=https://press.anu.edu.au//downloads/press/p212781/pdf/5.-Origins-of-the-Girmitiyas.pdf |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref>

In Fiji, [[Governor of Fiji|Governor]] [[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore|Arthur Hamilton-Gordon]] discouraged [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] [[Indigenous Fijians|Fijians]] from working on the plantations in an attempt to preserve their culture.<ref name=":0" /> Activist [[Shaneel Lal]] argues that Girmitiya were deceitfully enslaved by the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaneel Lal: The Royal Family stole my ancestors |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/shaneel-lal-queens-death-black-brown-and-indigenous-communities-are-mourning-their-ancestors-and-culture/JVUO5BWKSUPPDN26VEYFA5YKSQ/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Coolie]]
* [[Indian indenture system]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean people]]
* [[Indo-Fijians]]
* [[Fiji Hindi]]
* [[Global Girmit Museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Gillion|first=Kenneth|title=Fiji's Indian migrants : a history of the end of indenture in 1920|year=1962|publisher=Oxford U.P.|location=Melbourne}}
* {{cite book|last=|first=|url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/the-pacific-islands-an-encyclopedia/|title=The Pacific Islands : an encyclopedia|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|location=Honolulu|isbn=082482265X|pages=110–111|edition=[Repr.].|editor=[[Brij Lal (historian)|Brij V. Lal]] and Kate Fortune|chapter=Girmitiya}}
* {{cite book|last=Lal|first=Brij V.|authorlink=Brij Lal (historian)|title=Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians|year=2004|publisher=Fiji Institute of Applied Studies|location=Lautoka, Fiji|pages=|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1}}
* Gaiutra Bahadur (2014). ''[[Coolie Woman]]: The Odyssey of Indenture''. The University of Chicago. {{ISBN|978-0-226-21138-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Marina|url=https://anthempress.com/coolitude-pb|title=Coolitude : an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora|last2=Torabully|first2=Khal|date=2002|publisher=Anthem|isbn=1843310031|location=London|pages=}}
*Praveen Kumar Jha (2019). ''[https://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?prod_id=8762 Coolie Lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118100317/http://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?prod_id=8762 |date=2022-01-18 }}''. New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-93-88684-04-0|}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.patreon.com/sail_oar South Asian Indentured Labor – Online Archive of Research and Resources] – an online archive and living syllabus of text-based resources related to Indian indentureship, with country-specific resources and material related to global Indian indenture diasporas
* [http://www.flp.org.fj/interview-by-mahendra-chaudhry-nfu-general-secretary-on-girmit-divas-celebration/ Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618162506/http://www.flp.org.fj/interview-by-mahendra-chaudhry-nfu-general-secretary-on-girmit-divas-celebration/ |date=2022-06-18 }} of [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] about Girmitiyas in Fiji

[[Category:Fijian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indentured servitude]]

Mansukhbhai Kothari

2026-02-11T17:29:48Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Starting A Details

{{Short description|Indian businessman and industrialist}}
'''Sri Mansukh Lal Mahadev Bhai Kothari''' also commonly known as '''Mansukhbhai Kothari''' (25 July 1925 – 27 November 2015) was an Indian businessman and industrialist. He was the founder of Kothari Group of Industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kothari Group of Industries celebrated the 50th golden jubilee of its glorious legacy with great enthusiasm |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/the-kothari-group-of-industries-celebrated-the-50th-golden-jubilee-of-its-glorious-legacy-with-great-enthusiasm20230824170919/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> He was famously dubbed by media as the "father of [[Betel nut chewing|pan masala]] industry".<ref>https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2784110</ref>

== Biography ==
Mansukhbhai was born on 25 July 1925 at a village in Nareli district, in the state of [[Gujarat]]. He eventually relocated to [[Kanpur]] at the age of 16 and he immediately joined the fray to enter the business field.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-28 |title=Mansukhbhai Kothari, founder of mouth freshner brand Pan Parag, passes away at 90 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/mansukhbhai-kothari-founder-of-mouth-freshner-brand-pan-parag-passes-away-at-90-2525056.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mansukhbhai had involved in supply of coconut oil to shops for a brief stint. He kickstarted Kothari Industries in 1973 by establishing the headquarters at Kanpur. During his tenure as the chairman of Kothari Group, mouth freshner brand [[Pan Parag]] was unveiled in the market in 1973.<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/business/vikram-kothari-rotomac-promoter-accused-of-multi-crore-loan-fraud-dies-in-accident-4624427.html</ref>

Mansukhbhai brought on board Bollywood actors [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Ashok Kumar]] for the television commercial advertisement promoting his flagship brand Pan Parag, and the brand’s tagline, “Baraatiyon ka swagat Pan Parag se kijiye," became a popular marketing tactic. Kanpur also apparently came to be known as “pan masala city" when Mansukhbhai chose Kanpur as the base to carry out paan masala business under the brand name Pan Parag.<ref name=":0" />

He also received support from his sons Vikram Kothari and Deepak Kothari and the Pan Parag group was diversified eventually laying foundation to the formation of [[Rotomac Pen]] which was founded by Vikram Kothari in 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Irshad |first=Zafar |date=2018-02-20 |title=The rise and fall of Rotomac's Vikram Kothari |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/3DFT2LURVA2yEQE5vBw3DL/The-rise-and-fall-of-Rotomacs-Vikram-Kothari.html |website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> He founded the Kothari International School in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Management – Kothari International School |url=https://kispune.com/management/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2010, he stepped down from the role as chairman of the Kothari Group of Industries owing to deteriorating health issues.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Pan Parag parent company Chairman Mansukhlal Kothari passes away at 90 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-pan-parag-parent-company-chairman-mansukhlal-kothari-passes-away-at-90-2150039 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
However, his flagship brand, Pan Parag, raised significant health concerns among medical health experts across India who had denounced the usage of such a brand by highlighting the side effects caused by consistent chewing of tobacco and Pan masala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-19 |title=Pan masala affects every part of human body: Study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/pan-masala-affects-every-part-of-human-body-study/articleshow/51473870.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-31 |title=Health department bans 12 ‘harmful’ pan masala brands in Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/health-dept-bans-12-harmful-pan-masala-brands-in-state/articleshow/70916468.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 27 November 2015 at his residence in Tilak Nagar, Kanpur.<ref name=":2" /> He was 90 years old during the time of his death.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Mansukhbhai}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]

Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam

2026-02-05T06:46:25Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{short description|Hindu temple ruins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam
| image = Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvanakuppam front view.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Front view of the Murugan Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| location = [[Saluvankuppam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| year_completed = [[Sangam era]] 200 BCE with later construction<ref name="bbc" />
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
|religious_affiliation=[[Dravidian folk religion]] 
[[Hinduism]]}}
{{good article}}

The '''Murugan Temple''' at [[Saluvankuppam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], is a shrine dedicated to Tamil deity [[Murugan]] (also known as ''Seyyon)'' of [[Dravidian folk religion]] and [[Hinduism]]. Archaeologists believe that the shrine, unearthed in 2005, consists of two layers: a brick temple constructed during the [[Sangam period]] (the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE) and a granite [[Pallava]] temple dating from the 8th century CE and constructed on top of the brick shrine making it the oldest temple in India. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) team which conducted the excavation believe that brick temple could be the oldest of its kind to be discovered in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu_20050921">{{cite news|title=Remains of ancient temple found|author=N. Subramanian|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092104692000.htm|date=21 September 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110082332/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092104692000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="toi_20100801">{{cite news|title=New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists|author=N. Ramya|date=1 August 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-finds-of-old-temples-enthuse-archaeologists/articleshow/6242174.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/chennai/28281794_1_inscription-shore-temple-oldest-temples|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>

The temple was discovered by a team of archaeologists from the ASI based on clues found in a rock inscription left exposed by the 2004 [[Indian Ocean tsunami]]. Initially, excavations revealed an 8th-century Pallava-era shrine. Further excavations revealed that the 8th-century shrine had been built on the brick foundation of an earlier shrine. The brick shrine has been dated to the Sangam period.

The temple faces north, unlike most Hindu temples. Artefacts from two phases, the Sangam phase as well as the Pallava phase, have been found. The temple is Tamil Nadu's oldest shrine to Murugan.<ref name="toi_20100801" /> It is also believed to be one of only two pre-Pallava temples to be discovered in the state, the other being the [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple, Veppathur|Veetrirundha Perumal Temple at Veppathur]].<ref name="toi_20100801" />

On the night of 3 May 2018, the site was vandalized by unknown persons who uprooted the Stone Vel and broke it into two pieces.

== Discovery ==
After the 2004 [[Indian Ocean tsunami]] had subsided, archaeologists discovered rock inscriptions which had been exposed by the [[tsunami]] waves<ref name="thehindu_20050727">{{cite news|title=Remains of Murugan temple found near Mahabalipuram|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071214881300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=27 July 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103235414/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071214881300.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> close to the hamlet of [[Saluvankuppam]], near the [[UNESCO]]-designated [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Mahabalipuram]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|title=Tsunami reveals ancient temple sites|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm|author=Paddy Maguire|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|date=27 October 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625161342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm|archive-date=25 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="currentscience_20110410">{{cite journal|title=Saluvankuppam coastal temple – excavation and application of soil micromorphology|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=100|issue=7|date=10 April 2011|author=Sathyabhama Badhreenath|author2=Hema Achyuthan|author3=Smriti Haricharan|author4=K. P. Mohandas|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/07/1071.pdf|access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref> The inscriptions by the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Krishna III]] and the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] kings [[Parantaka I]] and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] spoke of a Subrahmanya Temple at Thiruvizhchil (the present day Saluvanakuppam).<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> S. Rajavelu, epigraphist with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), identified a nearby mound as the site of the temple.<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> In 2005, archaeologists unearthed an 8th-century [[Pallava]] temple under the mound.<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> G. Thirumoorthy, ASI Assistant Archaeologist, believed that the shrine could be the oldest Murugan temple to be excavated in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> There were speculations on whether the temple could be one of the "[[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram|Seven Pagodas]]".<ref name="thehindu_20050727" />
[[File:SaluvanakuppamVel.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Stone ''[[vel]]'' on a brick platform at the entrance to the shrine|alt=|left]]
However, further excavations revealed that the 8th-century temple was constructed over the remains of an older brick temple. According to Thirumoorthy, the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or ''sanctum sanctorum'' of the brick temple was filled with sand and covered with granite slabs upon which the newer temple was constructed.<ref name="frontline_20051104">{{cite journal|title=Another surprise in Mamallapuram|journal=Frontline|author=T. S. Subramanian|volume=22|issue=22|date=4 November 2005|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2222/stories/20051104005113000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809174458/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2222/stories/20051104005113000.htm|archive-date=9 August 2007}}</ref> Sathyamurthy, Superintendent, ASI Chennai Circle, said that the brick temple could be dated to the [[Sangam period]] as the shrine faced north unlike modern temples which face either east or west.<ref name="thehindu_20100813">{{cite news|title=Much more than stone|date=13 August 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351260800.htm|author=S. Sivakumar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110070737/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351260800.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> This proved conclusively that the temple was constructed before the 6th or 7th century CE when the ''[[shilpa shastras]]'', the canonical texts of temple architecture, were written.<ref name="thehindu_20050921" /> Estimates of the age of the brick shrine range from 1700<ref name="thehindu_20070317">{{cite news|title=Pillars with inscriptions of Pallava, Chola kings found|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/17/stories/2007031701111600.htm|date=17 March 2007|author=T. S. Subramanian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824042809/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/17/stories/2007031701111600.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> to 2200 years.<ref name="bbc" />

Archaeologists believe that the brick shrine was destroyed either by a cyclone or a tsunami which took place 2,200 years ago.<ref name="bbc" /> The Pallavas built a granite temple on the brick foundation in the 8th century CE, which also was likely to have been destroyed by a tsunami.<ref name="bbc" /> Archaeologists believe that the second tsunami must have occurred in the 13th century CE as the latest inscriptions which speak of the shrine have been dated to 1215.<ref name="toi_20100801" />

== Historical background ==
Although the city of Mahabalipuram was constructed by the Pallava king [[Narasimhavarman I]] in the 7th century CE, there is evidence that a small port might have functioned at the site even earlier.<ref name="currentscience_20040510">{{cite journal|title=Underwater investigations off Mahabalipuram|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/316|journal=Current Science|volume=86|issue=9|date=10 May 2004|last1=Sundaresh|last2=A. S.|first2=Gaur|first3=Sila|last3=Tripati|first4=K. H.|last4=Vora|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815152325/http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/316|archive-date=15 August 2016|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="interactions">{{cite book|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange|editor1-first=Pierre-Yves |editor1-last=Manguin|editor2-last= A. |editor2-first=Mani|editor3-first= Geoff|editor3-last= Wade|chapter=Marine Archaeological Investigations along the Tamil Nadu coast and their implications for understanding cultural expansion to Southeast Asian countries|last2=Sundaresh|first1=A. S.|last1=Gaur|pages=221–239|publisher=Institute of South-East Asian Studies|year=2011|isbn=9789814345101}}</ref> [[Megalith]]ic burial urns dating to the very dawn of the [[Christian era]] have been discovered near Mahabalipuram.<ref name="currentscience_20040510" /><ref name="interactions" /> The Sangam age poem ''[[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' describes a port called ''Nirppeyyaru'' which some scholars identify with the present-day Mahabalipuram.<ref name="currentscience_20040510" /><ref name="interactions" /> [[Sadras]] near Mahabalipuram has been identified as the site of the port of Sopatma mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''.<ref name="currentscience_20040510" /><ref name="interactions" />

== Inscriptions ==

There are many rock inscriptions near the temple. The discovery of three granite pillars with inscriptions of grants made to the shrine led to the discovery of the temple itself.<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> While one pillar contains an inscription recording the donation of ten ''kazhanchus'' (small balls<ref name="thehindu_20070317" />) of [[gold]] by one Kirarpiriyan of Mahabalipuram in 858,<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> another records the donation of 16 ''kazhanchus'' of gold in 813 for the maintenance of a lamp by a [[Brahmin]] woman named Vasanthanar.<ref name="thehindu_20050727" /> The third pillar has an inscription by [[Raja Raja Chola I]].<ref name="thehindu_20070317" /> Apart from these, there are five other pillars with inscriptions by the Pallava kings [[Dantivarman I]], [[Nandivarman III]] and [[Kambavarman]], the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Krishna III]] and the Chola king [[Rajendra Chola III]].<ref name="thehindu_20070317" />

== Architecture ==
[[File:Prakara Subrahmanya Temple Saluvankuppam.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A portion of the brick ''prakara'' or compound wall of the Murugan Temple]]
[[File:Garbagriha Saluvankuppam temple.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''[[Garbhagriha]]'' or ''sanctum sanctorum'' of the Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam. While the thin, tabular bricks at the top were laid by the [[Pallavas]], the larger bricks underneath date from the [[Sangam period]]]]

The temple is dedicated to the Tamil Hindu deity [[Murugan]] and faces north. The ''garbhagriha'' or ''sanctum sanctorum'' is 2 metres long and 2.2 metres wide and is made of 27 courses of bricks.<ref name="thehindu_20050921" /> The bricks used are similar to the ones used in other Sangam age sites such as [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]], [[Urayur]], [[Mangudi (Tirunelveli District)|Mangudi]] and [[Arikamedu]].<ref name="thehindu_20050921" /> A stone ''[[vel]]'' is positioned at the entrance of the shrine.<ref name="thehindu_20100813" /> During the excavations, a terracotta plaque depicting a ''Kuravai Koothu'', a dance which is mentioned in the 1st century CE Tamil epic ''[[Silappadhikaram]]'', was discovered.<ref name="thehindu_20100813" /> Sathyamoorthy feels that there may not have been any idol in the square ''garbhagriha'' as it is too small to house one. The temple is surrounded by a ''prakara'' or a compound wall dating from the Sangam period.<ref name="thehindu_20050921" /> According to Thirumoorthy, the shrine is "the biggest brick temple complex dating to the pre-Pallava period".<ref name="thehindu_20070317" />

The temple is built on a cushion of [[alluvium]] on which a layer of man-made bricks were laid.<ref name="currentscience_20110410" /> On top of this were another four layers of man-made bricks separated by four layers of [[laterite]].<ref name="currentscience_20110410" /> There were two types of bricks used: large-sized laterite bricks of the Sangam period and thin, tabular bricks of a later age.<ref name="currentscience_20110410" /> The bricks were plastered together with lime.<ref name="currentscience_20110410" />

== Artefacts unearthed ==
[[File:Saluvankuppam artifacts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Potsherds and granite slabs unearthed at the excavation site. Some of the potsherds have been dated to the Sangam period]]
A terracotta ''[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]'' (the bull of the god [[Shiva]]), head of a woman, [[terracotta]] lamps, potsherds and a ''[[shivalinga]]'' (an iconic symbol of Shiva) made of green stone are some of the important artifacts found at the site.<ref name="thehindu_20070317" /> The ''Nandi'' is the first one made of terracotta to be found.<ref name="thehindu_20070317" /> While most of the items unearthed belong to the Sangam period, artefacts of a later period including a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] copper coin have also been found.<ref name="thehindu_20070317" />

== See also ==
* [[Mundeshwari Temple]]
* [[Mangala Devi Kannagi Temple]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Excavated Remains|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_remains.asp|access-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011194419/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_remains.asp|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Murugan Temple at Saluvankuppam - Recent Pictures|publisher=ChennaiOnNet|url=http://www.chennaionnet.com/gallery/20/subrahmanya-temple-at-saluvankuppam-near-mahabalipuram|access-date=1 April 2013|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032115/http://www.chennaionnet.com/gallery/20/subrahmanya-temple-at-saluvankuppam-near-mahabalipuram|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Subramanya Temple, Mahabalipuram / Mamallapuram – The Oldest Lord Murugan temple in the World|publisher=CasualWalker|url=http://casualwalker.com/subramanya-temple-mahabalipuram-mamallapuram-oldest-lord-murugan-temple-in-the-world-visit-travel-guide}}..

== See also ==

* [[Gudimallam Lingam]]

{{Kanchipuram district}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Hindu temples]]

Jetpur, Navagadh

2026-01-06T06:59:48Z

TeodoroGalvan6: expanded content

{{Short description|City in Gujarat, India}}
{{For|namesake|Jetpur (disambiguation){{!}}Jetpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jetpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|45|15|N|70|37|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Jetpur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 36
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 184
| population_total = 129,653
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 360370
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (02823)
| registration_plate = GJ-03
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Virpur (Rajkot)|Virpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Porbandar
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| website = https://www.jetpurnagarpalika.org/
}}
'''Jetpur''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Rajkot district]] in the western [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].

==History==
[[File:Jetpur State Ruling Talukdars Family Tree 1884.png|thumb|Family Tree of ruling Talukdars of Jetpur State (1884) during British India]]
During the British period, the talukdars of Jetpur were Kathis of the Vala tribe. The taluka was a large and wealthy one consisting of 143 villages, and if under one chief would be a second class or even a first class state, as the revenue is not less than eight lakhs of rupees (Rs. 8,00,000).<ref name="GBP1884"/>

The Vala Kathis entered the province several centuries back, and one of their earliest seats was at [[Devalia Mota]] whence they conquered [[Chital]]. From Chital, they acquired Jetpur and subsequently [[Mendarda]] and [[Bilkha]]. There are two different accounts given of the acquisition of Jetpur, viz. (1) that of the ''Tarikh-i-Sorath'', which says that the first Nawab of [[Junagadh]], Bahadur Khan I, granted Jetpur to Vala Vim; (2) tradition, which says that Vala Viro Najo of Chital aided the Valas of [[Bagasra]] in their feud with Vaijo Khasia of Mitiala, and that Vala Samat of Bagasra was slain in the battle. In consideration of Vira's aid the Valas of Bagasra gave him Jetpur. These Bagasra Valas acquired their share in Jetpur from the Khadia Baloch who received it from the local Muslim governors of former times.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

By the end of the 18th century Jetpur was under the sole rule of Darbar Saheb Mulu Wala C.I.E direct descendant of the founder of Jetpur State Darbar Saheb Jaita Wala.

==Geography==
Jetpur is situated on the western bank of the [[Bhadar River|Bhadar]] river. The Bhadar river, which has a south-westerly course to within a few miles of Jetpur, here suddenly takes a curve-to the north for a few miles, and then turns to the west. A bridge has been constructed across the Bhadar about a mile north of Jetpur on the Rajkot- Jundgadh highway.<ref name="GBP1884">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ|year=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=457–458}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Population ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-gujarat.php?cityid=2440910000|title=JETPUR NAVAGADH (Rajkot)|publisher=City Population|access-date=2015-06-01}}</ref> Jetpur Navagadh had a population of 118,302. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Jetpur Navagadh has an average literacy rate of 98%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 98%, and female literacy is 97%. In Jetpur Navagadh, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The population according to the census of 1872 was 9600 and according 1881 was 18,085 souls.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

== Culture ==
Swaminarayan Gadisthan Mandir, Keraleshwar Temple, Bhidbhajan Temple and Jalaram Temple here are popular Hindu temples.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Economy ==
Jetpur is a textile town. Jetpur is mostly famous for [[Bandhani]] style of figurative design worldwide. Jetpur is one of the largest centers for screen-printing, block printing and yarn dyeing workshops in the country. It is famous for cotton saree industry and is major exporter of [[Kanga (African garment)|khanga]] and [[kitenge]] (fabrics used by native Africans for various use).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/211|title=Gujarat Tourism--Attractions|website=gujarattourism.com|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031162556/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/211|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://craftofgujarat.gujarat.gov.in/ |title=INDEXT-c | Industrial Extension Cottage |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707081308/https://craftofgujarat.gujarat.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jetpur is a pleasure for textile enthusiasts who can visit and experience the process of printing and dyeing.

==Notable people==


* [[Adamjee Haji Dawood]], businessman
* [[Savjibhai Korat]], politician
* [[Nirmal Udhas]], singer
* [[Pankaj Udhas]], singer<ref>{{cite web|title=About {{!}} Pankaj Udhas Official Website|url=http://pankajudhas.com/about/|website=pankajudhas.com|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216203024/http://pankajudhas.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref>



== School and colleges ==
{{Cleanup list|section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA JETPUR.jpg|alt=Kendriya Vidyalaya Jetpur- KVS Jetpur|right|202x202px|[https://jetpur.kvs.ac.in Kendriya Vidyalaya Jetpur]]]
*[[Gordhandas Karsanji Chunilal Karsanji Arts and Commerce College]],<ref>[http://www.bosamiacollege.org/new1/ Gordhandas Karsanji Chunilal Karsanji Arts and Commerce College]</ref>
*[[Government ITI Jetpur]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?cs=0&output=search&q=Government+ITI+Jetpur+(Virpur)&ludocid=15472863873850810479&gsas=1&client=ms-android-xiaomi&lsig=AB86z5V5pOIvfFnHVmbXh6l1KBVv&kgs=3c13d503dce48530&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local Government ITI Jetpur]</ref>
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya Jetpur]], Pedhla<ref>[https://jetpur.kvs.ac.in/ Kendriya Vidyalaya Jetpur]</ref>
*Shree Vivekanand Vinay Mandir - Jetpur

== Connectivity ==
[[File:Jetpur Bus Station.jpg|thumb|Jetpur GSRTC Bus Station]]
Jetpur is connected to all major towns of Gujarat by public transport service operated by [[GSRTC]]. Jetpur Railway Junction is a railway station on the Bhavnagar-Dhoraji line. There roads from Jetpur to Rajkot, from Jetpur to Dhoraji, from Jetpur to Junagadh, and from Jetpur to Manikvada.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajkot district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajkot district]]

Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-31T14:25:12Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up A Entry...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kishanganj {{Small|BR-10}}
| type = LS
| established = 1957
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| mp = [[Mohammad Jawed]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bahadurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurganj]] 
[[Thakurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thakurganj]] [[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]] [[Kochadhaman (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kochadhaman]] [[Amour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amour]] [[Baisi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baisi]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mohammad Jawed 1.jpg
}}

'''Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in [[India]]

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 58.82
| value2 = 11.76
| value3 = 11.76
| value4 = 5.88
| value5 = 5.88
| value6 = 5.88
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (10 times)]]
| label2 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''' (2 times)]]
| label3 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''' (2 times)]]
| label4 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''' (1 time)]]
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]
| label6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color4 = {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color6 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sule|first=Babayo|date=2019-05-17|title=Civil Society Organisations And Election Monitoring In Nigeria: The 2015 General Election|pages=405–412|journal=Technology & Society: A Multidisciplinary Pathway for Sustainable Development|publisher=Cognitive-Crcs|doi=10.15405/epsbs.2019.05.02.40|series=The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|52
|[[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|[[Tauseef Alam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
|53
|[[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[Gopal Kumar Agarwal|Gopal Agarwal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[JD(U)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[JD(U)]]
|-
|54
|[[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Qamrul Hoda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|55
|[[Kochadhaman Assembly constituency|Kochadhaman]]
|[[Sarwar Alam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
|56
|[[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|57
|[[Baisi Assembly constituency|Baisi]]
|[[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
Following is the list of the Members of Parliament from Kishanganj constituency<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=2009-01-31 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Tahir (politician)|Mohammad Tahir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Lakhan Lal Kapoor
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|Jamilur Rahman
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|Halimuddin Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Jamilur Rahman
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[M. J. Akbar]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Syed Shahabuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain|Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mohammad Jawed]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kishanganj">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kishanganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0410.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731183444/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0410.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kishanganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Kishanganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/kishanganj |access-date=31 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231142055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/kishanganj |archive-date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Jawed]]
|votes = 402,850
|percentage = 35.00
|change = {{Increase}}1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Mujahid Alam]]|votes=343,158|percentage=29.81|change={{down}}0.38}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes = 309,264
|percentage = 26.87
|change = {{Increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=24,966|percentage=2.17|change={{increase}}0.38}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 59,692
|percentage = 5.19
|change = {{Increase}}2.06
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,51,296|percentage=62.91|change={{decrease}}3.77}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Jawed]]
|votes = 3,67,017
|percentage = 33.32
|change = -19.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Syed Mahmood Ashraf
|votes = 3,32,551
|percentage = 30.19
|change = +24.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes =2,95,029
|percentage = 26.78
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate =[[None of the above]]
|votes = 19,722
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Alimuddin Ansari
|votes = 9,822
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Javed Akhter
|votes = 5,483
|percentage = 0.5
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 34,461
|percentage = 3.13
|change = -17.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,01,656
|percentage = 66.38
|change = +1.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Asrarul Haque]]
|votes = 4,93,461
|percentage = 53.15
|change = +14.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal|Dr. Dilip Kumar Jaiswal]]
|votes = 2,98,849
|percentage = 32.19
|change = +32.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes =55,822
|percentage = 6.01
|change = -19.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Alimuddin Ansari
|votes = 15,010
|percentage = 1.62
|change = +1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,206
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,94,612
|percentage = 20.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,28,490
|percentage = 64.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Asrarul Haque]]
|votes = 2,39,405
|percentage = 38.19%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Syed Mahmood Ashraf
|votes = 1,59,136
|percentage = 25.38%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|votes = 1,24,182
|percentage = 19.81%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 80,269
|percentage = 12.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,26,6914
|percentage = 52.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|votes = 420,331
|percentage = 51.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|votes = 259,834
|percentage = 31.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Abdul Jalil Mastan]]
|votes = 77,356
|percentage = 9.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 160,497
|percentage = 19.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,13,315
|percentage = 63.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 Indian general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party

|candidate = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|votes = 258,035
|percentage = 35.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|votes = 249,387
|percentage = 34.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]
|votes = 197,478
|percentage = 27.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,648
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,27,839
|percentage = 64.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 Indian general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Kishanganj]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
|votes = 236,744
|percentage = 32.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]
|votes = 230,256
|percentage = 31.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
|votes = 230,210
|percentage = 31.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,488
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 729,132
|percentage = 65.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Akhtarul Iman]]
* [[Kishanganj district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/kishanganj/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kishanganj lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{coord|26.1|87.9|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]

Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)

2025-12-23T09:02:25Z

TeodoroGalvan6: added info

{{Short description|Statue of Mahatma Gandhi by Zlatko Paunov in San Francisco, California, U.S.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = ''Mohandas K. Gandhi''
| italic title = no
| image_file = Mahatma Gandhi Statue, San Francisco - Dec. 2025.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| alt =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| artist = {{ubl|Zlatko Paunov |Steven Lowe}}
| catalogue =
| year = {{start date|1988}}
| type = Sculpture
| material = [[Bronze]]
| subject = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| height_metric =
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| height_imperial = 8
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_metric =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| metric_unit = m
| imperial_unit = ft
| condition =
| city = [[San Francisco]], California, United States
| museum =
| accession =
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| owner =
| url = 
}}
'''''Mohandas K. Gandhi''''' is a 1988 [[bronze sculpture]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] sculpted by Zlatko Paunov and Steven Lowe. It is located in the plaza to the southeast of the [[San Francisco Ferry Building]] along the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] in [[San Francisco]], California, United States. The {{Convert|8|ft|adj=on}} tall sculpture is mounted on a block which bears a plaque, raised on two steps. It was a gift from the [[Gandhi Memorial International Foundation]].<ref name=Rodell>{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/id/41769254/ns/today-today_travel/t/look-out-robocop-statues-yoda-rocky-lure-tourists-cities/#.UfKfs6yE6Uk|title=Look out, RoboCop! Statues from Yoda to Rocky lure tourists to cities|access-date=July 26, 2013|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|first=Chris|last=Rodell}}</ref>

==Reception==
The statue was dedicated by [[Art Agnos]], the [[Mayor of San Francisco]], on October 3, 1988. A similar statue by the same sculptors, Paunov and Lowe, was unveiled under a [[banyan tree]] in [[Kapiolani Park]] in [[Honolulu]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gandhistatuewaikiki.com/about-the-artist/ |title=About the Artist: Stephen Lowe |date=2015 |author= |website=Gandhi Statue Waikiki |access-date=20 June 2016 }}</ref>

[[msnbc.com]] contributor Chris Rodell wrote that the sculpture of Gandhi, a "renowned vegetarian", was appropriate for the plaza, being the site of a weekly [[farmers' market]].<ref name=Rodell/>

In 2010, a group called the Organization for Minorities of India, which formed to protest the oppression of Indian minorities, demanded the removal of the sculpture, claiming Gandhi was a racist "who harbored violent urges".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Group-says-Gandhi-racist-plans-to-protest-statue-3251473.php|title=Group says Gandhi racist, plans to protest statue|access-date=July 26, 2013|date=October 2, 2010|first=John|last=Coté|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The sculpture is a known target for vandalism; the eyeglasses are the most-stolen item, and the staff has been broken on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Chron-Watch-year-hits-misses-4581026.php |title=Chron Watch year: hits, misses |author1=Ho, Vivian |author2=Huet, Ellen |author3=Kane, Will |date=5 June 2013 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Gandhi-statue-vandalized-again-4389831.php |title=S.F. Gandhi statue vandalized – again |author=Huet, Ellen |date=27 March 2013 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mohandas K. Gandhi statue, San Francisco (2013) - 2.JPG|Plaque
File:200705gandhiWaikiki.jpg|Statue of Gandhi by Paunov and Lowe in Hawaii
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Visual arts}}
* [[1988 in art]]
* [[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Mohandas K. Gandhi (sculpture)|''Mohandas K. Gandhi'' (sculpture)}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Public art in San Francisco}}
{{South of Market, San Francisco}}
{{Portal bar|California|San Francisco Bay Area|Visual arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)}}
[[Category:1988 establishments in California]]
[[Category:1988 sculptures]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in California]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in California]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in California]]
[[Category:South of Market, San Francisco]]
[[Category:Statues in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Statues of Mahatma Gandhi|San Francisco]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in California]]

Doon Express

2025-12-17T09:18:57Z

TeodoroGalvan6: updated details

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF0000
| name = Doon Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1968|05|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops = 66
| end = {{stnlnk|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}} (YNRK)
| distance = {{convert|1535|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 13009 / 13010
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 13009 / 13010 '''Doon Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} & [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station]] in India.

It operates as train number 13009 from Howrah Junction to Yog Nagari Rishikesh and as train number 13010 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Uttarakhand]].

==Coaches==

The 13009/13010 Doon Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 5 AC 3 tier, 9 Sleeper class, 3 General Unreserved, military coach & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not have a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 13009 Doon Express covers the distance of 1557 kilometres in 33 hours (46.48 km/h) and in also 33 hours as 13010 Doon Express (46.48 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Routing==

The 13009/13010 Doon Express runs from Howrah Junction via {{stnlnk|Chandannagar}}, {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}}, [[Bardhaman railway station|Barddhaman Junction]], {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gomoh Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}, [[Jaunpur Junction]], [[Akbarpur Junction]], {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}, [[Shahjahanpur railway station|Shahjahanpur Junction]], {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Najibabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Haridwar}} to Yog Nagari Rishikesh.

==Traction==

As the route is now fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Howrah to Yog Nagari Rishikesh and vice versa.

==Timings==

* 13009 Doon Express leaves Howrah on a daily basis at 20:25 hrs IST and reaches Yog Nagari Rishikesh at 07:10 hrs IST on the 3rd day.
* 13010 Doon Express leaves Yog Nagari Rishikesh on a daily basis at 20:50 hrs IST and reaches Howrah at 07:00 hrs IST on the 3rd day.

==Accidents==

On 31 May 2012, 5 people died and 50 were injured when [[Mahrawa derailment|the train derailed]] at Mahrawa station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/india/31920209_1_derails-jaunpur-relief-and-rescue-teams |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601162650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/india/31920209_1_derails-jaunpur-relief-and-rescue-teams |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2012 |title=Howrah–Dehradun Doon Express derails in Jaunpur, five killed |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2012 |accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>

On 28 April 2014, the Doon Express derailed close to Zafarganj station near Ambedkar Nagar in [[Uttar Pradesh]] killing 3 and injuring 6 people.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/howrah-dehradun-express-train-derails-in-up-many-injured-190790-2014-04-28 |title=Doon Express from Howrah derails in UP, six injured : North, News – India Today |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=30 May 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/rs-5-lakh-ex-gratia-for-doon-express-victims/article3476936.ece |title=Rs 5 lakh ex gratia for Doon Express victims | Business Line |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |accessdate=30 May 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111211/jsp/jharkhand/story_14866667.jsp#.U2HT06IyJXs |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140501054732/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111211/jsp/jharkhand/story_14866667.jsp%23.U2HT06IyJXs |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2014 |title=www.telegraphindia.com/1111211/jsp/jharkhand/story_14866667.jsp#.U2HT06IyJXs |publisher=telegraphindia.com |accessdate=30 May 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-sealdah-rajdhani-doon-express-get-extra-coach-24746 |title=Kolkata | Sealdah Rajdhani & Doon Express to get extra coach | The Echo of India |publisher=echoofindia.com |accessdate=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124007/http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-sealdah-rajdhani-doon-express-get-extra-coach-24746 |archivedate=31 May 2014 |df=dmy-all}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.irctc.co.in |title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System |publisher=irctc.co.in |accessdate=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/ |archive-date=3 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org |title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet. |publisher=irfca.org |accessdate=5 April 2014}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doon Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1925]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Fluid dynamics

2025-12-07T11:35:37Z

TeodoroGalvan6: general added citations based on references and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Aspects of fluid mechanics involving fluid flow}}
[[File:Túnel de viento, vórtice de Von Karman.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|Computer generated animation of fluid in a tube flowing past a cylinder, showing the [[vortex shedding|shedding]] of a series of [[vortex|vortices]] in the flow behind it, called a [[von Kármán vortex street]]. The [[Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines|streamlines]] show the direction of the fluid flow, and the color gradient shows the pressure at each point, from blue to green, yellow, and red indicating increasing pressure]]
[[File:Teardrop shape.svg|thumb|300px|Typical [[aerodynamic]] teardrop shape, assuming a [[Viscosity|viscous]] medium passing from left to right, the diagram shows the pressure distribution as the thickness of the black line and shows the velocity in the [[boundary layer]] as the violet triangles. The green [[vortex generator]]s prompt the transition to [[turbulent flow]] and prevent back-flow also called [[flow separation]] from the high-pressure region in the back. The surface in front is as smooth as possible or even employs [[Dermal denticle|shark-like skin]], as any turbulence here increases the energy of the airflow. The truncation on the right, known as a [[Kammback]], also prevents backflow from the high-pressure region in the back across the [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoiler]]s to the convergent part.]]
{{Continuum mechanics|fluid}}

In [[physics]], [[physical chemistry]], and [[engineering]], '''fluid dynamics''' is a subdiscipline of [[fluid mechanics]] that describes the flow of [[fluid]]s – [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es. It has several subdisciplines, including {{em|[[aerodynamics]]}} (the study of air and other gases in motion) and {{em|hydrodynamics}} (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating [[force]]s and [[moment (physics)|moment]]s on [[aircraft]], determining the [[mass flow rate]] of [[petroleum]] through [[pipeline transport|pipelines]], [[weather forecasting|predicting weather pattern]]s, understanding [[nebula]]e in [[interstellar space]], understanding large scale [[Geophysical fluid dynamics|geophysical flows]] involving oceans/atmosphere and [[Nuclear weapon design|modelling fission weapon detonation]].

Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure—which underlies these [[practical disciplines]]—that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from [[flow measurement]] and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves the calculation of various properties of the fluid, such as [[flow velocity]], [[pressure]], [[density]], and [[temperature]], as functions of space and time.

Before the twentieth century, "'''hydrodynamics'''" was synonymous with fluid dynamics. This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like [[magnetohydrodynamics]] and [[hydrodynamic stability]], both of which can also be applied to gases.<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics: A Discipline Between Science and Technology | first=Michael | last=Eckert | publisher=Wiley | year=2006 | isbn=3-527-40513-5 | page=ix }}</ref>

==Equations==
{{See also|Transport phenomena}}
The foundational axioms of fluid dynamics are the [[Conservation law (physics)|conservation law]]s, specifically, [[conservation of mass]], [[conservation of momentum|conservation of linear momentum]], and [[conservation of energy]] (also known as the ''[[first law of thermodynamics]]''). These are based on [[classical mechanics]] and are modified in [[quantum mechanics]] and [[general relativity]]. They are expressed using the [[Reynolds transport theorem]].

In addition to the above, fluids are assumed to obey the [[continuum assumption]]. At small scale, all fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one another and solid objects. However, the continuum assumption assumes that fluids are continuous, rather than discrete. Consequently, it is assumed that properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and flow velocity are well-defined at [[infinitesimal]]ly small points in space and vary continuously from one point to another. The fact that the fluid is made up of discrete molecules is ignored.

For fluids that are sufficiently dense to be a continuum, do not contain ionized species, and have flow velocities that are small in relation to the speed of light, the momentum equations for [[Newtonian fluid]]s are the [[Navier–Stokes equations]]—which is a [[non-linear]] set of [[differential equations]] that describes the flow of a fluid whose stress depends linearly on flow velocity gradients and pressure. The unsimplified equations do not have a general [[Solution in closed form|closed-form solution]], so they are primarily of use in [[computational fluid dynamics]]. The equations can be simplified in several ways, all of which make them easier to solve. Some of the simplifications allow some simple fluid dynamics problems to be solved in closed form.{{citation needed|date= May 2014}}

In addition to the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, a [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] equation of state that gives the pressure as a function of other thermodynamic variables is required to completely describe the problem. An example of this would be the [[Ideal gas law|perfect gas equation of state]]:

:<math>p= \frac{\rho R_u T}{M}</math>

where {{mvar|p}} is [[pressure]], {{mvar|ρ}} is [[density]], and {{mvar|T}} is the [[absolute temperature]], while {{mvar|Ru}} is the [[gas constant]] and {{mvar|M}} is [[molar mass]] for a particular gas. A [[Constitutive equation|constitutive relation]] may also be useful.

===Conservation laws===
Three conservation laws are used to solve fluid dynamics problems, and may be written in [[integral]] or [[Differential (infinitesimal)|differential]] form. The conservation laws may be applied to a region of the flow called a ''control volume''. A control volume is a discrete volume in space through which fluid is assumed to flow. The integral formulations of the conservation laws are used to describe the change of mass, momentum, or energy within the control volume. Differential formulations of the conservation laws apply [[Stokes' theorem]] to yield an expression that may be interpreted as the integral form of the law applied to an infinitesimally small volume (at a point) within the flow.

{{glossary}}
{{term|[[Continuity equation#Fluid dynamics|Mass continuity]] (conservation of mass)}}{{defn
| The rate of change of fluid mass inside a control volume must be equal to the net rate of fluid flow into the volume. Physically, this statement requires that mass is neither created nor destroyed in the control volume,<ref name="J.D. Anderson 2007">{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=J. D. |title=Fundamentals of Aerodynamics |location=London |edition=4th |publisher=McGraw–Hill |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-07-125408-3 }}</ref> and can be translated into the integral form of the continuity equation:
: <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \iiint_V \rho \, dV = - \, {} </math> {{oiint|preintegral = |intsubscpt =<math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>|integrand = <math>{}\,\rho\mathbf{u}\cdot d\mathbf{S}</math>}}

Above, {{mvar|ρ}} is the fluid density, {{math|'''u'''}} is the [[flow velocity]] vector, and {{mvar|t}} is time. The left-hand side of the above expression is the rate of increase of mass within the volume and contains a triple integral over the control volume, whereas the right-hand side contains an integration over the surface of the control volume of mass convected into the system. Mass flow into the system is accounted as positive, and since the normal vector to the surface is opposite to the sense of flow into the system the term is negated. The differential form of the continuity equation is, by the [[divergence theorem]]:
<math display="block">\ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{u}) = 0 </math>}}

{{term|[[Momentum|Conservation of momentum]]}}
{{see also|Cauchy momentum equation}}{{defn
| [[Newton's second law of motion]] applied to a control volume, is a statement that any change in momentum of the fluid within that control volume will be due to the net flow of momentum into the volume and the action of external forces acting on the fluid within the volume.
: <math> \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \iiint_{\scriptstyle V} \rho\mathbf{u} \, dV = -\, {} </math> {{oiint|preintegral = |intsubscpt = <math>_{\scriptstyle S}</math> |integrand}} <math> (\rho\mathbf{u}\cdot d\mathbf{S}) \mathbf{u} -{}</math> {{oiint|intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>|integrand = <math> {}\, p \, d\mathbf{S}</math>}} <math>\displaystyle{}+ \iiint_{\scriptstyle V} \rho \mathbf{f}_\text{body} \, dV + \mathbf{F}_\text{surf}</math>

In the above integral formulation of this equation, the term on the left is the net change of momentum within the volume. The first term on the right is the net rate at which momentum is convected into the volume. The second term on the right is the force due to pressure on the volume's surfaces. The first two terms on the right are negated since momentum entering the system is accounted as positive, and the normal is opposite the direction of the velocity {{math|'''u'''}} and pressure forces. The third term on the right is the net acceleration of the mass within the volume due to any [[body force]]s (here represented by {{math|'''f'''body}}). [[Surface force]]s, such as viscous forces, are represented by {{math|'''F'''surf}}, the net force due to [[Stress (mechanics)|shear forces]] acting on the volume surface. The momentum balance can also be written for a ''moving'' control volume.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1 = Nangia | first1 = Nishant | last2 = Johansen | first2 = Hans | last3 = Patankar | first3 = Neelesh A. | last4 = Bhalla | first4 = Amneet Pal S. | title = A moving control volume approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on immersed bodies | journal = Journal of Computational Physics | volume = 347 | pages = 437–462 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcp.2017.06.047 | arxiv = 1704.00239 | bibcode = 2017JCoPh.347..437N | s2cid = 37560541 }}</ref>

The following is the differential form of the momentum conservation equation. Here, the volume is reduced to an infinitesimally small point, and both surface and body forces are accounted for in one total force, {{math|'''F'''}}. For example, {{math|'''F'''}} may be expanded into an expression for the frictional and gravitational forces acting at a point in a flow.
<math display="block"> \frac{D \mathbf{u}}{D t} = \mathbf{F} - \frac{\nabla p}{\rho} </math>

In aerodynamics, air is assumed to be a [[Newtonian fluid]], which posits a linear relationship between the shear stress (due to internal friction forces) and the rate of strain of the fluid. The equation above is a vector equation in a three-dimensional flow, but it can be expressed as three scalar equations in three coordinate directions. The conservation of momentum equations for the compressible, viscous flow case is called the Navier–Stokes equations.<ref name="J.D. Anderson 2007"/>}}

{{term|[[Conservation of energy]]}}
{{see also|First law of thermodynamics (fluid mechanics)}}{{defn
|Although [[energy]] can be converted from one form to another, the total [[energy]] in a closed system remains constant.
<math display="block"> \rho \frac{Dh}{Dt} = \frac{Dp}{Dt} + \nabla \cdot \left( k \nabla T\right) + \Phi </math>

Above, {{mvar|h}} is the specific [[enthalpy]], {{mvar|k}} is the [[thermal conductivity]] of the fluid, {{mvar|T}} is temperature, and {{math|Φ}} is the viscous dissipation function. The viscous dissipation function governs the rate at which the mechanical energy of the flow is converted to heat. The [[second law of thermodynamics]] requires that the dissipation term is always positive: viscosity cannot create energy within the control volume.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=F. M. |title=Viscous Fluid Flow |location=New York |publisher=McGraw–Hill |year=1974 |isbn=0-07-069710-8 }}</ref> The expression on the left side is a [[material derivative]].}}
{{glossary end}}

== Classifications ==

===Compressible versus incompressible flow===
All fluids are [[compressibility|compressible]] to an extent; that is, changes in pressure or temperature cause changes in density. However, in many situations the changes in pressure and temperature are sufficiently small that the changes in density are negligible. In this case the flow can be modelled as an [[incompressible flow]]. Otherwise the more general [[compressible flow]] equations must be used.

Mathematically, incompressibility is expressed by saying that the density {{mvar|ρ}} of a [[fluid parcel]] does not change as it moves in the flow field, that is,
<math display="block">\frac{\mathrm{D} \rho}{\mathrm{D}t} = 0 \, ,</math>
where {{math|{{sfrac|D|D''t''}}}} is the [[material derivative]], which is the sum of [[time derivative|local]] and [[convective derivative]]s. This additional constraint simplifies the governing equations, especially in the case when the fluid has a uniform density.

For flow of gases, to determine whether to use compressible or incompressible fluid dynamics, the [[Mach number]] of the flow is evaluated. As a rough guide, compressible effects can be ignored at Mach numbers below approximately 0.3. For liquids, whether the incompressible assumption is valid depends on the fluid properties (specifically the critical pressure and temperature of the fluid) and the flow conditions (how close to the critical pressure the actual flow pressure becomes). [[acoustics|Acoustic]] problems always require allowing compressibility, since [[sound waves]] are compression waves involving changes in pressure and density of the medium through which they propagate.

===Newtonian versus non-Newtonian fluids===
[[File:Flow around a wing.gif|thumb|Flow around an [[airfoil]]]]

All fluids, except [[superfluids]], are viscous, meaning that they exert some resistance to deformation: neighbouring parcels of fluid moving at different velocities exert viscous forces on each other. The velocity gradient is referred to as a [[strain (materials science)|strain rate]]; it has dimensions {{math|''T''{{isup|−1}}}}. [[Isaac Newton]] showed that for many familiar fluids such as [[water]] and [[Earth's atmosphere|air]], the [[stress (physics)|stress]] due to these viscous forces is linearly related to the strain rate. Such fluids are called [[Newtonian fluids]]. The coefficient of proportionality is called the fluid's viscosity; for Newtonian fluids, it is a fluid property that is independent of the strain rate.

[[Non-Newtonian fluid]]s have a more complicated, non-linear stress-strain behaviour. The sub-discipline of [[rheology]] describes the stress-strain behaviours of such fluids, which include [[emulsion]]s and [[slurries]], some [[viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] materials such as [[blood]] and some [[polymer]]s, and ''sticky liquids'' such as [[latex]], [[honey]] and [[lubricants]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson | first1=DI |title=What is Rheology? |journal=Eye |date=February 2018 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.1038/eye.2017.267 |pmid= 29271417 |pmc=5811736}}</ref>

===Inviscid versus viscous versus Stokes flow===

The dynamic of fluid parcels is described with the help of [[Newton's second law]]. An accelerating parcel of fluid is subject to inertial effects.

The [[Reynolds number]] is a [[dimensionless quantity]] which characterises the magnitude of inertial effects compared to the magnitude of viscous effects. A low Reynolds number ({{math|''Re'' ≪ 1}}) indicates that viscous forces are very strong compared to inertial forces. In such cases, inertial forces are sometimes neglected; this flow regime is called [[Stokes flow|Stokes or creeping flow]].

In contrast, high Reynolds numbers ({{math|''Re'' ≫ 1}}) indicate that the inertial effects have more effect on the velocity field than the viscous (friction) effects. In high Reynolds number flows, the flow is often modeled as an [[inviscid flow]], an approximation in which viscosity is completely neglected. Eliminating viscosity allows the [[Navier–Stokes equations]] to be simplified into the [[Euler equations (fluid dynamics)|Euler equations]]. The integration of the Euler equations along a streamline in an inviscid flow yields [[Bernoulli's equation]]. When, in addition to being inviscid, the flow is [[Lamellar field|irrotational]] everywhere, Bernoulli's equation can completely describe the flow everywhere. Such flows are called [[potential flow]]s, because the velocity field may be expressed as the [[gradient]] of a potential energy expression.

This idea can work fairly well when the Reynolds number is high. However, problems such as those involving solid boundaries may require that the viscosity be included. Viscosity cannot be neglected near solid boundaries because the [[no-slip condition]] generates a thin region of large strain rate, the [[boundary layer]], in which [[viscosity]] effects dominate and which thus generates [[vorticity]]. Therefore, to calculate net forces on bodies (such as wings), viscous flow equations must be used: inviscid flow theory fails to predict [[Drag (physics)|drag forces]], a limitation known as the [[d'Alembert's paradox]].

A commonly used<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Platzer|first=B.|date=2006-12-01|title=Book Review: Cebeci, T. and Cousteix, J., Modeling and Computation of Boundary-Layer Flows|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.200690053|journal=ZAMM|volume=86|issue=12|pages=981–982|doi=10.1002/zamm.200690053|bibcode=2006ZaMM...86..981P |issn=0044-2267|url-access=subscription}}</ref> model, especially in [[computational fluid dynamics]], is to use two flow models: the Euler equations away from the body, and [[boundary layer]] equations in a region close to the body. The two solutions can then be matched with each other, using the [[method of matched asymptotic expansions]].

==={{Anchor|Steady vs unsteady flow}} Steady versus unsteady flow===

[[File:HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif|thumb|320px|Hydrodynamics simulation of the [[Rayleigh–Taylor instability]]<ref>Shengtai Li, Hui Li "Parallel AMR Code for Compressible MHD or HD Equations" (Los Alamos National Laboratory) [http://math.lanl.gov/Research/Highlights/amrmhd.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182548/http://math.lanl.gov/Research/Highlights/amrmhd.shtml|date=2016-03-03}}</ref> ]]
A flow that is not a function of time is called '''steady flow'''. Steady-state flow refers to the condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not change over time. Time dependent flow is known as unsteady (also called transient<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/main/118306-transient-state-unsteady-state.html|title=Transient state or unsteady state? -- CFD Online Discussion Forums|website=www.cfd-online.com}}</ref>). Whether a particular flow is steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of reference. For instance, laminar flow over a [[sphere]] is steady in the frame of reference that is stationary with respect to the sphere. In a frame of reference that is stationary with respect to a background flow, the flow is unsteady.

[[Turbulence|Turbulent]] flows are unsteady by definition. A turbulent flow can, however, be [[stationary process|statistically stationary]]. The random velocity field {{math|''U''(''x'', ''t'')}} is statistically stationary if all statistics are invariant under a shift in time.<ref name=pope >{{cite book|last=Pope|first=Stephen B.|title=Turbulent Flows|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-59886-9}}</ref>{{rp| 75}} This roughly means that all statistical properties are constant in time. Often, the mean [[Field (physics)|field]] is the object of interest, and this is constant too in a statistically stationary flow.

Steady flows are often more tractable than otherwise similar unsteady flows. The governing equations of a steady problem have one dimension fewer (time) than the governing equations of the same problem without taking advantage of the steadiness of the flow field.

===Laminar versus turbulent flow===
[[File:Laminar-turbulent transition.jpg|thumb|The transition from laminar to turbulent flow]]
[[Turbulence]] is flow characterized by recirculation, [[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]], and apparent [[random]]ness. Flow in which turbulence is not exhibited is called [[laminar flow|laminar]]. The presence of eddies or recirculation alone does not necessarily indicate turbulent flow—these phenomena may be present in laminar flow as well. Mathematically, turbulent flow is often represented via a [[Reynolds decomposition]], in which the flow is broken down into the sum of an [[average]] component and a perturbation component.

It is believed that turbulent flows can be described well through the use of the [[Navier–Stokes equations]]. [[Direct numerical simulation]] (DNS), based on the Navier–Stokes equations, makes it possible to simulate turbulent flows at moderate Reynolds numbers. Restrictions depend on the power of the computer used and the efficiency of the solution algorithm. The results of DNS have been found to agree well with experimental data for some flows.<ref>See, for example, Schlatter et al, Phys. Fluids 21, 051702 (2009); {{doi|10.1063/1.3139294}}</ref>

Most flows of interest have Reynolds numbers much too high for DNS to be a viable option,<ref name=pope/>{{rp|344}} given the state of computational power for the next few decades. Any flight vehicle large enough to carry a human ({{mvar|L}} > 3 m), moving faster than {{cvt|20|m/s|km/h mph}} is well beyond the limit of DNS simulation ({{mvar|Re}} = 4 million). Transport aircraft wings (such as on an [[Airbus A300]] or [[Boeing 747]]) have Reynolds numbers of 40 million (based on the wing chord dimension). Solving these real-life flow problems requires turbulence models for the foreseeable future. [[Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations]] (RANS) combined with [[turbulence modelling]] provides a model of the effects of the turbulent flow. Such a modelling mainly provides the additional momentum transfer by the [[Reynolds stresses]], although the turbulence also enhances the [[heat transfer|heat]] and [[mass transfer]]. Another promising methodology is [[large eddy simulation]] (LES), especially in the form of [[detached eddy simulation]] (DES) — a combination of LES and RANS turbulence modelling.

===Other approximations===
There are a large number of other possible approximations to fluid dynamic problems. Some of the more commonly used are listed below.
* The ''[[Boussinesq approximation (buoyancy)|Boussinesq approximation]]'' neglects variations in density except to calculate [[buoyancy]] forces. It is often used in free [[convection]] problems where density changes are small.
* ''[[Lubrication theory]]'' and ''[[Hele–Shaw flow]]'' exploits the large [[aspect ratio]] of the domain to show that certain terms in the equations are small and so can be neglected.
* ''[[Slender-body theory]]'' is a methodology used in [[Stokes flow]] problems to estimate the force on, or flow field around, a long slender object in a viscous fluid.
* The ''[[shallow-water equations]]'' can be used to describe a layer of relatively inviscid fluid with a [[free surface]], in which surface [[slope|gradients]] are small.
* ''[[Darcy's law]]'' is used for flow in [[porous medium|porous media]], and works with variables averaged over several pore-widths.
* In rotating systems, the ''[[quasi-geostrophic equations]]'' assume an almost [[Balanced flow#Geostrophic flow|perfect balance]] between [[pressure gradient]]s and the [[Coriolis force]]. It is useful in the study of [[atmospheric dynamics]].

== Multidisciplinary types ==

===Flows according to Mach regimes===
{{Main|Mach number}}
While many flows (such as flow of water through a pipe) occur at low [[Mach number]]s ([[Speed of sound|subsonic]] flows), many flows of practical interest in aerodynamics or in [[Turbomachinery|turbomachines]] occur at high fractions of {{math|[[Mach number|''M'' {{=}} 1]]}} ([[Transonic|transonic flows]]) or in excess of it ([[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] or even [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic flows]]). New phenomena occur at these regimes such as instabilities in transonic flow, shock waves for supersonic flow, or non-equilibrium chemical behaviour due to ionization in hypersonic flows. In practice, each of those flow regimes is treated separately.

===Reactive versus non-reactive flows===
Reactive flows are flows that are chemically reactive, which finds its applications in many areas, including [[combustion]] ([[Internal Combustion Engine|IC engine]]), [[propulsion]] devices ([[rockets]], [[jet engines]], and so on), [[detonations]], fire and safety hazards, and astrophysics. In addition to conservation of mass, momentum and energy, conservation of individual species (for example, mass fraction of [[methane]] in methane combustion) need to be derived, where the production/depletion rate of any species are obtained by simultaneously solving the equations of [[chemical kinetics]].

===Magnetohydrodynamics===
{{Main|Magnetohydrodynamics}}
[[Magnetohydrodynamics]] is the multidisciplinary study of the flow of [[electrical conduction|electrically conducting]] fluids in [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] fields. Examples of such fluids include [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]s, liquid metals, and [[Saline water|salt water]]. The fluid flow equations are solved simultaneously with [[Maxwell's equations]] of electromagnetism.

===Relativistic fluid dynamics===
Relativistic fluid dynamics studies the macroscopic and microscopic fluid motion at large velocities comparable to the [[velocity of light]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Landau |first1=Lev Davidovich |author1-link=Lev Landau|author2-link=Evgeny Lifshitz|first2=Evgenii Mikhailovich |last2=Lifshitz |title=Fluid Mechanics |location=London |publisher=Pergamon |year=1987 |isbn=0-08-033933-6 }}</ref> This branch of fluid dynamics accounts for the relativistic effects both from the [[special theory of relativity]] and the [[general theory of relativity]]. The governing equations are derived in [[Riemannian geometry]] for [[Minkowski spacetime]].

=== Fluctuating hydrodynamics ===
This branch of fluid dynamics augments the standard hydrodynamic equations with stochastic fluxes that model
thermal fluctuations.<ref>{{ cite book | last1= Ortiz de Zarate | first1= Jose M. | last2= Sengers | first2= Jan V. | title= Hydrodynamic Fluctuations in Fluids and Fluid Mixtures | publisher= Elsevier | location= Amsterdam | year= 2006}}</ref>
As formulated by [[Lev Landau|Landau]] and [[Evgeny Lifshitz|Lifshitz]],<ref>{{ cite book |last1=Landau |first1=Lev Davidovich |author1-link=Lev Landau|author2-link=Evgeny Lifshitz|first2=Evgenii Mikhailovich |last2=Lifshitz |title=Fluid Mechanics |location=London |publisher=Pergamon |year=1959 }}</ref>
a [[white noise]] contribution obtained from the [[fluctuation-dissipation theorem]] of [[statistical mechanics]]
is added to the [[viscous stress tensor]] and [[heat flux]].

== Terminology ==
The concept of pressure is central to the study of both fluid statics and fluid dynamics. A pressure can be identified for every point in a body of fluid, regardless of whether the fluid is in motion or not. Pressure can be [[Pressure measurement|measured]] using an aneroid, Bourdon tube, mercury column, or various other methods.

Some of the terminology that is necessary in the study of fluid dynamics is not found in other similar areas of study. In particular, some of the terminology used in fluid dynamics is not used in [[fluid statics]].

=== Characteristic numbers ===
{{excerpt|Dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics}}

=== Terminology in incompressible fluid dynamics ===
The concepts of total pressure and [[dynamic pressure]] arise from [[Bernoulli's equation]] which is only valid when applied to frictionless flows. (These two pressures are not pressures in the usual sense—they cannot be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube or mercury column.) To avoid potential ambiguity when referring to pressure in fluid dynamics, many authors use the term [[static pressure]] to distinguish it from total pressure and dynamic pressure. [[Static pressure]] is identical to pressure and can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field.

A point in a fluid flow where the flow has come to rest (that is to say, speed is equal to zero adjacent to some solid body immersed in the fluid flow) is of special significance. It is of such importance that it is given a special name—a [[stagnation point]]. The static pressure at the stagnation point is of special significance and is given its own name—[[stagnation pressure]]. Bernoulli’s equation is not valid in the boundary layer and the thin film of stationary fluid adjacent to a solid object is not regarded as a stagnation point. Static pressure in the boundary layer is not related to stagnation pressure. In the absence of [[normal shock|shocks]] the stagnation pressure at a stagnation point is equal to the total pressure throughout the flow field.

=== Terminology in compressible fluid dynamics ===
In a compressible fluid, it is convenient to define the total conditions (also called stagnation conditions) for all thermodynamic state properties (such as total temperature, total enthalpy, total speed of sound). These total flow conditions are a function of the fluid velocity and have different values in frames of reference with different motion.

To avoid potential ambiguity when referring to the properties of the fluid associated with the state of the fluid rather than its motion, the prefix "static" is commonly used (such as static temperature and static enthalpy). Where there is no prefix, the fluid property is the static condition (so "density" and "static density" mean the same thing). The static conditions are independent of the frame of reference.

Because the total flow conditions are defined by [[isentropic]]ally bringing the fluid to rest, there is no need to distinguish between total entropy and static entropy as they are always equal by definition. As such, entropy is most commonly referred to as simply "entropy".

==Applications==
{{excerpt|Outline of fluid dynamics|Applications of fluid dynamics|hat=no}}

==See also==
{{further|Outline of fluid dynamics}}
* [[List of publications in physics#Fluid dynamics|List of publications in fluid dynamics]]
* [[List of fluid dynamicists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Acheson|first=D. J.|title=Elementary Fluid Dynamics|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1990|isbn=0-19-859679-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Batchelor|first=G. K.|author-link=George Batchelor|title=An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1967|isbn=0-521-66396-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Chanson|first=H.|author-link=Hubert Chanson|title=Applied Hydrodynamics: An Introduction to Ideal and Real Fluid Flows|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, The Netherlands, 478 pages|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-49271-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Clancy|first=L. J.|authorlink=Laurence Clancy|title=Aerodynamics|publisher=Pitman Publishing Limited|location=London|year=1975|isbn=0-273-01120-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Lamb|first=Horace|author-link=Horace Lamb|title=Hydrodynamics|edition=6th|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-45868-4}} Originally published in 1879, the 6th extended edition appeared first in 1932.
* {{cite book|last=Milne-Thompson|first=L. M.|title=Theoretical Hydrodynamics|edition=5th|publisher=Macmillan|year=1968}} Originally published in 1938.
* {{cite book|last=Shinbrot|first=M.|title=Lectures on Fluid Mechanics|publisher=Gordon and Breach|year=1973|isbn=0-677-01710-3}}
* {{citation | last1=Nazarenko | first1=Sergey | year=2014 | title=Fluid Dynamics via Examples and Solutions | publisher=CRC Press (Taylor & Francis group) | isbn=978-1-43-988882-7 }}
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Fluid_dynamics Encyclopedia: Fluid dynamics] [[Scholarpedia]]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fluid dynamics}}
* [http://web.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf.html National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films (NCFMF)], containing films on several subjects in fluid dynamics (in [[RealMedia]] format)
* [https://gfm.aps.org/ Gallery of fluid motion], "a visual record of the aesthetic and science of contemporary fluid mechanics," from the [[American Physical Society]]
* [https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/people/fm_books.html List of Fluid Dynamics books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211064647/https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/people/fm_books.html |date=2024-12-11 }}

{{Fluid Mechanics}}
{{physics-footer|continuum='''[[Continuum mechanics]]'''}}
{{HVAC}}
{{Seamanship}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fluid dynamics| ]]
[[Category:Piping]]
[[Category:Aerodynamics]]
[[Category:Continuum mechanics]]

Antakshari (TV series)

2025-12-04T19:12:57Z

TeodoroGalvan6: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Titan Antakshari.jpg
| caption = The "Titan Antakshari" logo featuring Sameer, Sanchita and Diwakar.
| runtime = approx. 52 minutes
| creator = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
| director = Gajendra Singh
| editor = Gajendra Singh
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Annu Kapoor]]|[[Pallavi Joshi]]|[[Sunil Pal]]|[[Himani Kapoor]]|[[Renuka Shahane]]|}}
| open_theme = "Ye Hai Antakshari"
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1993|09|10}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2007|07|06}}
| num_seasons =
}}

'''''Antakshari''''', also known as '''''Zee Antakshari''''', was an Indian weekly musical [[game show]] that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 1993 to 2007. It was created by [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]. It was host by [[Annu Kapoor]] from 1994 to 2005 with various co-hosts. It was well received.

== Production ==
The musical game show was created by [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]. [[Annu Kapoor]] host the show from 1994 to 2005, along with co-hosts such as [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] (1994-2001), [[Pallavi Joshi]] (2001-2005), [[Durga Jasraj]], [[Renuka Shahane]] and [[Shefali Shah|Shefali Chhaya]], among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=2016-09-02 |title=Antakshari: Annu Kapoor, Pallavi Joshi share memories of iconic musical show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/antakshari-annu-kapoor-pallavi-joshi-share-memories-of-iconic-musical-show/story-JoOrFIY2UYIwhb6VhOIkEJ.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Later it was host by [[Himani Kapoor]] and [[Sunil Pal]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee TV Titan Antakshri in a new avatar from 5 January |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/television-channels/hindi-music/zee-tv-titan-antakshri-new-avatar-5-january |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Karan Oberoi (singer)]] replaced Pal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee's Antakshari in trouble, Sunil Pal walks out! |url=https://santabanta.com/bollywood/14066/zees-antakshari-in-trouble-sunil-pal-walks-out/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=santabanta.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was filmed in locations such as Dubai, London and New York.<ref name=":0" />

== Setup ==
The show is based on traditional parlor game ''[[Antakshari]].'' Each episode featured three teams; ''Deewane'', ''Parwane'' and ''Mastane;'' with two contestants in each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-10 |title=Apart from KBC, 5 iconic game shows we loved to watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/apart-from-kbc-5-iconic-game-shows-we-loved-to-watch-antakshari-saanp-seedi-lifetv-1083818-2017-11-10 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It featured old and new [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] songs. It had rounds such as Prelude, ''Dhun'' and Remix, etc.<ref name=":0" /> It was one of the earliest shows to feature celebrity special episodes.<ref name=":0" />

=== Title sponsors ===
*[[Close-Up (toothpaste)|Close-Up]] Toothpaste (1993-1994, 1996-2002)
*Fair-Deal Furniture (1995)
*[[Sansui Electric]] (2003-2005)
*[[Titan Company|Titan Watches]] (2006-2007)

== Other media ==
The show was also adapted as a radio show BIG Antakshari on [[92.7 Big FM|92.7 BIG FM]] and was hosted by Annu Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=afaqs |title=BIG FM announces the return of BIG Antakshari with Annu Kapoor |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/big-fm-announces-the-return-of-big-antakshari-with-annu-kapoor |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-07-24 |title=Annu Kapoor Feels 'Antakshari' Isn't An Ordinary Game, Says "It Was A Form Of Art & Expression" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/annu-kapoor-feels-antakshari-isnt-an-ordinary-game-says-it-was-a-form-of-art-expression/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The show was hit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=90s के इस सीरियल ने कर डाला था दूरदर्शन के कई शोज को पीछे, टीवी पर आने का हर कोई करता था इंतजार |url=https://ndtv.in/television/90s-antakshari-serial-had-overshadowed-many-doordarshan-shows-everyone-used-to-wait-for-it-to-come-on-tv-7805828 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=NDTV India |language=hi}}</ref> Annu Kapoor sang more than 4,000 songs during the show. He became a household name in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-10-23 |title=Annu Kapoor reflects on how 'Antakshari' changed his life |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/annu-kapoor-reflects-on-how-antakshari-changed-his-life-1503356647.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0389573|Antakshari}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:1994 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:1990s game shows]]
[[Category:1990s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2000s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2000s game shows]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Maruti Suzuki Gypsy

2025-11-28T16:36:01Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{short description|Car model}}
{{Distinguish|Austin Gipsy}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Maruti Suzuki Gypsy
| image = Maruti Gypsy MG 410 1992 (12127002603).jpg
| caption = Maruti Suzuki Gypsy in hard top version
| manufacturer = [[Maruti Suzuki]]
| aka = Suzuki Farm Worker 
Maruti Suzuki Gypsy King
| production = 1985 – 2018
| successor = [[Suzuki Jimny#Fourth generation (2018)|Suzuki Jimny 4th Gen]]
| class = [[Off-road vehicle|Off-road]] [[mini SUV]]
| body_style = {{unbulleted list
|2-door [[convertible]] soft top
|2-door [[station wagon|wagon]] hard top
|2-door [[ambulance]] hard top

}}
| layout = {{unbulleted list
|[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]
}}
| related = {{unbulleted list
|[[Suzuki Jimny]]
|[[Suzuki Vitara]]
}}
| length = {{convert|4010|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1540|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{ubl
| {{convert|1875|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} ''Soft top''
| {{convert|1845|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} ''Hard top''
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2375|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl
| {{convert|985|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} ''Soft top''
| {{convert|1049|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} ''Hard top''
}}
| engine = '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]''' '''[[Straight-four engine|Inline-4]]'''
{{ubl
| 1 = 1.0L ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A 8-valve Carbureted]]''
| 2 = 1.3L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BA|G13BA 8-valve Carbureted]]''
| 3 = 1.3L ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB 16-valve MPFI]]''
}}
| transmission = {{ubl
| 4-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] (1990-1998)
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|Manual]] (King)

}}
}}

The '''Maruti Suzuki Gypsy''' is a [[four-wheel-drive]] vehicle based on the long wheelbase [[Suzuki Jimny#SJ40|Suzuki Jimny SJ40/410]] series. It was built at [[Maruti Suzuki]]'s [[Gurgaon]] plant. It was primarily built as an off-road vehicle with selectable 4WD. It was extremely popular with the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the [[law enforcement in India]]. Official production came to an end in 2018 due to stringent emissions and safety standards. However, Maruti Suzuki has not dismantled the production line and is still producing the Gypsy in batches specifically for the [[Indian Armed Forces]], providing spares and service owing to the significant number of vehicles still in service within the Armed Forces and Law Enforcement.

==History==
Maruti Gypsy was introduced in the Indian market in December 1985 with the 970 cc [[List of Suzuki engines#Straight-4|F10A]] Suzuki engine and while sales were never very high it became very popular with law enforcement. It was codenamed MG410, which stood for "Maruti Gypsy 4-cylinder 1.0-litre engine". Initially, it was only available as a soft-top; but a bolt on hardtop was later introduced to the public after the aftermarket hardtops became popular. It instantly replaced [[Premier Padmini]] as the quintessential Indian [[rally car]] due to its performance, reliability, tunability and the go-anywhere capability.<ref>{{cite web | title = Maruti Gypsy | publisher = Indiacar.com | author = Autocar India | date = September 2001 | url = http://www.indiacar.com/buyusedtips/marutigypsy/index.htm | accessdate = 2010-11-18 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152516/http://www.indiacar.com/buyusedtips/marutigypsy/index.htm | archivedate = 2011-06-06 }}</ref> The carburetted F10A engine made {{Convert|45|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and was mated to a four-speed gearbox. The 4WD transfer case had two speeds. It had a freewheeling mechanism<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aisinaftermarket.com/English/products/Free_Wheel_Hub.php |title=AISIN Free Wheel Hub |accessdate=2010-01-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324031440/http://www.aisinaftermarket.com/English/products/Free_Wheel_Hub.php |archivedate=2010-03-24 }} Aisin Freewheeling Hub</ref> on the front axles made by [[Aisin]] to unlock the front axles from the hub when 4WD is not used; It reduced rolling resistance, thereby improving [[fuel efficiency]]. However, many owners of the Gypsy who constantly complained about the poor fuel consumption never knew about this novel feature.
[[File:N. Leelakrishnan 1993.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Six times [[INRC]] rally champion [[N. Leelakrishnan]] in a rally modified Maruti Gypsy in 1993]]

The two major complaints of the vehicle in the civilian market were poor fuel consumption and poor ride quality especially in the rear seats. The suspension was indeed harsh with live axles and leaf springs all around. It features almost no creature comforts, like power-windows and power-assisted steering.

In July 1993, Maruti Suzuki introduced the "widetrack Gypsy" codenamed "MG410W" replacing the MG410. Both front and rear track of the wheels are increased by 90mm (from {{Convert|1210|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|1300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} for front wheels and from {{Convert|1220|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|1310|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} for rear wheels) and these Gypsys are instantly recognizable by the pronounced painted fender flares. This is to mitigate an [[Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of the U.S., Inc.|international allegation]] that Suzuki SUVs are very susceptible to rollover. Maruti eliminated the [[Aisin]] freewheeling hub on this model since it was sparingly used by MG410 owners. In April 1995, a catalytic converter was fitted to the Gypsys sold in the metro cities to comply with newly introduced emission standards.

In June 1996, Maruti Suzuki added the engine from the Esteem. The new engine was the all-aluminium eight-valve [[Suzuki G engine#G13BA|G13BA engine]] displacing 1.3L and made {{Convert|60|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. This engine was carburetted unlike the US market G13BA engine. It was mated to a new five-speed gearbox. It was codenamed "MG413W" and called the "Gypsy King". The F10A-engined 4-speed MG410W continued in production as a base model until 2000. The visual differences of the Gypsy King compared to the MG410W are the pronounced bulge on the hood and a completely different grille design with horizontal slats à la the 1.3L Suzuki Jimny/Samurai JA51.<ref>[http://www.speedmasti.com/indian-cars/maruti-suzuki/maruti-suzuki-gypsy-review/] Gypsy History and Specs</ref> Front seats received head restraints and fabric upholstery.

In March 2000, Maruti Suzuki introduced the 16-Valve MPFI [[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB engine]] and power was increased to {{Convert|80|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}. The MPFI Gypsy King received a brake booster as well.<ref>[http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/1573159-post20.html] Gypsy Models and Changes</ref>

[[File:Maruti jeep.jpg|thumb|Maruti Suzuki Gypsy, used by Indian Armed Forces]]The Gypsy was exported to countries like Chile and Kenya. Within Europe, it is most often found in [[Malta]]. In contrast to [[Suzuki Jimny]], the Gypsy is available either with four bucket seats or rear bench seats and a sizable trunk. Currently, the Gypsy is available as a "soft top", "hard top" and as an "[[ambulance]] car". In India, it is widely used by the police and military forces. In fact, the MG413W model is now the mainstay of the Indian Army. In civilian use, the Gypsy is a popular choice as a low-cost SUV and is a common sight at rally and autocross events.

As quoted by Autocar India, "There is nothing that can touch a Gypsy off the road, except perhaps an [[Arjun MBT|Arjun battle tank]]. The trouble is that everything else does better on the road - the ride from the archaic leaf springs all round is horribly bumpy and the interiors are utilitarian as well. Gypsy in a loaded condition (>200 kg load) is more comfortable. And available with only two doors, its inconvenient too." The price of a new Maruti Gypsy, if purchased in [[India]], is US$11,250 (6,00,000 [[Indian Rupees|INR]] in 2012). As a 4x4 at this price point, its only Indian competitors are sold by [[Mahindra Thar]] and [[Force Gurkha]]. As of 2010, the Gypsy is only available against an order with an advance payment and a waiting period of over 3 months. This has led to the creation of a strong market for used Maruti Gypsys.

In addition to the above refurbished Gypsies retrofitted with Nissan or Isuzu diesel engines are also available in some parts of India, although this practice is still limited to unorganised market and there are some issues with RTO registration with retrofitted engines. Production of the Maruti Gypsy for civilians stopped in March 2019. However Gypsy is still in production for defence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/maruti-suzuki-finally-discontinues-gypsy-411747|title=Maruti Suzuki finally discontinues Gypsy|date=31 March 2017|website=Autocar India|access-date=11 Nov 2017}}</ref> Bookings from civilians were taken till December 2018 and were delivered by March 2019.

===New Zealand===
In 2013 Suzuki New Zealand introduced the Gypsy King into New Zealand badged as the Suzuki Farm Worker 4x4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suzuki.co.nz/Automotive/Farm+Worker |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420045942/http://www.suzuki.co.nz/Automotive/Farm%2BWorker/ |publisher=Suzuki NZ |title=Farm Worker 4x4 |location=Wanganui, New Zealand |archivedate=2015-04-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although sold as a Suzuki, with Suzuki script badges on the bonnet and tailgate, the [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki logo]] badge can clearly be seen in the centre of the radiator grille. The vehicle is powered by the [[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13BB]] 1.3-litre 16-valve engine producing {{convert|80|BHP|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm and {{convert|103|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque at 4500 rpm, and mated to a five-speed all synchromesh gearbox and a high/low two-wheel-drive/4 wd transfer box. The Farm Worker is available in four slightly differing styles all based on the lwb softtop platform with a maximum payload of 500 kg: two having a rear window and fibreglass bulkhead, and two having canvas roofs with foldable front windscreens. No hardtop versions are available. As its name suggests, the Farm Worker is intended for farm work only and is not able to be road registered, and therefore not able to be driven on public roads, due to the vehicle not meeting current New Zealand crash protection regulations.

Suzuki New Zealand stopped listing the Farm Worker on their website in August 2016.

== Technical data ==
{| {{table}}
! Maruti Gypsy !! MG410 !! MG410W !! MG413W (8V) !! MG413W (16V)
|-
!
| (1986–1993) || (1991–1999) || (1996–2000) || (2000–2020)
|-
! Engine family:
| Suzuki F Engine || Suzuki F Engine || Suzuki G Engine || Suzuki G Engine
|-
! Engine code:
| F10A || F10A || G13BA || G13BB
|-
! Displacement:
| 970 cc || 970 cc || 1298 cc || 1298 cc
|-
! Valve Train
| SOHC 8-Valve || SOHC 8-Valve || SOHC 8-Valve || SOHC 16-Valve
|}


[[File:Wagahmps (85).JPG|thumb|India's [[Corps of Military Police (India)|Corps of Military Police(India)]] personnel patrolling the [[Attari]] border crossing in the Punjab in a Gypsy.]]
[[File:Maruti20100217123734.jpg|thumb|Indian Army Maruti Suzuki Gypsy King in 5 door VIP version]]
Maruti Suzuki MG413W "Gypsy King"

Dimensions
*Front track {{convert|1300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
*Rear track {{convert|1310|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
*Kerb weight 985 kg/1, 040 kg*
*Gross vehicle weight 1585 kg/1,620 kg*

Engine
*Type G13BB MPFI 16-valve gasoline
*Cylinders 4
*Displacement 1298 cc
*Maximum power {{convert|80|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} @6000 rpm
*Maximum torque {{convert|103|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm
*Transmission type Five forward (all synchromesh), one reverse
*Transfer gearbox Two-speed
*Type constant mesh
*Transfer gear ratio High : 1.409; Low : 2.268
*Suspension Front and rear leaf springs with double action dampers

Brakes with booster
*Front Disc 250 mm
*Rear Drum 220 mm
*Tyres F78-15-4 PR 205/70R15

Capacities
*Fuel tank {{Convert|40|L|usgal impgal|0|abbr=on}}
*Engine oil {{Convert|4|L|usgal impgal|1|abbr=on}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305135015/http://www.marutigypsy.com/variants.asp/|date=20070305135015|title=Maruti Gypsy car}} - Maruti Suzuki Gypsy official website

{{Maruti Suzuki India Limited}}
{{Maruti Suzuki Timeline}}
{{Cars in India}}

[[Category:Maruti vehicles|Gypsy]]
[[Category:OEM Suzuki vehicles]]
[[Category:Off-road vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1985]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2018]]

Sarawadi Purohitan

2025-11-14T03:00:56Z

TeodoroGalvan6: adding stub

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name =Sarawadi Purohitan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Vishvambhar Singh =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body =
Tehsil
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3967
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi/Marwadi language|Hindi/Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]], [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarawadi Purohitan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिव के जयकारों से गूंजा सरवड़ी पुरोहितान, बिराजे देव, खुशहाली की कामना |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/ganguly-sarvadi-purohit-from-shiva-s-jokes-god-god-wished-for-prospe-1-2965984 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> is a village located in [[Pachpadra]] tehsil of [[Balotra district]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with a total of 768 families residing there. Sarawadi village has a population of 3,967 of which 2,102 are males while 1,865 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarwari Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87425-sarwari-rajasthan.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Sarwadi Purohitan Pin Code - 344026, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/sarwadi-purohitan-pincode-344026.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पिन कोड of Sarwadi Purohitan BO: Sarwadi Purohitan BO Pin Code and Barmer Post Office Address - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/rajasthan/barmer/sarwadi-purohitan-bo |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Sarwadi Purohitan Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Sarwadi Purohitan, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/sarwadi-purohitan |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26|00|23|N|72|28|49|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Bangalore high-speed rail link

2025-10-23T07:14:27Z

TeodoroGalvan6: rework intro per standard format and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 300px
| name = Bengaluru High-Speed Rail Link
| color = Grey
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[High-speed rail]]
| system =
| status = Cancelled
| locale = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka
| start =
| end =
| stations = 4
| routes = [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|MG Road]]-[[Kempegowda International Airport]]
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| owner =
| operator =Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (BMRCL)<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Metro-will-have-high-speed-link-to-BIA/articleshow/10433799.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709134437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-21/bangalore/30306250_1_rail-link-airport-link-airport-line | url-status=live | archive-date=9 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Metro will have high-speed link to BIA | date=21 October 2011}}</ref>
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|33|km|mi}}
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| electrification =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map ={{Routemap
|inline = y
|title = Bengaluru High-Speed Rail Link
|map =
uKDSTa!~lhSTRa@f~~ ~~ ~~Depot
uhBHF~~11~~[[MG Road]]
uhHST~~12~~[[Cubbon Road]]
uhBHF~~13~~[[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]
uhBHF~~14~~[[Yelahanka]]
uhBHF!~lhSTRe@g~~15~~[[Kempegowda International Airport|Airport Terminal]]
}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Bengaluru High-Speed Rail Link''' (BHSRL) was a proposed [[high-speed railway]] to connect [[Bengaluru]]'s city centre with the [[Kempegowda International Airport]] at [[Devanahalli]]. The rail line was to have run along the eastern side of [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], and cover a distance of 33 kilometres from MG Road to the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/watch/blr-metro/metro-to-airport.html |title=Details at |publisher=Karnataka.com |date=24 September 2008}}</ref> The project cost was estimated to be {{INRConvert|57.67|b}}.

The project was cancelled in 2013 in favor of an extension of the [[Namma Metro]], which was later announced and approved as the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Cost-viability-nix-high-speed-rail-link-to-Bengaluru-International-Airport/articleshow/24355940.cms|title = Cost, viability nix high-speed rail link to Bengaluru International Airport | Bengaluru News |website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 19 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Plan==
The [[Kempegowda International Airport]] was located in [[Devanahalli]], 36 kilometres away from the city centre. The airport was built at this location, since the old airport, [[HAL Airport]], was located in the city centre and had no room for expansion when the airport hit a limit of 10 million passengers. After the new airport was opened, the only way to reach the airport was by [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]. A [[Overpass|flyover]] and 2 [[Toll road|toll gates]] were constructed to connect the airport to the highway.

As of now, only cars and buses can drive to the airport. In 2021, a [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|railway station]] was opened on the boundary of the airport. It later became imperative to build a fast link between the city and the airport, since traffic jams prevented flyers from reaching the airport on time and in turn, some missed their flights.

The [[Government of Karnataka]] then proposed to build a [[high-speed rail]] link between MG Road and the airport, along NH 44. Four stations, Cubbon Road, Hebbal, Yelahanka and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Airport Terminal]] were the planned locations for these stations. The line was to be owned by the [[BMRCL|Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.]] (BMRCL)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksiidc.com/tender.htm |title=High Speed Rail Link Project in Bangalore on Bot Basis |publisher=Ksiidc.com |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328161330/http://www.ksiidc.com/tender.htm |archive-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/14/stories/2008061461390300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618023931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/14/stories/2008061461390300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The Hindu, Jun 14 2008 |date=14 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/High-speed-rail-to-BIA-gets-green-light-/articleshow/4685478.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811075517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-22/bangalore/28200605_1_high-speed-rail-hsrl-bia | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=High-speed rail to BIA gets green light | date=22 June 2009}}</ref>

The line was expected to carry air travellers at speeds up to 160 km/h between the airport and MG Road with a travel time of approximately 25 minutes.<ref name=lm>{{cite news|url=http://origin-www.livemint.com/Politics/fMdx0Ry7eySVsj9bKddQhL/High-speed-rail-line-to-airport-in-Bangalore-may-be-discarde.html| work=Livemint | title=High speed rail line to airport in Bangalore may be discarded | date=25 September 2012}}</ref>

==Cancellation==
In June 2012, Karnataka chief secretary S.V. Ranganath asked BMRCL to prepare a note on including an extension to the airport in Phase 2 of the [[Namma Metro]] network. Under the new plan, Phase 2B, the Central Silk Board-Nagawara line, later named the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]], will be extended to the airport.<ref name=lm/> The extension, from Nagawara to the airport, is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|50|b}} and will be implemented in a [[public–private partnership]] mode. The extension was approved and construction started in 2021. Initially, the travel time is expected to be 44 minutes but may go up to 55 minutes as more stations are added to the route. Although the high-speed rail link was expected to carry passengers to the airport in 29 minutes, it will be more expensive to build than the Blue Line. As a result, the high-speed rail link was cancelled. The Blue Line is expected to be operational around 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-metro-will-take-you-to-the-airport-in-less-than-an-hour/article4008511.ece |title=Bangalore Metro will take you to the airport in less than an hour |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_hsrl-takes-back-seat-govt-pushes-for-metro-phase-2_1753331 |title=HSRL takes back seat; govt pushes for Metro phase 2 – Bangalore – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 October 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rapid transit systems]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Bangalore topics|left}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:High-speed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

Amir-ud-daula Public Library

2025-10-15T03:02:21Z

TeodoroGalvan6: edit

{{Short description|Public library in Lucknow, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Amir-ud-daula Public Library अमीर-उद-दौला पब्लिक लाइब्रेरी امیر الدولہ پبلک لائبریری
| name_en =
| library_logo =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| type = Public library
| scope =
| established = 1868
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = [[Lucknow]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|51|4|N|80|55|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| branch_of =
| num_branches =
| items_collected = Printed works, maps, archives, manuscripts, photographs, lithographs
| collection_size =
| criteria =
| legal_deposit =
| req_to_access = Library open to all
| annual_circulation =
| pop_served =
| members =
| budget =
| director =
| num_employees = 19
| website = {{url|http://amirplibrary.org}}
}}
The '''Amir-ud-daula Public Library''' ({{langx|hi|अमीर-उद-दौला पब्लिक लाइब्रेरी}}, {{langx|ur|امر-اد-دلا پبلک لائبریری}}), is a public [[library]] in [[Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Llewellyn-Jones |first=Rosie |title=Lucknow : then and now |year=2003 |publisher=Sangam |location=London |isbn=8185026610 |pages=86, 89, 147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416205913/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Punjab Library Association |title=Modern Librarian, Volumes 14-15 |year=1943 |publisher=Pakistan Library Association |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngwiAQAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416205835/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngwiAQAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |url-status=live }}</ref> [[India]].

==History==
The library has a long history in different locations in Lucknow. In 1868, it was part of the [[State Museum Lucknow]], known then as the Provincial Museum, and open to student readers in 1887. In 1907 the collection moved to the upper storey of the Lal Baradari, a building constructed by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan (1798-1814). In 1910 it shifted to the Chota [[Chattar Manzil]] and opened as the Public Library, Lucknow. In 1926 the library moved again, this time to a building constructed for the purpose. The foundation stone was laid by Sir [[Harcourt Butler]] in 1921. The library was gifted to the Government of the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] by the [[Taluqdar]]s of [[Awadh]] and named after [[Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan]], one of whose titles was Amir-ud-daula. In 1947, the Taluqdar’s Association transferred some land in front of the Library for the construction of a park <ref>{{cite book |last=Llewellyn-Jones |first=Rosie |title=Lucknow : then and now |year=2003 |publisher=Sangam |location=London |isbn=8185026610 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416205913/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amir-ud-daula+Public+Library |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Collection of books==
The collection includes about 2 lakh books in languages that include Hindi, English, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, and Sanskrit.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Education in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:1868 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1868]]

Saipuia

2025-10-12T01:43:30Z

TeodoroGalvan6: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Seipuia]]

Bhishmaka

2025-10-05T22:01:42Z

TeodoroGalvan6: fix details after review

{{short description|Father of Rukmini in Hinduism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Krishna as guest meet king of Vidarbha ( father of Rukmini ).jpg
| caption = Bhishmaka meets Krishna
| texts = [[Harivamsha]], [[Puranas]]
| children = [[Rukmi]] (son), [[Rukmini]] (daughter)
| region = [[Vidarbha]]
}}

'''Bhishmaka''' ({{Langx|sa|भीष्मक|translit=Bhīshmaka}}), also called '''Hiranyaroman''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-01 |title=Section CLIX [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc375096.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> is the king of [[Vidarbha]] In [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u22JJclPaBUC&dq=bhishmaka+story&pg=PA54 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |date=1879 |publisher=Trübner |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> He is the father of [[Rukmini]], the chief wife of [[Krishna]] and an incarnation of the goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=Ramkrishna Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&dq=rukmini+chief+consort&pg=PA161 |title=Vaiṣṇavism, Ṡaivism and Minor Religious Systems |date=1987 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0122-2 |pages=21 |language=en |quote="expressed a desire for as good a son as Rukmini, his chief consort, had."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Gopiparanadhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcpGCgAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+queen+of+dvaraka&pg=PT231 |title=Sri Brhad-bhagavatamrta: Volume One |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-784-0 |pages=Verse 74 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moor |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_ri-gem1ssC&dq=bhishmaka+legend&pg=PA153 |title=The Hindu Panthwon |date=1998 |publisher=Laurier Books, Limited |isbn=978-81-7020-963-8 |pages=153 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Skanda Purana ===
The [[Skanda Purana]] describes Bhishmaka to be a wealthy and powerful monarch. At the time of the birth of Rukmini, the text describes a celestial voice instructing him to marry his daughter to a four-armed one ([[Chaturbhuja|Caturbhujā]]) who had been born on earth. After eight years, he betroths his daughter to [[Shishupala]] upon the insistence of the latter's father, Damaghosha, who tells him that Caturbhujā was an epithet of his son. His daughter Rukmini was against marriage and wished to marry her childhood love Krishna and send letter to him to take her away from her marriage. Krishna and [[Balarama]] are invited to her marriage ceremony by Bhishmaka, upon which Krishna elopes with his daughter and gets marriage like she wished.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-10-22 |title=The Greatness of Rukmiṇī Tīrtha [Chapter 142] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc425871.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Harivamsha ===
In the [[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]], when the king Bhishmaka's eldest son [[Rukmi]] chooses to marry his sister Rukmini off to suitors through a [[svayamvara]] ceremony, the king opposes Rukmi's decision, regarding it to be bad conduct on his part. When the king grants an audience to Krishna, he begs the god's forgiveness for this folly, upon which the latter agrees with his opinion, revealing that the bride was in fact Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. He assures the king that this was no sin on his part. Bhishmaka offers many exultations of Krishna before the god's departure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-14 |title=Conversation between Krishna and Bhishmaka [Chapter 52] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/harivamsha-purana-dutt/d/doc485593.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mola Ram - Shispul Arguing with Rukmini's Father, Bhishmaka, page from a Rukmini Manga - 1984.66 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|260x260px|Bhishmaka argues with Shishupala, Cleveland Museum of Art]]

=== Malinithan ===
A legend was implanted around [[Malinithan]] by [[Srimanta Sankardev]] in the 16th century, connecting the place to the mythological king of Bhishmaka (Lord of [[Vidarbha]]) of the epics.<ref>"Among many works of Śaṅkaradeva, the Rukmiṇiharaṇa, the poem of Rukmimi and Krishna, gained considerable popularity in the Sadiya area and influenced its regional identity construction. Rukmiṇī, in this poem, was a daughter of king Bhīṣmaka"{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=55}}</ref> The association of the legend with the place led to a widespread renaming of the Eastern Assam and Eastern Arunachala Pradesh regions.<ref>"Considering the wide popularity of the Rukmiṇīharaṇa among the people, especially as the staged performance, it is not surprising that many toponyms of the area were derived from this Vaiṣṇava legend and the legendary places associated with Bhīṣmaka were reproduced in the local landscape. For instance, Vidarbha, the name of the country, once ruled by Bhīṣmaka according to the Epics and Purāṇas and perhaps identical with [[Berar Province|Behar]] in [[Maharashtra]], was applied to the area around Sadiya."{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=56}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}

[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kings in Indian mythology]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]

A. R. Raja Raja Varma

2025-08-11T15:13:51Z

TeodoroGalvan6: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{short description|Indian poet and linguist (1863–1918)}}
{{distinguish|A. R. Rahman}}

[[File:A.R. Raja Raja Varma.jpg|right|thumbnail|172x245px]][[File:Rajarajavarma handwriting.jpg|thumb|right|A. R. Raja Raja Varma handwriting]]
'''A. R. Raja Raja Varma''' (1863–1918) was an Indian [[poet]], grammarian, and Professor of Oriental Languages at Maharaja's College (present [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Life ==
A. R. Raja Raja Varma was part of the [[royal family]] of erstwhile [[Parappanad]], [[Malappuram district]]. Rajaraja Varma Koyi Thampuran was born in February 1863 at the [[Lakshmipuram Palace]] in [[Changanassery|Changanacherry]] to mother Kunjikkavu Thampuratti and father Vasudevan Namboodiri.<ref name="George1979">{{cite book|last=George|first=K. M.|author-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=A.R. Rajaraja Varma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOIvAAAAIAAJ|series=Makers of Indian Literature|year=1979|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|oclc=8170754|page=13}}</ref>

Later in his life, Raja Raja Varma became one the first survivors of the very first car accident in India. Raja Raja Varma, along with his uncle Kerala Varma Valiya Koyil Thampuran, was travelling via car on 20 September 1914 when a stray dog jumped in front of their vehicle near Kayamkulam causing the driver to lose control which sent the car tumbling. Kerala Varma suffered chest trauma and died two days later on 22 September becoming the first victim of any car accident in India while Raja Raja Varma escaped with minor injuries.

A.R Raja Raja Varma died in 1918.

== Work ==
Varma wrote widely in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]]. He is known as Kerala [[Pāṇini|Panini]] for his contributions to [[Malayalam grammar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose |last=George |first=K. M. |year=1994 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-783-5 |page=394 }}</ref> Varma was the moving spirit behind the great literary renaissance in [[Kerala]] in the Golden Age of Malayalam literature. Says Ulloor of A.R. Rajaraja Varma, "While others embellished the walls of the mansion of Malayalam literature with their paintings and drawings, A.R. worked both on its foundation and dome and made it a long enduring and imposing structure for the benefit of the people of Kerala. His fame rests on this architectural accomplishment and is bound to last forever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/35348160F23C204265257139002DA468?OpenDocument%26StartKey%3DA.%26Count%3D100 |title=A. R. Rajaraja Varma |access-date=2010-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110732/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/%28docid%29/35348160F23C204265257139002DA468?OpenDocument&StartKey=A.&Count=100 |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref>

==Major works==
===On grammar and rhetoric===
His important works are ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'', ''Bhashabhooshanam'', ''Vritha Manjari'' and ''Sahitya Sahyam'', the last of which introduced English-style punctuation to Malayalam.<ref>{{cite book |title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature |last=George |first=K. M. |year=1972 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0413-3 |page=22 }}</ref>

=== Poems ===
* ''Bhangavilaapam''
* ''Malayavilasam''
* ''Angalasamrajyam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Thesis Search Results |url=https://www.mgutheses.in/page/?q=T%203648&search=&page=&rad= |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.mgutheses.in}}</ref>

===Translations===
{{Portal|India|Poetry}}
* ''Bhasha Megha Dootu''
* ''Bhasha Kumara Sambhavam''
* ''Malayala Sakuntalam''
* ''Malavikagnimitram''
* ''Charudattam''

==References==
{{commons category|A. R. Raja Raja Varma}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]]|title=A.R. Rajaraja Varma|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/publications/pdf/a-r-rajaraja-varma_english.pdf|year=1979|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|author=P. Ananthan Pillai|title=Kerala Panini|url=|year=1934|publisher=K.R.G.Menon & Brothers|location=Trivandrum|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Joseph Mundassery]]|title=Rajarajante Mattoli|url=|year=1961|publisher=Mangalodayam|location=Trichur|language=ml}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, A. R.}}
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University College Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Kobali

2025-08-11T05:37:54Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up A Bio

{{Short description|Indian crime drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kobali.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Crime fiction|Crime]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator = Revanth Levaka
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| screenplay = Revanth Levaka
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Revanth Levaka
* Jeevan Bandi
* Rajasekhar Reddy
* Kammireddy
}}
| director = Revanth Levaka
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
* Syamala
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]]
* Rocky Singh
* Tarun Rohith
}}
| music = Gowra Hari
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = {{plain list|
* Revanth Levaka
* Mahesh Babu Daggumilli
}}
| producer = {{plain list|
* Jyothi Meghavath Rathod
* Raja Sekhar Reddy Kammireddy
* Tirupati Srinivasa Rao
}}
| editor = Kishore Maddali
| cinematography = Rohit Bachu
| runtime = 25{{ndash}}30 minutes
| company = {{plain list|
* Nimbus Films India
* U1 Productions
* TSR Movie Makers Studios
}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Kobali''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created and directed by Revanth Levaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Kobali OTT Release Date OUT: When And Where To Watch Ravi Prakash's Telugu Revenge Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/kobali-ott-release-date-out-when-and-where-to-watch-ravi-prakashs-telugu-revenge-drama-article-117915057 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The series features [[Ravi Prakash]], Syamala, [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]], Rocky Singh and Tarun Rohith in primary roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Kobali on OTT: Release date, platform, cast, story and other details revealed |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/ott/kobali-ott-release-date-platform-cast-story-trailer-2813636 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was released on 4 February 2025 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kobali trailer: A rural revenge drama that promises a bloodbath |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/17/kobali-trailer-a-rural-revenge-drama-that-promises-a-bloodbath |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130085822/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/17/kobali-trailer-a-rural-revenge-drama-that-promises-a-bloodbath |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Srinu
* Syamala as Meena
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Dr. Krishna
* Rocky Singh as Ramana
* Tarun Rohith as Ramu
* Venkat as Jagjeevan Takur
* Anand Ravi as Paidiraju
* Yog Khatri as Principal
* Gaddam Naveen as Murthy
* Sagar Majji as Shabir
* Manikanta as Raju
* Sukku Reddy as Kaasi

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C2A5D |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Shadows of the Past
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Drug Lead
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Betrayal
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The First Strike
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Desperation
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Hunt Begins
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Reckoning
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Confrontation
|DirectedBy = Revanth Levaka
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Revanth Levaka|Jeevan Bandi|Rajasekhar Reddy|Kammireddy}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
}}

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack was composed by Gowra Hari, with a special song "Lilly" composed by Siva Prasad Imandi. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. The special song "Lilly" was released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-31 |title=Special single 'Lilly Killi' from Kobali is a foot-tapping dance number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/31/special-single-lilly-killi-from-kobali-is-a-foot-tapping-dance-number |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nissabdham
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = Gowra Hari
| music1 = Gowra Hari
| extra1 = Gowra Hari
| title2 = Kobali Theme
| length2 =
| music2 = Gowra Hari
| title3 = Lilly
| lyrics3 = Viswanath Karasala
| music3 = Siva Prasad Imandi
| extra3 = Meghanaa Naidu Dasari
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and was critical of weak storyline and shallow screenplay, while praised the performance of Ravi Prakash and Rocky Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Kobali Review: Disappointing, Disengaging and Purposeless! |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/kobali-review-disappointing-disengaging-and-purposeless-374604 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' too gave the same rating and felt that the excessive use of foul language is a drawback and the characters are not given proper arcs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kobali Review: Only Ravi Prakash shines in this underwhelming faction drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kobali-review-only-ravi-prakash-shines-in-this-underwhelming-faction-drama/d1ffd33f0f293 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|35465105}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kobali/1271384753 ''Kobali''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Television series about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Crime drama web series]]

Guhiya River

2025-06-22T10:23:41Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Guhiya River
| image =
| image_caption = Guhiya River
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=left|type=line|id=Q15222245|text=Interactive Map}}
| map_caption =
| source1_location = Near Khariya Neev and Tharasani, Sojot Tehsil, Rajasthan, India
| mouth_location = Near Phekaria (Phenkariya), Rajasthan, India
| sub_name =
| sub_location =
| sub_catchment =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| length =
| width_avg =
| depth_avg =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge1 =
| discharge2_location =
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_max =
| discharge2 =
| basin_size = {{convert|3835|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Radia Nadi, Guria Nadi, Lilri Nadi, Sukri (stream), Phunpharia
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
}}
'''Guhiya River''' is a small river in [[Pali District]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is an [[intermittent stream]] running only during the monsoon season and is a tributary of the [[Luni River]].

It rises in the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range]] near the villages of Kariya Neev (Khariyaniv) and Tarasanib in [[Sojot Tehsil]].<ref>{{Citation|date=March 1962|title=Ajmer, India, Sheet NG 43-06|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ng-43-06a.jpg}}</ref> Its tributaries include the Radia Nadi, Guria Nadi, Lilri Nadi, Sukri (stream) and Phunpharia.<ref name="Dept-Irr-1">{{Cite web|title=Rivers – Luni Basin|publisher=Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan|url=http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3rivers5.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419033829/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3rivers5.htm|archivedate=19 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It joins the [[Bandi River]] near the village of Phekaria (Phenkariya) at {{Coord|25|52|27|N|72|48|36|E|display=inline,title}}.<ref>{{Citation|date=November 1959|title=Pali, India, Sheet NG 43-09|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/txu-oclc-6614190-ng43-9.jpg}}</ref> The catchment basin for the Guhiya river is {{Convert|3835|sqkm|acre}}.<ref name="Dept-Irr-1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Luni Basin|publisher=Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan|url=http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bluni.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326193503/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bluni.htm|archivedate=26 March 2008|url-status=dead}}
{{Clear}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]

Kawandi

2025-05-28T13:38:31Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Put Up Stub...

'''Kawandi''' or '''Kavandi''' is a style of quilting originating from the [[Siddis of Karnataka|Siddi community]] of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drewal |first=Henry John |date=2013-03-01 |title=Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) of India |url=https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article-abstract/46/1/6/54748/Soulful-Stitching-Patchwork-Quilts-by-Africans?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=African Arts |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=6–17 |doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00039 |issn=0001-9933|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The style has been described as [[Patchwork quilt|patchwork]], but in truth it is an [[appliqué]] style.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shirazi |first=Faegheh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Islamicate_Textiles/KkmyEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kawandi&pg=PA118&printsec=frontcover |title=Islamicate Textiles: Fashion, Fabric, and Ritual |date=2023-04-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-29124-9 |pages=118-121 |language=en}}</ref>

== Technique ==
Women are the primary makers of kawandi. Appliqué fabric for the front of the quilts is sourced from used clothing or other recycled fabric.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=2011-04-15 |title=SOULFUL STITCHING: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) of India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/arts/design/soulful-stitching-patchwork-quilts-by-africans-siddis-of-india.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Karen |date=2022-07-27 |title=Pieced Together—African Quilts of India |url=https://pieceworkmagazine.com/pieced-together-african-quilts-of-india/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=PieceWork |language=en}}</ref> Old and worn kawandi quilts may be recycled into new quilts.<ref name=":0" />

The rectangular strips or square scraps of fabric are usually pieced in geometric formations, although some makers choose to add symbols.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The backing is often made from [[Sari|saris]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Colby |first=Celina |date=2018-04-05 |title=Soulful stitching: Quilts tell story of Siddi people |url=https://baystatebanner.com/2018/04/05/soulful-stitching-quilts-tell-story-of-siddi-people/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The Bay State Banner}}</ref> It and the applique pieces are most commonly sewn together simultaneously using wide stitches of white thread.<ref name=":3" />

The quilters work along the edges of the piece and then towards the center,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Maggi Mccormick |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Warman_s_Vintage_Quilts/ZhNjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kawandi&pg=PT493&printsec=frontcover |title=Warman's Vintage Quilts: Identification And Price Guide |date=2008-12-03 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4402-2133-0 |language=en}}</ref> where the most ornate piece of fabric is usually placed.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Additional bright fabric scraps, called ''tikeli'', may also be attached to the quilt's front.<ref name=":4" /> Small triangular decorative pieces of fabric, called ''phula'', are attached to the corners of a kawandi piece, and are considered the finishing touch.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Some makers sew a few grains of rice into the end of the quilt as a blessing.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sunder |first=Kalpana |title=How one art historian is helping revive an African tradition in India |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-one-art-historian-is-helping-revive-an-african-tradition-in-india-16205823 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=TRT World |language=en}}</ref>

== Background and history ==
The Siddi community are the descendants of slaves brought to the region from East Africa, and the Kawandi style retains some East African influences.

Girls traditionally learn kawandi from their mothers, and it is expected that married women are able to make kawandi quilts for their husband and his family.<ref name=":0" /> The quilts serve a functional purpose, and are used as blankets, mattresses, coverings for guests to sit on, or to swaddle babies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaram |first=Rajashree |date=2022-11-01 |title=How Karnataka's Siddi women quilters are helping revive an age old craft |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/how-karnatakas-siddi-women-quilters-are-helping-revive-an-age-old-craft/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Until 2004, kawandi was primarily made for use within the Siddi community. Since 2004, with the establishment of the Siddi Women's Quilting Cooperative, some quilts have been made to be sold abroad.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Outside interest in the quilts has helped to revitalize the craft, as the increasing use of machine stitching was leading to fewer quilts being created in the community.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Arts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Quilting]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]

Vivek Venugopal

2025-05-21T13:40:28Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{Short description|Indian composer, guitarist, and producer}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vivek Venugopal
| image = Vivek Venugopal in 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Vivek Venugopal
| alias = Visita
| origin = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Western classical music|Classical]], [[Jazz]], [[World music]]
| occupation = [[Composer]], [[Guitarist]], [[Record producer|Producer]]
| instrument = [[Guitar]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| label = Visita Music
| website = {{URL|visitamusic.com}}
}}

'''Vivek Venugopal''', better known as '''Visita''', is an Indian [[composer]], guitarist, and producer.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/composer-vivek-venugopals-latest-album-has-the-pandemic-and-its-after-effects-as-subjects/article65813908.ece|title=Composer Vivek Venugopal's latest album has the pandemic and its after-effects as subjects|first=Neeraja|last=Murthy|date=September 1, 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He primarily works with [[classical music]].<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hyderabad-composer-visita-vivek-venugopal-classical-album-made-in-russia/|title=Composer Visita aka Vivek Venugopal Made His New Classical Album in Russia|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=February 4, 2023|website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Venugopal began his music career in 2014 as a self-taught [[guitarist]] under the project named Visita.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/mar/23/a-lilting-union-ofinstruments-2280127.html|title=A lilting union of instruments|website=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/sep/13/taking-the-classical-route-journey-of-a-self-taught-musician-in-hyderabad-2497525.html|title=Taking the classical route: Journey of a self-taught musician in Hyderabad|website=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Later, he became interested in Jazz and international ethnic music.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2015, Venugopal released his debut album ''Musings'', which consisted of solo acoustic‑guitar compositions that he performed himself.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-visita-evocative-piano-piece-moments-profundity/|title=Exclusive Premiere: Visita's Evocative Piano Piece 'Moments of Profundity'|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=June 14, 2019|website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/new-music-from-bengaluru-math-rock-to-kolkata-djent/|title=New Music: From Bengaluru Math Rock to Kolkata Djent|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=September 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-purposeful-climb/article24109345.ece|title=A purposeful climb|date=June 7, 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He then followed this up with ''Syncretism, Vol. 1'' in 2016, inspired by [[Music of West Africa|West African]], [[Celtic music|Celtic]], and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]].<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-visita-introspective-new-song-epiphanies/|title=Exclusive Premiere: Visita's Introspective New Song 'Epiphanies'|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=April 7, 2018 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-hyderabad-guitarist-visita-enchanting-ep-syncretism/|title=Exclusive Stream: Listen to Fingerstyle Guitarist Visita's Enchanting New EP|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=December 1, 2016|website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Venugopal presented his second solo guitar album, ''The Ascent of Mt. Purpose''.<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://rsjonline.com/buzz/exclusive-release-the-bitter-in-sweet-by-visita.html|title=Exclusive Release: The Bitter In Sweet by Visita|website=[[Rock Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5"/> Following that, he transitioned to composition, and in 2019, he worked with pianists Mitali Saraf and Shantanu Patel on a set of solo [[piano]] pieces, titled ''Chronicles: Consolation''.<ref name="auto9"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/strumming-a-different-chord/article28267082.ece|title=Strumming a different chord|date=July 2, 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In January 2020, Venugopal released the second installment of the concept‑album series, titled ''Chronicles: Resolution'', featuring [[duduk]] artist Arsen Petrosyan, cellist Magdalena Sas, and [[trumpeter]] Johnny Woodham.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hyderabad-artist-visita-ode-morphing-muse/|title=Hyderabad Artist Visita Taps Into Neo-Classical on 'An Ode to the Morphing Muse' EP|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/dec/06/hyderabads-vivek-venugopal-talks-about-his-new-album-and-working-with-international-musicians-20360.html|title=Hyderabad's Vivek Venugopal talks about his new album and working with international musicians|website=[[The New Indian Express#Recent changes|Indulge Express]]}}</ref> Later that year, he published ''An Ode to the Morphing Muse, Op. 6'', a piece for two voices, [[cello]], and piano, featuring singer‑conductor Salome and cellist Tatiana Kritskaya.<ref name="auto1"/>

In March 2021, Venugopal released ''Reveries, Op. 7'', featuring music for piano, [[violin]], and cello, was released.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/composer-vivek-venugopal-on-his-new-album-reveries-op-7/article34243222.ece|title=Composer Vivek Venugopal's seventh album Reveries, Op. 7: Spectrum of contemplative moods.|first=Neeraja|last=Murthy|date=April 5, 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/premiere-composer-visita-evokes-contemplation-on-an-affective-crossroad/|title=Premiere: Composer Visita Evokes Contemplation on 'An Affective Crossroad'|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=February 28, 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Venugopal presented ''Moods for Violin & Piano, Op. 15'', featuring pianist Nadine Jo Crasto and violinist Nourhe Khate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/premiere-composer-visita-nadine-jo-crasto-nourhe-khate-violin-piano/|title=Premiere: Composer Visita, Pianist Nadine Jo Crasto and Violinist Nourhe Khate's New Classical Piece 'Whimsical Randomness & Existential Absurdity'|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=August 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

In February 2023, Venugopal published, ''String Quartets, Opp. 10, 12'', that was recorded in [[Russia]].<ref name="auto11"/> The album includes two pieces, titled 'A Prayer for Mother Nature, Op. 10' and 'Conflicted Resolution, Op. 12.'<ref name="auto11"/> He followed this up with ''Opp. 9 & 13'', comprising 'A Soiree for the Migratory Birds, Op. 9' for [[wind quintet]] and 'A Suite for Strings & Winds, Op. 13', featuring both string and wind quintets.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/visita-new-album-bolshoi-theater-musicians-op-9-13/|title=Visita Teams Up the Bolshoi Theater of Russia for New Album|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=September 16, 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, Venugopal presented Raga Poems, ''Op. 22 & Liberation Op. 18'', in collaboration with musicians from the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] and [[Russian National Orchestra]].<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/hyderabad-composer-vivek-venugopal-bolshoi-and-russian-national-orchestra/article69320880.ece|title=Hyderabad musician Vivek Venugopal’s fusion with the Bolshoi and Russian National Orchestra|first=S. B. Vijaya|last=Mary|date=March 13, 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Venugopal is also known for introducing a musical instrument called Visitar along with Erisa Neogy.<ref name="auto3"/>

Venugopal compares himself to Japanese composer [[Toru Takemitsu]], who initially distanced himself from his native music before embracing it. He considers [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Alban Berg]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Claude Debussy]], [[John Coltrane]], as well as the Indian oral rhythmic traditions of [[Konnakol]] and [[Bol (music)|Bol]], as his influences.<ref name="auto12"/>

==Discography==
*''Musings'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-world-beyond-Carnatic/article16643753.ece|title=The thriving culture for western contemporary music in Chennai|date=November 16, 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*''Syncretism Vol. 1'' (2016)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://visitamusic.com/themusic/|title=Visita Music | THE MUSIC}}</ref>
*''The Ascent of Mt. Purpose'' (2018)<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="auto7"/>
*''Chronicles: Consolation'' (2019)<ref name="auto6"/>
*''Chronicles: Resolution'' (2020)<ref name="auto6"/>
*''An Ode to the Morphing Muse, Op. 6'' (2020)<ref name="auto6"/>
*''Reveries, Op. 7'' (2021)<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto3"/>
*''Moods for Violin & Piano, Op. 15'' (2022)<ref name="auto2"/>
*''String Quartets, Opp. 10, 12'' (2023)<ref name="auto11"/>
*''Opp. 9 & 13'' (2023)<ref name="auto13"/>
*''Raga Poems, Op. 22 & Liberation, Op. 18'' (2025)<ref name="auto12"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopal, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Emblem of Delhi

2025-05-19T07:35:05Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[State Emblem of India]]

Gandhara (svara)

2025-05-03T04:20:00Z

TeodoroGalvan6: Done

{{Short description|Third octave in Indian classical music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Gāndhāra (Ga).jpg|thumb|Gandhara (Ga)]]
'''Gandhara''' ({{Langx|sa|गान्धार|translit=Gāndhāra}} {{IPA|sa|ɡaːn̪d̪ʱaːɾɐ|}}) is the third [[svara]] in [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title = The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Gandhara is the long form of the syllable ग (Ga).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | title=[Answered] What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA - Brainly.in | date=28 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Details==
The following is the information about Gandhara and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Gandhara is the third svara in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Gandhara is the immediate next svara of [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re).
* The [[svara]] of Gandhara is Komal and Shuddha.
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja|title = The 7 Shadows of Shadja|date = 30 January 2013}}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.'''
So the svara Ga is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Gandhara is 300 Hz. The frequencies of the 7 svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
Consequently, the Ga after the Re of 540 Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 600 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Ga.
* There are 2 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Gandhara. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Ga but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.
For example, if these are the 2 Shruti's of Ga then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Ga'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Ga'''.
* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra svaras}} but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''' , since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - Komal Svaras'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''
* Ragas from [[Kafi Thaat]], [[Asavari Thaat]], [[Todi Thaat]] and [[Bhairavi Thaat]] have Komal Gandhara, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Gandhara.
* Ragas where Ga is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Kafi (raga)]], raga [[Bageshri]], raga [[Bhoopali]] etc. Ragas where Ga is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Sohni]], etc.
* Hypothetically speaking, Ga is said to be the Gandharvas, Gandharvas as in, the three main gods, [[Bhrama|Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] were first created i.e. Sakar Bhrama (Sa) and then these three gods created Rishimuni i.e. Re and then [[Gandharvas]] were created for singing. Ga is made the acronym of [[Gandharvas]] for showing the importance of the syllable Ga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-significance-of-Seven-Sur-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni-Sa-in-music|title=What is the significance of Seven Sur (Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa) in music?}}</ref>
* Gandhara is said to be sourced from the bleating of a [[goat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title = The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>
* Gandhara is associated with the planet [[Sun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref>
* Gandhara is associated with [[Golden (colour)|Golden]] colour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishada]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Musical notation]]
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Patna–Purna Express

2025-03-16T15:36:32Z

TeodoroGalvan6:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Patna–Purna Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007|03|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| stops = 17
| end = {{stnlnk|Purna Junction}} (PAU)
| distance = {{convert|1734|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17609 / 17610
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Patna - Purna) Express route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17609 / 17610 '''Patna–Purna Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Purna Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17609/17610 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8724&did=14906160062321947949FD3011E5CCC48B1F0978733F3.web107 Temporary Stoppages for Trains at Maihar Station to facilitate "Chaitra Navrati Festival" Pilgrims]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7504&did=14659700465306BC92C985064DEDA903B06722D72649B.web91 SCR Provides Baby Food at Stations/Trains as part of Janani Sewa]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/54-trains-to-remain-cancelled/articleshow/48103597.cms 54 trains to remain cancelled]</ref>

== Service==

The 17609/Patna–Purna Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1734 km in 32h 4m. The 17610/Purna–Patna Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1734 km in 32h 20m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Majri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wani}}
* {{stnlnk|Adilabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Kinwat}}
* {{stnlnk|Sahasrakund}}
* {{stnlnk|Himayatnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}
* {{stnlnk|Purna Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 12 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Patna to Purna and vice versa.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

== See also ==

* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Purna Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1301 17609/Patna–Purna Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1242 17610/Purna–Patna Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna-Purna Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2007]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}