https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Teena29I554Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T01:44:24ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Degree_College,_Gonda_Twisa&diff=501034Government Degree College, Gonda Twisa2026-05-02T13:49:29Z<p>Teena29I554: added a entry.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|College in Tripura, India}}<br />
{{Proposed deletion/dated<br />
|concern = Fails [[WP:NSCHOOL]] and [[WP:GNG]]<br />
|timestamp = 20260502134929<br />
|nom = Filmssssssssssss<br />
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}}<br />
{{One source|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Government Degree College, Gonda Twisa<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = <br />
| founder = <br />
| type = Undergraduate college<br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| city = Gonda Twisa, [[Dhalai]]<br />
| principal = Dr. Srimanta Ray<br />
| dean = <br />
| director = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = 250<br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| state = [[Tripura]]|<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 799284<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5975513|91.7991066|display=Inline}}<br />
| campus = Rural<br />
| affiliations = Tripura University<br />
| language = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| free_label2 = <br />
| free2 = <br />
| colors = <!--or, colours= --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| mascot = <!--or, mascots= --><br />
| sports_free_label = <br />
| sports_free = <br />
| sports_free_label2 = <br />
| sports_free2 = <br />
| website = http://www.gdcgnc.edu.in/welcome.html<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Government Degree College, Gonda Twisa'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=tripuranewslive |date=2022-01-19 |title=Govt changes name of Gandacherra & Atharamura as Ganda Tuisa and Hachuk Berem: Chief Minister |url=https://tripuranewslive.com/govt-changes-name-of-gandacherra-atharamura-as-ganda-tuisa-and-hachuk-berem-chief-minister/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Tripura News Live |language=en-US}}</ref>, is a college in Gonda Twisa [[Dhalai district]], [[Tripura]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Tripura University |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/general-degree-colleges |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717113131/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/general-degree-colleges |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==Accreditation==<br />
The college is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).{{Cn|date=June 2022}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Education in Tripura]]<br />
*[[Tripura University]]<br />
*[[Literacy in India]]<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Government+Degree+College,+Gandacherra/@23.5975513,91.7991066,325m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3753b2f07d6972d3:0xb676a418561ec2e6!8m2!3d23.5975464!4d91.8002011|title= Government Degree College, Gandacharra}}<br />
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{{Portal bar|Education}}<br />
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{{Tripura University}}<br />
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[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]<br />
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{{tripura-university-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendra_Prasad_Chaudhary&diff=528551Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary2026-04-29T19:56:31Z<p>Teena29I554: added a entry initial version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|07|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| constituency = [[Rudhauli Assembly constituency|Rudhauli]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2022<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| profession = Politician <br />
}}<br />
'''Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Rudhauli Assembly constituency]] of [[Basti district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18309/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rajendra-chaudhary/ |title=Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary, SP MLA from Rudhauli |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rajendra-prasad-chaudhary |title=Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
<br />
Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary was born on 1 July 1961 in [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Santram Chaudhary.<ref name="upla"/> He married Sheela Chaudhary on 2 March 1987, and they had two children.<ref name="upla"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br />
* [[Rudhauli Assembly constituency]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Rajendra Prasad}}<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political people]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:People from Basti]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
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{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawahar_Lal_Rajput&diff=505855Jawahar Lal Rajput2026-04-29T19:56:19Z<p>Teena29I554: started initial details added tags...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jawahar Lal Rajput<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|1|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh<br />
| constituency = [[Garautha Assembly constituency|Garautha]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2017<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Deep Narayan Singh Yadav]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jawahar Lal Rajput''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Garautha Assembly constituency]] of the [[Jhansi district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18225/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/jawahar-lal-rajput/ |title=Jawahar Lal Rajput, BJP MLA from Garautha |website=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/jawahar-lal-rajput-bjp-2022-garautha-260-uttar-pradesh |title=जवाहर लाल राजपूत – गरौठा विधानसभा चुनाव 2022 परिणाम |language=hi |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/garautha/news/garautha-mla-jawahar-lal-rajput-inaugurated-by-cutting-lace-129787888.html |title=गरौठा में पेयजल टंकी की शुुरुआत:विधायक जवाहर लाल राजपूत ने फीता काटकर किया शुभारंभ |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/bjp-mla-jawahar-lal-rajput-son-abused-police-station-incharge-case-registered-uproar-over-mining/articleshow/104561286.cms |title=बीजेपी विधायक जवाहर लाल राजपूत के बेटे ने थाना प्रभारी को दी गाली, खनन को लेकर बवाल के बाद केस दर्ज |language=hi |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Jawahar Lal Rajput was born on 1 January 1963 in [[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh, to a Hindu family of Kishori Saran Rajput.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Manorama Rajput on 4 July 1986, and they have two children.<ref name="UPLA"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/><br />
|-<br />
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br />
* [[Garautha Assembly constituency]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput, Jawahar Lal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political people]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satindra_Mohon_Dev&diff=533455Satindra Mohon Dev2026-04-21T04:30:22Z<p>Teena29I554: done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian politician<br />
| name = Satindra Mohon Dev<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1967<br />
| term_end = 1972<br />
| predecessor = [[Mohitosh Purkayastha]]<br />
| successor = [[Nanda Kishor Sinha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]<br />
| term_start1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| constituency1 = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| children = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Satindra Mohon Dev''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar constituency]] in the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1967-72.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72 | publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Satindra Mohon }}<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]<br />
<br />
{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murattu_Kaalai_(1980_film)&diff=519156Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)2026-04-20T13:33:36Z<p>Teena29I554: pg</p>
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<div>{{short description|1980 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Murattu Kaalai<br />
| image = Murattu Kaalai.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]<br />
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]<br />
| producer = M. Kumaran<br />[[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]<br />M. Balasubramaniam<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Rati Agnihotri]]|[[Sumalatha]]|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]}}<br />
| cinematography = Babu<br />
| editing = R. Vittal<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1980|12|20|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 144 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Murattu Kaalai''''' ({{translation|Raging Bull}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Sumalatha]] and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. It revolves around Kaalaiyan, an honourable villager who, despite being wealthy, chooses to live modestly while Sundaravelu, a less honourable man from the neighbouring village, tries to grab Kaalaiyan's land.<br />
<br />
''Murattu Kaalai'' was the first film for Rajinikanth with [[AVM Productions]], and the company's re-entry into [[Tamil cinema]] after a long sabbatical since [[A. V. Meiyappan]], the founder of AVM Productions died in 1979 with his sons taking over the production business. It was released on 20 December 1980 and became the highest grossing Tamil film at the time of its release. The film was also instrumental in establishing Rajinikanth as both an [[action hero]] and [[superstar]]. It was remade again in Tamil [[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|under the same title]] and released in 2012.<br />
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== Plot ==<br />
Kaalaiyan, a well-to-do and honourable landlord, lives modestly with his four brothers in a village. Sundaravelu is an equally rich but less honourable landlord in the neighbouring village. He lusts for Kaalaiyan's property and sends his assistant Saamipillai to him with an offer to buy his property. Saamipillai's family was burnt to death by Sundaravelu's father; Saamipillai had joined Sundaravelu's service as a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]], planning to destroy Sundaravelu at the appropriate time.<br />
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Kaalaiyan refuses to sell his property. Saamipillai, knowing well that Kaalaiyan is the best [[jallikattu]] player around, advises to Sundaravelu to organise a jallikattu game in the village festival and announce the reward as his sister Soundaryam's hand in marriage. Kaalaiyan wins, but refuses to marry Soundaryam as he is aware of Sundaravelu's devious plan, thus disappointing Soundaryam, who loved him, and also insulting Sundaravelu.<br />
<br />
Sundaravelu falls in love with Kannamma, a girl of his village and proposes to her. When she refuses, he tries to molest her and she comes to Kaalaiyan seeking protection. Kaalaiyan allows her to stay at his house. She takes care of all the domestic work and impresses Kaalaiyan's brothers. When the villagers talk ill of Kannamma, Kaalaiyan's brothers decide to get Kannamma and Kaalaiyan married. To stop the wedding, Sundaravelu, at the instigation of Saamipillai, sends his henchman Sangili, who previously killed Kannamma's father, to fight Kaalaiyan. Kaalaiyan subdues Sangili but spares him.<br />
<br />
Sundaravelu kills Sangili and frames Kaalaiyan. The police arrive at Kaalaiyan's marriage venue to arrest him. He escapes and hides in a forest. Soundaryam, coming to know about the misdeeds of her brother and his plans to destroy Kaalaiyan, argues with her brother and goes to the forest in search of Kaalaiyan. She finds him and reveals the truth. Sundaravelu, who had secretly followed Soundaryam to the forest, fights Kaalaiyan and takes his knife to kill him, but ends up killing Soundaryam, who came between the two.<br />
<br />
Kaalaiyan is again framed for murder by Sundaravelu, the police intensify their search and a team of officers reach the forest. One of them is Sundaravelu's man and he attacks an officer. The corrupt officer assumes he is dead and leaves the place, but Kaalaiyan finds and saves him. Sundaravelu learns that the attacked officer survived and sends a group of thugs to attack Kaalaiyan when he is travelling in a train. Kaalaiyan fights the thugs and subdues them all; he forces one of them to inform Sundaravelu that Kaalaiyan and the policeman are dead.<br />
<br />
During Sundaravelu's birthday party celebrations, Kaalaiyan and Kannamma come there disguised as dancers. When Sundaravelu gifts them money, Kaalaiyan reveals his true identity. A fight ensues, until a team of police officers arrives to arrest Sundaravelu for his crimes. When he demands witnesses and proof for his crimes, Saamipillai comes forward and agrees to give all the evidence, revealing his identity. Sundaravelu realises that he does not have any support and shoots himself dead to avoid arrest.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Kaalaiyan{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=117}}<br />
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Kannamma{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
* [[Sumalatha]] as Soundaryam{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sundaravelu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=117}}<br />
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Saamipillai{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=117}}<br />
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Kaalaiyan's first brother<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /><br />
* [[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Kannamma's father<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 52" /><br />
* Shantharam as Sangili<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 52" /><br />
* Rajappa as Kaalaiyan's second brother<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /><br />
* Master Ramu as Kaalaiyan's third brother<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /><br />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] (Guest appearance){{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] (Guest appearance){{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
[[AVM Productions]] took a break from producing films after few of their films failed at box-office.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=15 May 2005 |title=மறைந்தார் அப்பச்சி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-05-15/kalki2005-05-15.pdf |access-date=10 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–31 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Its founder [[A. V. Meiyappan]] wanted [[S. P. Muthuraman]] to direct a film for AVM featuring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]], and Muthuraman agreed. However, a month later, Meiyappan died and Muthuraman became upset at not fulfilling his wish. Soon after, Meiyappan's son [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] reminded Muthuraman about his father's wish and said he, along with his brothers, would produce the prospective film, reinvigorating Muthuraman. Rajinikanth, who had a long-time desire to appear in an AVM film, readily agreed when approached by Muthuraman. However, Haasan was reluctant as he and Rajinikanth did not intend to act together again; Haasan told Muthuraman to make a separate film for each actor. Saravanan decided that work on the Rajinikanth film begin first.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /><br />
<br />
[[Panchu Arunachalam]] developed the script for the film, which was titled ''Murattu Kaalai''.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /> It marked the fourth collaboration between Muthuraman and Rajinikanth, and both men's first with AVM.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=116–118}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran |pages=17}}</ref> The film also marked the comeback of AVM to Tamil films after a long sabbatical.<ref name="DC" /> It was co-produced by Saravanan's brothers M. Kumaran and M. Balasubramaniam, photographed by Babu and edited by R. Vittal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murattu Kaalai |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Murattu-Kaalai/0STAYF18V9D5Q40RFSO789P2Z9 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting and filming ===<br />
''Murattu Kaalai'' was the first film where [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], who was generally known for his heroic roles, portrayed a negative character.<ref name="Jaishankar" /> According to Muthuraman, the producers were initially hesitant to approach him, given his image, but Jaishankar agreed without any reservations.<ref name="jai" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=9 March 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 49: ரஜினிக்கு சமமான நடிகர்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/73470-49.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402170354/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/73470-49.html |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Rajinikanth wanted Jaishankar to get equal prominence in all the film's promotional material, and it happened that way.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=10 December 2006 |title=Only Rajini can |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190715114927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 July 2013 |title=James Bond of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202135802/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Y. G. Mahendran, Rasappa, Ramu and Arjunan were chosen to portray Rajinikanth's younger brothers.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|pages=210-211}} Rajinikanth wore a wig designed by B. Natesan throughout the shoot to portray his character.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=7 September 2019 |title=Loved Rajinikanth's hair in 'Murattu Kalai'? Meet the wig maker behind the look |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-wig-makers-tale/article29362271.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507161041/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-wig-makers-tale/article29362271.ece |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The makers chose to shoot the film in [[Pollachi]] as it had all that the script required: fields, forests, hills and rivers.<ref name="rekla" /> The scene involving Rekla race was shot by tying the camera to the bottom of rekla cart.<ref name="rekla" /><br />
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The introductory [[jallikattu]] sequence and succeeding song "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam" were shot at Paganeri, a village near [[Karaikudi]] while the close-up shots of Rajinikanth fighting with the bull in the field were shot at the AVM school playground in Chennai.<ref name="train" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=10 August 2020 |title=#45YearsOfRajinism: Podhuvaga En Manasu Thangam from Murattu Kaalai reflects Rajinikanth's characteristic traits: SP Muthuraman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/45yearsofrajinism-podhuvaga-en-manasu-thangam-from-murattu-kaalai-reflects-rajinikanths-characteristic-traits-sp-muthuraman/articleshow/77469542.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/45yearsofrajinism-podhuvaga-en-manasu-thangam-from-murattu-kaalai-reflects-rajinikanths-characteristic-traits-sp-muthuraman/articleshow/77469542.cms |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> When Muthuraman and Babu were scouting for locations which conduct jallikattu, they found a village who said this event will happen on villages like Paganeri and Palayapatti.<ref name="kaalai" /> Congress Leader Udayappa's family who lived in Paganeri helped the crew with resources and arranged the event. Around 400 bulls were bought from Madurai and Ramanathapuram for this scene.<ref name="kaalai" /> Since Muthuraman demanded a single horned bull with a particular colour also with that broken horn, the film's production manager had to scout every cattle markets for similar bulls but could not get such. After that they bought a bull and went to veterinary doctor who was forced to cut off the single horn from the bull and the crew waited for the wound to heal before shooting the scene.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 August 1995 |title=சிண்டு பிய்க்க வைக்கும் சண்டை காட்சிகள் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-08-27/kalki1995-08-27.pdf |access-date=10 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=4–9 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> This scene took three days to be shot and it lasts around 1000 feet and it took 12 rolls to complete the scene.<ref name="kaalai" /><br />
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The fight sequence at the top of a train was choreographed by [[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]],<ref name="DC" /> was shot at Tenkasi Railway Station and took three days to film.<ref name="train" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=240}} According to Saravanan, the train fight scene was inspired by a Chinese film which was given by sons of [[Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti]].<ref name="jai" /> Since train used to travel and arrive on that station only on morning and evening within four hours, the makers decided to shoot the scene on afternoon by hiring a train on rent.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=215}}<ref name="train" /> While filming the scene, the film's cinematographer Babu and his assistants placed the camera in front of the train engine, on the side of the garage, and under the train with the help of vacuum base.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=216}}<ref name="train" /><br />
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The scene where Sumalatha dies was shot at Top hills in Pollachi while another fight scene was shot at a mango grove which is located 22 kilometrees away from Pollachi.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=25 May 1980 |title=பொல்லாத முரட்டுக் காளை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-25/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230404152346/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-25/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=10–11 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=1 June 1980 |title=ரஜினியைக் காணோம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-01/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230408063735/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-01/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The climax initially had the antagonist beaten and dragged by the police, but Rajinikanth could not bear to see Jaishankar in such a position; it was changed to have the character commit suicide to avoid arrest.<ref name="Jaishankar" /><br />
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== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murattu Kaalai (1980) |url=https://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+%281980%29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114003211/http://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+(1980) |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murattukkalai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/murattukkalai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904042306/https://mossymart.com/product/murattukkalai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Entha Poovilum" is based on [[Antonio Ruiz-Pipó]]'s Cancion y Danza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=7 March 2021 |title=Tamil film music and plagiarism: What fans feel about recurring issue |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003085037/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> For the song "Podhuvaga En Manasu", S. P. Muthuraman wanted an alternative tune for it. Ilaiyaraaja offered the tune of "Yeh Aatha" but Muthuraman preferred the earlier tune. "Yeh Aatha" was subsequently used in ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2019 |title=வேண்டாம் என்று சொன்ன மெட்டுகளும் சூப்பர் ஹிட்: இளையராஜா சுவாரஸ்யம் |trans-title=Even the rejected tunes were super hits: An Ilaiyaraaja titbit |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/156373-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904162017/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/156373-.html |archive-date=4 September 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam" became immensely popular among fans of Rajinikanth,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=13 August 2017 |title=Hero worship |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/aug/13/hero-worship-1594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034935/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/aug/13/hero-worship-1594.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and featured prominently in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Entha Poovilum<br />
| note1 = <br />
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Puthu Vannangal<br />
| note2 = <br />
| extra2 = S. Janaki<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam<br />
| note3 = <br />
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Maame Machchan<br />
| note4 = <br />
| extra4 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Kodanu Kodi Konda Selvanai Padunga<br />
| note5 =<br />
| extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], P. Susheela<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<!-- https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/156373-.html --><br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Murattu Kaalai'' was released on 20 December 1980.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=237}} The review board of the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave the film a B rating (equal to 40 or 45 marks out of 100), calling it a mass commercial entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 1981 |title=முரட்டுக் காளை : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38103--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507161334/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38103--2 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted "[..] there is nothing small in this movie. Nothing is compromised. All efforts are made to bring maximum entertainment to the audience. The lapse, if at all, is in the story" while felt the screenwriter slumbered in showing the atrocities of antagonist to show the "heroic exploits" of the lead protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-14 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What Cinema Express critics thought of superstar's films over the ages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250815111351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success, running for over 175 days in 4 theatres.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=241}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
''Murattu Kaalai'' popularised the trend of introduction songs which went on to become a trademark in Rajinikanth's films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 December 1999 |title=Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405000727/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |date=5 May 2016 |title=When a Superstar enters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185735/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film also confirmed Rajinikanth's status as a [[superstar]].{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=48}} As film historian [[G. Dhananjayan]] noted, "With [''Murattu Kaalai''], Rajinikanth went from being an acting hero to an [[action hero]]. He became a larger-than-life hero and superstar after this film."<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2018 |title=Who's the Boss? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/whos-the-boss-rajinikanth-5022871/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202034757/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/whos-the-boss-rajinikanth-5022871/ |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The train fight and jallikattu scenes remain landmark fight sequences in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu matters: It's a symbol of self-assertion, people power in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/jallikattu-matters-it-s-a-symbol-of-self-assertion-people-power-in-tamil-nadu/story-d93ESvkMTrYNd8mw7nZfQP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042029/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/jallikattu-matters-it-s-a-symbol-of-self-assertion-people-power-in-tamil-nadu/story-d93ESvkMTrYNd8mw7nZfQP.html |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2016 |title=All aboard the Kollywood express |url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/26/All-aboard-the-Kollywood-express-1522992.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423035436/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/26/All-aboard-the-Kollywood-express-1522992.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> N. S. Ramnath wrote in ''[[Forbes India]]'' that though Tamil cinema became more experimental in the 1970s, ''Murattu Kaalai''{{'s}} success "put a stop to experimentation in films, and pushed everyone on to the [[Masala film|masala]] bandwagon".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=N.S. |date=6 July 2011 |title=The Tamil Film Industry's New Storyline |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/26552 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116043026/https://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/26552 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> "Seeviduven" ({{Translation|I'll chop off your head}}) became one of the popular catchphrases from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2013 |title=Rajinikanth's punchnama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajinikanths-punchnama/article5453063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025044504/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajinikanths-punchnama/article5453063.ece |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Murattu Kaalai'' was remade again in Tamil [[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|under the same title]] by [[K. Selva Bharathy]]. The remake featured a remix of "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=16 June 2012 |title=Murattu Kaalai Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/murattu-kaalai/movie-review/14174815.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408172422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/murattu-kaalai/movie-review/14174815.cms |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was released in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Murattu Kaalai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/murattu-kaalai-review-tamil-15001045.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023039/http://www.sify.com/movies/murattu-kaalai-review-tamil-15001045.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and failed to repeat the success of the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 July 2019 |title=Movie Milestone: 30 Years Of Raja Chinna Roja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190724080539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> R. S. Prakash of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' compared ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014) to ''Murattu Kaalai'' because of how it depicted the male lead's relationship with his four younger brothers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=11 January 2014 |title=Movie review: Veeram |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Veeram-movie-review-film-Ajith-kumar-Shiva/articleshow/28686622.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626165220/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/veeram-movie-review-film-ajith-kumar-shiva/articleshow/28686622.cms |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
The dialogue "Seeviduven" became so popular and Rajinikanth also went on to utter the same dialogue in some of his films like ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=163}} In ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), the title character (Rajinikanth) is seen performing "Podhuvaga En Manasu" on stage.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Muthu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Kavithalayaa Productions]] |time=27:31 to 28:10 |time-caption=From}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=163}} In ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' (2008), Azhagar (Jai) and Paraman (Sasikumar) are seen watching ''Murattu Kaalai'' at a theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavitha |first=S. S. |date=29 September 2011 |title=Flashbacks of a film-crazed town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/flashbacks-of-a-filmcrazed-town/article2495168.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165556/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/flashbacks-of-a-filmcrazed-town/article2495168.ece |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Subramaniapuram |date=2008 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Company Productions |time=47:12 to 51:54 |time-caption=From}}</ref> In ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), Pachaimuthu ([[Kalabhavan Mani]]) utters the dialogue "Seeviduven" while threatening Vaseegaran (Rajinikanth).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Enthiran |date=2010 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Sun Pictures]] |time=1:48:57 to 1:49:00 |time-caption=From}}</ref> The 2017 film ''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]'' was named after the song from ''Murattu Kaalai''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2017 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin starrer Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam to release on August 11 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/05/udhayanidhi-stalin-starrer-podhuvaga-emmanasu-thangam-to-release-on-august-11-1638787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009110453/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/05/udhayanidhi-stalin-starrer-podhuvaga-emmanasu-thangam-to-release-on-august-11-1638787.html |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=13 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48">{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=2 March 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48: ரஜினி விக் வைத்து நடித்த ஒரே படம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816093702/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 52">{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=30 March 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 52: சண்டையில் தெரிந்த அன்பு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/74335-52.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817032033/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/74335-52.html |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="DC">{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=29 August 2017 |title=Action heroes are in demand worldwide: Rajinikanth |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290817/action-heroes-are-in-demand-worldwide-rajinikanth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202043157/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290817/action-heroes-are-in-demand-worldwide-rajinikanth.html |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Jaishankar">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=பிளாஷ் பேக்: ஜெய்சங்கருக்கு ரஜினி கொடுத்த மரியாதை |trans-title=Flashback: The respect Rajini gave Jaishankar |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/49264/cinema/Kollywood/rajini-and-jaishankar-in-murattu-kaalai-movie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005053054/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/49264/cinema/Kollywood/rajini-and-jaishankar-in-murattu-kaalai-movie.htm |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="rekla">{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=16 March 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 50: ரஜினி காளையை அடக்கினாரா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/74779-50.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816110836/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/74779-50-2.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="train">{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=23 March 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 51: ஒரு போட்டியின்னு வந்துவிட்டா சிங்கம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/72236-51.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402171859/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/72236-51.html |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="kaalai">{{Cite magazine |date=11 January 1981 |title=காமிராக்குள் அடங்கிய காளைகள்! |url=https://ibb.co/8X2qDs0 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510135504/https://ibb.co/8X2qDs0 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–33 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="jai">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=29 May 2005 |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் பெருந்தன்மை! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-05-29/kalki2005-05-29.pdf |access-date=10 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0279249}}<br />
<br />
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}<br />
{{AVM Productions}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 action films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1980s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about landlords]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamaksha_Temple&diff=507889Kamaksha Temple2026-04-18T20:50:26Z<p>Teena29I554: started some place initial version...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup|date=January 2024|reason=trans-title tags are neded to be to the reference with an English translation. }}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Kamaksha temple <br />
| image = File:Kamaksha temple.jpg <br />
| image_upright = yes<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
<!-- RELIGION -->Kamaksha temple<br />
| religious_affiliation =[[Hinduism]] <br />
| deity =[[Kamaksha]], [[kamakhya]] <br />
| festival =[[Suket Fair]], [[Navratri]], [[Durga Pooja]] <br />
| location =[[Jaidevi]] <br />
| district =[[Mandi district|Mandi]] <br />
| state =[[Himachal Pradesh]] <br />
| country =[[India]] <br />
| map_type = India Himachal Pradesh <br />
| map_caption =Location In Jaidevi <br />
| coordinates ={{coord|31.50061|76.95657|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} <br />
| year_completed =12th-21st century <br />
| monument_quantity =4 <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| website =https://www.jaidevi.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shri Kamaksha Temple''' [[Jaidevi]], also known as the Kul Devi (family deity) of the [[Suket State|Suket royal family]] and the Raj-Rajeshwari and Adhisthatri Devi of the Suket principality, is a historic Hindu temple surrounded by mountains in a natural setting.<ref>{{cite web |title=देवभूमि हिमाचल में इकलौता कामाक्षा माता मंदिर, जहां आए थे भगवान परशुराम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/mandi-karsog-kamakhsa-mata-temple-hpvk-2677933.html |website=News18 हिंदी |publisher=news 18 |access-date=10 Dec 2019 |language=hi |date=10 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kamaksha means "the goddess who fulfills all desires." This place is famous in the region and is known as [[Jaidevi]]. The deities celebrated at this place are Shri Mahunag Ji Jaidevi and Shri Bala Tika Ji Kafla Ji, and the origin of the place is attributed to the [[Kamakhya|Goddess Kamaksha]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=शर्मा |first1=पियूष |title=करसोग ! पहली बार ममेल कामाक्षा क्षेत्र का दौरा करेंगे छतरी मगरू मानगढ़ के आराध्य नाग चपलांदू ! » Khabar Himachal Se |url=https://khabarhimachalse.com/2020/03/17/9192/ |website=Khabar Himachal Se |publisher=khabar himachal sa |access-date=17 March 2020 |date=17 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Kamakhya Shakta pitha ==<br />
The original temple of the goddess Kamakhya [[Shakta pitha]] is in [[Assam]]. In different parts of India, she is known as Kamakhya in the east, [[Kamaksha]] in the north, and Kamakshi in the south.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamaksha Temple Karsog 10 महाविद्याओं की देवी है मां कामाक्षा अष्टमी पर्व पर मंदिर में होगा जागरण |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/himachal-pradesh/city/mandi/kamaksha-temple-karsog-ashtami-fair-will-be-celebrated-in-karsog/hp20221002173444696696875 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=2 October 2022 |publisher=etv |access-date=2 Oct 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
As the Kul Devi of the Suket royal family, Maa{{clarify|what does Maa mean and why is it capitalised?|date=October 2023}} Kamaksha is given the foremost position in the Suket fair and the Jatar (religious procession). It is said that the Suket fair is associated with [[Kamrunag Lake|Dev Kamrunag]], Mool Mahunag, and the name of Maa [[Kamaksha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaidevi.in/2022/11/Jaidevi.html |url-access= |script-title=hi:राजाओं के काल से जुड़ा है जय देवी नामक स्थान का इतिहास और जय देवी स्थान की उत्पत्ति |last=Sharma |first=Naman |title= History of the Origin of JaiDevi Place is Related to the Period of Kings|date=31 January 2023 |website=Jaidevi |location=Jaidevi |language=hindi |format=DoC}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Kamaksha ==<br />
According to the history of Maa [[Kamaksha]], when the ancient king Shri Shyam Sen of Suket was shifting the capital of his old principality from Pangana to the new capital of Karatarpur, Lohara, and Baned, it was decided to bring the goddess Kamaksha from the old palace to the new palace.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaidevi.in/2022/07/shri-kulja-bhagwati-kamaksha-mahamaya.html |url-access= |script-title=hi:सुकेत के सेन राजवंश महाराजाओं की कुलदेवी के रूप में जानी जाती है देवी कामाक्षा |last=Sharma |first=Naman |title=Kuldevi Kamaksha of Sen Dynasty of Suket |date=31 January 2023 |website=Jaidevi |language=Hindi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155510/https://www.jaidevi.in/2022/07/shri-kulja-bhagwati-kamaksha-mahamaya.html |archive-date=16 March 2023 |via=google |access-date=8 July 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
<br />
It was during this time that the temple of Maa Kamaksha was built at this place ([[Jaidevi]]) and the idol was consecrated. From that moment, the entire earth resounded with the chants of Jaidevi-Jaidevi, and the place came to be known as Jaidevi.<ref>{{cite web |title=कामाक्षा देवी मंदिर में शांतिपूर्वक हुआ बड़ा फेर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/mandi/Mandi-64750-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
If we talk about the history before this, it is said that the original place of the Suket rulers was [[Bengal]]. When the kings ventured towards the northern direction in ancient times to establish their capital and rule, they brought the magnificent idol of Goddess Kamaksha from Assam (Bengal/Kolkata/Guwahati) to this place.<ref>{{cite web |title=सुंदरनगर के कामाक्षा मंदिर में चोरी:नगदी सहित करीब 4 लाख के गहने ले उड़े चोर, पूजा करने पहुंचा पुजारी तो लगा पता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/himachal/mandi/sundarnagar/news/mandi-sundarnagar-news-theft-in-kamaksha-temple-shobha-ram-bsl-policestation-130848117.html |website=bhasker |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In this temple, both the forms of the goddess, Devi Kula and Kali, reside. The construction of Bhagwati [[Kamaksha]] Jaidevi Temple was done by the king of Suket, and it has been restored several times by the temple committee and the local people.<ref>{{cite web |title=मां के घर चोरी: सुंदरनगर में कामाक्षा मंदिर से सोने का छत्र, नथ सहित लाखों के गहने उड़ा ले गए शातिर |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2023/01/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87/ |website=Divya Himachal |publisher=divya hiamchal |access-date=27 Jan 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Suket Fair ==<br />
It has always been a tradition of the Suket royal family that before undertaking any auspicious task, the king would seek the blessings of his Kul Devi. For this purpose, the king would invite his Kul Devi to his palace. In the local language, this invitation is called "Jatra". In ancient times, the king and some officials would personally bring Maa Kamaksha to the fair.<ref>{{cite web |last1=naman |first1=sharma |title=राजाओं के काल से जुड़ा है जय देवी नामक स्थान का इतिहास और जय देवी स्थान की उत्पत्ति |url=https://www.jaidevi.in/2022/11/Jaidevi.html |website=Kamaksha |publisher=jaidevi |access-date=31 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After that, the king would bring the Kul Devi with great pomp and show to his palace and she would reside there along with the priests for a few days. During this time, the fair of the goddess would be organized in the palace. Initially, the fair of the goddess was held in Lohara, then in Karatarpur, and finally in Baned.<br />
<br />
After 1900, Devi was brought to the Suket fair by the last king of Suket, Lakshman Sen, along with Raja Mahunag Ji. After 1921, Devi was brought to the fair with [[Mahamaya Temple|Mahamaya]] (the famous deity of Panga, the first capital of Suket, and the Adhisthatri Devi of the Suket royal family). And even today, Devi.<br />
<ref>{{cite web |last1=danik |first1=jagran |title=सुंदरनगर के कामाक्षा मंदिर जयदेवी से नकदी समेत लाखों के गहने चोरी, CCTV की मदद से चोर की तलाश में जुटी पुलिस |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/mandi-sundernagar-kamaksha-temple-jayadevi-jewelery-lakhs-cash-stolen-police-engaged-search-help-cctv-cameras-23311444.html |website=Dainik Jagran |publisher=jagran |access-date=28 January 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kamaksha temple.jpg |Kamaksha mata Temple Jaidevi<br />
Kamakshi mata temple Jaidevi.jpg|Kamakshi mata temple Jaidevi<br />
</gallery><br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[kamaksha]]<br />
* [[Jaidevi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mandi district]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solapur_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=536523Solapur South Assembly constituency2026-04-18T09:39:15Z<p>Teena29I554: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Solapur South<br />
| map_image = 251-Solapur South.svg<br />
| map_caption = Subhash Deshmukh, present MLA of Solapur south<br />
| incumbent_image_alt = Subhash Deshmukh<br />
| mla = [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]<br />
| party = [[BJP]]<br />
| alliance = [[Maha Yuti]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Dilip Mane]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| division = [[Pune division]]<br />
| district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]]<br />
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 382,994<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = subhash-deshmukh.jpg<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 251<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Solapur South Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly South Solapur)'' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Solapur district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /><br />
<br />
==Geographical scope==<br />
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling Booths in Solapur South Assembly Constituency, Maharashtra |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/polling-booth/solapur-south.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The constituency comprises Tirhe, Shelga revenue circles in [[Solapur North taluka]], ward nos 7 to 14 and 40 - 43 of [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]] and Hotgi, Mandrup and Vinchur revenue circles of [[Solapur South taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
Polling booth station areas under constituency<br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br />
|+<br />
!Polling Booth Areas<br />
|-<br />
|Ambedkar Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Utkarsh Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Shanti Nagar Majarevadi<br />
|-<br />
|Soreganv Gaonthan<br />
|-<br />
|Jule Solapur<br />
|-<br />
|Vadakabal<br />
|-<br />
|Hattur<br />
|-<br />
|Nai Jindagi Majarevadi<br />
|-<br />
|Degav Gaonthan<br />
|-<br />
|Kumathe Gaonthan<br />
|-<br />
|Majarevadi Gaonthan Hotgi Road<br />
|-<br />
|Hatture Vasti Hotagi Road<br />
|-<br />
|Sundaram Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Swagat Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Mandrup<br />
|-<br />
|Aheravadi<br />
|-<br />
|Dongaon<br />
|-<br />
|Barur<br />
|-<br />
|Pakani<br />
|-<br />
|Neelam Nagar Juna Kumbhari Road<br />
|-<br />
|Kandalaganv<br />
|-<br />
|Vijapur Road<br />
|-<br />
|Utkarsh Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Majarevadi<br />
|-<br />
|Adarsh Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Nehru Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|S. R. P Camp<br />
|-<br />
|Vijapur Road<br />
|-<br />
|Kandalagaon<br />
|-<br />
|Kusur<br />
|-<br />
|Mangoli<br />
|-<br />
|Jule Solapur<br />
|-<br />
|Ambedkar Nagar Hotgi Road<br />
|-<br />
|Pratap Nagar Gaonthan<br />
|-<br />
|Soreganv Gaonthan<br />
|-<br />
|Majarevadi Gaonthan Hotgi Road<br />
|-<br />
|Nehru Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Honmurgi<br />
|-<br />
|Shivashahi Javal Kumathe<br />
|-<br />
|Bharat Mata Nagar, Hotgi Road<br />
|-<br />
|Mandrup<br />
|-<br />
|Malakavathe<br />
|-<br />
|Mandrup<br />
|-<br />
|Shanti Nagar Majarevadi<br />
|-<br />
|Bhandarakavathe<br />
|-<br />
|Pakani<br />
|-<br />
|Aherwadi<br />
|-<br />
|Akole Mandrup<br />
|-<br />
|Antroli<br />
|-<br />
|Auj Mandrup<br />
|-<br />
|Aurad<br />
|-<br />
|Balgi<br />
|-<br />
|Bankalagi<br />
|-<br />
|Barur<br />
|-<br />
|Basav Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Belati<br />
|-<br />
|Bolkavathe<br />
|-<br />
|Borul<br />
|-<br />
|Chinchpur<br />
|-<br />
|Fatatewadi<br />
|-<br />
|Gavadewadi<br />
|-<br />
|Ghodatanda<br />
|-<br />
|Gunjegaon<br />
|-<br />
|Hattarsang<br />
|-<br />
|Hattur<br />
|-<br />
|Hipale<br />
|-<br />
|Hiraj<br />
|-<br />
|Hotgi<br />
|-<br />
|Indira Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Ingalgi<br />
|-<br />
|Karkal<br />
|-<br />
|Kawathe<br />
|-<br />
|Khanapur<br />
|-<br />
|Kudal<br />
|-<br />
|Kulkarni Tanda<br />
|-<br />
|Kumte<br />
|-<br />
|Kurghot<br />
|-<br />
|Kusur<br />
|-<br />
|Lavangi<br />
|-<br />
|Majrewadi<br />
|-<br />
|Malkavathe<br />
|-<br />
|Mangoli<br />
|-<br />
|Nandani<br />
|-<br />
|Nandur<br />
|-<br />
|Nimbargi<br />
|-<br />
|Pathari<br />
|-<br />
|Rajur<br />
|-<br />
|Rana Pratap Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Sadepur<br />
|-<br />
|Salgar Vasti<br />
|-<br />
|Samshapur<br />
|-<br />
|Sanjwad<br />
|-<br />
|Savatkhed<br />
|-<br />
|Shankar Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Shirval<br />
|-<br />
|Shivganga Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Shivani<br />
|-<br />
|Sindkhed<br />
|-<br />
|Soregaon<br />
|-<br />
|Sundram Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Tai Chowk<br />
|-<br />
|Takali<br />
|-<br />
|Telgaon<br />
|-<br />
|Tirhe<br />
|-<br />
|Vadakbal<br />
|-<br />
|Vadapur<br />
|-<br />
|Vangi<br />
|-<br />
|Vinayak Nagar<br />
|-<br />
|Vinchur<br />
|-<br />
|Yelegaon<br />
|-<br />
|Yetnal<br />
|-<br />
|ZPPS Kanbas<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solapur South Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/solapur-south.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Basawanti Shantirappa Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 | Virupakshappa Guruppa Shivdare <br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Anandrao Narayan Devkate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Gurunath Shivappa Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=4 | Anandrao Narayan Devkate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2003 elections in India#Maharashtra|2003 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2005 elections in India#Maharashtra|2005 By-election]] || Ratikant Shankareppa Patil|| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Dilip Mane|Dilip Brahmdev Mane]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Subhash Deshmukh|Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Solapur|Solapur South]]<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur South">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13251.htm |access-date=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114072029/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13251.htm |archive-date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Solapur South Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Solapur South Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-south |access-date=14 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114072035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-south |archive-date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Deshmukh|Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 116,932 |percentage = 51.94% |change={{decrease}}2.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amar Ratikant Patil |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 39,805 |percentage = 17.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moulali Bashumiya Sayyed (Baba Mistry) |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 26,706 |percentage = 11.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmraj Annaraj Kadadi |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,747 |percentage = 8.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Sevu Pavar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,343 |percentage = 5.04% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadeo Basanna Koganure |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,155 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 826 |percentage = 0.37% |change={{decrease}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 77,127 |percentage = 34.26% |change= {{increase}}16.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 225,958 |percentage = 59.00% |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 225,132}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 382,994|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.34 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.31 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Deshmukh|Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,223 |percentage = 54.25% |change={{increase}}13.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moulali Bashumiya Sayyed (Baba Mistri) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,976 |percentage = 36.06% |change={{increase}}11.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yuvraj (Bhayya) Bhimrao Rathod |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,579 |percentage = 5.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amitkumar Sanjay Ajanalkar (Sir) |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 2,005 |percentage = 1.25% |change={{decrease}}5.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Naganath Ganapati Dupargude |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 1.12% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,247 |percentage = 18.19% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,822 |percentage = 52.43% |change= {{decrease}}5.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,779}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,524|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.71 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Deshmukh|Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,077 |percentage = 40.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Mane|Dilip Brahmdev Mane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,954 |percentage = 24.83% |change={{decrease}}27.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Prakash Vankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 14,188 |percentage = 8.20% |change={{decrease}}31.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Bhimashankar Shelke |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 12,363 |percentage = 7.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun(Dada) Salgar |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 12,185 |percentage = 7.04% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Sidramappa Hasapure |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,344 |percentage = 3.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Rawikant Shankarappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,502 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 596 |percentage = 0.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,123 |percentage = 15.68% |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,920 |percentage = 58.65% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,997}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,544|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.89 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.07 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Mane|Dilip Brahmdev Mane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 72,068 |percentage = 52.58% |change={{increase}}7.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ratikant Shankareppa |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 54,406 |percentage = 39.69% |change={{decrease}}6.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Turabe Suresh Kallappa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,274 |percentage = 2.39% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hasapure Ramesh Sidramappa |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shendge Siddharam Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,185 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijaykumar Rewappa Gaikwad |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,033 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharati Raju Yadgirikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 944 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,662 |percentage = 12.89% |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,244 |percentage = 50.86% |change= {{decrease}}8.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,067}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,863|ref = |change= {{increase}}46.60 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.31 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 2005===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2005 elections in India#Maharashtra|2005 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov2005/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - November 2005 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ratikant Shankareppa |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,793 |percentage = 46.26% |change={{increase}}29.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivdare Rajshekhar Virupakshappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,184 |percentage = 44.80% |change={{decrease}}7.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Ayyubsaheb Karimsaheb |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,419 |percentage = 2.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Konjari Vaksiddha Maruti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,053 |percentage = 1.87% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyed Mushtaque M. Hanif |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,126 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Panchappa Vishwanath Hugge |party=Independent politician |votes = 981 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate |candidate=Gaikwad Lakshmikant Chandrakant |party=KJHS |votes = 975 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,609 |percentage = 1.47% |change= {{decrease}}23.44 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,788 |percentage = 59.64% |change= {{decrease}}5.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,788}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,086|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.64 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sushilkumar Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,196 |percentage = 51.90% |change={{decrease}}39.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uday Ramesh Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 32,344 |percentage = 26.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pise Shivajirao Dattatraya |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,598 |percentage = 17.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Sanjiv Sidram Sadaphule |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,558 |percentage = 2.13% |change={{decrease}}4.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shingade Suresh Alra Kashiram Suryakant |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,143 |percentage = 1.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,852 |percentage = 24.91% |change= {{decrease}}59.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,009 |percentage = 65.19% |change= {{increase}}11.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,839}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,079|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.88 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}39.13 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 2003===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2003 elections in India#Maharashtra|2003 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2003/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Sep. 2003 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sushilkumar Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 85,329 |percentage = 91.03% |change={{increase}}49.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Sanjiv Sidram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,896 |percentage = 6.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumbhar Vishnu Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,571 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Sunil Tarachand |party=Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 943 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 79,433 |percentage = 84.74% |change= {{increase}}77.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,739 |percentage = 53.41% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,739}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,515|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}49.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narayan Devkate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,951 |percentage = 41.50% |change={{increase}}4.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kore Gopalrao Apparao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 33,123 |percentage = 34.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratikant Shankareppa Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,677 |percentage = 23.55% |change={{increase}}7.75 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,828 |percentage = 7.09% |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,337 |percentage = 65.45% |change= {{decrease}}15.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,277}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,352|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.19 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1995===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narayan Devkate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,530 |percentage = 36.56% |change={{decrease}}7.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Birajdar Bhimrao Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,494 |percentage = 30.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pise Shivajirao Dattatraya |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,958 |percentage = 15.81% |change={{increase}}9.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil M. Jafartaj Husentaj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,918 |percentage = 10.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Mahadeo Jagdeo |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,042 |percentage = 4.44% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,036 |percentage = 6.19% |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,539 |percentage = 79.15% |change= {{increase}}9.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,596}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,234|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.25 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narayan Devkate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,870 |percentage = 43.81% |change={{decrease}}16.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sidramappa Malakappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,782 |percentage = 38.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagatap Subhash Bhimrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 6,002 |percentage = 6.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darekar Shivanand Naganath |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,984 |percentage = 5.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivasharan Rama Appa |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,470 |percentage = 3.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surve Chandrakant Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 732 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,088 |percentage = 5.59% |change= {{decrease}}18.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,781 |percentage = 68.48% |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,001}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,481|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.01 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.49 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1985===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narayan Devkate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,404 |percentage = 60.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Shivashankar Birajdar |party=Janata Party |votes = 24,691 |percentage = 35.96% |change={{decrease}}14.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivasharan Sudhakar Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,141 |percentage = 3.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanmantrao Tatyasaheb Hulwade |party=Independent politician |votes = 429 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,713 |percentage = 24.34% |change= {{increase}}22.62 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,923 |percentage = 64.52% |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,665}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,374|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gurunath Shivappa |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,768 |percentage = 50.36% |change={{increase}}12.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devakate Anandrao Narayan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,646 |percentage = 48.63% |change={{increase}}9.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Banasidappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 655 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 1.72% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,386 |percentage = 68.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,069}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,402|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.25 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}11.33 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narayan Devkate |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,458 |percentage = 39.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gurunath Shivappa |party=Janata Party |votes = 24,009 |percentage = 38.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivadare Virpakshappa Gurappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,895 |percentage = 20.58% |change={{decrease}}70.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Yadav Talbhandare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 449 |percentage = 0.72% |change= {{decrease}}83.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,834 |percentage = 71.39% |change= {{increase}}3.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,671}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,815|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.95 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}52.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Virupakshappa Guruppa Shivdare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,294 |percentage = 91.22% |change={{increase}}13.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fadatare Deoram Vithal |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,815 |percentage = 7.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Y. Kanabaskar |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 836 |percentage = 1.58% |change={{decrease}}10.44 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,479 |percentage = 84.01% |change= {{increase}}18.42 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,252 |percentage = 67.48% |change= {{increase}}17.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,945}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,401|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.70 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Virupakshappa Guruppa Shivdare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,507 |percentage = 77.60% |change={{increase}}1.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. B. Dheke |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 4,259 |percentage = 12.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fadatare Deoram Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,644 |percentage = 7.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Y. Kanabaskar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 2.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,248 |percentage = 65.59% |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,310 |percentage = 52.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,446}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,631|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.11 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.38 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Virupakshappa Guruppa Shivdare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,277 |percentage = 76.23% |change={{increase}}23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Ramchandra Lad |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,089 |percentage = 18.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Panchappa Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,795 |percentage = 5.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,188 |percentage = 57.86% |change= {{increase}}24.21 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,130 |percentage = 54.71% |change= {{decrease}}5.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,161}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,211|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.51 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : South Solapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Basawanti Shantirappa Basappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,284 |percentage = 53.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Konapure Malappa Sidlingappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,723 |percentage = 19.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vishnu Ramrao |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 4,726 |percentage = 13.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desmukh Balwantrao Manajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,492 |percentage = 10.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Bhimarao Ram Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,129 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,561 |percentage = 33.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,354 |percentage = 56.99% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,354}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,284|ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Solapur district topics}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|17.63|75.91|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Solapur]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Jose&diff=506732Justin Jose2026-03-28T16:28:37Z<p>Teena29I554: started first details v1...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Sound Engineer and Sound Mixer (born 1980)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Justin Jose<br />
| image = Justin_Jose.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Justin in 2015<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|10|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} Death date then birth --><br />
| death_place =<br />
| othername =<br />
| occupation = [[Sound Engineer]]<br />
| yearsactive = 2002-present<br />
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]]<br />
| alma mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] <br />
| spouse = Lijin Justin (m.2015)<br />
| children = Aiden Michael Justin<br />
| domesticpartner =<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Justin Jose''' (born 1980) is an Indian [[Sound Engineer]] and [[Re-recording mixer|Sound Mixer]]. He has worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Cinema of Latvia|Latvian]], [[Arab cinema|Arab]], [[Urdu]] and [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] films.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
<br />
Justin Jose<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3333654.ece|title=Resounding Success |work=The Hindu |date=2012-04-20 |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> was born in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. He graduated in economics from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St.Thomas College, Thrissur]]. He then received his diploma in Audio Recording from [http://www.chetanasoundstudio.com/ Chetana] Sound Studio,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bombay-velvets-sound-design/article7201333.ece|title=A sound experiment |work= The Hindu |date=2015-05-13 |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. He had also secured 4th grade of electronic keyboard from [[Trinity College of Music]], [[London]]. He started his career from music industry.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
He moved to Mumbai in 2003 and joined QLabs as ADR Recordist under the ace sound engineer Deepan Chatterjee. In 2005 he became premix engineer for feature films and by 2008 he became independent re-recording mixer. Since then he is working as re-recording mixer for Indian Movies and also on regional language version mix of Hollywood movies totaling to more than 250 films. In 2012 he joined FutureWorks Studio,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/anurag-kashyaps-bombay-velvet-will-redefine-sound-for-feature-films|title=Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet will redefine sound for feature films|publisher= Animation Xpress |date=2015-04-24 |access-date=2015-05-19}}</ref> Mumbai and now he is handling [[Dolby Atmos]] surround mix for movies. He mixed [[Madras Cafe]] which is the first movie in India to be mixed in native [[Dolby Atmos]]. He won [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|National Film Award]] for the Best Re-recordist for the movie [[Bajirao Mastani]] in 2015 and for ''Walking With The Wind''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/justin-jose-and-sanal-george-on-their-national-awards/article23667253.ece|title=On the same wavelength|work= The Hindu |date=2018-04-26 |access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref> in 2017. His notable works include ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/jul/21/rajamoulis-baahubali-makes-the-right-noises-789023.html|title=Rajamouli's Baahubali Makes the Right Noises|publisher= The New Indian Express |date=2015-07-21 |access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref> ''[[Padmaavat]]'', ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'', ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'', ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'', ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' and ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''.<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4"|'''[[National Film Awards]]'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|Year<br />
! rowspan="2"|Language<br />
! rowspan="2"|Title<br />
! rowspan="2"|Category<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2017<br />
| align="left"| ''Ladakhi''<br />
| align="left"| ''Walking with the Wind''<br />
| align="left"| Best Re-recording Mixer<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2015<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]''<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Re-recording Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="5"| '''State Film Awards'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|Year<br />
! owspan="2"|State<br />
! rowspan="2"|Language<br />
! rowspan="2"|Title<br />
! rowspan="2"|Category<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2021<br />
| align="left"| '''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]''<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Minnal Murali]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Re-recording Mixer<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2018<br />
| align="left"| '''Goa State Film Awards'''<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]'' Short<br />
| align="left"| ''Aaba Aiktaay Naa?''<br />
| align="left"| Best Audiographer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="6"|'''Other Awards & Nominations'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|Year<br />
! rowspan="2"|Award<br />
! rowspan="2"|Language<br />
! rowspan="2"|Title<br />
! rowspan="2"|Category<br />
! rowspan="2"|Status<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2025<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | FOI Online Awards, India<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Dhurandhar]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design & Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Nominated}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2020<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | [[Star Screen Awards]]<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design & Mix<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2020<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | FOI Online Awards, India<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design & Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Nominated}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2020<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | FOI Online Awards, India<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[AK vs AK]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design & Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Nominated}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2019<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Padmaavat]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design & Mix<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2018<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | Indywood Academy Awards<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Padmaavat]]''<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ucnews.in/news/Indywood-Academy-Awards-2018-Best-Sound-Rerecording-Mixing-goes-to-Justin-Jose-for-the-movie-Padmavati-directed-by-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali/983393729598873.html |title= Indywood Academy Awards 2018 Best Sound Rerecording Mixing goes to Justin Jose for the movie Padmavati directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali |publisher= UC News |date= 2019-02-15 |access-date= 2019-04-15 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| align="left"| Best Re-recording Mixer<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2016<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | Indian Recording Arts Academy Awards (IRAA)<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://iraa.in/Winner.aspx#|title= IRAA Awards 2016 winners |publisher= IRAA |date=2019-02-15 |access-date=2019-04-15 }}</ref><br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2014<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | Western India Motion Pictures Association Awards<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Madras Cafe]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2014<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | [[Star Guild Awards]] (Apsara Film Producers Guild Awards)<br />
| align="left"| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Madras Cafe]]''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.futureworks.in/news/futureworks-sweeps-the-2014-awards-season/ |title= Futureworks sweeps the 2014 Awards season |publisher= Futureworks |date= 2014-03-19 |access-date= 2019-04-15 |archive-date= 29 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200629200034/http://www.futureworks.in/news/futureworks-sweeps-the-2014-awards-season/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Mixing<br />
| align="left" {{Won}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2010<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]] <br />
| align="left"| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Jogwa]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design<br />
| align="left" {{Nominated}}<br />
<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| align="center" rowspan="1" | 2008<br />
| align="left" rowspan="1" | V. Shantaram Award<br />
| align="left"| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| align="left"| ''[[Jogwa]]''<br />
| align="left"| Best Sound Design<br />
| align="left" {{Nominated}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Honours & Recognitions''' <br />
* 2017 - '''Indywood Academy Awards''' - Excellence Award for Sound Mixing several Bollywood films<br />
* 2015 - '''Archdiocese of Thrissur''' - Youth Excellence Award<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Director<br />
! Language<br />
! Notes<br />
! Credit<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Agents(2022 film)|Agents]]''<br />
| [[Aditya Awandhe]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Blackout(2022 film)|Blackout]]''<br />
| [[Devang Bhavsar]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Savi(2022 film)|Savi]]''<br />
| [[Abhinay Deo]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Bhaiyya Ji(2022 film)|Bhaiyya Ji]]''<br />
| [[Apoorv Singh Karki]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Samandar(2022 film)|Samandar]]''<br />
| [[Vishal Vada Vala]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[The Takht Inc(2022 film)|The Takht Inc]]''<br />
| [[Aneet Sekhon]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Crew(2022 film)|Crew]]''<br />
| [[Rajesh A Krishnan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Crakk: Jeetega...Toh Jiyegaa(2022 film)|Crakk: Jeetega... Toh Jiyegaa]]''<br />
| [[Aditya Datt]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Kasoombo(2022 film)|Kasoombo]]''<br />
| [[Vijaygiri Bava]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Main Atal Hoon(2022 film)|Main Atal Hoon]]''<br />
| [[Ravi JadhavJaved Karim]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Dunki(2022 film)|Dunki]]''<br />
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Khichdi 2(2022 film)|Khichdi 2]]''<br />
| [[Aatish Kapadia]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Popaat(2022 film)|Popaat]]''<br />
| [[Bhavin Trivedi]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Mumbai Diaries(2022 film)|Mumbai Diaries]]''<br />
| [[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Fukrey 3(2022 film)|Fukrey 3]]''<br />
| [[Mrighdeep Lamba]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Jaane Jaan(2022 film)|Jaane Jaan]]''<br />
| [[Sujoy Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Laapataa Ladies(2022 film)|Laapataa Ladies]]''<br />
| [[Kiran Rao]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Valatty]]''<br />
| [[Devan Jayakumar]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Adhura (2022 film)|Adhura]]''<br />
| [[Ananya Banerjee Gauravv K. Chawla]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra (2022 film)|Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''<br />
| [[Kushan Nandy]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[U Turn (2022 film)|U Turn]]''<br />
| [[Arif Khan Goswami Mahesh Gari Tulsigiri]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Gaslight (2022 film)|Gaslight]]''<br />
| [[Pavan Kirpalani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Timir (2022 film)|Timir]]''<br />
| [[Atul Kumar Dubey]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Taj: Divided by Blood (2022 film)|Taj: Divided by Blood]]''<br />
| [[Abhimanyu Singh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Shehzada (2022 film)|Shehzada]]''<br />
| [[Rohit Dhawan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Aath Aana (2022 film)|Aath Aana]]''<br />
| [[Pragyan Chaturvedi]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Ho Ja Mukt (2022 film)|Ho Ja Mukt]]''<br />
| [[Sumeet Nagdev]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Taaza Khabar (2022 film)|Taaza Khabar]]''<br />
| [[Himank Gaur]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Chabutro (2022 film)|Chabutro]]''<br />
| [[Chanakya Patel Harsh Hudda Prashant M]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Mid Day Meeal (2022 film)|Mid Day Meeal]]''<br />
| [[Anil Singh Chandel]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Lost (2022 film)|Lost]]''<br />
| [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Maarrich]]''<br />
| [[Dhruv Lather]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Prem Geet 3]]''<br />
| [[Chhetan Gurung]] & [[Santosh Sen]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Jahaan Chaar Yaar]]''<br />
| [[Kamal Pandey]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Holy Cow (2022 film)|Holy Cow]]''<br />
| [[Sai Kabir]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Liger]]''<br />
| [[Puri Jagannadh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''<br />
| [[Mohit Suri]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Khuda Haafiz Chapter 2 Agni Pariksha]]''<br />
| [[Faruk Kabir]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Om - The Battle Within]]''<br />
| [[Kapil Verma]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Nikamma]]''<br />
| [[Sabbir Khan|Sabir Khan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Prem Prakaran]]''<br />
| [[Chandresh Bhatt]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Dehati Disco]]''<br />
| [[Manoj Sharma]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Adrushya]]''<br />
| [[Kabir Lal]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''<br />
| [[Anees Bazmee]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''<br />
| [[R.Madhavan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Heropanti 2 ]]''<br />
| [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Sharmaji Namkeen ]]''<br />
| [[Hitesh Bhatia]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Bachchhan Paandey ]]''<br />
| [[Farhad Samji]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[A Thursday]]''<br />
| [[Behzad Khambata]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Gehraiyaan]]''<br />
| [[Shakun Batra]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''<br />
| [[Kushan Nandy]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Kun Faya Kun]]''<br />
| [[Kushan Nandy]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[R.E.M.]]''<br />
| [[Vishal Mahadkar]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[420 IPC ]]''<br />
| [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''<br />
| [[Basil Joseph]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[21 Mu Tiffin]]''<br />
| [[Vijaygiri Bava]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Aranyak ]]''<br />
| [[Vinay Waikul]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Karkhanisanchi Waari: Ashes on a road trip]]''<br />
| [[Mangesh Joshi]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Dhindora ]]''<br />
| [[Bhuvan Bam]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''<br />
| [[Milan Luthria]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''<br />
| [[Milap Zaveri]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Akkad Bakkad Rafu Chakkar ]]''<br />
| [[Raj Kaushal]] & [[Aman Khan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Yes I am Student ]]''<br />
| [[Tarnvir Singh Jagpal]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11 ]]''<br />
| [[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Comedy Premium League ]]''<br />
| [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''<br />
| [[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''<br />
| [[Abhishek Dudhaiya]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''<br />
| [[Prabhu Deva]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi ]]''<br />
| Sooraj Tom<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Hello Charlie ]]''<br />
| [[Pankaj Saraswat]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[The Big Bull ]]''<br />
| [[Kookie Gulati]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Hey Prabhu-2!]]''<br />
| [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Preetam]]''<br />
| [[Sijo Rocky]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''Tuesdays and Fridays''<br />
| [[Taranveer Singh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2021<br />
|''[[Attention Please]]''<br />
| [[Jithin Issac Thomas]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[AK vs AK]]''<br />
| [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''<br />
| [[David Dhawan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Unpaused ]]''<br />
| [[Nikkhil Advani]] [[Avinash Arun]] [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Laxmii]]''<br />
| [[Lawrence Raghavendra]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Ginny Weds Sunny ]]''<br />
| [[Puneet Khanna]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Sadak 2]]''<br />
| [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Mango]]''<br />
| [[Abbas Tyrewala]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Baaghi 3]]''<br />
| [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Sarah Thaha Thoufeek]] ''<br />
| [[Sarath Kottikkal]]<br />
| English & Malayalam<br />
| Documentary<br />
| Sound Designer & Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Malang]]''<br />
| [[Mohit Suri]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2020<br />
|'' [[Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior]] ''<br />
| [[Om Raut]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]] ''<br />
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
| Sound Designer & Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Kamala (film)|Kamala]] ''<br />
| [[Ranjith Sankar]]<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Sound Designer & Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
|''[[Bypass Road (film)|Bypass Road]]''<br />
| [[Naman Nitin Mukesh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Satellite Shankar]] ''<br />
| [[Irfan Kamal]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Housefull 4]] ''<br />
| [[Farhad Samji]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Sound Mix<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Chintu Ka Birthday]] ''<br />
| [[Devanshu Kumar]] & [[Satyanshu Singh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Prassthanam]] ''<br />
| [[Deva Katta]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Section 375]] ''<br />
| [[Ajay Bahl]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer: Trailer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]''<br />
| [[Vijaygiri Bava]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|''[[Batla House]]''<br />
| [[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Khandaani Shafakhana]] ''<br />
| [[Shilpi Dasgupta]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer: Trailer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Blackia]] ''<br />
| [[Sukhminder Dhanjal]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Rabb Da Radio 2]] ''<br />
| [[Sharan Art]]<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| sound mixer supervisor (Uncredited)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]] ''<br />
| [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|'' [[Nashibvaan]] ''<br />
| [[Amol Gole]]<br />
| Marathi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2019<br />
|''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''<br />
| [[Aditya Dhar]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''<br />
| [[Sankalp Reddy]]<br />
<br />
| Telugu<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[11 Days]]''<br />
| [[Sudheer Konderi]]<br />
<br />
| Arabic<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Baazaar]]''<br />
| [[Gauravv K Chawla|Gauravv K. Chawla]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Aate Di Chidi]]''<br />
| [[Harry Bhatti]]<br />
<br />
| Punjabi<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Jalebi (film)|Jalebi]]''<br />
| [[Pushpdeep Bhardwaj]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer Trailer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''Widow of Silence''<br />
| [[Praveen Morchhale]]<br />
<br />
| Urdu<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]''<br />
| [[Gulshan Singh]]<br />
<br />
| Punjabi<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Qismat]]''<br />
| [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]<br />
<br />
| Punjabi<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Ventilator (2018 film)|Ventilator]]''<br />
| [[Umang Vyas]]<br />
<br />
| Gujarati<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]''<br />
| [[Navaniat Singh]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''<br />
| [[Reema Kagti]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Sanju]]''<br />
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]<br />
<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Koode]]''<br />
| [[Anjali Menon]]<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Baaghi 2]]''<br />
| [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''<br />
| [[Pankaj Batra]]<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''<br />
| [[Chakri Toleti]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Love Per Square Foot]]''<br />
| [[Anand Tiwari]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Netflix Movie<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''Strawberry Point''<br />
| [[Prabal Baruah]] <br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''Jaan Jigar: Beloved''<br />
| [[Ranjan Chandel]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Short<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2018<br />
|''[[Padmaavat]]''<br />
| [[Sanjay Leela Bansali]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|''Barayan''<br />
| [[Deepak Patil]]<br />
| Marathi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]''<br />
| [[Ranjith Sankar]]<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''Sardar Mohammad''<br />
| Harry Bhatti<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''Walking With the Wind''<br />
| Praveen Morchhale <br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Haseena Parkar]]''<br />
| Apoorva Lakhia<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Mukkabaaz]]''<br />
| Anurag Kashyap<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''<br />
| Shreyas Talpade<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Munna Michael]]''<br />
| Sabbir Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]''<br />
| Pankaj Batra<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''<br />
| Kabir Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''Aaba... Are You Listening?''<br />
| Aditya Suhas Jambhale<br />
| Marathi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''<br />
| James Erskine<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''<br />
| Mohit Suri<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Hindi Medium (film)|Hindi Medium]]''<br />
| Saket Chaudhary<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Maatr]]''<br />
| Srijit Mukherji<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Boygiri]]''<br />
| Akarsh Khurrana<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Web Series<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Dev DD]]''<br />
| Ken Ghosh<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Web Series<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''<br />
| Ashtar Sayed<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Rabb Da Radio]]''<br />
| Tarnvir Singh Jagpal & Harry Bhatti<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Sargi]]''<br />
| Neeru Bajwa<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Irada (2017 film)|Irada]]''<br />
| Aparnaa Singh<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2017<br />
|''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''<br />
| Krish<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Rock On 2]]''<br />
| Shujaat Saudagar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Motu Patlu: King Of Kings|Motu Patlu: King of Kings]]''<br />
| Suhas D. Kadav<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]''<br />
| [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Oozham (2016 film)|Oozham]]''<br />
| Jeethu Joseph<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Pretham]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pretham-to-have-baahubalis-sound-engineer-malayalam-news-158778|title='Pretham' to have 'Baahubali's' sound engineer |work=Indiaglitz |date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref><br />
| Ranjith Shankar<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]''<br />
| Ashutosh Gowariker<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Udta Punjab]]''<br />
| Abhishek Chaubey<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]''<br />
| Omung Kumar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''<br />
| Tony D'Souza<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer : Teaser<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]''<br />
| Sabbir Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Kapoor & Sons|Kapoor & Sons (Since 1921)]]''<br />
| Shakun Batra<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]]''<br />
| Pankaj Batra<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''<br />
| Radhika Rao & Vinay Sapru<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''<br />
| Raja Krishna Menon<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''<br />
| Bejoy Nambiar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''Time Machine''<br />
| Arati Kadav<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Short<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Global Baba]]''<br />
| Manoj Sidheshwari Tewari<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''Mango''<br />
| Abbas Tyrewala<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<br />
| Sanjay Leela Bhansali<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''<br />
| Imtiaz Ali<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Dolby Atmos Mixer: Trailer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Four Pillars of Basement]]''<br />
| Giresh Naik K<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Kanche]]''<br />
| Krish<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Shareek]]''<br />
| Navaniat Singh<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''<br />
| Nikhil Advani<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''<br />
| Kabir Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Sound Re-recording Mixer: Trailer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''<br />
| S.S Rajamouli<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Welcome 2 Karachi]]''<br />
| Ashish R Mohan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''Time Machine''<br />
| Arati Kadav<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Short<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''<br />
| Anurag Kashyap<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Barkhaa]]''<br />
| Shadaab Mirza<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''<br />
| Vikramjit Singh<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai:Play to Live]]''<br />
| [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''<br />
| Farah Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Foreign language versions<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Sonali Cable]]''<br />
| Charudutt Acharya<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Bang Bang!]]''<br />
| Siddharth Anand<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Finding Fanny]]''<br />
| Homi Adajania<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[The Lesson (2014 Latvian film)|Izlaiduma gads]]''<br />
<br />
| Andris Gauja<br />
| Latvian / Russian<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[M Cream]]''<br />
| Agneya Singh, Aban Raza<br />
| English<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''<br />
| Rajeev Ravi<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''<br />
| Sajid Nadiadwala<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[Punjab 1984]]''<br />
| Anurag Singh<br />
| [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]''<br />
| Navinder Pal Singh<br />
| [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Hawaa Hawaai]]''<br />
| Amole Gupte<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Revolver Rani]]''<br />
| Sai Kabir Shrivastav<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''<br />
| Mahesh Limaye<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Station (2014 film)|Station]]''<br />
| Saad Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[RoboCop (2014 film)|Robocop]]''<br />
| José Padilha<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''<br />
| Ravi Jadhav<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]''<br />
| Kaizad Gustad<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Warning (2013 film)|Warning]]''<br />
| Gurmmeet Singh<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Madras Cafe]]''<br />
| Shoojit Sircar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| First native mix in Dolby Atmos<br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]''<br />
| Nikhil Advani<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''<br />
| Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[White House Down]]''<br />
| Roland Emmerich<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''<br />
| Rajkumar Gupta<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''Oye Hoye Pyar Ho Gaya''<br />
| Aditya Sood<br />
| [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''<br />
| Sanjay Gupta<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Commando (2013 film)|Commando]]''<br />
| Dilip Ghosh<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Nautanki Saala!]]''<br />
| Rohan Sippy<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Aatma (2013 film)|Aatma]]''<br />
| Suparn Verma<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]''<br />
| Remo D'Souza<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer (Dolby Atmos)<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]''<br />
| Sudhir Mishra<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| Additional re-recording mixer<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
|''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''<br />
| Sameer Sharma<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
|''[[Skyfall]]''<br />
| Sam Mendes<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
|''[[English Vinglish]]''<br />
| Gauri Shinde<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Surround music mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
|''[[Premium Rush]]''<br />
| David Koepp<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
|''[[Total Recall (2012 film)|Total Recall]]''<br />
| Len Wiseman<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Cinema Company]]''<br />
| Mamas K Chandran<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]''<br />
| Marc Webb<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Second Show]]''<br />
| Srinath Rajendran<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance]]''<br />
| Neveldine/Taylor<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
|''[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|The Adventures of Tintin]]''<br />
| Steven Spielberg<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
|''[[The Smurfs (film)|The Smurfs]]''<br />
| Raja Gosnell<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
|''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]''<br />
| Jonathan Liebesman<br />
| English<br />
|<br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[The Green Hornet (2011 film)|The Green Hornet]]''<br />
| Michel Gondry<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[The Tourist (2010 film)|The Tourist]]''<br />
| Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck<br />
| English [[French language|French]] Italian<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Tron: Legacy]]''<br />
<br />
| Joseph Kosinski<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''I Am Afia Megha Abhimanyu Omar''<br />
<br />
| Onir<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Memories in March]]''<br />
<br />
| Sanjoy Nag<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Anjan Dutt]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Salt (2010 film)|SALT]]''<br />
<br />
| Phillip Noyce<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|The Karate Kid]]''<br />
<br />
| Harald Zwart<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]''<br />
<br />
| Mike Newell<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
|''[[Ekam – Son of Soil|Ekam: Son of Soil]]''<br />
<br />
| Mandeep Benipal<br />
| [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Sound Editor & Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2010<br />
|''Hello Zindagi''<br />
<br />
| Raja Unnithan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[2012 (film)|2012]]''<br />
<br />
| Roland Emmerich<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Jogwa]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Rajiv Patil]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
<br />
| 5 National Film Awards<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Abohoman]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| 4 National Film Awards<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)|The Taking of Pelham 123]]''<br />
<br />
| Tony Scott<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Madly Bangalee]]''<br />
<br />
| Anjan Dutt<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Angels & Demons (film)|Angels & Demons]]''<br />
<br />
| Ron Howard<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''Coffee House''<br />
<br />
| Gurbir Singh Grewal<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Race to Witch Mountain]]''<br />
<br />
| Andy Fickman<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[The Stoneman Murders]]''<br />
<br />
| Manish Gupta<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2009<br />
|''[[Antaheen]]''<br />
<br />
| Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Meerabai Not Out]]''<br />
<br />
| Chandrakant Kulkarni<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]''<br />
<br />
| Dibakar Banerjee<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]''<br />
<br />
| Chris Williams & Byron Howard<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
<br />
| Foreign Language Mix<br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Quantum of Solace]]''<br />
<br />
| Marc Forster<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Chamku]]''<br />
<br />
| Kabeer Kaushik<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]''<br />
<br />
| J. D. Chakravarthy<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''<br />
<br />
| Sachin Khot<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Khela]]''<br />
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Peter Berg]]<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[You Don't Mess with the Zohan]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Dennis Dugan]]<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008<br />
|''[[Vantage Point (film)|Vantage Point]]''<br />
| Pete Travis<br />
| English<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[Saawariya]]''<br />
| Sanjay Leela Bhansali<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Post-production sound: additional<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[It's Breaking News]]''<br />
| Vishal Inamdar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]''<br />
<br />
| Ram Gopal Varma<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''<br />
<br />
| Feroz Abbas Khan<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Surround Music Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[MP3: Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar]]''<br />
<br />
| Robby Grewa<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Associate re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[Spider-Man 3]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Sam Raimi]]<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[1971 (2007 film)|1971]]''<br />
<br />
| Amrit Sagar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[The Messengers (film)|The Messengers]]''<br />
<br />
| Pang Brothers<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2007<br />
|''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''<br />
<br />
| Madhur Bhandarkar<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Ghost Rider (2007 film)|Ghost Rider]]''<br />
<br />
| Mark Steven Johnson<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]''<br />
<br />
| Martin Campbell<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[The Grudge 2]]''<br />
<br />
| Takashi Shimizu<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Bhoot Unkle]]''<br />
<br />
| Mukesh Saigal<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Mannat]]''<br />
<br />
| Gurbir Singh Grewal<br />
| [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Open Season (2006 film)|Open Season]]''<br />
<br />
| Jill Culton & Roger Allers<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''<br />
<br />
| Dibakar Banerjee<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Snakes on a Plane]]''<br />
<br />
| David R. Ellis<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''<br />
<br />
| Onir<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
|''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''<br />
<br />
| Sanjay Gupta<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Surround Music Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2005<br />
|''[[Anjaane (2005 film)|Anjaane]]''<br />
<br />
| Harry W. Fernandes<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2005<br />
|''[[Bluffmaster!]]''<br />
<br />
| Rohan Sippy<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Music Mixing Assistant<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2005<br />
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]<br />
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| assistant sound re-recording mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2005<br />
|''[[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Rajesh Pillai]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Kunihiko Yuyama]]<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Spider-Man 2]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Sam Raimi]]<br />
| English<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Version Re-recording Mixer<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Pramod Pappan]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Vismayathumbathu]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2004<br />
|''[[Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Thaha]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2003<br />
|''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]''<br />
<br />
| [[V. K. Prakash]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2003<br />
|''[[Swapnakoodu]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2003<br />
|''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2003<br />
|''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Akku Akbar]], Aby Jose<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2003<br />
|''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Thulasidas]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2002<br />
|''[[Kattuchembakam]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Vinayan]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2002<br />
|''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Vinayan]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2002<br />
|''[[Nammal]]''<br />
<br />
| [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]<br />
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br />
<br />
| <br />
| Assistant sound recordist<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=4984902}}<br />
* [https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/sound-engineer/justin-jose Justin Jose - Nettv4u]<br />
* [https://film-mixing.com/2015/08/05/behind-the-dolby-atmos-mix-of-baahubali Film Mixing and Sound design ~ Audio in films, and general mixing tips tricks, techniques]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Justin}}<br />
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]<br />
[[Category:Best Audiography National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Re-recording mixers]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichata_Vahanamulu_Niluparadu&diff=503636Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu2026-03-26T22:33:20Z<p>Teena29I554: started the article added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2021 Telugu-language Indian film}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu<br />
| image = Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = S. Darshan<br />
| writer = S. Darshan<br />
| producer = {{ubl| Aditya Shastri|Isha Shastri|Harish Koyalagundla}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sushanth]]|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]]}}<br />
| music = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]<br />
| editing = [[Garry BH]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl|AI Studios|Shaastra Movies}}<br />
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Annapurna Studios]]|Asian Cinemas}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|2021|8|27|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 155 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <!--Must be atrributed to a reliable source--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be atrributed to a reliable source--><br />
}} <br />
'''''Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu''''' ({{translation|'No parking here'}}), also known by the initialism IVNR, is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] [[thriller film]] produced by Aditya Shastri, Harish Koyalagundla and Isha Shastri <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fandango.com/ichata-vahanamulu-nilupa-radu-2021-225421/movie-overview|title=Ichata Vahanamulu Nilupa Radu (2021)}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/VQ2N31_Bcss Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210823054148/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQ2N31_Bcss&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQ2N31_Bcss| title = #IVNR Trailer {{!}} Sushanth A, Meenakshii Chaudhary {{!}} S Darshan {{!}} Praveen Lakkaraju | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and written and directed by S. Darshan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The film stars [[Sushanth]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] (in her Telugu debut), [[Vennela Kishore]], and [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]]. The plot is inspired by real events and tells the story of the aftermath of a parking incident in a colony, which is blocked by a local gangster and his men.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The film was theatrically released on 27 August 2021.<ref name=rd /><br />
<br />
==Cast== <br />
{{Cast listing| <br />
* [[Sushanth]] as Arun<br />
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Meenakshi "Meenu" Yadav, Narasimha's sister<br />
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Sukku, Arun's friend and employee of the [[Royal Enfield]] showroom<br />
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] as Puli, Arun's best friend<br />
* [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] as Narasimha Yadav, Meenu's brother<br />
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Abhinav, Narasimha's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Bhushan, Ex-corporator<br />
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Padma, Arun's mother<br />
* Krishna Chaitanya as CI Rudra<br />
* Samrat Shanmugavel as Puli's brother<br />
* Varanasi Soumya as Jhansi, TV serial actress<br />
* Harish Koyalagundla as Matter Ranjith<br />
* Nikhil Kailasa as Arun's friend<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Actor (cameo appearance)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was launched on 30 January 2020 with the debut of S. Darshan as director and [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] in her Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meenakshi Chaudhary: Very particular about strong stories in my films - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meenakshi-chaudhary-very-particular-about-strong-stories-in-my-films/articleshow/85947046.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Meenakshii Chaudhary makes Telugu debut with Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu|url=https://www.orissapost.com/meenakshii-chaudhary-makes-telugu-debut-with-ichata-vahanamulu-niluparadu/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref> Sushanth was cast as the male lead.<ref name="meena:toi">{{cite web|last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|date=30 January 2020|title=Sushanth A and Meenakshi Chaudhary's 'Ichata Vahanamulu Nilupa Radu' launched|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sushanth-a-and-meenakshi-chaudharys-ichata-vahanamulu-nilupa-radu-launched/articleshow/73767237.cms|access-date=27 August 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In September 2020 shooting of the film resumed after a stoppage due to the COVID pandemic. The post-production work was completed in March 2021.{{cn|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu'' was theatrically released on 27 August 2021<ref name=rd>{{Cite web |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/sushanths-ichata-vahanamulu-niluparadu-censor-report-141175 |title=Sushanth's Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu Censor Report |access-date=27 August 2021 |date=17 August 2021 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819094000/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/sushanths-ichata-vahanamulu-niluparadu-censor-report-141175 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in more than 300 theatres across India and over 100 theatres internationally including theatres in Singapore and the United States.<ref name=usa>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.indianclicks.com/|title=Ichata Vahanamulu NilupaRadu Movie USA Theaters List|website=@movies.indianclicks.com/}}</ref> It was one of the first films which had a theatrical release after the cinemas opened after the second wave of the COVID pandemic.<ref name="shoot:toi">{{Cite web|date=20 September 2020|title=Sushanth A and Meenakshi Chaudhary to shoot soon for Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sushanth-a-and-meenakshi-chaudhary-to-shoot-soon-for-ichata-vahanamulu-niluparadu/articleshow/78215220.cms|access-date=27 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Hindi rights for the film have been sold to Sony Entertainment.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
The film has been available for streaming on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]] streaming service since 17 September 2021.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} <br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]<br />
| artist = Praveen Lakkaraju<br />
| released = 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichata Vahanumulu Niluparadu by Praveen Lakkaraju, Album|date=16 February 2021 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ichata-vahanumulu-niluparadu/3PzNNUwNO0U_ |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref><br />
| recorded = 2020–2021<br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 14:55<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = [[Ek Mini Katha]]<br />
| prev_year = 2021<br />
| year = 2021<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|N5zpLV2bRS4|Juke box}}<br />
| audio2 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ichata-vahanumulu-niluparadu/3PzNNUwNO0U_ Audio album] on [[JioSaavn]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by Praveen Lakkaraju to lyrics by Sreejo, Arun Vemuri, Srinivasa Mouli, RollRida and Suresh Gangula.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} <br />
<br />
{{Tracklisting<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| total_length = 14:55<br />
| extra_column = Singer (s)<br />
| title1 = Hey Manasendukila<br />
| lyrics1 = Sreejo<br />
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Ramya Behara]] <br />
| length1 = 4:16<br />
| title2 = Padmavyuham<br />
| lyrics2 = Arun Vemuri<br />
| extra2 = Kala Bhairava <br />
| length2 = 2:11<br />
| title3 = Nee Valle Nee Valle<br />
| lyrics3 = Srinivasa Mouli<br />
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]] <br />
| length3 = 3:10<br />
| title4 = Basthi Pogaru<br />
| lyrics4 = RollRida<br />
| extra4 = RollRida, [[Mohana Bhogaraju]] <br />
| length4 = 2:56<br />
| title5 = Bandi Thiyy<br />
| note5 = Promotional Song<br />
| lyrics5 = Suresh Gangula<br />
| extra5 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]] <br />
| length5 = 2:22<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Sravan Vanaparthy, writing for ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film two stars out of five and felt that the first half was rather slow. He criticized the screenplay and editing as he wrote, "The screenplay and choppy editing are a let-down." He opined that the performance of actors and background music was just okay. Vanaparthy concluded the review by calling "The story of ''Ichata Vahanamulu Nilupa Radu'' has potential that’s left unexplored. This one’s a difficult one to sit through."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ichata-vahanamulu-nilupa-radu/movie-review/85685638.cms |title= Ichata Vahanamulu Nilupa Radu Movie Review: A suspense-romantic-drama that fails to focus on either genre |first=Sravan |last= Vanaparthy|date= 27 August 2021|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> Y Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticized the film for its writing. She didn't like the characterization and wrote, "There are several characters in the film, many of them with dramatic entries, but their actions lack intensity or impact." Chowdhary wrote that Sunil and Vennela Kishore made her smile but for the lead cast, she said, "This isn’t the best we’ve seen from Sushanth and Meenakshi has a long way to go in terms of acting."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ichata-vahanamulu-nilupa-radu-movie-review-this-sushanth-and-meenakshi-film-required-better-writing/article36137956.ece |title= 'Ichata Vahanamulu Nilupa Radu' movie review: Poor writing mars the film |first= Y Sunita |last= Chowdhary |date= 27 August 2021|access-date= 28 August 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sarah Justin reviewing for ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film with 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Sushanth has experimented with this film. However, the script lacks the punch required to elevate him as the hero. Can be watched for timepass."<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2021|title=Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu Review, Rating: Sushanth is A Revelation|url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/ichata%C2%A0vahanamulu%C2%A0niluparadu-review-rating-sushanth-revelation%C2%A0-141875|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|14039724}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Singh_Prabhakar&diff=459110Jai Singh Prabhakar2026-03-26T22:29:36Z<p>Teena29I554: corrected formatting also and cleaned formatting based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharaja of Alwar from 1882–1937}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Maharaja Sir Jai Singh<br />
| title = Sir<br/>[[GCIE]],[[GCSI]]<br/>[[Titular and honorary rank| Hon. Colonel]]<br />
| image = Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar State.jpg<br />
| reign = 1892 to 1937<br />
| coronation = 3 June 1892<br />
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[State of Alwar|Alwar]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur|Mangal Singh Prabhakar]]<br />
| successor = [[Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur|Tej Singh Prabhakar]]<br />
| spouse = {{bulleted list<br />
|HH Maharaniji Sa Rathorji Sugan Kanwarji Saheba of [[Kishangarh State]]<br />
|HH Maharaniji Sa Jadejiji Janak Kanwarji Saheba of Khirasara in [[Dhrol State]]<br />
|HH Maharaniji Sa Jhaliji Prabhat Kanwarji Saheba of [[Rajpur]] in [[Wadhwan State]]<br />
|HH Maharaniji Sa Jhaliji Jayendra Kanwarji Saheba of Dhuva in [[Wankaner State]]<br />
}}<br />
| issue = Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Taj Kanwarji Saheba m. to Maharaja Krishna Singh Ju Deo Lokendra Bahadur of [[Datia State]]<br />
| royal house = [[Naruka]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]<br />
| father = [[Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur|Sir Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur]]<br />
| mother = HH Maharaniji Sa Rathorji Kishan Kanwarji Saheba d.of Maharaja Bhairon Singh of [[Ratlam State]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1882|6|14|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Alwar#City Palace|City Palace]], [[Alwar]], Alwar State, Rajputana<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|5|20|1882|6|14|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = Paris, France|<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hon Colonel. HH Raj Rajeshwar Bharat Dharma Prabhakar Maharaja Shri Sawai Sir Jai Singhji Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bahadur''', or simply '''Jai Singh Prabhakar''', (14 June 1882 – 19 May 1937), was the [[Naruka]] [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]] ruler of the [[princely state|Princely State]] of [[State of Alwar|Alwar]] from the year 1892 to 1937. The only son of the previous ruler, [[Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur|Sir Mangal Singh Prabhakar Bahadur]], He was forced into exile and died in 1937 at the age of 54. He was succeeded by a distant relative, [[Tej Singh Prabhakar|Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur]].<br />
<br />
He was educated in [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], in which his father was the first to take admission. He was highly regarded an Indian English orator and scholar. He assisted the farming community with the construction of a number of bunds (irrigation dams).<ref name=indiaofthepast>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/535-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-princely-state-of-alwar |title=The Rise and Fall of the Princely State of Alwar |website=www.indiaofthepast.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425064648/http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/535-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-princely-state-of-alwar |archive-date=2017-04-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Imperial Service==<br />
<br />
[[Sir]] Jai Singh took pride in his State's infantry regiments and had them sent to China during the [[Boxer Rebellion|anti-Christian uprising in China]] and in the following [[China Relief Expedition|relief operations]]. Alwar Lancers units served in the [[First World War]]. Recognising his services, he was appointed a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) by the British in 1919.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharaja of Alwar Dead|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19370521-1.2.90|accessdate=9 May 2017|work=Malaya Tribune|date=21 May 1937|page=14}}</ref><br />
<br />
He features in the [[oil on canvas]] painting by [[Douglas Chandor]], ''[[Prime Ministers of the Imperial Conference (October 1923)]]''.<ref name=BBDG1935>{{cite news |title=An Empire picture in an Empire Exhibition |work= The Sphere |date=31 May 1924|page=6|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19240531/013/0011|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=TSHA>{{cite web |last1=Minor |first1=David |title=Chandor, Douglas Granvil (1897–1953) |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/chandor-douglas-granvil |website=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Titles==<br />
* 1882-1892: [[Yuvaraja]] [[Shri]] Jai Singh Sahib, [[Yuvaraja]] [[Sahib]] of [[Alwar]]<br />
* 1892-1909: [[His Highness]] Raj Rishi Shri Sawai [[Maharaja]] Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of [[Alwar]]<br />
* 1909-1911: His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja [[Sir]] Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]<br />
* 1911-1915: His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Sir Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, KCSI, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]<br />
* 1915-1919: Hon [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Sir Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, KCSI, KCIE<br />
* 1919-1921: Hon Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Sir Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, [[GCIE]], KCSI<br />
* 1921-1924: Hon [[Colonel]] His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Sir Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, GCIE, KCSI<br />
* 1924-1937: Hon Colonel His Highness Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Sir Jai Singh Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur, Maharaja of Alwar, [[GCSI]], GCIE<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
* Delhi Durbar Gold Medal-1903<br />
* Delhi Durbar Gold Medal-1911<br />
* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1919 (KCIE-1911)<br />
* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1924 (KCSI-[[1909 New Year Honours]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Maharaja Mangal Singh Prabhankar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Alwar]] |years=1892 – 1937}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Jai Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1882 births]]<br />
[[Category:1937 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Alwar|Jai Singh]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balihati&diff=489337Balihati2026-03-25T22:11:03Z<p>Teena29I554: bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Balihati<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.512453|N|88.751556|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.1197<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 3,637<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 743441<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03174<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Minakhan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Minakhan]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Balihati''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Minakhan]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}|label-pos1=bottom|label1= Bankra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bankra, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2= Balihati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Balihati (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Deora, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|30|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Itinda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|15|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=[[Taki (India)]] (M) | shape-color16= #800000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Balihati is located at {{coord|22.512453|N|88.751556|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Balihati had a total population of 3,637, of which 1,890 (52%) were males and 1,747 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 504. The total number of literate persons in Balihati was 2,239 (71.47% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 323847, pages 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Balihati covered an area of 4.1197&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It had 331 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 6 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, secondary, senior secondary schools at Joygaon 3&nbsp;km away. The nearest college was 5&nbsp;km away at [[Bamanpukuria]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{North 24 Parganas District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&diff=458913Yuan dynasty2026-03-24T19:28:11Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mongol-led dynasty of China (1271–1368)}}<br />
{{pp-move|small=yes}}<br />
{{pp-pc}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{use British English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| native_name = {{native name list|tag1=zh|name1=大元|tag2=zh-Latn|name2=Dà Yuán|tag3=mn|name3={{lower|0.2em|{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ <br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}}|tag4=mn-Latn|name4=Dai Ön ulus|paren1=omit|paren3=omit}}<ref>{{cite web |editor-given=Walter |editor-surname=Koh |title=China under Mongol Rule: The Yuan dynasty |url=http://www.chinasymposium.com/articles/History/History_Chapter_Eight.pdf |work=China Symposium |date=2014}}</ref><br />
| conventional_long_name = Great Yuan<br />
| common_name = Yuan dynasty<br />
| life_span = 1271–1368 AD<br />
| era = [[Post-classical history]]<br />
| status = [[Khagan]]-ruled [[division of the Mongol Empire|division]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]{{NoteTag|name=GreatYuan}}<br />[[Conquest dynasty]] of [[History of China#Late imperial China|Imperial China]]<br />
| empire = Mongol Empire<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| year_start = 1271<br />
| year_end = 1368<br />
| event_start = Kublai's proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan"<ref name="Proclamation1271" /><br />
| date_start = 5 November<br />
| event_end = Fall of [[Khanbaliq]]<br />
| date_end = 14 September<br />
| event_pre = [[Kublai]] proclaimed Emperor{{NoteTag|name=Emperor}}<br />
| date_pre = 5 May 1260<br />
| event1 = [[Battle of Xiangyang]]<br />
| date_event1 = 1268–1273<br />
| event2 = [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|Conquest of Southern Song]]<br />
| date_event2 = 4 February 1276<br />
| event3 = [[Battle of Yamen]]<br />
| date_event3 = 19 March 1279<br />
| event4 = [[Red Turban Rebellion]]<br />
| date_event4 = 1351–1368<br />
| event_post = Formation of [[Northern Yuan]] dynasty<br />
| date_post = 1368–1388<br />
| p1 = Mongol Empire<br />
| p2 = Song dynasty<br />
| p3 = Pagan kingdom<br />
| s1 = Northern Yuan<br />
| s2 = Ming dynasty<br />
| s3 = Phagmodrupa dynasty<br />
| s4 = Kingdom of Ava<br />
| s5 = Möng Mao<br />
| image_map = Yuan Dynasty revised.png<br />
| image_map_caption = Yuan dynasty ({{circa|1290}}){{NoteTag|name=goryeo|The precise status of [[Goryeo under Mongol rule]] is unclear. While Goryeo was a vassal of the Yuan dynasty, many scholars, such as [[Tan Qixiang]], regard it as an autonomous state outside the Yuan territory;<ref name=tan>{{cite book |language=zh |script-title=zh:中国历史地图集 |trans-title=The Historical Atlas of China |title-link=The Historical Atlas of China |publisher=[[SinoMaps Press]] |at=[http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/zgmap/013.htm Vol. 7] |author1-link=Tan Qixiang |surname=Tan |given=Qixiang |display-authors=etal |isbn=978-7-5031-1844-9 |year=1987}}</ref>{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|pp=436–437}}{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=77}} others regard it as an integral part of the Yuan territory.}}<br />
| capital = {{ubl|[[Khanbaliq]] (now [[Beijing]])|[[Shangdu]] (summer capital)}}<br />
| common_languages = {{ubl|[[Middle Mongol]]|[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Old Mandarin]])|[[Old Uyghur]]}}<br />
| languages_type = Official script<br />
| languages = [[ʼPhags-pa script]]<ref>{{cite web |title='Phags-pa Script: Description |url=https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html |date=21 December 2006 |access-date=22 April 2023 |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=West |work=BabelStone}}</ref><br />
| religion = [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Shamanism]], [[Tengrism]], [[Hinduism in China|Chinese Hinduism]], [[Church of the East in China|Nestorian Christianity]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Catholic Church in China|Catholic Christianity]], [[History of the Jews in China|Judaism]], [[Chinese Manichaeism|Manichaeism]], [[Islam during the Yuan dynasty|Islam]]<br />
| currency = [[Jiaochao]] banknotes, [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Kublai Khan]] (first)<br />
| leader2 = [[Toghon Temür]] (last)<br />
| year_leader1 = 1260–1294<br />
| year_leader2 = 1332–1368<br />
| title_leader = [[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty|Emperor]]{{NoteTag|name=Emperor|Since the enthronement of [[Genghis Khan]] ({{zhi|c=成吉思皇帝|p=Chéngjísī huángdì}}) in Spring 1206.<ref name="Enthronement1206">{{cite book |script-title=zh:元史 |trans-title=[[History of Yuan]] |language=lzh |orig-date=1370 |date=1976 |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |place=Beijing |surname=Song |given=Lian |author1-link=Song Lian |chapter=[[:zh:s:元史/卷001|太祖本紀]] [Chronicle of [[Genghis Khan|Taizu]]] |script-quote=zh:元年丙寅，帝大會諸王群臣，建九游白纛，即皇帝位於斡難河之源。諸王群臣共上尊號曰成吉思皇帝。 |trans-quote=In [1206], on the ''[[sexagenary cycle|bingyin]]'' day, the emperor greatly assembled the many princes and numerous vassals, and erected his nine-tailed white [[Tug (banner)|tuğ banner]], assuming the position of [[Emperor of China]] at the source of the [[Onon river]]. And the many princes and numerous vassals together bestowed upon him the reverent title ''Genghis Huangdi''.}}</ref> Decades before [[Kublai Khan]] announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, the Great Mongol State ({{tlit|mn|Yeke Mongγol Ulus}}) already used the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-style title of [[Emperor]] ({{zhi|c=皇帝|p=Huángdì}}) to translate the Mongolian title [[Khagan]] ({{zhi|c=合罕|p=Héhàn}}, ''Great Khan'').<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Yang |first=Fuxue |author-mask=Yang Fuxue (杨富学) |script-title=zh:回鹘文献所见蒙古"合罕"称号之使用范围 |date=1997 |publisher=Gansu Dunhuang Research Institute |trans-title=The scope of use of Mongolian "Khagan" title found in Old Uyghur literature |script-journal=zh:内蒙古社会科学 |trans-journal=Inner Mongolia Social Sciences |issue=5 |s2cid=224535800}}</ref> Although Kublai Khan announced that he inherited the Mongol throne, the [[Toluid Civil War]] broke out due to opposition from other Mongols.}}<br />
| deputy1 = [[Ahmad Fanakati]]<br />
| deputy2 = [[Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)|Toqto'a]]<br />
| year_deputy1 = 1264–1282<br />
| year_deputy2 = 1340–1355<br />
| title_deputy = [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]]<br />
| stat_year1 = 1310<br />
| stat_area1 = 11000000<br />
| ref_area1 = <ref>{{cite journal |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=499 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |author-link=Rein Taagepera |jstor=2600793 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf?t=otc3in}}</ref><br />
| stat_pop2 = 87,587,000<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:中国人口史 |trans-title=Chinese Population History|page=320|last1=Zhao|first1=Wenlin|last2=Xie|first2=Shujun|publisher=[[People's Press (Beijing)]]|year=1988|lang=zh}} The peak population of the Yuan according to the authors. It tries to account for underreporting of statistics like household size (and native groups in some provinces were not counted at all)</ref><br />
| stat_year2 = 1351 est.<br />
}}<br />
{{History of Mongolia}}<br />
{{History of China}}<br />
The '''Yuan dynasty''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|y|ɜ|n}} {{respell|YEN}}; {{lang-zh|c=元朝|p=Yuáncháo}}}} officially the '''Great Yuan''',<ref name="CivilSociety" />{{efn|{{zhi|c=大元|p=Dà Yuán}}; [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: {{MongolUnicode|{{lang|mn|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}}, {{tlit|mn|Yeke Yuwan Ulus}}, {{literal translation|Great Yuan State}}{{NoteTag|Modern [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] form commonly used by Chinese and Mongolian academics: {{langx|xng|{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠦᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}}, {{lang|mn-Latn|Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus}} or {{lang|mn|Их Юань улс}} in Modern [[Mongolian Cyrillic]], ''{{transliteration|mn|Ikh Yuan Üls{{\}}Yekhe Yuan Ulus}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ |url=https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/418 |publisher=Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь |year=2016 |language=mn}}</ref>}}}} was a [[Mongol]]-led [[Dynasties of China|imperial dynasty of China]] and a [[successor state]] to the [[Mongol Empire]] after [[Division of the Mongol Empire|its division]].{{NoteTag|name=GreatYuan|As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] (present-day [[Beijing]]). However, the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" ({{lang|zh|大元}}) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire [[Mongol Empire]].<ref name="Proclamation1271" /><ref name="GreatYuan1" /> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the [[Division of the Mongol Empire|disintegrated nature]] of the Mongol Empire.}} It was established by [[Kublai]] (Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the [[Borjigin]] clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368 AD. In [[Chinese history]], the Yuan dynasty followed the [[Song dynasty]] and preceded the [[Ming dynasty]].<br />
<br />
Although [[Genghis Khan]]'s enthronement as [[Khagan]] in 1206 was described in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-style title of [[Emperor of China|Emperor]]{{NoteTag|name=Emperor}}<ref name="Enthronement1206" /> and the [[Mongol Empire]] had ruled territories including modern-day [[northern China]] for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style,{{sfn|Mote|1994|p=624}} and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the [[Battle of Yamen]]. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day [[China]] and its surrounding areas, including modern-day [[Mongolia]].<ref name="Mongol Empire p.611">{{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Christopher Pratt |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3}}</ref> It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of [[China proper]].<ref name="San" />{{rp|312}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eberhard |first1=Wolfram |title=A History of China |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-01518-5 |page=232 |edition=3rd}}</ref> In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the [[Mongolian Plateau]] and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] (which later evolved into the [[Qing dynasty]]); this [[rump state]] is known in [[History of China|Chinese history]] as the [[Northern Yuan]].<br />
<br />
After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of [[Möngke]]. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the [[temple name]] Taizu.{{NoteTag|name=Emperor}} In the edict titled ''Proclamation of the Dynastic Name'' issued in 1271,<ref name="Proclamation1271" /> Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] to the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Proclamation1271" /> Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the [[Old Mandarin|Chinese language]], while others only used their native [[Middle Mongol|Mongolian language]], written with the [[ʼPhags-pa script]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Franke |first=Herbert |title=Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese? |pages=28–41 |url=https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1665DFfIcjI.pdf |journal=Asia Major |date=1953 |series=Second series |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academica Sinica |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320185814/https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1665DFfIcjI.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kublai, as a [[Khagan]] (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]], the [[Golden Horde]], and the [[Ilkhanate]], before proclaiming as the [[Emperor of China]] in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the '''Empire of the Great Khan'''. However, even though the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was recognized by the western khans in 1304, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.<ref>{{cite book |first=John Joseph |last=Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |page=116 |orig-year=1971 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7 |author-link=J. J. Saunders}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grousset |first=René |author-link=René Grousset |year=1939 |language=fr |title=L'empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan |trans-title=The Empire of Steppes}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
{{See also|Names of China|Mongol Empire}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
| pic = Yuan_dynasty_(Chinese_and_Mongolian) Zhaomengfu.svg<br />
| piccap = "Yuan dynasty" in [[Chinese characters]] in the calligraphy of [[Zhao Mengfu]] (top), and "Great Yuan State" (''Yehe Yüan Ulus'', a modern form) in [[Mongolian script]] (bottom)<br />
| picsize = 145<br />
| c = 元朝<br />
| l = "Yuan dynasty"<br />
| p = Yuán cháo<br />
| w = Yüan<sup>2</sup> ch‘ao<sup>2</sup><br />
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yuan|2|-|ch|ao|2}}<br />
| suz = Nyœ́ záu<br />
| y = Yùhn chìuh<br />
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|j|yun|4|-|c|iu|4}}<br />
| j = Jyun4 ciu4<br />
| tl = Guân tiâo<br />
| altname = Dynastic name<br />
| c2 = 大元<br />
| l2 = Great Yuan<br />
| p2 = Dà Yuán<br />
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|j|yun|4}}<br />
| altname3 = Alternative official full name:<br />{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}<br /> {{lang|mn-Latn|Dai Yuwan Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus}}<br />
| t3 = 大元大蒙古國<br />
| s3 = 大元大蒙古国<br />
| p3 = Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó<br />
| l3 = "Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State<br />
| bpmf = ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ<br />
| tp = Yuán cháo<br />
| tp2 = Dà Yuán<br />
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Ta4 Yüan2}}<br />
| j2 = daai6 jyun4<br />
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|-|yuan|2}}<br />
| bpmf2 = ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ<br />
| tp3 = Dà Yuán Dà Měng-gǔ Guó<br />
| w3 = {{tone superscript|Ta4 Yüan2 Ta4 Meng3-ku3 Kuo2}}<br />
| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|-|yuan|2|-|d|a|4|-|m|eng|3|.|g|u|3|-|g|uo|2}}<br />
| bpmf3 = ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ<br />
}}<br />
{{special characters}}<br />
<br />
In 1271, [[Kublai Khan]] imposed the name '''Great Yuan''' ({{lang-zh|c=大元|p=Dà Yuán}}), establishing the Yuan dynasty.<ref name="CivilSociety">{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Karla W. |title=Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era' |date=26 April 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780190297640 |page=39 {{nowrap|n. 69}} |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765898.003.0002}}</ref> "Dà Yuán" ({{lang|zh|大元}}) is derived from a clause "{{lang|zh|大哉乾元}}" ({{zhi|p=dà zāi Qián Yuán |l=Great is Qián, the Primal }}) in the ''[[Ten Wings|Commentaries]] on the [[I Ching]]'' section<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-Hant |script-title=zh:《易傳》 |trans-title=[[Ten Wings|Commentaries]] on the I Ching |section=[[s:zh:周易/乾|周易·乾卦·彖傳]] |quote=《彖》曰：{{nowrap|{{strong|{{serif|大哉乾元}}}}}}，萬物資始，乃統天。}}</ref> regarding the [[Qian (hexagram)|first hexagram]] ({{lang|zh|乾}}).<ref name="Proclamation1271">{{citation |author=Kublai Emperor |author-link=Kublai Khan |date=18 December 1271 |language=zh-Classical |script-title=zh:《建國號詔》 |trans-title=Edict to Establish the Name of the State |series=《元典章》[''Statutes of Yuan''] |url=http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/建國號詔}}</ref> The [[Mongolian-language]] counterpart was {{Transliteration|mn|Dai Ön Ulus}}, also rendered as {{Transliteration|mn|Ikh Yuan Üls}} or {{Transliteration|mn|Yekhe Yuan Ulus}}. In Mongolian, {{Transliteration|mn|Dai Ön}} a borrowing from Chinese, was often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" ({{lang|zh-Hant|大蒙古國}}; 'Great Mongol State'), which resulted in the form {{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠥᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|大元大蒙古國}}; {{lang|mn-Latn|Dai Ön Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus}}, lit. "Great Yuan {{en dash}} Great Mongol State")<ref name="mname">{{ cite book | title= The Early Mongols Language, Culture and History | series= Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday<br />
| editor1= Volker Rybatzki | editor2= Alessandra Pozzi | editor3= Peter W. Geier | editor4= John R. Krueger | isbn = 9780933070578<br />
| publisher= Indiana University Press | date=2009 | page=116}}</ref> or {{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ<br /> ᠺᠡᠮᠡᠺᠦ<br /> ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br /> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br /> ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|Dai Ön qemeqü Yeqe Mongɣol Ulus}}, lit. "Great Mongol State called Great Yuan").<ref>{{cite journal |author=陈得芝 |date=2009 |title=关于元朝的国号、年代与疆域问题 |journal=北方民族大学学报 |volume=87 |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hodong Kim |date=2015 |title=Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty? |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |volume=45 |page=288}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Francis Woodman Cleaves |date=1949 |title=The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=12 |page=8}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per contemporary historiographical norm, "Yuan dynasty" typically refers to the realm with its main capital in [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] (modern-day [[Beijing]]). However, the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" and the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant for the entire Mongol Empire when the dynasty was proclaimed.<ref name="Proclamation1271" /><ref name="GreatYuan1">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=David |title=In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50 |page=50 |isbn=978-1-108-48244-8 | publisher= Cambridge University Press}}{{pb}}{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=David |title=Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293 |page=293 |isbn=978-0-674-03608-6 | series = Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series 68 Studies in East Asian Law | publisher= Brill}}{{pb}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Brook |editor1-first=Timothy |editor2-last=Walt van Praag |editor2-first=Michael van |editor3-last=Boltjes |editor3-first=Miek |title=Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan |year=2018 | pages= 45–56 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45 |isbn=978-0-226-56293-3<br />
| author= Hodong Kim | chapter = Mongol Perceptions of "China" and the Yuan Dynasty | publisher= University of Chicago Press <br />
}} At p. 45.</ref> This usage is seen in the writings, including non-Chinese texts, produced during the time of the Yuan dynasty.<ref name="GreatYuan1" /> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is not commonly used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the [[division of the Mongol Empire]]. Some scholars believe that 1260 was the year that the Yuan dynasty emerged with the proclamation of a [[era name|reign title]] following the collapse of the unified Mongol Empire.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hodong Kim |date=2015 |title=Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty? |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |volume=45 |pages=279–280|doi=10.1353/sys.2015.0007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Yuan dynasty is sometimes also called the "Mongol dynasty" by westerners,<ref>{{ cite book| title = Archaeology of Asia | editor=Miriam T. Stark<br />
| date= 2006 | isbn =9780470774670 | doi= 10.1002/9780470774670.ch12 | publisher= Wiley Blackwell | chapter = States on Horseback: The Rise of Inner Asian Confederations and Empires | pages= 255–278<br />
| author1=William Honeychurch | author2= Chunag Amartuvshin}}</ref>{{rp|269}} akin to the [[Qing dynasty]] sometimes being referred to as the "Manchu dynasty"<ref>{{ cite journal<br />
| title= Civil Administration at the Beginning of the Manchu Dynasty: A note on the establishment of the Six Ministries (Liu-pu)<br />
| author= Piero Corradini | jstor= 43382329<br />
| journal=Oriens Extremus | volume= 9 | number= 2 | date= 1962 | pages= 133–138 <br />
| publisher= Harrassowitz Verlag }}</ref> or "Manchu Dynasty of China".<ref>{{ cite journal| title= Reviewed Work: ''Central Asia''. Gavin Hambly | author= Elizabeth E. Bacon<br />
| journal=American Journal of Sociology<br />
| volume= 77 | number= 2 | date=September 1971 | pages= 364–366 | type= book review <br />
| publisher= University of Chicago Press<br />
| doi= 10.1086/225131<br />
|jstor =2776897}}</ref>{{rp|365}} Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan",<ref>{{ cite book<br />
| doi = 10.1163/9789047410812_005<br />
| isbn = 9789047410812<br />
| chapter= The First Globalization Episode: The Creation of the Mongol Empire, or the Economics of Chinggis Khan<br />
| author1= Ronald Findlay | author2= Mats Lundahl | title= Asia and Europe in Globalization | pages=13–54<br />
| editor1=Göran Therborn | editor2= Habibul Khondker | date= 2006 | publisher= Brill}}</ref>{{rp|48}} since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of [[Great Khan]]; these appeared on some Yuan maps. However, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of the Yuan dynasty}}<br />
<br />
{{For timeline}}<br />
<br />
{{Campaignbox Mongol conquests}}<br />
{{Division of the Mongol Empire}}<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|Division of the Mongol Empire|Toluid Civil War|Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty}}<br />
<br />
[[Genghis Khan]] united the Mongol tribes of the steppes and became [[Great Khan]] in 1206.{{sfn|Ebrey|2010|p=169}} He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, [[Ögedei Khan]], the Mongols [[Siege of Caizhou|destroyed]] the weakened [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in 1234, conquering most of [[Northern and southern China|northern China]].{{sfn|Ebrey|2010|pp=169–170}} Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in [[Xingzhou (in modern Hebei)|Xingzhou]], [[Hebei]]. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother [[Sorghaghtani Beki|Sorghaghtani]]. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=415}} [[Möngke Khan]] succeeded Ögedei's son, [[Güyük Khan|Güyük]], as Great Khan in 1251.{{sfn|Allsen|1994|p=392}} He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China.{{sfn|Allsen|1994|p=394}} Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued [[paper money]], revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=418}} He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in [[Inner Mongolia]], later renamed [[Shangdu]].{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=65}}<br />
<br />
Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, [[Shi Tianze]], [[Liu Heima]] ({{lang|zh|[[w:zh:劉黑馬|劉黑馬]]}}, aka Liu Ni),<ref>{{cite periodical | author= Wen Haiqing (溫海清) |url=http://big5.xjass.com/ls/content/2013-02/27/content_267592.htm |script-title=zh:"萬戶路"、"千戶州" ——蒙古千戶百戶制度與華北路府州郡體制 | trans-title= "Ten thousand per ''lu''", "one thousand per ''zhou''"— the Mongol decimal household administrative system and the ''lu–fu–zhou–jun'' structure in northern China |magazine=Fudan Academic Journal | issue= 4 |date=2012 |access-date=2016-05-27 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080427/http://big5.xjass.com/ls/content/2013-02/27/content_267592.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> and the Khitan [[Xiao Zhala]] ({{lang|zh|[[w:zh:蕭札剌|蕭札剌]]}}) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ögedei Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F00qAQAAMAAJ |title=Foundations and Limits of State Power in China |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-7286-0139-0 |editor-last=Schram |editor-first=Stuart Reynolds | pages=113–146<br />
| author=Françoise Aubin<br />
| chapter =The Rebirth of Chinese Rule in Times of Trouble <br />
}}</ref>{{rp|129–130}} Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MztuAAAAMAAJ | pages=158–185 |title=Rulers from the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian periphery |date=1989 |isbn=1-878986-01-5 | publisher= University of Southern California Press | series= Ethnographics Monograph Series No. 2 <br />
| id= Proceedings of the Soviet-American Academic Symposia "Nomads: Masters of the Eurasian Steppe"<br />
|editor1-last=Seaman |editor1-first=Gary |editor2-last=Marks |editor2-first=Daniel<br />
| chapter = The Fall of the Xia Empire: Sino-Steppe Relations in the Late 12th – Early 13th Centuries <br />
| author= Ruth Dunnell<br />
}}</ref>{{rp|175}} There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier ({{lang|zh-Hant|石抹孛迭兒}}), Tabuyir ({{lang|zh-Hant|塔不已兒}}), and Zhongxi, the son of Xiaozhaci ({{lang|zh-Hant|蕭札刺之子重喜}}) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hu Xiaopeng (胡小鹏) |language=zh-Hans |url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008 |script-title=zh:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨——兼论金元之际的汉地七万户 |trans-title=A Study of Xiao Zhala the Han Army commander of 10,000 families in the ''jichou'' Year of 1229 during the Period of Ögedei Khan – with a discursus on the Han territory of 70,000 families at the Northern Jin–Yuan boundary |journal= Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences) | date= 2001 | issue= 6 | pages = 36–42 | doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title-link=New History of Yuan | title= New History of Yuan | date= 1920 | chapter=[[:zh:s:新元史/卷146|Volume 146: Biographies #43]] | author = Ke Shaomin | author-link= Ke Shaomin }}</ref><br />
<br />
Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] in southern China.{{sfn|Allsen|1994|p=410}} The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=606298 |title=Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses. Reviewed Work: ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281'' by Reuven Amitai-Preiss |author=John Masson Smith Jr. |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=118 |issue=1 |year=1998 |pages=54–62}}</ref> He died in 1259 without a successor at the [[Siege of Diaoyucheng]].{{sfn|Allsen|1994|p=411}} Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, [[Ariq Böke]], was challenging his claim to the throne.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=422}} Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=51}} A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=53}} Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=423–424}} [[Ariq Böke]] was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=104}} All of the three western khanates ([[Golden Horde]], [[Chagatai Khanate]] and [[Ilkhanate]]) became functionally autonomous, and only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=62}}{{sfn|Allsen|1994|p=413}} Civil strife had [[Division of the Mongol Empire|permanently divided the Mongol Empire]].{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=24}}<br />
<br />
===Rule of Kublai Khan===<br />
====Early years====<br />
Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ögedei's grandson [[Kaidu]] refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=77}}{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=105}} The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=77}} Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince [[Wonjong of Goryeo|Wonjong]] as the ruler of the [[Goryeo|Kingdom of Goryeo]] (Korea), making it a Mongol tributary state.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|pp=436–437}}{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=77}} Kublai betrothed one of his daughters to the prince to solidify the relationship between the two houses.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|pp=438}} Korean women were sent to the Yuan court as tribute and one concubine became the [[Empress Gi|empress]] of the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lorge |first1=Peter |title=Review of David M. Robinson, ''Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols''. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series |journal=China Review International |date=2010 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=377–379 |issn=1069-5834 |jstor=23733178}}</ref> Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han advisers in his court.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=426}} He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=66}}<br />
<br />
Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=427}} He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the [[Salt in Chinese History#Ancient China and the early empire|traditional monopolies on salt]] and [[History of metallurgy in China#Iron|iron]].{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|pp=70–71}} He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=70}} However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian [[imperial examination]]s and divided Yuan society into three classes with the Han occupying the lowest rank until the conquest of the [[Song dynasty]] and its people, who made up the fourth class, the Southern Chinese. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, sometimes more than high officials, but their official rank was nebulous.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|pp=70–71}}<br />
<br />
====Founding the dynasty====<br />
[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kublai Khan]], founder of the Yuan dynasty]]<br />
<br />
Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from [[Karakorum]] in Mongolia to [[Khanbaliq]] in 1264,{{sfn|Ebrey|2010|p=172}} constructing a new city near the former [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] capital [[Zhongdu]], now modern [[Beijing]], in 1266.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=132}} In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the [[Mandate of Heaven]] and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan ({{lang-zh |c=大元 |labels=no }}) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty.{{sfn|Mote|1994|p=616}} The name of the dynasty is first attested in the ''[[I Ching]]'' and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force".{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=136}} Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the Daidu ({{zhi|c=大都|p=Dàdū|l=Great Capital}}) of the dynasty.{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=461}} The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history.{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=458}} The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession.{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=616}} Kublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration,{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=458}} while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=616}}<br />
<br />
Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the [[Silk Road]] trade network by protecting the [[Yam (route)|Mongol postal system]], constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper [[jiaochao]] banknotes. During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing [[Yuan dynasty coinage|coins]]; however, under [[Külüg Khan]] coins were completely replaced by paper money. It was not until the reign of [[Toghon Temür]] that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Miles |author2=Andrew Scott |title=Macroeconomics: Understanding the Wealth of Nations |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-01243-7 |page=273}}{{pb}}{{cite web |url=http://www.coinweek.com/expert-columns/mike-markowitz/coinweek-ancient-coin-series-coinage-mongols/ |series=Ancient Coin Series|title= Coinage of the Mongols |date=22 May 2016 |archive-date= 23 May 2016 | url-status =dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523104237/http://www.coinweek.com/expert-columns/mike-markowitz/coinweek-ancient-coin-series-coinage-mongols/|author=Mike Markowitz | work=CoinWeek}}{{pb}}{{ cite book | last=Hartill | first= David |date= 2005 | title= Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue |publisher=Trafford Publishing | isbn=1-4120-5466-4 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r4qWx1MFrMQC}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> The ''[[Pax Mongolica]]'', Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=72}} Kublai expanded the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] from southern China to Daidu in the north.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=74}} Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=62}} He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant [[Marco Polo]], who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=463}} Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like [[Christopher Columbus]] to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=61}}<br />
<br />
====Military conquests and campaigns====<br />
[[File:Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_(Catayo)_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg|thumb|300px|Empire of the Great Khan ("''Catayo''" for [[Cathay]]) according to the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375, rotated 180°). [[Xinjiang]] with its caravan of traders appears in the bottom right corner, while the Pacific coast runs along the top-left corner. [[Kublai Khan]] is seen enthroned. A flag with three red crescent moons {{nowrap|([[File:Catalan Atlas, Flag of Cathay.svg|15px]])}} appears on all the territory.<ref>{{cite web |series=Catalan Atlas | work= The Cresques Project |title= Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi }}{{pb}}{{cite book |last1=Cavallo |first1=Jo Ann |title=The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto |date=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-6667-2 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYyBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 }}</ref>]]<br />
After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=429}} Kublai besieged [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]] (襄阳) between 1268 and 1273,{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=77}} the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangtze River basin.{{sfn|Ebrey|2010|p=172}} An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken [[Mongol invasions of Japan#First invasion (1274)|against Japan]] in 1274.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=107}} The Duan family ruling the [[Kingdom of Dali]] (大理) in Yunnan submitted to the Yuan dynasty as vassals and were allowed to keep their throne, militarily assisting the Yuan dynasty against the Song dynasty in southern China.<br />
<br />
The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| doi = 10.1163/9789004282483_006<br />
| author1= Michael C. Brose | pages= 135–155<br />
| chapter= Yunnan's Muslim Heritage<br />
|editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=James A. |editor2-last=Whitmore |editor2-first=John K. |title=China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28248-3 |series = Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Volume: 22 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YV1hBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA146}}</ref>{{rp|146}} The [[Tusi]] chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the [[Chiefdom of Bozhou]], which was recognized by both the Song and Tang dynasty, also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty, and later by the [[Ming dynasty]]. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the [[Three Kingdoms]] era king Huoji who legendarily helped [[Zhuge Liang]] against [[Meng Huo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herman |first1=John. E. |editor1-last=Di Cosmo |editor1-first=Nicola |editor2-last=Wyatt |editor2-first=Don J |title=Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79095-0 |pages=245–285 | chapter = The Mu'ege kingdom: A brief history of a frontier empire in Southwest China<br />
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1mQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260}}</ref>{{rp|260}} They were also recognized by the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Crossley |editor1-first=Pamela Kyle |editor2-last=Siu |editor2-first=Helen F. |editor3-last=Sutton |editor3-first=Donald S. |title=Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23015-6 |pages=135–170 |author1= John E. Herman | chapter = The Cant of Conquest: Tusi Offices and China's Political Incorporation of the Southwest Frontier|volume=28 of Studies on China |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtNVMUx9qIIC&pg=PA143}}</ref>{{rp|143}}<br />
<br />
In 1276 Kublai captured the Song capital of [[Hangzhou]] (杭州), the wealthiest city of China,{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=430}} after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese [[Emperor Gong of Song]].{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=106}} Emperor Gong was married off to a Mongol princess of the royal [[Borjigin]] family of the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hua | first=Kaiqi |editor1-last=Heirman |editor1-first=Ann |editor2-last=Meinert |editor2-first=Carmen |editor3-last=Anderl |editor3-first=Christoph |title=Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-36615-2 |doi=10.1163/9789004366152_008 |pages=196–226 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |chapter= The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)}}</ref>{{rp|213}} Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as [[Emperor Bing of Song]], who was Emperor Gong's younger brother. The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General [[Zhang Hongfan]] led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the [[battle of Yamen]] in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|pp=77–78}} The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=113}}<br />
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The Yuan dynasty created the "Han Army" ({{lang-zh |t=漢軍 |labels=no }}) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ({{lang-zh |t=新附軍 |labels=no }}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hOgAAAAIAAJ&q=han+tumen+khitan&pg=PA66 |title=A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China |author=Charles O. Hucker |page=66 |access-date=2016-05-27 |isbn=978-0-8047-1193-7 |year=1985 | publisher= Stanford University Press}}</ref><br />
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Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=473}} Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=111}} Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=473}} Kublai's [[Mongol invasions of Japan#Second invasion (1281)|second invasion of Japan]] in 1281 failed because of an [[Kamikaze (typhoon)|inauspicious typhoon]].{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=107}} Kublai botched his campaigns against [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Annam, Champa]], and [[Mongol invasion of Java|Java]],{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=113}} but won a [[Pyrrhic victory]] against [[First Mongol invasion of Burma|Burma]].{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=218}} The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols.{{sfn|Rossabi|2012|p=113}}{{sfn|Morgan|2007|p=107}} The [[Trần dynasty]] which ruled Annam (Đại Việt) defeated the Mongols at the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)]]. Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|pp=218–219}}<br />
<br />
Internal strife threatened Kublai within his empire. Kublai Khan suppressed rebellions challenging his rule in Tibet and the northeast.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|pp=487–488}} His favorite wife died in 1281 and so did his chosen heir in 1285. Kublai grew despondent and retreated from his duties as emperor. He fell ill in 1293, and died on 18 February 1294.{{sfn|Rossabi|1994|p=488}}<br />
<br />
===Successors after Kublai===<br />
{{Main list|List of Yuan emperors<br />
}}<br />
{{Further|List of Northern Yuan khans|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)}}<br />
<br />
====Temür Khan====<br />
[[File:MongolMap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mongol successor khanates{{NoteTag|name=goryeo}}]]<br />
Following the conquest of [[Kingdom of Dali|Dali]] in 1253, the former ruling Duan family were appointed as its leaders.<ref>{{cite book |title=Genghis Khan: a Biography |last=Stone |first=Zofia |year=2017 |publisher=Vij Books India |isbn=978-93-86367-11-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=975222159 | url = {{google books| plainurl= yes| id=6Q55zwEACAAJ }}}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> Local chieftains were appointed as [[Tusi]], recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]]-era governments, principally in the province of [[Yunnan]]. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, [[Zhenjin]], as the crown prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols almost Conquered the World |last=Craughwell |first=Thomas J. |year=2010 |publisher=Fair Winds Press |isbn=978-1-61673-851-8 |location=Beverly, MA |page=251 |oclc=777020257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROijKBT6CMIC&pg=PA251}}</ref> Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother [[Kökejin]] and the minister [[Bayan of the Baarin|Bayan]], succeeded the throne and ruled as [[Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan|Temür Khan]], or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam,<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel |last=Howard |first=Michael C. |year=2012 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2 |location=Jefferson, NC |page=84 |oclc=779849477 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA84}}</ref> which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.<br />
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====Külüg Khan====<br />
<br />
[[Külüg Khan]] (Emperor Wuzong) came to the throne after the death of Temür Khan. Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, largely rejecting his objectives. Most significantly he introduced a policy called "New Deals", focused on monetary reforms. During his short reign (1307–11), the government fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Külüg. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan court faced popular discontent.<ref name="San">{{cite book |title=Dynastic China: An Elementary History |last=San |first=Tan Koon |publisher=The Other Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-983-9541-88-5 |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=312, 323 |oclc=898313910}}</ref>{{rp|323}}<br />
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====Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan====<br />
The fourth Yuan emperor, [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan|Buyantu Khan]] (born Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]] after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia | chapter=Yuan Dynasty |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |location=Lanham, MD |page=742 |oclc=801440529 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA742}}</ref> He had been mentored by [[Li Meng (Yuan dynasty)|Li Meng]] ({{zhi|[[:zh:李孟|李孟]]}}), a [[Confucian]] academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the [[Department of State Affairs]] ({{lang-zh |t=尚書省 |labels=no }}), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials.<ref name=":0" /> Starting in 1313 the traditional [[imperial examination]]s were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.<br />
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====Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür====<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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Emperor [[Gegeen Khan]], Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand [[Chancellor of China|chancellor]] Baiju. During his reign, the ''Da Yuan Tong Zhi'' ({{lang-zh |c=《大元通制》 |l='Comprehensive Institutions of the Great Yuan' |labels=no }}), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a [[coup]] involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed [[Yesün Temür]] (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to [[regicide]].<br />
<br />
Before Yesün Temür's reign, China had been relatively free from popular rebellions after the reign of Kublai. Yuan control, however, began to break down in those regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The occurrence of these revolts and the subsequent suppression aggravated the financial difficulties of the Yuan government. The government had to adopt some measure to increase revenue, such as selling offices, as well as curtailing its spending on some items.{{sfn|Hsiao|1994|p=551}}<br />
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====Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür====<br />
{{Main|Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür}}<br />
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[[File:柏林禅寺舍利塔 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Pagoda of Bailin Temple|Bailin Temple Pagoda]] of Zhaoxian County, [[Hebei]] Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty]]<br />
When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür|Tugh Temür]] was recalled to [[Khanbaliq]] by the [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]] commander [[El Temür]]. He was installed as emperor in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son [[Ragibagh]] succeeded to the throne in Shangdu (商都) with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the [[War of the Two Capitals]]. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdi&shy;cated in favour of his brother [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Kusala]], who was backed by Chagatai Khan [[Eljigidey]], and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as [[Golden Horde]] and [[Ilkhanate]] to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world.{{sfn|Hsiao|1994|p=550}} However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.<br />
<br />
Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring [[Confucianism]] and promoting [[Culture of China|Chinese cultural values]]. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature ({{lang-zh |t=奎章閣學士院 |labels=no }}), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment" ({{zhi|儒教推崇}}). The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional [[compendium]] named ''Jingshi Dadian'' ({{lang-zh |t=經世大典 |labels=no }}). Tugh Temür supported [[Zhu Xi]]'s [[Neo-Confucianism]] and also devoted himself in [[Buddhism]].<br />
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====Toghon Temür====<br />
{{Main|Toghon Temür}}<br />
<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}<br />
After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of [[Rinchinbal Khan|Rinchinbal]] (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old [[Toghon Temür]] (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from exile in [[Goryeo|Koryo]] and succeeded to the throne. While the influential El Temür had been central to the exilment of Toghon Temür, after his return the also influential [[Bayan of the Merkit|Bayan]] tried to use the new emperor to deepen his influence. After a coup of Bayan against El Timür and the latters death, Tugh Temür 1340 allied himself with Bayan's nephew [[Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)|Toqto'a]], who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. This was also the time in which the now adult emperor began to take an active part in the government.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mongol empire: a historical encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC |isbn=978-1-61069-339-4 |editor-last=May |editor-first=Timothy Michael |series=Empires of the world |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=153f}}</ref><br />
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Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled [[Twenty-Four Histories|official histories]] of the [[Liao dynasty|Liao]], [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]], and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.<br />
<br />
===Decline of the empire===<br />
[[File:Yuan Jade 15 Swan.jpg|thumb|A Yuan dynasty [[jade]] swan]]<br />
[[File:Yuan Dynasty, porcelain dish, mid 14th century.jpg|thumb|A Yuan dynasty [[Blue and white pottery|blue-and-white porcelain]] dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century, [[Freer Gallery of Art]]]]<br />
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The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.<br />
<br />
From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghon Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to [[Shangdu]] from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), founded by [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] in the south. Zhu Yuanzhang was a former Duke and commander in the army of the Red Turban Song dynasty and assumed power as Emperor after the death of the Red Turban Song Emperor [[Han Lin'er]], who had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed, and who died in [[Yingchang]] (located in present-day [[Inner Mongolia]]) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some Yuan royal family members still live in [[Henan]] today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinmin.cn/domestic/zonghe/2007/02/06/149732.html |script-title=zh:成吉思汗直系后裔现身河南 巨幅家谱为证 | trans-title= Genghis Khan's direct descendants still alive in Henan: huge pedigree chart verifies |work = 今日安报|url-status =dead | language= zh |date=6 February 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928071037/http://news.xinmin.cn/domestic/zonghe/2007/02/06/149732.html | archive-date= 28 September 2008}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=July 2023}}<br />
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The [[Liang (realm)|Prince of Liang]], [[Basalawarmi]] established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in [[Yunnan]] and [[Guizhou]], but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in [[Manchuria]] under [[Naghachu]] had also [[Ming campaign against Naghachu|surrendered to the Ming dynasty]]. The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming in 1370, where the name Great Yuan ({{lang|zh|大元}}) was formally carried on, and is known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]].<br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
[[File:Yuan Jingdezhen Porcelain Jar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Yuan porcelain jar]]<br />
[[File:Yuan Underglaze Blue Jingdezhen Porcelain.jpg|thumb|Yuan underglaze blue [[Jingdezhen porcelain]] plate]]<br />
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A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of [[drama]] and the [[novel]] and the increased use of the [[Vernacular Chinese|written vernacular]]. Arts and culture also greatly developed and flourished during the Yuan dynasty. There was a widespread introduction of blue and white painted porcelain, as well as a major change to Chinese painting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuan dynasty (1279{{ndash}}1368) |url=https://asia.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/yuan-dynasty/ |work=[[National Museum of Asian Art]] | series=Teaching China with the Smithsonian |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507190351/https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/yuan-dynasty/ |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the [[Mongol Empire]] also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in [[Persia]], the [[Ilkhanate]], encouraged this development.{{sfn|Guzman|1988|pp=568–570}}{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=211}} Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite [[Tantric Buddhism]] had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced [[Middle Eastern]] [[cartography]], [[astronomy]], medicine, clothing, and cuisine in East Asia. Eastern crops such as [[carrot]]s, [[turnip]]s, new varieties of [[lemon]]s, [[eggplant]]s, and [[melon]]s, high-quality granulated [[sugar]], and [[cotton]] were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.<ref name="Mongol Empire p.611" />{{rp|611}}<br />
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Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to [[Islam]], by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. [[Nestorianism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]] also enjoyed a period of toleration. [[Buddhism]] (especially [[Tibetan Buddhism]]) flourished, although [[Taoism]] endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. [[Confucian]] governmental practices and examinations based on the [[Chinese classic texts|Classics]], which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, [[cartography]], [[geography]], and scientific education.<br />
[[File:Plate; Yuan Dynasty; Lacquer, wood, and fabric.jpg|thumb|left|A plate made of [[lacquerware|lacquer]], wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The [[peony]] was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty.<ref>{{cite book |author=((Birmingham Museum of Art)) |title=A Guide to the Collection |publisher=Giles |year=2010 |location=London |page=28 |url=http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/bmapu.html |isbn=978-1-904832-77-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910171150/http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/bmapu.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Birmingham Museum of Art]].]]<br />
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Certain Chinese innovations and products, such as purified [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], printing techniques, [[porcelain]], [[playing cards]], and medical literature, were exported to Europe and Western Asia, while the production of thin glass and [[cloisonné]] became popular in China. The Yuan exercised a profound influence on the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (1368–97) admired the Mongols' unification of China and adopted its garrison system.<ref name="Mongol Empire p.611" />{{rp|611}}<br />
[[File:皋桥.jpg|thumb|The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of [[Taicang]] were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jiangsu/suzhou/travel/2012-03/26/content_14912380.htm |title=Taicang's five Yuan Dynasty bridges |via=China Daily | work= Suzhou Official Travel and Tourism website |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210821235714/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jiangsu/suzhou/travel/2012-03/26/content_14912380.htm |url-status=dead}}{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}{{pb}}{{cite book |author=Ling Dingnian (凌鼎年) |script-title=zh:太仓史话 | title= Taicang Shihua|date=2016 |publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] |isbn=978-7-5097-8262-0 |page=8 |language=zh}}{{pb}}{{cite book |author1= Sun Hai (孙海) |author2= Lin Xinjian (蔺新建) |script-title=zh:中国考古集成: 宋元明清 | trans-title=Chinese Archaeology Collections: Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing |date=2006 |publisher=[[:zh:中州古籍出版社|Central States Ancient Books Publishing House]] |page=14 |language=zh}}</ref>]]<br />
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Aside from the [[Sino-Roman relations|ancient Roman embassies]], the [[Europeans in Medieval China|first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back]] date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the [[Venice|Venetian]] [[Marco Polo]], whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, ''Il milione'' (or, ''The Million'', known in English as the ''Travels of Marco Polo''), appeared about the year 1299. Some doubted the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, chopsticks, tea houses – which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture – as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Recent studies however show that Polo's account is largely accurate and unique.<ref>{{citation |first=Stephen G. |last=Haw |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34850-8 |title=Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan |series=Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA54 |pages=52–57}}{{pb}}{{cite book |author=Hans Ulrich Vogel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydo_9TEmuVQC&pg=PA1 |title=Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues |publisher=Brill |date= 2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23193-1}}</ref><br />
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The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer [[Guo Shoujing]], who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the [[lunisolar calendar]] to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year,<ref>{{cite web |author=Marilyn Shea | date= 2007 |url=http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html |title=Guo Shoujing – 郭守敬 |work= Chinese Astronomy |publisher=University of Maine |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152853/http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was only 26 seconds off the modern [[Gregorian calendar]]'s measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, [[granary|granaries]] were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the [[Grand Canal of China]], which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, [[sorghum]], along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| footer = The two artificial lakes [[Houhai]] and [[:sv:Qianhai|Qianhai]] were built in [[Khanbalik|Dadu]] by the Yuan. The Yuan built the [[Beiyue Temple|Dening Hall]] in [[Quyang County|Quyang]] in 1270.<br />
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The Yuan dynasty was the first dynasty founded by non-[[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnicity that ruled all of [[China proper]]. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious."{{citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=all direct quotes should be supported by an inline citation}} In traditional [[historiography of China]], on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Ming dynasty]]. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before [[Kublai Khan]]'s formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai officially honoured prior rulers of the Mongol Empire as Yuan emperors by conferring them [[posthumous name]]s and [[temple name]]s. Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people{{who|date=March 2014}} who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as [[second-class citizen]]s,{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.<br />
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The dynasty chose white as its imperial color, which corresponds to the Metal element according to the theory of the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] (wuxing). The Metal element does not directly follow the Song's dynastic element, Fire, in the creation sequence of the five elements. Instead, it follows the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]'s dynastic element, Earth. Although the Yuan did not openly announce it, its choice of white as its imperial color suggests that it considered Jin, another conquest dynasty, rather than the Han Chinese Song dynasty, as its rightful predecessor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan |title=Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China|journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |year=2014 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=325–364 |doi=10.1353/sys.2014.0000 |s2cid=147099574 |url=https://www.academia.edu/23276848 |jstor=44511246}}</ref><br />
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The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the [[Ilkhanid]]s, the Chinese ''Huangdi'' ([[Emperor of China|Emperor]]) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy clout upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=An Initial Study for Mongolian Factors inside the Rasulid Hexaglot |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=52 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3725455 |year=2008 |pages=36–54 | publisher= Harrassowitz Verlag |last1=Ho |first1=Kai-Lung|doi=10.13173/CAJ/2008/1/4 |s2cid=256889989 }}</ref>{{rp|46}}<br />
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==Government==<br />
{{See also||Mongolian nobility#Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)}}<br />
[[File:Yuan coinage.jpg|thumb|[[Yuan dynasty coinage]]]]<br />
[[File:Evolution map of the Northwest territory of the Yuan Dynasty in Haiguotuzhi.jpg|thumb|Map of the Northwest territory]]<br />
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The structure of the Yuan government took shape during the reign of [[Kublai Khan]] (1260–1294). While some changes took place such as the functions of certain institutions, the essential components of the government bureaucracy remained intact from the beginning to the end of the dynasty in 1368.<br />
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The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the [[Han Chinese|Hans]], [[Khitan people|Khitans]], [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]], [[Mongol]]s, and [[Tibetan Buddhist]]s. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Song dynasty|Song]], as well as Khitan [[Liao dynasty|Liao]] and Jurchen [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin]] dynasties. Chinese advisers such as [[Liu Bingzhong]] and [[Yao Shu]] gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite [[separation of powers|division of authority]] among [[civil affairs|civil]], military, and [[Censorate|censorial]] offices, including the [[Zhongshu Sheng|Central Secretariat]] (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the [[Privy Council]] ({{lang-zh |t=樞密院 |p=Shūmì Yuàn |labels=no }}) to manage military affairs, and the [[Censorate]] to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Six Ministries]]), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the [[Department of State Affairs]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=尚書省|p=Shangshu Sheng}}) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of [[Külüg Khan]] or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.<br />
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While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the [[Ministry of Justice]], did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and ''[[Semu]]'', who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the [[Ministry of War (imperial China)|Ministry of War]] compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.<br />
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The [[Kingdom of Qocho]], [[Kingdom of Dali]], [[Chiefdom of Bozhou]], other ''[[Tusi]]'' chiefdoms, and [[Goryeo under Mongol rule|Goryeo]] were ruled by rulers subject to, and in some cases related to, the Yuan imperial house.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
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==Science and technology==<br />
{{Main|Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty}}<br />
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===Mathematics===<br />
{{Further|Chinese mathematics}}<br />
[[File:Yanghui triangle.gif|thumb|right|A diagram of [[Pascal's triangle]] in [[Zhu Shijie]]'s ''[[Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns]]'', written in 1303]]<br />
[[File:Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg|thumb|right|[[Yang Hui]]'s Magic Circle]]<br />
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Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician [[Zhu Shijie]] (1249–1314) solved [[simultaneous equations]] with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrices]].{{sfn|Joseph|2011|p=196}}{{sfn|Dauben|2007|p=344}} Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown.{{sfn|Dauben|2007|p=346}} His method is described in the ''[[Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns]]'', written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of [[Pascal's triangle]]. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.{{sfn|Ho|1985|p=101}}<br />
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[[Guo Shoujing]] applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry.{{sfn|Ho|1985|p=105}} Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.{{sfn|Joseph|2011|p=247}} His calendar, the ''Shoushi Li'' ({{lang-zh |t=授時暦 |l='Time Granting Calendar' |labels=no }}), was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=172}} The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of [[Song dynasty]] astronomer [[Shen Kuo]] or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers.{{sfn|Ho|1985|p=105}} There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=172}} Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought [[Arabic numerals]] to China in the 13th century.{{sfn|Ho|1985|p=105}}<br />
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===Medicine===<br />
The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=142}} Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called ''otachi'' and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized ''otachi'' doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=142}} Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=125}} Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=157}}{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=125}}<br />
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The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=157}} Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as [[acupuncture]], [[moxibustion]], [[pulse diagnosis]], and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire.{{sfn|Lane|2006|pp=138–139}} Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician [[Wei Yilin]] (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for [[Reduction (orthopedic surgery)|reducing]] dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics.{{sfn|Lane|2006|p=140}} The Mongol physician [[Hu Sihui]] described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.{{sfn|Lane|2006|p=140}}<br />
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Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as ''huihui'' or Muslim medicine.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=151}} The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=155}} Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court.{{sfn|Rossabi|1988|p=125}} Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its [[Humorism|humoral system]] contradicted the [[yin and yang|yin-yang]] and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=157}} No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to [[Avicenna]]'s ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=151}}<br />
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===Printing and publishing===<br />
[[File:Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate 1287.jpg|thumb|Yuan dynasty [[banknote]] with its printing plate, 1287]]<br />
[[File:Chinese movable type 1313-ce.png|thumb|right|A revolving typecase with individual [[movable type]] characters from [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]]'s ''Nong Shu'', published in 1313]]<br />
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The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=182}}{{sfn|Wu|1950|p=460}} Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through [[Kingdom of Qocho]] and Tibetan intermediaries.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=182}} Some Yuan documents such as [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]]'s ''Nong Shu'' were printed with earthenware [[movable type]], a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional [[block printing]] techniques.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|pp=176–177}} The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of [[Töregene Khatun]], Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=182}} The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=182}} Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.{{sfn|Wu|1950|p=463}}<br />
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Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=181}} In 1312, 1,000 copies of a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed just within Beijing.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=183}} By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=184}}<br />
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One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the ''[[Jiaochao]]'', the paper money of the Yuan. Jiaochao were made from the bark of mulberry trees.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=183}} The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=179}} The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister [[Bolad]] was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of [[Gaykhatu]].{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=177}} The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=178}}<br />
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Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. Marco Polo documented the Yuan printing of paper money and almanac pamphlets called ''tacuini''.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=183}} The vizier [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]] recognized that printing was a valuable technological breakthrough, and expressed regret that the Mongol experiment with printing paper money had failed in the Muslim world. Rashid-al-Din's view was not shared by other chroniclers in the Middle East, who were critical of the experiment's disruptive impact on the Il-khanate.{{sfn|Allsen|2001|p=184}}<br />
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===Ceramics===<br />
[[File:BW Jar FFD RBG.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|right|Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding]]<br />
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In [[Chinese ceramics]] the period was one of expansion, with the great innovation the development in [[Jingdezhen ware]] of [[underglaze]] painted [[blue and white pottery]]. This seems to have begun in the early decades of the 14th century, and by the end of the dynasty was mature and well-established. Other major types of wares continued without a sharp break in their development, but there was a general trend to some larger size pieces, and more decoration. This is often seen as a decline from Song refinement. Exports expanded considerably, especially to the Islamic world.<br />
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==Society==<br />
{{See also|Society of the Mongol Empire|Yuan poetry|Zaju}}<br />
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===Imperial lifestyle===<br />
[[File:Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG|thumb|Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280]]<br />
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Since its invention in 1269, the [['Phags-pa script]], a unified script for spelling [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master [[written Chinese]], but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing ''quda'' marriage alliance with other Mongol clans – the [[Onggirat]] and the Ikeres – kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of [[Tugh Temur]] (Emperor Wenzong), whose mother was a [[Tangut people|Tangut]] concubine. The Yuan rulers did not want to create potential rivals by repeatedly marrying within a particular family or clan, so they took multiple wives from different backgrounds and mostly from less powerful families. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Tugh Temür was an example of a Yuan emperor who actively sponsored cultural activities; including in his imperial capacity and in his personal activities such as writing [[Yuan poetry|poetry]], painting, reading [[Chinese classics|Chinese classical texts]], and ordering the compilation of books.{{sfn|Mote|1999|p=471}}{{sfn|Hinsch|2021|p=55}}<br />
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The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly [[sinicized]] while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage.<ref>{{ cite book | series=The Cambridge History of China | volume = 6 | title= Alien regimes and border states: 907–1368 | editor2= Denis C. Twitchett | editor1= Herbert Franke| publisher= Cambridge University Press | author1= Morris Rossabi | chapter = The reign of Khubilai Khan | pages= 414–489 | isbn = 9780521243315 | date=1994 | orig-date= 1978 | editor2-link = Denis Twitchett}}</ref>{{rp|488–489}}<br />
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During the Yuan Dynasty, homosexuality had been both a common cultural practice and a highly suppressed behavior. The ''Great Yassa'', one of the Yuan Dynasty law systems, prohibited homosexuality, but many cultural accounts recorded the ubiquity of homosexual practices across Mongolians’ daily lives.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first1=Bret |editor-last1=Hinsch |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520912656/html |title=Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China |date=August 10, 1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91265-6 |page=119 |language=en |doi=10.1525/9780520912656}}</ref><br />
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===Religion===<br />
{{See also|Islam during the Yuan dynasty|Religion in the Mongol Empire}}<br />
[[File:Yüen dynasty Manichaean diagram of the Universe.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Manichaean Diagram of the Universe]]'', a painting describing Yuan period [[Manichaean]] cosmology]]<br />
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There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] and [[Manichaeism]]. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of [[Muslim]]s in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, [[Tibetan Buddhism]] became the ''de facto'' [[state religion]]. The top-level department and government agency known as the [[Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs]] ({{Lang-zh|c=宣政院|p=xuānzhèngyuàn}}) was set up in [[Khanbaliq]] (modern Beijing) to supervise [[Buddhist monk]]s throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya [[Imperial Preceptor]] ({{Lang-zh|c=帝师|p=Dìshī}}) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power.<ref>{{ cite book | title=History of civilizations of Central Asia | volume= 4: The Age of achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century; Pt. II: the achievements |isbn= 978-92-3-103654-5 | pages= 54–61 | date= 2000 | chapter= Early Buddhism in Tibet and the Educational Role of the Monasteries |editor1-last=Bosworth | editor1-first= Clifford Edmund |editor2-last= Asimov | editor2-first= Muhammad Seyfeydinovich | author= Wang Furen | place= Paris | publisher= Unesco Publishing | chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000120455}}</ref>{{rp|59}} Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the [[Jalayir]] and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized [[Confucian]] scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the [[Mongolian language]].<br />
[[File:Yuan porcelain buddha.JPG|thumb|left|A Yuan [[Qingbai]] porcelain statue of [[Guanyin]], a [[bodhisattva]] of [[Mahayana]] Buddhism]]<br />
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At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.<ref name="buell1979">{{cite journal |jstor=41930343 |journal=Journal of Asian History |title=Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara |last=Buell |first=Paul D. |volume=13 |number=2 |date=1979 |pages=137–138}}</ref><br />
<br />
Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret.<ref name="Dillon 1999">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA24 |title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects |author=Michael Dillon |year=1999 |publisher=Curzon Press |location=Richmond |pages=24, 34 |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. [[Circumcision]] was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat [[Kosher]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA228 |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road |author=Johan Elverskog |year=2010 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=228 |isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.<ref name="Leslie 1998">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |title=The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims |first=Donald Daniel |last= Leslie |year=1998 |page=12 |work=The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217112014/http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
The Muslims in the semu class revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the [[Ispah Rebellion]], but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese meaning "barracks" and also meaning "thanks"; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.<ref name="Gladney 1991" /><br />
<br />
During the [[Ming conquest of Yunnan]], Muslim generals [[Mu Ying]] and [[Lan Yu (general)|Lan Yu]] led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&q=zhu+yuanzhang+mosques&pg=PA170 |title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia |author=Tan Ta Sen | place= Singapore |year=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-837-5 |page=170 }}</ref><ref name="Dillon 1999" />{{rp|34}}<br />
<br />
[[Hindu]] statues were found in [[Quanzhou]] dating to the Yuan period.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chung-wah |last=Chow |url=http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/ |title=What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port | work= CNN Travel |url-status= dead |date=7 September 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130218090946/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/ | archive-date= 18 February 2013}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
===Four-class system===<br />
====Structure====<br />
[[File:Covered box with pavilion and figures, China, Yuan dynasty, 1300s AD, carved lacquer - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08285.jpg|thumb|right|Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty.]]<br />
[[File:Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century, Tokyo National Museum.JPG|thumb|Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.]]<br />
<br />
The Mongols had employed foreigners long before the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. But during Kublai's reign a hierarchy of reliability was introduced in China. The population was divided into the following classes:<ref name="structure" /><br />
<br />
# [[Mongols]]. The Mongols were called "Gao-chen"{{chinese script needed inline|date=July 2023}} (the citizens of the ruling empire) by the conquered Southern Song population.<ref>Natsagdorj, S., and C. Dalai. 2003. "Yuan gürnii üyeiin Mongol oron." In Mongol Ulsiin Tuukh, vol. 2: XII-XIV Zuunii Dund üy, edited by C. Dalai and T. Ishdorj. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, p. 225</ref><br />
# [[Semu]], consisting of non-Mongol foreigners from the west and [[Central Asia]], like [[Kingdom of Qocho|Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan]], [[Tanguts]], [[Tibetans]], [[History of the Jews in China|Jews]], Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia.<ref name="Haw" /><ref name="structure" /><br />
# ''Han'', a category usually referring to [[Han Chinese]] people, but under Yuan usage referred to various peoples, most of whom were former subjects of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jurchen Jin dynasty]] such as [[Han Chinese]] in [[Northern China]], [[Jurchens]], [[Khitan people|Khitans]], but also [[Koreans]] and other ethnicities who lived north of the [[Huaihe River]]<ref name="Rossabi1983" />{{rp|247}}<ref name="structure" /><br />
# ''Nan'' (Southerners), or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including ethnic Han Chinese and minority native ethnic groups in [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], as well as the people of the [[Dali Kingdom]]. They were sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan dynasty. They were on the "bottom of the privilege ladder" in Yuan society.<ref name="structure">{{cite book |first=Frederick W. |last=Mote |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |title=Imperial China 900–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA490 |year=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01212-7 |pages=489–490<br />
}}{{pb}}{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Kupfer |title=Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA189 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-631-57533-8 |page=189}}{{pb}}{{cite book |first=George Qingzhi |last=Zhao |title=Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&pg=PA24 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0275-2 |page=24}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ordering of the classes and the placement of people in them came down to how loyal and trustworthy to the Mongols they were. This was defined by the date they surrendered to the Mongols and had little to do with their ethnicity. Ethnic Han Chinese could be classified as either ''Han ren'' or ''Nan ren'' while Khitans and Jurchens from [[Qara Khitai]] were not considered ''Han'' but ''Semu''.<ref name="Haw"/> The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, while the more they held out, the lower they were ranked. As a result, the Northern Chinese were ranked higher than the Southern Chinese, because the Song dynasty in southern China fought longer and surrendered later.<ref>{{ cite book<br />
| chapter-url= {{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=sTPPAsiFDS4C |page=265 }}<br />
| title= Dialogues of Philosophies, Religions and Civilizations in the Era of Globalization<br />
| editor1= Zhao Dunhua | date= 2007<br />
| chapter= Islam and Christianity in the Social Context of China | author = Wang Jianping<br />
| pages = 261–278 | publisher= Council for Research in Values and Philosophy | place= San Antonio | isbn= 9781565182431<br />
}}{{unreliable source?| date=July 2023 | reason= look at the publisher's website}}</ref>{{rp|264–265}}<ref>{{cite book | editor1= M. A. Al-Bakhit | editor2= Louis Bazin | editor3=Sékéné Mody Cissoko | title= History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development. | volume= IV: From the seventh to the sixteenth century | isbn= 9780415093088 | date= 2000 | publisher= Routledge| chapter= 27. China | author = Zhang Guangda | pages = 421–446<br />
}}</ref>{{rp|426}} Similarly, the Uighur and Karluk monarchs were ranked higher than the Korean monarch at court because they surrendered earlier while the Koreans surrendered later. The Uighurs in particular were noted to not have fought at all.<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book |first=Morris |last=Rossabi |title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA247 |year=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04562-0 |pages=247, 255<br />
}}</ref>{{rp|247}}<ref name="Haw">{{cite conference |conference=Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation |location=Jerusalem |url=https://www.academia.edu/7542628 |title=The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they? |publisher=Academia.edu |date=2014 |access-date=2016-05-27 |last=Haw |first=Stephen G.}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Foreign administrators====<br />
The Mongols employed people from different regions to oversee different parts of their empire. Central Asian Muslims served as administrators in China while Han people and Khitans from China served as administrators over the Muslim population in [[Bukhara]] in Central Asia. Foreigners were used to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.<ref name="buell1979" /> Han people were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, [[Olmaliq|Almaliq]], and [[Samarqand]] by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA96 |title=The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World |first=Michal |last=Biran |page=96 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84226-6}}</ref> [[Alans]] were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called [[Asud|"Right Alan Guard"]] which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former [[Kingdom of Qocho]] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Gongzhi.<ref name="Rossabi1983" />{{rp|255}} After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators of gardens and fields in Samarqand while co-management with Chinese and Khitans was required since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them.<ref name=barthold /><ref>{{cite book |first=Emil |last=Bretschneider |author-link=Emil Bretschneider |year=1888 |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources |chapter=The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang |chapter-url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/changchun.html |publisher=Barnes & Noble |pages=37–108}}</ref> The Yuan-appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Khitan by the name of Ahai. He was from the [[Qara Khitai]], held the title Taishi, and was familiar with Chinese culture.<ref name=barthold>{{cite book |series=E.J.W. Gibb memorial series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35pFAQAAIAAJ<br />
| title= Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion<br />
| editor= W. Barthold | edition = 2nd<br />
|year=1928 |page=451}}</ref> Han officials and colonists were [[History of Siberia#Mongol conquest of Southern and Western Siberia|sent by the Yuan dynasty]] to areas of [[Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty|Lingbei province]] including {{lang|zh|[[w:zh:和宁路|Henning Circuit]], [[w:zh:益蘭州|Yilan Prefecture]], and [[w:zh:謙州|Qian Prefecture]]}}.<ref>{{cite book |trans-title=[[History of Yuan]] |script-title=zh:《元史》 |language=zh-Hant}}{{nonspecific|date=July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Anti-Chinese policies====<br />
[[File:The South Mosque of Jinan 2009-03.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Jinan Great Southern Mosque]] was completed during the reign of [[Temür Khan]] (the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan).]]<br />
Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial [[feudalism]] and the traditional Chinese [[autocratic]]-[[bureaucratic]] system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese [[elite]] were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the ''[[Semu]]'' people (various allied groups from [[Central Asia]] and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream [[Chinese culture]], and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "[[Colonialism|colonial]]" coloration.{{sfn|Hsiao|1994|pp=491–492}} The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and ''Semu'' were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the [[imperial examination]] in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the [[Ilkhanate]].{{sfn|Morgan|1982|p=135}} Later the [[Yongle Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them."{{sfn|Morgan|1982|pp=124–136}} However, ordinary Mongol families fell into extreme poverty in both Mongolia and China proper, and elite positions were increasingly penetrated by ethnic Han.<ref>{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Endicott-West |title=Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty |date=1989 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-1-68417-005-0 |page=86 | series = Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 29 | doi =10.1163/9781684170050_004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Reuven Amitai| editor2= Michal Biran |title=Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World |date=2005 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0633-4 |last= Endicott | first = Elizabeth | chapter=The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries) | pages= 461–482 | doi = 10.1163/9789047406334_021| s2cid= 245584164 }}</ref>{{rp|467}}<br />
<br />
====Anti-''Semu'' policies====<br />
Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as [[Kosher]] butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way.<ref name="Leslie 1998" /> Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined [[Han Chinese|Han]] in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] had Muslim generals like [[Lan Yu (general)|Lan Yu]] who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname Yíng ({{lang|zh|營}}) which means, amongst other definitions, both "barracks" and "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim that because they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols, this surname was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.<ref name="Gladney 1991">{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=kkJwAAAAMAAJ}} |title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic |first=Dru C. |last=Gladney |year=1991 |publisher=Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University |page=234 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-674-59495-1 }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=July 2023}} During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng.<ref>{{cite periodical |url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_dachang.inc&issue=005 |title=China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories: The Case of Dachang | type= book review |publisher=Australia National University | magazine=China Heritage Quarterly |date=March 2006 | issue= 5 |access-date=2016-05-27 | issn=1833-8461}}</ref> The Muslims in the ''Semu'' class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the [[Ispah Rebellion]] but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.<br />
<br />
The Muslim merchants in Quanzhou who engaged in maritime trade enriched their families which encompassed their political and trade activities as families. Historians see the violent Chinese backlash that happened at the end of the Yuan dynasty against the wealth of the Muslim and ''Semu'' as something inevitable, however anti-Muslim and anti-''Semu'' laws had already been passed by the Yuan dynasty. In 1340 all marriages were forced to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in 1311. This resulted in anti-Mongol sentiment among Muslims so some anti-Yuan rebels in the mid 14th century were joined by Muslims. In 1357–1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started a revolt against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Persian merchants Amin ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din Saifuding led the revolt. Persian official Yawuna assassinated both Amin ud-Din and Saif ud-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. For five years the Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367 after A Muslim rebel officer named Jin Ji defected from Yawuna.<ref>{{cite book |author=Liu Yingsheng (刘迎胜) |editor1-last=Schottenhammer |editor1-first=Angela |title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration |date=2008 |publisher= Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05809-4 |pages=133–144 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA121 |volume=6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history |issn=1860-1812 |chapter=Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China}}</ref>{{rp|121}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaffee |first1=John W. |title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400 |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-64009-1 |page=157 |series=New Approaches to Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfBmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.005 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Criticism====<br />
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<br />
The historian [[Frederick W. Mote]] wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and ''Semu'' than there were Mongol and ''Semu'' who lived in poverty and were ill-treated.{{sfn|Mote|2003|p=492}}<br />
<br />
Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the ''Semu'' as a class.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.academia.edu/2439642 |title=The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire | author1= Funada Yoshiyuki |conference= International Roundtable Entitled "The Nature of the Mongol Empire and Its Legacy" | place= Centre for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna |date=6 November 2010 |access-date=2016-05-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative divisions==<br />
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia}}<br />
[[File:Yuan Dynasty Administrative division 1330.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty.]]<br />
[[File:Mongol Empire's Ayimaq in North China.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mongol Empire's {{ill|Ayimaq|ja|投下 (モンゴル帝国)}} in North China]]<br />
<br />
The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into the Central Region ({{lang|zh|腹裏}}) governed by the [[Zhongshu Sheng|Central Secretariat]] and places under control of various provinces ({{lang|zh|行省}}) or Branch Secretariats ({{lang|zh-Hant|行中書省}}), as well as the region under the [[Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs]].<br />
<br />
The Central Region, consisting of present-day [[Hebei]], [[Shandong]], [[Shanxi]], the south-eastern part of present-day [[Inner Mongolia]] and the [[Henan]] areas to the north of the [[Yellow River]], was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng, {{lang|zh|中書省}}) at [[Khanbaliq]] (modern [[Beijing]]); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs ({{Lang-zh|c=宣政院|p=Xuānzhèng Yuàn}}) [[Tibet under Yuan rule|held administrative rule]] over the whole of modern-day [[Tibet]] and a part of [[Sichuan]], [[Qinghai]] and [[Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
Branch Secretariats or simply [[province]]s, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were eleven "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty,<ref>Duosang Mongol History, Vol. 1; Zhong-gou Tong-shi; History of Zhong-gou Border Nationalities; The New Yuan-shih{{full citation needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat.<br />
<br />
Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the [[Circuit (administrative division)#China|circuit]] ({{lang|zh|道}}), followed by ''[[Circuit (administrative division)#China|lù]]'' ({{lang|zh|路}}), ''[[Fu (administrative division)|fǔ]]'' ({{lang|zh|府}}), and ''[[Zhou (country subdivision)|zhōu]]'' ({{lang|zh|州}}). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the [[Counties of the People's Republic of China#History|county]] ({{lang|zh|縣}}).<br />
<br />
Basically, ''lù'' were higher than ''fǔ'', which were higher than ''zhōu''. However, the actual relationship between them could be very complicated. All of ''lù'', ''fǔ'', and ''zhōu'' could administer counties. Some ''fǔ'' and ''zhōu'' were directly administered by the province, while some existed inside a ''lù''. A ''lù'' usually administered several counties, along with several ''fǔ'' and ''zhōu'', and the ''fǔ'' or ''zhōu'' themselves could also administer their own counties. As a result, it is impossible to delineate exactly how many tiers of divisions there were under a province.<br />
<br />
This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160"><br />
File:Yuan dynasty iron magic square.jpg|[[Magic square]] in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:Yuan Dynasty - waterwheels and smelting.png|[[smelting]] machines (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:水轮.jpg|Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:水锤.jpg|Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:纺织机.jpg|Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:水磨齿轮.jpg|water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:农书织布机.jpg|loom (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:Zhao Mengfu1.jpg|Yuan painting ([[Zhao Mengfu]])<br />
File:Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg|Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)<ref name="bm">{{cite web |url=http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html |title=Siege Weapons Types in Chinese Warfare |date= 2006 | editor= Leong Kit Meng | work = Chinese Siege Warfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202081843/http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html |archive-date=December 2, 2009}}</ref><br />
File:Skanda detail heart sutra zhao mengfu.jpeg|Military costume.<br />
File:Immortal Riding a Dragon.jpg|Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a [[dragon]].<br />
File:Horse and Groom, after Li Gonglin by Zhao Yong.jpg|Yuan [[cavalry]]<br />
File:Jiang Ge.JPG|Yuan Mongol soldier<br />
File:Qubilai Setsen Khaan.JPG|[[Genghis Khan]]'s grandson, [[Kublai Khan]] during his youth<br />
File:元负囊骑马俑.jpg|Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)<br />
File:Yuan stone Nestorian inscription (rep).JPG|Chinese stone inscription of a [[Nestorian]] [[Nestorian Cross|Christian Cross]] from [[Cross Temple, Fangshan|Cross Temple]] in [[Beijing]] (then called Dadu, or [[Khanbaliq]]), dated to the Yuan dynasty<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{History of the Mongols}}<br />
{{Div col |colwidth=20em }}<br />
*[[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty]]<br />
**[[Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Yuan Dynasty and Northern Yuan Dynasty|Emperor's family tree]]<br />
**[[List of Mongol rulers]] <br />
*[[Mughal Empire]]<br />
*[[History of Mongolia]]<br />
*[[History of China]]<br />
*[[Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty]]<br />
*[[Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia]]<br />
**[[Tibet under Yuan rule]]<br />
**[[Mongolia under Yuan rule]]<br />
**[[Manchuria under Yuan rule]]<br />
*[[Yuan dynasty coinage]] <br />
*[[Islam during the Yuan dynasty]]<br />
*[[Europeans in Medieval China]]<br />
*[[Hua-Yi distinction]]<br />
*[[Jun ware]]<br />
*[[List of largest empires]]<br />
*[[Wu Qiuyan]]{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=6 |author-link=Thomas T. Allsen|first=Thomas|last=Allsen |chapter=The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China|pages=321–413|date=1994}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Allsen |title = Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia |year = 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-80335-9}}<br />
*{{cite journal |jstor=4528536 |title="Ta Chin" (Great Golden): The Origin and Changing Interpretations of the Jurchen State Name |journal=T'oung Pao |series=Second Series |volume=77 |issue=4/5 |year=1991 |pages=253–299 |last1=陳學霖 |first1=Hok-Lam Chan |doi=10.1163/156853291X00046 |s2cid=162236445}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Dauben |chapter=Chinese Mathematics |editor=Victor Katz |title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11485-9}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Patricia Buckley |last=Ebrey |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-12433-1 |edition=2nd|orig-year=1996}}<br />
*{{cite journal |first=Gregory G. |last=Guzman |title=Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History? |journal=The Historian |year=1988 |pages=558–571 |volume=50 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Hinsch|first=Bret|year=2021|title=Women in Song and Yuan China|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Peng Yoke |last=Ho |title=Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China |year=1985 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-0-486-41445-4}}<br />
*{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=6|first=Ch'i-Ch'ing|last=Hsiao |chapter=Mid-Yuan Politics|pages=490–560 |date=1994}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=George Gheverghese |last=Joseph |title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13526-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Lane |title=Daily Life in the Mongol Empire |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-33226-5}}<br />
*{{cite journal |first=David |last=Morgan |title=Who Ran the Mongol Empire? |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |year=1982 |pages=124–136 |volume=114 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00159179 |s2cid=162310870}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia|first=David |last=Morgan |title=The Mongols |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9}}<br />
* {{citation | first=David | last =Robinson| chapter = Yuan Dynasty | title = Oxford Bibliographies| publisher =Oxford University Press | year =2017 | isbn = 978-0-19-992008-2 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0025}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Morris |last=Rossabi |title=Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times |year=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-520-06740-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/khubilaikhanhisl00ross}}<br />
*{{cite Cambridge History of China|volume=6|first=Morris|last=Rossabi |chapter=The reign of Khubilai Khan|pages=414–489|date=1994}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Morris |last=Rossabi |title=The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-984089-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Frederick W. |last=Mote |title=Imperial China: 900–1800 |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01212-7}}<br />
*{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=6|last=Mote |chapter=Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215-1368|pages=616–664|date=1994}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=John Masson Jr. |date=Jan–Mar 1998 |title=Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=118 |number=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.2307/606298 |jstor=606298}}<br />
*{{cite journal |first=K. T. |last=Wu |title=Chinese Printing under Four Alien Dynasties: (916-1368 A. D.) |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=13 |issue=3/4 |year=1950 |pages=447–523 |issn=0073-0548 |doi=10.2307/2718064 |jstor=2718064}}<br />
*{{cite journal |jstor=20062627 |doi=10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |last=Zhao |first=Gang |volume=32 |pages=3–30 |number=1 |date=January 2006 |journal=Modern China |s2cid=144587815}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Library resources box}}<br />
<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Birge |first=Bettine |year=1995 |title=Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China |journal=Asia Major |series=3rd series |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=107–146 |jstor=41645519}}<br />
*Brook, Timothy. ''The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties'' (History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Troubled-Empire-Dynasties-History-Imperial/dp/0674072537/ excerpt]<br />
*{{cite book |editor-first=Hok-lam |editor-last=Chan|editor-link =Chan Hok-lam |editor-first2=W.T. |editor-last2=de Bary |title=Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols |year=1982 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-05324-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Arthur |last=Cotterell |title=The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire |location=London, England |publisher=Pimlico |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84595-009-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=John |last=Dardess |editor1=Denis C. Twitchett|editor1-link =Denis Twitchett |editor2-link=Herbert Franke (sinologist) |editor2=Herbert Franke |editor3=John King Fairbank| editor3-link=John King Fairbank |chapter=Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368 |year=1994 |pages=561–586 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Ebrey |first=Patricia Buckley|author-link =Patricia Buckley Ebrey |title=Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook |edition=2nd |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-8839-2 |date=2009}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Endicott-West |first=Elizabeth |year=1986 |title=Imperial governance in Yüan times |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=523–549 |doi=10.2307/2719142 |jstor=2719142}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Endicott-West |editor1=Denis C. Twitchett |editor2=Herbert Franke (sinologist) |editor3=John King Fairbank |chapter=The Yuan government and society |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368 |year=1994 |pages=587–615 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=John D. |last=Langlois |title=China Under Mongol Rule |year=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-10110-1}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Langlois |first=John D. |year=1977 |title=Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies|Sung Studies Newsletter]] |volume=13 |issue=13 |pages=82–90 |jstor=23497251}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Ann |last=Paludan |title=Chronicle of the China Emperors |location=London, England |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-500-05090-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=John Joseph |last=Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |orig-year=1971 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7}}<br />
*{{Cite book |editor-link=Stephen Owen (sinologist)|last= Owen|first= Stephen|chapter=The Yuan and Ming Dynasties| editor=Stephen Owen| title=An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911|place= New York|publisher =[[W. W. Norton]]|date= 1997 |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173356/http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenSanqu.pdf 723–743] }}<!-- Revealed on two pages: http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/Schedule.html https://www.webcitation.org/6PmyPFX5I, and http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/ https://www.webcitation.org/6PmyNNugV?url=http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/ --><br />
*"Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". 1987. "Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54. {{JSTOR|23497542}}.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]]<br />[[History of Mongolia]] / [[History of Tibet|Tibet]]<br />(With [[Goryeo]] in [[Korea]] as vassal)<br />
|before=[[Song dynasty]]<br />[[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]<br />[[Western Liao]]<br />[[Western Xia]]<br />[[Dali Kingdom]]<br />[[Mongol Empire]]<br />[[Era of Fragmentation|Remnants]] of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibet]]<br />
|after=[[Ming dynasty]]<br />[[Northern Yuan dynasty]]<br/>[[Phagmodrupa dynasty]]<br />
|years=1271–1368<br />
}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}<br />
{{Mongol Empire}}<br />
{{Empires}}<br />
{{Portal bar|China|History}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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<br />
[[Category:Yuan dynasty| ]]<br />
[[Category:1271 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century establishments in the Mongol Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1368 disestablishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1368 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in the Mongol Empire]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century establishments in China]]<br />
[[Category:13th century in China|*02]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in China]]<br />
[[Category:14th century in China|*01]]<br />
[[Category:Borjigin]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of China]]<br />
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]<br />
[[Category:Former countries in East Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Former monarchies of East Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Khanates]]<br />
[[Category:Kublai Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval East Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Mongol states]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1271]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1368]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinod_Adani&diff=544701Vinod Adani2026-03-23T03:50:19Z<p>Teena29I554: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian-born billionaire (born 1949)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vinod Adani<br />
| caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| birth_name = Vinod Shantilal Adani<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1949}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], India<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| citizenship = [[Cypriot passport|Cyprus]]<br />
| occupation = [[Businessman]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| organisation = [[Adani Group]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| title = <br />
| spouse = Ranjanben Vinod Adani<br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
| relatives = [[Gautam Adani]] (brother)<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Vinod Shantilal Adani''' (born 1949), also known as '''Vinod Shantilal Shah''', is an Indian-born Cypriot [[billionaire]] businessman who runs a family investment office in [[Dubai]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-25/who-is-vinod-adani-gautam-s-billionaire-brother-faces-scrutiny|title=Adani's Billionaire Brother Starts to Retreat as Scrutiny Builds|first1=Anders |last1=Melin |first2=Stephen |last2=Stapczynski |date=April 25, 2023 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> He is the owner of Excel Investment and Advisory Services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/occrp-reveals-foreign-investors-linked-to-adani-stock-manipulation/article67272412.ece|title=OCCRP reveals foreign investors linked to Adani stock manipulation|first=Ramesh|last=Chakrapani|date=September 5, 2023|website=Frontline}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2025, he has a [[net worth]] of $16.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/vinod-adani/|title=Vinod Adani|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Vinod was born in 1949 in [[Gujarat]], India into Adani family who was involved in [[commodity trading]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-adani-deals-an-elusive-elder-brother-8a00b3c|title=Behind Adani Deals, an 'Elusive' Elder Brother|first=Shan|last=Li|work=Wall Street Journal |date=March 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/adani-s-billionaire-brother-starts-to-retreat-as-scrutiny-builds-20230426-p5d3e6.html|title=The 'quiet power' behind Adani's ascent|first=Anders Melin and Stephen|last=Stapczynski|date=April 26, 2023|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> He is the elder brother of the Indian billionaire [[Gautam Adani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das Sharma |first=Swastika |date=2022-09-24 |title=Vinod Adani, Gautam Adani's Brother, is the Richest NRI; Know His Net Worth |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/vinod-adani-gautam-adanis-brother-is-the-richest-nri-know-his-net-worth-6028837.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Vinod Shantilal Adani, the 6th richest Indian man and NRI in the world |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/vinod-shantilal-adani-biography-net-worth-company-career-family-early-background-childre-son-daughter-and-more-rc1035141 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Jagran TV |language=en|first=Saumya |last=Jaiswar|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> He is married to Ranjanben Vinod Adani and has been a resident of Dubai since 1994 and is a [[Cypriot passport|citizen of Cyprus]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Vinod Adani: The man behind the Adani group's offshore deals |url= https://themorningcontext.com/business/vinod-adani-the-man-behind-the-adani-groups-offshore-deals/ |access-date=2023-09-02|website=Morning Context |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Vinod Adani initially joined his family business.<ref name="auto2"/> In 1976, he founded a textile business, VR Textile, in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/424752-ipl2019-42-vinod-shantilal-shah-adani|title=IPL2019-42 Vinod Shantilal Shah Adani - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More|website=www.arabianbusiness.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1044581/who-is-vinod-adani-the-mysterious-elder-brother-at-the-heart-of-the-adani-crisis|title=Who is Vinod Adani, the mysterious elder brother at the heart of the Adani crisis?|first=Nachiket|last=Deuskar|date=February 28, 2023|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> In 1989, he moved to [[Singapore]] to trade commodities.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
In 1994, Vinod moved to [[Dubai]] and established a network of overseas [[shell company|shell companies]], as disclosed in the [[Panama Papers]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1d6ce420-4070-439e-ac7b-6a37a564e642|title=The paper trail revealing hidden Adani investors|first=Francesca|last=Friday|work=Financial Times |date=September 1, 2023}}</ref> He founded GA International in the Bahamas in January 1994, listing himself and his wife, Ranjanben Vinod Adani, as directors.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-panama-papers-two-months-after-adani-brother-set-up-firm-in-bahamas-a-request-to-change-name-to-shah-232637/|title=The Panama Papers: Two months after Adani brother set up firm in Bahamas, a request to change name to Shah|date=April 5, 2016}}</ref> In 1996, he changed his name to Vinod Shantilal Shah, a name appearing in various corporate filings related to Adani companies.<ref name="auto2"/> Later, he assisted [[Gautam Adani]] in the [[diamond trade]] and the import-export sector, overseeing international shipments from [[Jebel Ali Port]].<ref name="auto2"/> He also helped raise financing for the development of [[Mundra Port]] in India.<ref name="auto2"/><br />
<br />
In 2010, Vinod took control of Electrogen Infra, and its parent company, Electrogen Infra Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d46b435-9725-46d4-80be-2cb3e276c4c9|title=Secret paper trail reveals hidden Adani investors|first1=Dan|last1=McCrum|first2=Ian|last2=Bott|first3=John|last3=Reed|work=Financial Times |date=August 30, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] of India accused Vinod Adani of involvement in a scheme to inflate the cost of imported [[power plant|power machinery]] to evade [[tax]]es and divert approximately $900 million to a Mauritius-based company linked to him.<ref name="auto2"/> The investigation was later expanded to include allegations of price inflation in imported coal to increase charges for power supply to Indian electricity distribution companies.<ref name="auto2"/><br />
<br />
In 2016, Vinod was named in the [[Panama Papers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's rich and famous named in Panama Papers leak so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-rich-and-famous-named-in-panama-papers-leak-so-far-1890097-2021-12-20 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=India Today |date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2021, [[TotalEnergies]] acquired a 20 percent stake in publicly traded Adani Green Energy not through the open market, but by purchasing two Mauritius-based entities owned by Vinod Adani.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2023/03/30/is-vinod-adani-the-mastermind-behind-his-brothers-empire/|title=Is Vinod Adani The Mastermind Behind His Brother's Empire?|first=Giacomo|last=Tognini|website=Forbes}}</ref> In September 2022, the Adani Group's $6.5 billion acquisition of stakes in two Indian cement companies from Swiss firm [[Holcim]] was similarly conducted via a Mauritius firm controlled by Vinod and his wife.<ref name="Forbes"/><br />
<br />
A 2023 report by [[Hindenburg Research]] criticized Vinod Adani's management of overseas [[shell company|shell companies]], alleging financial improprieties aimed at manipulating company finances and securing funding for international projects.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Nivrita |title=Adani Stocks Fall In India On Fraud, Stock Manipulation Claims |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/adani-stocks-fall-in-india-on-fraud-stock-manipulation-claims-01674641108 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The report identified 38 shell entities in [[Mauritius]] and additional companies in [[Cyprus]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Singapore]], and several [[Caribbean]] islands controlled by Vinod Adani or his associates.<ref name="auto2"/> These entities were reported to facilitate the movement of funds within the Adani conglomerate without clear operational activities.<ref name="auto2"/> Further investigation by the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Bloomberg.com|Bloomberg]]'' revealed a Singapore-based company associated with Vinod Adani, Abbot Point Port Holdings Pte. Ltd., which received over $1.1 billion in loans from Adani Global Investment DMCC, a Dubai-based investment firm managed by him, during the 2021 and 2022 fiscal years.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> These funds were subsequently lent to Adani Group companies involved in [[Australian coal]], [[railway]], and port businesses.<ref name="auto2"/> The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) investigation revealed in April 2024, that Adani Group companies were receiving funding from up to twelve offshore funds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=12 offshore funds investing in Adani Group breached disclosure rules: Sebi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/12-offshore-funds-investing-in-adani-group-breached-disclosure-rules-sebi-124042300123_1.htm |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref> Eight of the twelve accused offshore funds approached the SEBI and paid penalties to settle the accusation charges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sebi finds Adani offshore investors in disclosure rules violation: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/sebi-finds-adani-offshore-investors-in-disclosure-rules-violation-report-101713806704630.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wealth==<br />
As per 2022 Hurun India Rich List, Vinod was named as the richest [[non-resident Indian]], and the sixth-richest Indian overall, with a fortune of [[Indian rupee|₹]]169,000 [[crore]] (US$20.42 billion).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nonika |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Vinod Shantilal Adani, Gautam Adani's Brother, Is Richest NRI |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/meet-vinod-shantilal-adani-richest-nri-and-gautam-adanis-brother-3370342 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> According to [[Forbes]]' investigation in 2023, he owns an [[apartment]] in Singapore and 37 properties in [[Dubai]], including one in the [[Burj Khalifa]].<ref name="Forbes"/> Vinod’s largest valued property is his 19,000 square foot villa located in [[Emirates Hills]] estimated to be worth $10 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tognini |first=Giacomo |title=The Dubai Mansions of CZ, Mukesh Ambani and Other Billionaires Revealed |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2024/05/14/inside-the-secret-dubai-homes-cz-mukesh-ambani-billionaires-binance/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Adani Group}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Adani, Vinod}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]<br />
[[Category:Cypriot billionaires]]<br />
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Cyprus]]<br />
[[Category:Cypriot people of Gujarati descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Cyprus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian commodities traders]]<br />
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[[Category:Adani family|Vinod]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_United_States&diff=452959Cinema of the United States2026-03-15T06:20:53Z<p>Teena29I554: added references</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[BP:SDNONE]] --><br />
{{redirect|American Film|the magazine|American Film (magazine){{!}}''American Film'' (magazine)}}<br />
{{redirect|Hollywood cinema|the venue in Auckland|Hollywood Cinema (New Zealand theatre)}}<br />
{{Infobox cinema market<br />
| name = Cinema of the United States<br />(Hollywood)<br />
| image = Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = The [[Hollywood Sign]] in the [[Hollywood Hills]], often regarded as the symbol of the American film industry<br />
| screens = 40,393 (2017)<ref name=screens_uis/><br />
| screens_per_capita = 14 per 100,000 (2017)<ref name=screens_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure—Capacity|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=November 5, 2013|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225516/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5542|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| distributors =<br />
* [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] ([[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[20th Century Studios]], [[Searchlight Pictures]])<br />
* [[Sony]] ([[Columbia Pictures]], [[TriStar Pictures]], [[Sony Pictures Classics]])<br />
* [[Comcast]] ([[Universal Pictures]], [[Focus Features]])<br />
<!-- Do NOT add **[[Amblin Partners|Amblin]] until its status is confirmed --><br />
* [[Paramount Skydance|Paramount]] ([[Paramount Pictures]])<br />
<!-- Do NOT add [[Miramax]] or [[Republic Pictures]] until its status is confirmed --><br />
* [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] ([[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]])<br />
* [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] ([[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[United Artists]], [[Orion Pictures]])<br />
* [[Lionsgate Studios]] ([[Lionsgate Films]], [[Summit Entertainment]])<br />
* [[A24]]<br />
| produced_year = 2016<br />
| produced_ref =<ref name=production_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Feature Film Production—Genre/Method of Shooting|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5545|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225519/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5545|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| produced_total =<br />
| produced_fictional = 646 (98.5%)<br />
| produced_animated = 10 (1.5%)<br />
| produced_documentary =<br />
| admissions_year = 2017<br />
| admissions_ref =<ref name=adm_gross_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 11: Exhibition—Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225511/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5538|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| admissions_total = 1,239,742,550<br />
| admissions_per_capita = 3.9 (2010)<ref name=cine_aussie>{{cite web|title=Cinema—Admissions per capita|url=http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/research/statistics/acompadmitper.aspx|publisher=Screen Australia|access-date=November 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109233447/http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/research/statistics/acompadmitper.aspx|archive-date=November 9, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
| admissions_national =<br />
| box_office_year = 2017<br />
| box_office_ref =<ref name=adm_gross_uis /><br />
| box_office_total = ${{Format price|11118634681}}<br />
| box_office_national = <!-- ${{Format price}} --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[film industry]] of the [[United States]], primarily associated with [[major film studios]] collectively referred to as "[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]", has significantly influenced the global film industry since the early 20th century.<br />
<br />
[[Classical Hollywood cinema]], a filmmaking style developed in the 1910s, continues to shape many American films today. While French filmmakers [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] are often credited with modern cinema's origins,<ref name=lumiere_pioneers>{{cite web |title=The Lumière Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema |date=October 3, 2014 |url=http://www.history.com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema|publisher=History Channel|access-date=January 15, 2017}}</ref> American filmmaking quickly rose to global dominance. As of 2017, more than 600 [[:Category:English-language films|English-language films]] were released annually in the United States, making it the fourth-largest producer of films, trailing only [[Cinema of India|India]], [[Cinema of Japan|Japan]], and [[Cinema of China|China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5538|title=UIS Statistics|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Although the [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Cinema of Canada|Canada]], [[Cinema of Australia|Australia]], and [[Cinema of New Zealand|New Zealand]] also produce English-language films, they are not directly part of the Hollywood system. Due to this global reach, Hollywood is frequently regarded as a transnational cinema<ref>Hudson, Dale. ''Vampires, Race, and Transnational Hollywoods''. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. [https://www.vampires-race-transnational-hollywoods.com/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222133607/https://www.vampires-race-transnational-hollywoods.com/ |date=December 22, 2019 }}</ref> with some films released in multiple language versions, such as Spanish and French.<br />
<br />
Contemporary Hollywood frequently outsources production to countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The five [[major film studios]]—[[Universal Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]], and [[Sony Pictures]]—are media [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]] that dominate American box office revenue and have produced some of the [[List of highest-grossing films|most commercially successful film and television programs]] worldwide.<ref name="Kerrigan_Page_18">{{cite book |last1=Kerrigan |first1=Finola |title=Film Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=9780750686839 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&pg=PA18 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Glyn |last2=Dickinson |first2=Kay |last3=Patti |first3=Lisa |last4=Villarejo |first4=Amy |title=Film Studies: A Global Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9781317623380 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1894, the world's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was held in New York City using [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[kinetoscope]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ|date=April 29, 1944|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n67 68]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> and kinetograph.<ref>{{Cite web |author=((History.com Editors)) |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Thomas Edison patents the Kinetograph |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/edison-patents-the-kinetograph |access-date=November 14, 2024 |website=HISTORY}}</ref> In the following decades, the production of [[silent film]]s greatly expanded. New studios formed, migrated to California, and began to create longer films. The United States produced the world's first [[Sound film|sync-sound]] [[musical film]], ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' in 1927,<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3457278/the-jazz-singer/|title=Why Contemporary Commentators Missed the Point With 'The Jazz Singer'|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades.<br />
<br />
Since the early 20th century, the American film industry has primarily been based in and around the [[Studio zone|thirty-mile zone]], centered in the Hollywood neighborhood of [[Los Angeles County, California]]. The director [[D. W. Griffith]] was central to the development of a [[film grammar]]. [[Orson Welles]]'s ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the [[List of films voted the best|greatest film of all time]].<ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html ''Village Voice'': 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174817/http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html |date=March 31, 2014 }}. Filmsite.org; {{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |title=''Sight and Sound'' Top Ten Poll 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515211647/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |df=mdy |publisher=BFI |access-date=June 19, 2007 }}</ref> Hollywood is widely regarded as the oldest hub of the film industry, where most of the earliest studios and production companies originated, and is the birthplace of numerous cinematic genres.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstone |first=Robert A. |date=1985 |editor-last=Schatz |editor-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Isenberg |editor2-first=Michael T. |editor3-last=Roffman |editor3-first=Peter |editor4-last=Purdy |editor4-first=Jim |editor5-last=Cavell |editor5-first=Stanley |editor6-last=Alexander |editor6-first=William |title=Genres, History, and Hollywood. A Review Article |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/178501 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=367–375 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500011427 |jstor=178501 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of cinema in the United States}}<br />
<br />
===Origins and Fort Lee===<br />
{{See also|Silent film}}[[File:great train robbery still.jpg|thumb|[[Justus D. Barnes]] in ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903), considered by some to be the first [[Western (genre)|Western]]]]<br />
The earliest recorded instance of motion capture was [[Eadweard Muybridge]]’s series of photographs depicting a running horse, which he took in [[Palo Alto, California]] using a set of still cameras placed in a row. Muybridge's accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices. In the United States, [[Thomas Edison]] was among the first to produce such a device, the [[kinetoscope]] and kinetograph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kinetoscope |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/origins-of-motion-pictures.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Onion |first1=Amanda |last2=Sullivan |first2=Missy |last3=Mullen |first3=Matt |last4=Zapata |first4=Christian |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Thomas Edison patents the Kinetograph |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/edison-patents-the-kinetograph |access-date=November 14, 2024 |website=HISTORY}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Safetylast-1.jpg|thumb|[[Harold Lloyd]] in the clock scene from ''[[Safety Last!]]'' (1923)]]<br />
The history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where, at one time, [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]], was the motion-picture capital of America. The American film industry began at the end of the 19th century, with the construction of Thomas Edison's "[[Edison's Black Maria|Black Maria]]", the first [[movie studio|motion-picture studio]] in [[West Orange, New Jersey]]. The cities and towns on the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]] and [[Hudson Palisades]] offered land at costs considerably less than New York City across the river and benefited greatly as a result of the phenomenal growth of the film industry at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html|author=Kannapell, Andrea|title=Getting the Big Picture; The Film Industry Started Here and Left. Now It's Back, and the State Says the Sequel Is Huge.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=October 4, 1998|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219034718/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web |title=Market Data |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/market/ |website=The Numbers |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://j-entonline.com/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/|author=Amith, Dennis|title=Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee, N.J.: Early Movie Making in New Jersey (a J!-ENT DVD Review)|publisher=J!-ENT|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=January 1, 2011|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=December 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043615/http://j-entonline.com/blu-ray-dvd-reviews/dvd-reviews-film-tv/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/|quote=When Hollywood, California, was mostly orange groves, Fort Lee, New Jersey, was a center of American film production.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html|author=Rose, Lisa|title=100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic|publisher=[[NJ.com]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=April 29, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115649/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html|quote=Back in 1912, when Hollywood had more cattle than cameras, Fort Lee was the center of the cinematic universe. Icons from the silent era like Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, and Lillian Gish crossed the Hudson River via ferry to emote on Fort Lee back lots.}}</ref><br />
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The industry began attracting both capital and innovative work forces. In 1907, when the [[Kalem Company]] began using Fort Lee as a location for filming in the area, other filmmakers quickly followed. In 1909, a forerunner of [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]], the [[Champion Film Company]], built the first studio.<ref>[http://www.fortleefilm.org/history.html Before Hollywood, There Was Fort Lee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712034143/http://www.fortleefilm.org/history.html |date=July 12, 2009 }}, Fort Lee Film Commission. Accessed April 16, 2011.</ref> Others quickly followed and either built new studios or leased facilities in Fort Lee. In the 1910s and [[American Theatre in the 1920s|1920s]], film companies such as the [[Independent Moving Pictures]] Company, [[Peerless Pictures Studios]], [[Solax Studios]], [[Eclair (company)|Eclair]], [[Goldwyn Pictures Corporation]], [[Star Film Company|Star Film]] ([[Georges Méliès]]), [[World Film Company]], [[Biograph Studios]], [[Fox Film Corporation]], [[Pathé Frères|Société Pathé Frères]], [[MGM|Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.]], [[Victor Studios|Victor Film Company]], and [[Selznick International Pictures]] were all making pictures in Fort Lee. Many notable actors, such as [[Mary Pickford]], got their start at Biograph Studios.<ref name="Koszarski 2004">Koszarski, Richard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0r8YKan04C ''Fort Lee: The Film Town''], [[Indiana University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-86196-652-3}}. Accessed May 27, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.fortleefilm.org/studios.html Studios and Films] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092753/http://www.fortleefilm.org/studios.html |date=October 6, 2014 }}, Fort Lee Film Commission. Accessed December 7, 2013.</ref><ref name="FLFC">{{Citation|last=Fort Lee Film Commission|title=Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViR3b72xkK0C|isbn=0-7385-4501-5 }}</ref><br />
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In New York, the [[Kaufman Astoria Studios]] in [[Queens]], which was built during the silent film era, was used by the [[Marx Brothers]] and [[W.C. Fields]]. The [[Edison Studios]] were located in [[the Bronx]]. [[Chelsea, Manhattan]], was also frequently used.<br />
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Other Eastern cities, most notably Chicago and [[Cleveland]], also served as early centers for film production.<ref>{{cite web|last=Liebenson|first=Donald|title='Flickering Empire' details Chicago's early dominance of film industry|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-prj-flickering-empire-michael-glover-smith-adam-selzer-20150219-story.html|date=February 19, 2015|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-film|title=Cleveland on Film|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref><br />
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In the West, California was already quickly emerging as a major film production center. In [[Colorado]], [[Denver]] was home to the [[Art-O-Graf]] Film Company, and [[Walt Disney]]'s early [[Laugh-O-Gram Studio]] was based in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], Missouri.<br />
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From 1908, [[History of Jacksonville, Florida#Motion picture industry|Jacksonville, Florida's motion picture industry]] saw more than 30 silent film companies establish studios in town, including [[Kalem Studios]], [[Metro Pictures]] (later [[MGM]]), [[Edison Studios]], Majestic Films,<ref><br />
* https://app.crb.gov/document/download/22398<br />
* http://archive.org/download/picturestoriesma03lond/picturestoriesma03lond.pdf<br />
* https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/7/7e/The_Billboard_1912-02-03-_Vol_24_Iss_5_%28IA_sim_billboard_1912-02-03_24_5%29.pdf<br />
*https://filminflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Analysis-of-the-Florida-Film-and-Entertainment-Industry.pdf</ref> [[King-Bee Films|King-Bee Films Corporation]], [[Vim Comedy Company]], [[Norman Studios]], [[Gaumont Studios|Gaumont Film Company]] and the [[Lubin Manufacturing Company]].<br />
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[[Picture City, Florida]] was a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s, but due to the [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane]], the idea collapsed and [[Picture City, Florida]] returned to its original name of [[Hobe Sound, Florida|Hobe Sound]]. An attempt to establish a film production center in Detroit also proved unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abel|first=Richard|title=Motor City Movie Culture, 1916–1925|year=2020|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington, IN]]|isbn=978-0253046468|pages=136–139}}</ref><br />
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The film patent wars of the early 20th century helped the spread of film companies to other parts of the US, outside New York. Many filmmakers worked with equipment for which they did not own the rights to use. Therefore, filming in New York could be dangerous, as it was close to Edison's company headquarters and close to the agents the company sent out to seize cameras.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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An alternative was Los Angeles, which had mild winters, a large selection of places to film, and, most importantly, it was only 90 miles to the border of Mexico, in case they needed to flee from Edison's enforcement agents. By 1912, most major film companies had set up production facilities in [[Southern California]], near or in Los Angeles, because of the region's favorable year-round weather.<ref>Jacobs, Lewis; Rise of the American film, The; Harcourt Brace, New York, 1930; p. 85</ref><br />
<br />
===Rise of Hollywood===<br />
{{redirect|History of Hollywood|the history of the Los Angeles neighborhood|Hollywood, Los Angeles#History}}<br />
The 1908 [[Selig Polyscope Company]] production of ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]],'' directed by [[Francis Boggs]] and starring [[Hobart Bosworth]], was claimed as the first to have been filmed in Los Angeles, in 1907. A plaque was unveiled by the city, in 1957, at [[Dearden's]] flagship store on the corner of [[Main Street (Los Angeles)|Main Street]] and 7th Street, to mark the filming on the site when it had been a Chinese laundry.<ref name=edendale>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 16, 2001|access-date=October 15, 2021|title=Movie Industry's Roots in Garden of Edendale|last=Rasmussen|first=Cecilia|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-16-me-46399-story.html}}</ref> Bosworth's widow suggested the city had got the date and location wrong, and that the film was actually shot in nearby [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]], which at the time was an independent city.<ref name=plaque>{{cite magazine|title=Wrong Site, Wrong Year, But Plaque Unveiled On 1st Pic Made in H'wood|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 1, 1958|page=1|url=https://archive.org/details/variety209-1958-01/mode/1up?view=theater|access-date=October 15, 2021|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> ''In the Sultan's Power,'' directed by Boggs for Selig Polyscope Company, also starring Bosworth, is considered the first film shot entirely in Los Angeles, with shooting at 7th and Olive Streets, in 1909.<ref>{{AFI film|36409|In the Sultan's Power}}</ref><ref name=plaque/><br />
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In early 1910, director [[D. W. Griffith]] was sent by the [[American Mutoscope and Biograph Company|Biograph Company]] to the West Coast with his acting troupe, consisting of actors [[Blanche Sweet]], [[Lillian Gish]], [[Mary Pickford]], [[Lionel Barrymore]], and others. They started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the company decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood: a little village that was friendly and enjoyed the movie company filming there. Griffith then filmed the first movie ever shot in Hollywood, ''[[In Old California (1910 film)|In Old California]]'', a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century, when [[History of California before 1900#Mexican Alta California (1821–1846)|the state was under Mexican rule]]. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York. Also in 1910, Selig Polyscope Company of Chicago established the first film studio in the Los Angeles area in [[Edendale, Los Angeles|Edendale]],<ref name=edendale/> and the first studio in Hollywood opened in 1912.<ref name="Passion">{{cite book | date=2008 | publication-place=[[Oxford]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] (OUP) | pages=535 | title=A Passion for Nature : The Life of John Muir | isbn=978-0-19-516682-8 | oclc=191090285 | last=Worster | first=Donald | author-link=Donald Worster}}</ref>{{rp|page=447}} After hearing about Griffith's success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by [[Thomas Edison]], who owned patents on the movie-making process.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pederson|first=Charles E.|title=Thomas Edison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnmX5WR2BAC|date=September 2007|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-59928-845-1|page=77}}</ref> [[Nestor Studios]] of [[Bayonne, New Jersey]], built the first studio in the Hollywood neighborhood in 1911.{{dubious|reason=Other sources' dates are one or two years later.|date=September 2022}} Nestor Studios, owned by David and William Horsley, later merged with Universal Studios; and William Horsley's other company, Hollywood Film Laboratory, is now the oldest existing company in Hollywood, presently called the Hollywood Digital Laboratory. California's more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] by the 1930s. At the time, [[Thomas Edison]] owned almost all the patents relevant to motion picture production and movie producers on the East Coast acting independently of Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company were often sued or enjoined by Edison and his agents while movie makers working on the West Coast could work independently of Edison's control.<ref name=":1">[[Jim Bishop|Bishop, Jim]]. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Sl4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3130,3977758 "How movies got moving&nbsp;..."], ''[[Sun Journal (Lewiston)|The Lewiston Journal]]'', November 27, 1979. Accessed February 14, 2012. "Movies were unheard if in Hollywood, even in 1900 The flickering shadows were devised in a place called Fort Le, N.J. It had forests, rocks cliffs for the cliff-hangers and the Hudson River. The movie industry had two problems. The weather was unpredictable, and Thomas Edison sued producers who used his invention.&nbsp;... It was not until 1911 that David Horsley moved his Nestor Co. west."</ref><br />
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[[File:Aleja Gwiazd w Hollywood 84.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] on [[Hollywood Boulevard]]]]<br />
In Los Angeles, the [[List of film production companies|studios]] and Hollywood grew. Before [[World War I]], films were made in several American cities, but filmmakers tended to gravitate towards [[southern California]] as the industry developed. They were attracted by the warm, predictable climate with reliable sunlight, which made it possible to film outdoors year-round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Hollywood |url=https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/hollywood |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> War damage contributed to the decline of the then-dominant European film industry, in favor of the United States, where infrastructure was still intact.<ref name="marketplace">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2020/11/19/how-the-spanish-flu-contributed-to-the-rise-of-hollywood/|title=How the Spanish flu contributed to the rise of Hollywood|date=November 19, 2020}}</ref> The stronger early public health response to the [[1918 flu]] epidemic by Los Angeles<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/11/21/1918-flu-los-angeles-coronavirus/ How one city avoided the 1918 flu pandemic's deadly second wave]</ref> compared to other American cities reduced the number of cases there and resulted in a faster recovery, contributing to the increasing dominance of Hollywood over New York City.<ref name="marketplace" /> During the pandemic, public health officials temporarily closed movie theaters in some jurisdictions, large studios suspended production for weeks at a time, and some actors came down with the flu. This caused major financial losses and severe difficulties for small studios, but the industry as a whole more than recovered during the [[Roaring Twenties]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-1918-flu-halted-hollywood-1286640/|title=Closed Movie Theaters and Infected Stars: How the 1918 Flu Halted Hollywood|first1=Hadley|last1=Meares|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 1, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In the early 20th century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called [[Nickelodeon movie theater|nickelodeons]], after their admission price of a [[Nickel (United States coin)|nickel]] (five cents). Within a few years, men like [[Samuel Goldwyn]], [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]], [[Carl Laemmle]], [[Adolph Zukor]], [[Louis B. Mayer]], and the [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]] (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the [[movie studio]]. The US had at least two female directors, producers, and studio heads in these early years: [[Lois Weber]] and French-born [[Alice Guy-Blaché]]. They also set the stage for the industry's internationalism; the industry is often accused of [[Amerocentric]] [[provincialism]].<br />
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Other movie producers arrived from Europe after World War I: directors like [[Ernst Lubitsch]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Fritz Lang]] and [[Jean Renoir]]; and actors like [[Rudolph Valentino]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], [[Ronald Colman]], and [[Charles Boyer]]. They joined a homegrown supply of actors—lured west from the New York City stage after the introduction of sound films—to form one of the 20th century's most remarkable growth industries. At motion pictures' height of popularity in the mid-1940s, the studios were cranking out a total of about 400 movies a year, seen by an audience of 90&nbsp;million Americans per week.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-52148/history-of-the-motion-picture#508075.hook |title=History of the motion picture |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Buster Keaton in costume.jpg|thumb|190px|left|[[Buster Keaton]] in costume with his signature [[pork pie hat]], c. 1939]]<br />
Sound also became widely used in Hollywood in the late 1920s.<ref>[http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429191100/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html|date=April 29, 2007}}</ref> After ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', the first film with synchronized voices was successfully released as a [[Vitaphone]] talkie in 1927, Hollywood film companies would respond to Warner Bros. and begin to use Vitaphone sound—which Warner Bros. owned until 1928—in future films. By May 1928, Electrical Research Product Incorporated (ERPI), a subsidiary of the Western Electric company, had a monopoly over film sound distribution.<ref name="britannica1" /><br />
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A side effect of these "[[talkies]]" was that many actors who had made their careers in silent films suddenly found themselves out of work, as they often had bad voices or could not remember their lines. Meanwhile, in 1922, US politician [[Will H. Hays]] left politics and formed the movie studio boss organization known as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/dthays.html|title=Will Hays and Motion Picture Censorship}}</ref> The organization became the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] after Hays retired in 1945.<br />
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In the early times of talkies, American studios found that their sound productions were rejected in foreign-language markets and even among speakers of other dialects of English. The [[lip sync|synchronization]] technology was still too primitive for [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]]. One of the solutions was creating parallel foreign-language versions of Hollywood films. Around 1930, the American companies{{Which|date=February 2018}} opened a studio in [[Joinville-le-Pont]], France, where the same sets and wardrobe and even mass scenes were used for different time-sharing crews.<br />
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Also, foreign unemployed actors, playwrights, and winners of photogenic contests were chosen and brought to Hollywood, where they shot parallel versions of English-language films. These parallel versions had a lower budget, were shot at night, and were directed by second-line American directors who did not speak a foreign language. The Spanish-language crews included people like [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Enrique Jardiel Poncela]], [[Xavier Cugat]], and [[Edgar Neville]]. The productions were not very successful in their intended markets, due to the following reasons:<br />
[[File:Brown Derby Restaurant, Los Angeles, Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Brown Derby]], an icon that became synonymous with the Golden Age of Hollywood.]]<br />
* The lower budgets were apparent.<br />
* Many theater actors had no previous experience in cinema.<br />
* The original movies were often second-rate themselves since studios expected that the top productions would sell by themselves.<br />
* The mix of foreign accents (Castilian, Mexican, and Chilean for example in the Spanish case) was odd for the audiences.<br />
* Some markets lacked sound-equipped theaters.<br />
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===Classical Hollywood Cinema and the Golden Age of Hollywood===<br />
{{Main|Classical Hollywood cinema}}<br />
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[[File:Golden Age of Hollywood.png|thumb|upright=2.05|Stars of the [[Classical Hollywood cinema]] era ({{Circa|1913–1962}}).<br />
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Top row, l-r: [[Greta Garbo]], [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Lauren Bacall]], [[Clark Gable]], [[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Ginger Rogers]], [[Marlon Brando]], the [[Marx Brothers]], [[Joan Crawford]].<br />
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Second row, l-r: [[John Wayne]], [[James Stewart]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Claudette Colbert]], [[Gene Kelly]], [[Burt Lancaster]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Gregory Peck]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Kirk Douglas]].<br />
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Third row, l-r: [[Bette Davis]], [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Jean Harlow]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[John Ford]], [[Howard Hawks]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], [[James Cagney]].<br />
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Fourth row, l-r: [[Ava Gardner]], [[Cary Grant]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], [[Henry Fonda]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[James Dean]], [[Orson Welles]], [[Mae West]], [[William Holden]], [[Sophia Loren]].<br />
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Bottom row, l-r: [[Vivien Leigh]], [[Joan Fontaine]] and [[Gary Cooper]], [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], [[Lillian Gish]], [[Tyrone Power]], [[Shirley Temple]], [[Janet Leigh]] with [[Charlton Heston]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Mary Pickford]].<br />
]]<br />
[[Classical Hollywood cinema]], or the Golden Age of Hollywood, is defined as a technical and narrative style characteristic of American cinema from 1913 to 1962, during which thousands of movies were issued from the Hollywood studios. The Classical style began to emerge in 1913, was accelerated in 1917 after the U.S. entered [[World War I]] and finally solidified when the film ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' was released in 1927, ending the silent film era and increasing box-office profits for the film industry by introducing sound to feature films.<br />
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Most Hollywood pictures adhered closely to a formula—[[Western (genre)|Western]], [[Slapstick|slapstick comedy]], [[Musical film|musical]], animated [[cartoon]], [[Biographical film|biographical]]—and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the same studio. For example, [[Cedric Gibbons]] and [[Herbert Stothart]] always worked on [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] films, [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]] worked at [[20th Century Fox]] for twenty years, [[Cecil B. De Mille]]'s films were almost all made at [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], and director [[Henry King (director)|Henry King]]'s films were mostly made for [[20th Century Fox]].<br />
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At the same time, one could usually guess which studio made which film, largely because of the actors who appeared in it; [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], for example, claimed it had contracted "more stars than there are in heaven." Each studio had its own style and characteristic touches which made it possible to know this—a trait that rarely exists today.<br />
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For example, ''[[To Have and Have Not (film)|To Have and Have Not]]'' (1944) is notable not only for the first pairing of actors [[Humphrey Bogart]] (1899–1957) and [[Lauren Bacall]] (1924–2014), but because it was written by two future winners of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]: [[Ernest Hemingway]] (1899–1961), the author of the novel on which the script was nominally based, and [[William Faulkner]] (1897–1962), who worked on the screen adaptation.<br />
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After ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' was released in 1927, [[Warner Bros.]] gained huge success and were able to acquire their own string of movie theaters after purchasing Stanley Theaters and [[First National Pictures|First National]] Productions in 1928. In contrast, [[Loews Theaters]] owned [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] since forming in 1924, while the Fox Film Corporation owned the [[Fox Theatres|Fox Theatre]]. [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] (a 1928 merger between [[Keith-Albee-Orpheum|Keith-Orpheum Theaters]] and the [[RCA Corporation|Radio Corporation of America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~hdtv/History/RKOGeneral/RKOPictures.html|title=Thumbnail History of RKO Radio Pictures|work=earthlink.net|access-date=June 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912042450/http://home.earthlink.net/~hdtv/History/RKOGeneral/RKOPictures.html|archive-date=September 12, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>) also responded to the Western Electric/ERPI monopoly over sound in films, and developed their own method, known as [[Photophone]], to put sound in films.<ref name="britannica1" /><br />
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Paramount, which acquired [[Balaban and Katz]] in 1926, would answer to the success of Warner Bros. and RKO by purchasing a number of theaters in the late 1920s, and would hold a monopoly on theaters in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/united-detroit_paramount-history.htm|title=The Paramount Theater Monopoly|publisher= Cobbles.com|access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> By the 1930s, almost all of the first-run metropolitan theaters in the United States were owned by the Big Five studios—[[MGM]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[RKO]], [[Warner Bros.]], and [[20th Century Fox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/20sintro.html |title=Film History of the 1920s |publisher=Filmsite.org |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref><br />
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====Rise and decline of the studio system====<br />
[[File:Hollywood-Studios-1922.jpg|thumb|[[Paramount Pictures]] studios in 1922]]<br />
Motion picture companies operated under the [[studio system]]. The major studios kept thousands of people on salary—actors, producers, directors, writers, stuntmen, craftspersons, and technicians. They owned or leased [[Movie ranches]] in rural Southern California for [[location shooting]] of [[Western (genre)|westerns]] and other large-scale genre films, and the major studios owned hundreds of theaters in cities and towns across the nation in 1920 film theaters that showed their films and that were always in need of fresh material.<br />
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[[File:Spencer Tracy.jpg|thumb|[[Spencer Tracy]], who was the first actor to win [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award over two consecutive years for his roles in ''[[Captains Courageous (1937 film)|Captains Courageous]]'' (1937) and ''[[Boys Town (film)|Boys Town]]'' (1938) (and received seven other nominations)]]<br />
In 1930, MPPDA President Will Hays created the [[Hays Code|Hays (Production) Code]], which followed censorship guidelines and went into effect after government threats of censorship expanded by 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&id=3125 |title="Father of the Constitution" is born |work=This Day in History—3/16/1751 |publisher=History.com |access-date=June 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212214742/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?id=3125&action=tdihArticleCategory |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, the code was never enforced until 1934 after the Catholic watchdog organization [[National Legion of Decency|The Legion of Decency]]—appalled by some of the provocative films and lurid advertising of the era later classified [[Pre-Code Hollywood]]—threatened a boycott of motion pictures if it did not go into effect.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maltby|first=Richard|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/29/pre_code_cinema/|title=More Sinned Against than Sinning: The Fabrications of "Pre-Code Cinema"|date=May 19, 2008 |publisher=SensesofCinema.com|access-date= June 14, 2013}}</ref> The films that did not obtain a seal of approval from the Production Code Administration had to pay a $25,000 fine ({{Inflation|US|25000|1930|r=0|fmt=eq}}) and could not profit in the theaters, as the MPPDA controlled every theater in the country through the Big Five studios.<br />
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Throughout the 1930s, as well as most of the golden age, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] dominated the film screen and had the top stars in Hollywood, and they were also credited for creating the [[Star system (filmmaking)|Hollywood star system]] altogether.<ref name="mediaroom1">[http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=40&cat=6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621225003/http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=40&cat=6|date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> Some [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] stars included "King of Hollywood" [[Clark Gable]], [[Lionel Barrymore]], [[Jean Harlow]], [[Norma Shearer]], [[Greta Garbo]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[Jeanette MacDonald]], [[Gene Raymond]], [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Judy Garland]], and [[Gene Kelly]].<ref name="mediaroom1" /><br />
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Another great achievement of American cinema during this era came through Walt Disney's [[Walt Disney Pictures|animation company]]. In 1937, Disney created the most successful film of its time, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/snow/snow.html |title=Disney Insider |publisher= go.com |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> This distinction was promptly topped in 1939 when Selznick International created what is still, when adjusted for inflation, the most successful film of all time in [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]].<ref>[http://www.boxofficereport.com/atbon/adjusted.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514034316/http://www.boxofficereport.com/atbon/adjusted.shtml|date=May 14, 2007}}</ref><br />
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Many film historians have remarked upon the many great works of cinema that emerged from this period of highly regimented filmmaking. One reason this was possible is that, with so many movies being made, not everyone had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', directed by [[Orson Welles]] (1915–1985) and often regarded as the [[List of movies that have been considered the greatest ever|greatest film of all time]], fits this description. In other cases, strong-willed directors like [[Howard Hawks]] (1896–1977), [[Alfred Hitchcock]] (1899–1980), and [[Frank Capra]] (1897–1991) battled the studios to achieve their artistic visions.<br />
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The apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939, which saw the release of such classics as ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'', ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'', ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'', ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'', ''[[Only Angels Have Wings]]'', ''[[Ninotchka]]'' and ''[[Midnight (1939 film)|Midnight]]''. Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'', ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'', ''[[It Happened One Night]]'', the original ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)|Mutiny on the Bounty]]'', ''[[Top Hat]]'', ''[[City Lights]]'', ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'', ''[[The Lady from Shanghai]]'', ''[[Rear Window]]'', ''[[On the Waterfront]]'', ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'', ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'', and ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]''.<br />
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[[File:Percentage of the US Population that went to the Cinema on Average, Weekly, 1930-2000.png|thumb|Percentage of the U.S. population that went to the cinema on average, weekly between 1930 and 2000]]<br />
[[File:Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg|thumb|[[Walt Disney]] introduces each of the [[seven dwarfs]] in a scene from the original 1937 ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'' movie trailer]]<br />
The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s:<br />
* a [[United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.|federal antitrust action]] that separated the production of films from their exhibition; and<br />
* the advent of [[Television in the United States|television]].<br />
In 1938, Walt Disney's ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' was released during a run of lackluster films from the major studios, and quickly became the highest-grossing film released to that point. Embarrassingly for the studios, it was an independently produced animated film that did not feature any studio-employed stars.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_1slump1938.htm|title = Part 1: The Hollywood Slump of 1938|last = Aberdeen|first = J A|date = September 6, 2005|access-date = May 6, 2008|work = Hollywood Renegades Archive}}</ref> This stoked already widespread frustration at the practice of ''[[block-booking]]'', in which studios would only sell an entire year's schedule of films at a time to theaters and use the [[vendor lock-in|lock-in]] to cover for releases of mediocre quality.<br />
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Assistant Attorney General [[Thurman Arnold]]—a noted "[[trust-busting|trust buster]]" of the Roosevelt administration—took this opportunity to initiate proceedings against the eight largest Hollywood studios in July 1938 for violations of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]].<ref name="time-consent-decree">{{Cite magazine|url = http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,849344,00.html|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105132334/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,849344,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = January 5, 2013|magazine=Time |date = November 11, 1940|access-date = May 6, 2008|title = Consent Decree}}</ref><ref name="part3">{{cite web|url = http://cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_3consent1940.htm|title = Part 3: The Consent Decree of 1940|last = Aberdeen|first = J A|date = September 6, 2005|access-date = May 6, 2008|work = Hollywood Renegades Archive}}</ref> The federal suit resulted in five of the eight studios (the "Big Five": [[Warner Bros.]], [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], [[20th Century Fox|Fox]], [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] and [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]) reaching a compromise with Arnold in October 1940 and signing a [[consent decree]] agreeing to, within three years:<br />
* Eliminate the block-booking of short film subjects, in an arrangement known as "one shot", or "full force" block-booking.<br />
* Eliminate the block-booking of any more than five features in their theaters.<br />
* No longer engage in ''blind buying'' (or the buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand) and instead have ''trade-showing'', in which all 31 theater districts in the US would see films every two weeks before showing movies in theaters.<br />
* Set up an administration board in each theater district to enforce these requirements.<ref name="time-consent-decree" /><br />
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[[File:Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Casablanca Promo Still.jpg|thumb|left|[[Humphrey Bogart]] with [[Ingrid Bergman]] in ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942)]]<br />
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The "Little Three" ([[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]], [[United Artists]], and [[Columbia Pictures]]), who did not own any theaters, refused to participate in the consent decree.<ref name="time-consent-decree" /><ref name="part3" /> A number of independent film producers were also unhappy with the compromise and formed a union known as the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers and sued Paramount for the monopoly they still had over the Detroit Theaters—as Paramount was also gaining dominance through actors like Bob Hope, Paulette Goddard, Veronica Lake, Betty Hutton, crooner Bing Crosby, Alan Ladd, and longtime actor for studio [[Gary Cooper]] too- by 1942. The Big Five studios did not meet the requirements of the Consent of Decree during WWII, without major consequence, but after the war ended they joined Paramount as defendants in the Hollywood antitrust case, as did the Little Three studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_4equity1945.htm |title=The Hollywood Studios in Federal Court—The Paramount case |publisher=Cobbles.com |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref><br />
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The [[United States Supreme Court]] eventually ruled in ''[[United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.]]'' that the major studios ownership of theaters and film distribution was a violation of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]]. As a result, the studios began to release actors and technical staff from their contracts with the studios. This changed the paradigm of filmmaking by the major Hollywood studios, as each could have an entirely different cast and creative team.<br />
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[[File:Lawrence-of-Arabia-3.png|alt=Lawrence-of-Arabia-3|thumb|[[Anthony Quinn]] (left) and [[Omar Sharif]] in ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962)]]<br />
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The decision resulted in the gradual loss of the characteristics that made Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, RKO Pictures, and 20th Century Fox films immediately identifiable. Certain movie people, such as [[Cecil B. DeMille]], either remained contract artists until the end of their careers or used the same creative teams on their films so that a DeMille film still looked like one whether it was made in 1932 or 1956.<br />
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===New Hollywood and post-classical cinema===<br />
{{Main|New Hollywood}}<br />
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[[File:Steven Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Director and producer [[Steven Spielberg]], co-founder of [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks Studios]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]], Inc]]<br />
Post-classical cinema is the changing methods of storytelling in the New Hollywood. It has been argued that new approaches to drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired in the classical period: chronology may be scrambled, storylines may feature "[[twist ending]]s", and lines between the [[antagonist]] and [[protagonist]] may be blurred. The roots of post-classical storytelling may be seen in ''film noir'', in ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955), and in Hitchcock's storyline-shattering ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''.<br />
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The [[New Hollywood]] is the emergence of a new generation of film school-trained directors who had absorbed the techniques developed in Europe in the 1960s as a result of the French New Wave; the 1967 film ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'' marked the beginning of American cinema rebounding as well, as a new generation of films would afterward gain success at the box offices as well.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/12/movies/12scot.html |work=The New York Times |first=A. O. |last=Scott |title=Two Outlaws, Blasting Holes in the Screen |date=August 12, 2007}}</ref> Filmmakers like [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Steven Spielberg]], [[George Lucas]], [[Brian De Palma]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Roman Polanski]], and [[William Friedkin]] came to produce fare that paid homage to the history of film and developed upon existing genres and techniques. Inaugurated by the 1969 release of [[Andy Warhol]]{{'s}} ''[[Blue Movie]]'', the phenomenon of [[Erotic art|adult erotic films]] being publicly discussed by celebrities (like [[Johnny Carson]] and [[Bob Hope]]),<ref name="TM-20050329">{{cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |date=March 29, 2005 |magazine=Time |access-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> and taken seriously by critics (like [[Roger Ebert]]),<ref name="RE-19730613">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Devil In Miss Jones – Film Review |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-devil-in-miss-jones-1973 |date=June 13, 1973 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="RE-19761124">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Alice in Wonderland:An X-Rated Musical Fantasy |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/alice-in-wonderland-1976 |date=November 24, 1976 |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of ''[[The New York Times]]'', as "[[Golden Age of Porn#"Porno chic"|porno chic]]", and later known as the [[Golden Age of Porn]], began, for the first time, in modern American culture.<ref name="TM-20050329" /><ref name="NYT-19730121">{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |title=Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/21/archives/pornochic-hardcore-grows-fashionableand-very-profitable.html |date=January 21, 1973 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahsonic.com/PornoChic.html|title=Porno Chic|website=www.jahsonic.com}}</ref> According to award-winning author [[Toni Bentley]], [[Radley Metzger]]{{'s}} 1976 film ''[[The Opening of Misty Beethoven]]'', based on the play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]] (and its derivative, ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''), and due to attaining a mainstream level in storyline and sets,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cult Film Reader |last1=Mathijs |first1=Ernest |last2=Mendik |first2=Xavier |publisher=[[Open University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0335219230}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}</ref> is considered the "crown jewel" of this '[[Golden Age of Porn|Golden Age]]'.<ref name="PB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |date=June 2014 |work=[[Playboy]] |access-date=January 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030128/http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="TB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |date=June 2014 |work=ToniBentley.com |access-date=January 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201001546/http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
At the height of his fame in the early 1970s, [[Charles Bronson]] was the world's No. 1 box office attraction, commanding $1&nbsp;million per film.<ref name="Lardine-1">{{cite news |last1=Lardine |first1=Bob |title=Big Bad Bronson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43990628/long_bronson_profile_1_of_2/ |access-date=February 10, 2020 |work=The Miami Herald |agency=New York News Service |date=March 18, 1973 |pages=1H|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In the 1970s, the films of New Hollywood filmmakers were often both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. While the early New Hollywood films like ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'' and ''[[Easy Rider]]'' had been relatively low-budget affairs with amoral heroes and increased sexuality and violence, the enormous success enjoyed by Friedkin with ''[[The Exorcist]]'', Spielberg with ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', Coppola with ''[[The Godfather]]'' and ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', Scorsese with ''[[Taxi Driver]]'', Kubrick with ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', Polanski with ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]'', and Lucas with ''[[American Graffiti]]'' and ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', respectively helped to give rise to the modern "[[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]", and induced studios to focus ever more heavily on trying to produce enormous hits.<ref name="AmCinema">{{cite book|author=Belton, John|title=American Cinema/American Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDVAAQAAIAAJ&q=american+cinema+american+culture| date = November 10, 2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-338615-7|page=384}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rise of the modern blockbuster and independent films===<br />
[[File:TomHanksJan2009.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Hanks]], who has won two Academy Awards for Best Actor for his performances in ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'' and ''[[Forrest Gump]]'' and has starred in numerous beloved films such as ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', ''[[Cast Away]]'' and ''[[Toy Story]]'']]<br />
<br />
{{Missing information|section|film as an artistic medium beyond being a form of technology or an entertainment product; cinematic styles such as for instance, neo-noir and American Eccentric Cinema; Pixar; and the entire 1980s|date=August 2023}}<br />
In the US, the [[PG-13 (Motion Picture Association)|PG-13]] rating was introduced in 1984 to accommodate films that straddled the line between PG and R, which was mainly due to the controversies surrounding the violent content of the PG films ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' and ''[[Gremlins]]'' (both 1984).<ref>{{cite news|title=PG-13 remade Hollywood ratings system|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/movies/187529_pg13rating24.html|newspaper=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|date=August 24, 2004|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Film{{nbsp}}makers in the 1990s had access to technological, political and economic innovations that had not been available in previous decades. ''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]'' (1990) became the first [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] feature film with a [[digital data|digital]] soundtrack. ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992) was the first film to make use of the [[Dolby Digital]] six-channel stereo sound that has since become the industry standard. Computer-generated imagery was greatly facilitated when it became possible to transfer film images into a computer and manipulate them digitally. The possibilities became apparent in director [[James Cameron]]'s [[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]] (1991), in images of the shape-changing character [[T-1000]]. [[Computer graphics]] or CG advanced to a point where ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) was able to use the techniques to create realistic-looking animals. [[Jackpot (2001 film)|''Jackpot'']] (2001) became the first film that was shot entirely in digital.<ref name="cin08">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.redsharknews.com/technology-computing/item/2990-how-george-lucas-pioneered-the-use-of-digital-video-in-feature-films-with-the-sony-hdw-f900|title=How George Lucas pioneered the use of Digital Video in feature films with the Sony HDW F900|magazine=Red Shark News|url-access=limited}}</ref> In the film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film, and enlisted [[Digital Domain]] and [[Pacific Data Images]] to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on ''[[The Abyss]]'' and ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''. Many previous films about the RMS ''Titanic'' shot water in [[slow motion]], which did not look wholly convincing.<ref name="unreality">Marsh and Kirkland, pp. 147–154</ref> Cameron encouraged his crew to shoot their {{convert|45|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} [[Scale model|miniature]] of the ship as if "we're making a commercial for the White Star Line".<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; clear: right;"<br />
|-<br />
|+American Theatrical Market (1995–2024)<br /><small>All values in billions</small><br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Tickets !! Box office<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || 1.22 || $5.31<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || 1.31 || $5.79<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || 1.39 || $6.36<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || 1.44 || $6.77<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || 1.44 || $7.34<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || 1.40 || $7.54<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || 1.48 || $8.36<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || 1.58 || $9.16<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || 1.52 || $9.20<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || 1.50 || $9.29<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || 1.37 || $8.80<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || 1.40 || $9.16<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || 1.42 || $9.77<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || 1.36 || $9.75<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || 1.42 || $10.64<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || 1.33 || $10.48<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || 1.28 || $10.17<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || 1.40 || $11.16<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || 1.34 || $10.89<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || 1.26 || $10.27<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|1.32<br />
|$11.16<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|1.30<br />
|$11.26<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|1.25<br />
|$10.99<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|1.31<br />
|$11.94<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|1.22<br />
|$11.21<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|0.22<br />
|$2.02<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|0.44<br />
|$4.51<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|0.71<br />
|$7.44<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|0.83<br />
|$8.93<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|0.79<br />
|$8.50<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<small>As compiled by [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]</small><ref>{{cite web |title=Domestic Movie Theatrical Market Summary 1995 to 2024 |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/market/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |quote=Note: in order to provide a fair comparison between movies released in different years, all rankings are based on ticket sales, which are calculated using average ticket prices announced by the [[MPAA]] in their annual state of the industry report.}}{{update after|2018}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
Even ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]'' (1999), a low-budget indie horror film by [[Eduardo Sánchez (director)|Eduardo Sanchez]] and [[Daniel Myrick]], was a huge financial success. Filmed on a budget of just $35,000, without any big stars or special effects, the film grossed $248 million with the use of modern marketing techniques and online promotion. Though not on the scale of [[George Lucas]]'s $1 billion prequel to the ''[[Star Wars original trilogy|Star Wars Trilogy]]'', ''The Blair Witch Project'' earned the distinction of being the most profitable film of all time, in terms of percentage gross.<ref name=cin08 /><br />
<br />
The success of ''Blair Witch'' as an indie project remains among the few exceptions, however, and control of [[Big Five (movie studios)|The Big Five]] studios over film{{nbsp}}making continued to increase through the 1990s. The Big Six companies all enjoyed a period of expansion in the 1990s. They each developed different ways to adjust to rising costs in the film industry, especially the rising salaries of movie stars, driven by powerful agents. The biggest stars like [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Russell Crowe]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Sandra Bullock]], [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Mel Gibson]], [[Kevin Bacon]], and [[Julia Roberts]] received between $15–$20&nbsp; million per film and in some cases were even given a share of the film's profits.<ref name=cin08 /><br />
<br />
Screenwriters on the other hand were generally paid less than the top actors or directors, usually under $1&nbsp;million per film. However, the single largest factor driving rising costs was special effects. By 1999 the average cost of a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster film]] was $60&nbsp;million before marketing and promotion, which cost another $80&nbsp;million.<ref name=cin08 /><br />
<br />
===Contemporary cinema===<br />
{{Missing information|section|other types of films other than superhero or blockbuster, discussion about studios other than the typical A-list, discussion regarding superhero fatigue, and information on the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes|date=May 2023}}<br />
Since the beginning of 21st century, the theatrical marketplace has slowly been dominated by the [[Superhero film|superhero]] genre. {{as of|2022}}, they are the best-paying productions for actors, because paychecks in other genres have shrunk for even top actors.<ref name="thr20221021">{{Cite magazine |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Galuppo |first2=Mia |last3=Kit |first3=Borys |date=2022-10-21 |title=Marvel, DC Among Last Bastion for Supersized Paydays |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/marvel-dc-florence-pugh-michael-keaton-pay-1235243911/ |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref> In 2023 and 2024, however, Hollywood experts pointed to 'superhero fatigue' as an emerging trend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2023-06-19 |title=Superhero Fatigue Is Real. The Cure? Make Better Movies Than 'The Flash' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/columns/superhero-fatigue-the-flash-1235648428/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Actors such as [[Paul Dano]] and directors like [[Matthew Vaughn]] have made similar arguments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2024-03-04 |title=Paul Dano Says Superhero Fatigue Is a 'Welcome Moment' That Will Hopefully 'Breathe New Life' Into Comic Book Movies: 'Quantity Over Quality' Is a 'Big Misstep' |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/paul-dano-superhero-fatigue-welcome-fix-genre-1235929148/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyrrell |first=Caitlin |date=2023-10-18 |title=Why Superhero Movies "Need A Little Bit Of Time Off," According To Kingsman Director |url=https://screenrant.com/superhero-movies-dc-marvel-matthew-vaughn-comments/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, despite the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]], blockbuster films such as ''[[Black Widow (2021 film)|Black Widow]]'', ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]'', [[Death on the Nile (2021 film)|''Death on the Nile'']] and [[West Side Story (2021 film)|''West Side Story'']] were released in theaters after being postponed from their initial 2020 release dates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2020|title='Black Widow,' 'West Side Story,' 'Eternals' Postpone Release Dates|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/black-widow-west-side-story-eternals-release-date-delay-1234773491/|access-date=October 4, 2020|work=Variety}}</ref><br />
<br />
Various studios responded to the crisis with controversial decisions to [[Film distribution#Shrinking of the theatrical window|forgo the theatrical window]] and give their films [[Simultaneous release|day-and-date releases]]. [[NBCUniversal]] released ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' directly to [[Video on demand|video-on-demand]] rental on April 10,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/coronavirus-trolls-world-tour-invisible-man-the-hunt-emma-debut-on-demand-in-home-theatrical-window-collapse-1202884570/|title=Universal Making 'Invisible Man', 'The Hunt' & 'Emma' Available In Home On Friday As Exhibition Braces For Shutdown; 'Trolls' Sequel To Hit Cinemas & VOD Easter Weekend|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=March 16, 2020|work=Deadline Hollywood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317001511/https://deadline.com/2020/03/coronavirus-trolls-world-tour-invisible-man-the-hunt-emma-debut-on-demand-in-home-theatrical-window-collapse-1202884570/|archive-date=March 17, 2020|access-date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> while simultaneously receiving limited domestic theatrical screenings via drive-in cinemas;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-coronavirus-box-office-vod-easter-weekend-1202907646/|title='Trolls World Tour': Drive-In Theaters Deliver What They Can During COVID-19 Exhibition Shutdown—Easter Weekend 2020 Box Office|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2020-04-14|website=Deadline |access-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423040709/https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-coronavirus-box-office-vod-easter-weekend-1202907646/|archive-date=April 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> CEO [[Jeff Shell]] claims that the film had reached nearly $100&nbsp;million in revenue within the first three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/trolls-world-tour-earns-nearly-100-million-in-first-3-weeks-of-vod-rentals-universal-says/|title=Universal's 'Trolls World Tour' Earns Nearly $100 Million in First 3 Weeks of VOD Rentals|date=2020-04-28|website=TheWrap |access-date=2020-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506203336/https://www.thewrap.com/trolls-world-tour-earns-nearly-100-million-in-first-3-weeks-of-vod-rentals-universal-says/|archive-date=May 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Schwartzel|first=Erich|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trolls-world-tour-breaks-digital-records-and-charts-a-new-path-for-hollywood-11588066202|title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} 'Trolls World Tour' Breaks Digital Records and Charts a New Path for Hollywood|date=2020-04-28|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2020-04-28 |issn=0099-9660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428234817/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trolls-world-tour-breaks-digital-records-and-charts-a-new-path-for-hollywood-11588066202|archive-date=April 28, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision was opposed by [[AMC Theatres]], which then announced that its screenings of Universal Pictures films would cease immediately, though the two companies would eventually agree to a 2-week theatrical window.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-shuts-down-all-cinemas-again-1287040|title=China Shuts Down All Cinemas, Again|website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 27, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423151734/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-shuts-down-all-cinemas-again-1287040|archive-date=April 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21184030/universal-trolls-world-tour-hunt-coronavirus-birds-of-prey-warner-bros-disney-paramount-vod-digital|title=Trolls World Tour could be a case study for Hollywood's digital future|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2020-03-18|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/28/21240637/amc-theaters-universal-trolls-world-tour-disney-warnermedia-digital-streaming|title=AMC Theaters will no longer play Universal movies after Trolls World Tour's on-demand success|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2020-04-28|website=The Verge |access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429030239/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/28/21240637/amc-theaters-universal-trolls-world-tour-disney-warnermedia-digital-streaming|archive-date=April 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2020-07-28|title=Universal & AMC Theatres Make Peace, Will Crunch Theatrical Window To 17 Days With Option For PVOD After|url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/universal-amc-theatres-theatrical-window-crush-pvod-agreement-1202997573/|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitten|first=Sarah|date=2020-07-28|title=AMC strikes historic deal with Universal, shortening number of days films need to run in theaters before going digital|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/amc-strikes-historic-deal-with-universal-shortening-number-of-days-films-need-to-run-in-theaters-before-going-digital.html|access-date=2020-08-03|website=CNBC}}</ref> By December 2020, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] announced their decision to simultaneously release its slate of 2021 films in both theaters and its streaming site [[HBO Max]] for a period of one month to maximize viewership.<ref name="variety wb 2021 films">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/warner-bros-hbo-max-theaters-dune-matrix-4-1234845342/|title=Warner Bros. to Debut Entire 2021 Film Slate, Including 'Dune' and 'Matrix 4,' Both on HBO Max and In Theaters |first1=Rebecca|last1=Rubin|first2=Matt|last2=Donnelly|date=December 3, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|work=Variety}}</ref> However, by 2023, industry strikes by the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG-AFTRA) highlighted growing disputes over streaming residuals, AI technology in writing and acting, and fair compensation, reflecting the broader challenges faced by Hollywood's evolving economic model. The move was vehemently criticized by various industry figures, many of who were reportedly uninformed of the decision before the announcement and felt deceived by the studio.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Kim|title=Christopher Nolan Rips HBO Max as "Worst Streaming Service," Denounces Warner Bros.' Plan|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/christopher-nolan-rips-hbo-max-as-worst-streaming-service-denounces-warner-bros-plan-4101408/|access-date=July 21, 2021|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter, LLC|date=December 7, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
2019 onwards has seen the rise of American streaming platforms, such as [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Paramount+]], and [[Apple TV+]], which came to rival traditional cinema.<ref name="RE">{{cite news|last=Seitz|first=Matt Zoller|author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|title=What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame|access-date=July 21, 2021|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|date=April 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry|date=18 January 2023|title=US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry |author=Hannah Avery|website=kantar.com}}</ref> Industry commentators have noted the increasing treatment of films as "[[Content (media)|content]]" by corporations that correlate with the increased popularity of streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brew|first=Simon|title=Can we stop calling films 'content' now?|url=https://www.filmstories.co.uk/features/can-we-stop-calling-films-content-now/|access-date=July 22, 2021|work=[[Film Stories]]|publisher=Film Stories Ltd|date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> This involves the blurring of boundaries between films, television and other forms of media as more people consume them together in a variety of ways, with individual films defined more by their brand identity and commercial potential rather than their medium, stories and artistry.<ref name="RE"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Alex|title=Are streaming algorithms really damaging film?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56085924|access-date=July 22, 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=February 20, 2021|quote=[Martin Scorsese has] warned that cinema is being 'devalued&nbsp;... demeaned and reduced' by being thrown under the umbrella term 'content'.}}</ref> Critic [[Matt Zoller Seitz]] has described the release of ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' in 2019 as "represent[ing] the decisive defeat of 'cinema' by 'content{{'"}} due to its grand success as a "piece of entertainment" defined by the Marvel brand that culminates a series of blockbuster films that has traits of serial television.<ref name="RE"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Tom_Cruise_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Cruise]], in a pre-recorded segment, skydived from the [[Stade de France]] to the [[Hollywood Sign]], where he landed and affixed the five Olympic rings, marking the handover of the [[2028 Summer Olympics|Games to Los Angeles]] in 2028 during the Olympics [[2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]]. Cruise himself has been cited as a paragon of modern cinema, with [[Top Gun: Maverick]] being cited as one of the first blockbuster films to gain significant monetary success despite being hampered by low expectations and competition from other franchise films and streaming platforms.]]<br />
<br />
The films ''[[Space Jam: A New Legacy]]'' and ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'' have been cited as examples of this treatment, with the former being described by many critics as "a lengthy infomercial for HBO Max", featuring scenes and characters recalling various Warner Bros. properties such as ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'', ''[[The Matrix]]'' and ''[[Austin Powers]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Shephard|first=Alex|title=Space Jam: A New Legacy Is a Peek Into the Bleak, Cynical Future of Film|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/163008/space-jam-new-legacy-peek-bleak-cynical-future-film|access-date=July 21, 2021|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=July 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Polygon">{{cite web|last=Rivera|first=Joshua|title=Despair, pitiful mortals: Space Jam: A New Legacy is the future of entertainment|url=https://www.polygon.com/movies/22577229/space-jam-a-new-legacy-review|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media|Vox Media, LLC]]|access-date=July 22, 2021|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|title='Space Jam: A New Legacy' Review: A Feature-Length Commercial For HBO Max|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2021/07/14/space-jam-a-new-legacy-review-a-feature-length-commercial-for-hbo-max/|access-date=July 22, 2021|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 14, 2021|quote=Quite possibly, as Space Jam: A New Legacy is now a classic example of 'IP for the sake of IP,' a brand extension that exists not because audiences want it but because a studio (and/or the film's star) wants it to continue.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kirby|first=Kristen-Page|title='Space Jam: A New Legacy'—a feature-length ad for Warner Bros.—rises just above mediocrity|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/space-jam-a-new-legacy-movie-review/2021/07/14/503db95c-e00c-11eb-b507-697762d090dd_story.html|access-date=July 22, 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=WP Company LLC|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref> while the latter is a $200&nbsp;million heist film from Netflix that critics described "a movie that feels more processed by a machine [...] instead of anything approaching artistic intent or even an honest desire to entertain."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tallerico|first=Brian|title=Red Notice movie review & film summary (2021)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/red-notice-movie-review-2021|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|access-date=November 4, 2021|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Evangelista|first=Chris|title=Red Notice Review: Dwayne Johnson And Ryan Reynolds Bumble Through Netflix's Glossy, Lifeless Action Movie|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/651270/red-notice-review-dwayne-johnson-and-ryan-reynolds-bumble-through-netflixs-glossy-lifeless-action-movie/|access-date=November 4, 2021|work=[[/Film]]|publisher=Static Media|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Benjamin|title=Red Notice review—Netflix's biggest film to date offers little reward|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/04/red-notice-review-netflix-biggest-film-to-date-offers-little-reward|access-date=November 4, 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref> Some have expressed that ''Space Jam'' demonstrates the industry's increasingly cynical treatment of films as mere intellectual property (IP) to be exploited, an approach which critic Scott Mendelson called "IP for the sake of IP."<ref name="Polygon" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Ebiri|first=Bilge|title=''Space Jam: A New Legacy'' Never Thought It Could Be a Good Movie|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/space-jam-a-new-legacy-review-lebron-james-is-here.html|website=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]|publisher=[[Vox Media|Vox Media, LLC]]|access-date=July 22, 2021|date=July 14, 2021|quote=It criticizes shameless, money-grubbing attempts to synergize and update beloved classics&nbsp;... all the while shamelessly synergizing and updating beloved classics.&nbsp;... The studios rarely seem to want to do anything new with their properties other than remind us that they still own them.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sollosi|first=Mary|title=''Space Jam: A New Legacy'' review: LeBron James enters the server-verse in exhausting reboot|url=https://ew.com/movies/movie-reviews/space-jam-a-new-legacy-review/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|access-date=July 22, 2021|date=July 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Forbes" /><br />
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[[Martin Scorsese]] has warned that cinema as an art form is "being systematically devalued, sidelined, demeaned, and reduced" to "content" and called blockbusters' overemphasis on box-office returns "repulsive".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Scorsese |first=Martin |title=Il Maestro: Federico Fellini and the lost magic of cinema |language=en |volume=March 2021 |magazine=Harper's Magazine |url=https://harpers.org/archive/2021/03/il-maestro-federico-fellini-martin-scorsese/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0017-789X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Tom |date=2022-10-13 |title=Martin Scorsese calls cinema's profit obsession "repulsive" |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/martin-scorsese-box-office-profit-obsession-repulsive/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]] has opined that the current era of cinema is one of the worst in Hollywood history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karr |first=Mary Kate |date=2022-11-17 |title=Quentin Tarantino says current era is tied for worst in film history |url=https://www.avclub.com/quentin-tarantino-current-era-tied-worst-film-history-1849795337 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekaiyero |first=Ayomikun |date=2022-11-17 |title=Quentin Tarantino says the current movie era is one of the 'worst in Hollywood history' |url=https://www.insider.com/quentin-tarantino-says-this-era-worst-in-hollywood-history-2022-11 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> During a masterclass at the 2023 [[Sarajevo Film Festival]], [[Charlie Kaufman]] criticized mainstream blockbusters, stating that "[a]t this point, the only thing that makes money is garbage" and encouraged industry professionals to "make movies outside of the studio system as much as possible".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |date=2023-08-14 |title=Charlie Kaufman Talks AI, WGA Strike & Slams Hollywood System: "The Only Thing That Makes Money Is Garbage" — Sarajevo |url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/charlie-kaufman-ai-wga-strike-hollywood-sarajevo-1235498089/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schimkowitz |first=Matt |date=2023-08-15 |title=There's nothing confusing about Charlie Kaufman's opinion of Hollywood |url=https://www.avclub.com/there-s-nothing-confusing-about-charlie-kaufman-s-opini-1850737832 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> [[James Gray (director)|James Gray]] noted in an interview with ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]],'' "When you make movies that only make a ton of money and only one kind of movie, you begin to get a large segment of the population out of the habit of going to the movies", which causes viewership to decrease, though clarified that he has "no problem with a comic book movie". As a solution to the lack of "investment in the broad-based engagement with the product", he suggests that studios "be willing to lose money for a couple of years on art film divisions, and in the end they will be happier."<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2022-05-22 |title='Armageddon Time' Director James Gray On Why Studios Should Be Able To Lose Money On Art Specialty Divisions – Cannes Studio |url=https://deadline.com/video/armageddon-time-james-gray-cannes-film-festival-box-office-streaming/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Hollywood and politics==<br />
{{Main|Good Neighbor policy}}<br />
<br />
[[File:81st Academy Awards Ceremony.JPG|thumb|The 81st [[Academy Awards]] at the [[Dolby Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] in 2009]]<br />
In the 1930s and 1940s, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] alike saw political opportunities in Hollywood and President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] was an early adopter, capitalizing on Hollywood's stars in a national campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood for Roosevelt committee : Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1940 presidential campaign. {{!}} Pacifica Radio Archives |url=https://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/kz1274 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.pacificaradioarchives.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Melvyn Douglas]] and his wife Helen toured Washington, D.C., in 1939 and met the key New Dealers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Story: Helen Gahagan Douglas |url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/growth-and-turmoil/cold-war-beginnings/helen-gahagan-douglas/ |website=Women & the American Story}}</ref><br />
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===Political endorsements===<br />
{{See also|Hollywood blacklist|List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements}}<br />
Endorsement letters from leading actors were signed, and radio appearances and printed advertising were made. Movie stars were used to draw a large audience into the political view of the party. By the 1960s, [[John F. Kennedy]] was a new, young face for Washington, and his strong friendship with [[Frank Sinatra]] exemplified this new era of glamour. The last moguls of Hollywood were gone, and younger, newer executives and producers began pushing more [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Inside John F. Kennedy and Frank Sinatra's Powerful Friendship |url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/john-f-kennedy-frank-sinatra-friendship |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seale |first=Jack |date=2023-11-04 |title=Kennedy, Sinatra and the Mafia review – a barely believable tale of corruption and betrayal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/nov/04/kennedy-sinatra-and-the-mafia-review-a-barely-believable-tale-of-corruption-and-betrayal |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
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Celebrities and money attracted politicians to the high-class, glittering Hollywood lifestyle. As [[Ron Brownstein]] wrote in his book ''The Power and the Glitter'', television in the 1970s and 1980s was an enormously important new media in politics and Hollywood helped in that media with actors making speeches on their political beliefs, like [[Jane Fonda]] against the Vietnam War.<ref name="Brownstein, Ronald 1990">[[Ron Brownstein|Brownstein, Ronald]] (1990). ''The Power and the Glitter: The Hollywood-Washington Connection''. [[Pantheon Books]]. {{ISBN|0-394-56938-5}}</ref> Despite most celebrities and producers being left-leaning and tending to support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite news |title=US election 2020: Will celebrity endorsements help Joe Biden? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54527265 |work=BBC News |date=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrities' last-minute pleas to vote: See who's endorsing Biden or Trump |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-11-03/election-2020-trump-biden-celebrity-endorsements |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 3, 2021}}</ref> this era produced some [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] actors and producers such as [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]. Support groups such as the [[Friends of Abe]] were set up to support conservative causes in Hollywood, which is perceived as biased against conservatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-03-11 |title=In liberal Hollywood, a conservative minority faces backlash in the age of Trump |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-conservatives-hollywood-20170311-story.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Former actor [[Ronald Reagan]] became [[governor of California]] and subsequently became the 40th president of the United States. It continued with [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] as California's governor in [[2003 California gubernatorial recall election|2003]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger on the Reagan era, action heroes, & his first TV series |url=https://www.lpm.org/music/2023-06-25/arnold-schwarzenegger-on-the-reagan-era-action-heroes-his-first-tv-series |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Louisville Public Media |language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Political donations===<br />
[[File:Highsmithmaycompanywilshire.jpg|thumb|[[Academy Museum of Motion Pictures]]]]<br />
Today, donations from Hollywood help to fund federal politics.<ref name="NewYorkTimes-20070206">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/movies/awardsseason/06holly.html|title=Politicians Are Doing Hollywood Star Turns|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 5, 2008 |first=David M. |last=Halbfinger |date=February 6, 2007}}</ref> On February 20, 2007, for example, Democratic then-presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]] had a $2,300-a-plate Hollywood gala, being hosted by [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] founders [[David Geffen]], [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], and [[Steven Spielberg]] at the Beverly Hilton.<ref name="NewYorkTimes-20070206" /><br />
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== Criticisms ==<br />
=== Covert advertising ===<br />
[[Native advertising]] is information designed to persuade in more subtle ways than classic propaganda. A modern example common in the United States is [[Copaganda]], in which TV shows display unrealistically flattering portrayals of law enforcement, in part to borrow equipment and get their assistance in blocking off streets to more easily film on location.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Law & Order: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) |date=2022-09-12 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNy6F7ZwX8I |type=News |language=en |access-date=2023-01-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Other [[reputation laundering]] accusations have been leveled in the entertainment industry, including burnishing the image of the Mafia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peirson-Hagger |first=Ellen |date=2019-11-29 |title="Hollywood Mafia films are skillful propaganda": Kim Longinotto on why her new film breaks that mould |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/film/2019/11/hollywood-mafia-films-are-skilful-propaganda-kim-longinotto-why-her-new-film |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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[[Product placement]] also has been a point of criticism, with the tobacco industry promoting smoking on screen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mekemson |first1=C. |last2=Glantz |first2=S. A. |date=2002-03-01 |title=How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood |url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/11/suppl_1/i81 |journal=Tobacco Control |language=en |volume=11 |issue=suppl 1 |pages=i81–i91 |doi=10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i81 |issn=0964-4563 |pmid=11893818|pmc=1766059 }}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] cites that 18% of teen smokers would not start smoking if films with smoking were automatically given an 'R' rating, which would save 1 million lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDCTobaccoFree |date=2022-08-22 |title=Smoking in the Movies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/youth_data/movies/index.htm |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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===Censorship===<br />
{{See also|Overseas censorship of Chinese issues|List of TV and films critical of Chinese Communist Party}}<br />
Hollywood producers sometimes seek to comply with the [[Chinese government]]'s censorship requirements in a bid to access the country's restricted and lucrative cinema market,<ref name="wp-8oct2019">{{cite news |last1=Whalen |first1=Jeanne |title=China lashes out at Western businesses as it tries to cut support for Hong Kong protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/08/china-lashes-out-western-businesses-it-tries-cut-support-hong-kong-protests/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=8 October 2019}}</ref> with the second-largest box office in the world as of 2016. This includes prioritizing sympathetic portrayals of Chinese characters in movies, such as changing the villains in ''[[Red Dawn (2012 film)|Red Dawn]]'' from Chinese to North Koreans.<ref name="wp-8oct2019" /> Due to many topics forbidden in China, such as Dalai Lama and [[Winnie-the-Pooh#Censorship in China|Winnie-the-Pooh]] being involved in the [[South Park]]'s episode "[[Band in China]]", South Park was entirely banned in China after the episode's broadcast.<ref name="pooh">{{cite news |title=South Park ban by China highlights Hollywood tightrope act |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/south-park-ban-china-highlights-hollywood-tightrope-act-191010180426697.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=10 October 2019}}</ref> The 2018 film ''[[Christopher Robin (film)|Christopher Robin]]'', the new Winnie-the-Pooh movie, was denied a Chinese release.<ref name="pooh"/><br />
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Although [[Tibet]] was previously a [[cause célèbre]] in Hollywood, featuring in films including ''[[Kundun]]'' and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'', in the 21st century this is no longer the case.<ref name="qz-tibet-2019">{{cite news |last1=Steger |first1=Isabella |title=Why it's so hard to keep the world focused on Tibet |url=https://qz.com/1565178/how-china-has-shrunk-global-attention-for-tibet-and-the-dalai-lama/ |work=Quartz |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> In 2016, [[Marvel Entertainment]] attracted criticism for its decision to cast Tilda Swinton as "The Ancient One" in the film adaptation ''[[Doctor Strange (2016 film)|Doctor Strange]]'', using a white woman to play a traditionally Tibetan character.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/features/marvel-is-censoring-films-for-china-and-you-probably-didnt-even-notice/|title=Marvel is censoring films for China, and you probably didn't even notice|last=Bisset|first=Jennifer|date=November 1, 2019|work=[[CNET]]}}</ref> Actor and high-profile Tibet supporter [[Richard Gere]] stated that he was no longer welcome to participate in mainstream Hollywood films after criticizing the Chinese government and calling for a boycott of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing.<ref name="qz-tibet-2019" /><ref name="hr-gere-2017">{{cite news |last1=Siegel |first1=Tatiana |title=Richard Gere's Studio Exile: Why His Hollywood Career Took an Indie Turn |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/richard-geres-studio-exile-why-his-hollywood-career-took-an-indie-turn-992258 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=18 April 2017}}</ref><br />
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==== Historic examples ====<br />
Hollywood also [[Nazism and cinema|self-censored any negative depictions of Nazis]] for most of the 1930s to maintain access to German audiences.<ref name=":12">''Red Carpet: Hollywood, China, and the Battle for Global Supremacy.'' Erich Schwartzel. 2022. {{ISBN|9781984879004}}.</ref> Around that time [[economic censorship]] resulted in the [[Self-censorship|self-censoring]] of content to please the group wielding their economic influence.<ref name=":12" /> The [[Hays Code]] was an industry-led effort from 1930 to 1967 to strict self-censorship to appease religious objections to certain content and stave off any government censorship that could have resulted.<ref name=":12" /><br />
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===Relationship with the military===<br />
{{Main|Military–entertainment complex}}<br />
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===Sexual abuse scandals===<br />
{{Main|Sexual abuse in the American film industry}}<br />
<br />
==Global Hollywood==<br />
[[File:Grauman's Chinese Theatre, by Carol Highsmith fixed & straightened.jpg|thumb|The [[TCL Chinese Theatre|Chinese Theatre]] before 2007]]<br />
[[File:El Capitan Theatre 2009 Academy Awards.JPG|thumb|The [[El Capitan Theatre]]]]<br />
[[File:Egyptian2.jpg|thumb|[[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre|Egyptian Theatre]] main entry]]<br />
Political economy of communication researchers have long focused on the international or global presence, power, profitability and popularity of Hollywood films. Books on global Hollywood by Toby Miller and Richard Maxwell,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Toby |title=Global Hollywood 2 |last2=Govil |first2=Nitin |last3=Maxwell |first3=Richard |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2005 |isbn=978-1844570393 |edition=2nd |location=London}}</ref> Janet Wasko and Mary Erickson,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wasko |first=Janet |title=Cross-Border Cultural Production: Economic Runaway or Globalization? |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1934043783 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref> Kerry Segrave,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segrave |first=Kerry |title=American Films Abroad: Hollywood's Domination of the World's Movie Screens |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1997 |isbn=0786403462 |edition=1st |location=Jefferson}}</ref> John Trump Bour<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trumpbour |first=John |title=Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920-1950 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0521651565 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge}}</ref> and Tanner Mirles<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirrlees |first=Tanner |title=Global Entertainment Media: Between Cultural Imperialism and Cultural Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9780415519823 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref> examine the international political economy of Hollywood's power.<br />
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According to Tanner Mirles, Hollywood relies on four capitalist strategies "to attract and integrate non-US film producers, exhibitors and audiences into its ambit: ownership, cross-border productions with subordinate service providers, content licensing deals with exhibitors, and blockbusters designed to travel the globe."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mirrlees |first=Tanner |date=2018 |title=Global Hollywood: An Entertainment Imperium, by Integration |url=https://cineaction.ca/issue-99/global-hollywood-an-entertainment-imperium-by-integration/ |journal=Cineaction |volume=1 |issue=100}}</ref><br />
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In 1912, American film companies were largely immersed in the competition for the domestic market. It was difficult to satisfy the huge demand for films created by the [[Nickelodeon (movie theater)|nickelodeon]] boom. [[Motion Picture Patents Company]] members such as [[Edison Studios]], also sought to limit competition from French, Italian, and other imported films. Exporting films, then, became lucrative to these companies. [[Vitagraph Studios]] was the first American company to open its own distribution offices in Europe, establishing a branch in London in 1906, and a second branch in Paris shortly after.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite book |last= Thompson|first=Kristin |author-link=Kristin Thompson |title=Film History: An Introduction|year=2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location= Madison, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-07-338613-3}}</ref><br />
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Other American companies were moving into foreign markets as well, and American distribution abroad continued to expand until the mid-1920s. Originally, a majority of companies sold their films indirectly. However, since they were inexperienced in overseas trading, they simply sold the foreign rights to their films to foreign distribution firms or export agents. Gradually, London became a center for the international circulation of US films.<ref name="Thompson"/><br />
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[[File:Dolby_Theatre_v2.jpg|thumb|[[Dolby Theatre]], Hollywood's renowned venue for the prestigious Academy Awards ceremony, which honors excellence in film]]<br />
Many British companies made a profit by acting as the agents for this business, and by doing so, they weakened British production by turning over a large share of the UK market to American films. By 1911, approximately 60 to 70 percent of films imported into Great Britain were American. The United States was also doing well in Germany, Australia, and New Zealand.<ref name="Thompson"/><br />
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More recently, in the last 20th and early 21st century, as [[globalization]] intensified and the United States government actively promoted free trade agendas and trade on cultural products, Hollywood became a worldwide cultural source. The success of Hollywood export markets is reflected in the boom of American multinational media corporations across the globe and the ability to make big-budget films that appeal to popular tastes in many different cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cultural Economy of Cities |location=London |publisher=Sage Publications | year=2000 | first=A. J. | last=Scott | isbn=0-7619-5455-4}}</ref><br />
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Hollywood has moved more deeply into Chinese markets, although influenced by China's censorship. Films made in China are censored, strictly avoiding themes like "ghosts, violence, murder, horror, and demons." Such plot elements risk being cut. Hollywood has had to make "approved" films, corresponding to official Chinese standards, but with aesthetic standards sacrificed to box office profits. Even Chinese audiences found it boring to wait for the release of great American movies dubbed in their native language.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shirey |first=Paul |url=http://www.joblo.com/movie-news/cmon-hollywood-is-hollywood-going-to-start-being-made-in-china|title=C'mon Hollywood: Is Hollywood going to start being Made in China?|publisher=JoBlo|date=April 9, 2013|access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref><br />
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==Role of women==<br />
{{Main|Women in film}}<br />
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Women are statistically underrepresented in creative positions in the center of the US film industry, Hollywood. This underrepresentation has been called the "[[celluloid ceiling]]", a variant on the [[employment discrimination]] term "[[glass ceiling]]". In 2013, the "top-paid actors&nbsp;... made {{frac|2|1|2}} times as much money as the top-paid actresses."<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/02/23/gender_wage_gap_in_hollywood_it_s_very_very_wide.html|title=Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide.|author=Betsy Woodruff|date=February 23, 2015|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> Older male actors made more than their female counterparts of the same age, with "female movie stars mak[ing] the most money on average per film at age 34, while male stars earn the most at 51."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/study-female-movie-stars-earn-significantly-less-after-age-34-1201091967/|title=Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 |author=Maane Khatchatourian|work=Variety|date=February 7, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 2013 Celluloid Ceiling Report conducted by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at [[San Diego State University]] collected a list of statistics gathered from "2,813 individuals employed by the 250 top domestic grossing films of 2012."<ref name="SanDiego">{{cite web|last=Lauzen|first=Martha|title=The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 012|url=http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/files/2012_Celluloid_Ceiling_Exec_Summ.pdf|work=The Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film|publisher=San Diego State University|access-date=2013-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226115330/http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/files/2012_Celluloid_Ceiling_Exec_Summ.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Women accounted for:<br />
* "18% of all directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors. This reflected no change from 2011 and only a 1% increase from 1998."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "9% of all directors."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "15% of writers."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "25% of all producers."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "20% of all editors."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "2% of all cinematographers."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
* "38% of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered, 23% employed 2 women, 28% employed 3 to 5 women, and 10% employed 6 to 9 women."<ref name=SanDiego /><br />
<br />
A ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article stated that only 15% of the top films in 2013 had women for a lead acting role.<ref name="NYTstudy">{{cite web|last=Buckley|first=Cara|title=Only 15 Percent of Top Films in 2013 Put Women in Lead Roles, Study Finds|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/only-15-percent-of-top-films-in-2013-put-women-in-lead-roles-study-finds|work=The New York Times |access-date=2014-03-12|date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> The author of the study noted that "The percentage of female speaking roles has not increased much since the 1940s when they hovered around 25 percent to 28 percent." "Since 1998, women's representation in behind-the-scenes roles other than directing has gone up just 1 percent." Women "directed the same percent of the 250 top-grossing films in 2012 (9 percent) as they did in 1998."<ref name="slate.com" /><br />
<br />
==Race and ethnicity==<br />
{{Anchor|Diversity in cinema}}<br />
{{Main|African-American representation in Hollywood|Representation of African Americans in media|Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood|Portrayal of Native Americans in film|Portrayal of Arabs in film|White savior narrative in film|Whitewashing in film|Chicano films|Racism in early American film|Racism in horror films}}<br />
<br />
On May 10, 2021, [[NBC]] announced that it would not televise the [[79th Golden Globe Awards]] in 2022 in support of a boycott of the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] (HFPA) by multiple media companies over inadequate efforts to address [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association|lack of diversity]] within the membership of the association with [[person of color|people of color]], but that it would be open to televise the ceremony in 2023 if the HFPA were successful in its efforts to reform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|date=May 10, 2021|title=Golden Globes Cancelled: NBC Scraps 2022 Ceremony As Backlash Grows|url=https://tvline.com/2021/05/10/golden-globes-cancelled-nbc-2022-ceremony-controversy/|work=TVLine|accessdate=May 10, 2021}}</ref> The HFPA would be disbanded two years later as a result of this and other scandals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dick Clark Productions and Eldridge Acquire Golden Globes |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/dick-clark-productions-and-eldridge-acquire-golden-globes |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Golden Globes |date=June 12, 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=2023-06-12 |title=Golden Globes Are Sold and Hollywood Foreign Press Is No More |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/business/media/golden-globes-sale.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
American cinema has often reflected and propagated negative [[stereotype]]s towards foreign nationals and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Kevin|date=January 2008|title="The Little State Department": Hollywood and the MPAA's Influence on U.S. Trade Relations|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=njilb|journal=Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business|volume= 28| issue = 2}}</ref> For example, [[Russians]] and [[Russian Americans]] are usually portrayed as brutal mobsters, ruthless agents and villains.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will the cliche of the 'Russian baddie' ever leave our screens? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/jul/10/will-cliche-russian-baddie-ever-leave-screens-james-norton-mcmafia |work=The Guardian |date=July 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/russian-film-industry-and-hollywood-uneasy-with-one-another/ "Russian film industry and Hollywood uneasy with one another"]. Fox News. October 14, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5 Hollywood Villains That Prove Russian Stereotypes Are Hard to Kill |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/08/09/5-hollywood-villains-that-prove-russian-stereotypes-are-hard-to-kill-a48849 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> According to Russian American professor [[Nina L. Khrushcheva]], "You can't even turn the TV on and go to the movies without reference to Russians as horrible."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hollywood stereotypes: Why are Russians the bad guys? |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141106-why-are-russians-always-bad-guys |work=BBC News |date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Italians and Italian Americans are usually associated with organized crime and the [[American Mafia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Stereotypes of Italian Americans in Film and Television |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/stereotypes-of-italian-americans-film-television-2834703 |work=[[Thought Catalog]] |date=March 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NYC; A Stereotype Hollywood Can't Refuse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/30/nyregion/nyc-a-stereotype-hollywood-can-t-refuse.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 30, 1999}}</ref><ref name="stereotypes"/> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] are largely depicted as sexualized figures such as the Latino [[Machismo|macho]] or the Latina [[Sex kitten|vixen]], [[gang]] members, (illegal) immigrants, or entertainers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Davison |first1= Heather K. |last2= Burke |first2= Michael J. |year= 2000 |title= Sex Discrimination in Simulated Employment Contexts: A Meta-analytic Investigation |journal= Journal of Vocational Behavior |volume= 56 |issue= 2 |pages= 225–248 |doi= 10.1006/jvbe.1999.1711 }}</ref> However, representation in Hollywood has improved in recent years, gaining traction in the 1990s, and no longer emphasizes oppression, exploitation, or resistance as primary themes. According to Charles Ramírez Berg, third-wave films "do not accentuate [[Chicano]] oppression or resistance; ethnicity in these films exists as one fact of several that shape characters' lives and stamps their personalities."<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Rethinking Chicana/o and Latina/o Popular Culture|last=Enrique Pérez|first=Daniel|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|isbn=9780230616066|pages=93–95}}</ref> Filmmakers like [[Edward James Olmos]] and [[Robert Rodriguez]] were able to represent the Hispanic and Latino American experience like none had on screen before, and actors like [[Hilary Swank]], [[Jordana Brewster]], [[Jessica Alba]], [[Camilla Belle]], [[Al Madrigal]], [[Alexis Bledel]], [[Sofía Vergara]], [[Ana de Armas]], and [[Rachel Zegler]] have become successful. In the last decade, minority filmmakers like [[Chris Weitz]], [[Alfonso Gomez-Rejon]], and [[Patricia Riggen]] have been given applied narratives. Films that portray Hispanic and Latino Americans include ''[[La Bamba (film)|La Bamba]]'' (1987), ''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' (1997), ''[[The Mask of Zorro]]'' (1998), ''[[Goal II: Living the Dream|Goal II]]'' (2007), ''[[Overboard (2018 film)|Overboard]]'' (2018), ''[[Father of the Bride (2022 film)|Father of the Bride]]'' (2022), and [[Josefina López]]'s ''[[Real Women Have Curves]]'', originally [[Real Women Have Curves (play)|a play]] which premiered in 1990 and was later released as a film in 2002.<ref name=":14" />{{Expand section|with=more details about African-Americans in American cinema|date=February 2025|small=no}}<br />
[[African-American representation in Hollywood]] improved drastically towards the end of the 20th century after the fall of the studio system and that trend endures in the 21st century as minority representation continues to increase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=Asian and Black representation grew in film and television, study finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asian-black-representation-grew-film-television-study-finds-rcna80201# |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Representation of Black talent in film and TV {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/black-representation-in-film-and-tv-the-challenges-and-impact-of-increasing-diversity |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From servants to outlaws: 100 years of Black representation in Hollywood films |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/from-servants-to-outlaws-100-years-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-films-1.5953758 |website=CBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O’Dell |first=Cary |date=2022-10-04 |title=Looking (and Looking Again) at Black Film History {{!}} Now See Hear! |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/now-see-hear/2022/10/looking-and-looking-again-at-black-film-history/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref> In old Hollywood, it was not uncommon for [[List of entertainers who performed in blackface|white actors to wear black face]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Blackface and Hollywood: From Al Jolson to Judy Garland to Dave Chappelle |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blackface-hollywood-al-jolson-judy-garland-dave-chappelle-1185380 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Korean Americans|Korean American]] actor [[Daniel Dae Kim]], Asian and [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] men "have been portrayed as inscrutable villains and asexualized kind of eunuchs."<ref name="stereotypes">{{cite news |title=Hollywood's Stereotypes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/Stossel/story?id=2412723&page=1 |work=ABC News}}</ref> The Media Action Network for Asian Americans accused the director and studio of ''[[Aloha (2015 film)|Aloha]]'' of [[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing]] the cast of the film, and the director, Cameron Crowe, apologized about [[Emma Stone]] being miscast as a character who is meant to be of one quarter [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] and one quarter [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] descent.<ref>{{cite web |date= June 2, 2015 |author=Variety Staff |url= https://variety.com/2015/film/news/cameron-crowe-apology-emma-stone-aloha-1201511085/ |title=Cameron Crowe on Casting Emma Stone: 'I Offer You a Heart-Felt Apology' |work= Variety |access-date=2015-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |first=Ryan |last=Gajewski |title=Cameron Crowe's 'Deep Tiki' Criticized for Depicting "Whitewashed" Hawaii |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cameron-crowes-deep-tiki-criticized-depicting-797794 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=May 27, 2015 |first=Dave |last=McNary |url= https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sony-defends-aloha-after-white-washing-criticism-1201506569/ |title=Sony Defends 'Deep Tiki' After White-Washing Criticism |journal=Variety |access-date= December 19, 2018 }}</ref> Throughout the 20th century, acting roles in film were relatively few, and many available roles were narrow characters. In the 21st century, young Asian American comedians and filmmakers have found an outlet on YouTube allowing them to gain a strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans.<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube Spawns Asian-American Celebrities |first=Elizabeth |last=Lee |url=http://m.voanews.com/rss.jsp;jsessionid=185B5BBA953982AB4D008141A1942BF7.aldo2?id=3132&rssid=25273271&item=http%3a%2f%2fwww.voanews.com%2frss%2fmobiletech.aspx%3farticleid%3d1612459&cid=25228001&show=full |newspaper=VAO News |date=February 28, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218124215/http://m.voanews.com/rss.jsp |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> Although more recently the film ''[[Crazy Rich Asians (film)|Crazy Rich Asians]]'' has been lauded in the United States for featuring a predominantly Asian cast,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-box-office-crazy-rich-asians-20180819-story.html |title='Crazy Rich Asians' dominates the box office, makes history for representation |last=Kelley |first=Sonaiya |date=August 19, 2018 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=September 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906071908/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-box-office-crazy-rich-asians-20180819-story.html |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> it was criticized elsewhere for casting [[Multiracial Americans|biracial]] and non-Chinese actors as ethnically Chinese characters. The film ''[[Always Be My Maybe]]'' was lauded for taking familiar rom-com beats and cleverly layering in smart social commentary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/always_be_my_maybe_2019 |title=Always be My Maybe (2019) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=November 11, 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Before the [[September 11 attacks]], [[Arabs]] and [[Arab Americans]] were often portrayed as [[Terrorism|terrorists]].<ref name="stereotypes"/> The decision to hire [[Naomi Scott]], the daughter of an English father and a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Indians in Uganda|Ugandan-Indian]] mother, to play the lead of [[Jasmine (Aladdin)|Jasmine]] in the film ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]'' also drew criticism as well as accusations of [[Discrimination based on skin color|racism]], as some commentators expected the role to go to an actress of Arab or Middle Eastern origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4371155/was-disney-wrong-to-cast-naomi-scott-as-jasmine-in-the-new-aladdin-film-heres-why-people-are-angry/ |title=Was Disney Wrong To Cast Naomi Scott As Jasmine in the New 'Aladdin' Film? Here's Why People Are Angry |work=The Inquisitr |date=July 17, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165533/https://www.inquisitr.com/4371155/was-disney-wrong-to-cast-naomi-scott-as-jasmine-in-the-new-aladdin-film-heres-why-people-are-angry/|archive-date=September 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, it was reported that white extras were being applied brown make-up during filming to "blend in", which caused an outcry and condemnation among fans and critics, branding the practice as "an insult to the whole industry" while accusing the producers of not recruiting people with Middle Eastern or North African heritage. Disney responded to the controversy by saying, "Diversity of our cast and background performers was a requirement and only in a handful of instances when it was a matter of specialty skills, safety and control (special effects rigs, stunt performers and handling of animals) were crew made up to blend in."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-42601893 |title=Aladdin: Disney defends 'making up' white actors to 'blend in' during crowd scenes |date=January 7, 2018 |website=BBC News |access-date=January 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111225805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/42601893/aladdin-disney-defends-making-up-white-actors-to-blend-in-during-crowd-scenes|archive-date=January 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disney accused of 'browning up' white actors for various Asian roles in Aladdin |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/disney-aladdin-brown-up-cast-will-smith-extra-long-a8146361.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=January 14, 2018 |date=January 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183739/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/disney-aladdin-brown-up-cast-will-smith-extra-long-a8146361.html|archive-date=January 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Working conditions==<br />
{{see also|List of Hollywood strikes}}<br />
[[File:Kill_Bill_the_Whole_Bloody_Affair_screening_at_the_New_Beverly.jpg|thumb|The [[New Beverly Cinema]] known for showcasing a diverse range of movies from various genres and eras. The theater retained its vintage charm, featuring 35mm film projections and maintaining an old-school moviegoing experience.]]<br />
Hollywood's workflow is unique in that much of its workforce does not report to the same factory each day, nor follow the same routine from day to day, but films at distant locations around the world, with a schedule dictated by the scenes being filmed rather than what makes the most sense for productivity. For instance, an urban film shot entirely on location at night would require the bulk of its crews to work a graveyard shift, while a situational comedy series that shoots primarily on stage with only one or two days a week on location would follow a more traditional work schedule. Westerns are often shot in desert locations far from the homes of the crew in areas with limited hotels that necessitate long drives before and after a shooting day, which take advantage of as many hours of sunlight available, ultimately requiring workers to put in 16 or 17 hours a day from the time they leave their home to the time they return.<ref name="Polone">{{cite news |last1=Polone |first1=Gavin |title=The Unglamorous, Punishing Hours of Working on a Hollywood Set |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/05/how-long-are-the-days-on-a-movie-set-polone.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=New York Magazine |date=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Long Hours">{{cite news |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title=Global Unions Call to End "Long Hours Culture" for Film, TV Workers |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/global-unions-call-to-end-long-hours-culture-for-film-tv-workers-1235062384/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=14 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amidst a broad decline in the power of organized labor in America in the 20th and early 21st century, all of the major studios have continued to maintain contracts with unions through the [[Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers]] (AMPTP), a trade alliance representing the film studios and television networks. Due to the [[Contingent work|casual]] nature of employment in Hollywood, it is only through [[Sectoral collective bargaining|sectoral bargaining]] that individual workers can express their rights to minimum wage guarantees and access to pension and health plans that carry over from production to production and offer the studios access to a trained workforce able to step onto a set on day one with the knowledge and experience to handle the highly technical equipment they are asked to operate.<ref name="Vogue">{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Kim |title=Hollywood's Labor Force Has Always Had to Fight for Workers' Rights |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/hollywood-labor-rights-history |publisher=Teen Vogue |date=23 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The majority of the workers in Hollywood are represented by several unions and guilds. The 150,000 member-strong [[International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees]] (IATSE) represents most of the [[craft]]s, such as the grips, electricians, and camera people, as well as editors, sound engineers, and hair & make-up artists. The [[Screen Actors Guild]] (SAG) is the next largest group representing some 130,000 actors and performers, the [[Directors Guild of America]] (DGA) represents the directors and production managers, the [[Writers Guild of America]] (WGA) representing writers, and the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] (IBT) represents the drivers.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Robb |title=SAG-AFTRA Collects $1 Billion In Member Dues & Non-Member Fees In Its First 10 Years As Membership Climbs To Record Highs |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/sag-aftra-1-billion-dollars-dues-fees-since-2012-membership-record-high-1235084793/ |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=2022-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Beatrice |last=Verhoeven |title=DGA, SAG-AFTRA, WGA East Stand With IATSE in Negotiations With AMPTP |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dga-sag-aftra-wga-east-stand-with-iatse-in-negotiations-with-amptp/ |publisher=[[TheWrap]] |date=2021-09-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
While the relationship between labor and management has generally been amicable over the years, working together with the state to develop safe protocols to continue working during [[COVID-19]] and lobbying together in favor of [[tax incentive]]s, contract negotiations have reported to get contentious over changes in the industry and as a response to rising [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]]. In 1945 six-month set-decorator strike, the relationship turned [[Hollywood Black Friday|bloody]] between strikers, scabs, strikebreakers, and studio security.<ref name="covid">{{cite news |last1=Robb |first1=David |title=How Unions Saved Hollywood During The Pandemic |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/unions-saved-hollywood-pandemic-2022-outlook-1234902148/ |publisher=Deadline Hollywood |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tax Credit">{{cite news |last1=Ellingson |first1=Annlee |title=IATSE launches letter-writing campaign for California film and TV tax credits |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2014/06/18/iatse-launches-letter-writing-campaign-for.html |publisher=LA Business Journal |date=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="IA strike">{{cite news |last1=Faughnder |first1=Ryan |title=Hollywood avoided an IATSE strike. But broader labor issues aren't going away |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2021-10-19/wide-shot-the-iatse-strike-the-wide-shot |date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bloody">{{cite news |last1=Meares |first1=Hadley |title=How The Bloody Hollywood Strike Of 1945 Forever Changed The Film Business |url=https://laist.com/news/la-history/hollywood-strike-1945-unions-iatse-bloody-friday |publisher=LAist |date=23 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In recent years, Hollywood has faced challenges such as strikes by writers and actors, which have led to significant production cuts and layoffs across the industry. These strikes have resulted in union contracts that offer more money and protections against artificial intelligence, but they have also caused a slowdown in production and a rise in unemployment among film and TV workers.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Film|United States}}<br />
* [[African American cinema]]<br />
* [[:Category:Documentary films about Hollywood, Los Angeles]]<br />
* [[:Category:Documentary films about the cinema of the United States]]<br />
* [[:Category:Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles]]<br />
* [[Lists of American films]]<br />
* [[American comedy films]]<br />
* [[American Film Institute]]<br />
* [[History of animation#History of United States animation|History of animation in the United States]]<br />
* [[List of films in the public domain in the United States]]<br />
* [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system]]<br />
* [[National Film Registry]]<br />
;General<br />
* [[List of cinema of the world]]<br />
* [[Photography in the United States of America]]<br />
** [[Cinema of North America]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{Cite book<br />
| first=Steven C.<br />
| last=Earley<br />
| year=1978<br />
| title=An Introduction to American Movies<br />
| publisher=New American Library<br />
}}<br />
* [[George McDonald Fraser|Fraser, George McDonald]] (1988). ''The Hollywood History of the World, from One Million Years B.C. to 'Apocalypse Now{{'}}''. London: M. Joseph; "First US ed.", New York: Beech Tree Books. Both eds. collate thus: xix, 268 p., amply ill. (b&w photos). {{ISBN|0-7181-2997-0}} (U.K. ed.), 0-688-07520-7 (US ed.).<br />
* {{Cite book<br />
| first=Neal<br />
| last=Gabler<br />
| author-link=Neal Gabler<br />
| year=1988<br />
| title=An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood<br />
| publisher=Crown<br />
| isbn=0-385-26557-3<br />
| title-link=An Empire of Their Own<br />
}}<br />
* {{Cite book<br />
| first=A. J.<br />
| last=Scott<br />
| year=2000<br />
| title=The Cultural Economy of Cities<br />
| location=London<br />
| publisher=Sage Publications<br />
| isbn=0-7619-5455-4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Hallett, Hilary A. ''Go West, Young Women! The Rise of Early Hollywood''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013.<br />
* {{cite book |last1=May |first1=Lary |title=Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry |date=1983 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226511733}}<br />
* Ragan, David. ''Who's Who in Hollywood, 1900–1976''. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1976.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Cinema of the United States}}<br />
{{United States topics}}<br />
{{World cinema}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cinema of the United States| ]]<br />
[[Category:Industries of the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of California]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Los Angeles]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of the United States]]<br />
[[Category:History of the United States by topic]]<br />
[[Category:Visual arts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Cinema by country]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._N._Panikkar&diff=446954K. N. Panikkar2026-03-13T19:22:23Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian historian (1936–2026)}}<br />
{{Similar names|K. M. Panikkar|Kavalam Narayana Panicker|K. Ayyappa Panicker|}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = K. N. Panikkar<br />
| native_name = കെ.എൻ. പണിക്കർ<br />
| native_name_lang = ml<br />
| image = DSC_0151_9460KN_Panicker.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| signature = <br />
| caption = Panikkar in 2012<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|4|26|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India (now [[Thrissur district]], Kerala, India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|3|9|1936|4|26|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India<br />
| spouse = Usha Panikkar<br />
| children = 2<br />
| education = * [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]<br />
* [[Rajasthan University]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Historian|professor|writer}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''K. N. Panikkar''' (26 April 1936 – 9 March 2026) was an Indian [[Marxist historian]], associated with the [[Marxist historiography (India)|Marxist school of historiography]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030651300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315064009/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030651300300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2009|title= Link technology with social sciences, says K.N. Panikkar |date=21 February 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 March 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030651300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315064009/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030651300300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2009|title= Rewrite history from Indian point of view: K.N. Panikkar |date=6 May 2009|access-date=7 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112922170300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053851/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112922170300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|title= Newspapers evading sensitive issues, says K.N. Panikkar |date=29 November 2005|access-date=7 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/29/stories/2008122955461100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215202829/http://hindu.com/2008/12/29/stories/2008122955461100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 February 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Culture emerges as site of struggle: K.N. Panikkar | date=29 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
K. N. Panikkar wrote and edited a number of books, including ''A Concerned Indian’s Guide to Communalism'' and the ICHR volume on ''Towards Freedom, 1940: A Documentary History of the Freedom Struggle''.<br />
<br />
In 2010 he launched [[Indian Ruminations]] an online portal in English, publishing literature and journalistic writings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/K.N.-Panicker-to-launch-website-for-literary-journal/article16300761.ece|title=K.N. Panicker to launch website for literary journal|website=The Hindu|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
His methods and his expressed positions in public life have evoked harsh criticism from exponents of [[Hindu nationalism]], particularly during the period of Bharatiya Janata Party government of 1998 to 2004. Panikkar was active in criticising the rise of "Nationalist" history in India. His books include ''Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar''; ''Culture and Consciousness in Modern India''; ''Culture, Ideology and Hegemony&nbsp;– Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India'', and ''Before the Night Falls''.<br />
He was appointed by the government of Kerala as chairman of an Expert Committee that looked into the complaints raised from various quarters concerning new textbooks introduced to state-supported schools. The committee submitted its report in October 2008.<ref>[http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/FINAL%20REPORTnew.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617035732/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/FINAL%20REPORTnew.pdf|date=17 June 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
Panikkar died on 9 March 2026, at the age of 89.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/03/09/kn-panikkar-historian-obituary.html Kerala historian K N Panikkar passes away]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[M. G. S. Narayanan]]<br />
* [[A. Sreedhara Menon]]<br />
* [[Rajan Gurukkal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* K N Panikkar, Attoor Ravi Varma bag Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jan/24/k-n-panikkar-attoor-ravi-varma-bag-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-1929182.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717061854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jan/24/k-n-panikkar-attoor-ravi-varma-bag-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-1929182.html |date=17 July 2021 }}<br />
* 'Will quit as Chancellor': Kerala Guv upset at state of higher education, writes to CM [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/will-quit-chancellor-kerala-guv-upset-state-higher-education-writes-cm-158609]<br />
* In JNU, works of Gail Omvedt and Dalit scholars are relegated to 'underground' networks [https://theprint.in/opinion/in-jnu-works-of-gail-omvedt-and-dalit-scholars-are-relegated-to-underground-networks/725703/]<br />
* Valiathan, Panikkar, Raghava Warrier get Kairali lifetime achievement awards [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/valiathan-panikkar-raghava-warrier-get-kairali-lifetime-achievement-awards/article33823583.ece]<br />
* When History is Held Hostage: Commemorating the Continuing Sufferings of the Mappila Martyrs of 1921 [https://thewire.in/history/when-history-is-held-hostage-commemorating-the-continuing-sufferings-of-the-mappila-martyrs-of-1921]<br />
* Reform judiciary to protect its independence: Bhushan [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/reform-judiciary-to-protect-its-independence-bhushan/article37373795.ece]<br />
* Muslims, Hindus and the Malabar rebellion – why 1921 matters [https://thefederal.com/opinion/muslims-hindus-and-the-malabar-rebellion-why-1921-matters/]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ Kerala Council for Historical Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204634/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/ |date=28 September 2011 }}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panikkar, K. N.}}<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2026 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxist historians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_YouTubers&diff=452240List of YouTubers2026-03-13T08:21:10Z<p>Teena29I554: Improved wording and formatting</p>
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<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
[[YouTuber]]s are people mostly known for their work on the video sharing platform [[YouTube]]. The following is a '''list of YouTubers''' for whom Wikipedia has articles either under their own name or their YouTube channel name. This list excludes people who, despite having a YouTube presence, are primarily known for their work elsewhere.<br />
<br />
{{Compact TOC|center=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|q=}}<br />
<br />
==YouTube personalities==<br />
{{dynamic list}}{{sticky header}}<br />
† Denotes the person is deceased<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | User(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Country<br />
! scope="col" | Channel(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | A {{anchor|A|a}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Redeemed Zoomer|Richard Ackerman]]<br />
| United States<br />
| redeemedzoomer6053<br />
| American Presbyterian activist who makes videos on theology while playing Minecraft. Founder of Operation Reconquista<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Armen Adamjan]]<br />
| Denmark<br />
| creative explained<br />
| Born in Armenia, makes videos on various [[lifehacks]], mostly about plants and food.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[JiDion|Jidon Adams]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JiDion, JiDionPremium, JiDion Shorts<br />
| American internet personality who creates various content. Formerly did pranks and religious content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Magibon|Margaret Adams]]<br />
| United States, Japan<br />
| Magibon (formerly MRirian)<br />
| American YouTuber known as Magibon who went viral in Japan for her silent videos where she looks at the camera.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Nasim Aghdam]]<br />
| Iran<br />
| Nasime Sabz, Yeşil Nasim<br />
| Vegan activist, [[PETA]] supporter, and aspiring fitness personality. Perpetrator and only fatality of the 2018 [[YouTube headquarters shooting]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ItsJustSomeRandomGuy|Michael Agrusso]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ItsJustSomeRandomGuy<br />
| Creator of "Hi, I'm a [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]]...and I'm a [[DC Comics|DC]]" video series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lloyd Ahlquist]]<br />
| United States<br />
| EpicLLOYD, ERB<br />
| Rapper, comedy theater, songwriter, co-founder of the web series ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SuperSaf|Safwan Ahmedmia]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| SuperSaf TV<br />
| Technology reviews.<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" |[[Ahmed El-Ghandour]]<br />
|Egypt<br />
|Da7ee7<br />
| He creates simplified science videos through his main channel ''Da7ee7'' and has made videos for AJ+, Dubai's Museum of the Future channel, and currently for ''New Media Academy Life''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alastair Aiken]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Ali-A, MoreAliA, Ali-A Plays<br />
| Both of Aiken's channels upload gaming videos as well as vlogs. He is best known for his ''Call of Duty'' gameplay videos (both [[Let's Play]]s and [[video game walkthrough]]s.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jackie Aina]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|lilpumpkinpie05}}<br />
| Beauty and fashion vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex Aiono]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alex Aiono<br />
| Singer, producer and actor.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Akai Haato]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| HAACHAMA Ch 赤井はあと<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anna Akana]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Anna Akana<br />
| Filmmaker, producer, actress, and comedian known for her short films and sketches like the web series ''Riley Rewind''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jordindian|Naser Al Azzeh and Vineeth ′Beep′ Kumar]]<br />
| India<br />
| Jordindian<br />
| Indian comedy sketch duo.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sio (cartoonist)|Simone Albrigi]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| Scottecs, Sio, Sio FromItaly<br />
| Italian cartoonist and YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CiccioGamer89|Mirko Alessandrini]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| CiccioGamer89, CiccioGamer2<br />
| Gamer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Technoblade|Alexander]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Technoblade<br />
| American ''[[Minecraft]]'' player and livestreamer. Died in June 2022 from [[Metastasis|metastatic]] [[sarcoma]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alexis Alford]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Lexie Limitless<br />
| Adventure traveler, photographer, blogger. Best known for traveling to 196 countries before the age of twenty-one and holds the [[Guinness World Record]] for being the youngest person to visit all of them.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Baba Ali]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ummahfilms<br />
| Known for the ''Reminder Series'' and ''Ask Baba Ali Series''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[LaToya Forever|LaToya Ali]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| latoyaforever<br />
| Comedy videos; daily vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rucka Rucka Ali]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Wheres Rucka, itsRucka, RuckaWHO, RuckaWHAT, Ruckas Black<br />
| Parodist and rapper who has received over 100 million views with songs such as "Ching Chang Chong" and "Justin's Beaver".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Muhammad Ali Mirza]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza - Official Channel<br />
| Islam-related topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nadir Ali (comedian)|Nadir Ali]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| P 4 Pakao, Nadir Ali<br />
| Pranks, comedy and vlogging.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DJ Akademiks|Livingston Allen]]<br />
| Jamaica, United States<br />
| DJ Akademiks, King Akademiks, The War in Chiraq<br />
| Hip hop blogger, commentator, and news outlet.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Karen Alloy]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Spricket24<br />
| Entertainer and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tiffany Alvord]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TiffanyAlvord<br />
| Singer-songwriter and cover artist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amane Kanata]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Kanata Ch. Kanata Amane<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Etika|Desmond Amofah]]<br />
| United States<br />
| EWNetwork {{small|(terminated)}}, EtikaFRFX {{small|(terminated)}}, TR1Iceman, E Live<br />
| Was a streamer and former model also known by his online alias, "Etika". Amofah usually focused his YouTube channel around [[Nintendo]] games and streamed energetic reactions of himself to [[Nintendo Direct|Nintendo Direct presentations]]. Amofah was reported missing by the [[NYPD]] on 20 June 2019. His body was discovered in the [[East River]] on 24 June, after he killed himself by drowning.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cam Anderson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Blacktail Studio, Blacktail Ranch<br />
| Woodworking content, specifically revolving around epoxy tables, and formally made woodworking tutorials.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Julia Anastasopoulos]]<br />
| South Africa<br />
| Suzelle DIY<br />
| South African actress, illustrator and designer. Anastasopoulos creates short DIY webisodes.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mark Angel (comedian)|Mark Angel]]<br />
| Nigeria<br />
| Mark Angel<br />
| Nigerian YouTuber, comedian and comedic actor. His videos often feature child actors, specifically his cousin [[Emmanuella]], who is often referred to as his niece.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sweet Anita]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Sweet Anita, Sweet Anita's Best Clips<br />
| Gaming content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Imane Anys]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Pokimane, Poki ASMR<br />
| Better known by her online alias [[Pokimane]], has two YouTube channels, Pokimane and Poki ASMR. The former includes clips of her gaming content, vlogs, and podcast. The latter channel features videos that are part of a broader community of [[ASMR]] channels.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex Apollonov]]<br />
| Australia <br />
| I Did a Thing, Boy Boy<br />
| Comedian, commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Maria Aragon]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| rojuanearagon<br />
| A 10-year-old Filipino-Canadian singer who became popular after [[Lady Gaga]] linked to her cover of "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]". The two sang together in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada during Gaga's Monster Ball Tour in 2011.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Araraura<br />
| {{N/a}}<br />
| [[Daily Silksong News]]<br />
| News about ''[[Hollow Knight: Silksong]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Humza Arshad]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| HumzaProductions<br />
| Most notable for his ongoing web series ''Diary of a Bad Man'', with episode 5 being one of the most viewed videos in the United Kingdom for 2011.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Stuart Ashen]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| ashens<br />
| British reviewer of various products, comedian, animator and actor. Had starring role in the indie comedy film ''Ashens and the Quest for the Game Child''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2902898/|title=Ashens and the Quest for the Gamechild|date=8 August 2013|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Per Fredrik Åsly]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| pellekofficial, pellekofficial2<br />
| Actor and singer-songwriter, known for his anime covers, pop-songs metalized, metal-covers of songs in many languages.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Chris Atkinson and Jeremy Scott<br />
| United States<br />
| [[CinemaSins]], Music Video Sins, TVSins, Commercial Sins, CinemaSins Jeremy<br />
| Creators of the ''Everything Wrong With'' video series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Roman Atwood]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RomanAtwood, RomanAtwoodVlogs<br />
| Comedian, prankster, and daily vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Austin<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Any Austin]]<br />
|Video essayist covering aspects of video game environmental design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schindel |first=Dan |date=2024-12-12 |title=Five Video Essays for the Holiday Season |url=https://hyperallergic.com/974482/five-video-essays-for-the-holiday-season-2024/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sarah Austin (entrepreneur)|Sarah Austin]]<br />
| United States<br />
| pop17<br />
| Tech entrepreneur and author.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dan Avidan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Ninja Sex Party]], [[GameGrumps]]<br />
| Singer-songwriter, comedian, and musician; co-host of ''[[Game Grumps]]'', co-creator of musical comedy duo [[Ninja Sex Party]], and member of musical comedy group [[Starbomb]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brian Awadis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| FaZe Rug, FaZe Rug Games, FaZe Rug Shorts<br />
| Produces vlogs, challenges, gaming videos, and pranks. One of the co-owners of the [[FaZe Clan]].<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | B {{anchor|B|b}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[King Bach|Andrew Byron Bachelor]]<br />
| Canada, United States<br />
| Bach Vlogs, BachelorsPadTV<br />
| Most followed user on Vine. Posts skits on Instagram, TikTok and YouTube as King Bach.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Back Dorm Boys]]<br />
| China<br />
|<br />
| Chinese duo Huang Yixin and Wei Wei, known for lip-syncing American pop songs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Mel Baggs]]<br />
| United States<br />
| silentmiaow<br />
| Featured on a [[CNN]] health blog. Died in 2020 from presumed respiratory failure.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tay Zonday|Adam Bahner]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TayZonday, tayvox<br />
| Better known by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, or as "Chocolate Rain Guy", as he is most notable for his "[[Chocolate Rain]]" video.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[TotalBiscuit|John Bain]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| TotalBiscuit, TotalHalibut<br />
| First impressions of indie-games, ''[[StarCraft]]'' commentator. Died in 2018 from [[bowel cancer]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bart Baker|Bartholomew Baker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Bart Baker, BART, Lil Kloroxxx<br />
| Best known for making parody videos of notable songs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Spoken Reasons|John Alfonza Baker Jr.]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SpokenReasons, SpokenReasonsTV<br />
| Comedian, actor, known for his role in ''[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' and partnership with [[Russell Simmons]]'s All Def Digital.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex Bale]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alex Bale Films<br />
| Director, actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Colleen Ballinger]]<br />
|United States<br />
| Colleen Ballinger, Colleen Vlogs, Miranda Sings<br />
| Comedy vlogger as herself and as [[Miranda Sings]]; performs one-woman live comedy shows; created and stars in ''[[Haters Back Off]]'' on Netflix.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bhuvan Bam]]<br />
| India<br />
| BB Ki Vines<br />
| Viner, composer and actor.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Baran]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|thatsojack}}<br />
| Vlogger from [[Connecticut]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Paul Barbato<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Geography Now]]<br />
| Educational channel, profiling every country in the world in alphabetical order as well as covering other topics regarding physical or political [[geography]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vikkstar123|Vikram Singh Barn]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Vikkstar123, Vikkstar123HD, VikkstarPlays<br />
| English gaming YouTuber and internet personality who plays ''Call of Duty'' and ''Minecraft''. Co-founding member of the YouTube group Sidemen.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nathan Barnatt]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Nathan, Man, Dad, Keith Apicary<br />
| Focuses on memes.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Clint Basinger<br />
|United States<br />
| [[Lazy Game Reviews]] (LGR)<br />
| Reviewer of retro computer hardware, software, oddware, "Tech Tales", and "[[Charity shop|Thrifts]]", mostly of [[IBM PC compatible]]s.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Enes Batur]]<br />
| Turkey<br />
| {{Proper name|enesbatur}}<br />
| YouTuber and actor.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Julian Baumgartner<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Baumgartner Restoration]]<br />
| Art conservator and owner of Baumgartner Restoration. Credited by ''[[Mashable]]'' with popularizing art restoration videos on YouTube, and named as the most popular art conservator on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/hard-refresh-painting-conservation/|title=Painting restoration YouTube is the niche relaxation you need|last=Roos|first=Charlotte|website=Mashable|date=23 January 2019|language=en|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[BadComedian|Evgeny Bazhenov]]<br />
| Russia<br />
| {{Proper name|BadComedian}}<br />
| Film critic.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dr Disrespect|Herschel Beahm IV]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DrDisRespect<br />
| Video game streamer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam B]]eales<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Adam B<br />
| Northern Irish actor and YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rick Beato|Richard Beato]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Rick Beato<br />
| Music teacher, guitarist and record producer who also interviews notable persons in the music industry.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[María Becerra]]<br />
| Argentina<br />
| Maria Becerra<br />
| Humour.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eva Zu Beck]]<br />
| Poland<br />
| Eva Zu Beck<br />
| Travel vlogger, presenter, TV show host.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Noah Beck|Noah Timothy Beck]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Noah Beck<br />
| TikToker and vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alan Becker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alan Becker, AlanBeckerMinecraft, AlanBeckerTutorials<br />
| Known for his animation web videos like "Animation vs. Minecraft" and series like "Animator vs. Animation".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jo Beckwith]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Footless Jo, Trauma Talk<br />
| Disability and mental health advocacy.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Loren Gray|Loren Gray Beech]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Loren Gray, LorenGrayVEVO<br />
|[[Musical.ly]] creator turned vlogger and musician.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Matty Benedetto]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Unnecessary Inventions<br />
| Inventor and content creator known for creating and showcasing comedic "unnecessary inventions".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Carl Benjamin]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Sargon of Akkad, Akkad Daily<br />
| British vlogger; posts videos which concern a wide variety of subjects, varying from gaming, anti-ideology, history and fiction, and [[Gamergate controversy|Gamergate]] and [[antifeminism]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rich Benoit]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Rich Rebuilds<br />
| Known for rebuilding [[Tesla, Inc.|Teslas]], among other cars.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Greg Benson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MediocreFilms<br />
| Comedian, director, and producer. Known mostly for his work on the ''Retarded Policeman'' web series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Craig Benzine]]<br />
| United States<br />
| WheezyWaiter<br />
| Started vlogging about his job as a waiter, then quit his job to become a full YouTuber and video maker after he became a hit.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Barats and Bereta|Joe Bereta]] and [[Barats and Bereta|Luke Barats]]<br />
| United States<br />
| BaratsAndBereta<br />
| Creators of [[Barats and Bereta]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joel Berghult]]<br />
| Sweden<br />
| RoomieOfficial<br />
| Known for music and music-related content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Reckful|Byron Bernstein]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Reckful<br />
| Gaming content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Timothy Betar<br />
| United States<br />
| [[TimTheTatman]], TimTheTatman Two, More TimTheTatman<br />
| ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]'' streamer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amit Bhadana]]<br />
| India<br />
| Amit Bhadana<br />
| [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] comedy YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex Bertie]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|TheRealAlexBertie<br />
|[[Transgender]] vlogger and LGBT+ activist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Davie504|Davide Biale]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| Davie504<br />
| Italian [[bassist]] and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Justin Bieber]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Justin Bieber<br />
| Canadian singer who was discovered on YouTube. 4th most subscribed YouTuber, with 42 million subscribers, with 18.7 billion views.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Maxim Bilovitskiy]]<br />
| Estonia<br />
| Thoisoi, Thoisoi2<br />
| Estonian YouTuber who makes chemistry videos in Russian and in English.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joseph Birdsong]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Disneykid1, DK1games<br />
| Vlogger, gameplay blogger, and member of [[Candy Coded]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[The Anime Man|Joseph Bizinger]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| The Anime Man<br />
| Videos about anime, Japanese culture, language and gaming.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rebecca Black]]<br />
| United States<br />
| rebecca<br />
| An American teen who became famous after posting her song "[[Friday (Rebecca Black song)|Friday]]" that received more than 127 million views, 3.3 million dislikes, and hugely negative comments dubbing the song the "worst song ever".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/videogaga/71429/is-youtube-sensation-rebecca-blacks-friday-the-worst-song-ever/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322133013/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/videogaga/71429/is-youtube-sensation-rebecca-blacks-friday-the-worst-song-ever/|archive-date=22 March 2011 |title=Is YouTube Sensation Rebecca Black's "Friday" The Worst Song Ever?|last=Parker|first=Lyndsey|work=[[Yahoo!]] Music|date=14 March 2011|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Emma Blackery]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| EmmaBlackery<br />
| Vlogger, known for "My thoughts on Google+" video, and singer-songwriter.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[QTCinderella|Blaire]]<br />
| United States<br />
| QTCinderella, Wine About It<br />
| IRL streams.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tim Blais]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| A Capella Science<br />
| A physicist, Blais communicates science topics via parodies of popular songs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kat Blaque]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Kat Blaque<br />
| Video blogger, activist known for ''True Tea''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Iwona Blecharczyk]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Iwona Blecharczyk - nasza Barbie Shero, która jeździ 63-tonową ciężarówką |url=https://plus.nowiny24.pl/iwona-blecharczyk-nasza-barbie-shero-ktora-jezdzi-63tonowa-ciezarowka/ar/c6-15666820 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=plus.nowiny24.pl |language=pl}}</ref><br />
| Poland<br />
| Iwona Blecharczyk<br />
| Polish [[lorry driver]], transportation enthusiast and YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ninja (gamer)|Richard Tyler Blevins]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ninja, Ninja Extended<br />
| [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer/ESports gamer who translated his gaming onto YouTube. Known and recognized for his success in Fortnite.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bob's Your Uncle (YouTuber)|Bob's Your Uncle]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| 煮家男人 Bob's Your Uncle<br />
| Cooking and travel YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dane Boedigheimer]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Dane Boe, Annoying Orange, Daneboe Channel #2, SuperBoeBros<br />
| Creator of ''[[Annoying Orange]]'' video series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[PANDA BOI]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| pandaboi.com<br />
| Most subscribed and viewed YouTube channel in Italy. Posts comedy short videos on Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Facebook and Snapchat.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steven Bonnell II]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Destiny<br />
| Twitch streamer and political commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Flula Borg]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| {{Proper name|flula}}<br />
| Vlogs (often based on misinterpretations of common figures of speech), covers of popular songs recorded in his car and other vehicles ("AutoTunes"), original music, celebrity interviews, and other humorous content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[John D. Boswell]]<br />
| United States<br />
| melodysheep<br />
| Musician and filmmaker, creator of ''[[Symphony of Science]]'', ''[[Timelapse of the Entire Universe]]'', ''[[Timelapse of the Future]]'' and ''[[The Secret History of the Moon]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrea Botez]], [[Alexandra Botez]]<br />
| Canada, United States<br />
| BotezLive, BotezLive Clips, Alexandra Botez, Andrea Botez<br />
| Chess content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bachir Boumaaza]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| AtheneWins<br />
| Video gamer and social activist who is widely referred to by his online pseudonym "Athene."<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Unjaded Jade|Jade Bowler]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|Unjaded Jade<br />
|Educational "StudyTuber".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joshua Bradley]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Zerkaa, ZerkaaPlays, ZerkaaClips, ZerkaaShorts<br />
| English gaming YouTuber, streamer and Internet personality; listed as the ninth most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="SundayTimes2019" /> Co-founding member of the YouTube group Sidemen.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[NileRed|Nigel Braun]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| NileRed<br />
| Chemist who performs strange and often dangerous experiments.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ysabella Brave]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ysabellabrave<br />
| A vocalist who was signed by [[Cordless Recordings]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hbomberguy|Harry Brewis]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Hbomberguy<br />
| Left-wing YouTuber known for producing videos aimed at debunking [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] and responding to [[alt-right]] and [[Antifeminism|antifeminist]] arguments.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[The Yogscast|Lewis Brindley and Simon Lane]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| The Yogscast<br />
| Gaming videos, podcasts, streaming. Gained fame with ''[[Minecraft]]'' videos and songs. The annual Jingle Jam streaming event has raised over $20 million for charity since 2011.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Abroad in Japan|Chris Broad]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Abroad in Japan, Chris Abroad<br />
| Known for making videos about Japanese culture, travel and food, as a British resident of the country.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brooke Brodack]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Brooke Brodack<br />
| Actress, editor, director. Known for her "Crazed Numa Fan" and "Chips" videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gary Brolsma]]<br />
| United States<br />
| NewNuma<br />
| Creator of the "[[Numa Numa (video)|Numa Numa]]" dance.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Fox Bronte]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| MonaLisaNaked<br />
| Alternative artist known for his rants on modern day culture and putting himself in uncomfortable situations to make his artwork.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Josiah Brooks]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| DrawWithJazza<br />
| Art drawing tutorials.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dan Brown (blogger)|Dan Brown]]<br />
| United States<br />
| pogobat, danbrownuniverse<br />
| Developer of the "Dan Brown Method" of solving a [[Rubik's Cube]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Brown (British musician)|David Brown]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Boyinaband, DBGames (with artist [[Dan Bull]])<br />
| YouTuber, musician, and rapper.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Mark Brown<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Game Maker's Toolkit]]<br />
| Video game analysis and video essays.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TBJZL|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| TBJZL, TBJZLPlays, TBJZLClips<br />
| English gaming YouTuber, streamer, Internet personality and rapper; listed as the 38th most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="SundayTimes2019" /> Co-founding member of the YouTube group Sidemen.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jim Browning (YouTuber)|Jim Browning]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Jim Browning<br />
| Northern Irish [[scam baiter]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marques Brownlee]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Marques Brownlee<br />
| Tech YouTuber.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Scott Buchanan<br />
| United States<br />
| [[pannenkoek2012]]<br />
| ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' analyst.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kéfera Buchmann]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| 5incominutos, keferavlog<br />
| Comedy videos and daily vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Buckley (Internet celebrity)|Michael Buckley]]<br />
| United States<br />
| WHATTHEBUCKSHOW, Michael Buckley, bucksphone<br />
| Known for his celebrity news show, ''[[What the Buck!?]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dan Bull]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Dan Bull, DBGames (With artist [[David Brown (British musician)|Boyinaband]])<br />
| English rapper and songwriter who was known best for his songs about video games.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vladislav Bumaga]]<br />
|Belarus<br />
|A4, A5<br />
|Music artist and video blogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bo Burnham]]<br />
| United States<br />
| boburnham, mahnrubob<br />
| Comedian, comedic singer, musician, songwriter, and actor.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tanya Burr]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| pixi2woo, tanyasvlogsandhauls<br />
| Beauty, fashion and lifestyle vlogger. Also has her own cosmetic line Tanya Burr.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shmee150|Tim Burton]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Shmee150<br />
| Car vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tigresa del Oriente|Judith Bustos]]<br />
| Peru<br />
| LaTigresaDelOrienteC<br />
| Peruvian singer and make-up artist whose YouTube exposure led to a contract with [[Warner Bros.]] [[Mexico]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mikey Bustos|Michael Bustos]]<br />
| Canada, Philippines<br />
| Mikey Bustos, [[AntsCanada]]<br />
| Vlogger, [[entomologist]], singer, and comedian. Prolific ant-keeper and seller of his AntsCanada brand of [[ant-keeping]] products.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marcus Butler]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| marcusbutlerTV, moremarcus<br />
| British vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shay Carl|Shay Carl Butler]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Shaycarl, SHAYTARDS, ShayLoss, iphoneTARD, WhenTheKidsGoToSleep<br />
| Daily life vlogger, comedian; has appeared on ''[[No Ordinary Family]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | C {{anchor|C|c}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eric Calderone]]<br />
| United States<br />
| 331Erock<br />
| Guitarist known for creating [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] renditions of popular songs, film and television themes, and video game soundtracks.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrew Callaghan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[All Gas No Brakes]]<br />
| Interviewer who covers large events and fringe subcultures.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Meghan Camarena]]<br />
| United States<br />
| strawburry17<br />
| Video games, co-host for [[D XP]] video game show ''Polaris Primetime''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Arrest of Omi in a Hellcat|Bill Omar Carrasquillo]]<br />
| United States<br />
| OMI IN A HELLCAT<br />
| A YouTuber whose videos showed off his jewelry and automobile collections. He was sentenced to prison in 2022, and his channel was subsequently deleted.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[JoCat|Joseph Catalanello]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JoCat<br />
| Animation and gaming YouTuber known for videos about ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' and ''[[Final Fantasy XIV]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valens |first=Ana |date=2023-12-18 |title=YouTuber Who Created a 'Baldur’s Gate 3' Lizzo Parody Song Says People Tried To Dox Him Over It |url=https://www.themarysue.com/i-like-girls-what-happened-to-jocat-explained/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Mary Sue |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Canal do Otário]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| Canal do Otario, Canal do Otário (Sem Palavrão), Canal do Otário (Responde)<br />
| A Brazilian activist vlogger. Known by his work against misleading advertisement, freedom of speech and government propaganda.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Taylor Caniff]]<br />
| United States<br />
| taylor caniff, Taylor Caniff<br />
| Viner and content creator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alizé Carrère]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Crash Course Geography, Modern Explorer, Adaptation<br />
| Climate researcher and educator who posts videos about how humans are adapting to the climate.<br />
|-<br />
! scope ="row" | [[Demolition Ranch|Matt Carricker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Demolition Ranch, Vet Ranch<br />
| Firearm YouTuber and veterinarian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sons of Maxwell|Dave and Don Carroll]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| sonsofmaxwell<br />
| Brothers and Celtic folk music duo. Created three popular music videos, beginning with "[[United Breaks Guitars]]" in protest of Dave's treatment at the hands of [[United Airlines]] which proved a public relations debacle for the airline. Named their channel in honor of their father.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Josh Carrott]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| koreanenglishman<br />
| Content involving English people reacting to Korean culture.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tom Cassell|Thomas Cassell]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Tom Syndicate, Syndicate<br />
| Known for his ''[[Minecraft]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty]]'' videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[JC Caylen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jc Caylen, KianAndJc<br />
| Vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kai Cenat]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Kai Cenat Live<br />
| Comedy live streams.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amanda Cerny]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Amanda Cerny, AmandaCernyVlogs, and About Time<br />
| Former Viner who posts vlogs and skits.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Sayak Chakraborty]]<br />
| India<br />
| Let's start, withlovesayak<br />
| Actor and YouTuber known for his lifestyle vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Emma Chamberlain]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Emma Chamberlain<br />
| American comedy vlogger, member of the Sister Squad with [[James Charles (Internet personality)|James Charles]] and [[The Dolan Twins]], host of the Ramble Official podcast ''Stupid Genius''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Greyson Chance]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|greyson97}}<br />
| Singer discovered by [[Ellen DeGeneres]], signed to record label. Notable for his cover of [[Lady Gaga]]'s hit "[[Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)|Paparazzi]]".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jim Chapman (Internet personality)|Jim Chapman]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| j1mmyb0bba<br />
| Pop culture and fashion vlogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[James Charles]]<br />
| United States<br />
| James Charles<br />
| Controversial beauty influencer, makeup artist, known for being the first male ambassador for [[CoverGirl]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gaurav Chaudhary]]<br />
| India<br />
| Technical Guruji, Gaurav Chaudhary<br />
| Gaurav is notable for producing YouTube videos concerning technology in Hindi & travel vlogs on another channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Chef and Francis<br />
| Japan<br />
| [[Cooking with Dog]]<br />
| Japanese cooking channel featuring a woman known as "Chef" and her toy poodle, Francis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2015/05/22/food/dog-days-cooking/|title=The dog days of cooking|last=O'Donoghue|first=J. J.|date=22 May 2015|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=13 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mike Chen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| StrictlyDumpling, BeyondScience, BeyondScience2, MikeyChenX, CookWithMikey, EatWithMikey, TheChenDynasty, DoubleChenNews<br />
| Chinese-born American YouTuber known for food vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Goodnight Chicken|Chen Neng-chuan]]<br />
| Taiwan<br />
| 晚安小雞官方頻道 (Goodnight Chicken)<br />
| Taiwanese YouTuber and live streamer known for his investigations of paranormal activity. Gained international attention following a staged kidnapping on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=George |title=Cambodia jails Taiwanese YouTuber for fake kidnap |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68315907 |website=BBC News |access-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216142915/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68315907 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |date=16 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwanese YouTubers get 2 years for Cambodia kidnapping stunt |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/taiwanese-streamers-arrest-02162024152957.html |website=Radio Free Asia |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216220653/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/taiwanese-streamers-arrest-02162024152957.html |archive-date=16 February 2024 |date=16 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mama Cheung]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| 張媽媽廚房Mama Cheung<br />
| Makes videos about cooking.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SungWon Cho]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ProZD<br />
| Comedian, voice actor.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Choi]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|davidchoimusic}}, CT<br />
{{Proper name|davidchoitalk}}<br />
| Singer-songwriter.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Maximilian Dood|Maximillian Christensen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Maximilian Dood<br />
| Gaming YouTuber and [[fighting game community]] personality known for his videos on various fighting games.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Chui]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Sam Chui<br />
| Aviation vlogger and blogger.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Clara Chung]]<br />
|United States<br />
| ClaraCMusic<br />
| Singer and guitarist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Firoz Chuttipara]]<br />
| India<br />
| Village Food Channel<br />
| Cooking channel based in [[Kerala]], India.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dream (YouTuber)|Clay]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Dream, DreamXD, Dream Team, Dream Shorts<br />
|''[[Minecraft]]'' YouTuber known for his ''Minecraft Manhunt'' videos and [[Dream SMP|survival multiplayer]] series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Wilson Cleveland]]<br />
| United States<br />
| wilsoncleveland<br />
| Actor, producer and writer best known for producing short films and [[web series]] like [[The Temp Life]]. He also appears on [[Annoying Orange]], BlackBoxTV and [[The Guild (web series)|The Guild]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Scott Clifton]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheoreticalBullshit<br />
| Topics include atheism, philosophy, ethics discussion, counter-apologetics. American daytime TV star.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brian Tyler Cohen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Bryan Tyler Cohen<br />
| Progressive political commentator, podcast host, and journalist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TheRadBrad|Bradley Colburn]]<br />
| United States<br />
| theRadBrad<br />
| Let's Player who makes [[Video game walkthrough|walkthrough]] videos. Recognized as one of the "top gaming creators" on YouTube according to CEO [[Susan Wojcicki]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/youtube-comes-out-strong-against-europes-copyright-directive-745432/|title=YouTube Comes Out Strong Against Europe's Copyright Directive|last1=Wang|first1=Amy X.|date=22 October 2018|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dave Days|Dave Joseph Colditz]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Davedays<br />
| Singer-songwriter and musician, known for his punk rock parodies of songs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Casey Cole]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Breaking in the Habit<br />
| [[Franciscan friar]] and [[Catholic priest]] that makes videos about Catholicism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Mandy |date=2019-06-26 |title=Sharing the habit: Newly ordained priest celebrates Mass, sacraments and … social media |url=https://dioceseofraleigh.org/news/sharing-habit-newly-ordained-priest-celebrates-mass-sacraments-and-social-media |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Diocese of Raleigh |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Louis Cole (YouTuber)|Louis Cole]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| FunForLouis<br />
| Filmmaker and YouTube personality.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Felix Colgrave]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Felix Colgrave<br />
| Director, animator, cartoonist, filmmaker, artist and musician.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[KallMeKris|Kristina Collins]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Kallmekris<br />
| Social media personality and former hairdresser. Most known for her skits with recurring characters (starting on [[TikTok]]), reaction videos, challenge videos, and haunted location exploration videos. <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CDawgVA|Connor Colquhoun]]<br />
|Japan<br />
| CDawgVA, ConnorDawg, [[Trash Taste]], Trash Taste Highlights<br />
| [[Anime]] YouTuber and [[voice actor]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Pat Condell|Patrick Condell]]<br />
| Ireland<br />
| patcondell<br />
| Comedian, [[antitheist]]; 35 of his videos were published to DVD.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kurtis Conner]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Kurtis Conner<br />
| Known for his comedic [[criticism|commentary]] videos. Guest star of Danny Gonzalez and [[Drew Gooden (comedian)|Drew Gooden]]'s "We Are Two Different People" tour.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Conte]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|jackcontemusic}}<br />
| Indie musician, singer, and songwriter. Co-founder of musical duo [[Pomplamoose]]. He also co-founded crowdfunding site [[Patreon]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eugenia Cooney]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Eugenia Cooney<br />
| Clothing hauls, beauty, cosplay, and vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eve Cornwell]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|Eve Cornwell<br />
|StudyTuber later known for content surrounding her career as a lawyer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Karl Coryat]]<br />
| United States<br />
| EdwardCurrent<br />
| Atheist satirist, anti-[[9/11 Truth movement]] activist, and musician.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Erika Costell]]<br />
| United States<br />
| P6UK<br />
| Model and singer. Posts [[vlog]]s and [[reaction video]]s. Member of [[Jake Paul]]'s Team 10.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Blimey Cow]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Blimey Cow, BlimeyCowVlog, Big Head Kid, Jordan Taylor<br />
| Comedy trio known for videos relating to Christianity, homeschooling, music, relationships, and social media.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Iman Crosson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alphacat, Iman<br />
| Actor, nationally known [[Barack Obama|Obama]] impersonator; co-editor of [[We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steven Crowder]]<br />
| Canada, United States<br />
| StevenCrowder, CrowderBits<br />
| Right-wing comedian, debater and commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lucas Cruikshank]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Fred, lucas<br />
| Was the No. 1 most subscribed channel before being surpassed by nigahiga in 2009. He starred as Fred Figglehorn in ''[[Fred (TV series)|Fred: The Show]]'' on [[Nickelodeon]] in 2012 and Marvin in ''[[Marvin Marvin]]'' from 2012 to 2013.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sabrina Cruz]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Answer in Progress<br />
| Educational content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cara Cunningham]]<br />
| United States<br />
| (deleted YouTube account)<br />
| Actor and fashionista; created the viral "Leave [[Britney Spears|Britney]] Alone!" video.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jamie Curry]]<br />
| New Zealand<br />
| Jamie's World<br />
| New Zealand vlogger and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shirley Curry]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Shirley Curry<br />
|Also known as Skyrim Grandma, known for her ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim]]'' gameplay videos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Winkie |first=Luke |date=1 September 2020 |title=This 84-Year-Old Gamer Has More Than 900,000 'Grandkids' |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/style/shirley-curry-skyrim-youtube.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Cusack (animator)|Michael Cusack]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Michael Cusack<br />
| Animator, voice actor, and comedian. Creator of ''[[YOLO: Crystal Fantasy]]'' and co-creator of ''[[Smiling Friends]]'', both on [[Adult Swim]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steve Cutts]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Steve Cutts<br />
| Illustrator and animator.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | D {{anchor|D|d}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Star Wars Theory|Nicholas Dadbeh]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Star Wars Theory<br />
| Known for his content related to the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Charli D'Amelio]]<br />
| United States<br />
| charli d'amelio<br />
| Dancer, vlogger and TikToker.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dixie D'Amelio]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Dixie D'Amelio<br />
| Dancer, singer, vlogger and TikToker.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Damián Kuc]]<br />
| Argentina<br />
| Historias Innecesarias<br />
| Known for publishing videos about true crime, specially cases that happened in Argentina.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SkyDoesMinecraft|Adam Dahlberg]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SkyDoesMinecraft<br />
| A ''[[Minecraft]]'' YouTuber and musical artist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Zubin Damania]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ZDoggMD<br />
| A doctor known for his hip hop inspired medical comedy videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lasizwe Dambuza]]<br />
| South Africa<br />
| Lasizwe Dambuza <br />
| YouTuber, media personality.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Ian Danskin<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Innuendo Studios]]<br />
| Known for "The Alt-Right Playbook" series of videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[GeorgeNotFound|George Davidson]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|GeorgeNotFound, Not GeorgeNotFound, GeorgeWasFound, GeorgeNotFound Streams, GeorgeNotFound Shorts<br />
|Known for his ''[[Minecraft]]''-related videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[GeoWizard|Tom Davies]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|GeoWizard<br />
|Gamer and adventurer, known for his skill at [[GeoGuessr]] and for his straight-line walking missions across various countries.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hannah Pearl Davis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JustPearlyThings<br />
| Controversial social media personality known for [[misogynistic]] commentary.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Lynn Yamada Davis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Cooking With Lynja<br />
| She was known for her cooking videos. She died of [[esophageal cancer]] in 2024.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cart Narcs|Sebastian Garrett Davis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Cart Narcs<br />
| Known for its videos where Davis confronts retail customers who leave their shopping carts in parking lots<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nataly Dawn]]<br />
| United States<br />
| natalydawn<br />
| Indie musician, singer, and songwriter.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shane Dawson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ShaneDawsonTV, ShaneDawsonTV2, shane<br />
| Makes comedy sketches and vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex Day]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| nerimon<br />
| Has had a few United Kingdom top 40 hits after vlogging on YouTube.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bill Day (filmmaker)|Bill Day]]<br />
| United States<br />
| billschannel<br />
| Documentary filmmaker<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Donald De La Haye|Donald De La Haye Jr.]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Deestroying<br />
|[[American football]] player and member of FaZe Clan.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Storm De Beul]]<br />
|Belgium<br />
|StormOutdoorsy<br />
|Belgian YouTuber known for outdoor recreation content. Died of hypothermia in [[Sarek National Park]], [[Sweden]] in October 2024.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eric Decker (Youtuber)|Eric Decker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Airrack, Houseparty, Also Airrack<br />
| American YouTuber most well known for gaining one million subscribers in one year. <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Philip DeFranco]]<br />
| United States<br />
| sxephil, PhilipDeFranco<br />
| News reporter, known for ''[[The Philip DeFranco Show]]'', and being the creator of ''[[SourceFed]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Timothy DeLaGhetto]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TimothyDeLaGhetto, TraPhikMusik, TimsBakery<br />
| Filmmaker, musician, vlogger, rapper. Also known by his rap name Traphik.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adore Delano]] (Danny Noriega)<br />
| United States<br />
| DannyNoriega<br />
| Following ''Idol'', Noriega became a YouTube personality, performing skits as himself, in drag as Adore Delano, or as his other character, Angel Baby. In June 2009, Noriega released the music video for "24/7," featuring Diamonique. Other than ''Idol'', Adore also competed on the 6th season and All Stars 2 of American TV show ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Stephen Deleonardis<br />
| United States<br />
| SteveWillDoIt, [[Nelk]]<br />
| Challenges, pranks, vlogs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Belle Delphine]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| belle delphine<br />
| Notable for her glamour and cosplay modeling influenced by memes.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Doug DeMuro]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Doug DeMuro, More Doug DeMuro<br />
| American YouTuber known for his car reviews.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Denby]]<br />
| United States, United Kingdom<br />
| Wendover Productions, Half as Interesting, Sam from Wendover, Extremeties, [[Jet Lag: The Game]]<br />
| Educational entertainment.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Deng Haiyan]]<br />
|United States<br />
|二爷故事<br />
|Former police officer in China.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ice Poseidon|Paul Denino]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ice Poseidon<br />
| IRL [[Kick (service)|Kick]] [[Online streamer|live streamer]] who previously streamed on [[YouTube]], [[Mixer (service)|Mixer]] and [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Esmée Denters]]<br />
| Netherlands<br />
| {{Proper name|esmeedenters}}<br />
| Singer, she covered songs by musicians like [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Natasha Bedingfield]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Céline Dept]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| CélineDept, {{Ill|Celine & Michiel|nl|Celine & Michiel}}<br />
| Soccer, pranks, challenges, also on TikTok.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alfie Deyes]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Alfie Deyes, Alfie Deyes Vlogs, PointlessBlogGames<br />
| Vlogger, comedian and [[Let's Play]]er.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | †[[Diamond and Silk]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Diamond and Silk, Ditch and Switch<br />
| Former [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] who became supporters of [[Donald Trump]]. "Diamond" died on January 8, 2023, of heart disease linked to high blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Diamond' of pro-Trump commentary duo dies of heart disease |url=https://news.yahoo.com/diamond-pro-trump-commentary-duo-221840447.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Yahoo News]] |date=23 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dianxi Xiaoge]]<br />
| China<br />
| 滇西小哥dianxixiaoge<br />
| Chinese video blogger who makes videos about [[Yunnan|Yunnan's]] food and culture.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vic DiBitetto|Victor DiBitetto]]<br />
| United States<br />
| VicDiBitetto<br />
| Stand-up comedian whose launch to fame starred with a YouTube video entitled, "Bread & Milk." He currently has over 70 million views on YouTube.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Blendtec|Tom Dickson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Blendtec<br />
| Founder of Blendtec, and star of ''[[Will It Blend?]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[That Vegan Teacher|Kadie Karen Diekmeyer]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| That Vegan Teacher<br />
| Canadian Internet personality and [[Animal rights movement|Animal rights activist]] who promotes [[veganism]], sometimes in controversial ways.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marié Digby]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MarieDigby<br />
| Singer-songwriter whose career picked up when she posted a video of herself covering the [[Rihanna]] song "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jared Dines]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jared Dines ({{Proper name|th3ycharg3}})<br />
| Musician, singer-songwriter; creates heavy metal themed videos, covers, paraodies, and original music.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jaiden Animations|Jaiden Dittfach]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jaiden Animations<br />
| Artist and animator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rose and Rosie|Rose Ellen Dix]], [[Rose and Rosie|Rosie Spaughton]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Rose Ellen Dix, TheRoxetera, Let's Play Games<br />
| Married couple Rose and Rosie are an English comedy and entertainment duo.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ChrisMD|Christopher Dixon]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| ChrisMD, Chris Dixon<br />
| Footballer and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[El Rubius|Rubén Doblas]]<br />
| Norway, Spain<br />
| elrubiusOMG, Rubius Z<br />
| Gaming and vlogging videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Dobrik]]<br />
| Slovakia, United States<br />
| David Dobrik, David Dobrik Too, Views Podcast<br />
| Vlogger, prankster, TikToker, former Viner and the de facto leader of the "Vlog Squad". He has gained a combined total of over 17 million subscribers as of 11 January 2019, since he began uploading videos in 2015.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sina-drums|Sina Doering]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| Sina-drums<br />
| Drummer and record producer known for song covers.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[The Dolan Twins]]<br />
| United States<br />
| The Dolan Twins<br />
| Comedy duo.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dancing Dolls]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Replay849<br />
| Cover dance unit. Covered dances of such artists as [[Girls' Generation]] and [[2NE1]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MrBeast|James Donaldson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MrBeast, Beast Reacts, MrBeast 2, MrBeast Gaming, MrBeast 3<br />
| Known for his stunts, philanthropy, gaming videos and competitions. Overtook PewDiePie as the most-subscribed individual YouTuber in November 2022 and, since June 2, 2024 has been the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed YouTube channel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=MrBeast surpasses PewDiePie as the most-followed individual YouTuber |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/mrbeast-surpasses-pewdiepie-followed-individual-youtuber-rcna56829 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lisa Donovan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LisaNova, lisa<br />
|Gained fame for her impersonation of [[Sarah Palin]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jimmy Dore]]<br />
| United States<br />
| The Jimmy Dore Show<br />
| [[Progressivism|Progressive]] commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Caitlin Doughty]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Caitlin Doughty – Ask A Mortician<br />
| "Ask a Mortician" a question-and-answer comedy series on death, [[death and culture|death culture]], and funeral practices, and promoting death acceptance and alternative funeral practices.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Douglass]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|jacksfilms}}, {{Proper name|jackisanerd}}, SHUTUPDENNIS, {{Proper name|featuredfridays}}, {{Proper name|catlvr6969}}, JJJacksfilms<br />
| Creator of the "Your Grammar Sucks" and "YIAY" ("Yesterday I Asked You") series, as well as "The WTF Blanket", a parody of [[sleeved blanket]]s.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Kristina Đukić]]<br />
| Serbia<br />
| K1KA<br />
| Was a gamer, vlogger, and streamer, also known by her online alias, K1KA or Kika. Her content on YouTube was focused on playing video games. She got in a drama with another Serbian YouTube star, Baka Prase. After the drama finished, Kika had been harassed multiple times, which culminated in her allegedly committing suicide on 8 December 2021. <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gavin Dunne]]<br />
| Ireland<br />
| miracleofsound<br />
| Musician that specialises in [[video game music]], creating songs based on characters from video games and other pop-culture topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Jerry Dyer<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Big Jet TV]]<br />
| Airport [[live streaming]] and content involving planes landing and taking off.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | E {{anchor|E|e}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[LazarBeam|Lannan Eacott]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| LazarBeam<br />
| Known primarily for his [[Let's Play]] videos, "comedic riffs" and use of [[Internet meme|memes]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Esther Earl]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Cookie4Monster4<br />
| [[Harry Potter]] and [[John Green]] fan. Died in 2010 from [[thyroid cancer]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Addison Rae|Addison Rae Easterling]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Addison Rae<br />
|TikToker and former member of [[The Hype House|Hype House]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Apetor|Tor Eckhoff]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| Apetor<br />
| Adventurer and daredevil known for his ice-skating and winter swimming videos. Died in 2021 from [[drowning]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hajime Syacho|Hajime Eda]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Hajime Syacho, Hajime Syacho 2<br />
| Japanese YouTuber with two comedy channels. His first, "Hajme Syacho", has more than 7.8 million subscribers and 6.1 billion views, while his second, "Hajme Syacho 2", has more than 2 million subscribers and more than 700 million views.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Stuart Edge]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Stuart Edge, Stuart EdgeXtra<br />
| Prankster, musician, magician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Evan Edinger]]<br />
| United States/United Kingdom<br />
| Evan Edinger, Evan Edinger Travel<br />
| Known for his "British VS American" series<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tommy Edison]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TommyEdisonXP, BlindFilmCritic<br />
| Blind film critic<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Berleezy|Berlin Edmond]]<br />
| United States<br />
| berleezy, Berlin, eezyTV<br />
| Gaming and comedy content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Edwards (YouTuber)|Jack Edwards]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Jack Edwards, Jack in the Books<br />
| BookTuber and originally a StudyTuber; Released a book titled ''The Uni-Verse: The Ultimate Guide to Surviving University''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sten Ekberg]]<br />
| Sweden<br />
| DrEkberg<br />
| Holistic [[Chiropractic|chiropractor]] and former Olympic [[decathlete]] whose channel focuses on all aspects of holistic health.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[A Voice for Men|Paul Elam]]<br />
| United States<br />
| An Ear For Men<br />
| Dedicated to commentary on [[antifeminism]] and [[men's rights movement]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lindsay Ellis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Lindsay Ellis<br />
| General media analysis and critique.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jeri Ellsworth]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JeriEllsworth<br />
| Self-taught electronics engineer, and chip designer; serial entrepreneur; co-inventor of "CastAR" augmented reality glasses<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[That's Amazing|Tommy and Matthew End]]<br />
| United States<br />
| That's Amazing<br />
| Trick shots, especially [[bottle flipping]] and [[dice stacking]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Saagar Enjeti]], [[Krystal Ball]], [[Ryan Grim]], [[Emily Jashinsky]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Breaking Points]]<br />
| Political discussions<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Yousef Erakat]]<br />
| United States<br />
| FouseyTUBE, DOSEofFOUSEY<br />
| Palestinian-American prankster, comedian, and motivational speaker. He is best known for the Yoga Pants Prank and the Spiderman in Real Life prank. He also maintains an active vlogging channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CyclingMikey|Michael van Erp]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| CyclingMikey<br />
| Cycling<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Kevin Espiritu<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Epic Gardening]]<br />
| Gardening<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ImJayStation|Jason Ethier]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| ImJayStation {{small|(terminated)}}<br />
| Vlogger who gained prominence for his fake prank videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amber Lee Ettinger]]<br />
| United States<br />
| barelypolitical<br />
| Known as ''Obama Girl'' from the video "[[I Got a Crush... on Obama]]" and stars in many BarelyPolitical episodes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Austin Evans (YouTuber)|Austin Evans]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Austin Evans<br />
| Technology YouTuber most notable for his reviews, PC builds, and unboxings.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Seth Everman]]<br />
| Sweden<br />
| Seth Everman<br />
| Musician, author of the most-liked comment on YouTube<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gore |first1=Sydney |title=Drake's 'Hotline Bling' Gets A Video Game Upgrade |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/10/10/drake-hotline-bling-video-games |website=[[The Fader]] |access-date=27 June 2020 |date=10 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shobe |first1=Michael |title=Für Elise and Moonlight Sonata Like You've Never Heard Them |url=https://www.wqxr.org/story/fur-elise-and-moonlight-sonata-youve-never-heard-them/ |website=WQXR |access-date=27 June 2020 |date=6 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="bad guy" /><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Atrioc|Brandon Ewing]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Atrioc, Atrioc Clips, Atrioc VODs, Lemonade Stand Clips<br />
| Politics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[iJustine|Justine Ezarik]]<br />
| United States<br />
| iJustine, otherijustine, ijustinesiphone, ijustinegaming, ijustinereviews<br />
| Video blogger and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | F {{anchor|F|f}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[F2Freestylers]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| F2Freestylers<br />
| Duo comprising British freestyle footballers Jeremy Lynch and Billy Wingrove. They are best known for producing online video content for their eponymous YouTube channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marsh Family]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| MarshFamilySongs<br />
| English family musical group<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anthony Fantano]]<br />
| United States<br />
| theneedledrop, fantano<br />
| Reviews music through his channel The Needle Drop, which is also a [[Connecticut Public Radio]] podcast.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Luba TV|Lucas Rossi Feuerschütte]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| Luba TV, Luba TV Games<br />
| Comedy videos, game content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[FHProductionHK]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| FHProductionHK<br />
| Makes comedy videos that focus on social issues<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hat Films]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Hat Films<br />
| English comedy and gaming YouTube channel comprising Ross Hornby, Alex Smith and Chris Trott. Since 2014, they have been part of the Yogscast network.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Coffeezilla|Stephen Findeisen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Coffeezilla, Coffee Break<br />
| Exposes crypto scams<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Fine Brothers|Benny and Rafi Fine]]<br />
| United States<br />
| REACT, People Vs Food, Try Not To, FBE, FBE Live<br />
| Brother creators/producers of the ''[[React (media franchise)|React]]'' video series (''Kids'', ''Teens'', ''Elders'', ''YouTubers'', and ''Adults React'') and ''[[MyMusic]]'' sitcom. Founded [[Fine Brothers Entertainment]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Pat Finnerty]]<br />
|United States<br />
|hududhsskso<br />
|Singer-guitarist and front person for Pat Finnerty and the Full Band and [[August is Falling]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Salad Fingers|David Firth]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| David Firth, Fatpie2, Fatpie3, Fatpiemusic<br />
| Animator, director, musician, actor, voice actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mark Fischbach]]<br />
| United States<br />
| markiplier, markiplierGAME, markiplierTWITCH, Unus Annus<br />
| American YouTuber, gamer-commentator, actor, and comedian. Specializes in Let's Play videos, commonly of survival horror video games.<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | [[Fischer's]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Fischer's, Fischer's-Secondary-<br />
| A Japanese YouTuber group belonging to [[Uuum]], a multi-channel network with six members: Silk Road, Masai, Ndaho, Motoki, Zakao, and Dharma.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Beckii Cruel|Rebecca Flint]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| xBextahx<br />
| English YouTuber who went viral in Japan for her [[cover dance]]s; later began a brief singing career under the name Beckii Cruel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Fernanfloo|Luis Fernando Flores]]<br />
| El Salvador<br />
| Fernanfloo<br />
| Salvadoran YouTuber who uploaded commented gameplays<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[VanossGaming|Evan Fong]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| VanossGaming, Rynx, VanossGamingExtras<br />
| Known for his comedic video game commentaries with other creators.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sara Maria Forsberg]]<br />
| Finland<br />
| SAARA (Smokahontas Official), West Toast TV<br />
| Impersonator, singer, interviewed on British [[BBC radio]] and Finnish public radio [[YLE]], in which she confirmed that she was contacted by a producer of ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Elle and Blair Fowler]]<br />
| United States<br />
| AllThatGlitters21, EllesGlitterGossip (Elle), otherjuicystar07, juicystar07 (Blair)<br />
| Sisters who post beauty and style-related tutorials and vlogs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Xyla Foxlin]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Xyla Foxlin<br />
| Foxlin is an engineer and entrepreneur and YouTuber who designs and builds projects requiring woodworking and engineering skills.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ruby Franke]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[8 Passengers]] {{small|(terminated)}}<br />
| Mother of six that posted proclaimed "strict parental advice". Arrested August 30, 2023, for six counts of [[child abuse|aggravated child abuse]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Connor Franta]]<br />
|United States<br />
| ConnorFranta, More Connor, (and formerly Our2ndLife)<br />
| Comedy vlogger, previously a member of the Our2ndLife channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gavin Free]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[The Slow Mo Guys|theslowmoguys]], [[Rooster Teeth|roosterteeth]], [[Achievement Hunter|letsplay, gamefails]]<br />
| Director, producer, voice actor, and cinematographer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Freiheit]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Viva Frei<br />
| Law, politics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lex Fridman]]<br />
| Russia, United States<br />
| Lex Fridman, Lex Clips<br />
| Computer scientist and host of the ''Lex Fridman Podcast''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Autumn Fry]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Autumn's Armory<br />
| [[Child influencer]] and firearm reviewer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Colin Furze]]<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
| colinfurze<br />
| YouTuber, stuntman, inventor, fabricator, filmmaker and former plumber<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | G {{anchor|G|g}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rémi Gaillard]]<br />
| France<br />
| Rémi GAILLARD<br />
| French humorist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Kasun Deegoda Gamage<br />
| Sri Lanka<br />
| [[Travel with Wife]]<br />
| Video blogger, adventure travel, humanitarian <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Christine Gambito]]<br />
|United States<br />
| HappySlip, Christine Gambito<br />
| Known for her Filipino jokes, accent and virtues.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gangavva]]<br />
|India<br />
| My Village Show<br />
|Actress and comedian who appears in skits focusing on the life of people in a [[Telangana]] village.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Borah|first=Prabalika M.|date=17 June 2019|title=Meet Gangavva, the 57-year-old star of 'My Village Show' on YouTube|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/swapping-the-field/article27999646.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ireedui "IZ" Gantogtokh]]<br />
|Mongolia<br />
|IZ <br />
|His videos cover a wide range of topics including trends, tech, education, motivational vlogs, politics and other cultural content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ryan Garcia]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ryan Garcia<br />
| Professional boxer, collaborates with various internet personalities<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jean-François Gariépy]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| JFG Tonight<br />
| YouTube personality, author, former [[neuroscience]] researcher<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Germán Garmendia]]<br />
| Chile<br />
| HolaSoyGerman, HolaSoyGerman2, JuegaGerman<br />
| Chilean video producer and aspiring actor. The 10th most subscribed channel on YouTube, he currently has over 38 million subscribers and 3.8 billion video views. Garmendia makes monological [[observational comedy]] videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joseph Garrett]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Stampylonghead<br />
| Known for his ''[[Minecraft]]'' videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gary the Goat]], Jimbo Bazoobi<br />
| Australia<br />
| Gary the Goat<br />
| Australian comedy group involving a comedian and a goat.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Videogamedunkey|Jason Gastrow]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Videogamedunkey<br />
| Video game reviewer and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jacob Geller]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jacob Geller<br />
| Video essayist on video games and art<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Guru Gembul]]<br />
| Indonesia<br />
| Guru Gembul<br />
| Indonesian activist, critic, teacher, and content creator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gigi Gorgeous|Gigi Getty]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Gigi Gorgeous<br />
| Model, actress, and [[transgender]] activist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Gina<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Gibi ASMR]]<br />
| [[ASMR]] creator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kassem G]]haraibeh<br />
| United States<br />
| KassemG<br />
| Co-founder of [[Maker Studios]], comedian, actor, and producer. Best known for his ''California On'' and ''Going Deep'' series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ghib Ojisan]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| GhibOjisan<br />
| Japanese travel YouTuber based in Singapore<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Simone Giertz]]<br />
| Sweden/United States<br />
| Simone Giertz<br />
| Swedish inventor and maker, dubbed "the queen of useless robots" by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jamieson|first1=Amber|title=Meet the queen of useless robots: 'The internet is a weird place'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/17/youtube-queen-robots-simone-giertz-inventor|access-date=20 March 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brian David Gilbert]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Brian David Gilbert<br />
|Writer, comedian, actor, host, and musician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gille (singer)|Gille]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| GILLEsound<br />
| Singer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Anthime Gionet<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Baked Alaska (livestreamer)|Baked Alaska]] {{small|(terminated)}}<br />
|Former rapper and [[BuzzFeed]] commentator turned [[far-right]] [[anti-semite]], [[white supremacist]], and [[conspiracy theorist]]. Banned from Twitter in November 2017 and YouTube in October 2020 for hate speech, and arrested by the [[FBI]] after livestreaming on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] his participation in the [[2021 United States Capitol attack]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Caroline Girvan]]<br />
|Ireland<br />
|Caroline Girvan<br />
|Fitness and personal trainer geared to women aiming to build strength and muscular endurance<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Joey Gizzi<br />
| United States<br />
| [[AreYouKiddingTV]]<br />
| American internet challenge and entertainment channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lasse Gjertsen]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| Lasse Gjertsen<br />
| Animator, musician and videographer. Known for early YouTube hits.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Smooth McGroove|Max Gleason]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SmoothMcGroove<br />
| [[A cappella]] renditions of video game music<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alexa Goddard]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Alexa Goddard<br />
| British R&B singer who charted in the [[UK Top 40|United Kingdom Top 40]] after promoting herself through YouTube.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ben Going]]<br />
| United States<br />
| boh3m3<br />
|Known for his video blogs and was an early YouTube partner.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Wilbur Soot|William Gold]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Wilbur Soot, Wilbur Music<br />
| Gamer and singer-songwriter, known for his activities in the 2011 sandbox video game ''[[Minecraft]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Danny Gonzalez]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Danny Gonzalez, 2 Danny 2 Furious, Danny GAMEzalez, Fox Szn<br />
| Commentary youtuber known for his comedic commentary videos on a variety of topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michelle Gooris]]<br />
| Netherlands<br />
| DutchPilotGirl<br />
| Dutch airline pilot known for documenting the life of a pilot and promoting learning to fly.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Drew Gooden (comedian)|Drew Gooden]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Drew Gooden<br />
| Known for his comedic [[criticism|commentary]] videos and his "We Are Two Different People Tour" that he did with [[Danny Gonzalez]] and [[Kurtis Conner]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Wayne Goss (make-up artist)|Wayne Goss]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| gossmakeupartist, gossmakeupchat<br />
| Makeup artist and entrepreneur<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Yuki Goto (singer, born 1986)|Yuki Goto]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Otto Totto Channel<br />
| Japanese YouTuber and former member of the duo [[EE Jump]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Edd Gould|Edward "Edd" Gould]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Eddsworld]]<br />
| Flash animator and creator of the Eddsworld series. Died in 2012 from recurring infection caused by [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jamie Grace]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jGracePro<br />
| Singer-songwriter discovered by [[TobyMac]] and signed to [[Gotee Records]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joey Graceffa]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JoeyGraceffa, JoeyGraceffaGames<br />
| Vlogger, actor and host at Teen.com. His videos' topics are varied and include vlogs of his daily life, challenges, [[song cover]]s, [[The Hunger Games trilogy|''The Hunger Games'' trilogy]] and gaming videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DDG (rapper)|Darryl Dwayne Granberry Jr.]]<br />
|United States<br />
| DDG, PontiacMadeDDG Vlogs<br />
| Rapper and vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam22|Adam John Grandmaison]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Adam22, No Jumper, No Jumper Clips<br />
| Hip Hop and adult film content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kina Grannis]]<br />
| United States<br />
| kinagrannis<br />
| Singer-songwriter formerly signed to [[Interscope Records]]. Mostly known for her song "In Your Arms".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Emily Graslie]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|brainscoop}}<br />
| Blogger from [[Field Museum]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Angry Grandpa|Charles Green Jr.]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheAngryGrandpaShow, GrandpasCorner<br />
| Known for videos of him violently raging and reacting to various pranks and events. Died in 2017 of [[cirrhosis]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[GloZell]] Green<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|glozell1}}<br />
| Actress, comedian and singer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[John Green|John]] and [[Hank Green]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[vlogbrothers]], [[Crash Course (YouTube)|CrashCourse]], [[SciShow]], various others<br />
| Vloggers, authors, musician (Hank only), educators and podcasters.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Laci Green]]<br />
| United States<br />
| lacigreen, gogreen18<br />
| Atheist, feminist, sex educator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jess Greenberg]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| JessGreenberg1<br />
| Acoustic guitar player who covers a variety of songs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gregory Brothers|The Gregory Brothers]]<br />
| United States<br />
| schmoyoho, thegregorybrothers<br />
| Creators of several "songified" videos using [[Autotune]], most notably the "[[Bed Intruder Song]]", the [[Double Rainbow (viral video)|"Double Rainbow Song"]], "Winning!" (w/ [[Charlie Sheen]]), and the "Auto-tune the News" series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CGP Grey]]<br />
| United States/United Kingdom<br />
| CGP Grey<br />
| Makes informational videos, including "The Difference between the [[United Kingdom]], Great Britain, and England Explained" and "Rules for the Rulers".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Christina Grimmie]]<br />
| United States<br />
| zeldaxlove64 Christina Grimmie<br />
| Singer-songwriter. [[Christina Grimmie#Murder|Killed]] in 2016 as victim of a [[murder-suicide]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Parry Gripp]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ParryGripp<br />
| Singer-songwriter as well as lead vocalist and guitarist for the [[pop punk]] band [[Nerf Herder]], creator of various happy jingles.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shroud (gamer)|Michael Grzesiek]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Shroud, Shroudy Rowdy<br />
| Gaming content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gunnarolla|Andrew Gunadie]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| gunnarolla, dietgunnarolla<br />
| Canadian internet personality, musician, and video producer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gawr Gura]] <br />
| United States<br />
| Gawr Gura Ch. hololive-EN<br />
| [[VTuber|Virtual YouTuber]] with [[Hololive Production]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gawr Gura Has Achieved 4 Million YouTube Subscribers {{!}} NEWS {{!}} hololive official website |url=https://hololive.hololivepro.com/en/news/20220616-02-2/ |website=Hololive Production |publisher=COVER Corporation |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=en |date=16 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Manny MUA|Manuel Gutierrez Jr.]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MannyMua733<br />
| Beauty influencer, makeup artist, and first male brand ambassador for [[Maybelline]] cosmetics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eva Gutowski]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MyLifeAsEva<br />
| Vlogger, actress and YouTube personality.<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | H {{anchor|H|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nadeshot|Matthew Haag]]<br />
| United States<br />
| NaDeSHoT<br />
| Former OpTic Gaming eSports player, and current owner of eSports organisation 100 Thieves.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Zach Hadel]]<br />
| United States<br />
| psychicpebbles<br />
| Animator, voice actor, and comedian. Recurring co-host of [[OneyPlays]], and co-creator of Adult Swim's ''[[Smiling Friends]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Peter Hadfield (journalist)|Peter Hadfield]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Potholer54, Potholer54debunks<br />
| Science journalist who vlogs on science and [[pseudoscience]], particularity on [[Creation–evolution controversy|creationism vs evolution]] and [[Global warming controversy|global warming]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dave Hakkens]]<br />
| Netherlands<br />
| One Army, One Army Community<br />
| Dutch designer best known for [[Phonebloks]] and [[Precious Plastic]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Atta Halilintar]]<br />
| Indonesia<br />
| Atta Halilintar<br />
| First Indonesian YouTuber to cross 20 million subscribers mark<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bryce Hall (internet personality)|Bryce Hall]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Bryce Hall<br />
| Dancer, vlogger and TikToker<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jeremy Hambly]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheQuartering, UnsleevedMedia, ClawStruck<br />
| YouTuber and social commentator<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=Aisha |last2=Williams-Johnson |first2=Dana |date=2025-03-01 |title="You dumb cracker b*tch": The legitimizing of White supremacy during a Twitch ban of HasanAbi |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231191776 |journal=New Media & Society |language=EN |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=1318–1335 |doi=10.1177/14614448231191776 |issn=1461-4448|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Trott |first=Verity Anne |date=2022-06-01 |title='Gillette: The best a beta can get': Networking hegemonic masculinity in the digital sphere |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820978293 |journal=New Media & Society |language=EN |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1417–1434 |doi=10.1177/1461444820978293 |issn=1461-4448|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lewis Hancox]]<br />
| England<br />
| Lewis Hancox<br />
| English filmmaker, graphic novelist, social media personality and transgender activist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gabbie Hanna]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Gabbie Hanna, More Gabbie Hanna<br />
| Comedian, actress, author, and singer-songwriter that gained popularity on Vine before amassing a total of 8.2 million subscribers combined on her two YouTube channels.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Arin Hanson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Egoraptor, [[GameGrumps]]<br />
| Animator, voice actor, actor, and video game pundit known for his animations (such as the ''Awesome Series'', ''Sequelitis'', and ''Girlchan in Paradise!!'') and co-creating the [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]] series, ''[[Game Grumps]]''. Member of musical comedy group [[Starbomb]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brady Haran]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Periodic Videos, Sixty Symbols, Numberphile, Computerphile<br />
| Journalist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Hardcastle]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| OfficialNerdCubed, OfficiallyNerdCubed, OfficialNerdCubedLive<br />
| A British Gamer, primarily releases let's plays and occasional vlogs. Released a book titled ''Fuck Yeah: Video Games'', which reached number one on ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' best sellers list.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ash Hardell]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ash Hardell, More Ash and Gray<br />
| Known for being a voice for the [[LGBTQIA+]] community and creating education content about sexual and gender diversity.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brandon Hardesty]]<br />
| United States<br />
| UndoTube<br />
| Actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chris Harris (journalist)|Chris Harris]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Chris Harris on Cars, (formerly) Drive<br />
| Automotive journalist, his roadtest between a [[LaFerrari]], [[McLaren P1]] and [[Porsche 918 Spyder|Porsche 918]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/article/supercars/watch-chris-harris-laferrari-mclaren-p1-porsche-918-spyder|title=LaFerrari, McLaren P1 and Porsche 918 Spyder comparison test with video|work=Autoweek|access-date=5 December 2015|date=20 November 2015}}</ref> received over one million views within two weeks.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cyriak|Cyriak Harris]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| cyriak<br />
| English freelance animator and composer known mononymously as Cyriak.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joel Haver]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Joel Haver<br />
| American animator known for his comedy sketches, which frequently use [[rotoscoped]] animation.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chloé Hayden]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Chloé Hayden<br />
| Autistic actor and [[Autism rights movement|autism rights advocate]], who makes videos about the [[autism|autistic]] experience. released a book titled ''Different, Not Less: A Neurodivergent's Guide to Embracing Your True Self and Finding Your Happily Ever After''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hannah Hart]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|myharto}}, {{Proper name|yourharto}}<br />
| She is best known for starring in ''[[My Drunk Kitchen]]'', a weekly series on YouTube. Apart from her main channel, she also runs a second channel where she talks about life in general and gives her opinions on various topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mamrie Hart]]<br />
| United States<br />
| YouDeserveADrink, mametown<br />
| Comedian, actress, writer, and performer. On her main channel, YouDeserveADrink, she primarily posts weekly instructional mixology videos, with a unique cocktail presented in each, allowing her to combine her past work experience as a bartender with performing. She periodically collaborates with other YouTube personalities such as [[Hannah Hart]] and [[Grace Helbig]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vi Hart]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Vihart<br />
| Mathematician, educator, inventor, and self-described "recreational mathemusician and hexa[[flexagon]] enthusiast".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Emily Hartridge]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Emily Hartridge<br />
| Vlogger, known for discussing sex, relationships, love, gender, and mental health. Killed in an e-scooter accident in 2019.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Abrar Hassan]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| WildLens by Abrar<br />
| Travel and adventure vlogging<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joanna Hausmann]]<br />
| Venezuela<br />
| Joanna Hausmann<br />
| Gained popularity through her videos on her channel as well as on [[Univision]]'s bilingual platform, Flama.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steven He]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Steven He<br />
| Chinese Irish comedian. Coined the phrase "Emotional Damage".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andy Hearnden]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Andy Cooks<br />
| Food and cooking with recipes, tips, tricks, recipe requests, and more.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Grace Helbig]]<br />
| United States<br />
| itsgrace, dailygrace (former)<br />
| Actress, comedian and video blogger from Los Angeles<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrew Mark Henry]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Religion for Breakfast<br />
| Education relating to [[religious studies]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alejandro Hernández (director)|Alejandro Hernández]]<br />
| Venezuela<br />
| Alejandro Hernandez<br />
| Creator of ''[[The Alejandro Hernández Show]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Elena Herraiz]]<br />
| Spain<br />
| Linguriosa<br />
| Makes informative content about Spanish language and linguistics. Since 2024, she has appeared on the TV show ''Cifras y letras''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brandon Herrera]]<br />
| United States <br />
| Brandon Herrera<br />
| Also known as "The AK Guy". Content primarily focuses on firearms.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nigahiga|Ryan Higa]]<br />
| United States<br />
| nigahiga, HigaTV<br />
| Comedy sketches. The 40th most subscribed YouTube channel. As of late 2020, he had taken a break from YouTube.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Caitlin Hill]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| S Facts<br />
| Rapper<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jaclyn Hill]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jaclynhill1<br />
| Known for her makeup tutorial videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lewis Hilsenteger]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| unboxtherapy<br />
| Unboxing and technology YouTube channel produced by Lewis George Hilsenteger and Jack McCann<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[John Hindhaugh]], Nick Daman<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Radio Le Mans|exint2]], [[Nismo]]tv2013<br />
| Motorsport commentators, live commentary on radio-controlled racing and [[Super GT]] (via his [[Radio Le Mans]] livestream) in addition to his [[endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance racing]] work he is best known for.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Valkyrae|Rachel Hofstetter]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Valkyrae<br />
| The first female gamer and [[Content creation|content creator]] for [[100 Thieves|100Thieves]], a competitive American esports team.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Holmes (sailor)|Sam Holmes]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Sam Holmes Sailing<br />
| Sailor who records his journeys across the journey<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hoovie's Garage|Tyler Hoover]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Hoovie's Garage<br />
| Automotive journalist and vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hoshimachi Suisei]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Suisei Channel<br />
| A [[VTuber]] and singer associated with [[Hololive Production]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rahat Hossain]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MagicOfRahat, RahatsIphone<br />
| An [[Old Dominion University]] student who produces magic tricks and pranks on his YouTube channel "MagicOfRahat", which has over 7 million subscribers and 1 billion video views<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sabine Hossenfelder]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| Sabine Hossenfelder<br />
| Sabine is a [[theoretical physicist]], [[science communicator]], author, musician, singer, and [[YouTuber]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Houshou Marine]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Marine Ch. 宝鐘マリン<br />
| A [[VTuber]] and singer associated with [[Hololive Production]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Howell]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Daniel Howell (formerly {{Proper name|danisnotonfire}}), {{Proper name|danisnotinteresting}}, DanAndPhilGAMES<br />
| A British vlogger and former radio host, co-host of ''Super Amazing Project''; released a book titled ''The Amazing Book Is Not on Fire'' with [[Phil Lester]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[HowToBasic]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| HowToBasic, HowToBasic2<br />
| An Australian vlogger who makes misleading tutorial videos, notably by destroying large quantities of food and various housewares.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[LadBaby|Mark Hoyle]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| LadBaby, LadBaby & Sons<br />
| [[Life hack]]s, pranks, parenting and family, social media challenges, children's toy reviews<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Zack Hoyt<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Asmongold]], Asmongold TV, Asmondgold, ZackRawrr<br />
| ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' and related gaming content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrew Huang (musician)|Andrew Huang]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| ANDREW HUANG<br />
| Canadian musician best known for his Song Challenge series which invites viewers to dare him in feats of musicianship, and viral hit "[[Pink Fluffy Unicorns Dancing on Rainbows]]"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cary and Michael Huang]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jacknjellify, Zack Bone Productions<br>'''Cary''': carykh, Humany, Abacaba, lazykh, cubykh<br>'''Michael''': Michael H, Yoyle Cake<br />
| Chinese-American creators, best known for their web series ''[[Battle for Dream Island]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lil Huddy|Chase Hudson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LILHUDDY<br />
| American TikToker and vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jake Hurwitz]] and [[Amir Blumenfeld]]<br />
| United States/Israel<br />
| [[CollegeHumor]] ([[Jake and Amir]])<br />
| Comedy writers and actors for the website ''[[CollegeHumor]]''. They star in their web series ''[[Jake and Amir]]'' and other ''CollegeHumor'' sketches. They have since left the company and ended the series to try to get the series on television. They also host their own podcast, ''[[If I Were You (podcast)|If I Were You]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Corpse Husband]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Corpse Husband, CORPSE, Corpse Husband Gaming & Clips<br />
| Singer and [[Let's Play]]er, best known for his low-pitched and deep voice, and his [[Among Us]] [[Let's Play]]s with other gamers and YouTubers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Candice Hutchings]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Edgy Veg<br />
| Vegan chef and comedian.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | I {{anchor|I|i}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Guillermo Ibáñez<br />
| Spain<br />
| [[Willyrex]], TheWillyrex<br />
| Gaming, vlogging<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alejo Igoa]]<br />
| Argentina<br />
| Alejo Igoa<br />
| Argentine YouTuber<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1090943/sociedad/quien-alejo-igoa-youtuber-argentino-conquisto-mundo-mas-71-millones-suscriptores.html|title=Quién es Alejo Igoa: el youtuber argentino que conquistó el mundo con más de 71 millones de suscriptores|date=3 July 2025|website=La Gaceta|language=es|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250729110542/https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1090943/sociedad/quien-alejo-igoa-youtuber-argentino-conquisto-mundo-mas-71-millones-suscriptores.html|archive-date=29 July 2025|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Baka Prase|Bogdan Ilić]]<br />
| Serbia<br />
| Baka Prase {{small|(terminated)}}, Baka Prase TV {{small|(terminated)}}, Baka Sepra, Baka Prase 2 <br />
| Controversial rapper, gamer, entertainer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kelsey Impicciche]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Kelsey Impicciche (formerly Kelsey Dangerous), BuzzFeed Multiplayer<br />
| Gaming YouTuber known for playing the 100 Baby Challenge in [[The Sims 4]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Inugami Korone]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Korone Ch. 戌神ころね<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]] <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ironmouse]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ironmouse<br />
| A [[VTuber]] and a founding member of [[VShojo]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Johnny Somali|Ramsey Khalid Ismael]]<br />
| United States/South Korea<br />
| [[Johnny Somali]]<br />
| Travel vlogger and self-proclaimed internet troll. Youtube channel was deleted in 2024<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vidya Iyer]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Vidya Vox<br />
| Singer known for combining popular western and Indian songs<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | J {{anchor|J|j}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Onision|James Jackson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Onision<br />
| Controversial entertainer, musician and author.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jon Jafari]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JonTronShow, GameGrumps<br />
| Unorthodox video game reviewer, creator of ''[[Jon Jafari#JonTron|JonTron]]'' and co-creator of ''[[Game Grumps]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dhinchak Pooja|Pooja Jain]]<br />
| India<br />
| Dhinchak Pooja<br />
| Indian YouTuber known for her appearance on the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]''. Considered "the queen of [[cringe pop]]".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | James A. Janisse, Chelsea Rebecca<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Dead Meat (YouTube channel)|Dead Meat]]<br />
| YouTube channel dedicated to horror film/games and other horror-adjacent media. Best known for covering the [[body count]] of character and creature deaths in movies and video games.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Janoskians]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Janoskians, DareSundays<br />
| An Australian web-based comedy group<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]]<br />
|India<br />
|Shanmukh Jaswanth<br />
|Creates short comedy videos, series and dance videos. Best known for ''[[The Software Devloveper]]'' series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Derrick Jaxn]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Derrick Jaxn<br />
|Creates relationship advice content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lochana Jayakodi]]<br />
| Sri Lanka<br />
| Lochi<br />
| Sri Lankan YouTuber and TikTok personality<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ronald Jenkees]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ronaldjenkees<br />
| American composer and musician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jeong Haneul]]<br />
| South Korea<br />
| Bukshital TV (북시탈tv)<br />
| Former North Korean soldier that defected to South Korea and now makes videos about North Korea<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bremer |first1=Ifang |last2=Chung |first2=Yeji |date=2022-12-02 |title=From frontline to online: An ex-North Korean soldier's path to YouTube stardom |url=https://www.nknews.org/2022/12/from-frontline-to-online-an-ex-north-korean-soldiers-path-to-youtube-stardom/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[NK News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520151317/https://www.nknews.org/2022/12/from-frontline-to-online-an-ex-north-korean-soldiers-path-to-youtube-stardom/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jerma985]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jerma985<br />
| American gamer and Twitch streamer known for his unconventional content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[La Divaza]] (Pedro Luis Joao)<br />
| Venezuela<br />
| La Divaza, Keeping up with LA DIVAZA<br />
| Uploads gaming, comedy, vlogs and Let's Play videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Griffin Johnson]]<br />
|United States<br />
|The Armchair Historian<br />
|YouTube channel dedicated to history topics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gus Johnson (comedian)|Gus Johnson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|gustoonz}}<br />
| Sketch comedian, YouTube commentator, and podcast host<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jarvis Johnson (YouTuber)|Jarvis Johnson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jarvis Johnson<br />
| [[Social commentary|Commentary]] YouTuber and former [[software engineer]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lia Marie Johnson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| liamariejohnson<br />
|Known for her time on [[React (media franchise)|Kids React]] and [[Teens React]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ray William Johnson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RayWilliamJohnson, yourfavoritemartian, BreakingNYC<br />
| Was the No.1 most subscribed channel before being surpassed by Smosh in 2013. Reviews viral videos. Has a second channel with animated music videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Samwell (entertainer)|Samuel Johnson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| brownmarkfilms<br />
| Known as Samwell, is most notable for the video "[[What What (In the Butt)]]".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[IDubbbz|Ian Jomha]]<br />
| United States<br />
| iDubbbzTV<br />
| Absurdist comedian known for his ''Content Cop'' series and the [[internet meme]]s he has helped to create<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Austin Jones (musician)|Austin Jones]]<br />
| United States<br />
| AusdudePro <br />
| Controversial American singer who was discovered on YouTube<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Danielle Jones (physician)|Danielle Jones]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Mama Doctor Jones<br />
| American [[obstetrician-gynecologist]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Jones (YouTuber)|David Jones]]<br />
| New Zealand<br />
| davidsjones<br />
| YouTuber, filmmaker, and content creator known for fingerboarding tutorials, DIY projects, and charitable initiatives such as the Cardborghini auction for Starship Children's Hospital.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David L. Jones (electronics engineer)|David L. Jones]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| {{Proper name|eevblog}}<br />
| Electronic engineer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alexis Jordan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alexis Jordan<br />
| Singer-songwriter, actress and first season contestant on ''[[America's Got Talent]]''; signed to [[Jay Z]]'s [[Roc Nation]] label through her exposure on her YouTube channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sungha Jung]]<br />
| Korea<br />
| jwcfree<br />
| Guitarist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TheReportOfTheWeek|John Jurasek]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheReportOfTheWeek<br />
| American YouTube personality, [[food critic]], and radio host.<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | K {{anchor|K|k}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Myth (gamer)|Ali Kabbani]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Myth<br />
| ''[[Fortnite]]'' player<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jessie Kahnweiler]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jbkpictures1<br />
| Comedy channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hikakin|Hikaru Kaihatsu]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| HIKAKIN, {{Proper name|hikakinTV}}, HikakinBlog<br />
| Japanese [[human beatbox]], food and product reviews<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Ryan Kaji<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Ryan's World]] (formerly RyanToysReview)<br />
| Children's channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Noah Kalina]]<br />
| United States<br />
| NK5000<br />
| Notable for his video "Noah takes a photo of himself [[everyday (video)|every day]] for 6 years".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Laura Kampf]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| Laura Kampf<br />
| DIY maker<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Suma Kanakala]]<br />
| India <br />
| Suma<br />
|Television anchor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kanaria (musician)]]<br />
| Japan <br />
| Kanaria<br />
| Musician and VTuber<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CodeMiko|Youna Kang]]<br />
| United States<br />
| CodeMiko<br />
| Korean-American [[VTuber]] known for pushing the envelope in regard to interactivity in VTuber technology.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jawed Karim]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jawed<br />
| YouTube co-founder who created the first YouTube channel and uploaded the first YouTube video, ''[[Me at the zoo]]'', in 2005.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Herne Katha]]<br />
|Nepal<br />
|Herne Katha<br />
| Short documentaries about regular people <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kip Kay|Kip Kedersha]]<br />
| United States<br />
| kipkay<br />
| Prankster, gadget creator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Keekihime]]<br />
| Austria<br />
| keekihime<br />
| Austrian YouTuber and singer who posts vlogs about Japanese pop culture and [[cover dance]]s<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Keemstar|Daniel Keem]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DramaAlert, KEEMSTAR, DramaAlertShorts, Keem Stonks<br />
| American YouTuber and host of Internet popular culture news show ''DramaAlert''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Broden Kelly, Mark Bonanno, Zachary Ruane<br />
| Australia<br />
| [[Aunty Donna]], Grouse House<br />
| Absurdist comedy troupe notable for their filmed sketches.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chi With A C|Lucia Keskin]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Chi With A C<br />
| Known for reenacting TV episodes with herself playing all roles, assisted by greenscreen.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Gursimran Khamba, [[Tanmay Bhat]]<br />
| India<br />
| [[All India Bakchod]]<br />
| Comedians. AIB is a typical news comedy show that aims to find comedy in tragedy.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Salman Khan (educator)|Salman Khan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Khan Academy<br />
| Educational videos on a wide range of topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michelle Khare]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Michelle Khare<br />
|She is the host of "Challenge Accepted," which demonstrates her passion for quickly picking up new skills and studying various vocations in a short amount of time.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sahil Khattar]]<br />
| India<br />
| Khattarnaak, Being Indian<br />
| Television host, actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lily Ki]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LilyPichu, comfi beats<br />
| [[Korean-American]] Twitch streamer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[J.Fla|Kim Jung Hwa]]<br />
| Korea<br />
| JFlaMusic<br />
| Singer, music artist, composer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Zach King]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Zach King, FinalCutKing<br />
| Known for digitally edited videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hickok45|Greg Kinman]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Hickok45<br />
| Firearm reviewer and internet personality with over 5 million subscribers.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Charlie Kirk]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Charlie Kirk, [[Turning Point USA]]<br />
| Conservative online personality, political activist, and media pundit. [[Assassination of Charlie Kirk|Killed in 2025]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TJ Kirk|Thomas James Kirk III]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheAmazingAtheist, TJ Kirk<br />
| YouTube personality, podcaster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Camille and Kennerly Kitt]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Camille and Kennerly<br />
| Identical twin duet harpists known for their acoustic and electric harp covers, also called the Harp Twins.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kizuna AI]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| A.I.Channel, A.I.Games, A.I.Channel China<br />
| Jump started the [[Vtuber]] trend on YouTube. Vlog, singing, gaming.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[PewDiePie|Felix Kjellberg]]<br />
| Sweden/United Kingdom/Japan<br />
| PewDiePie<br />
| [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Video game playthroughs, commentary]], and vlogger, PewDiePie has been the second-most subscribed channel on YouTube since 14 April 2019 when it was surpassed by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in the aftermath of their [[PewDiePie vs T-Series|competition to be the first channel to reach 100 million subscribers]]. He remained the most-subscribed independent YouTuber until [[MrBeast]] surpassed him in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-16 |title=MrBeast overtakes PewDiePie as most-subscribed YouTuber |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382 |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref> Listed as the number one most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="SundayTimes2019" /><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marzia Kjellberg]]<br />
| Italy/United Kingdom<br />
| Marzia<br />
| Italian blogger, wife of [[PewDiePie]]. Video topics usually discuss fashion or makeup. In October 2018, Marzia retired from YouTube and her channel is no longer active.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ethan Klein|Ethan]] and Hila Klein<br />
| United States/Israel<br />
| [[h3h3Productions]], H3 Podcast Highlights, [[H3 Podcast]], and Ethan and Hila<br />
| Creators of comedy YouTube channel h3h3Productions.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vaush|Ian Kochinski]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Vaush<br />
| Left-wing YouTuber and livestreamer known for his political debates<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[NICKMERCS|Nicholas Kolcheff]]<br />
| United States<br />
| NICKMERCS, More NICKMERCS, NICKMERCS Shorts<br />
| Plays ''[[Fortnite]]'', ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' and ''[[Apex Legends]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Prajakta Koli]]<br />
| India<br />
| MostlySane<br />
| Comedy video creator and celebrity interviewer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cody Ko]]lodziejzyk<br />
|Canada<br />
| codyko69, KoldWorld, TinyMeatGang<br />
| YouTube commentator, comedian and podcaster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Liza Koshy]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Liza Koshy, Liza Koshy Too<br />
| Actress and comedian, former Viner; she posts comic videos and collaborates with friends and her ex-boyfriend, [[David Dobrik]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Maxim Kozlov]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Cellopedia<br />
|Accomplished Russian-American cellist creating educational videos about playing the cello<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Taras Kulakov]]<br />
| United States<br />
| CrazyRussianHacker<br />
| A Russian-American YouTuber best known for his "life hacks", scientific experiments, testing videos and his motto "Safety is number one priority."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/crazy-russian-hacker/25177270.html|title=Crazy Russian Hacker: 'Safety Is Number-One Priority!'|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|date=23 November 2013 |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kyle Kulinski]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Secular Talk<br />
| Left-wing political commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Arunabh Kumar]]<br />
| India<br />
| The Viral Fever<br />
| Founder of [[The Viral Fever|TVF]] which is popular for web series and comedy videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kutiman|Ophir Kutiel]]<br />
| Israel<br />
| kutiman<br />
| Multi-instrumentalist, composer, arranger, bandleader, and creator of ThruYou.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kuzuha]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Kuzuha Channel<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Nijisanji]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | L {{anchor|L|l}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Krew (YouTube group)|Kat La, Betty La, Kimberly La, Wenny La, Allen La]] <br />
| Canada<br />
| ItsFunneh<br />
| Gaming YouTubers known for playing [[Roblox]], [[vlog]]s<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Judson Laipply]]<br />
| United States<br />
| judsonlaipply<br />
| American motivational speaker from Bucyrys, Ohio best known for his performance in the "Evolution of Dance" video.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sunny Lam]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| whiteboard250<br />
| Singer-songwriter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Khaby Lame|Khabane Serigne Lame]]<br />
|Italy, Senegal<br />
|Khaby. Lame<br />
|Senegalese and Italian influencer, currently the most followed account on TikTok.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Yoav Landau, Sam Haft<br />
| Israel, United States<br />
| [[The Living Tombstone]]<br />
| Israeli-American electronic rock band and YouTube channel most notable for their songs on video games and pop culture.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Steven Lannum<br />
| United States<br />
| [[AreYouKiddingTV]]<br />
| American internet challenge and entertainment channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lisa Lavie]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| lisalavie1<br />
| Singer-songwriter; co-producer of YouTube cybercollaboration video [[We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)]]; [[Yanni]] vocalist; [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]] vocalist.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ally Law]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Ally Law<br />
| [[Parkour]] climber and [[free soloist]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kian Lawley]]<br />
| United States<br />
| superkian13, KianAndJc<br />
| YouTuber and actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Paige Layle]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Paige Layle<br />
| Autistic [[Autism rights movement|autism advocate]] who makes videos about the [[autism|autistic]] experience, released a book titled ''But Everyone Feels This Way: How an Autism Diagnosis Saved My Life''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[RiceGum|Bryan Le]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RiceGum, RiceLive, FamilyGum<br />
| American YouTube vlogger and rapper known for his [[Diss (music)|diss tracks]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Leadley|Bethan Leadley]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Leadley<br />
| Musician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[AmaLee|Amanda Lee]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LeeandLie, LeeandLieTV<br />
| Singer, voice actress, and [[Vtuber]] known for her English-language interpretations of songs from [[anime]] and video games<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Caspar Lee]]<br />
| South Africa/United Kingdom<br />
| Caspar, morecaspar<br />
| British South African vlogger, popular for his interviews with other YouTube personalities such as Zoe Sugg.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Jason Y. Lee<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Jubilee Media|Jubilee]]<br />
| A media company responsible for several popular videos series, including ''Middle Ground'', ''Ask Me Anything'', and ''Odd Man Out''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Laura Lee (YouTuber)|Laura Lee]]<br />
| United States<br />
| laura88lee<br />
| Beauty influencer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sandra Lee (dermatologist)|Sandra Lee]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Dr. Sandra Lee (aka Dr. Pimple Popper)<br />
| American dermatologist most known for her treatments of pimples, blackheads, and cysts<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Santomé Lemus]]<br />
| Spain<br />
| Dalas Review, Dalas SIN FILTROS, WhaTheGame, Dalasito hasta en la sopa, Makeup by Dalas<br />
| A Spanish YouTuber and reviewer, he has published two books: ''Fugitivos en el Tiempo'' and ''La tinta. Más alla de la magia''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[C.W. Lemoine]]<br />
| United States<br />
| C.W. Lemoine, Life with Mover<br />
| F-16 and F/A-18 pilot of USAF and USN<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[XQc|Felix Lengyel]]<br />
|Canada<br />
|xQcOW<br />
|Former ''[[Overwatch]]'' pro player who streams gaming and reactions.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[WillNE|William Lenney]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| WillNE<br />
| Comedian and prankster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Phil Lester|Philip Lester]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| AmazingPhil, LessAmazingPhil, DanAndPhilGAMES<br />
| British vlogger and former radio host, co-host of ''Super Amazing Project'', released a book titled ''The Amazing Book Is Not on Fire'' with [[Daniel Howell]].<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Northernlion (gamer)|Ryan Letourneau]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Northernlion<br />
| Gaming YouTuber most notable for videos on various indie games.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Li Zehua]]<br />
| China<br />
| Kcriss Li<br />
| [[China|Chinese]] journalist formerly employed at [[China Central Television]]. Li was arrested 26 February 2020 in [[Wuhan]] while investigating the disappearance of journalist [[Chen Qiushi]] and the arising [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Li's only video since his arrest was from 22 April 2020, consisting of a stilted apology for his prior videos and criticism of the Chinese government.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Li Ziqi (vlogger)|Li Ziqi]]<br />
| China<br />
| 李子柒 Liziqi<br />
| [[China|Chinese]] [[video blogger]] and entrepreneur. She is known for creating food and handicraft preparation videos often from basic ingredients and tools using traditional Chinese techniques. With 16 million subscribers as of 21 August 2021, she holds the Guinness World Record for "the most subscribers for a Chinese language channel on YouTube".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[PJ Liguori]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| KickThePJ, PJTheKick<br />
| British YouTuber and filmmaker, known for his creative fantasy videos, vlogs, and short films, his most notable work being ''[[Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lim Jeong-Hyun]]<br />
| South Korea<br />
| funtwohimself<br />
|Guitarist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Big Narstie|Tyrone Lindo]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| GRIMEREPORTTV, [[Noisey]]<br />
| Known by his stage name Big Narstie. [[Grime (music)|Grime MC]] who makes comedy videos including reaction videos and the [[agony aunt]] parody series ''Uncle Pain''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Dua Lipa]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Dua Lipa<br />
| Pop singer-songwriter; Uploaded videos of herself covering songs by other artists early in her career<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Gonzalo Lira]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Coach Red Pill<br />
| Created videos dedicated to [[anti-feminism]], and the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Died of pneumonia in Ukrainian custody in January 2024<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Lloyd (cyclist)|Daniel "Dan" Lloyd]], [[Matthew Stephens (cyclist)|Matthew Stephens]], [[Simon Richardson (English cyclist)|Simon Richardson]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Global Cycling Network]]<br />
| Focuses on [[road cycling]] and [[Road bicycle racing|racing]] news. All presenters had past notability as professional cyclists.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mike Lombardo]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MikeLombardoMusic<br />
| Controversial American former piano rock musician. He was known for writing piano-driven rock songs and posting them on YouTube. <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vanessa Lopes]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| {{Proper name|Vanessa Lopes}}<br />
| lifestyle vlog<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jared Lee Loughner]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Classitup10<br />
| Used to promote religious and political views; Perpetrator of the [[2011 Tucson Shooting]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel LaBelle]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Daniel LaBelle<br />
| Creates comedic humor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Ludwig Ahgren|Ludwig]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Ludwig, Mogul Mail, Ludwin<br />
|Gaming and commentary<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lauren Luke]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| panacea81<br />
| Make-up artist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DrLupo|Benjamin Lupo]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DrLupo<br />
| Gaming content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Maddie Lymburner]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| MadFit<br />
| Creates exercise videos for at-home workouts<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Drew Lynch]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Drew Lynch<br />
| American comedian ("the Stuttering Comedian") known for his [[Drew Lynch#Stella and ''Dog Vlog''|''Dog Vlog'']] and [[observational comedy]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chelcie Lynn]]<br />
| United States<br />
|Chelcie Lynn<br />
|American comedian. Skits and [[mukbang]]s<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DJ Vlad|Vladimir Lyubovny]]<br />
| United States<br />
| djvlad<br />
| Hip Hop interviews<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | M {{anchor|M|m}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Moymoy Palaboy|James and Rodfil Macasero]]<br />
| Philippines<br />
| {{Proper name|moymoypalaboy}}<br />
| [[Filipino people|Filipino]] comic and singing duo, known for [[lip sync]] videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Frankie MacDonald]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| dogsandwolves<br />
| Amateur [[weather forecasting|weather presenter]] with [[autism]] from [[Nova Scotia]], Canada.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Megan and Liz]] Mace<br />
| United States<br />
| MeganandLiz, meganandlizbeauty<br />
| American pop duo composed of fraternal [[twin]] sisters, achieved some popularity on YouTube, appeared on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MacGyver the Lizard]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MacGyverLizard<br />
| A giant lizard known for his intelligence, friendly personality, and large jowls.<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | [[Harry Mack]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Harry Mack<br />
|Freestyle rap<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | Mack and Damer<br />
|United States<br />
|[[OCR Kings]]<br />
|Dedicated to helping others succeed in their fitness journey, especially in running and Obstacle Course Racing.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Made With Lau]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MadeWithLau<br />
| Makes videos about cooking<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nisha Madhulika]]<br />
| India<br />
| NishaMadhulika<br />
| Indian home chef. Videos of North Indian vegetarian food recipes.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Austin Mahone]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Austin Mahone<br />
| Pop singer who built a large online following in 2011.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TechRax|Taras Maksimuk]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TechRax<br />
| Known for videos of phones and other electronic devices being destroyed.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rajiv Malhotra]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Rajiv Malhotra Official<br />
| Academician who promotes an indigenous perspective of India and its worldview.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vennu Mallesh]]<br />
| India<br />
| Vennu Mallesh<br />
| Known for his song "It's My Life Whatever I Want To Do"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gigguk|Garnt Maneetapho]]<br />
|United Kingdom/Japan<br />
| Gigguk, Trash Taste, Trash Taste Highlights<br />
| [[Anime]] and [[otaku]] YouTuber and podcaster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Scott Manley]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Scott Manley<br />
| Notable for addressing the niche community of space enthusiasts and gamers alike by playing both space-related video games and making informative blogs on up-to-date science topics. He is best known for playing ''[[Kerbal Space Program]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/92980/shacknews-close-up-scott-manley-the-astronogamer|title=Shacknews Close-Up: Scott Manley, the Astronogamer|website=Shacknews|date=February 2016 |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> He lived most of his life in [[Scotland]], but has recently moved to San Francisco, California.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Free Hugs Campaign|Juan Mann]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| juanmann<br />
| Founder of the Free Hugs Campaign<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Orya Maqbool Jan]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| Orya Maqbool Jan<br />
| Pakistani journalist, columnist and anchor person<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jordan Maron]]<br />
| United States<br />
| CaptainSparklez, Maron Music<br />
| Notable for making ''[[Minecraft]]'' music videos and walkthroughs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lele Pons|Eleonora Pons Maronese]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LelePons<br />
| Comedian, prankster, musician, vlogger, and former Viner<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Lukas Marques, Daniel Mologni<br />
| Brazil<br />
| [[Você Sabia?]]<br />
| [[Edutainment]] videos about trivia, theories, mysteries, and other topics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[James Marriott (musician)|James William Marriott]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| James Marriott, James More-iott<br />
| Comedian and singer-songwriter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Geoff Marshall]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Geoff Marshall<br />
| Video producer, performer and author from London who runs a YouTube channel which is predominantly transport themed<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Martin (YouTuber)|Martin]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| dim cook guide<br />
| Makes videos about cooking and travelling<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Baby Ariel|Ariel Rebecca Martin]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Baby Ariel<br />
| Started on [[Musical.ly]] before making music and acting<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Phil Mason|Philip Mason]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Thunderf00t<br />
| Scientist and atheist vlogger, creator of the video series ''Why People Laugh at Creationists''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Frank Matano|Francesco Matano]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| Frank Matano, FRANK MATANO Games<br />
| Italian comedian, television personality, YouTuber, and actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Wode Maya]]<br />
| Ghana<br />
| MrGhanaBaby<br />
| Produces YouTube videos on life in China and Africa<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Scarlxrd|Mazzi Maz]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| TheMazziMaz<br />
| English vlogger. He eventually started a rap career under the name Scarlxrd.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jenn McAllister]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jennxpenn, jenn, jennxpenngames<br />
|YouTuber and actress<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Moses McCormick]]<br />
| United States<br />
| laoshu505000<br />
| Known for speaking several languages to native speakers. Died in 2021 from heart complications.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Charlotte McDonnell]] (formerly Charlie McDonnell)<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| charlieissocoollike, charlieissoboredlike, CharlieAtE3<br />
| British vlogger and singer-songwriter. Member of the ''[[Chartjackers]]'' team, [[Chameleon Circuit (band)|Chameleon Circuit]] and Sons of Admirals.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andy McKee]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Andy McKee<br />
| A [[Fingerstyle guitar|fingerstyle]] guitarist who was formerly signed to the United States-American record label ''[[CandyRat Records]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Miles McKenna]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MilesChronicles<br />
| Known for LGBTQIA+ advocacy<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rhett and Link|Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RhettandLink, [[Good Mythical Morning]], Good Mythical MORE, This Is Mythical<br />
| Known for their weekday morning YouTube show, ''Good Mythical Morning''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Seán William McLoughlin]]<br />
| Ireland<br />
| Jacksepticeye<br />
| Irish producer, game commentator, and internet personality, known primarily for his comedic Let's Play series on video games and occasional vlogs on YouTube<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anna McNulty]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Anna McNulty, Anna McNulty Stretches, Anna McNulty Top Videos<br />
| Self-taught contortionist and YouTube's top Canadian creator of the year in 2023<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Calum McSwiggan]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Calum McSwiggan<br />
| LGBT+ lifestyle content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vivienne Medrano]]<br />
| United States<br />
| VivziePop<br />
| [[Salvadoran American]] animator, illustrator, comic creator, and voice actress. Founder of [[SpindleHorse Toons]] and creator of webcomic ''[[ZooPhobia]]'', [[adult animated]] musical series ''[[Hazbin Hotel]]'', and its spin-off web series ''[[Helluva Boss]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mark Meechan]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Count Dankula<br />
| Scottish YouTuber, stand-up comedian and former European Parliament candidate<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alan Melikdjanian]]<br />
| Latvia<br />
| Captain Disillusion<br />
| Creator of the "Captain Disillusion" series demonstrating visual effects used in many viral videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Projekt Melody]]<br />
| United States<br />
|Projekt Melody<br />
| A [[VTuber]] and founding member of [[VShojo]], also known for streaming on Twitch and Chaturbate<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Merton (YouTube)|Merton]]<br />
| United States<br />
| PianoChatImprov<br />
| Singer-songwriter, music improviser<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Messineo]]<br />
|Australia<br />
|Mike's Mic<br />
|Known for his series recapping television shows and videos about pop culture<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bunny Meyer]]<br />
| United States<br />
| grav3yardgirl<br />
| Her vlogs focus on fashion, makeup, lifestyle and paranormal occurrences.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Middleton]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| DanTDM, DanTDM Live, DanTDM Shorts, MoreTDM<br />
| A British gaming commentator focused mostly on the popular [[Sandbox (video games)|sandbox]] game, ''[[Minecraft]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Beau Miles]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Beau Miles<br />
| Educator, author, and outdoorsman<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bobby Miller (filmmaker)|Bobby Miller]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[BuzzFeed]], SoulPancake, [[Next New Networks]], YouTube<br />
| Filmmaker, comedian, actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Filthy Frank|George Miller]]<br />
| United States/Japan<br />
| TVFilthyFrank, TooDamnFilthy<br />
| Popular comedian and YouTube personality with the alter egos of Filthy Frank and Pink Guy, who has retired. Currently, he is a musician, under the name Joji, with songs and albums charting.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Max Miller (YouTuber)|Max Miller]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Tasting History with Max Miller<br />
| Host of Tasting History, a cooking/history fusion web-show that recreates ancient recipes and explains the history around them<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kayli Mills]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MewKiyoko<br />
| American voice actress who first got her career started through YouTube by singing English-language covers of [[anime song]]s<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Minato Aqua]]<br />
| Japan <br />
| Aqua Ch. 湊あくあ<br />
| Retired VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]] <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SmallAnt|Tanner Minecraft]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| SmallAnt<br />
| Known for speedrunning and video game content, such as races and challenges<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mira (YouTuber)|Mira]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| Mira's Garden<br />
| Makes videos about living in South Korea and travelling<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Baptista Miranda]]<br />
| Angola<br />
| Baptista Miranda<br />
| Makes humorous videos about the differences between Brazil and Angola<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[John Mitzewich]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Food Wishes<br />
| Cooking, focused on video recipes. Noted for his "hands-and-pans" style in which his face is largely off-camera.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Amin Mohamed<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Chunkz]]<br />
| Internet personality and member of Beta Squad<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Stefan Molyneux]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| stefbot<br />
| Far-right, white nationalist Canadian podcaster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tana Mongeau]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Tana Mongeau<br />
| Known for her "storytime" videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[El Politigato|Kevin Monsalve]]<br />
| Venezuela<br />
| MasKevMo, GamerKevMo<br />
| Known for the "[[El Politigato]]" animated shorts series<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Gabriel Montiel Gutiérrez|Gabriel Montiel]]<br />
| Mexico<br />
| Werevertumorro<br />
| Spanish vlogger. Videos mainly based around average life in suburban [[Mexico City]]. Also a professional Association Football player.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam Montoya]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SeaNanners Gaming Channel<br />
| Known for his extensive [[Let's Play]] videos, as well as collaborations with other gamers such as [[PewDiePie]] and [[Markiplier]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Leo Moracchioli]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| Frog Leap Studios<br />
| Singer and multi-instrumentalist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Harley Morenstein]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| EpicMealTime, HarleyMore, OriginalGamerShow<br />
| Known for his ''[[Epic Meal Time]]'' cooking show<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Elliott Morgan]], [[Lee Newton]], and [[Barats and Bereta|Joe Bereta]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[SourceFed]]<br />
| Hosts of SourceFed's ''20 Minutes or Less'' news show and ''Comment Commentary'' launched by [[Philip DeFranco]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hamako Mori]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Gamer Grandma<br />
| World's oldest gaming YouTuber, at the age of 90<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[PointCrow|Eric Morino]]<br />
| United States<br />
| PointCrow<br />
| Known for streaming video games including [[Pokémon]] and [[The Legend of Zelda]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DM Pranks|Matteo Moroni]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| DmPranksProductions<br />
| Italian [[prank]]ster, creative director and filmmaker<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Overly Attached Girlfriend|Laina Morris]]<br />
| United States<br />
| wzr0713<br />
| Gained fame in June 2012 when her video titled "JB Fanvideo" went viral, resulting in the creation of the [[internet meme]] "Overly Attached Girlfriend." She uploads weekly videos as herself on a variety of topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Loveliveserve]]<br />
| United States<br />
| loveliveserve<br />
| American comedy duo YouTube channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MattyBRaps|Matthew David Morris]]<br />
|United States<br />
|MattyBRaps, MattyB<br />
|Internet musician <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Michael Moses]]<br />
|United States<br />
|FatherDavidMichael<br />
|Roman Catholic priest <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bethany Mota]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Bethany Mota<br />
| Known for [[haul video]]s, makeup/hair tutorials, recipes, and [[do it yourself]]. Mota was a contestant on the 19th American season of ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steve Mould]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Steve Mould<br />
| British educational YouTuber, author, and science presenter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mykie|Lauren Mountain]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Glam&Gore<br />
| Known under the pseudonym "Mykie" for beauty and [[Prosthetic makeup|special effects]] makeup tutorials<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jenna Marbles|Jenna Mourey]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JennaMarbles, JennaMarblesVlog, JennaJulienPodcast<br />
| 8th most subscribed woman in the world, with more than 18 million subscribers and 2.9 billion views; best known for her video "How to trick people into thinking you're good looking", which has 67 million views<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mori Calliope]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Mori Calliope Ch. hololive-EN<br />
| A musician and VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MrMarmot]]<br />
| United States<br />
| 一隻土撥鼠MrMarmot<br />
| Chinese artist, political commentator, and VTuber living in the United States<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Derek Muller]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Veritasium<br />
| Creator of Veritasium and host of YouTube's ''Geek Week''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | David Murray<br />
| United States<br />
| [[The 8-Bit Guy]], 8-Bit Keys<br />
| American [[retrocomputing]] enthusiast<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mathew Murray]]<br />
| Canada<br />
|teenagerswebseries<br />
| Creator of the web series ''[[Teenagers (web series)|teenagers]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Yotobi|Karim Musa]]<br />
|Italy<br />
|Yotobi, Secondo Canale di Yotobi, YotobiGames<br />
|Italian YouTuber and streamer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Edarem|Edward Muscare]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Edarem<br />
| Former sex offender who achieved popularity for his eccentric videos of himself. In 2010, he was imprisoned for uploading videos to YouTube, thereby breaking his probation's ban on using a computer. Died in 2012 while in jail from [[lung cancer]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kyle Myers]]<br />
| United States<br />
| FPSRussia, MoreFPSRussia, fps<br />
| Host of the ''FPSRussia Show''<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | N {{anchor|N|n}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ajey Nagar]]<br />
| India<br />
| CarryMinati, CarryisLive<br />
| Creates comic content where he publishes satirical opinions known as 'roasts' about a multitude of topics primarily in the Indian entertainment industry. Also posts live gaming streams and other gaming-related humorous content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kevin Nalty]]<br />
| United States<br />
| nalts<br />
| Video blogger and comedian<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Terra Naomi]]<br />
| United States<br />
| terranaomi<br />
| Singer-songwriter formerly signed to [[Island Records]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tariq Nasheed]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Tariq Radio<br />
| Troll known for his gossip, rumor spreading, threats, and theatrics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MissJirachi|Élodie Nassar]]<br />
| France<br />
| MissJirachi<br />
| French YouTuber known for videos related to [[Pokémon]]. She was hired by [[L'Oréal]] for a campaign on women and science and also obtained a contract with the French youth TV network channel [[Gulli]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Natsuiro Matsuri]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Matsuri Channel 夏色まつり<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Enn La Rush|Ana Nedeljković]]<br />
| Serbia <br />
| Enn La Rush<br />
| Serbian singer, TV personality, YouTuber and internet personality.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam Neely]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Adam Neely<br />
|Known for his videos about jazz, music theory, and other topics related to music. Also a member of the [[Nu jazz|electro-jazz]] duo Sungazer with jazz drummer Shawn Crowder.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Casey Neistat]]<br />
| United States<br />
| CaseyNeistat, Casey Neistat's Snap Stories, Casey Neistat Classics<br />
| American videographer; posts [[Video blog|vlogs]] on his YouTube channel with over 11 million subscribers and more than 2.4 billion views<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ui Nema]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| 根間ういちゃんねる<br />
| VTuber who focuses on [[Ryukyuan culture]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Felipe Neto]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| Felipe Neto<br />
| Brazilian YouTuber and businessman<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Luccas Neto]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| LUCCAS TOON<br />
| Brazilian YouTuber and comedian<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Waldemar Dalenogare Neto]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| Dalenogare Críticas<br />
| Brazilian movie critic known for his film reviews<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mikey Neumann]]<br />
| United States<br />
| FilmJoy<br />
| Known for the film criticism series ''Movies with Mikey''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Neuro-sama]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Neuro-sama<br />
| A [[chatbot]]-style [[VTuber]] notable for being generated by artificial intelligence<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nigel Ng]]<br />
| United Kingdom, United States<br />
| mrnigelng<br />
| Comedian known for the character Uncle Roger, who critiques cooking videos on Asian cuisine<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Luke Nichols]]<br />
|United States<br />
|outdoorboys, catfishandcarp<br />
|Outdoorsman with an emphasis on cooking, camping, travel, survival, and family content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Megan Nicole]]<br />
| United States<br />
| megannicolesite, MeganNicoleTV<br />
| Musician, who has covered songs by Bruno Mars, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry and Selena Gomez, among others. Has also performed some original songs.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sara Niemietz]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SaraNiemietz<br />
| Singer, songwriter, actress featured on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Niki and Gabi]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Niki and Gabi<br />
| Musicians, actresses, and a YouTube duo composed of twin sisters Niki DeMar and Gabi DeMartino.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ingrid Nilsen]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|missglamorazzi}}, TheGridMonster<br />
| Known for beauty tutorials<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Julie Nolke]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Julie Nolke <br />
| Canadian comedian known for the ''Explaining the Pandemic to my Past Self'' miniseries, which was nominated for a 2021 [[Webby Awards|Webby Award]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Hilary |title=Webby Awards: Trevor Noah, Jennifer Garner, HBO Among Nominees |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2021-webby-awards-nominations-list-nominees-4169015/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Nolke won 2021 [[Webby Awards]] in Best Individual Performance and two Audience Choice Awards for best viral video and best writing.<ref name="Dutt 2021">{{Cite news|date=19 May 2021|title=Canadian YouTuber Julie Nolke just won the internet|last=Dutt|first=Aruna|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/comedy/canadian-youtuber-julie-nolke-just-won-the-internet-1.6032549}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Julia Nunes]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jaaaaaaa<br />
| Singer, songwriter, guitar and ukulele player. Has performed with [[Ben Folds]] and appears regularly at the [[Bonnaroo Music Festival]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Whindersson Nunes]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| whinderssonnunes<br />
| Comedian, actor, musician and boxer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Safiya Nygaard]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Safiya Nygaard<br />
| Comedy, beauty, and fashion<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bjørn Nyland (YouTuber)|Bjørn Nyland]] <br />
| Norway<br />
| Bjørn Nyland, Teslabjorn Live, Teslabjorn Thai<br />
| Thailand-born Norwegian YouTuber about electric car road trips, has won four Teslas<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | O {{anchor|O|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alex O'Connor]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| CosmicSkeptic<br />
| [[Atheism|Atheist]] YouTuber known for his videos on [[theology]], [[philosophy]], and politics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ross O'Donovan]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| RubberNinja<br />
| Australian American animator, comedian, and internet personality. Co-host of ''[[Game Grumps]]'' spin-off, ''Steam Train''. Creator of ''[[Good Game (television series)|Good Game]]'' series, ''[[Good Game (television series)|Gamer Tonight]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chris O'Neill (Oney)|Christopher O'Neil]]<br />
| Ireland<br />
| OneyNG, OneyPlays<br />
| Animator, voice actor, comedian, Let's Player, and game developer. Founder of OneyPlays and OneyWare.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Peter Oakley]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| geriatric1927<br />
| "Geriatric gripes and grumbles", mentioned his service for Britain during WWII. Died in 2014 of cancer.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tyler Oakley]]<br />
| United States<br />
| tyleroakley, extratyler<br />
| Vlogger and advocate for gay youth, presenting on topics such as [[postqueer politics]] and pop culture<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[KSI|Olajide Olatunji]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| KSI, JJ Olatunji, [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]], MoreSidemen<br />
| Known for his [[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]] commentary videos, rap music, and boxing fights against YouTubers Joe Weller and Logan Paul; listed as the second most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="SundayTimes2019" /> Co-founding member of the YouTube group Sidemen.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Melody Oliveria]]<br />
| United States<br />
| bowiechick<br />
|Blogger and YouTube personality<br />
|-<br />
! scope = "row" | [[Tyler Oliveira]]<br />
|United States<br />
|TylerOliveira<br />
|[[Investigative journalist]] who frequently conducts [[man-on-the-street]] interviews<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Qupanuk Olsen]]<br />
| Greenland<br />
| Q's Greenland<br />
|Greenlandic engineer who makes Greenland's travel series<br />
|-<br />
! scope = "row" | Dan Olson<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[Folding Ideas]]<br />
|Albertan documentarian and video essayist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jack |date=2024-06-21 |title=I don't know Dan Olson: Folding Ideas and the introspection of cultural critique |url=https://indyfilmlibrary.com/2024/06/21/i-dont-know-dan-olson-folding-ideas-and-the-introspection-of-cultural-critique/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Indy Film Library |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[XXXTentacion|Jahseh Onfroy]]<br />
| United States/Jamaica<br />
| XXXTENTACION<br />
| Mostly known for his music. On YouTube, he was known for starting #THEHELPINGHANDCHALLENGE and his gaming videos before [[Killing of XXXTentacion|his death]]. Killed in 2018 in apparent robbery, possibly targeted.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Niko Omilana|Nikolas Omilana]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Niko Omilana<br />
| Prankster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniil Orain]]<br />
| Russia<br />
| 1420 by Daniil Orain<br />
| Russian YouTuber known for his channel "1420" in which he conducts street interviews, asking passers-by about various topics such as the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Orochinho|Pedro Orochi]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| Orochinho<br />
| Brazilian YouTuber known for making humorous reactions to videos of games and anime<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Marina Orlova (philologist)|Marina Orlova]]<br />
| Russia<br />
| hotforwords<br />
| Russian philologist who teaches the etymology of English words<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[William Osman]]<br />
| United States<br />
| William Osman<br />
| Engineer <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dakota Rose|Dakota Rose Ostrenga]]<br />
| United States, Japan<br />
| kotakoti<br />
| American [[Beauty YouTuber]] and model based in Japan who went viral in Asia for being a "real-life [[Barbie]] doll"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Favij|Lorenzo Ostuni]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| FavijTV, LORE<br />
| Gamer, mainly known for being the former most-subscribed Italian speaking channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kenia Os|Kenia Guadalupe Flores Osuna]]<br />
| Mexico<br />
| Kenia Os<br />
| Video blogger and makeup videos (had two channels with the name Kenia Os)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | P {{anchor|P|p}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anthony Padilla]]<br />
| United States<br />
| AnthonyPadilla<br />
| Co-founder of [[Smosh]], currently hosting ''I spent a day with''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Anthony Padilla, [[Ian Hecox]], [[Shayne Topp]], Courtney Miller, Noah Grossman, Keith Leak Jr., Damien Haas, and Olivia Sui<br />
| United States<br />
| Smosh, Smosh Pit, Smosh Games, SmoshCast, ShutUpCartoons, ElSmosh, Smosh France<br />
| A popular comedy channel, holding the No. 1 spot for most YouTube subscribers for periods of time around the early 2010s<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[David Pakman]]<br />
| Argentina/United States<br />
| David Pakman Show, Pakman Live<br />
| Political commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Venus Angelic|Venus Palermo]]<br />
| Switzerland<br />
| Venus Angelic<br />
| Had a No. 71 hit with a cover of "[[I Love It (Icona Pop song)|''I Love It'']]". Known for her doll-like appearance.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dominic Panganiban]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Domics<br />
| Animator and webcomic artist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Parker Pannell]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Parker Pannell<br />
| Actor, YouTube, and TikTok personality<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rosanna Pansino]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RosannaPansino<br />
| Creator of the baking show ''Nerdy Nummies''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Pony (make-up artist)|Park Hye-min]]<br />
| South Korea<br />
| PONYMakeup<br />
| South Korean [[Beauty YouTuber]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Graeme Parker]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| The Hoof GP, The Hoof GP Clips<br />
| Cattle hoof trimming videos and vlogs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Matt Parker]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| standupmaths<br />
| Recreational mathematics author and educator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Barbie the Welder|Barbie Parsons]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Barbie the Welder<br />
| [[Welded sculpture]] artist that makes videos about welding<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MatPat|Matthew Patrick]]<br />
| United States<br />
| The Game Theorists, The Film Theorists, The Food Theorists, The Style Theorists, GTLive<br />
| Creator of ''Game Theory'', a show that analyzes video games with respect to realistic rules of mathematics, culture, and science<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daymon Patterson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Daym Drops<br />
| Food critic<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[RJ Balaji|Balaji Patturaj]]<br />
| India<br />
| Panjumittai Productions<br />
| Popularly known as [[Radio jockey|RJ]] Balaji. Also called "The Voice of Chennai", all the videos on his channel deal with contemporary issues; all are completely different in content.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jake Paul]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jake Paul, Jake Paul Random, BS w/ Jake Paul Clips<br />
| Viner and actor turned professional boxer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Logan Paul]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Logan Paul, IMPAULSIVE, IMPAULSIVE Clips<br />
| Former viner, vlogger, and podcaster signed to [[WWE]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Randy Pausch|Randolph Pausch]]<br />
| United States<br />
|<br />
| Gave the lecture "[[Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams]]". Died in 2008 of [[pancreatic cancer]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ethan Payne]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Behzinga, Beh2inga<br />
| Known for his gaming, football, comedy and fitness videos; listed as the 31st most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by ''The Sunday Times''.<ref name="SundayTimes2019">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=The Sunday Times Influencer List 2019: meet the UK's top 100 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/technology/article/the-sunday-times-influencer-list-2019-meet-the-uks-top-100-hsmhv8dlp |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200224162716/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-sunday-times-influencer-list-2019-meet-the-uks-top-100-hsmhv8dlp |archive-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> Co-founding member of YouTube group [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Trisha Paytas]]<br />
| United States<br />
| blndsundoll4mJ<br />
| Vlogger, actress, singer, and songwriter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joe Penna]]<br />
| Brazil<br />
| MysteryGuitarMan, jp<br />
| Musician and animator. Was in 2011 the most subscribed Brazilian auteur.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Louise Pentland]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| sprinkleofglitter, sprinkleofchatter<br />
| British fashion and beauty vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Pepper|Samuel Pepper]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| OFFICIALsampepper<br />
| Former prankster known for practical joke videos on the general public<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Kevin Perjurer<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Defunctland]]<br />
| Known for documentary series about defunct amusement park attractions and defunct television series, especially those involving the [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nikocado Avocado|Nicholas Perry]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Nikocado Avocado<br />
| Controversial extreme eater and mukbanger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Coyote Peterson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Brave Wilderness, Coyote Peterson<br />
| Wildlife educator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michelle Phan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MichellePhan<br />
| [[Vietnamese-American]] makeup artist and owner of skincare line IQQU; she produces beauty tutorials videos and is the spokesperson for [[Lancôme]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Danny and Michael Philippou]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| RackaRacka<br />
| Live-action horror comedy videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ben Phillips (YouTuber)|Ben Phillips]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Ben Phillips<br />
| Prank videos and former Viner.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Randy Phillips (airman)|Randy Phillips]]<br />
| United States<br />
| AreYouSuprised<br />
| While serving in the United States Air Force, he came out as a homosexual during the final months of the U.S. military's policy known as "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jonti Picking]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| mrweebl<br />
| Animator and musician, known for [[Badgers (animation)|''Badgers'']], ''Amazing Horse'', and ''Narwhals''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hasan Piker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| HasanAbi, Fear & Malding Podcast<br />
| Left-wing YouTuber, Twitch streamer and political commentator, host of ''The Breakdown'' for [[The Young Turks|TYT]]. Nephew of [[Cenk Uygur]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | John Plant<br />
| Australia<br />
| [[Primitive Technology]]<br />
| Making tools, buildings, food from scratch in [[Far North Queensland]], Australia.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Greg Plitt]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Greg Plitt<br />
| Personal trainer and actor. Killed in 2015 when struck by a train during video production.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sean Plott]]<br />
| United States<br />
| day9tv<br />
| A Kansas-born ''[[StarCraft: Brood War]]'' professional who has since become a popular ''[[StarCraft II]]'' commentator and [[Electronic Sports|e-sports]] promoter. Plott is most known for his daily show; where he breaks down ''SC2'' games for analysis, and shoutcasting at events such as [[Major League Gaming|MLG]] and [[Dreamhack]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dave Plummer]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Dave's Garage, Dave's Attic<br />
| A Canadian [[programmer]] known for his work on [[Microsoft Windows]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Pomplamoose]]<br />
| United States<br />
| PomplamooseMusic<br />
| A musical duo composed of [[Jack Conte]] and [[Nataly Dawn]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tim Pool]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Timcast, Tim Pool, Subverse<br />
| Journalist and political/social commentator. Known for early adoption of livestreaming to cover protests such as [[Occupy Wall Street]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ben Potter]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Comicstorian, Mangastorian, Eligible Monster Gaming<br />
| Known primarily for covering, explaining, and providing commentary on comic books<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DeStorm Power]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DeStorm, DeStormTV<br />
| Singer, songwriter, and video editor. Often collaborates with other YouTube personalities and artists, including [[Mystery Guitar Man]] and [[Vassy (singer)|Vassy]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lachlan Power]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Lachlan, LachlanPlayz, Lachlan Shorts<br />
| Known primarily for his [[Let's Play|video game commentaries]] of ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Rikki Poynter]]<br />
| United States<br />
| RikkiPoynter<br />
| [[Deaf culture]] and accessibility activism; formerly beauty vlogs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ed Pratt|Edward Pratt]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Ed Pratt<br />
| Best known for circumnavigating the globe on a [[unicycle]].<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | Q {{anchor|Q|q}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anthony Quintal]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Lohanthony<br />
| Former LGBT viner and youtuber<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | R {{anchor|R|r}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alpharad|Jacob Rabon IV]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Alpharad, Replay Hut, Alpharad Platinum, Not Alpharad, Alpharad Replay<br />
| [[Esports]] personality and musician, particularly known for ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam and Nia|Samuel and NiaChel Rader]]<br />
| United States<br />
| samuel8955<br />
| Family vloggers based out of [[Terrell, Texas]], who vlog about their daily life as a Christian family.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Antonio Radić]]<br />
| Croatia<br />
| agadmator's Chess Channel<br />
| Game reviews and analysis of historical and current chess games<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[AJ Rafael]]<br />
| United States<br />
| AJ Rafael<br />
| Filipino-American singer-songwriter and activist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam Ragusea]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Adam Ragusea<br />
| Cooking and general food related videos and podcasts<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Randy Rainbow]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Randy Rainbow Official<br />
| Comedian and singer known for political and musical parodies.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | †[[Mikayla Raines]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[SaveAFox Rescue]]<br />
| Wildlife rescuer known for saving foxes from fur farms.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muir |first=Ellie |title=Mikayla Raines death: YouTube fox rescue star dies, aged 29 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mikayla-raines-death-youtube-save-a-fox-b2775814.html |work=The Independent |date=24 June 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rainych]]<br />
| Indonesia<br />
| Rainych Ran<br />
| Singer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrew Rakich]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Atun-Shei Films<br />
| Filmmaker and vlogger who covers American history and historic films<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TheOdd1sOut|James Rallison]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheOdd1sOut, TheOdd2sOut<br />
| Artist and animator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Franchesca Ramsey]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|chescaleigh}}<br />
| Comedian, activist and artist. Known for her comedy sketches like "Shit White Girls Say...To Black Girls" and as the host of [[MTV]]'s ''Decoded''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Grace Randolph]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Beyond the Trailer<br />
| Reporter, film critic, and comic book writer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dhruv Rathee]]<br />
| India<br />
| Dhruv Rathee, Dhruv Rathee Vlogs<br />
| Social media activist known for his political commentary.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Andrew Rea]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Babish Culinary Universe]]<br />
| Cooking, with four series hosted by Rea: ''Binging with Babish'', recreation of foods from fiction; ''Basics with Babish'', general culinary instruction; ''Being with Babish'', cataloging Rea's efforts to help fans in need; and ''Botched by Babish'', in which Rea corrects errors in recipes previously featured on the channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Ann Reardon<br />
| Australia<br />
| [[How To Cook That]]<br />
| Website and baking channel that provides video recipes on baking and decorating themed cakes, desserts, chocolate creations and other confectionery.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rebel News]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Rebel News, and Rebel News Clips<br />
|Canadian far-right social and political commentary channel<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Reeves (YouTuber)|Michael Reeves]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Michael Reeves<br />
| Former software contractor known for making videos about technology and programming, also known for his repeated use of tasers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[MinutePhysics|Henry Reich]]<br />
| {{unknown}}<br />
| MinutePhysics, MinuteEarth<br />
| Known for explaining physics- and Earth-related topics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jus Reign]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| JusReign, JusReignToo, SnapReign, Just2Boyz<br />
| Canadian comedian of [[Sikhism in India|Indian Sikh]] descent.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Juliette Reilly]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Juliette Reilly<br />
| Musician and vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ángel David Revilla]]<br />
| Venezuela<br />
| DrossRotzank<br />
| First Venezuelan to reach one million subscribers,<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.celebridadplus.com.ve/2016/11/la-divaza-el-youtubers-venezolano-mas.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116160748/http://www.celebridadplus.com.ve/2016/11/la-divaza-el-youtubers-venezolano-mas.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2017|title=CelebridadPlus: LA DIVAZA EL YOUTUBERS VENEZOLANO MÁS FAMOSO LLEGO AL MILLÓN EN YOUTUBE|work=celebridadplus.com.ve}}</ref> known for uploading horror videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rezo]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| Rezo, Rezo ja lol ey<br />
| Most notable for [[The destruction of the CDU]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Imran Riaz Khan]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| Imran Riaz Khan<br />
| Pakistani Youtuber and journalist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bald and Bankrupt|Benjamin Rich]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| bald and bankrupt, Daily Bald<br />
| Travel vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Josh Richards (internet personality)|Joshua Richards]]<br />
|Canada<br />
|Josh Richards, ''BFFs: [[Dave Portnoy]], Josh Richards & Bri Chickenfry''<br />
|TikToker, vlogger and podcaster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TomSka|Thomas James Ridgewell]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| TomSka<br />
| Known for creating the animated comedy web film series ''asdfmovies''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jesser|Jesse Riedel]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jesser<br />
| Basketball challenges and meeting professional athletes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lauren Riihimaki]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| LaurDIY<br />
| Known for her intriguing DIY videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rim (singer)|Rim]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| RIM<br />
| Singer and VTuber<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[RinRin Doll]]<br />
| United States, Japan<br />
| rinrindoll, rinrindolljapan<br />
| American YouTuber based in Japan who posts vlogs and beauty tutorials on [[lolita fashion]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mizkif|Matthew Rinaudo]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Mizkif, Mizkif Clips, Mizkif VODs<br />
| IRL live streams<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brent Rivera]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Brent Rivera, SoRelatable Podcast<br />
| American YouTube personality, actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jodie Rivera]]<br />
| United States<br />
| venetianprincess<br />
| Previously, No. 1 most subscribed female YouTuber, prior to MichellePhan surpassing her<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Dennis Roady]]<br />
| United States<br />
| howtoPRANKitup, Dennis Roady Deeds<br />
| Prankster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mark Rober]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Mark Rober<br />
| Former [[NASA]] engineer best known for his YouTube videos on popular science, do-it-yourself gadgets and creative ideas.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Millennial Woes|Colin Robertson]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Millennial Woes<br />
| [[Alt-right]] promoter of [[white supremacy]], [[white nationalism]], [[antisemitism]] and [[Islamophobia]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Paul Robinett]]<br />
| United States<br />
| renetto<br />
|Vlogger and entrepreneur<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ed Bassmaster|Edwin Rodriguez]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|edbassmaster}}<br />
| Comedian, prankster, television personality<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Olan Rogers]]<br />
|United States<br />
|OlanRogers<br />
|Comedian who entertains by narrating self written stories. Creator of [[Final Space]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[James Rolfe (filmmaker)|James Rolfe]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Cinemassacre (formerly JamesNintendoNerd), James Rolfe<br />
| Filmmaker and video game reviewer, known for his ''[[Angry Video Game Nerd]]'' sketches<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jake Roper]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Vsauce3, Jake Roper<br />
| Host of the Vsauce3 edutainment channel<ref>{{cite news|url=https://parade.com/596983/parade/the-best-parts-of-vsauce-win-a-vsauce-curiosity-box/|title=The Best Parts of Vsauce + Win a Vsauce Curiosity Box!|newspaper=Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays|access-date=22 September 2017|date=24 August 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chuggaaconroy|Emile Rosales]]<br />
|United States<br />
| chuggaaconroy<br />
| Let's Player best known for his walkthroughs of various video games, mainly released on Nintendo platforms<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jessica Rose]], [[Yousef Abu-Taleb]], [[Jackson Davis (actor)|Jackson Davis]], and [[Alexandra Dreyfus]]<br />
| United States<br />
| lonelygirl15<br />
| From ''[[lonelygirl15]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mia Rose]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| miaarose<br />
| Singer-songwriter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adin Ross]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Adin Ross, Adin Live, Extra Adin<br />
| American [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer and YouTube vlogger known for streaming ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' and ''[[NBA 2K]]''. Also streams IRL content which includes him talking to popular rap artists.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Louis Rossmann]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Louis Rossmann<br />
| Computer repair technician and [[right to repair]] activist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Simply Nailogical|Cristine Rotenberg]]<br />
|Canada<br />
| Simply Nailogical, Simply Not Logical, Holo Taco, SimplyPodLogical, SimplyPodLogical Highlights<br />
| Nail art and comedy videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tim Rowett|Timothy Rowett]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Grand Illusions]]<br />
| Presented by British toy collector Tim "The Toyman" Rowett, and developed by former BBC producers Hendrik Ball and George Auckland<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Levy Rozman]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Gotham Chess<br />
| Chess International Master and commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[EeOneGuy|Ivan Rudskyi]]<br />
|Ukraine<br />
|EeOneGuy, FeedOneGuy, awen<br />
| Vlogs and Let's Plays<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | S {{anchor|S|s}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alejandro Saab]]<br />
| United States<br />
| KaggyFilms, CyYuVods<br />
| American voice actor who first got his career started through YouTube by posting ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' and other anime-related content from 2010&ndash;2023 as KaggyFilms; currently active as a [[VTuber]] under the name CyYu<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ElectroBOOM|Mehdi Sadaghdar]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| ElectroBOOM<br />
| Electronics engineer who teaches both electrical engineering and simple how-tos with comedic elements<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mubashir Saddique]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| Village Food Secrets, Mubashir Saddique<br />
| Known for cooking in [[Village]] style<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Naoki Saito]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Naoki Saito Illust Channel<br />
| Japanese manga artist and illustrator for ''[[Dragalia Lost]]'', ''[[Duel Masters Trading Card Game]]'', ''[[Pokémon Trading Card Game]]'', and [[Hatsune Miku]] merchandise<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sakamata Chloe]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Chloe ch. 沙花叉クロヱ - holoX -<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]] <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sakura Miko]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Miko Ch. さくらみこ<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]] <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Masahiro Sakurai]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Masahiro Sakurai on Creating Games<br />
| A video game director and designer who created a YouTube channel focused on game development and design in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/24/23320915/masahiro-sakurai-youtube-channel-creating-games |title=Masahiro Sakurai is the latest creator to join YouTube |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=August 24, 2022 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=August 25, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825002450/https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/24/23320915/masahiro-sakurai-youtube-channel-creating-games |archive-date=August 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/masahiro-sakurai-launches-new-youtube-channel-on-game-development |title=Masahiro Sakurai launches new YouTube channel on game development |last=Nightingale |first=Ed |date=August 24, 2022 |website=Eurogamer |access-date=August 25, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825205539/https://www.eurogamer.net/masahiro-sakurai-launches-new-youtube-channel-on-game-development |archive-date=August 25, 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mooroo|Taimoor Salahuddin]]<br />
| Pakistan<br />
| Taimoor Salahuddin aka Mooroo, Mooroo Podcasts<br />
| Pakistani YouTuber, writer, Internet personality, filmmaker, actor and musician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adam Saleh]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Adam Saleh<br />
| [[Video blog|Vlogs]] and public pranks<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Kevin Samuels]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Kevin Samuels<br />
|Discussed relationships and standards<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Thomas Sanders (entertainer)|Thomas Sanders]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Thomas Sanders<br />
| Musical theatre actor and singer who became famous through his career on [[Vine (service)|Vine]] and now has a career as a full-time YouTuber<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[3Blue1Brown|Grant Sanderson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| 3Blue1Brown<br />
| Mathematics educator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Destin Sandlin]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SmarterEveryDay, No Dumb Questions, SmarterEveryDay 2<br />
| Hosts educational engineering series ''Smarter Every Day'' (SED), which is hosted on his main channel. Started podcast called ''No Dumb Questions'' with his friend, Matt Whitman.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joe Santagato]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Joe Santagato, Extra Joe, Veterans Minimum<br />
| Comedian, vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Peter Santenello]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Peter Santenello <br />
| A mixture of travel vlogging and journalism<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joey Santore]]<br />
| United States<br />
|Crime Pays But Botany Doesn't<br />
|Amateur botanist known for his "Bill Swerski-esque" Chicago accent and use of profanity<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Matthew Santoro]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Matthew Santoro, MatthewSantoroVlog, SantoroGaming<br />
| Best known for his top ten lists and "50 Amazing Facts" videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ask a Ninja|Douglas Sarine and Kent Nichols]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|digitalfilmmaker}}<br />
| Creators of [[Ask a Ninja]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Anita Sarkeesian]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Feminist Frequency<br />
| Has received particular attention for her video series ''[[Tropes vs. Women in Video Games]]'', which examines tropes in the depiction of female video game characters. Was a primary subject of the [[Gamergate (harassment campaign)|Gamergate]] harassment campaign.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Tkachov Sava, Tkachov Yan<br />
| Japan<br />
| [[SAWAYAN (YouTuber)|SAWAYAN CHANNEL]], SAWAYAN GAMES<br />
| YouTuber group of Ukrainians Tkachev Sawa and Tkachev Jan working in Japan. They are mainly known for playing ''[[Mario Kart 8]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Peter Schiff]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SchiffReport<br />
| A financial broker and CEO of Euro Pacific Capital, Schiff is known for the video "Peter Schiff Was Right 2006–2007 (2nd Edition)" by YouTuber Jdouche. His internet fame created a grassroots movement which prompted him to run for Senate in Connecticut, albeit unsuccessfully.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jschlatt|Schlatt]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jschlattLIVE, Schlatt & Co.<br />
| Known for his variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reactions, skits, and music covers.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jon Schmidt]], [[Steven Sharp Nelson]], Tel Stewart, Paul Anderson, and Al van der Beek<br />
| United States<br />
| [[The Piano Guys]]<br />
| Musical group<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kurt Hugo Schneider]]<br />
| United States<br />
| KurtHugoSchneider<br />
| Producing YouTube music videos in collaboration with other musicians. He is best known for his production of music videos for [[Sam Tsui]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ross Scott]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Accursed Farms]]<br />
| Known for his [[machinima]] series ''[[Freeman's Mind]]'' and ''[[Civil Protection (web series)|Civil Protection]]'', for his video game review series ''[[Ross's Game Dungeon]]'', and for his [[video game preservation]] activism through the [[Stop Killing Games]] movement<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tom Scott (presenter)|Tom Scott]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Tom Scott,<br />
Tom Scott Plus,<br />
Matt and Tom,<br />
The Technical Difficulties,<br />
Lateral with Tom Scott<br />
| Known for his series ''Things You Might Not Know'' and other [[popular science]] videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Linus Sebastian]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| LinusTechTips, LinusCatTips, TechQuickie, TechLinked, ChannelSuperFun, LMG{{nbsp}}Clips, CarpoolCritics, ShortCircuit<br />
| Technology expert, co-founder and CEO of Linus Media Group, primarily known as the presenter for the agency's various channels and formerly NCIX Tech Tips<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Seder]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ''[[The Majority Report with Sam Seder]]''<br />
| Liberal commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Twomad|Muudea Sedik]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Twomad<br />
| Canadian YouTuber, streamer, and comedian known for video game comedy videos and [[Zoombombing]] activity. Died in 2024 of a [[Overdose|drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/02/14/youtuber-twomad-death-suspected-overdose-assault-allegations/|title=YouTuber Twomad found dead at 23 of suspected overdose|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=February 14, 2024|access-date=February 23, 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Naomi Seibt]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| Naomi Seibt<br />
| [[Climate change denial]]ist who also makes videos about immigration, feminism and various other socio-political topics<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Megwin|Ken Sekine]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| megwin<br />
| Video blogger and comedian<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rathindu Senarathna]]<br />
| Sri Lanka<br />
| Ratta<br />
| Prominent philanthropist and YouTuber in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making us laugh, with a message |url=http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2019/08/04/youth-observer/making-us-laugh-message |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Sunday Observer|date=2 August 2019 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Showry|Seo Ae-jin]]<br />
| South Korea<br />
| The Showry Show<br />
| Shock comedy and parody videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SethBling]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SethBling<br />
| An American [[Let's Play]] commentator who is known for his contributions to the 2011 video game ''[[Minecraft]]'' and speedrunning records<ref>{{cite web|title=YouTube Millionaires: SethBling Teaches Minecraft For A Living|url=http://www.tubefilter.com/2013/08/08/youtube-millionaires-seth-bling-minecraft/|website=Tubefilter|access-date=18 September 2017|date=8 August 2013}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shirley Setia]]<br />
| New Zealand<br />
| shirleysetia<br />
| Singer from [[Auckland]] known for [[Bollywood]] covers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jordan Shanks-Markovina]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| [[friendlyjordies]]<br />
| [[Center-left]] political commentator, journalist, stand-up comedian. Conducts independent investigations into political corruption in [[New South Wales]], for which he has been the target of several assassination attempts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McGowan |first1=Michael |title=Friendlyjordies' Bondi home 'firebombed', lawyers for YouTuber claim {{!}} Sydney {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/nov/23/police-investigating-suspicious-fire-at-home-of-friendlyjordies |access-date=September 3, 2023 |website=amp.theguardian.com |date=23 November 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Abdullah El Sharif]]<br />
| Egypt<br />
| Abdullah Elshrif<br />
| Political commentator known for his criticism of the [[Egyptian government]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Shaun (YouTuber)|Shaun]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Shaun<br />
| Left-wing YouTuber known for debunking [[alt-right]] claims<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Aziz Shavershian]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| 7zyzz7<br />
| Australian internet personality, known for his bodybuilding videos. Died in 2011 from heart attack.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mat and Savanna Shaw|Mathew and Savanna Shaw]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MatandSavanna<br />
| American musical duo based in Utah<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mac Lethal|David McCleary Sheldon]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Mac Lethal<br />
| Rapper, producer, radio host. In November 2011, Mac Lethal released a video on YouTube of him rapping over the beat to "Look at Me Now" while he prepares a dish of pancakes in his kitchen. The video became a viral hit and got millions of views in a matter of days.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[SSSniperWolf|Lia Shelesh]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SSSniperWolf, sexysexysniper<br />
| Known for her [[Let's Play]] and [[reaction video]] videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Beryl Shereshewsky]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Beryl Shereshewsky<br />
| Food and cooking YouTuber, creating videos showcasing global cuisine<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ui Shigure]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| しぐれうい<br />
| [[VTuber]] and artist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nice Peter|Peter Shukoff]]<br />
| United States<br />
| nicepeter, nicepeterToo, ERB, ERB2<br />
| A self-described "Comic/Guitar Hero" best known for the musical comedy on his YouTube channel, NicePeter, and co-creating the comedy web series, known as ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]'', along with [[Lloyd Ahlquist]] (aka EpicLLOYD).<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Sidemen, MoreSidemen, SidemenReacts<br />
| Known for their football challenge videos, video game commentary videos, and their weekly videos uploaded to the Sidemen YouTube channel dubbed "Sidemen Sundays".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Charith N. Silva]]<br />
| Sri Lanka <br />
| Wild Cookbook<br />
| Sri Lankan [[celebrity chef]] and digital entrepreneur, best known as the creator of the Wild Cookbook YouTube channel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[TommyInnit|Thomas Simons]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| TommyInnit<br />
| Known for his ''[[Minecraft]]''-related videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kayla Sims]]<br />
| United States<br />
| lilsimsie<br />
| Gaming YouTuber known for playing ''[[The Sims 4]]''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[William Singe]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| stashhurrikane<br />
| Singer, songwriter and producer who has accumulated millions of followers on YouTube and Facebook by recording R&B, pop, hip-hop and rap covers in his bedroom.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Kanwer Singh]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Humble The Poet<br />
| Canadian YouTube personality, author, rapper and spoken-word artist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lilly Singh]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| IISuperwomanII, SuperwomanVlogs, Lilly Singh, Lilly Singh Vlogs<br />
| Indian-Canadian comedian known for her parody videos about everyday life. Her channel has over 15 million subscribers and 3.3 billion video views.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Troye Sivan]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| TroyeSivan, MoreTroye<br />
| South-African born Australian vlogger, singer and actor<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[JoJo Siwa|Joelle Joanie "JoJo" Siwa]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Its JoJo Siwa<br />
|Makes content primarily for young children.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Cavetown (musician)|Robert Skinner]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Cavetown<br />
| Musician, singer-songwriter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Not Just Bikes|Jason Slaughter]]<br />
| Canada/Netherlands<br />
| [[Not Just Bikes]]<br />
| Canadian-Dutch YouTuber who covers urbanist issues, such as cycling, [[walkability]], transportation, infrastructure, and built environment.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[William Sledd]]<br />
| United States<br />
| WilliamSledd<br />
| Vlogger who produces videos which center around fashion.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Keffals|Clara Sorrenti]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Keffals<br />
| Far-left, transgender Canadian commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tommy Sotomayor]]<br />
| United States<br />
| sotomayortv2<br />
| Radio host<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Becky Soundy|Rebeca Soundy]]<br />
| El Salvador<br />
| Becky Soundy TV, LESSAvirtual, Becky Soundy, Educasordo<br />
| [[Deaf culture]] vlogs and [[sign language]] education<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lauren Southern]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Lauren Southern, LaurenSouthernLive<br />
| [[Alt-right]] commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Taryn Southern]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Hott4Hill, TarynSouthern, taryntogo<br />
| Actress, singer, model, writer, producer. Created in 2007 a [[Hillary Clinton]] campaign video, ''Hott4Hill''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mary Spender]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Mary Spender<br />
| Musician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eric Stanley (violinist)|Eric Stanley]]<br />
| United States<br />
| {{Proper name|estan247}}<br />
| Violinist and composer, known for remixing popular hip-hop and pop songs on the violin.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jeffree Star]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jeffreestar<br />
| Beauty influencer, makeup artist, former musician, owner of JeffreeStarCosmetics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Stauber]]<br />
| United States<br />
| JackStauber<br />
| Musician and animator known for his song "Buttercup" and collaborations with [[Adult Swim]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eatyourkimchi|Simon Stawski and Martina Sazunic]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Eatyourkimchi, simonandmartina (2016&ndash;2020), simonandmartinabonus (2016&ndash;2020)<br />
| Canadian [[expatriate]]s who became notable for promoting South Korean culture on YouTube and, later, their food and travel vlogs<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jason Steele (animator)|Jason Steele]]<br />
| United States<br />
| FilmCow<br />
| Creator of the viral ''[[Charlie the Unicorn]]'' series, as well as ''Llamas with Hats'' and ''Detective Mittens''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Graham Stephan]]<br />
|United States<br />
|GrahamStephan; TheIcedCoffeeHour<br />
|Posts content about personal finance and real estate.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[James Stephanie Sterling]]<br />
| United Kingdom, United States<br />
| Jim Sterling<br />
| Freelance video game journalist, critic, and pundit. Former review editor for [[Destructoid]] and author for ''[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]]''. Known for heavy criticism of the wider gaming industry.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Winston Sterzel]]<br />
| South Africa<br />
| ADVChina, serpentZA<br />
| Produces YouTube videos on life in China<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Stevens (educator)|Michael Stevens]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Vsauce]]<br />
| Host and creator of ''Vsauce'', explaining topics of general interest, often including science and philosophy.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jynxzi|Nicholas Stewart]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jynxzi, Jynxzi Live, Jynxzi VODS, Jynxzi Podcast<br />
| Gamer and livestreamer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lindsey Stirling]]<br />
| United States<br />
| lindseystomp, LindseyTime<br />
| ''America's Got Talent'' quarterfinalist; known for dancing while playing violin, performing classical crossover to electronic dance music, hip-hop and dubstep; charted on ''Billboard''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hannah Stocking|Hannah Stocking-Siagkris]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Hannah Stocking<br />
| Posts comedy skits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Devin Stone]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LegalEagle<br />
| Practicing lawyer who comments on current affairs through a legal lens and reviews legal movies.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Matt Stonie]]<br />
| United States<br />
| MegatoadStonie<br />
| Known for eating challenges and comeptitive eating.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[L.A. Beast|Kevin Strahle]]<br />
| United States<br />
| skippy62able, L.A. Beast Live<br />
| Known professionally as L.A. Beast. Competitive eater, vlogger, reviver of [[Crystal Pepsi]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joe Sugg]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| ThatcherJoe, ThatcherJoeVlogs, ThatcherJoeGames<br />
| British internet personality, brother of [[Zoe Sugg]] and known for his challenges, impersonations and comedy videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Zoë Sugg]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| zoella, morezoella<br />
| Her vlogs and blog posts centre around beauty, fashion and lifestyle.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[2023 in Misfits Boxing#MF & DAZN: X Series 005|Jay Swingler]] and [[TGFbro|Romell Henry]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Jay Swingler, MoreTGF, Romell Henry, TGFbro<br />
| Pranks and stunts<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sykkuno]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Sykkuno<br />
| Twitch streamer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nick Symmonds]]<br />
|United States<br />
|nicksymmonds,<br />
NickSymmondsToo<br />
|Former professional middle-distance runner producing fitness content<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | T {{anchor|T|t}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Takanashi Kiara]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Takanashi Kiara Ch. hololive-EN<br />
| A musician and VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]] <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nyma Tang]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Nyma Tang<br />
|Beauty vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Joe Tasker (YouTuber)|Joe Tasker]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Joe Tasker<br />
| British internet personality and television presenter<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jimmy Tatro|James Tatro]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LifeAccordingToJimmy, {{Proper name|thejimmytatrochannel}}<br />
| American actor, writer and YouTuber; Has made appearances in ''[[Grown Ups 2]]'' and ''[[22 Jump Street]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Brandon Tatum]]<br />
| United States<br />
| The Officer Tatum<br />
| Right-wing YouTuber and commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Techmoan|Matthew Taylor]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Techmoan<br />
| Known for [[Consumer electronics|consumer tech]] reviews and "RetroTech" documentaries about technology of historical interest<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amy Shira Teitel]]<br />
|Canada/United States<br />
|The Vintage Space<br />
|Discusses the history of space flight and exploration<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mememolly|Molly Templeton]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| mememolly<br />
| Internet personality and former presenter of [[Rocketboom]] daily news<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steve Terreberry]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Steve Terreberry (SteveTerreberry), Unka Munka<br />
| Musician, singer-songwriter, comedian<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[4K Gaming Nepal|Pawan Jung Shahi Thakuri]]<br />
| Nepal<br />
| 4K Gaming Nepal<br />
| Known for his [[PUBG]] videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Nicki Thiim]]<br />
| Denmark<br />
| NickiThiim<br />
| Racecar driver<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Steve1989MREInfo|Steve Thomas]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Steve1989MREInfo<br />
| [[Military ration]] reviewer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Abigail Thorn]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Philosophy Tube<br />
| Videos usually discuss philosophy.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Adande Thorne]] <br />
| Trinidad and Tobago, United States<br />
| sWooZie<br />
| Animated storytelling<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel Thrasher]] <br />
| United States<br />
| Daniel Thrasher<br />
| Music, skits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sanjay Thumma]]<br />
| India<br />
| Vahchef – VahRehVah<br />
| Indian culinary videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tay Tian]] <br />
| Canada<br />
| Lil Tay<br />
| Internet personality and rapper<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sergei Tikhanovsky]] <br />
| Belarus<br />
| Страна для жизни {{in lang|ru}}/Country for Life<br />
| Belarusian political blogger, activist, and entrepreneur. Political prisoner since 2020, shortly after stating intent to run for president in the [[2020 Belarusian presidential election]], for which he was succeeded by his wife [[Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Chloe Ting]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Chloe Ting<br />
| Known for fitness videos and challenges<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Simon Tofield]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Simon's Cat<br />
| Tofield's first video was uploaded to YouTube on 4 March 2008. Since then, in addition to making YouTube videos, he has published four books.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tokai On Air]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Tokai On Air<br />
| A Japanese YouTuber group based in [[Okazaki City]], [[Aichi Prefecture]], consisting of six members: Tetsuya, Ryo, Shibayu, Toshimitsu, Yumemaru, and Mushimegane.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Tokino Sora]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| SoraCh. ときのそらチャンネル<br />
| VTuber and founding member of [[Hololive Production]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jonathan Tomines]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| The Toe Bro<br />
| Canadian [[Podiatry|chiropodist]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Tyler Toney, Coby Cotton, Cory Cotton, Garrett Hilbert, Cody Jones<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Dude Perfect]], Dude Perfect en Español, Dude Perfect Plus, DudePerfectTV<br />
| Internet group that does various sports-related challenges.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |† [[Tongo (entertainer)|Tongo]]<br />
|Peru<br />
|Tongo Oficial<br />
|Singer, humorist and songwriter, known for mainly covering deliberately mispronounced English songs fused with [[Peruvian cumbia|cumbia]], a style he calls "Tonglish".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ryan Trahan]]<br />
|United States<br />
|Ryan Trahan, ryan trahan<br />
|Comedic and vlogging YouTuber<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Natalie Tran]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| communitychannel<br />
| First Vietnamese-Australian YouTuber to pass one million subscribers.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Trial & Error (company)|Trial & Error]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| 試當真trialanderror<br />
| Makes comedy videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sam Tsui|Samuel Tsui]]<br />
| United States<br />
| TheSamTsui<br />
| Best known for covering and performing songs by popular artists, as well as original medleys and mashups.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Toby Turner]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Tobuscus, TobyTurner, TobyGames<br />
| Comedian and actor known for his "Literal Trailers", hosting ''[[Philip DeFranco|CuteWinFail]]'' and playing Nerville on the ''[[Annoying Orange (TV series)|Annoying Orange]]'' TV series.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Merrell Twins]]<br />
| United States<br />
| merrelltwins<br />
| Comedy duo, actresses, musicians and singers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Matthew Tye]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Laowhy86<br />
| Travel vlogger and commentator about political and social issues in China<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | U {{anchor|U|u}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jerzy Urban]]<br />
| Poland<br />
| Tygodnik NIE<br />
| Comedian, political commentator.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Usada Pekora]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Pekora Ch. 兎田ぺこら<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]. One of the most watched female livestreamers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cenk Uygur]], John Iadarola, [[Ana Kasparian]], [[Ben Mankiewicz]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[The Young Turks]], TYT Investigates, TYT's The Conversation<br />
| Left-wing online media outlet<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | V {{anchor|V|v}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[LeafyIsHere|Calvin Vail]]<br />
| United States<br />
| LeafyIsHere {{small|(terminated)}}<br />
| Controversial commentator<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jack Vale (comedian)|Jack Vale]]<br />
| United States<br />
| jackvalefilms<br />
| [[Hidden camera]] [[Practical joke|pranks]] on the general public.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Christiaan Van Vuuren]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Van Vuuren Bros<br />
| Gained notable popularity as "The Fully Sick Rapper" after starting to record videos from within quarantine for [[tuberculosis]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mikhail Varshavski]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Doctor Mike<br />
| Russian-born American family physician<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Lizzie Velásquez]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Lizzie Velasquez<br />
| Author, motivational speaker<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | vedal987<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| [[Neuro-sama]], Neuro-sama Official Vods<br />
| Creator of artificial intelligence [[VTuber]] Neuro-sama.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Doctor Steel|Rion Vernon]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DoctorSteel<br />
| Steampunk / industrial musician, entertainer, and visual artist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Corey Vidal]]<br />
|Canada<br />
| Corey Vidal<br />
| Known for "Star Wars (John Williams is the Man)" and how-to dance videos.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Larry Vickers]]<br />
|United States<br />
| Vickers Tactical<br />
| Known for videos specializing in firearms.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Fede Vigevani]]<br />
| Uruguay, Mexico<br />
| Fede Vigevani<br />
| Uruguayan YouTuber and musician based in Mexico City.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Varg Vikernes]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| Thulean Perspective<br />
| Vlogger noted for his [[social conservatism|socially conservative]] views and advocacy for [[white nationalism]], [[Nordicism]], and traditional [[paganism]]. Best known as a Norwegian [[black metal]] musician, known for his music project [[Burzum]] and as the former bassist of [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Meekakitty|Tessa Violet]]<br />
| United States<br />
| meekakitty<br />
| American comedy vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mudja|Stefan Vuksanović]]<br />
| Serbia<br />
| Mudja<br />
| Gamer & streamer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Aleksa Vulović]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Boy Boy<br />
| Serbian-Australian comedian<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hydraulic Press Channel|Lauri and Anni Vuohensilta]]<br />
| Finland<br />
| Hydraulic Press Channel<br />
| Various objects are crushed by a [[hydraulic press]].<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | W {{anchor|W|w}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Alan Walker (music producer)|Alan Walker]]<br />
| United Kingdom/Norway<br />
| Alan Walker, Walker Gaming<br />
| English-Norwegian DJ and record producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amy Walker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Amy Walker<br />
| Video game voice actress, notably as Lunara in ''[[Heroes of the Storm]]'' and various characters in ''[[Fallout 76]]''. She is also a director, singer, and artist. Most notable for videos about world accents.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Doug Walker (comedian)|Doug Walker]]<br />
| United States<br />
| League of Super Critics, Channel Awesome, ThatGuyWithTheGlasses<br />
| Comedian, movie reviewer and film critic, part of [[Channel Awesome]]. Creator and portrayer of That Guy With the Glasses, the [[Nostalgia Critic]] and Chester A. Bum.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Elle Walker]], Meg Resnikoff, Brooke Mahan<br />
| United States<br />
| WhatsUpMoms<br />
| Three moms who post motherhood-related comedy content, although recently, other moms have been featured on it. In 2018, Brooke left, but came back in 2020. In 2020, Meg left, but came back in 2021.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[D'Angelo Wallace]]<br />
| United States<br />
| dangelowallace, D'Angelo Wallace, Office Husband<br />
| American commentary YouTuber; notable for videos on [[Shane Dawson]] and [[Jeffree Star]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Steve Wallis]]<br />
|Canada<br />
|thestevewallis<br />
|Outdoor channel primarily focused on unconventional camping methods, such as "boondocking" and "urban stealth camping"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Disguised Toast|Jeremy Wang]]<br />
| Canada<br />
| Disguised Toast<br />
| Gaming<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Wong Fu Productions|Phillip Wang, Wesley Chan and Ted Fu]]<br />
| United States<br />
| wongfuproductions<br />
| Film-making trio. Known for film shorts, music videos for other musicians and their vlogs called "Wong Fu Weekends".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mahoto Watanabe]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Mahoto {{small|(terminated)}}<br />
| Japanese YouTuber and rapper<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[IShowSpeed|Darren Watkins Jr.]]<br />
| United States<br />
| IShowSpeed, Speedy Boykins, Live Speedy<br />
| YouTuber and streamer known for his variety livestreams<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Alec Watson (YouTuber)|Alec Watson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[Technology Connections]]<br />
| Covers the history and mechanics of [[consumer electronic]]s, [[home appliance]]s, and other pieces of technology<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amelia Watson (streamer)|Amelia Watson]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Watson Amelia Ch. hololive-EN<br />
| VTuber associated with [[Hololive Production]]. Channel is inactive<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Paul Joseph Watson]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| PrisonPlanetLive<br />
| Far-right conspiracy theorist<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rebecca Watson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Rebecca Watson, Rebecca Versus Life<br />
| Videos surrounding [[feminism]], [[critical thinking]], [[religious skepticism]], and [[scientific skepticism]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Boxxy (Internet phenomenon)|Catherine Wayne]]<br />
| United States<br />
| boxxybabee, ANewHopeee, bodaciousboxxy<br />
| Popular for her YouTube comedy videos under the pseudonym "Boxxy". Fights between her supporters and her detractors lead to an "online war".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[PrankvsPrank|Jesse Wellens and Jeana Smith]]<br />
| United States<br />
| PrankvsPrank, BFvsGF, NylahKitty, DownRangeGaming<br />
| Couple pranking each other, as well as video logs of their daily life.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Michael Wesch]]<br />
| United States<br />
| mwesch<br />
| His video "Web 2.0 ... The Machine is Us/ing Us" was viewed over 11 million times.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Blaire White]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Blaire White, The Blaire White Project<br />
| Political commentary YouTuber, vlogger, and host of the podcast ''The Blaire White Project''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cr1TiKaL|Charles White Jr.]]<br />
| United States<br />
| penguinz0<br />
| Known for his gameplay, Twitch streaming, and commentary videos, which are notably delivered in a deadpan format.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Daniel White (YouTuber)|Daniel White]]<br />
| United States<br />
| [[danooct1]]<br />
| Demonstrates and documents [[computer virus]]es and other forms of [[malware]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Oli White]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Oli White<br />
|Known for his appearance as James in the [[AwesomenessTV (TV series)|AwesomenessTV]] web series ''Shipping Julia'', and for his appearance as himself in [[Joe and Caspar Hit the Road|''Joe and Caspar Hit The Road'']].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Mark Wiens]]<br />
| Thailand <br />
| Mark Wiens <br />
| Food and Travel YouTuber<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Cory Williams]]<br />
| United States<br />
| SMP Films, TheMeanKitty, LiveEachDay<br />
| Known as ''Mr. Safety'' from SMP Films, organizer of the "As One" [[YouTube#YouTube gatherings|YouTube gathering]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[CoryxKenshin|Cory DeVante Williams]]<br />
| United States<br />
| CoryxKenshin<br />
| Gaming content<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Boogie2988|Steven Williams]]<br />
| United States<br />
| boogie2988<br />
| Gaming channel primarily known for the character ''Francis'', who gives his thoughts on and usually rages on various gaming topics.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Ted Williams (voice-over artist)|Theodore Williams]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Ted Williams<br />
| Most notable for "The Man with the Golden Radio Voice". <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | † [[Lamarr Wilson]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Lamarr Wilson<br />
| Technology reporter, comedic presenter, and educator known as "That Unboxing Guy" and "The Tech Lifestyle Entertainer". He co-hosted the [[Webby Award]]-winning series ''Takei's Take'' with [[George Takei]] and was a regular contributor to the ''[[Daily Tech News Show]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Windah Basudara|Brando Franco Windah]]<br />
| Indonesia<br />
| Windah Basudara<br />
| [[Video game live streaming]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jeff Wittek]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Jeff Wittek, JEFF FM, JEFF CLIPS<br />
| Vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Hannah Witton]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| hannahgirasol<br />
| Witton creates video blogs and informational content, mostly based around relationships, sex and sexual health, liberation and welfare issues, literature, and travel.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Emi Wong]]<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| EmiWong<br />
| Makes fitness, lifestyle, and travelling videos<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Freddie Wong]] and [[Brandon Laatsch]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Rocket Jump, Brandonjla<br />
| Creator of many mini action movies. They have gained a combined total of over 9.5 million subscribers since beginning uploading videos in 2010.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DigitalRev TV|Kai Wong, Alamby Leung and Lok Cheung]] {{small|(all former)}}<br />
| Hong Kong<br />
| DigitalRevCom<br />
| Presenter of DigitalRev TV<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eddie Woo]]<br />
| Australia<br />
| Eddie Woo<br />
| This mathematics teacher started his career in 2012 when recording a lesson for a sick student. His YouTube channel has over 1.34 million subscribers and more than 95 million views worldwide as of November 2021.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sulhee Jessica Woo]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Sulhee Jessica<br />
| Korean American content creator known for bento box lunch videos; author of ''Let's Make Some Lunch'' (2024)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Scott Wozniak]]<br />
| United States<br />
| Scott the Woz, Scott's Stash, Scott's Snippets<br />
| Creator of comedy gaming retrospective web series ''[[Scott the Woz]]''; in addition to YouTube, the series aired on the G4 television network.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[DougDoug|Douglas Wreden]]<br />
| United States<br />
| DougDoug, DougDoug Clips, DougDougDoug, DougDougDougDoug, Friends til Death, Lemonade Stand, Lemonade Stand Clips<br />
| Known for his gaming videos which usually revolve around various challenges, as well as his charity streams for the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]], in which he has raised over $100,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rehn |first1=Torstein |title=YouTuber raises $100,000 for Monterey Bay Aquarium in honor of sea otter's birthday |url=https://www.ksbw.com/article/youtuber-raises-dollar100000-for-monterey-bay-aquarium-in-honor-of-sea-otters-birthday/41534395 |website=ksbw.com |date=5 October 2022 |publisher=KSBW |access-date=11 January 2023 |language=English}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[KevJumba|Kevin Wu]]<br />
| United States<br />
| KevJumba, JumbaFund<br />
| Comedian/reality star of ''[[The Amazing Race 17]]''. Formerly hosted "Flicks" pre-commercials on [[Cartoon Network]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bill Wurtz]]<br />
| United States<br />
| bill wurtz<br />
| Video creator, animator, and musician who makes surreal videos, most notably "history of japan" and "history of the entire world, i guess".<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ContraPoints|Natalie Wynn]]<br />
| United States<br />
| ContraPoints<br />
| A former philosophy graduate student and instructor who creates videos about gender, race, politics.<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | X {{anchor|X|x}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Y {{anchor|Y|y}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Ami Yamato]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| Ami Yamato<br />
| A [[VTuber]] vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Eugene Lee Yang]], Keith Habersberger, Ned Fulmer, and Zach Kornfeld<br />
| United States<br />
| [[The Try Guys]]<br />
| Known for their book ''The Hidden Power of F*cking Up''; their [[YouTube Red]] series ''[[Squad Wars]]''; and winning the 6th [[Streamy Awards]] award for Nonfiction Channel, Show, or Series, the 8th Streamy Awards for Show of the Year, and the 2018 [[Webby Awards]] for Unscripted (Branded) – People's Voice.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Yaorenmao]]<br />
| China<br />
| [[Yaorenmao]]<br />
| Chinese singer and dancer that posts videos on both [[Bilibili]] and YouTube.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Amos Yee]]<br />
| Singapore<br />
| BrainAndButter<br />
| Arrested after uploading a YouTube video criticizing [[Lee Kuan Yew]] shortly after the first Singaporean prime minister's death. His YouTube channel was suspended for pedophile advocacy videos, and he is currently in prison in the United States on child pornography charges.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Charlie Veitch]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| Charles Veitch<br />
| Former conspiracy theorist, Now does walk-around tours.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Sisi Yemmie]]<br />
|Nigeria<br />
|SisiYemmieTV<br />
|Nigerian food and lifestyle vlogger<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Viktoriya Yermolyeva]]<br />
| Ukraine<br />
| vkgoeswild<br />
| Pianist with over a million views who has worked with [[Lazar Berman]] and [[Nine Inch Nails]] drummer [[Brian Viglione]].<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Aaron Yonda]] and [[Matt Sloan (voice actor)|Matt Sloan]]<br />
| United States<br />
| BlameSociety<br />
| Known for the fan web series ''[[Chad Vader: Day Shift Manager]]''.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Liah Yoo]]<br />
| South Korea<br />
| Liah Yoo<br />
| South Korean skincare YouTuber and entrepreneur; founder of KraveBeauty.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Bilingirl|Chika Yoshida]]<br />
| Japan<br />
| cyoshida1231<br />
| Japanese YouTuber known as Bilingirl, who creates educational videos teaching English grammar and conversation<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Rachel and Jun|Rachel and Junichi Yoshizuki]]<br />
| United States/Japan<br />
| MyHusbandisJapanese<br />
| Japanese culture, society and lifestyle, cooking and culinary art<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! colspan="4" | Z {{anchor|Z|z}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Vitaly Zdorovetskiy]]<br />
| United States/Russia<br />
| VitalyzdTV, VitalyzdTvSecond<br />
| Comedian and prankster<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Elizabeth Zharoff]]<br />
| United States<br />
| The Charismatic Voice <br />
| Rock singers, reaction videos, interviews; opera.<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[ohnePixel|Mark Zimmerman]]<br />
| Germany<br />
| ohnePixel<br />
| German gamer who plays games in the ''[[Counter-Strike]]'' series<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Jake Zyrus]]<br />
| Philippines<br />
| {{Proper name|charice}}<br />
| Filipino singer who rose to popularity through YouTube; was featured in three episodes of ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' in its second season<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Biography|Internet|Lists}}<br />
* [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]]<br />
* [[List of most-viewed YouTube channels]]<br />
* [[List of Internet phenomena]]<br />
* [[Viral video]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="bad guy">{{cite web |url=https://www.altpress.com/news/billie-eilish-bad-guy-youtube-video-comment-one-million-likes/ |title=Billie Eilish "bad guy" video comment becomes first to get 1 million likes |website=[[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] |date=14 October 2019}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
{{YouTube navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:YouTubers}}<br />
[[Category:Dynamic lists]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people by occupation|YouTubers]]<br />
[[Category:YouTube-related lists|YouTubers]]<br />
[[Category:YouTubers|*]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girish_Chandra_Roy&diff=500572Girish Chandra Roy2026-03-13T07:12:39Z<p>Teena29I554: added article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British Indian aristocrat and philanthropist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Raja]]<br />
| name = Girish Chandra Roy<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| native_name = গিরীশচন্দ্র রায়<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pronunciation = Girīś Chôndrô Ray<br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_name = Bajragovinda Nandi Chaudhury<br />
| birth_date = 27 March 1844<br />
| birth_place = [[Balaganj Upazila|Charbhuta, Balaganj]], [[Sylhet District]], [[British India]]<br />
| baptised = <br />
| disappeared_date = <br />
| disappeared_place = <br />
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1907|4|15|1844|3|27}}<br />
| death_place = [[Sylhet]], [[British Raj]]<br />
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'''[[Raja]]''' '''Girish Chandra Roy''' ({{Langx|bn|গিরীশ চন্দ্র রায়}}; 27 March 1844 – 15 April 1907), born as '''Bajragovinda Nandi Chaudhury''' ({{Langx|bn|ব্রজগোবিন্দ নন্দী চৌধুরী}}) was a British Indian [[Zamindar|aristocrat]] and philanthropist. In recognition of his contribution to the development of education in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], he became the first Sylheti to be awarded the title of [[Rai Bahadur]] in 1895 and the only Sylheti be granted the title of [[Raja]] by the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=চৌধুরী তত্ত্বনিধি |first=অচ্যুতচরণ |url= |title=শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত (উত্তরাংশ)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and rise to power ==<br />
Bajragovinda Nandi Chaudhury was born on 27 March 1844 to a Bengali (Sylheti) [[Kayastha]] family in the village of Charbhuta in [[Balaganj Upazila|Balaganj]], [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]]. He was the son of Dipachandra Nandi Chaudhury. In 1849, he was adopted and raised by Bajrasundari Devi, the childless daughter of [[zamindar]] [[Murari Chand Roy]] of Sylhet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Murarichand. College |url=https://mccollege.edu.bd/about-en#:~:text=Raja%20Girish%20Chandra%20Roy%20was,school%20after%20his%20maternal%20grandfather. |website=[[Murari Chand College|MC College]]}}</ref> Thus he inherited the vast property of the zamindari of Sylhet.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: From the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. · Volume 4 |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |year=1991 |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |pages=361}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
As a zamindar, he spent all his wealth for the spread of education, the prevention of famine, the salvation of the poor and the distressed. Govinda Charan Park was established by Roy. He was the first Sylheti engineer and one of the architects of the [[Howrah Bridge]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Suman Kumar |date=22 June 2021 |title=শতবর্ষী গোবিন্দচরণ পার্ক |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/শতবর্ষী-গোবিন্দচরণ-পার্ক |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdul Aziz |first=Bhasha-Sangrami Mohammad |title=কালের যাত্রার ধ্বনি |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
He founded the Girish Bengal School (Raja Girish Chandra High School) in 1876. After the death of [[Radha Nath Chaudhuri]] in 1881,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Bipin Chandra |title=Memories of My Life and Times |publisher=Upendra Chandra Bhattacharya |year=1932 |pages=385 |language=en}}</ref> Roy took over the Sylhet National School and established the [[Murari Chand College]] in honour of his adoptive grandfather in the Bandarbazar area of Sylhet town.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Doha |date=15 February 2024 |title=Crumbling under the weight of time |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/crumbling-under-the-weight-time-3543971 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> This was the first college in Sylhet and [[Assam Province]]. He was also the founder of Murari Chand Entrance School and Sanskrit Chatuspathi, where all the four [[Vedas]] were taught. During his time, about half of the students of these schools and colleges studied for free and with low salary, a monthly stipend was fixed for the helpless students. Roy was also very supportive of women's education and helped in its spread in many ways. Moreover, Raja Girish Chandra Roy was the first among all of the Bengalis in the then [[Assam Province]] to prepare tea gardens and opened the way for others to indulge in this business.<ref>{{Cite book |last=চৌধুরী তত্ত্বনিধি |first=অচ্যুতচরণ |url= |title=শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত (উত্তরাংশ)}}</ref> In 1905, he was awarded the title of [[Raja]] during the visit of [[Henry Cotton (civil servant)|Sir Henry Cotton]] to Sylhet. The Raja loved to feed people, and at feasts in his house he always stood casually near the line, observing and greeting, and everyone was pleased with his humble behaviour and sweet talk. He did not hesitate to give a lot of money whether it was Hindus, Muslims or Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=চৌধুরী তত্ত্বনিধি |first=অচ্যুতচরণ |url= |title=শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত (উত্তরাংশ)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy ==<br />
Roy died on Sunday 2nd [[Boishakh]] 1314 [[Bengali calendar|[Bangla]]] (15 April 1907) in [[Sylhet]]. On hearing the news of the Raja's death, the Deputy Commissioner, Mr. Cohen, closed the Deputy Commissioner Offices, Local Board Offices, Judges' Courts, All Judges' Courts, Munsiff Courts, Government Schools in Sylhet. The moneylenders of Bandar Bazar closed their respective shops on for that day. Murari Chand College High School was closed for seven days. The city was silent and silent, and everyone lamented, "What has happened?" The Raja's funeral was completed in due course.<ref>{{Cite book |last=চৌধুরী তত্ত্বনিধি |first=অচ্যুতচরণ |url= |title=শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত (উত্তরাংশ)}}</ref> In 2023, a portrait of Roy was revealed on campus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=19 November 2023 |title=Portrait of Girish Chandra unveiled at MC College |url=https://khoborsobor.com/portrait-of-girish-chandra-roy-unveiled-at-mc-college/ |work=Khobor Sobor}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Girish}}<br />
[[Category:1907 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1845 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian nobility]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:People from Balaganj Upazila]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sylhet]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:University and college founders]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panhala_(film)&diff=524175Panhala (film)2026-03-04T09:45:02Z<p>Teena29I554: added some article basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2015 Marathi-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Panhala<br />
| image = Panhala Marathi film.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = [[Nagesh Bhosle]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*Nagesh Bhosle<br />
*Leena Deshmukh<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Nagesh Bhosle<br />
*Sangram Salvi<br />
*[[Samidha Guru]]<br />
*Amruta Sant <br />
*[[Makrand Deshpande]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Amarendra Bhosle<br />
| editing = Sunil Jadhav<br />
| music = Anand Lukand<br />
| studio = Ajna Motion Picture<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|07|24}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Panhala''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Nagesh Bhosle]] and produced by Nagesh Bhosle and Leena Deshmukh. The film stars Nagesh Bhosle, Sangram Salvi, [[Samidha Guru]], Amruta Sant and [[Makrand Deshpande]]. It was released on 24 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=&nbsp;‘पन्हाळा’चा फर्स्ट लूक लॉन्च |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/first-look-launch-of-panhala-1121744/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219044550/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/first-look-launch-of-panhala-1121744/ |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
The lives of two married couples, who come to Panhala, change after an unfortunate accident occurs where history repeats itself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=&nbsp;पन्हाळा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/panhala/articleshow/48194561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219044245/https://maharashtratimes.com/panhala/articleshow/48194561.cms |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Nagesh Bhosle]] as Balkrishna <br />
* Sangram Salvi as swastik <br />
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Sneha<br />
* Amruta Sant as Madhavi <br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Ajay<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Panhala<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Anand Lukand<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2015<br />
| recorded = 2015<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 4:13<br />
| language = Marathi <br />
| label = <br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = 2014<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = 2015<br />
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br />
|{{YouTube|8WTmpJ2n37c| Panhala – Full Album}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 4:13<br />
| title1 = Is There<br />
| extra1 = Rohit Das, Nagesh Bhosle.<br />
| length1 = 4:13<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Critical response==<br />
Panhala film received negative reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The landscapes of Panhala have been captured well but that apart, the film disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=&nbsp;PANHALA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/panhala/movie-review/48374491.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219045315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/panhala/movie-review/48374491.cms |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote " While it would work in a play where the action is restricted by the stage space, in the open universe of cinema it feels odd. It’s a minor obstacle when you look at the entire film, but considering how our audience craves for a neat and clean resolution it may just be a step in the wrong direction".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=&nbsp;Film Reviews: Past imperfect |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-past-imperfect/cid5089285.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219045848/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-past-imperfect/cid5089285.htm |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref> Jaydeep Pathak of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote "Even though 'Panhala' is somewhat right in content, it fails in presentation. The lack of a strong screenplay linking the context of contemporary reality with the history of Panhala is clearly visible here".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=&nbsp;पन्हाळा: व्यथा ढासळलेल्या बुरुजांची |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/panhala/amp_moviereview/48194514.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219050516/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/panhala/amp_moviereview/48194514.cms |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt4681132}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/panhala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Saal_Baad&diff=536449So Saal Baad2026-03-04T03:54:43Z<p>Teena29I554: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1966 film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{infobox film<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[B.K. Dubey]]<br />
| name = So Saal Baad<br />
| image = So Saal Baad.jpg<br />
| starring = [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] <br />[[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| released = {{Film date|1966}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''So Saal Baad''''' is a 1966 [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] film directed by [[B.K. Dubey]] starring [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT303 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Hero Vol.2 |date=2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-03-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90 }}</ref> The film was released on 29 December 1966 and was certified U by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=So Saal Baad |journal=[[The Gazette of India]] |date=25 March 1967 |volume=611|page=178 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1967.611/page/n17/mode/2up |publisher=[[Government of India Press, Nilokheri|Government of India Press]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
While working at an excavation site, a young engineer (Feroz Khan) notices an abandoned mansion where he hears a female voice singing a tragic song. When he investigates, he finds a beautiful apparition; what's more, there seems to be something quite familiar about her. He wonders if this is the ghost of someone from his past life.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
The cast is listed below:<ref>{{cite web |title=So Saal Baad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sau-saal-baad/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1966 |accessdate=7 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] <br />
*[[Manmohan Krishna]]<br />
*[[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]<br />
*[[Rajendra Nath]]<br />
*[[D.K. Sapru]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian LP EP Records |date=1970 |publisher=[[Gramophone Company of India]] |page=134 |url=https://archive.org/details/indian-lp-ep-records-1970-catalog/page/134/mode/2up}}</ref> According to the author Ganesh Anantharaman, the first song, "Ek Ritu Aae Ek Ritu Jaae", is one of their "most tuneful numbers".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anantharaman |first1=Ganesh |title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306340-7 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA73 }}</ref> [[Raju Bharatan]] of ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' described "Ye Raat Bhi Jaa Rahi Hai" as an "unusual composition".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharatan |first1=Raju |authorlink1=Raju Bharatan |title=Lata's Best? |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12254/page/n1133/mode/2up |accessdate=7 November 2020 |work=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=11 May 1987 |page=53}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Track# !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Ek Ritu Aae Ek Ritu Jaae"<br />
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Na Jayiyo Radhe"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Ye Raat Bhi Jaa Rahi Hai"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Kisi Ki Nazar Ne Ishara Kiya Hai"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Ab Ke Baras Ye Bahar"<br />
| Manna Dey, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Bhoola Hua Afsana"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''[[Shankar's Weekly]]'' wrote in a scathing review of the film that its story is "as confusing as much to the hero as to the audience" and took note of some "awful comedy" in it.<ref>{{cite news |title=So Saal Baad |work=[[Shankar's Weekly]] |publisher=[[K. Shankar Pillai]] |date=19 March 1967 |page=21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0351700}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1966 films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aranyaka_(film)&diff=455071Aranyaka (film)2026-03-03T23:26:49Z<p>Teena29I554: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aranyaka<br> अरण्यक<br />
| image = <br />
<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]<br />
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]<br />[[Doordarshan]]<br />
| writer = Apurba Kishore Bir<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Aranyaka''|Manoj Das}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Sarat Pujari]]<br />[[Navni Parihar]]<br />[[Sanjana Kapoor]]<br />[[Mohan Gokhale]]<br />
| music = Bhavdeep Jaipurwalle<br />
| cinematography = Apurba Kishore Bir<br />
| editing = Dilip Panda<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1994}}<br />
| runtime = 84 min.<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aranyaka''' (A Trip into the Jungle) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1994|1994]] Indian [[Hindi]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Apurba Kishore Bir]].<ref name="GulzarNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT665|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|page=665}}</ref> The film stars [[Sarat Pujari]], [[Navni Parihar]], [[Sanjana Kapoor]] and [[Mohan Gokhale]] in lead roles. Based on a short story ''Aranyaka'' by eminent writer Padma Bhushan Manoj Das, the film is set in rural [[Odisha]], where a formal local ruler organizes a hunt for his invited guests, which goes wrong. The film highlights the clash between ruling class and indigenous people of the region.<ref>{{cite web| title = Meet the frownies |publisher= Livemint| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NhmgNVJ8qGK6HUBiRfp7fI/Movies--Meet-the-frownies.html|date= 28 September 2013| accessdate = 2013-10-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Sarat Pujari]] as Raja Saheb<br />
* [[Mohan Gokhale]] as Mr. Mitty<br />
* Lalatendu Rath as Major<br />
* [[Sanjana Kapoor]] as Elina<br />
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Mrs. Mitty<br />
* Sunil Sing as Shyamal<br />
* Subrata Mahapatra as Chowkidar<br />
* Jangyaseni Jena as Tribal girl<br />
* Ajay Nath as Tribal boy<br />
* Pritikrushna Mahanty as Tribal boy<br />
* Ashim Basu as Mad beggar<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0305241|Aranyaka}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=''Aranyaka'' |url=http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1055_Aranyak |publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India#Cinemas of India|Cinemas of India (NFDC)]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921115738/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1055_Aranyak |archivedate=21 September 2013 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s psychological drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Apurba Kishore Bir]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachin_Tendulkar_Alla&diff=531624Sachin Tendulkar Alla2026-03-03T21:33:30Z<p>Teena29I554: creating!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sachin Tendulkar Alla<br />
| image = Sachin!_Tendulkar_Alla.jpeg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Mohan Shankar]]<br />
| producer = BN Gangadhar<br />
| starring = Master Snehith <br/> [[Javagal Srinath]] <br/> [[Venkatesh Prasad]] <br/> [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]<br/> [[Sudharani]]<br />
| narrator = Suhasini Manirathnam<br />
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]<br />
| cinematography = D. Prasad Babu<br />
| editing = Shivaprasad Yadav<br />
| distributor = B. N. S. Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|2014|07|11|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 2 hours 10 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sachin Tendulkar Alla''''' ({{translation}} Not [[Sachin Tendulkar]]) is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada]] film featuring Master Snehith, cricketers [[Javagal Srinath]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] and [[Sudharani]]. Directed by Mohan Shankar and produced by BN Gangadhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sachin-tendulkar-alla-enters-re-recording-stage/articleshow/35628953.cms|title=Sachin-Tendulkar Alla enters re-recording stage|date=27 May 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This film is a non-commercial entertainer. Master Snehith plays the autistic boy who struggles to make it big in cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sachin-tendulkar-in-a-kannada-film-south/20140711.htm|title=Sachin Tendulkar in a Kannada film!|date=11 July 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa}}</ref> Suhasini Maniratnam plays his sister and Sudharani plays an important role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/venkatesh-prasad-romance-suhasini-maniratnam-sachin-tendulkar-alla-136069.html|title=Cricketer Venkatesh Prasad To Romance Suhasini In Sachin, Tendulkar Alla!|work=[[Oneindia]]|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715054850/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2014/venkatesh-prasad-romance-suhasini-maniratnam-sachin-tendulkar-alla-136069.html}}</ref> [[Rajesh Ramanath]] has composed the music. BN Gangadhar is the Producer of ''Sachin! Tendulkar Alla''. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Sachin Tendulkar Kaadhu'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sachin-tendulkar-kadu-telugu-movie-review.html|title = Sachin Tendulkar Kadu Telugu Movie Review|date = 13 March 2015|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Master Snehith as Sachin<br />
* [[Javagal Srinath]] <br />
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]] as Cricket coach<br />
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Sachin's elder sister <br />
* [[Sudharani]]<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanne Hoda Mele by Srividya Mohan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/kanne-hoda-mele/1161576041 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=26 November 2023 |date=31 August 2014}}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Kanne Hoda Mele<br />
| length1 = 5:22<br />
| lyrics1 = Vidya Mohan<br />
| extra1 = Vidya Mohan<br />
| title2 = Naguvalle<br />
| length2 = 4:24<br />
| lyrics2 = Naveen<br />
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]<br />
| title3 = Suttho Bhumi Ane<br />
| length3 = 4:58<br />
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Jaggesh]], Rajesh Ramnath<br />
| total_length = 14:44<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "''Sachin - Tendulkar Alla'' is a feel-good film that manages to overwhelm a few senses".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sachin-tendulkar-alla-film-review-shyam-prasad-s/articleshow/38220247.cms|title=Film Review: Sachin Tendulkar Alla|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|date=11 July 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 and called the film "a master stroke which deserves some sort of 'record".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140716/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-sachin-tendulkar-alla-master-stroke|title=Movie Review 'Sachin! Tendulkar Alla': A Master Stroke|date=16 July 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Shashiprasad S.|last=M.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|3862704|Sachin! Tendulkar Alla}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]<br />
[[Category:Films about autism]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sachin Tendulkar]]<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unakoti_district&diff=473058Unakoti district2026-03-01T03:55:00Z<p>Teena29I554: quick enhance lead based on references further and updated info for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --><br />
| name = Unakoti district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tripura|District of Tripura]]<br />
| image_skyline = Unakoti 3.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Unakoti hill<br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_alt = <br />
| image_seal = <br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| image_shield = <br />
| shield_alt = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| mottoeng =<br />
| image_map = Unokoti in Tripura (India).svg<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Tripura<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = [[States of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Tripura]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| established_title = Formation<br />
| established_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|1|21}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| seat_type = District headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Kailasahar]]<br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]<br />
| leader_name = Tarit Kanti Chakma, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --><br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 686.97 <br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| area_water_km2 = <br />
| area_water_percent = <br />
| area_note = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 915<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = 2,98,574<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| timezone1_DST = <br />
| utc_offset1_DST = <br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 7992XX<br />
| area_code_type = STD<br />
| area_code = 3822<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TR]] <br />
| website = http://unakoti.nic.in/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Unakoti district''' is an administrative [[district]] in the state of [[Tripura]] in northeastern [[India]]. It is the [[List of districts of Tripura|least populated]] district of Tripura with the fourth highest literacy rate. The district has two sub divisions and four blocks. The district was created in 2012, by bifurcating the [[North Tripura district]] with its headquarter in [[Kailashahar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Unakoti District Website {{!}} India |url=https://unakoti.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The former princely state of [[Tripura]] was ruled by Maharajas of [[Manikya dynasty]]. It was an independent administrative unit under the Maharaja even during the British rule in India, though this independence was qualified, being subject to the recognition of the British, as the paramount power of each successive ruler.<br />
<br />
As per [[Rajmala]], the royal chronology of Tripura, a total of 184 kings ruled over the state before it merged with the Indian Union on 15 October 1949. Since then the history of Tripura has been interspersed with various political, economical and social developments. On 26 January 1950 Tripura was accorded the status of a [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|‘C’ category state]] and on 1 November 1956, it was recognized as a [[Union territory|Union Territory]]. It gained full statehood on 21 January 1972, as per the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971|North-East Reorganisation Act, 1971]].<br />
<br />
Initially a one district state, was trifurcated into three Districts on 1 September 1970. The [[North Tripura district|North Tripura District]] started functioning in the office of the Sub-divisional officer at [[Kailashahar]] and partly at [[Kumarghat]], later the whole office was shifted to Kailashahar. The Collectorate was shifted to the newly constructed complex at Gournagar on 13 November 1987.<br />
<br />
Subsequently, North Tripura District has been bifurcated and a new district, [[Dhalai district]], has been inaugurated on 14 April 1995 with district head quarter at [[Ambassa]].<br />
<br />
On 21 January 2012 the decision to further bifurcate North Tripura district was accepted and the Unakoti district was created with its headquarter at Kailashahar.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Unakoti derives its name from the [[Unakoti|Unakoti hill]]. Unakoti literally means 'one less a [[Crore|koti]]' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It hosts an ancient [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] place of worship with huge rock reliefs celebrating [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f180720012.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010821005450/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f180720012.html|archive-date = 21 August 2001|title = Feature}}</ref><br />
==Geography==<br />
The district is surrounded by [[Dharmanagar]], [[Panisagar]] and Kanchanpur of [[North Tripura district]], northeast, east and southeast respectively. South of Unakoti, there are the [[Kamalpur, Tripura|Kamalpur]] and Longthari valley of the [[Dhalai district]]. Its northern border is an international border with [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
The District and divided into two sub-divisions, [[Kailashahar]] and [[Kumarghat]]. For developmental activities, it is divided into four blocks: Kumarghat, Pecharthal, Chandipur and Gournagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unakoti.nic.in/map-of-district/|title=Unakoti District Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics==<br />
According to census 2011 Unakoti district has total population of 276,506. This includes 140,210 males and 136,296 females. The overall literacy rate is 86.91%. The male literacy rate is 90.92%, while the female literacy rate is 82.79%. There are 972 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (UNAKOTI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)|url=https://dste.tripura.gov.in/pdfs/dsr/unakoti.pdf|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202095542/https://dste.tripura.gov.in/pdfs/dsr/unakoti.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==Climate==<br />
The Unakoti district has a monsoon climate. The plains regions have sub-tropical conditions while the hilly regions have more temperate climates. <br />
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There are four main seasons. The winter season lasts from December to February, while the pre-monsoon season follows on from March to May. The monsoon season then occurs from June to September, and the post-monsoon season occurs from October to November.<br />
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The temperature tends to range between 10°C and 35°C. The district's coldest season is winter. The highest temperature is typically in May and the lowest in January. The rainy season starts by about the end of May but thundershowers occur from April to the break of the monsoon. The rainy season ends in September. The maximum rainfall is usually recorded in June or July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} IMD Agartala |url=https://agartala.imd.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=agartala.imd.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Unakoti Heritage Site"><br />
File:Unakoti 1.jpg|Shiva with the waters of Ganga flowing from his locks<br />
File:Unakoti 2.jpg|Mahishasurmardini<br />
File:Unakoti 3.jpg|The rock wall<br />
File:Unakoti 4.jpg|Shiva<br />
File:Unakoti 5.jpg|Rock-cut sculpture of [[Shiva]] at [[Unakoti]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Transport==<br />
The [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] ('''NH 8'''), running from [[Karimganj]] in Assam to [[Sabroom]] in Tripura, passes through this district.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The [[Lumding–Sabroom section|Lumding–Sabroom]] line of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] passes through Unakoti district. The main train station in district is [[Kumarghat railway station]], providing connectivity to Tripura capital [[Agartala]] and Assam, alongside other major cities, such as [[Dharmanagar]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] and [[Belonia, India|Belonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/kumarghat-kugt/3660?&tt=99|title=Kumarghat Railway station, Indian Rail Info }}</ref><br />
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== Villages ==<br />
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* [[Darchawi]]<br />
* [[Kanchanbari]]<br />
* [[Kaulikura]]<br />
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* [[Ujan Dudhpur]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://unakoti.nic.in/ Official website]<br />
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{{Tripura}}<br />
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{{coord|24.2366|N|92.0199|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Unakoti district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Tripura]]<br />
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{{Tripura-geo-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tana_and_Riri&diff=453055Tana and Riri2026-02-28T18:53:36Z<p>Teena29I554: cleanup</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Tana Riri Samadhi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
'''Tana and Riri''' is an Indian story about two girls born around 1564, who were asked to sing in the court of [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India Guide Gujarat |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |page=226 |year=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=9780978951702 }}</ref> The story has become part of [[Culture of Gujarat|Gujarati folk culture]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Akbar and his age |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar |page=264 |year=1999 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172111083 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The twins were from a northern town known as [[Vadnagar]] near [[Visnagar]] in the state of [[Gujarat]].<br />
Tana and Riri both girls are closely related to Narsinh Mehta.<br />
[[Narsinh Mehta|Narsinh Mehta']]s grand daughter is Sharmishtha who is mother of Tana and Riri.<br />
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[[File:Narendra Modi presents Tana-Riri and Pandit Omkarnath Sangeet Awards.jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi presents Tana-Riri and Pandit Omkarnath Sangeet Awards]]<br />
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==The legend==<br />
When Akbar's court singer, maestro [[Tansen]]'s preceptor died, he sang the [[Rāga|raag]] "Deepak". The effect of singing this raag is said to be that the singer starts feeling an incurable heat in his/her body. When Tansen was affected by the burns of the Deepak raag, he roamed around the whole of India. Finally the commander in chief of their army, Amjadkhan, came to [[Vadnagar]] and learned of the two sisters Tana and Riri who were proficient singers and could cure Tansen (expert of raag dipak) by singing raga [[Malhar]]. When they were asked to sing at Akbar's court, they refused to come since it was their vow as [[Nagar Brahmins|Nagars]] only to sing in front of the village deity's idol. So they asked Tansen instead to come to their home if he would want to subside the effect of raag deepak; which he agreed to. Women did not leave their houses and go elsewhere in those days. Thus these twin sisters became renowned as the only singers who were able to cure Tansen in whole India. Later on king Akbar invited them to become his court singers but they refused as they would only sing in front of God and not any king. So after one or more requests Akbar sent army to fetch them. Instead they killed themselves by drowning in a well. They chose to do this rather than to refuse, which would have caused conflict in their town. When Akbar learned of it he apologised to their father and asked Tansen to develop a new genre of pieces named in honor of Tana-Riri.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
A memorial has been erected in Vadnagar to honour Tana-Riri.<br />
<br />
Tana-Riri Music Festival is organised every year by [[Government of Gujarat]] in their dedication.<ref name="DeshGujaratv016">{{cite web | title=Setting of a new Guinness book world record at Tana Riri festival in Vadnagar | website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat | date=10 November 2016 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/11/10/setting-of-a-new-guiness-book-world-record-at-tana-riri-festival-in-vadnagar/ | accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujarat2015">{{cite web | title=Tana Riri festival opens in Vadnagar, north Gujarat | website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat | date=21 November 2015 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/11/21/tana-riri-festival-opens-in-vadnagar-north-gujarat/ | accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* [http://www.zazi.com/swanad/tanariri/ Tana & Riri at zazi.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213101043/http://www.zazi.com/swanad/tanariri/ |date=13 February 2022 }}<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CaM_0Mzl9g Tana Riri Festival 2019 3 World Records]<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folklore]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Indian singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Gujarat Subah]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&diff=468464Menander I2026-02-26T05:03:18Z<p>Teena29I554: refined section for accuracy for clarity</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2nd-century BCE Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek king}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Menander I<br />
| title = [[Maharaja]] <br> [[Basileus]]<br />
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] King<br />
| image = Menander I, portrait from coinage.jpg<br />
| image_size = 225<br />
| caption = Portrait of Menander I Soter, from his coinage<br />
| reign = 165/155–130 BC<br />
| coronation = <br />
| full name = <br />
| predecessor = [[Antimachus II]]<br />
| successor = [[Strato I]] (Agathoclea as regent)<br />
| queen = [[Agathokleia|Agathoclea]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = [[Strato I]]<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| birth_date = {{Circa|180 BC}}<br />
| birth_place = Kalisi (in present-day [[Bagram]], Afghanistan)<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374659/Menander |title=Menander |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hazel 2013"/> or [[Sagala]] (present-day [[Sialkot]], [[Pakistan]])<ref name="Magill 2003"/><br />
| death_date = 130 BC (aged 50)<br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = [[Stupas]] across the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]<br />
| religion = [[Greco-Buddhism]]<br />
| Image width = <br />
}}<br />
'''Menander I Soter''' ({{langx|grc|Μένανδρος Σωτήρ|Ménandros Sōtḗr}}, {{Lit|Menander the [[Soter|Saviour]]}}; {{langx|pi|Milinda|italic=yes}}), sometimes called '''Menander the Great''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḍār |first=Saifurraḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXxNAQAAIAAJ&q=Menander+the+Great+shifted+his+capital+to+a+more+central+place+of+his+empire+than+Taxila.+His+new+capital,+named |title=Historical Routes Through Gandhara (Pakistan): 200 B.C-200 A.D |date=2006 |publisher=National College of Arts |isbn=9789690020352 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=Saifur Rahman |last2=Jan |first2=Zakirullah |date=2015 |title=Three Seasons of Excavations at Pir Manakrai, Haripur: Preliminary Report |url=http://ojs.uop.edu.pk/ancientpakistan/article/view/50 |journal=Ancient Pakistan |language=en |volume=26 |pages=1–44 |issn=2708-4590}}</ref> was an [[Indo-Greek]] king (reigned {{Circa|165}}/155<ref name=Bopearachchi>Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund [[Bopearachchi]] and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi</ref>&nbsp;–130 BC) who administered a large territory in the northwestern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]]. Menander is noted for having become a patron of [[Greco-Buddhism]] and is regarded as the greatest and most well-known of the Indo-Greek kings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Menander {{!}} Indo-Greek king|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-29 |title=Biographie de MÉNANDRE, roi de Bactriane (env. 160-env. 140 av. J.-C.) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/menandre-roi-de-bactriane/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Menander might have initially been a prince or [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|king of Bactria]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Menandros |date=2025-02-22 |work=[[Store norske leksikon]] |url=https://snl.no/Menandros |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=no}}.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Milinda |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/milinda_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=[[Treccani]] |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After conquering the [[Punjab region|Punjab]],<ref name="Hazel 2013"/> as far as [[Taxila]] and [[Sagala]], he established an empire which stretched from the [[Kabul River]] in the west to the [[Ravi River]] in the east, and from the [[Swat River|Swat River valley]] in the north to [[Arachosia]] (the [[Helmand Province]]). The [[Greeks|Greek]] [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers|geographer]] [[Strabo]] wrote that he "conquered more tribes than [[Alexander the Great]]." Ancient Indian writers indicate that he possibly launched expeditions southward into [[Rajputana]] ([[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Sindh]]) and [[central India]] (Gujarat and Malwa) and as far east down the [[Ganges River Valley]] as [[Pataliputra]] ([[Patna]]).<ref>{{cite book | last=Thapar | first=Romila | title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 | publisher=University of California Press | year=2003 | page=215 | isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA215}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Large numbers of Menander's [[coins]] have been unearthed, attesting to both the flourishing commerce and longevity of his realm. Menander was also a patron of [[Buddhism]]. His conversations with the Buddhist sage [[Nagasena]] are recorded in the influential Buddhist work, the ''[[Milinda Panha]]'' ("The Questions of King Milinda"; ''panha'' meaning "question" in [[Pali]]). After his death in 130 BC, he was succeeded by his wife [[Agathoclea (Indo-Greek)|Agathocleia]] (possibly daughter of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]]) who ruled as regent for his son [[Strato I]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23448-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa/page/406 406] |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> Buddhist tradition relates that he handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world, but [[Plutarch]] says that he died in camp while on a military campaign, and that his remains were divided equally between the cities to be enshrined in monuments, probably [[stupas]], across his realm.<br />
<br />
==Reign==<br />
[[File:Menander Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg|thumb|300px|Attic Tetradrachm of Menander I in [[Greco-Bactrian]] style ([[Alexandria of the Caucasus|Alexandria-Kapisa]] mint).<br /><br />
''Obv:'' Menander throwing a spear.<br /><br />
''Rev:'' [[Athena]] with thunderbolt. Greek legend: {{lang|grc|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} (BASILEOS [[Soter|SOTEROS]] MENANDROU), "Of King Menander, the Saviour".]]<br />
Menander was born into a [[Greeks|Greek]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Noble|first1=Thomas F. X.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TALAAAAQBAJ|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|last2=Strauss|first2=Barry|last3=Osheim|first3=Duane|last4=Neuschel|first4=Kristen|last5=Accampo|first5=Elinor|date=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-50020-1|pages=97|language=en}}</ref> One source states that his birthplace was a village called Kalasi adjacent to [[Alexandria of the Caucasus]] (present day [[Bagram]], Afghanistan)<ref name="Hazel 2013">{{cite book |title= Who's Who in the Greek World |last= Hazel|first= John |year= 2013 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781134802241|quote= Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.|page=155 }}</ref><ref name="Magill 2003">{{cite book |title= Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1|last= Magill |first= Frank Northen |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781579580407 |quote= MENANDER Born: c. 210 B.C.; probably Kalasi, Afghanistan Died: c. 135 B.C.; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement: Government and religion Contribution: Menander extended the Greco-Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler. He became a legendary figure as a great patron of Buddhism in the Pali book the Milindapanha. Early Life – Menander (not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropamisadae or the present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan. The only reference to this location is in the semi-legendary Milindapanha (first or second century A.D.), which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda, some two hundred yojanas (about eighteen miles) from the town of Sagala (probably Sialkot in Punjab). The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt. |page=717 }}</ref> but another states that it was near Sagala (modern [[Sialkot]] in the Punjab, [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="Magill 20032">{{cite book |last=Magill |first=Frank Northen |title=Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=9781579580407 |page=717 |quote=MENANDER Born: c. 210 B.C.; probably Kalasi, Afghanistan Died: c. 135 B.C.; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement: Government and religion Contribution: Menander extended the Greco-Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler. He became a legendary figure as a great patron of Buddhism in the Pali book the Milindapanha. Early Life – Menander (not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropamisadae or the present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan. The only reference to this location is in the semi-legendary Milindapanha (first or second century A.D.), which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda, some two hundred yojanas (about eighteen miles) from the town of Sagala (probably Sialkot in Punjab). The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt.}}</ref> His territories covered [[Bactria]] (modern-day [[Balkh Province]]) and extended to modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Punjab]]. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus]] and [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] call him a [[List of Indian monarchs|king of India]].<ref name=":1" /> According to [[Plutarch]] he was a [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|king of Bactria]], and [[Strabo]] includes him among Bactrian Greek conquerors. He may have actually ruled over Bactria and may have helped [[Demetrius II Nicator]], the Seleucid king, during the [[Seleucid–Parthian Wars]].<ref name=":0" /> From the [[Hindu Kush]], he expanded his kingdom to [[Gandhara]] and perhaps [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Menandros (Milinda) |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/menandros-(milinda) |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=[[ne.se]]}}</ref> His capital is supposed to have been [[Sagala]], a prosperous city in northern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (believed to be modern [[Sialkot]], [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="Hazel 2013" /> According to [[Apollodorus of Artemita]], as quoted by Strabo, the conquest of India by the Bactrian Greeks was effected mainly by Menander:<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{quote|The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of [[Ariana]], but also of India, as [[Apollodorus of Artemita]] says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander—by Menander in particular (at least if he actually crossed the [[Beas River|Hypanis]] towards the east and advanced as far as the [[Sone River|Imaus]]), for some were subdued by him personally and others by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], the son of [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]] the king of the Bactrians; and they took possession, not only of [[Patalene (region)|Patalena]], but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of [[Saraostus]] and [[Sigerdis]]. In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of Ariana as a whole; and, more than that, they extended their empire even as far as the [[Serica|Seres]] and the [[Phryni]].|Strabo|[[Geographica]]<ref>{{in lang|el}} {{cite book|title=Geographica|author=Strabo|chapter=11.11.1|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+11.11.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197|language=el|year=1877|place=Leipzig|publisher=Teubner|editor-first=A.|editor-last=Meineke}}<br />{{cite book|chapter=11.11.1|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+11.11.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198|year=1924|editor-first= H. L.|editor-last=Jones|title = Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 11, section 1}} {{cite book|chapter=11.11.1|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1|year=1903|editor-first= H. L.|editor-last=Jones|title = Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER XI., section 1}} At the Perseus Project.</ref>}}<br />
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[[File:MenanderCoin.jpg|thumb|300px|2. Silver [[drachm]] of Menander I (155-130 BC).<br />''Obv:'' [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU) lit. "Of Saviour King Menander".<br /> ''Rev:'' [[Kharosthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA MENAMDRASA "Saviour King Menander". [[Athena]] advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. [[Taxila]] mint mark.]]<br />
[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg|alt=silver drachm of Menander|thumb|299x299px|Another silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160-145 BC. Obverse: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to the left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left. Reference: Sear 7604.]]<br />
[[File:MenandrosCoin.jpg|thumb|upright=1|<small>Silver coin of Menander<br />[[Greek language|Greek]] legend: {{lang|grc|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}}<br />(BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU)<br />lit. "Of Saviour King Menander". [[British Museum]].</small>]]<br />
<br />
Accounts describe Indo-Greek campaigns to [[Sagala|Sakala]], [[Mathura]], [[Panchala]], [[Saketa]] ([[Ayodhya]]), and potentially [[Pataliputra]]. The sage [[Patanjali]], in his ''[[Mahabhashya]]'' around 150 BC, describes a failed campaign of Menander as far as Mathura, this is also later reported in [[Kalidasa]]'s drama, ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]''. The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] inscribed by [[Kharavela]] the King of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] also places the Yavanas, or Indo-Greeks, in Mathura. Kharavela states to have forced the demoralized Yavana army to retreat back to Mathura:<br />
{{quote|"Then in the eighth year, (Kharavela) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha ([[Rajagriha]]). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King [ta] retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army."|Hathigumpha inscription, lines 7-8, probably in the 1st century BCE-1st century CE. The original text is in Brahmi script.}}<br />
Menander may have campaigned as far as the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] capital [[Pataliputra]] resulting in a conflict. The religious scripture [[Yuga Purana]], which describes events in the form of a prophecy, states:<br />
{{quote|After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathuras]], the [[Yavana]]s (Greeks), wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja. The thick mud-fortifications at [[Pataliputra]] being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without a doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines).|Gargi-Samhita, ''Yuga Purana'', ch. 5}}<br />
<br />
Strabo also suggests that Indo-Greek conquests went up to the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] capital [[Pataliputra]] in northeastern India (today [[Patna, India|Patna]]):<br />
{{quote|Those who came after Alexander went to the [[Ganges]] and [[Pataliputra]]|[[Strabo]], 15.698}}<br />
The events and results of these campaigns are unknown. Surviving epigraphical inscriptions during this time such as the Hathigumpha inscription states that Kharavela sacked Pataliputra. Furthermore, numismatics from the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] are concurrently placed in [[Mathura]] during the time of Menander. Their relationship is unclear, but the Mithra may potentially be vassals.<br />
<br />
In the West, Menander seems to have repelled the invasion of the dynasty of [[Greco-Bactrian]] usurper [[Eucratides]], and pushed them back as far as the [[Paropamisadae]], thereby consolidating the rule of the Indo-Greek kings in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.<br />
<br />
The ''[[Milinda Panha]]'' gives some glimpses of his military methods:{{cn|date=March 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|<poem><br />
– Has it ever happened to you, O king, that rival kings rose up against you as enemies and opponents?<br />
– Yes, certainly.<br />
– Then you set to work, I suppose, to have moats dug, and ramparts thrown up, and watch towers erected, and strongholds built, and stores of food collected?<br />
– Not at all. All that had been prepared beforehand.<br />
– Or you had yourself trained in the management of war elephants, and in horsemanship, and in the use of the war chariot, and in archery and fencing?<br />
– Not at all. I had learnt all that before.<br />
– But why?<br />
– With the object of warding off future danger.<br />
</poem>|''Milinda Panha'', Book III, ch. 7}}<br />
<br />
Generous findings of coins testify to the prosperity and extent of his empire: (with finds as far as Britain)<ref>{{Cite book |last=various |url=http://archive.org/details/bwb_KV-186-425 |title=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire |date=1925 |others=Internet Archive |pages=400}}</ref> the finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham S |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1045 |title=Coins Of Alexander's Successors In The East |date=1884 |pages=277}}</ref> Precise dates of his reign, as well as his origin, remain elusive, however. Guesses among historians have been that Menander was either a nephew or a former general of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], but the two kings are now thought to be separated by at least thirty years. Menander's predecessor in Punjab seems to have been the king [[Apollodotus I]].<br />
<br />
Menander's empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last Greek king [[Strato II]] disappeared around 10 AD.<br />
<br />
The 1st-2nd century AD ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' further testifies to the reign of Menander and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India:<br />
{{quote|To the present day ancient drachmae are current in [[Barygaza]], coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, [[Apollodotus I|Apollodorus]] {{sic}} and Menander.|Periplus, ch. 47.<ref name="sourcebook">[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Full text, Schoff's 1912 translation]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
According to [[numismatist]] [[Joe Cribb]], the accounts of Menander's kingdom stretching as far as [[Sialkot]], is hard to believe, as there is no numismatic evidence of him east of Taxila,<ref name=":4" /> even more hard is to believe is stretching even further east as thought earlier by historians based upon Indian references, which most likely are referring to [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Cribb |first=Joe| chapter=Greekness after the end of the Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms| editor-last=Mairs |editor-first=Rachel |title=The Graeco bactrians and Indo Greeks world |date=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351610278 |pages=654}}</ref> However, numerous silver and copper coins (and [[Hellenistic pottery]] shards) of Menander have been found, including the [[Siranwali]] [[hoard]] found near Sialkot,<ref name="Holt">{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Frank L. |title=Lost World of the Golden King: In Search of Ancient Afghanistan |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=144 |isbn=978-0-520-95374-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80XBOxZY2kkC&pg=PA144}}</ref> and in the [[Sonipat]] hoard from present-day [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Coins of Alexander's Successors |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Volumes 11-12 |year=1871 |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9wEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA161}}</ref> Additional corroboration for mentions of Indo-Greek expeditions into the Gangetic plains may be furnished by the [[Yavanarajya inscription]] discovered in [[Mathura]], and discoveries of Menander's coins in western [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C.| chapter=The Yavanas |title=The Age of Imperial Unity |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R.C. |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1951 |page=114}}</ref> including the Pachkhura hoard of coins unearthed near the [[Yamuna River]] in [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |title=The Most Southern Hoard of Bactrian Coins in India |journal=The Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research |volume=33 |date=September 1904 |pages=217–218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxhCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA225-IA19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bivar |first=A.D.H. |title=Beyond the Tigris |journal=Ancient West & East |volume=1 |number=1 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |date=2002 |pages=63–64 |isbn=978-90-04-49644-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpJOEAAAQBAJ&dq=hamirpur+menander&pg=PA63}}</ref> and the unearthing of a clay pot filled with coins of preceding kings ([[Diodotus I]], [[Diodotus II]], and [[Euthydemus I]]) in [[Vaishali district]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="Holt" /><br />
<br />
[[Bajaur District|Bajaur]] is the only place where inscriptions of Menander have been found.<ref name=":0" /> However, large numbers of Menander's coins have been unearthed, mostly of silver and bronze, attesting to both the duration of his reign and the flourishing commerce of his realm. According to Buddhist tradition he handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world, but Plutarch relates that he died in camp while on a military campaign.<br />
<br />
==Menander and Buddhism==<br />
<br />
===The ''Milinda Panha''===<br />
{{main article|Milinda Panha}}<br />
[[File:King Milinda ask questions.jpg|thumb|King Milinda asks questions.]]<br />
[[File:Menander Soter wheel coin.jpg|thumb|Indian-standard coinage of Menander I. '''Obv''' ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander". '''Rev''' Palm of victory, [[Kharoshthi]] legend ''Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa'', [[British Museum]].<ref>The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p.50 and Pl. XII-7 [https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382]</ref>]]<br />
According to tradition, Menander embraced the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] faith, as described in the ''[[Milinda Panha]]'', a classical [[Pāli|Pali]] [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist text]] on the discussions between Milinda and the Buddhist sage [[Nagasena|Nāgasena]], the ''Milinda Panha''<nowiki/>'s style may have been influenced by [[Plato's Dialogues|Plato's ''Dialogues'']].<ref name=":0" /> He is described as constantly accompanied by an elite guard of 500 Greek ("[[Yona|Yavana]]") soldiers, and two of his counsellors are named Demetrius and Antiochus.<br />
<br />
In the ''Milinda Panha'', Menander is introduced as:<br />
<br />
{{quote|King of the city of [[Sagala|Euthymedia]] in India, Milinda by name, learned, eloquent, wise, and able; and a faithful observer, and that at the right time, of all the various acts of devotion and ceremony enjoined by his own sacred hymns concerning things past, present, and to come. Many were the arts and sciences he knew--[[holy]] [[tradition]] and [[secular]] [[law]]; the [[Samkhya|Sânkhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Nyaya|Nyâya]], and [[Vaisheshika]] systems of [[philosophy]]; [[arithmetic]]; [[music]]; [[medicine]]; the four [[Vedas]], the [[Purana|Purânas]], and the [[Itihasa|Itihâsas]]; [[astronomy]], [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[Causality|causation]], and [[spell (paranormal)|magic spells]]; the [[Military strategy|art of war]]; [[poetry]]; [[conveyancing]] in a word, the whole nineteen. As a disputant he was hard to equal, harder still to overcome; the acknowledged superior of all the founders of the various schools of thought. And as in wisdom so in strength of body, swiftness, and valour there was found none equal to Milinda in all India. He was rich too, mighty in wealth and prosperity, and the number of his armed hosts knew no end.|[[Milinda Panha|The Questions of King Milinda]], Translation by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|T. W. Rhys Davids]], 1890}}<br />
<br />
Buddhist tradition relates that, following his discussions with Nāgasena, Menander adopted the Buddhist faith:<br />
<br />
{{quote|May the venerable Nâgasena accept me as a supporter of the faith, as a true convert from to-day<!--sic--> onwards as long as life shall last!|[[Milinda Panha|The Questions of King Milinda]], Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890}}<br />
<br />
He then handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world:<br />
<br />
{{quote|And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the houseless state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to [[Arhat|Arahatship]]!|[[Milinda Panha|The Questions of King Milinda]], Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Shinkot relic casket.jpg|thumb|The [[Shinkot casket]] containing Buddhist relics was dedicated "in the reign of the Great King Menander".<ref name="SB">{{cite book |last1=Baums |first1=Stefan |title=A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"|date=2017 |publisher=Archaeopress |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181} }}</ref>]]<br />
There is however little besides this testament to indicate that Menander in fact abdicated his throne in favour of his son. Based on numismatic evidence, William Tarn believed that he in fact died, leaving his wife Agathocleia to rule as a regent, until his son Strato could rule properly in his stead.{{sfn|Tarn|1951|p=226}} Despite the success of his reign, it is clear that after his death, his "loosely hung" empire splintered into a variety of Indo-Greek successor kingdoms, of various sizes and stability.<br />
<br />
His legacy as a Buddhist arhat reached the Greco-Roman world and [[Plutarch]] writes:<br />
<br />
{{quote|But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him."|''Moralia'' 28.6}}<br />
<br />
The above seems to corroborate the claim: <br />
{{quote|It is unlikely that Menander's support of Buddhism was a pious reconstruction of a Buddhist legend, for his deification by later traditions resonates with Macedonian religious trends that granted divine honours to monarchs and members of their family and worshipped them, like Alexander, as gods. It is no coincidence that similar motifs highlight the Buddha's deification and his funereal rituals are commensurate with those of Macedonian kings and universal monarchs. The evidence is in favour of the conversion of King Menander to Buddhism, which is neither an isolated historical incident nor an invention of later traditions."<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures Halkias (2014: 94)]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Accounts From India===<br />
[[File:Bharhut_Yavana.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Bharhut Yavana]]. Indian relief of a figure with the flowing head band of a Greek king, northern tunic with Hellenistic [[pleat]]s, and Buddhist [[triratana]] symbol on his sword. [[Bharhut]], 2nd century BC. [[Indian Museum]], [[Calcutta]].]]<br />
* A 2nd century BC relief from a Buddhist [[stupa]] in [[Bharhut]], in eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]] (today at the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Calcutta]]), the [[Bharhut Yavana]], represents a foreign soldier with the curly hair of a Greek and the royal headband with flowing ends of a Greek king, and maybe a depiction of Menander. In his right hand, he holds a branch of [[ivy]], a symbol of [[Dionysos]]. Also, parts of his dress, with rows of geometrical folds, are characteristically Hellenistic in style. On his sword appears the Buddhist symbol of the three jewels, or [[Triratana]].<br />
* A Buddhist reliquary found in Bajaur, the [[Shinkot casket]], bears a dedicatory inscription referring to "the 14th day of the month of Kārttika" of a certain year in the reign of "Mahārāja Minadra" ("Great King Menander"):<br />
{{Verse translation|Minadrasa maharajasa Katiassa divasa 4 4 4 11 pra[na]-[sa]me[da]... (prati)[thavi]ta pranasame[da]... Sakamunisa<br />
<br />
|On the 14th day of Kārttika, in the reign of Mahārāja Minadra, (in the year ...), (the corporeal relic) of [[Sakyamuni]], which is endowed with life... has been established<ref>{{harvnb|Bopearachchi|1991|page=19}}, quoting the analysis of N.G. Majumdar, D.C. Sicar, S.Konow</ref>}}<br />
* According to an ancient Sri Lankan source, the [[Mahavamsa]], Greek monks seem to have been active proselytizers of Buddhism during the time of Menander: the [[Yona]] (Greek) [[Mahadharmaraksita|Mahadhammarakkhita]] ({{langx|sa|Mahadharmaraksita}}) is said to have come from "Alasandra" (thought to be [[Alexandria of the Caucasus]], the city founded by [[Alexander the Great]], near today's [[Kabul]]) with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa ("Great [[stupa]]") at [[Anuradhapura]] in [[Sri Lanka]], during the 2nd century BC:<br />
<br />
{{quote|From Alasanda the city of the [[Yona]]s came the Thera ("Elder") Yona Mahadhammarakkhita with thirty thousand [[bhikkhu]]s.|[[Mahavamsa]], 29<ref>Chapter 29 of the [[Mahavamsa]]: [http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap029.html Text]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Buddhist constructions===<br />
[[File:Butkara stupa 2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Butkara stupa]] as expanded during the reign of Menander I.]]<br />
A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the [[Butkara stupa]] suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander.<ref name="HB">[https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA49 Handbuch der Orientalistik, Kurt A. Behrendt, BRILL, 2004, p.49 sig]</ref> It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>"King Menander, who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE, was an Indo-Greek."in ''Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River'', [[Alice Albinia]], 2012</ref><br />
<br />
These elements tend to indicate the importance of Buddhism within Greek communities in northwestern India, and the prominent role Greek Buddhist monks played in them, probably under the sponsorship of Menander.<br />
<br />
==Coinage==<br />
[[File:MenanderAndReverse.JPG|thumb|4. Silver coin of Menander, with Athena on reverse, [[British Museum]].]]<br />
Menander has left behind an immense corpus of silver and bronze coins, more so than any other Indo-Greek king, indicating the length of his long reign and a flourishing trade during it, and are the main source of his history.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> During his reign, the fusion between Indian and [[Ancient Greek coinage|Greek coin]] standards reached its apogee. The wheel engraved on some of Menander's coins may be the Buddhist [[Dharmachakra]].<ref name=":0" /> The coins feature the legend ({{langx|grc|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ|BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU}} / [[Kharoshthi]]: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA).<br />
* According to [[Bopearachchi]], his silver coinage begins with a rare series of drachma depicting on the obverse [[Athena]] and on the reverse her attribute the owl. The weight and monograms of this series match those of earlier king [[Antimachus II]], indicating that Menander succeeded Antimachus II.<br />
* On the next series, Menander introduces his own portrait, a hitherto unknown custom among Indian rulers. The reverse features his dynastical trademark: the so-called [[Athena Alkidemos]] throwing a thunderbolt, an emblem used by many of Menander's successors and also the emblem of the [[Antigonid dynasty|Antigonid]] kings of Macedonia.<br />
* In a further development, Menander changed the legends from circular orientation to the arrangement seen on coin 4 to the right.{{clarify|date=April 2021}} This modification ensured that the coins could be read without being rotated, and was used without exception by all later Indo-Greek kings.<br />
<br />
These alterations were possibly an adaption on Menander's part to the Indian coins of the Bactrian [[Eucratides I]], who had conquered the westernmost parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and are interpreted by Bopearachchi as an indication that Menander recaptured these western territories after the death of Eucratides.<br />
* Menander also struck very rare Attic standard coinage with monolingual inscriptions (coin 5),{{clarify|date=April 2021}} which were probably intended for use in Bactria (where they have been found), perhaps thought to demonstrate his victories against the Bactrian kings, as well as Menander's own claim to the kingdom.<br />
* There exist bronze coins of Menander featuring a manifold variation of Olympic, Indian, and other symbols. It seems as though Menander introduced a new weight standard for bronzes.<br />
Menander was the first Indo-Greek ruler to introduce the representation of [[Athena Alkidemos]] ("Athena, saviour of the people") on his coins, probably in reference to a similar statue of Athena Alkidemos in [[Pella]], capital of [[Macedon]]. This type was subsequently used by most of the later Indo-Greek kings.<br />
<br />
==Menander the Just==<br />
[[File:Menander II with nimbate Nike.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Coin of [[Menander II]]. Greek legend: {{lang|grc|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}}, "Of King Menander, the Just".]]<br />
[[File:Menander I and Menander II.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of the portraits of Menander I (left) and [[Menander II]] (right).]]<br />
<br />
A king named Menander with the epithet ''Dikaios'', "the Just", ruled in Punjab after 100 BC. Earlier scholars, such as [[Alexander Cunningham|A. Cunningham]] and [[William Woodthorpe Tarn|W. W. Tarn]], believed there was only one Menander, and assumed that the king had changed his epithet and/or was expelled from his western dominions. A number of coincidences led them to this assumption:<br />
* The portraits are relatively similar, and Menander II usually looks older than Menander I.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* The coins of Menander II feature several Buddhist symbols, which were interpreted as proof of the conversion mentioned in the ''Milinda Panha''.<br />
* The epithet ''Dikaios'' of Menander II was translated into Kharosthi as ''Dharmikasa'' or ''Dharmamitra'' on the reverse of his coins, which means "follower of the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]]" and was interpreted likewise (taken as Menander's conversion to Buddhism).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
However, modern numismatists such as Bopearachchi and R.C. Senior have shown, by differences in coin findings, style, and monograms, that there were two distinct rulers. The second Menander could have been a descendant of the first, and his Buddhist symbols may have been a means of alluding to his ancestor's conversion. However, Menander I struck a rare bronze series with a Buddhist wheel (coin 3).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolodny |first=Jacob |date=2020-04-28 |title=Menander: A Greco-Buddhist King? |url=https://scholar.umw.edu/student_research/348 |journal=Departmental Honors & Graduate Capstone Projects |pages=22-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Menander's death==<br />
Buddhist tradition holds that he was succeeded by his son and retired.<ref name=":0" /> Though [[Plutarch]] reports that Menander died in camp while on campaign, thereby differing with the version of the ''Milinda Panha''. Plutarch gives Menander as an example of benevolent rule, contrasting him with disliked tyrants such as [[Dionysius I of Syracuse|Dionysius]], and goes on to explain that his subject towns fought over the honour of his burial, ultimately sharing his ashes among them and placing them in "monuments" (possibly [[stupa]]s), in a manner reminiscent of the funerals of the Buddha. This has been taken as an evidence of his conversion to Buddhism, though modern scholars doubt Plutarch's account and he may have actually confused Menander's death with the account of the Buddha.<ref>A passage in the "Mahā-parinibbâna sutta" of the "[[Dighanikaya]]" relates the dispute of Indian kings over the ashes of the Buddha, which they finally shared between themselves and enshrined in a series of stupas.</ref><br />
<br />
{{quote|But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him.|Plutarch|[[Moralia]]: Praecepta gerendae reipublicae<ref>{{in lang|el}} {{cite book|title=Moralia: Praecepta gerendae reipublicae|chapter=821d|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0332%3Astephpage%3D821d|language=el|editor-first=Gregorius N.|editor-last=Bernardakis|place=[[Leipzig]]|publisher=[[Teubner]]|year=1893}}<br />{{cite book|chapter=28, 6|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0333%3Asection%3D28|editor-first=Harold North|editor-last=Fowler|year=1936|title = Plutarch, Praecepta gerendae reipublicae, section 28}} {{cite book|chapter=28, 6|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0334%3Asection%3D28|editor-first=William W.|editor-last=Goodwin|year=1874|title = Plutarch, Praecepta gerendae reipublicae, section 28}} At the [[Perseus Project]].</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Despite his many successes, Menander's last years may have been fraught with another civil war, this time against [[Zoilos I]] who reigned in Gandhara. This is indicated by the fact that Menander probably overstruck a coin of Zoilos.<br />
<br />
The Milinda Panha might give some support to the idea that Menander's position was precarious, since it describes him as being somewhat cornered by numerous enemies into a circumscribed territory:<br />
<br />
[[File:Coin of Agathokleia & Strato.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Coin of Strato I and Agathokleia.<br />'''Obv:''' Conjugate busts of Strato and Agathokleia. Greek legend: BASILEOS SOTEROS STRATONOS KAI AGATOKLEIAS "Of King Strato the Saviour and Agathokleia".<br />'''Rev:''' [[Athena]] throwing thunderbolt. [[Kharoshthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA TRATASARA DHARMIKASA STRATASA "King Strato, Saviour and Just (="of the Dharma")".]]<br />
<br />
{{quote|After their long discussion Nagasaka asked himself "though king Milinda is pleased, he gives no signs of being pleased". Menander says in reply: "As a lion, the king of beasts, when put in a cage, though it were of gold, is still facing outside, even so, do I live as the master in the house but remain facing outside. But if I were to go forth from home into homelessness I would not live long, so many are my enemies".|Quoted in Bopearachchi|[[Milinda Panha]], Book III, Chapter 7{{sfn|Bopearachchi|1991|page=33}}}}<br />
<br />
===Theories of Menander's successors===<br />
Menander was the last Indo-Greek king mentioned by ancient historians, and developments after his death are therefore difficult to trace.<br />
<br />
'''a)''' The traditional view, supported by W.W. Tarn and Bopearachchi, is that Menander was succeeded by his queen Agathoclea, who acted as regent to their infant son [[Strato I]] until he became an adult and took over the crown. Strato I used the same reverse as Menander I, Athena hurling a thunderbolt, and also the title Soter.<br />
<br />
According to this scenario, Agathoclea and Strato I only managed to maintain themselves in the eastern parts of the kingdom, Punjab, and at times [[Gandhara]]. [[Paropamisadae]] and [[Pushkalavati]] were taken over by [[Zoilos I]], perhaps because some of Agathokleia's subjects may have been reluctant to accept an infant king with a queen regent.<br />
<br />
'''b)''' On the other hand, R.C. Senior and other numismatics such as David Bivar have suggested that Strato I ruled several decades after Menander: they point out that Strato's and Agathoclea's monograms are usually different from Menander's, and overstrikes and hoard findings also associate them with later kings.<br />
<br />
In this scenario, Menander was briefly succeeded by his son [[Thrason]], of whom a single coin is known. After Thrason was murdered, competing kings such as [[Zoilos I]] or [[King Lysias|Lysias]] may have taken over Menander's kingdom. Menander's dynasty was thus dethroned and did not return to power until later, though his relative [[King Niciuas|Nicias]] may have ruled a small principality in the Kabul valley.<br />
<br />
For the family tree that illustrates these relationships, see Family tree of the Indo-Greek kings (see the Menanderid dynasty).<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
===Buddhism===<br />
{{main article|Greco-Buddhism}}<br />
[[File:IGMudras.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Mudra|Vitarka Mudra]]'' [[gesture]]s on Indo-Greek coinage. Top: Divinities [[Tyche]] and [[Zeus]]. Bottom: Depiction of Indo-Greek kings [[Nicias (Indo-Greek king)|Nicias]] and [[Menander II]].]]<br />
After the reign of Menander I, [[Strato I]] and several subsequent Indo-Greek rulers, such as [[Amyntas Nikator|Amyntas]], Nicias, [[Peucolaus]], [[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]], and [[Hippostratus]], depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a symbolic [[gesture]] identical to the Buddhist vitarka [[mudra]] (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of the Buddha's teaching. At the same time, right after the death of Menander, several Indo-Greek rulers also started to adopt on their coins the [[Pāli|Pali]] title of "Dharmikasa", meaning "follower of the [[Dharma]]" (the title of the great Indian Buddhist king [[Ashoka]] was ''Dharmaraja'' "King of the Dharma"). This usage was adopted by Strato I, Zoilos I, [[Heliocles II]], [[Theophilos (king)|Theophilus]], Peucolaus and [[Archebius]].<br />
[[File:Menander with elephant.jpg|thumb|left|Menander coin with elephant.]]<br />
Altogether, the conversion of Menander to Buddhism suggested by the [[Milinda Panha]] seems to have triggered the use of Buddhist symbolism in one form or another on the coinage of close to half of the kings who succeeded him. Especially, all the kings after Menander who are recorded to have ruled in [[Gandhara]] (apart from the little-known [[Demetrius III Aniketos|Demetrius III]]) display Buddhist symbolism in one form or another.<br />
<br />
Menander may have contributed to the expansion of Buddhism in Central Asia. Although the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and Northern Asia is usually associated with the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]s, a century or two later, there is a possibility that it may have been introduced in those areas from [[Gandhara]] "even earlier, during the time of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] and Menander" (Puri, "Buddhism in Central Asia").<br />
<br />
[[File:Foreigners at Sanchi Stupa I North Gateway.jpg|thumb|Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I, [[Sanchi]]. [[Satavahana]] period, 2nd or 1st century BC.]]<br />
A frieze in [[Sanchi]] executed during or soon after the reign of Menander depicts Buddhist devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a [[headband]] of the type commonly seen on Greek coins. The clothing too is Greek, complete with [[tunic]]s, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called [[aulos]]. Also visible are [[Carnyx]]-like [[Cornu (horn)|horn]]s. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would probably be nearby [[Indo-Greeks]] from northwest India visiting the Stupa.<ref>"A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100</ref><br />
<br />
===Representation of the Buddha===<br />
{{main article|Greco-Buddhist art}}<br />
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|left|120px|One of the first known representations of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Gandhara]].]]<br />
[[File:Ptolemy Asia detail.jpg|thumb|150px|Detail of Asia in the [[Ptolemy world map]]. The "Menander Mons" are in the center of the map, at the east of the [[Indian subcontinent]], right above the [[Malaysian Peninsula]].]]<br />
The anthropomorphic representation of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] is absent from Indo-Greek coinage, suggesting that the Indo-Greek kings may have respected the Indian an-iconic rule for depictions of the Buddha, limiting themselves to symbolic representation only. Consistently with this perspective, the actual depiction of the Buddha would be a later phenomenon, usually dated to the 1st century, emerging from the sponsorship of the syncretic [[Kushan Empire]] and executed by Greek, and, later, Indian and possibly Roman artists. Datation of [[Greco-Buddhist]] statues is generally uncertain, but they are at least firmly established from the 1st century.<br />
<br />
Another possibility is that just as the Indo-Greeks routinely represented philosophers in statues (but certainly not on coins) in Antiquity, the Indo-Greek may have initiated anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha in statuary only, possibly as soon as the 2nd-1st century BC, as advocated by [[Alfred A. Foucher|Foucher]] and suggested by Chinese murals depicting [[Emperor Wu of Han]] worshipping Buddha statues brought from Central Asia in 120 BC (''[[:Image:HanWudiBuddhas.jpg|See picture]]''). An Indo-Chinese tradition also explains that [[Nagasena]], also known as Menander's Buddhist teacher, created in 43 BC in the city of [[Pataliputra]] a statue of the Buddha, the [[Emerald Buddha]], which was later brought to [[Thailand]].<br />
<br />
Stylistically, Indo-Greek coins generally display a very high level of [[Hellenistic]] artistic realism, which declined drastically around 50 BC with the invasions of the [[Indo-Scythian]]s, [[Yuezhi]] and [[Indo-Parthian]]s. The first known statues of the Buddha are also very realistic and Hellenistic in style and are more consistent with the pre-50 BC artistic level seen on coins.<br />
<br />
This would tend to suggest that the first statues were created between 130 BC (death of Menander) and 50 BC, precisely at the time when Buddhist symbolism appeared on Indo-Greek coinage. From that time, Menander and his successors may have been the key propagators of Buddhist ideas and representations: "the spread of Gandhari Buddhism may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may have the development and spread of Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" (Mcevilley, "The Shape of Ancient Thought", p.&nbsp;378).<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
The [[Milind College]] in the city of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[India]], is named after King Menander I using the [[Pali]] translation of his name, ''Milind''. The college was founded in part by [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]], an Indian leader of the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] and writer to the constitution of the [[Republic of India]].<br />
<br />
===Geography===<br />
In Classical Antiquity, from at least the 1st century, the "Menander Mons", or "Mountains of Menander", came to designate the mountain chain at the extreme east of the Indian subcontinent, today's [[Naga Hills]] and [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], as indicated in the [[Ptolemy world map]] of the 1st century geographer [[Ptolemy]].<ref>Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare, Saikat K Bose, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 p.222]</ref><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kanishka]]<br />
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]<br />
* [[Indo-Scythians]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The diffusion of classical art in antiquity |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=0-691-03680-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi|first1=Osmund|author1-link=Osmund Bopearachchi|title=Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques : catalogue raisonné |date=1991 |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale |location=Paris |isbn=2-7177-1825-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins in the Smithsonian Institution |date=1993 |publisher=National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00lmAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi|first1=Osmund|last2=Sachs|first2=Christian |title=De l'Indus à l'Oxus : archéologie de l'Asie centrale : catalogue de l'exposition. |date=2003 |publisher=Association imago-musée de Lattes |location=Lattes |isbn=2-9516679-2-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Cribb |first2=Joe |last3=Claringbull |first3=Maggie |title=The Crossroads of Asia : transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-9518399-1-8}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Keown |first1=Damien |title=A dictionary of Buddhism |date=2003 |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860560-9}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Kubica |first1=Olga |title=Greco-Buddhist relations in the Hellenistic Far East : sources and contexts |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781003258575}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |title=The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies |date=2002 |publisher=Allworth Press |location=New York |isbn=1-58115-203-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0372-8 |edition=1st}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Tarn |first1=W. W. |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=1951 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{EB1911 Poster|Menander (Milinda)|Menander I}}<br />
* [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+I&Thumb=1 Coins of King Menander]<br />
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/menander/t.html More coins of Menander]<br />
* [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=42937&AucID=46&Lot=537 Kapisa coinage of Menander]<br />
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/milinda.pdf The Debate of King Milinda]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815103245/http://www.as.miami.edu/phi/bio/Buddha/Milinda.htm The Questions of King Milinda]<br />
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-menander.html Catalogue of the coins of Menander]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Demetrius II of India]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Indo-Greek|Indo-Greek ruler]] <br /> (in [[Paropamisadae]], [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]])|years= 155/150 – 130 BC}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Zoilos I]]<br />(in [[Paropamisadae]], [[Arachosia]])}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Agathokleia]]<br/>(in [[Gandhara]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]])}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Indo-Greek kings}}<br />
{{Hellenistic rulers}}<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Menander 01}}<br />
[[Category:Menander I| ]]<br />
[[Category:2nd-century BC Buddhists]]<br />
[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek people]]<br />
[[Category:Greek Buddhist monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Converts from paganism]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]<br />
[[Category:2nd-century BC Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Euthydemid dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Arhats]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jama_Masjid,_Nainital&diff=505444Jama Masjid, Nainital2026-02-24T21:23:37Z<p>Teena29I554: started new post w/ sources...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mosque in Nainital, Uttarakhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Nainital Mosque<br />
| native_name = <br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br />
| image = Jama Masjid Mosque Nainital.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.4<br />
| caption = Entry gate to the mosque<br />
| map_type = India Uttarakhand<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_relief = 1<br />
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| location = [[Nainital]], [[Kumaon division]], [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| geo = {{coord|29.3910715|79.4534576|region:IN-UT_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| rite = <br />
| consecration_year = <br />
| status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]<br />
| functional_status = Active<br />
| leadership = <br />
| website = <br />
| architect = <br />
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| founded_by = [[British Raj]]<br />
| established = 1865<br />
| year_completed = {{ubl|1882 {{small|(1st structure)}};|1902 {{small|(renovations)}};|1997 {{small|(renovations)}};|2005 {{small|(rebuild)}}}}<br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| capacity = 1,100 worshippers<br />
| length = {{cvt|80|ft|m|order=flip}}<br />
| width = {{cvt|120|ft|m|order=flip}}<br />
| width_nave = <br />
| interior_area = {{cvt|5908|sqft|m2|order=flip}}<br />
| height_max = {{cvt|69|ft|m|order=flip}}<br />
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}<br />
| dome_height_outer = <br />
| dome_height_inner = <br />
| dome_dia_outer = <br />
| dome_dia_inner = <br />
| minaret_quantity = Two<br />
| minaret_height = {{cvt|68|ft|m|order=flip}}<br />
| spire_quantity = <br />
| spire_height = <br />
| site_area = {{cvt|38660|sqft|m2|order=flip}}<br />
| materials = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Jama Masjid Nainital''' is a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], located in [[Nainital district|Nainital]], in the [[Kumaon division]] of the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India. The mosque was built in 1882 for Muslim soldiers in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Aurobindo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hNlAAAAMAAJ&q=jama+masjid+nainital |title=Indian Press and Freedom Struggle, 1937-42 |date=1993 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-0-86311-326-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYGtAAAAQBAJ&q=editions:VCRcG722lcoC |title=The Rough Guide to India |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |last3=Ford |first3=Mike |last4=Jacobs |first4=Daniel |last5=Meghji |first5=Shafik |last6=Sen |first6=Devdan |last7=Thomas |first7=Gavin |date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4093-4261-8 |language=en}}</ref> Arabic inscriptions can be seen at the main entrance. It was rebuilt in during 2004 and 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Nainital Jama Masjid: अंग्रेजों के जमाने की है जामा मस्जिद, प्रवेश द्वार पर अरबी में शिलालेख! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/nainital-nainital-jama-masjid-mosque-history-eid-2022-localuk-4232221.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Uttrakhand Waqf Board |url=https://ukwms.org/Home/GetProperty?Id=34E00F65-1085-4C66-8AE0-5A8E290AAD04 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ukwms.org |archive-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105113912/https://ukwms.org/Home/GetProperty?Id=34E00F65-1085-4C66-8AE0-5A8E290AAD04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Construction of the Nainital Jama Masjid commenced in 1865 during the [[British Raj|British Indian era]]. Historian Professor Ajay Rawat has claimed that the mosque is from the British period, and it was renovated in 1996-97. Due to a lack of space in the mosque, worshippers were offering ''[[namaz]]'' outside the mosque, on the road, which impacted traffic flow. Kishan Negi, the Chamber of Commerce president in the late 1990s, made a contribution for renovations to the mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsaeAAAAMAAJ&q=jama+masjid+nainital |title=Directory of Muslim Educational Institutions in India |date=2002 |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br />
* [[Islam in India]]<br />
* [[List of mosques in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Mosques in India}}<br />
{{Nainital district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century mosques in India]]<br />
[[Category:Grand mosques|Nainital]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1880s]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Nainital]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1882]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]<br />
<br />
{{India-mosque-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhuswa&diff=491389Bhuswa2026-02-22T12:58:11Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Special dish of Mithila during Chhath Puja}}<br />
{{Infobox food<br />
| name = Bhuswa<br />
| name_lang = Mai<br />
| alternative_name = Bhusba<br />
| type = [[Laddu]]<br />
| course = Prasad<br />
| region = [[Mithila region]]<br />
| main_ingredient = Ground rice<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhuswa''', ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भूसबा) also called as '''''Bhusba''','' is a rice [[laddu]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is generally prepared as [[Prasada|prasad]] (an offering) to [[Surya|Lord Suryanarayana]] and ''[[Shashthi|Chhathi Maiya]]'' during the festival of [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पर्यावरण व जल संरक्षण का संदेश देता है छठ महापर्व - chhatth ryt |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-chhatth-ryt-16915457.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhath: Festival Of Cleanliness, Purity And Devotion |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/35100 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> After the festival rituals, the ''bhuswas'' are consumed by family and devotees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chhath Puja 2025: ठेकुआ ही नहीं, छठ पूजा पर बनाई जाती है ये खास मिठाई |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/lifestyle/traditional-bihari-dishes-like-thekua-bhusba-rice-flour-laddu-on-chhath-puja-2025/2972427 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janakpurdham ponds illuminated and decorated for Chhath festival |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/26/502862/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Bhuswa'' is made by soaking rice, which is then dried in sunlight. The dried rice is fried in [[ghee]] and ground to a powder. [[Jaggery]] powder (a type of [[cane sugar]]) and ghee are then combined to the flour to form spheres.<ref name=":0" /> [[Cardamom]] and dry fruits are sometimes added for flavour.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sah |first=Jitendra |title=Kantipur-घाटघाटमा ठेकुवा र भुसुवा |trans-title=Bhusba and Thekuwa is in every chhath ghat |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2014-10-31/397857.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=ekantipur.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{Food-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Indian cuisine by region]]<br />
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relief&diff=463519Relief2026-02-18T11:24:42Z<p>Teena29I554: brief improve details based on references and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sculptural technique of embossed depth}}<br />
{{About|the sculptural method|emotion|Relief (emotion)|other uses|Relief (disambiguation)}}<br />
[[File:Abraham (Gates of Paradise) 01.JPG|thumb|Side view of [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s cast [[gilt-bronze]] ''Gates of Paradise'' at the [[Florence Baptistery]] in [[Florence]], Italy, combining high-relief main figures with backgrounds mostly in low relief.]]<br />
[[File:Panel of Tellus, Ara Pacis, Rome.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A common mixture of high and low relief, in the Roman [[Ara Pacis]], placed to be seen from below. Low relief background.]]<br />
[[File:Albert Memorial Friese Facing South - May 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A face of the high-relief ''[[Frieze of Parnassus]]'' round the base of the [[Albert Memorial]] in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are "engaged" with the surface behind.]]<br />
<br />
'''Relief''' is a [[sculpture|sculptural]] method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''[[wikt:relief|relief]]'' is from the Latin verb {{lang|la|relevare}}, to raise ({{lit|to lift back}}). To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background [[Plane (geometry)|plane]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relief | title= Relief | publisher= Merriam-Webster | access-date= 2012-05-31 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120531162703/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relief | archive-date= 2012-05-31 }}</ref> When a relief is carved into a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood ([[relief carving]]), the field is actually lowered, leaving the unsculpted areas seeming higher. The approach requires chiselling away of the background, which can be time-intensive. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, particularly in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster [[stucco]], ceramics or [[papier-mâché]] the form can be simply added to or raised up from the background. Monumental [[bronze]] reliefs are made by [[casting]].<br />
<br />
There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian and French terms are still sometimes used in English. The full range includes '''high relief''' (Italian {{lang|it|alto-rilievo}}, French {{lang|fr|haut-relief}}),<ref>In modern English, just "high relief"; ''alto-rilievo'' was used in the 18th century and a little beyond, while ''haut-relief'' surprisingly found a niche, restricted to archaeological writing, in recent decades after it was used in under-translated French texts about prehistoric [[cave art]], and copied even by English writers. Its use is to be deprecated.</ref> where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, '''mid-relief''' (Italian {{lang|it|mezzo-rilievo}}), '''low relief''' (Italian {{lang|it|basso-rilievo}}, French: {{lang|fr|bas-relief}}), and shallow-relief (Italian {{lang|it|rilievo schiacciato}}),<ref>Murray, Peter & Linda, Penguin ''Dictionary of Art & Artists'', London, 1989. p. 348, Relief; ''bas-relief'' remained common in English until the mid 20th century.</ref> where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There is also '''sunk relief''', which was mainly restricted to [[Ancient Egypt]] (''see below''). However, the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work.<br />
<br />
The definition of these terms is somewhat variable, and many works combine areas in more than one of them, rarely sliding between them in a single figure; accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions.<ref>For example Avery in [[Grove Art Online]], whose long article on "Relief sculpture" barely mentions or defines them, except for sunk relief.</ref> The opposite of relief sculpture is '''counter-relief''', {{lang|it|italics=unset|[[intaglio (sculpture)|intaglio]]}}, or {{lang|it|cavo-rilievo}},<ref>Murray, 1989, op.cit.</ref> where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it; this is very rare in [[monumental sculpture]]. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, though they are rarely seen in "sunk relief" and are usual in "{{lang|fr|italics=unset|bas-relief}}" and "counter-relief". Works in the technique are described as "in relief", and, especially in [[monumental sculpture]], the work itself is "a relief".<br />
<br />
Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings, and a sequence of several panels or sections of relief may represent an extended narrative. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round". Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. The subject of reliefs is for convenient reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts decorative geometrical or foliage patterns, as in the [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesques]] of [[Islamic art]], and may be of any subject.<br />
<br />
[[Rock relief]]s are those carved into solid rock in the open air (if inside caves, whether natural or human-made, they are more likely to be called "rock-cut"). This type is found in many cultures, in particular those of the [[Ancient Near East]] and Buddhist countries. A [[stele]] is a single standing stone; many of these carry reliefs.<br />
<br />
==Types==<br />
<br />
The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work. In particular, most later "high reliefs" contain sections in low relief, usually in the background. From the [[Parthenon Frieze]] onwards, many single figures in large [[monumental sculpture]] have heads in high relief, but their lower legs are in low relief. The slightly projecting figures created in this way work well in reliefs that are seen from below, and reflect that the heads of figures are usually of more interest to both artist and viewer than the legs or feet. As unfinished examples from various periods show, raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally "blocked out" by marking the outline of the figure and reducing the background areas to the new background level, work no doubt performed by apprentices (see gallery).<br />
<br />
{{anchor|Bas-relief or low relief}}<br />
<br />
===Low relief or bas-relief===<br />
[[File:PupienusSest.jpg|thumb|left|Low-relief on Roman [[sestertius]], 238&nbsp;AD]]<br />
A low relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. In the lowest reliefs the relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted, and if seen from the side the image makes no sense, but from the front the small variations in depth register as a three-dimensional image. Other versions distort depth much less. The term comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|basso rilievo}} via the French {{lang|fr|bas-relief}} ({{IPA|fr|baʁəljɛf}}), both meaning "low relief". The former is now a very old-fashioned term in English, and the latter term is becoming so.<br />
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Low relief is a technique which requires less work than high relief, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required. In the [[art of Ancient Egypt]], [[Assyrian palace relief]]s, and other [[ancient Near East]]ern and Asian cultures, a consistent very low relief was commonly used for the whole composition. These images would usually be painted after carving, which helped define the forms; today the paint has worn off in the great majority of surviving examples, but minute, invisible remains of paint can usually be discovered through chemical means.<br />
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[[File:Rock Relief of Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum.jpg|thumb|upright|A low-relief dating to {{Circa|2000 BC}}, from the kingdom of [[Simurrum]], modern [[Iraq]]]]<br />
The [[Ishtar Gate]] of [[Babylon]], now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the [[Near East]] from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the [[Alhambra]]), Rome, and Europe from at least the Renaissance, as well as probably elsewhere. However, it needs very good conditions to survive long in unmaintained buildings – Roman decorative plasterwork is mainly known from [[Pompeii]] and other sites buried by ash from [[Mount Vesuvius]]. Low relief was relatively rare in Western [[medieval art]], but may be found, for example in wooden figures or scenes on the insides of the folding wings of multi-panel [[altarpiece]]s.<br />
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The revival of low relief, which was seen as a classical style, begins early in the Renaissance; the [[Tempio Malatestiano]] in [[Rimini]], a pioneering classicist building, designed by [[Leon Battista Alberti]] around 1450, uses low reliefs by [[Agostino di Duccio]] inside and on the external walls. Since the Renaissance plaster has been very widely used for indoor [[ornament (art)|ornamental]] work such as [[cornice]]s and ceilings, but in the 16th century it was used for large figures (many also using high relief) at the [[Chateau of Fontainebleau]], which were imitated more crudely elsewhere, for example in the Elizabethan [[Hardwick Hall]].<br />
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Shallow-relief, in Italian {{lang|it|rilievo [[stiacciato]]}} or {{lang|it|rilievo schicciato}} ("squashed relief"), is a very shallow relief, which merges into engraving in places, and can be hard to read in photographs. It is often used for the background areas of compositions with the main elements in low-relief, but its use over a whole (usually rather small) piece was effectively invented and perfected by the Italian Renaissance sculptor [[Donatello]].<ref>Avery, vi</ref><br />
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In later Western art, until a 20th-century revival, low relief was used mostly for smaller works or combined with higher relief to convey a sense of distance, or to give depth to the composition, especially for scenes with many figures and a landscape or architectural background, in the same way that lighter colours are used for the same purpose in painting. Thus figures in the foreground are sculpted in high-relief, those in the background in low-relief. Low relief may use any medium or technique of sculpture, [[stone carving]] and [[metal casting]] being most common. Large architectural compositions all in low relief saw a revival in the 20th century, being popular on buildings in [[Art Deco]] and related styles, which borrowed from the ancient low reliefs now available in museums.<ref>Avery, vii</ref> Some sculptors, including [[Eric Gill]], have adopted the "squashed" depth of low relief in works that are actually free-standing.<br />
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"><br />
File:Amarna Neues 05.JPG|"Blocked-out" unfinished low relief of [[Ahkenaten]] and [[Nefertiti]]; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work.<br />
File:Nowruz Zoroastrian.jpg|Persian low or [[bas-relief]] in [[Persepolis]] – a symbol of [[Zoroastrism|Zoroastrian]] Nowruz – at the spring [[equinox]] the power of the bull (personifying [[Earth]]) and lion (personifying the [[Sun]]) are equal.<br />
File:Sculpted reliefs depicting Ashurbanipal, the last great Assyrian king, hunting lions, gypsum hall relief from the North Palace of Nineveh (Irak), c. 645-635 BC, British Museum (16722131531).jpg|[[Assyrian palace relief|Assyrian low relief]], ''[[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]'', North Palace, [[Nineveh]]<br />
File:Atropos.jpg|[[Atropos]] cutting the thread of life. Modern Greek low relief.<br />
File:Assunzione della verginje, donatello.jpg|[[Donatello]]'s ''[[rilievo stiacciato]]'' or shallow relief of the "Assumption of the Virgin" on [[Tomb of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci|a tomb]], 1420s<br />
File:Санкт-Петербург, Чкаловский 46, барельеф.jpg|Soviet bas-relief<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Mid-relief===<br />
[[File:Banteay Srei in Angkor.jpg|thumb|Low relief, [[Banteay Srei]], [[Cambodia]]; [[Ravana]] shaking Mount [[Kailasa]], the Abode of [[Shiva|Siva]]]]<br />
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Mid-relief, "half-relief" or {{lang|it|mezzo-rilievo}} is somewhat imprecisely defined, and the term is not often used in English, the works usually being described as low relief instead. The typical traditional definition is that only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field. The depth of the elements shown is normally somewhat distorted.<br />
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Mid-relief is probably the most common type of relief found in the [[Hindu art|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist art]] of [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The low to mid-reliefs of 2nd-century BCE to 6th-century CE [[Ajanta Caves]] and 5th- to 10th-century [[Ellora Caves]] in India are rock reliefs. Most of these reliefs are used to narrate sacred scriptures, such as the 1,460 panels of the 9th-century [[Borobudur]] temple in [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]], narrating the [[Jataka tales]] or lives of the [[Buddha]]. Other examples are low reliefs narrating the [[Ramayana]] Hindu epic in [[Prambanan]] temple, also in Java, in [[Cambodia]], the temples of [[Angkor]], with scenes including the [[Samudra manthan]] or "Churning the Ocean of Milk" at the 12th-century [[Angkor Wat]], and reliefs of [[apsaras]]. At [[Bayon]] temple in [[Angkor Thom]] there are scenes of daily life in the [[Khmer Empire]].<br />
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===High relief===<br />
[[File:The Parthenon sculptures, British Museum (14063376069) (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|High relief [[Metope (architecture)|metope]] from the Classical Greek [[Elgin Marbles|Parthenon Marbles]]. Some front limbs are actually detached from the background completely, while the [[centaur]]'s left rear leg is in low relief.]]<br />
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High relief (or {{lang|it|altorilievo}}, from [[Italian language|Italian]]) is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background. Indeed, the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. The parts of the subject that are seen are normally depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief where the elements seen are "squashed" flatter. High relief thus uses essentially the same style and techniques as free-standing sculpture, and in the case of a single figure gives largely the same view as a person standing directly in front of a free-standing statue would have. All cultures and periods in which large sculptures were created used this technique in [[monumental sculpture]] and architecture.<br />
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Most of the many grand figure reliefs in [[Ancient Greek sculpture]] used a very "high" version of high relief, with elements often fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth. The [[metopes of the Parthenon]] have largely lost their fully rounded elements, except for heads, showing the advantages of relief in terms of durability. High relief has remained the dominant form for reliefs with figures in Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture. Smaller Greek sculptures such as private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings, more often used low relief.<br />
[[File:Western Group of Temples, Khajuraho 20.jpg|thumb|High-relief deities at [[Khajuraho]], India]]<br />
[[File:Olhares sobre o Museu do Ipiranga 2017 021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Very high relief at the [[Monument to the Independence of Brazil]] in [[São Paulo]]; derivative representation of [[Pedro Américo]]'s 1888 painting ''[[Independence or Death]]'']]<br />
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[[Hellenistic]] and Roman [[sarcophagus]] reliefs were cut with a drill rather than [[chisel]]s, enabling and encouraging compositions extremely crowded with figures, like the [[Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus]] (250–260 CE). These are also seen in the enormous strips of reliefs that wound around Roman [[triumphal column]]s. The [[Sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] in particular exerted a huge influence on later Western sculpture. The European Middle Ages tended to use high relief for all purposes in stone, though like [[Ancient Roman sculpture]], their reliefs were typically not as high as in Ancient Greece.<ref>Avery, ii and iii</ref> Very high relief re-emerged in the Renaissance, and was especially used in wall-mounted [[funerary art]] and later on [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[pediment]]s and public monuments.<br />
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In the Buddhist and Hindu art of India and Southeast Asia, high relief can also be found, although it is not as common as low to mid-reliefs. Famous examples of Indian high reliefs can be found at the [[Khajuraho]] temples, with voluptuous, twisting figures that often illustrate the erotic [[Kamasutra]] positions. In the 9th-century [[Prambanan]] temple, Central [[Java]], high reliefs of [[Lokapala]] [[devata]]s, the guardians of deities of the directions, are found.<br />
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The largest high relief sculpture in the world is the [[Stone Mountain#Confederate Memorial Carving|Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial]] in the U.S. state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], which was cut 42 feet deep into the mountain,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-will-happen-stone-mountain-americas-largest-confederate-memorial-180964588/|title=What Will Happen to Stone Mountain, America's Largest Confederate Memorial?|author=Boissoneault, Lorraine|magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=August 22, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2021|archivedate=August 22, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212142/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-will-happen-stone-mountain-americas-largest-confederate-memorial-180964588/}}</ref> and measures 90 feet in height, 190 feet in width,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/celebrity-news/things-you-might-not-know-about-stone-mountain-park/bdffmFbsNskCuHX2mgEHpO/|newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|title=50 things you might not know about Stone Mountain Park|date=July 10, 2018|accessdate=May 26, 2021|archivedate=November 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190336/https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/celebrity-news/things-you-might-not-know-about-stone-mountain-park/bdffmFbsNskCuHX2mgEHpO/}}</ref> and lies 400 feet above the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-race-usa-stone-mountain/the-worlds-largest-confederate-monument-faces-renewed-calls-for-removal-idUSKBN2441C7|author=McKay, Rich|title=The world's largest Confederate Monument faces renewed calls for removal|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=July 3, 2020|accessdate=May 26, 2021|archivedate=July 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703135728/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-race-usa-stone-mountain/the-worlds-largest-confederate-monument-faces-renewed-calls-for-removal-idUSKBN2441C7}}</ref><br />
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===Sunk relief===<br />
[[File:Akhenaten, Nefertiri and three daughers beneath the Aten - Neues Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A sunk-relief depiction of Pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] with his wife [[Nefertiti]] and daughters. The main background has not been removed, merely that in the immediate vicinity of the sculpted form. Note how strong shadows are needed to define the image.]]<br />
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Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the [[art of Ancient Egypt]] where it is very common, becoming after the [[Amarna period]] of [[Ahkenaten]] the dominant type used, as opposed to low relief. It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls, and for [[hieroglyph]]s and [[cartouche]]s. The image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface to enhance the impression of three-dimensionality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Meili |last2=Chang |first2=Jian |last3=Kerber |first3=Jens |last4=Zhang |first4=Jian J. |date=2012-11-01 |title=A framework for digital sunken relief generation based on 3D geometric models |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00371-011-0663-y |journal=The Visual Computer |language=en |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1137 |doi=10.1007/s00371-011-0663-y |issn=1432-2315|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a simpler form, the images are usually mostly linear in nature, like hieroglyphs, but in most cases the figure itself is in low relief, but set within a sunken area shaped round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the original flat surface. In some cases the figures and other elements are in a very low relief that does not rise to the original surface, but others are modeled more fully, with some areas rising to the original surface. This method minimizes the work removing the background, while allowing normal relief modelling.<br />
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The technique is most successful with strong sunlight to emphasise the outlines and forms by shadow, as no attempt was made to soften the edge of the sunk area, leaving a face at a right-angle to the surface all around it. Some reliefs, especially funerary monuments with heads or busts from ancient Rome and later Western art, leave a "frame" at the original level around the edge of the relief, or place a head in a hemispherical recess in the block (see Roman example in gallery). Though essentially very similar to Egyptian sunk relief, but with a background space at the lower level around the figure, the term would not normally be used of such works.<br />
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It is also used for carving letters (typically ''[[om mani padme hum]]'') in the [[mani stone]]s of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<br />
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===Counter-relief===<br />
Sunk relief technique is not to be confused with "counter-relief" or intaglio as seen on [[engraved gem]] [[Seal (emblem)|seals]] – where an image is fully modeled in a "negative" manner. The image goes into the surface, so that when impressed on wax it gives an impression in normal relief. However many engraved gems were carved in [[Cameo (carving)|cameo]] or normal relief.<br />
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A few very late [[Hellenistic]] monumental carvings in Egypt use full "negative" modelling as though on a gem seal, perhaps as sculptors trained in the Greek tradition attempted to use traditional Egyptian conventions.<ref>Barasch, Moshe, ''Visual Syncretism: A Case Study'', pp.&nbsp;39–43 in Budick, Stanford & Iser, Wolfgang, eds., ''The Translatability of cultures: figurations of the space between'', [[Stanford University Press]], 1996, {{ISBN|0-8047-2561-6}} ({{ISBN|978-0-8047-2561-3}}).</ref><br />
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===Small objects===<br />
[[File:French - Diptych with Scenes from the Passion of Christ - Walters 71179 - Open.jpg|thumb|left|French Gothic [[diptych]], 25&nbsp;cm (9.8&nbsp;in) high, with crowded scenes from the ''[[Life of Christ in art|Life of Christ]]'', c.&nbsp;1350–1365]]<br />
Small-scale reliefs have been carved in various materials, notably [[ivory carving|ivory]], wood, and wax. Reliefs are often found in [[decorative arts]] such as [[ceramic art|ceramics]] and [[metalwork]]; these are less often described as "reliefs" than as "in relief". Small bronze reliefs are often in the form of "plaques" or [[plaquette]]s, which may be set in furniture or framed, or just kept as they are, a popular form for European collectors, especially in the Renaissance.<br />
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Various modelling techniques are used, such [[repoussé]] ("pushed-back") in metalwork, where a thin metal plate is shaped from behind using various metal or wood punches, producing a relief image. [[Casting]] has also been widely used in [[bronze]] and other metals. Casting and repoussé are often used in concert in to speed up production and add greater detail to the final relief. In stone, as well as engraved gems, larger [[hardstone carving]]s in semi-precious stones have been highly prestigious since ancient times in many Eurasian cultures. Reliefs in [[wax]] were produced at least from the [[Renaissance]].<br />
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[[Ivory carving|Carved ivory]] reliefs have been used since ancient times, and because the material, though expensive, cannot usually be reused, they have a relatively high survival rate, and for example [[consular diptych]]s represent a large proportion of the survivals of portable secular art from [[Late Antiquity]]. In the [[Gothic art|Gothic period]] the carving of ivory reliefs became a considerable [[Luxury goods|luxury]] industry in [[Paris]] and other centres. As well as small [[diptych]]s and [[triptych]]s with densely packed religious scenes, usually from the [[New Testament]], secular objects, usually in a lower relief, were also produced.<br />
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These were often round mirror-cases, combs, handles, and other small items, but included a few larger caskets like the [[Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], in the United States. Originally they were very often painted in bright colours. Reliefs can be impressed by stamps onto clay, or the clay pressed into a mould bearing the design, as was usual with the mass-produced {{lang|la|[[terra sigillata]]}} of [[Ancient Roman pottery]]. Decorative reliefs in [[plaster]] or [[stucco]] may be much larger; this form of architectural decoration is found in many styles of interiors in the post-Renaissance West, and in [[Islamic architecture]].<br />
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{{clear}}<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"><br />
File:Göbekli Tepe reliefs of animals.jpg|Low relief from the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] archaeological site of [[Göbekli Tepe]], believed to represent a [[bull]], a [[fox]], and a [[Crane (bird)|crane]], {{Circa|9,000 BC}}<br />
File:Warka_vase_(background_retouched).jpg|The [[Warka Vase]] of [[Sumer]], a very early survival works of narrative relief, {{Circa|3200}}–3000 BC. [[Alabaster]]. [[National Museum of Iraq]].<ref name=gardner>{{cite book|first=Fred S.|last=Kleiner|author2=Mamiya, Christin J.|year=2006|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective – Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred|url-access=registration|edition=12th|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Belmont, California, US|isbn=0-495-00479-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred/page/20 20–21]}}</ref><br />
File:Luxor temple 15.jpg|Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the [[Luxor Temple]] in Egypt, carved in very hard [[granite]]<br />
File:Luxor Temple 9544.JPG|Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the [[hieroglyph]]s, and high relief (right), from Luxor<br />
File:Borobudur Relief Panel I.b119, 0972.jpg|Low to mid-relief, 9th century, [[Borobudur]]. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures.<br />
File:Qajari relief.jpg|A [[Persian Empire|Persian]] mid-relief (''mezzo-rilievo'') from the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] era, at [[Tangeh Savashi]] in [[Iran]], which might also be described as two stages of low relief. This is a [[rock relief]] carved into a cliff.<br />
File:Rilievo funerario dei vibii, fine del I secolo ac..JPG|Roman funerary relief with frame at original level, but not sunk relief<br />
File:Warren Cup BM GR 1999.4-26.1 n2.jpg|The Roman [[Warren Cup]], silver [[repoussé]] work<br />
File:Yaxchilan Lintel 24.jpg|[[Yaxchilan Lintel 24|Lintel 24]] from the [[Maya art|Maya]] site of [[Yaxchilan]]. It depicts a [[bloodletting in Mesoamerica|bloodletting]] ritual performed by [[Lady Xoc]].<br />
File:Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|[[Hindu goddess]]es,<ref>From left to right: [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]], [[Varahi]], [[Indrani]], and [[Chamunda]]</ref> with the background only present at top and bottom. [[National Museum of India]]<br />
File:Naghsh-e rostam, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 12.jpg|[[Rock relief]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]]; the Persian [[Sassanian]] emperor [[Shapur I|Shapur&nbsp;I]] (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him<br />
File:Abadia de Saint-Pierre de Moissac - Portalada Sud de Moissac.JPG|The 12th century [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] portal of ''[[Christ in Majesty]]'' at [[Moissac]] Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure.<br />
File:Triptych Harbaville Louvre OA3247 recto.jpg|[[Harbaville Triptych]], Byzantine ivory<br />
File:Relief-side view.jpg|Side view of mid-relief: ''Madonna and Child'', marble of {{circa|1500}}/1510 by an unknown north Italian sculptor<br />
File:Fontainebleau escalier roi5.jpg|The elaborate [[stucco]] (plaster) reliefs decorating the [[Chateau de Fontainebleau]] were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative [[frieze]] above.<br />
File:Adorazione dei pastori - Francesco Grassia.jpg|Baroque marble high-relief by [[Francesco Grassia]], 1670, Rome<br />
File:Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (36053).jpg|Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief<br />
File:Relief on building in Bishopsgate, London 2.JPG|A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in [[Bishopsgate]], [[London]]. Some elements jut out of the frame of the image.<br />
File:Bas relief at Ryerson University.jpg|[[Elizabeth Wyn Wood]]'s [[Bas-relief]] at [[Toronto Metropolitan University]] in [[Toronto]]<br />
File:Unakoti group of bas-relief sculptures, Tripura, India.jpg|Colossal Hindu [[rock relief]]s at [[Unakoti]], [[Tripura]], India<br />
File:Grave relief of Demetria and Pamphile (Ca. 325-310 BC) (4454381607).jpg|High relief of [[Funerary naiskos of Demetria and Pamphile|Demetria and Pamphile]]. Many details are detached entirely.<br />
</gallery><br />
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== Reliefs by modern artists ==<br />
[[File:The story of Adam and Eve.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Mohsen Semnani, ''The Creation story'', 2000, the entrance room of amphitheatre, [[Isfahan]]]]<br />
Many modern and contemporary artists such as [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Ernst Barlach]], [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Eric Gill]], [[Jacob Epstein]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Claudia Cobizev]], up to [[Ewald Matare]] have created reliefs.<br />
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In particular low reliefs were often used in the 20th century on the outsides of buildings, where they are relatively easy to incorporate into the architecture as decorative highlights.<br />
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<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"><br />
Danemark,_Copenhague,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Femme_avec_des_mangues,_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_(33150754946).jpg|Paul Gauguin, ''Woman with Mango Fruits'', 1889, painted oak, [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]], Kopenhagen<br />
File:PL Krakow, judaica, Hochman H, 2013.06.22, fot Ivonna Nowicka (3).jpg|''The Admission of Jews to Poland in the Middle Ages'' by [[Henryk Hochman]], 1907<br />
File:Refugees medal DSCF9937.JPG|[[Ludwig Gies]], cast iron [[plaquette]], 8 x 9.8&nbsp;cm, inscribed "1914·VERTRIEBEN·1915" = "Refugees 1914–1915"<br />
G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg|[[Ernst Barlach]], ''Angel of Hope'', 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow<br />
Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg|[[Henry Moore]], ''Relief No. 1'', 1959, Bronze, at the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem<br />
File:WH Hudson memorial, Hyde Park, London 03.jpg|[[William Henry Hudson]] memorial, [[Hyde Park, London]], [[Jacob Epstein]]<br />
Düsseldorf St Lambertus Portal.jpg|[[Ewald Matare]], main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, [[St Lambertus, Düsseldorf]]<br />
%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg|''Table at the Cliff'', [[Keitum]], Sylt, 2019<br />
"Boot in bewegter See" Bronzerelief von Ingo Kühl.jpg|''Boat in moving sea'', bronze relief by [[Ingo Kühl]], 2019<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notable reliefs==<br />
Notable examples of monumental reliefs include:<br />
* Ancient Egypt: Most [[Egyptian temple]]s, e.g. the [[Temple of Karnak]]<br />
* Assyria: A famous collection is in the [[British Museum]], [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III]]<br />
* [[Ancient Persia]]: [[Persepolis]], and rock-face reliefs at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] and [[Naqsh-e Rajab]]<br />
* Ancient Greece: The [[Parthenon Marbles]], [[Bassae Frieze]], [[Great Altar of Pergamon]], [[Ludovisi Throne]]<br />
* [[Mesopotamia]]: [[Ishtar Gate]] of [[Babylon]]<br />
* Ancient Rome: [[Ara Pacis]], [[Trajan's Column]], [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]], [[triumphal arch]]es, [[Portonaccio sarcophagus]]<br />
* Medieval Europe: Many cathedrals and other churches, such as [[Chartres Cathedral]] and [[Bourges Cathedral]]<br />
* India: [[Sanchi]], base of the [[Lion Capital of Asoka]], the rock-cut [[Elephanta Caves]] and [[Ellora Caves]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temples]], [[Mahabalipuram]] with the ''[[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]'', and many South Indian temples, Unakoti group of sculptures (bas-relief) at Kailashahar, Unakoti District, [[Tripura]]<br />
* South-East Asia: [[Borobodur]] in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]], [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]]<br />
* Glyphs, [[Mayan stelae]] and other reliefs of the [[Maya art|Maya]] and [[Aztec]] civilizations<br />
* United States: [[Stone Mountain]], [[Robert Gould Shaw]] Memorial, Boston, [[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]]<br />
* UK: Base panels of [[Nelson's Column]], [[Frieze of Parnassus]]<br />
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Smaller-scale reliefs:<br />
* Ivory: [[Nimrud ivories]] from much of the Near East, [[Late Antique]] [[Consular diptych]]s, the Byzantine [[Harbaville Triptych]] and [[Veroli Casket]], the [[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Franks Casket]], [[Cloisters Cross]]<br />
* Silver: [[Warren Cup]], [[Gundestrup cauldron]], [[Mildenhall Treasure]], [[Berthouville Treasure]], [[Missorium of Theodosius I]], [[Lomellini Ewer and Basin]].<br />
* Gold: [[Berlin Gold Hat]], [[Bimaran casket]], [[Panagyurishte Treasure]]<br />
* Glass: [[Portland Vase]], [[Lycurgus Cup]]<br />
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==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Art}}<br />
* [[Rock relief]]<br />
* [[Multidimensional art]]<br />
* [[Pargetting]] – English exterior plaster reliefs<br />
* [[Relief printing]] – a different concept<br />
* [[Repoussé and chasing]] – a metalworking technique<br />
* [[Terrain#Relief]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Avery, Charles, in "[https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000071316 Relief sculpture]". [[Grove Art Online]]. Retrieved April 7, 2011.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amrs/hd_amrs.htm "American Relief Sculpture"], Metropolitan Museum of Art, [[New York City]].<br />
<br />
{{Art world}}<br />
{{Branches of the visual arts|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Sculptures}}<br />
{{Sister bar|auto=1|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alto-Relievo}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sculpture techniques]]<br />
[[Category:Sculpture terms]]<br />
[[Category:Types of sculpture]]<br />
[[Category:Reliefs| ]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimol_language&diff=469628Aimol language2026-02-11T20:55:13Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Amailon}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Aimol<br />
| altname = <br />
| nativename = <br />
| states = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[Manipur]], [[Assam]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Aimol people|Aimol]]<br />
| speakers = 3000<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = e18<br />
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br />
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]<br />
| iso3 = aim<br />
| glotto = aimo1244<br />
| glottorefname = Aimol<br />
| dia1 = Sutpong<br />
| dia2 = Khutai<br />
| dia3 = Langrong<br />
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Meitei script|Meitei]] (to lesser extent)<br />
}}<br />
'''Aimol''', also known as '''Aimual''', is a [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] language, belonging to the [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]] or "Old Kuki" subfamily,<ref><br />
{{citation |first=Graham |last=Thurgood |chapter=Sino-Tibetan: Genetic and Areal Subgroups |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |editor1=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |edition=2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781315399492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |page=22}}<br />
</ref><br />
spoken by the [[Aimol people|Aimol]] people of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It is considered endangered and has less than 3,000 speakers worldwide as per 2011 census.<ref name=ELP >Endangered Languages Project - http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3700</ref> most speakers also use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographical distribution==<br />
Aimol is spoken primarily in the Tengnoupal district, Chandel district, Kangpokpi district, and Churachandpur districts of [[Manipur]].<ref name=Haokip>Haokip, P. (2011). The languages of manipur: A case study of the Kuki-Chin languages. Linguistics Of The Tibeto-Burman Area, 34(1), 85-118.</ref> Aimol is spoken in the following villages of [[Manipur]] state (''[[Ethnologue]]''). There are also small numbers of speakers in [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Nagaland]].<br />
<br />
*[[Tengnoupal district]]: Aimol Khullen, Satu, Kumbirei, Chingnunghut, Aimol Tampak, Khodamphai, Aimol Ngairong, Chandonpokpi, Sibong (Khudengthabi), and Khomayai (Khunjai)<br />
*[[Chandel district]]: Unapal <br />
*[[Kangpokpi district]]: Tuikhang, Kharam Aimol<br />
*[[Churachandpur district]]: Luichungbum (Louchulbung), Kha-Aimol<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The name of the language comes from the Aimol tribe of people who speak it. The word Aimol itself may come from the words ''Ai'' meaning "wild" and ''Mol'' meaning "hill".<ref name=Suantak>Suantak, K. (2011). Socio-Linguistic Paradigm of the Aimol. Language In India, 11(6), 36-49.</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogical affiliation ==<br />
Aimol is an [[Kukish languages|Old Kuki]] language. The language displays similar characteristics as other Old Kuki including [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]], [[Koireng language|Koireng]], [[Kharam language|Kharam]], [[Purum language|Purum]], [[Chiru language|Chiru]], [[Chothe language|Chothe]], [[Tarao language|Tarao]], etc. However, most of the Old Kuki languages are not mutually intelligible with Aimol.<ref name=Suantak /> Additionally, Aimol is reportedly less influenced by Meitei, the lingua franca of the state of Manipur, as compared to the other neighboring languages.<ref name=Ruhemann>Ruhemann, B. (1948). The Relationship Terms of Some Hill Tribes of Burma and Assam. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 4, 155-198.</ref> Aimol is mutually intelligible with Kom. Speakers of the respective languages can understand each other when speaking in their own language. In terms of numeric structures, the two languages demonstrate extreme grammatical and structural similarities.<ref name=Haokip /><ref name=Suantak /> In the [[Linguistic Survey of India]], [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] reported that all the Old Kuki languages, including Aimol, are all merely dialects of the same language. He also reported that these Old Kuki languages are closely related to the [[Kukish languages|Central Kuki]] languages.<ref name=Haokip /><ref name=LSI>Grierson, G. A. (1903). Linguistic Survey of India, 3. (reprint: 2005. Delhi: Low Price Publications).</ref><br />
<br />
== Status ==<br />
The Aimol people are predominantly [[Christians|Christian]] and this community has helped with preserving the language. The [[New Testament]] has been translated, and there are significant audio samples of the language in the form of Bible studies and [[Gospel music|Gospel Songs]].<ref name="GRN">Global Recordings Network Aimol - http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/3822</ref> Aside from this there are several books as well as radio programs in Aimol.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
[[Meitei language|Meitei]] is the official language of Manipur and the lingua franca amongst the various tribes in the region. Most Aimol speakers are completely fluent in Meitei with many also speaking [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] for the same reasons. Meitei is the language of education with Aimo not being used in school and instead being used in the home.<ref name="Suantak" /><ref name="Haokip" /> The strong influence of the lingua franca is a considerable threat to the continued existence of Aimol and its survival in future generations. However, there have been efforts to preserve the Aimol culture, including the language.<ref name="TOI">Manipur tribe turns to music to preserve culture - The Times of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Manipur-tribe-turns-to-music-to-preserve-culture/articleshow/24060212.cms/</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Aimol people themselves have a large amount of pride in their language and have taken effort to preserve it and encourage its usage.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Vowels<ref>{{Cite book |last=Okhup Aimol |first=Khochung |title=Aimol Dictionary (Aimual Chongbrianbuk) Amiol-English dictionary |isbn=978-93-5208-138-7 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Near-back vowel|Near-back]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
!Short<br />
!Long<br />
!Short<br />
!Short<br />
!Long<br />
!Long<br />
|-<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]<br />
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]<br />
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]<br />
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ:]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Mid central vowel|ə]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-Mid]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ:]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Aimol has a relatively high consonant to vowel ratio of 4.5-1 and /CCVC/ [[Syllable structure|syllable]] structure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPPEL - Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages |url=https://www.sppel.org/aimolG.aspx |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.sppel.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Morphology and Syntax ==<br />
<br />
=== Syntax ===<br />
Aimol follows the traditional subject-object-verb word order, like the other [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], and uses postposition instead of preposition. Tone is an important feature of the language, as the certain pitch used can indicate multiple different words.<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
Aimol uses both suffixes and prefixes as pronouns, but the suffixes are only used in negative sentences.<ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Prefix pronouns in Aimol<ref name=":0" /><br />
!<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1st person<br />
|kə-<br />
|kən-<br />
|-<br />
!2nd person<br />
|nə-<br />
|nən-<br />
|-<br />
!3rd person<br />
|ə-<br />
|ən-<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Suffix Pronouns in Aimol<ref name=":0" /><br />
!<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1st person<br />
| -kiŋ<br />
| -siŋ<br />
|-<br />
!2nd person<br />
| -ce<br />
| -ceu<br />
|-<br />
!3rd person<br />
| -k<br />
| -u<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Gender ===<br />
Aimol does not have [[grammatical gender]] but it lexically differentiates 3 genders: Male, Female, and Neuter. All words have Male and Female versions with the male version having the [[suffix]] /-pa/ and the female version having the suffiv /-nu/; in words with a neuter version the neuter version has neither suffix.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Language In India Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow |date=September 2017 |volume=17:9 |pages=2–12 |language=en |issn=1930-2940}}</ref><br />
<br />
Proper Names in Aimol that end in the suffixes:-pa, -tʰəŋ, -kʰup, -boi, -ŋir, -reŋ, -lal, soŋ, and -pu are considered to be male while those that end in:-nəi, -kim, -hui, -pi, -nu, and -kip are considered female. The suffix /-pu/ is an honorific suffix for men while /-pi/ is an honorific suffix for woman.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
For animals the suffix /-kʰoŋ/ is male for birds and /-cəl/ is male for animals, insects, and plants while the suffix /-pui/ is female. For plants the male marker is used for barren plants while the female marker is used for ripe ones.<ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Gendered Suffixes in Aimol<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Male<br />
!Translation<br />
!Female<br />
!Translation<br />
!Neuter<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|suəkpa<br />
|Male slave<br />
|suəknu<br />
|Female slave<br />
|suək <br />
|Slave <br />
|-<br />
|pəsəlnai<br />
|boy<br />
|numəinai<br />
|girl<br />
|N/a<br />
|N/a<br />
|-<br />
|sehrat-cəl<br />
|bull<br />
|sehrat-pui<br />
|cowl<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|watʰəpi-cəl <br />
|Male Papaya<br />
|watʰəpi-pui<br />
|Female Papaya<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Plural ===<br />
The suffix /-ŋai/ is used to pluralize nouns; it can be added to proper nouns to imply plurality, or added to [[Demonstrative|demonstrative pronouns]] to create plurality. The suffix /-ni/ is used after pronouns to pluralize them.<ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Pluralization of nouns in Aimol<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Singular<br />
!Translation<br />
!Plural<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|naipəŋ<br />
|Child<br />
|naipəŋ-ŋai<br />
|Children<br />
|-<br />
|coŋnu<br />
|Chongu<br />
|coŋnu-ŋai<br />
|Chongu and her group<br />
|-<br />
|kəi<br />
|I<br />
|kəi-ni<br />
|We<br />
|-<br />
|hiwǝhi<br />
|This<br />
|hiwa-ŋai-hi<br />
|These<br />
|}<br />
Plurality can also be conveyed via deduplication with /tu-/ meaning "who is" and /tutu-/ meaning "who are" and /i-/ being able to be reduplicated to go from meaning "what thing" to meaning "what things".<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The final method of forming the plural is to use various words that convey plurality; these words include:/ətəm/ “many/much”, /əbo/ “pair”, /əbuk/ “pile”, /əreŋŋa/ “all”, /ərup/ “crowd”, /alo/ “bundle”, /awer/ “some”.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
There are very few written records of the Aimol language. Much of what has been recorded were samples from Grierson. Younger generations use Latin script, while older generations use "Manipuri written in Bengali script."<ref name="Haokip" /> Additionally, a version of the [[Bible]] has been recently completed and released.<ref name="Bible">Welcome to Bible Society of India Aimol New Testament http://www.bsind.org/aimol.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403055255/http://www.bsind.org/aimol.html|date=2013-04-03}}</ref> This should greatly benefit the translation and preservation process.<br />
<br />
===Numerals===<br />
Cardinal numbers in Aimol are formed by using simple addition and/or multiplication compounds. The numbers between 11-19 are formed by taking the word for ten ''som'' and the respective number between 1–9, and using the connective word ''ləj''. For example, the word for fifteen is ''som-ləj-raŋa'', which is formed by the words for ten-connective-five. The decade, century, and thousand numbers are formed by using a multiplication compound. To illustrate this principle further, the word for three hundred is {{Transliteration|aim|rethum}}, which is formed by the root ''re-'', and the word for three ''ənthum'' (the prefix ''ən-'' is dropped). Finally, for the numbers not divisible by 10, the two principles are combined. The word for 22 is ''somniləjthum'', which translate to ten-two-connective-two. In this instance, ''ten'' and ''two'' are multiplied to equal twenty which is connected to two.<br />
<br />
====Ordinal Numerals====<br />
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the suffix ''cəŋnə'' to the base number. For example, second is expressed as ''ənni-cəŋnə'', meaning two-necessary suffix.<br />
<br />
====Multiplicative Numerals====<br />
Adding the prefix ''wəj-'' to a base numeral results in a multiplicative numeral. Fifth is expressed by ''wəj-rəŋə'', the prefix to the base word for 5.<br />
<br />
====Fractional Numerals====<br />
To express fractions, the prefix ''sem-'' is added to the denominator number, followed by the connective ''-ə-'', and then the word for the numerator. To express the fraction two-fifths, the word in Aimol is ''sem-rəŋə-ə-ənni''.<br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
The Langrong variety is distinct enough that some consider it a separate language. There are two dialects of Aimol proper, Sutpong and Khurai, which can perhaps be attributed to differing migration patterns, there are small differences between the two but they are completely mutually intelligible.<br />
<br />
Most occurrences of Aimol writing are in Sutpong. This version makes use of glottal stops in word endings preceding by vowel sounds. Speakers of this dialect tend to take pride in speaking this dialect over Khurai.<br />
<br />
Khurai usually does not use the glottal stops as is present in Sutpong. There is also less use of initial nasalized sounds in Khurai. There may be negative interpretations of the word ''Khurai'' which lead to the negativity with the dialect.<ref name=Haokip /> Additionally, the Khurai dialect is understood to borrow more words from Meitei and other neighboring languages, though it is indisputable that both dialects take from and are influenced by other languages.<br />
<br />
== Sample Text ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+1st Thessalonians 1-2<br />
!Aimol<ref>{{Cite book |title=New testament Aimol Language |publisher=[[Bible Society of India]] |year=2016 |pages=429}}</ref><br />
!English<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: 1 Thessalonians 1 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Thessalonians%201&version=NIV |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Paul, Silas hale Timothi ning Thessalonika biakrup mingai chunga pa pathian le Jisu Khrista jiang a om mi lungsiat thei nale lunghip na ha nan chunga na pek rase. <br />
Keinin nangni ranga phat rakip a Pathian jiang lam na kan nei hale Pathian ha kan manpak.<br />
|Paul, Silas[a] and Timothy,To the church of the Thessalonians in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace and peace to you.<br />
We always thank God for all of you and continually mention you in our prayers.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Aimol people]]<br />
*[[Kuki people]]<br />
*[[Tibeto-Burman languages]]<br />
*[[Linguistic Survey of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
#(2013, August 22). The Times of India:; Manipur sets up cell to develop state languages. Times of India, The (Mumbai, India) <br />
#Bose, J.K. (1934). Social Organisation of the Aimol Kukis. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.<br />
#Bradley, D. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics No.14, Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, 1-72. <br />
#Bradley, D. (2012). The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman. Language and Linguistics, 13, 171–192. <br />
#Haokip, T. (2012). Revisiting English education amidst various local languages: situation in Manipur State. Language In India, (9). 404. <br />
#Hodson, T.C. (1913). Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 315–336. <br />
#Hyslop, G., Morey, S., & Post, M. (2011). North East Indian linguistics, 3. New Delhi: Foundation Books. <br />
#Matisoff, J. (1995). Languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman. Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project, Centers for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley. <br />
#Needham, R. (1960). A Structural Analysis of Aimol Society. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Deel 116, 1ste Afl., ANTHROPOLOGICA, 81-108. <br />
#Pramodini, N. (2011). Sharing the Future: The Language Situation in Manipur. Language In India, 11(5), 404–421.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3700 Aimol Profile at the Endangered Languages Project]<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]<br />
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalpur,_Ranchi&diff=511808Lalpur, Ranchi2026-02-10T19:30:29Z<p>Teena29I554: made</p>
<hr />
<div>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Lalpur, Ranchi<br />
| official_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Suburb and Business District<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State or Union Territory<br />
| subdivision_type2 = City/Metro/Town<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_map = India Jharkhand location map.svg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lalpur''' is a major suburb in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India. It is an upscale mixed used commercial - residential mixed used suburb neighbourhood in [[Ranchi]]. This is one of the major, main and important commercial suburbs of the city. The PIN code of Lalpur is 834001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalpur Ranchi Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Lalpur Ranchi, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/jharkhand/ranchi/lalpur-ranchi |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This place has a number of shopping malls and shopping complexes. Here is the famous Nucleus shopping mall. Numerous markets and marketplaces are located in this area. As a result a lot of garbage is also generated and sometimes piles up on the roadside.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title=Garbage mounds in Lalpur irk commuters, residents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/garbage-mounds-in-lalpur-irk-commuters-residents/articleshow/113612330.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lalpur is one of the major commercial areas of the city along with [[Hindpiri]], [[Lower Bazaar|Lower Bazar]] and [[Upper Bazar]]. There are many hotels in Lalpur, and this locality houses many commercial properties and residential properties. Here are two famous and popular cinemas, and a number of hospitals and clinics. The roads were crowded and traffic jams were common and the former chief minister Arjun Munda proposed to build a flyover and allotted Rs.29 crore and as of 2019 the work did not begin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-12 |title=Govt takes flyover route to avoid traffic jams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/govt-takes-flyover-route-to-avoid-traffic-jams/articleshow/18458492.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Kantatoli Flyover to be complete by 2020 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/kantatoli-flyover-to-be-complete-by-2020.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Intersections ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Lalpur Chowk]] ===<br />
'''[[Lalpur Chowk]]''', an important locality of Lalpur, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], is an intersection of Circular Road and Old Hazaribagh Road (Old HB Road). The word chowk is a [[Hindi]] word meaning intersection. The area has several shops and important commercial establishments. Circular Road ends at the subsequent chowk, namely, Dangratoli Chowk, where it meets Purulia Road. In the opposite direction, the Circular Road takes one to Kutchery area of Ranchi. From there, it forks to Ratu Road and Kanke Road. Old HB Road continues until it meets the new Hazaribagh Road. In the opposite direction it leads to Firayalal chowk, which is also one of the busiest intersections in Ranchi. Lalpur Chowk also leads to Peace Road.<br />
<br />
There are major residential areas around Lalpur chowk: Burdwan Compound, BSNL colony, PN Bose Compound, etc. Burdwan Compound has a large population of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]]. Burdwan Compound is so named because it was the estate of the king of Burdwan, a district in West Bengal.<br />
<br />
== Commerce ==<br />
Nucleus Shopping Mall in Lalpur is one of [[List of shopping malls in India|the largest and most popular shopping malls]] in the city of [[Ranchi]]. This mall was established in 2017.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ranchi]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jharkhand]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roopa_Pai&diff=462075Roopa Pai2026-02-10T03:08:31Z<p>Teena29I554: improved formatting further and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian children's writer ([[floruit|fl.]] 21st c.)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Roopa Pai<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India<br />
| occupation = {{unbulleted list|Children's author|Journalist}}<br />
| notable_works = ''[[Taranauts]]''<br />
| spouse = Arun Pai<ref>{{cite news|title=Emperaza of cool|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Emperaza-of-cool/article16363861.ece#:~:text=Bangalore%20Walks%20was%20conceived%20by,%E2%80%9CExplorience%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20city.|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref><br />
| height = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| othername = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
'''Roopa Pai''' is [[Children's literature|children's author]] and journalist<ref name=":0" /> living in [[Bangalore]], India. She has over 20 published books, which include the India's first [[Fantasy Adventures|fantasy-adventure]] series for children''[[Taranauts]],'' and the national best seller ''The Gita for Children,'' which also won the 2016 [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword Award]] for children's writing.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Pai was born in a [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] family<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-gita-in-a-21-c-avatar/article7599687.ece|title=The Gita in a 21 C avatar|last=K|first=Bhumika|date=31 August 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 January 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/id-have-been-a-teacher-if-i-hadnt-become-an-author/article18466048.ece|title='I'd have been a teacher if I hadn't become an author'|last=Venkatesh|first=Aarthi|date=16 May 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 January 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="citizenmatters">{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/694-heritage-walk-writer-roopa-pai-694|title=Talking the walks {{!}}|date=18 December 2008|work=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> She started writing during her 11th standard, first writing articles for the ''[[Deccan Herald]]''. She went on to complete an engineering degree and moved to Delhi after her marriage. There she started writing for the children's magazine ''[[Target (magazine)|Target]]''.<br />
<br />
The couple eventually shifted to London, where she wrote articles covering [[Indian cuisine|Indian restaurant]]s in London, for the ''Travel Trends'' magazine. She was also commissioned by the [[VisitBritain|British Tourism Authority]] to cover hotels and accommodations for Indian tourists across the UK. The couple eventually moved back to Bangalore.<ref name="citizenmatters" /><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* 2004 – ''Chanakya: The Master Statesman'', published by [[Rupa Publications|Roopa Publications India]]<ref name="citizenmatters" /><br />
* 2008 – ''Ticket Bengaluru'', published by Stark World India<ref name="citizenmatters" /><br />
* 2011 – ''The Quest For The Shyn Emeralds'', book 1 of the [[Taranauts]] series, published by [[Hachette Book Group|Hachette India]]<br />
* 2011 – ''Riddle of the Lustr Sapphires'', book 2 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2012 – ''The Secret of the Sparkl Amethysts'', book 3 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2012 – ''The Race for the Glo Rubies'', book 4 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2012 – ''The Mystery of the Syntilla Silvers'', book 5 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2012 – ''The Key to Shimr Citrines'', book 6 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2012 – ''The Search for the Glytr Turquoise'', book 7 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2013 – ''The Magic of the Dazl Corals'', book 8 of the Taranauts series, published by Hachette India<br />
* 2014 – ''What If Earth Stopped Spinning? And 24 Other Mysteries,'' published by Roopa Publications India<br />
* 2015 – ''The Gita for Children,'' published by Hachette India<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/just-right-for-kids-9/|title=Just Right for Kids|date=12 September 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><br />
* 2017 – ''So You Want to Know About Economics'', published by Roopa Publications India<br />
* 2017 – ''Ready!: 99 Must-Have Skills for the World-Conquering Teenager (and Almost-Teenager)'', published by Hachette India<br />
* 2018 – ''Krishna Deva Raya: King of Kings'', published by Eicher Goodearth<br />
* 2019 – ''The Vedas and Upanishads for Children'', published by Hachette India<br />
* 2019 – ''From Leeches to Slug Glue: 25 Explosive Ideas That Made (and Are Making) Modern Medicine'', published by Penguin Random House India<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
* 2016 – Won [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword Award]] for children's writing for her book ''The Gita for Children''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21120|title=TEDxNMIMSBangalore {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><br />
* 2017 – Nominated for Femina 2017 women award in the "Literary Contribution" category<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/nominees-for-the-femina-women-awards-2017_-51310-3.html|title=Catch all the action at the Femina Women Awards 2017 tonight!|work=femina.in|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615063816/http://roopapai.in/|date=15 June 2013|title=Official website}}<br />
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207134241/http://www.taranauts.com/|date=7 February 2016|title=Taranauts website}}<br />
*[http://rupapublications.co.in/authors/roopa-pai/ Roopa Pai] at [[Rupa Publications]]<br />
*{{ISFDB name|152182}}<br />
*[https://www.storizen.com/book-reviews/the-gita-for-children-by-roopa-pai/ Book Review: The Gita for Children by Roopa Pai]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pai, Roopa}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada people]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vita_Assembly_constituency&diff=545011Vita Assembly constituency2026-02-01T07:34:00Z<p>Teena29I554: stub!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Vita<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Maharashtra<br />
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
| abolished = 1964<br />
| electors = 69,022<br />
| mla = Bhagwanrao Lalasaheb Pawar<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vita Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || More Bragwan Nanasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Madhale Pirajirao Tayapa (Sc)|| {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhagwanrao Lalasaheb Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vita<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwanrao Lalasaheb Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,528 |percentage = 65.39% |change={{increase}}47.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Piraji Tayappa Madhale |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 10,927 |percentage = 24.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Pandurang Badekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,392 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santram Gangaram Khade |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 929 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,601 |percentage = 41.19% |change= {{increase}}40.80 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,154 |percentage = 62.29% |change= {{decrease}}51.63 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,022 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}40.79 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}32.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
: Vita<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=More Bragwan Nanasaheb |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 44,493 |percentage = 32.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhale Pirajirao Tayapa (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 43,953 |percentage = 32.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Vithalrao Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,197 |percentage = 17.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satpvte Miraji Daii (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,798 |percentage = 17.44% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 540 |percentage = 0.40% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,441 |percentage = 117.05% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,571 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baljinder_Kaur&diff=489349Baljinder Kaur2026-01-30T02:34:49Z<p>Teena29I554: new</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{for|the politician|Baljinder Kaur (Punjab politician)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Baljinder Kaur<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Bhondian, [[Bhogpur]], [[India]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 1991-present<br />
| homepage = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baljinder Kaur''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/from-bhondian-to-bollywood-baljinder-kaur-s-journey-from-jalandhar-to-the-silver-screen/story-cnI7VF2WH5e7F5REiXTHrI.html |title=From Bhondian to Bollywood: Baljinder Kaur's journey from Jalandhar to the silver screen |date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Regional-route-to-national-honour/articleshow/46683467.cms |title=Regional route to national honour - Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kaur was born and brought up in the village of Bhondian near [[Bhogpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. She developed an interest in theatre during her education at DAV College, [[Hoshiarpur]] and in 1994, chose to study a degree in drama over education at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]]. After graduating, she started teaching drama at a school in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]] and later married Brijesh Sharma in 2000, who was her classmate at university and during another stint at the National School of Drama.<ref name="hindustan"/> During her time at drama school, she learnt various forms of classical dance and music and later worked for six years as a member of the repertory.<br />
<br />
Kaur made her acting debut as a film actress through the critically acclaimed Hindi film, ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' (2013), after being approached by the casting director, Mukesh Chabra, who had see one of Kaur's stage performances. She won critical acclaim for her role in the project and was subsequently approached to play roles in two of [[Aamir Khan]]'s films, ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014) and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), but turned down the opportunities indicating her reluctance to work on glamorous roles.<ref name="hindustan"/> In 2014, she worked on the Haryanvi film ''Pagdi: The Honour'' directed by Rajiv Bhatia, who she knew from her time at the School of Drama. Her husband, Brijesh Sharma, also portrayed a role in the film as the heroine's father. For her performance in the film, she received the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and was also subsequently recognised by [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]] for her work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/education/pu-to-honour-actress-baljinder-kaur/88478.html |title=PU to honour actress Baljinder Kaur |work=The Tribune |date=2 June 2015 |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Panjab-University-alumna-wins-national-award/articleshow/47181465.cms |title=Panjab University alumna wins national award - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kangana-bags-national-award-for-queen/20150324.htm |title=Kangana bags National Award for Queen}}</ref> She was then subsequently seen as a Mardwari woman from the slums of Chennai in [[Sudha Kongara Prasad]]'s bilingual film, ''[[Irudhi Suttru|Saala Khadoos]]''. For her part in the Tamil version, she memorised her dialogues after translating the script phonetically into English.<ref name="hindustan"/><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' || Ammi || [[Hindi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Commando (2013 film)|Commando]]'' || Preethi || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Pagdi: The Honour'' || || [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] || [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || rowspan="2" | Damayanthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Irudhi Suttru|Saala Khadoos]]'' || Hindi ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Punjabi || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Qismat]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chamm]]'' || ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[S.P. Chauhan]]'' || || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Punjabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Surkhi Bindi]]'' || ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || '' [[Chhalaang]] '' || || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]'' || || Punjabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' || || Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]'' || || rowspan="6" | Punjabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Seep'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Warning (2021 film)|Warning]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thana Sadar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" | 2022 || ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shikari (2022 film)|Shikari]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Badhaai Do]]'' || || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]'' || || rowspan="10" | Punjabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cheta Singh'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Babbar (film)|Babbar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kokka'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khaao Piyo Aish Karo]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Lover'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sohreyan Da Pind Aa Gaya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Challa Mud Ke Ni Aya'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ziddi Jatt †|Ziddi Jatt]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Dear Jassi]]'' || Sukhdev Kaur ||<br />
|-<br />
|2025 || ''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]'' || || Hindi ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|5201771}}<br />
<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActress}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Baljinder}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyanka_Maurya&diff=526919Priyanka Maurya2026-01-27T23:29:33Z<p>Teena29I554: added the pg added tags</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian homeopath (born 1988)}}<br />
[[File:Dr. Priyanka Maurya.jpg|thumb|Dr. Priyanka Maurya ]]<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dr. Priyanka Maurya<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|08|27}}<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| education = Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery<br />
| alma_mater = Jiwaji University, Gwalior<br />
| occupation = Indian homeopath, social worker, politician<br />
| known_for = <br />
| party = Bhartiya Janta Party (2022- Present)<br />
| otherparty = Indian National Congress- 2020-2022<br />
| spouse = Abhishek Kumar<br />
| awards = {{UBL<br />
| Women of Excellence Award (2020)<br />
| RedFM Achievers Award (2021)<br />
| Corona Warrior Award (2020)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
Dr. '''Priyanka Maurya''', an Indian [[Homeopathy|homeopath]], social worker and politician, gained fame as the face of Congress's "Ladki Hoon Lad Sakti Hoon" campaign led by [[Priyanka Gandhi]] Vadra to empower women in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. However, she later accused Congress of corruption and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-15 |title=UP Election 2022: Congress' 'ladki hoon' mascot denied ticket, alleges rigging in procedure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/congs-ladki-hoon-mascot-denied-ticket-alleges-rigging-in-procedure/articleshow/88907249.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=मरीजों को जली दाल, कच्ची रोटी देने पर बिफरीं महिला आयोग की सदस्य | date=25 December 2024 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/story-dr-priyanka-maurya-inspects-azamgarh-hospital-criticizes-poor-food-and-hygiene-201735068187142.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Priyanka Maurya, born on 27 August 1988 in [[Azamgarh|Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], completed her schooling at Children College, Azamgarh, and earned a degree in [[Homeopathic medicine|Homeopathic Medicine]] and Surgery from [[Jiwaji University]], Gwalior.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-20 |title=Uttar Pradesh polls 2022: Priyanka Maurya likely to switch over to BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-ladki-hoon-mascot-likely-to-switch-over-to-bjp/articleshow/89006418.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=आजमगढ़ पहुंचीं महिला आयोग की सदस्य: डॉक्टर प्रियंका मौर्या बोली-हर महिला की सुनी जाए समस्या; जाना उनका हाल - Azamgarh News | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=16 October 2024 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/news/womens-commission-member-dr-priyanka-maurya-spoke-in-azamgarh-133815364.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
She married Abhishek Kumar on December 7, 2015, and enjoys traveling and cooking.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Starting in 2020 with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], she rose to prominence as the face of the "Ladki Hoon Lad Sakti Hoon " campaign she joined the BJP in 2022 and is now the state Spokesperson for Uttar Pradesh [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-01-19 |title=Congress poster girl Dr Priyanka Maurya to join BJP, says ready to fight elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/congress-poster-girl-dr-priyanka-maurya-to-join-bjp/na20220119202243796 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Election: लड़की हूं, लड़ सकती हूं की पोस्टर गर्ल का बड़ा आरोप- प्रियंका के सचिव ने टिकट के बदले मुझसे मांगी घूस |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/up-election-2022-ladki-hoon-lad-sakti-hoon-poster-girl-dr-priyanka-maurya-accuses-priyanka-gandhi-secretary |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-20 |title=Mulayam's relative, Cong's 'ladki hoon' poster girl join BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/battle-for-up-congress-poster-girl-priyanka-maurya-joins-bjp/articleshow/89014233.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
She received the Women of Excellence Award (2020) and multiple Corona Warrior Award for her contributions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Press Trust of India | url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/renowned-social-worker-and-homeopathy-doctor-dr-priyanka-maurya-has-been-appointed-as-a-member-of-the-uttar-pradesh-state-women-commission-by-yogi-adityanath-led-bjp-government/1849103 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Priyanka}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]<br />
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Jiwaji University alumni]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bugyals&diff=471855Bugyals2026-01-26T19:09:23Z<p>Teena29I554: fixed content as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|High altitude meadows in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
[[File:Bedini bugyal green.jpg|thumb|View of [[Bedni Bugyal]] on the way to [[Roopkund]]]]<br />
'''Bugyal''' or '''Jubbar''' in [[Western Pahari]] (Himachali language) are alpine [[grassland|pasture lands]], or [[meadow]]s in India, in higher elevation range between {{Convert|3300|m}} and {{Convert|4000|m}} of the Himalayas in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]], where they are called "nature’s own gardens".{{Sfn|Tmh|p=1.93}} The topography of the terrain is either flat or sloped. The surface of these bugyals is covered with natural green grass and seasonal flowers. They are used by tribal herdsmen to graze their cattle. During the winter season the alpine meadows remain snow-covered. During summer months, the Bugyals present a riot of beautiful flowers and grass. As bugyals constitute very fragile ecosystems, particular attention needs to be given for their conservation.{{Sfn|Tmh|p=1.93}}<br />
<br />
Some of the notable bugyals are: [[Auli, India|Auli]] near [[Joshimath]], Garsi, Kwanri, Gulabi Kantha, [[Bedni Bugyal|Bedni]], [[Panwali Kantha Bugyal|Panwali Kantha]] and [[Kush Kalyan]], [[Dayara Bugyal|Dayara]], [[Gidara Bugyal|Gidara]], [https://wegarhwali.com/bagji-bugyal-the-unexplored-trek-of-chamoli/ Bagji Bugyal] and [[Munsiyari]].{{Sfn|Tmh|p=1.93}}<br />
<br />
==List of Bugyals==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Place<br />
! District<br />
! Image <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Ali Bugyal<br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Meadows of Ali Bugyal.jpg|180px|Ali Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Auli, India|Auli Bugyal]] <br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Auli Bugyal Himalayas.jpg|180px|[[Auli, India|Auli Bugyal]]]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Bagji Bugyal<br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Bagji Bugyal.jpg|180px|Bagji Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bedni Bugyal]] <br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Bedni Bugyal 9.jpg|180px|[[Bedni Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Chainsheel Bugyal<br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
|[[File:Chainsheel.jpg|180px| Chainsheel Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chopta Bugyal]] <br />
| Rudraprayag <br />
| [[File:Chopta Bugyal.jpg|180px|[[Chopta Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dayara Bugyal]] <br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
| [[File:Dayara Bugyal.jpg|180px|[[Dayara Bugyal ]]]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gidara Bugyal]] <br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
| [[File:Gidara Bugyal 9.jpg|180px|[[Gidara Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gorson Bugyal]] <br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Gorson Bugyal.jpg|180px|[[Gorson Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Gulabi Kantha Bugyal<br />
| Uttarkashi<br />
| [[File:Meadows of Ali Bugyal.jpg|180px|Gulabikantha Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Har Ki Doon|Har Ki Doon Bugyal]] <br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
| [[File:Har ki Doon 3.jpg|180px|[[Har Ki Doon|Har Ki Doon Bugyal]]]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Helsi Bugyal<br />
| Tehri Garhwal <br />
| [[File:Helsi Bugyal.jpg|180px|Helsi Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kedarkantha|Kedar Kantha Bugyal]] <br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
| [[File:Kedarkantha Bugyal.jpg|180px|[[Kedarkantha |Kedarkantha Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khaliya Bugyal]] <br />
| Pithoragarh <br />
| [[File:Khaliya Bugyal Munsiyari.jpg|180px|[[Khaliya Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kush Kalyan|Kush Kalyan Bugyal]] <br />
| Tehri Garhwal <br />
| [[File:Kush Kalyan Bugyal.jpg|180px|Kush Kalyan Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Madhyamaheshwar Bugyal<br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Madhyamaheshwar Bugyal.jpg|180px|Madhyamaheshwar Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moila Bugyal]] <br />
| Dehradun <br />
| [[File:Moila Bugyal Deoban 2.jpg|180px|[[Moila Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Moth Bugyal<br />
| Rudraprayag<br />
| [[File:Moth Bugyal.jpg|180px|Moth Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nag Tibba|Nag Tibba Bugyal]] <br />
| Tehri Garhwal <br />
| [[File:Nag Tibba Green.jpg|180px|Nag Tibba Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Panar Bugyal<br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Panar Bugyal.jpg|180px|Panar Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Panwali Kantha Bugyal]] <br />
| Tehri Garhwal <br />
| [[File:Panwali Kantha 2.jpg|180px|[[Panwali Kantha Bugyal]]]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Pushtara Bugyal<br />
| Uttarkashi <br />
| [[File:Pushtara Bugyal.jpg|180px|Pushtara Bugyal]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Nawali Bugyal<br />
| Chamoli<br />
| [[File:Nawali Bugyal.jpg|180px|Nawali Bugyal]]<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Conservation issues==<br />
Bugyal is a fragile [[ecosystem]] and it is essential to maintain a balance between [[ecology]] and [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. In this context a court case was filed by the public objecting to erection of the prefab houses and by introducing non-biodegradable matter in the upper meadows of the bugyals by the tourism departments. It was averred that the peace and tranquility of the bugyals was getting affected. The court had ordered that the polluter must pay for the damage to environment based on [[Absolute liability|absolute liability principle]], which covered payment of damages to the affected people but also to compensate for all costs for restoration of the degraded environments.{{Sfn|Bhatt|2004|p=51}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Meadow]]<br />
* [[Grassland]]<br />
* [[Shola]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*Pandey, Abhimanyu, Nawraj Pradhan, Swapnil Chaudhari, and Rucha Ghate. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2016.1272179 "Withering of traditional institutions? An institutional analysis of the decline of migratory pastoralism in the rangelands of the Kailash Sacred Landscape, western Himalayas."] ''Environmental Sociology'' 3, no. 1 (2017): 87–100.<br />
*{{cite book|last= Alter |first=Stephen |title=Becoming a Mountain: Himalayan Journeys in Search of the Sacred and the Sublime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clh4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|date=10 March 2015|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-62872-542-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Bahuguna |first=Sunderlal |title=Fire in the Heart, Firewood on the Back|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQnbAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Parvatiya Navjeevan Mandal}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Bhatt |first=Saligram |title=Environment Protection and Sustainable Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLDcAH8wdSUC&pg=PA51|year=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-512-8}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Bisht |first=P. S. |title=Tourist Resources and Development in Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fup87JoyqBIC&pg=PA61|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-231-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Goyal |first=Ashutosh |title=RBS Visitors Guide INDIA – Uttarakhand: Uttarakhand Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eeo6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT151|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Data and Expo India Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-80844-79-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1= Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2= McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=Indian Himalaya Footprint Handbook: Includes Corbett National Park, Darjeeling, Leh, Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77D8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-88-0}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Kohli |first=M.S. |title=The Himalayas: Playground of the Gods – Trekking, Climbing and Adventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&pg=PA95|year=1983|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-107-8}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Nigam |first=Devesh |title=Tourism, Environment, and Development of Garhwal Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MK1nAp5hTWsC&pg=PA139|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-870-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1= Pandey |first1=Dinesh Chandra |last2= Pandey |first2=Puran C. |title=Environmental Resources and Tourism Development in the Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ttw6oHeVTrwC&pg=PA241|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-054-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Prasad |first=Mahesh |title=No, Minister: Memoirs of a Civil Servant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91B4ko9IhqIC&pg=PA62|year=2009|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-63647-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Rai|first1=Himanshu |last2=Upreti|first2=Dalip K. |title=Terricolous Lichens in India: Volume 2: Morphotaxonomic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBDABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=11 December 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4939-0360-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Rawat |first=G. S. |title=Alpine Meadows of Uttaranchal: Ecology, Landuse, and Status of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAHbAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh|isbn=978-81-211-0464-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Singhal|first=Yogy|title=The Human Trinity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jyVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|date=18 November 2013|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1387-6}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Sharma |first=Dr. Shiv |title=India – A Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA262|year=2008|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=Tapeshwar |title=Resource Conservation and Food Security: An Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u3M5OvOE-YC&pg=PA196|year=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-101-0}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Thapliyal|first=Uma Prasad |title=Uttaranchal: Historical and Cusltural Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmNuAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-463-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Tmh|title=General Knowledge Digest 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyLmXWTKHXgC&pg=SA1-PA93|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-069939-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Weare|first=Garry |title=Trekking in the Indian Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Edyaya74boC&pg=PA173|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-768-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Yadav |first=Hridai Ram |title=Dimensions of Wastelands Development: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Wastelands Development, New Delhi, 1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg598bWV_rcC&pg=PA177|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-264-4}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Montane grasslands and shrublands]]<br />
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Grasslands of India]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_Spain_to_India&diff=512832List of ambassadors of Spain to India2026-01-23T19:19:56Z<p>Teena29I554: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox official post<br />
| post = Ambassador<br />
| body = Spain to India<br />
| insignia = Escudo de España.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 100<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Spain]]<br />
| department = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]<br>[[Secretariat of State for Foreign Affairs]]<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| incumbent = [[Juan Antonio March Pujol]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 5 June 2024<br />
| style = [[The Most Excellent]]<br />
| residence = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| nominator = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Spain)|The Foreign Minister]]<br />
| appointer = [[Monarchy of Spain|The Monarch]] <br />
| termlength = At the government's pleasure<br />
| inaugural = Luis de Olivares y Bruguera, 2nd Count of Artaza<br />
| formation = 1956<br />
| last = <br />
| abolished = <br />
| succession = <br />
| deputy =<br />
| salary = <br />
| website = [https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/nuevadelhi/es/Paginas/index.aspx Mission of Spain to India]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Jurisdiction Spanish Embassy to India and its Consulate General in Mumbai.svg|thumb|Blue: Embassy in New Delhi<br/>Green: Consulate General in Mumbai<br/>Yellow: Consulate General in Bangaluru]]<br />
The '''ambassador of Spain to India''' is the [[Ambassadors of Spain|official representative]] of the [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] to the [[India|Republic of India]]. It is also accredited to the [[Bhutan|Kingdom of Bhutan]], the [[Maldives|Republic of Maldives]], the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] and the [[Sri Lanka|Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]].<br />
<br />
India and Spain established diplomatic relations in 1956, and Spain created a resident embassy in [[New Delhi]] in June of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=18 June 1956 |title=Decreto de 8 de junio de 1956 por el que se crea, en régimen de recirprocidad, la Embajada de España en Nueva Delhi. |trans-title=Decree of 8 June 1956, creating, on a reciprocal basis, the Embassy of Spain in New Delhi. |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1956/170/A03915-03915.pdf |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Jurisdiction ==<br />
* {{flag|India}}: Diplomatic relations between both nations are managed through the Embassy in New Delhi. The Embassy also offers consular services to the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and the [[North India|northern]], [[East India|eastern]] and insular areas of India, as well as to the other Asian states to which it is dually accredited. Spain also has a Consulate General in [[Mumbai]], that offers consular protection to the citizens located in [[western India|western]] and [[central India]] and a Consulate General in [[Bengaluru]] for the [[South India|south]] part of the country. Consular protection is complemented with honorary consulates in [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Embassy of Spain in New Delhi - Consulates |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/nuevadelhi/es/Embajada/Paginas/Consulados.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617133013/https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/nuevadelhi/es/Embajada/Paginas/Consulados.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=www.exteriores.gob.es}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ambassador is also accredited to:<br />
<br />
* {{flag|Bhutan}}: Both kingdoms maintained informal relations since Bhutan's accession to the [[United Nations]] in 1971. After high-level meetings, both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diplomatic Information Office |date=July 2025 |title=Country profile - Bhutan |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/BHUTAN_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |page=3 |language=es}}</ref> Consular protection is responsibility of the Embassy in New Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* {{flag|Maldives}}: Diplomatic relations were established on 24 August 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diplomatic Information Office |date=August 2025 |title=Country profile - Maldives |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/MALDIVAS_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |page=4 |language=es}}</ref> Spain has an honorary consulate in [[Malé]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
* {{flag|Nepal}}: Both nations established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diplomatic Information Office |date=July 2025 |title=Country profile - Nepal |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/NEPAL_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |page=4 |language=es}}</ref> Spain has an honorary consulate in [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: Since 10 July 1955, both countries maintain diplomatic links and,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diplomatic Information Office |date=January 2025 |title=Country profile - Sri Lanka |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SRILANKA_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |page=4 |language=es}}</ref> until 1958, it was responsibility of the [[List of ambassadors of Spain to Pakistan|ambassador to Pakistan]]. Spain has an honorary consulate in [[Colombo]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In the past, the ambassador to India also served as ambassador to [[Bangladesh]] (1972–2007) and [[Burma]] (Myanmar; 1967–1981).<br />
<br />
== List of ambassadors ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! colspan="2" |Ambassador<br />
!Term<br />
!Nominated by<br />
!Appointed by<br />
!Accredited to<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Luis de Olivares y Bruguera{{efn|Accredited to [[Sri Lanka]].|name=sri}}<br />{{small|Count of Artaza}}<br />
|{{dts|30 August 1956}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=30 August 1956 |title=Decreto de 21 de agosto de 1956 por el que se designa Embajador de España cerca de Su Excelencia el Presidente de la República de la India al Ministro Plenipotenciario don Luis de Olivares y Bruguera, Conde de Artaza. |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1956/243/A05624-05624.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|6 April 1962}}<br>({{age in years and days|1956|8|30|1962|4|6}})<br />
|[[Alberto Martín-Artajo]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Francisco Franco]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Pelayo García-Olay y Álvarez{{efn||name=sri}}<br />
|{{dts|6 April 1962}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=6 April 1962 |title=Decreto 660/1962, de 5 de abril, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la India a don Pelayo García-Olay y Alvarez |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1962/04/06/pdfs/A04610-04610.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|1 May 1965}}<br>({{age in years and days|1962|4|6|1965|5|1}})<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Fernando María Castiella]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Miguel Teus y López{{efn|Accredited to [[Burma]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=three}}<br />
|{{dts|25 April 1966}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=25 April 1966 |title=Decreto 995/1966, de 7 de abril, por el que se designa Embajador de España en Nueva Delhi a don Miguel Teus y López. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1966/04/25/pdfs/A04918-04919.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|October 1968}}<br>({{age in years and days|1966|4|25|1968|10|2}})<br />
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Guillermo Nadal y Blanes{{efn|Chargé d'affaires from October 1968 to March 1969.}}{{efn|Accredited to [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=four}}<br />
|{{dts|24 March 1969}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=24 March 1969 |title=Decreto 422/1969, de 27 de febrero, por el que se designa Embajador de España en Nueva Delhi a don Guillermo Nadal Blanes. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1969/03/24/pdfs/A04235-04235.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|17 July 1975}}<br>({{age in years and days|1969|3|24|1975|7|17}})<br />
|[[Zakir Husain]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Leopoldo Martínez de Campos y Muñoz{{efn|Accredited to [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=four}}<br />{{small|Count of Santovenia}}<br />
|{{dts|9 September 1975}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=9 September 1975 |title=Decreto 2125/1975, de 23 de agosto, por el que se designa Embajador de España en Nueva Delhi a don Leopoldo Martínez de Campos y Muñoz, Conde de Santovenia. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1975/09/09/pdfs/A19092-19092.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|30 October 1980}}<br>({{age in years and days|1975|9|9|1980|10|30}})<br />
|[[Pedro Cortina Mauri]]<br />
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Enrique Mahou Stauffer{{efn|Accredited to [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|12 June 1981}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=12 June 1981 |title=Real Decreto 1108/1981, de 5 de junio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Enrique Mahóu Stauffer. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1981/06/12/pdfs/A13322-13322.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|11 June 1986}}<br>({{age in years and days|1981|6|12|1986|6|11}})<br />
|[[José Pedro Pérez-Llorca]]<br />
| rowspan="9" |[[Juan Carlos I]]<br />
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Carlos Fernández Espeso{{efn||name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|11 June 1986}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=11 June 1986 |title=Real Decreto 1109/1986, de 6 de junio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Carlos Fernández Espeso. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1986/06/11/pdfs/A21268-21268.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|14 July 1990}}<br>({{age in years and days|1986|6|11|1990|7|14}})<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Francisco Fernández Ordóñez]]<br />
|[[Zail Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|{{interlanguage link|Santiago Salas Collantes|es}}{{efn||name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|14 July 1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=14 July 1990 |title=Real Decreto 893/1990, de 13 de julio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Santiago Salas Collantes. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1990/07/14/pdfs/A20333-20333.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|24 December 1994}}<br>({{age in years and days|1990|7|14|1994|12|24}})<br />
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Álvaro de Castilla y Bermúdez-Cañete{{efn||name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|24 December 1994}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=24 December 1994 |title=Real Decreto 2503/1994, de 23 de diciembre, por el que se designa a don Alvaro de Castilla y Bermúdez-Cañete Embajador de España en la República de la India. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1994/12/24/pdfs/A38679-38679.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|19 January 1998}}†<br>({{age in years and days|1979|2|6|1981|1|13}})<br />
|[[Javier Solana]]<br />
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Alberto Escudero Claramunt{{efn||name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|6 June 1998}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=6 June 1998 |title=Real Decreto 1127/1998, de 5 de junio, por el que se designa a don Alberto Escudero Claramunt embajador de España en la República de la India. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1998-13183 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|28 December 2002}}<br>({{age in years and days|1998|6|6|2002|12|28}})<br />
|[[Abel Matutes]]<br />
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|{{interlanguage link|Rafael Conde de Saro|es}}{{efn||name=four2}}<br />
|{{dts|28 December 2002}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=28 December 2002 |title=Real Decreto 1453/2002, de 27 de diciembre, por el que se designa embajador de España en la República de la India a don Rafael Conde de Saro. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2002-25310 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|2 June 2007}}<br>({{age in years and days|2002|12|28|2007|6|2}})<br />
|[[Ana Palacio]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|{{interlanguage link|Ion de la Riva|es}}{{efn|Accredited to [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=}}<br />
|{{dts|2 June 2007}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=2 June 2007 |title=Real Decreto 705/2007, de 1 de junio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Ion de la Riva Guzmán de Frutos. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-10964 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|16 November 2010}}<br>({{age in years and days|1998|6|6|2002|12|28}})<br />
|[[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Francisco Javier Elorza y Cavengt, 4th Marquess of Nerva|Francisco Javier Elorza y Cavengt]]{{efn|Accredited to [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].|name=four3}}<br />{{small|Marquess of Nerva}}<br />
|{{dts|5 February 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=5 February 2011 |title=Real Decreto 153/2011, de 4 de febrero, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Francisco Javier Elorza Cavengt. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2220 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|14 April 2012}}<br>({{age in years and days|2011|2|5|2012|4|14}})<br />
|[[Trinidad Jiménez]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|{{interlanguage link|Gustavo de Arístegui|es}}{{efn||name=four3}}<br />
|{{dts|14 April 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=14 April 2012 |title=Real Decreto 672/2012, de 13 de abril, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Gustavo Manuel de Arístegui y San Román. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2012-5054 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|19 December 2015}}<br>({{age in years and days|2012|4|14|2015|12|19}})<br />
|[[José Manuel García-Margallo]]<br />
|-<br />
| -<br />
| colspan="5" |María Magdalena Cruz Yábar, chargé d'affaires (2015–2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India y España recuerdan 60 años de relaciones a través de las fotos de Efe |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/ultima-hora-en-vivo/2016-04-21/india-y-espana-recuerdan-60-anos-de-relaciones-a-traves-de-las-fotos-de-efe_888524/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.elconfidencial.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|{{interlanguage link|José Ramón Barañano Fernández|es}}{{efn||name=four3}}<br />
|{{dts|11 March 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=11 March 2017 |title=Real Decreto 245/2017, de 10 de marzo, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don José Ramón Barañano Fernández. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2017-2648 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|28 October 2020}}<br>({{age in years and days|2017|3|11|2020|10|28}})<br />
|[[Alfonso Dastis]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Felipe VI]]<br />
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|{{interlanguage link|José María Ridao|es}}{{efn||name=four3}}<br />
|{{dts|21 July 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=21 July 2021 |title=Real Decreto 617/2021, de 20 de julio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don José María Ridao Domínguez. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2021-12191 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>{{dts|5 June 2024}}<br>({{age in years and days|2021|7|21|2024|6|5}})<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[José Manuel Albares]]<br />
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Juan Antonio March Pujol]]{{efn||name=four3}}<br />
|{{dts|5 June 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain) |date=5 June 2024 |title=Real Decreto 527/2024, de 4 de junio, por el que se designa Embajador de España en la República de la India a don Juan Antonio March Pujol. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-11388 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Official State Gazette |language=es}}</ref><br>{{ndash}}<br>present<br>({{age in years and days|2024|6|5}})<br />
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[India–Spain relations]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ambassadors of Spain}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambassadors from Spain to India}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Spain|India]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Spain to India| ]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=XIM_University&diff=475256XIM University2026-01-22T22:35:58Z<p>Teena29I554: quick enhanced citations as per guidelines further and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Jesuit Catholic university in Bhubaneswar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = XIM University<br />
| image = XIM University Logo.png<br />
| motto = Semper Excelsius<br />
| mottoeng = Ever Higher<br />
| former_names = <br />
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Roman Catholic]] [[Jesuit]], Non-profit [[coeducation]]al higher education institution<br />
| established = {{Start date and age|2013}}<br />
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church]] ([[Jesuit]])<br />
| endowment = <br />
| chairman = Fr. Jerome Cutinha, S.J.<br />
| president = Fr. Jerome Cutinha, S.J.<br />
| vice-president = <br />
| vice_chancellor = Fr. Antony R Uvari, S.J.<br />
| provost = <br />
| staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coor = {{Coord|20|10|20.56|N|85|46|39.94|E}}<br />
| campus = Urban<br>{{convert|55|acres|ha}}{{bulleted list| XIM university Campus| additional Campus XIMB}}<br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.xim.edu.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''XIM University''' is a [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic]] [[university]] located in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It was authorized by the Odisha Legislative Assembly in 2013 making it the first Jesuit university in India.<ref name=bus>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/xavier-university-new-campus-opened-in-odisha-114070700944_1.html | title=Xavier university | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=7 July 2014 | publisher=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref> Drawing its legacy from [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar|Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar(XIMB)]], founded by the Jesuits in 1987, the university was facilitated by the [[Government of Odisha]] in 2013 and went on to be called XIM University with XIMB now being a constituent school offering only MBA-BM through XIM University. The other XIMB courses like HRM and RM are now continued by separate schools under XIM University. The sprawling XIM University campus is situated at Sundarpada Jatani road near [[Jatani]] town in the outskirts of Bhubaneswar. The Jesuits have more than 50 colleges and several hundred educational institutes in India but this is the first university they have founded in the country.<br />
<br />
With support from [[Hewlett Packard]] and [[IBM]], XIM University sees itself as the first fully digitized university in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hp-ibm-tie-up-with-xavier-varsity-to-offer-tech-courses-114101601343_1.html|title=HP, IBM tie up with Xavier varsity to offer tech courses|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2014-10-16|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organisation and administration==<br />
The XIM university follows the global model of higher education. Various programmes of the university are delivered from independent schools of the university under the supervision of the respective deans advised by Strategic Academic Advisory Boards (SAAB) consisting of academicians and industry experts. 50% of the seats of the university are reserved for students from [[Odisha]].<br />
<br />
===Schools===<br />
==== Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) ====<br />
{{Main|Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar}}<br />
The Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar is the constituent autonomous school of business management of the university and only focuses on Business Management. The establishment of the institute roots back to 1987 as a social contract between the [[Jesuit society]] & the [[Government of Odisha]]. After the establishment of the XIM university, XIMB follows the new standard of providing MBA and Ph.D. degrees in place of PGDM & Fellow programs. The earlier programs in the areas of Business Management, Rural Management and Human Resource Management being offered by XIMB have been moved to the new XIM University campus and converted into separate constituent schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ximb.edu.in/|title=Xavier Institute of Management – School of Xavier University, Bhubaneswar|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930072217/https://ximb.edu.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== School of Rural Management (SRM)====<br />
The Rural Management Programme was established in 1995 at the [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]]. Initially, it was offered as a one-year post-graduation programme to professionally train the development practitioners working in various public service agencies. With the growing demand for professional manpower in the social sector, the one-year programme was revamped as a full-time two-year masters degree programme in 1998. The Rural Management programme at XIM is the second oldest full-time rural management programme of India after the [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]]. Currently, the school offers full-time and part-time PhD & MBA programmes in rural management at the new XIM university campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xsrm.xub.edu.in/|title=Xavier School of Rural management|website=School of Rural management|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921082053/https://xsrm.xub.edu.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== School of Human Resource Management (HRM)====<br />
The School of Human Resource Management was established in 2011 at the [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] as a full-time masters programme. Prior to that, the programme was mainly offered as a specialisation in the existing Business Management programme at XIMB. Currently, the school offers masters & PhD programmes in human resource management & labour studies from the XIM University campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xahr.xub.edu.in/|title=Home|website=School of Human Resource|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925153226/https://xahr.xub.edu.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Xavier Law School (XLS) ====<br />
Xavier Law School, one of the constituents of XIM University, was founded in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Xavier Law School |url=https://xls.xim.edu.in/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=xls.xim.edu.in |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323044215/https://xls.xim.edu.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xavier Law School, located in sub-urban Bhubaneswar, is an initiative to educate, train and develop talented young persons to be socially responsible law professionals. The school is equipped with digitally enabled modern Moot Court Hall, best of the class e-resources through e-Pathsala initiative and a collection of legal classics/books/journals to facilitate capacity building among students. With the motto to be one of the premier law schools in India, Xavier Law School is the first of its kind, in terms of facility & in teaching capacity building. Currently, the school offers five year integrated BA LLB (H) & BBA LLB (H) programs at the undergraduate level. These above academic programmes are recognized and approved by the Bar Council of India.<br />
<br />
==== School of Commerce (XSC) ====<br />
The School of Commerce, one of the constituents of XIM University was founded in 2014 to cater to the ever-increasing demand for commerce education in the country. It offers three-year graduate programs in Commerce and Management Studies with specializations in Accounting, Finance, Marketing and HR; and a two-year post-graduate program in Business Finance and Ph.D.<br />
<br />
Besides the above three existing programmes and schools, the university has established several new schools in the emerging fields of education and research. A few of the GenNext schools currently operational at the university are:<br />
<br />
*School of Human Settlements<br />
*School of Sustainability<br />
*School of Communications<br />
*School of Computer Science and Engineering<br />
*School of Economics<br />
*Xavier Emlyon Business School<br />
*School of Government and Public Affairs <ref>{{Cite news|title=Xavier University Bhubaneswar to offer master degree in public policy - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/xavier-university-bhubaneswar-to-offer-master-degree-in-public-policy/articleshow/68118556.cms|website=The Times of India|date=22 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Behera|first=Nirmalya|date=8 December 2018|title=Xavier University Bhubaneswar to offer AI, analytics courses from 2019|newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/xavier-university-bhubaneswar-to-offer-ai-analytics-courses-from-2019-118120800686_1.html|via=Business Standard}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=April 2018}}.<br />
<br />
===Academic research centres===<br />
There are a number of research centres operational at the university to carry out academic researches in various fields. The centres also provide part-time programmes and workshops at regular intervals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xub.edu.in/research/centers-of-excellence/|title=Centers of Excellence|date=13 January 2020|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021101357/https://xub.edu.in/research/centers-of-excellence/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Centre for Excellence in Fiscal Policy & Taxation<br />
*Centre for Humanities & Compassion studies<br />
*Centre for sustainable ecological systems<br />
*Centre for Business & Society<br />
*Centre for Corporate Governance<br />
*CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) – XIMB Centre of Excellence<br />
*Centre for Development Research and Training<br />
*Centre for Management Case Research<br />
*Centre for Entrepreneurship development<br />
*Centre for Development of Small and Micro Enterprises<br />
*Team Orissa Project Advisory Centre (TOPAX) <br />
*Centre for Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Corporate Social Responsibility<br />
*Centre for Business Analytics & Digital Transformation<br />
<br />
==Academics==<br />
===Journals===<br />
XIM university, publishes the following journals in regular intervals:<ref>[http://www.xub.edu.in/research/xub-journals.html XUB journals.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016112628/http://www.xub.edu.in/research/xub-journals.html |date=16 October 2016 }}</ref><br />
*'' International Journal of Development and Social Research'' (IJDSR), published bi-annually, peer-reviewed<br />
*''Vilakshan'', published bi-annually, peer-reviewed<br />
*''Journal of Case Research'' (JCR), published online bi-annually, peer-reviewed<br />
*''Research World''', published annually, open-access<br />
<br />
===Rankings===<br />
In Outlook ICARE academic ranking 2020, XIM university has been ranked among top 10 private state universities in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/education-news-top-50-private-state-universities-in-india-in-2020/303694|title=Top 50 Private State Universities In India In 2020 &#124; Outlook India Magazine|website=magazine.outlookindia.com/|date=4 February 2022|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924053431/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/education-news-top-50-private-state-universities-in-india-in-2020/303694|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rural Management programme offered by XIM university ranked #2 in India after [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] by [[Eduniversal]] best masters ranking 2019 in the Agribusiness/ Food Industry management category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.best-masters.in/ranking-master-agribusiness-food-industry-management/mba-in-rural-management-xavier-university-bhubaneswar.html|title=Eduniversal Best Masters Ranking in India &#124; Ranked N°13 - MBA in Rural Management - Xavier University Bhubaneswar|website=www.best-masters.in|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421053330/https://www.best-masters.in/ranking-master-agribusiness-food-industry-management/mba-in-rural-management-xavier-university-bhubaneswar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Student exchange programmes===<br />
XIM university engages in student and faculty exchange programmes with universities and institutions as mentioned below. <br />
*[[University of Stellenbosch]] Business School (USB), Cape Town, Republic of South Africa<br />
*Skarbek Graduate School of Business Economics, Warsaw, Poland<br />
*[[KEDGE Business School]], Bordeaux and Marseille, France<br />
*[[Reims Management School]], Reims, France<br />
*[[Antwerp Management School]], Antwerpen, Belgium<ref name="global">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/ximb-to-roll-out-global-management-programme-from-sept-news-default-ldqbkrhebedsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702000053/http://www.sify.com/finance/ximb-to-roll-out-global-management-programme-from-sept-news-default-ldqbkrhebedsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-07-02|title=XIMB to roll out Global Management Programme from Sept|work=Sify|access-date=2017-10-15|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Fordham University]], New York, USA<ref name=global/><br />
*[[Sellinger School of Business and Management]], Loyola College of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA<br />
*Facultad de Economia – IQS, Barcelona, Spain<br />
*Kyiv Investment Management Institute, Ukraine<br />
*College of Management Law & Languages, Siauliai, Lithuania<br />
*[[Handelshochschule Leipzig|HHL-Leipzig Graduate School]] of Management, Leipzig, Germany<br />
*[[IESEG School of Management|IÉSEG School of Management]], Lille – Paris, France<br />
*[[Eastern Michigan University]], Michigan, USA<br />
*[[Warsaw School of Economics]], Warsaw, Poland<br />
<br />
==Student life==<br />
Most of the day-to-day activities starting from organising conclaves and festivals to administering canteen are run by students in both the campuses. The XIM university campus celebrates its 3-day flagship annual cultural management festival named as Xamboree every year in the month of September–October whereas the XIM additional campus celebrates Xpressions in the month of November. Over the years leading performers including [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Farhan Akhtar]] [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Lucky Ali]], [[Nucleya]], Bombay Basement have performed in the annual fests making them the biggest cultural-management festivals in eastern India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/body-slider/ximb-gears-up-for-annual-extravaganza-xpressions-2017-253185|title=XIMB gears up for annual extravaganza Xpressions 2017|date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/sep/14/badshah-to-perform-at-xubs-fest-1871884.html|title=Badshah to perform at XUB's fest|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/sunidhi-chauhan-set-to-perform-at-xpressions/|title=Sunidhi Chauhan set to perform at Xpressions - OrissaPOST|date=30 October 2018}}</ref> Beyond these cultural extravaganzas the student communities and committees of the university organise unique events like Gramotsava,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gramotsava-inaugurated-at-ximb-113100401102_1.html|title=Gramotsava inaugurated at XIMB|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=4 October 2013|via=Business Standard}}</ref> the annual rural marketing and awareness fair in rural areas of Odisha and Prativa, the annual sports meet for underprivileged school going students of nearby villages.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
===Notable alumni===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}<br />
*[[Amar Patnaik]], former Bureaucrat & Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)<br />
*[[Amitabh Shukla]], Indian Film Editor<br />
*[[Gitanjali J Angmo]], Indian educator<br />
<br />
===Honorary doctorates===<br />
To honour and recognise outstanding contributions to various fields the XIM University, regularly felicitates honorary doctorate degrees to multiple impacts makers. Some of the honorary doctorate recipients from the university are as follows:<br />
<br />
*[[Adi Godrej]], chairman, Godrej Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/ximb-holds-foundation-day-lecture.html|title=XIMB holds foundation day lecture|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185928/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/ximb-holds-foundation-day-lecture.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*[[Sanjiv Goenka]], chairman, RP Sanjiv Goenka Groups<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/xim-bhubaneswar-conferred-honorary-doctoral-degree-sanjiv-goenka-chairman-rp-sanjiv-goenka-group/|title=XIM, Bhubaneswar conferred the Honorary Doctoral Degree to Sanjiv Goenka, Chairman of RP Sanjiv Goenka Group|date=30 October 2019}}</ref><br />
*[[Sanjiv Mehta (Indian businessman)|Sanjiv Mehta]], MD & chairman, HUL India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/fifth-annual-convocation-xavier-university-bhubaneswar/|title=Fifth Annual Convocation of Xavier University, Bhubaneswar|date=27 March 2019|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831084342/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/fifth-annual-convocation-xavier-university-bhubaneswar/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Odisha}}<br />
{{Jesuit Colleges in India}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{Coord|20|10|20.56|N|85|46|39.94|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Private universities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Universities in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
[[Category:2013 establishments in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kutlupur_Diara&diff=511351Kutlupur Diara2026-01-21T09:06:27Z<p>Teena29I554: started initial data more to come...</p>
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<div>{{short description|Village in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
'''Kutlupur Diara''', also spelled '''Diyara,''' is a village in the Munger Sadar sub-division of the [[Munger district]] in [[Bihar]], India. According to the 2011 census it had 12,104 inhabitants. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kutlupur Diara Village Population - Munger - Munger, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/242605-kutlupur-diara-bihar.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The village's biggest accomplishment is in its use of non-conventional energy. For example, all the villagers rely on solar panels as state government couldn't ensure electricity lines to village till 2010. In 2013, the village was flooded.<ref name="demonstrate">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Kashi |date=14 August 2013 |title=Flood-hit demonstrate before DM office |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/patna/41408645_1_relief-materials-flood-victims-relief-camp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214200123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/patna/41408645_1_relief-materials-flood-victims-relief-camp |archive-date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=2013-08-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.317|N|86.342|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Munger district}}<br />
{{Munger Division villages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Munger district]]<br />
<br />
{{Munger-geo-stub}}</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpur_district&diff=468967Nagpur district2026-01-18T06:04:23Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nagpur district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|size = 250<br />
|photo1a = Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur in India.jpg<br />
|photo1b = Main Entrance of Nagardhan Fort (Inner View) - panoramio.jpg<br />
|photo2a = Stone circles of Junapani - panoramio.jpg<br />
|photo2b = Kalidas Memorial, Ramtek, India. - panoramio.jpg<br />
|photo3a = Ambhora nagpur district Vidharbha.jpeg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Deekshabhoomi]], Nagardhan Fort, Kalidas Memorial at [[Ramtek]], Rivers at [[Ambhora]], [[Stone circles of Junapani]]<br />
| image_map = Nagpur in Maharashtra (India).svg<br />
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes<br />
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center<br />
|text= '''Nagpur district'''<br />
|type=shape |id=Q1797367<br />
|stroke-colour=#C60C30<br />
|stroke-width=2<br />
|title= Nagpur district of Maharashtra<br />
|type2=line|id2=Q1191|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Maharashtra<br />
}}<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21|00|N|79|00|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title,inline}}<br />
| coor_pinpoint = Nagpur<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagpur division|Nagpur]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Nagpur]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = 1. '''[[Ramtek]]''', 2. [[Umred]], 3. [[Kalameshwar]], 4. '''[[Katol]]''', 5. [[Kamptee taluka|Kamthi]], 6. [[Kuhi]], 7. [[Narkhed]], 8. '''[[Nagpur]]''', 9. Nagpur (Rural), 10. [[Parseoni]], 11. [[Bhiwapur]], 12. [[Mouda]], 13. [[Savner]], 14. [[Hingna]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 9892<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagpur.nic.in |title=District Nagpur}}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 4,653,570<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = 64.26%<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 89.5%<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 948<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = Guardian Minister<br />
| leader_name = *'''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]''' <br />{{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}} <br />
| leader_title1 = Divisional Commissioner <br />
| leader_name1 = *'''Vijayalaxmi Bidari(IAS)'''<br />
| leader_title2 = District Collector<br />
| leader_name2 = *'''Dr.Vipin Itankar(IAS)'''<br />
| leader_title3 = District Council CEO <br />
| leader_name3 =*'''Vinayak Mahamuni(IAS)'''<br />
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|MPs]]<br />
| leader_name4 = *'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur Lok Sabha]])}}<br />
*'''[[Shyamkumar Barve|Shyamkumar (Bablu) Barve]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek Lok Sabha]])}}<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Nominal gross domestic product]](Nagpur district)<br />
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1,81,665 [[crores]] (2022-2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24 (Marathi) : Annexure 3.9 |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/ESM_2023_24_Mar_Book.pdf |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|https://nagpur.gov.in/}}<br />
| official_name = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Average annual precipitation<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1205 mm<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Per capita income]](Nagpur district)<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 2,48,442 (2022-23) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Per capita income Districts of Maharashtra 2019-20|url=https://mls.org.in|website=economy Department, Government of Maharashtra, India |publisher=Maharashtra Vidhanmanda}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Nagpur district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[naːɡpuːɾ]]]) is a [[Districts of Maharashtra|district]] in the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]] state in central [[India]]. The city of [[Nagpur]] is the district administrative centre. The district is part of [[Nagpur Division]]. <br />
<br />
Nagpur district is bounded by [[Bhandara district]] on the east, [[Chandrapur district]] on the southeast, [[Wardha district]] on the southwest, [[Amravati district]] on the northwest and [[Chhindwara district]] and [[Seoni district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state on the north.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1853, after the death of [[Nagpur kingdom#Raghoji III Bhonsle (1818–1853)|Raghoji{{nbsp}}III]], the [[princely state]] of Nagpur was annexed by the British and the territory occupied by the present district became part of the then [[Nagpur Province]]. In 1861, it was merged with the [[Central Provinces]]. In 1903 it became part of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. In 1950 Nagpur district was created when it became part of the newly formed [[Madhya Pradesh]] state and Nagpur became its capital. In 1956, after a [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of Indian states]], [[Nagpur]] district was incorporated into [[Bombay state]]. On 1{{nbsp}}May 1960, it became a district of Maharashtra state.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Nagpur.png|none|thumb|300px|Map of Nagpur district with major towns and rivers.]]<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
{{climate chart<br />
|Nagpur<br />
|12.4|28.6|10<br />
|15.0|32.1|12<br />
|19.0|36.3|18<br />
|23.9|40.2|13<br />
|27.9|42.6|16<br />
|26.3|37.8|172<br />
|24.1|31.5|304<br />
|23.6|30.4|292<br />
|22.9|31.8|194<br />
|19.8|32.6|51<br />
|14.9|30.4|12<br />
|12.1|28.2|17<br />
|source=[http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00533.htm World Weather Information Service]<br />
|float=left<br />
|clear=left<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Nagpur<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|Jan record high C = 33<br />
|Feb record high C = 37<br />
|Mar record high C = 41<br />
|Apr record high C = 47<br />
|May record high C = 49<br />
|Jun record high C = 45<br />
|Jul record high C = 38<br />
|Aug record high C = 40<br />
|Sep record high C = 39<br />
|Oct record high C = 37<br />
|Nov record high C = 35<br />
|Dec record high C = 32<br />
|year record high C = 49<br />
|Jan high C = 28.6<br />
|Feb high C = 32.1<br />
|Mar high C = 36.3<br />
|Apr high C = 40.2<br />
|May high C = 42.6<br />
|Jun high C = 37.8<br />
|Jul high C = 31.5<br />
|Aug high C = 30.4<br />
|Sep high C = 31.8<br />
|Oct high C = 32.6<br />
|Nov high C = 30.4<br />
|Dec high C = 28.2<br />
|year high C = 33.5<br />
|Jan low C = 12.4<br />
|Feb low C = 15.0<br />
|Mar low C = 19.0<br />
|Apr low C = 23.9<br />
|May low C = 27.9<br />
|Jun low C = 26.3<br />
|Jul low C = 24.1<br />
|Aug low C = 23.6<br />
|Sep low C = 22.9<br />
|Oct low C = 19.8<br />
|Nov low C = 14.9<br />
|Dec low C = 12.1<br />
|year low C = 20.2<br />
|Jan record low C = 7<br />
|Feb record low C = 8<br />
|Mar record low C = 12<br />
|Apr record low C = 17<br />
|May record low C = 18<br />
|Jun record low C = 20<br />
|Jul record low C = 20<br />
|Aug record low C = 20<br />
|Sep record low C = 19<br />
|Oct record low C = 11<br />
|Nov record low C = 5<br />
|Dec record low C = 3.5<br />
|year record low C = 3.5<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 10.2<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 12.3<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 17.8<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 13.2<br />
|May precipitation mm = 16.3<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 172.2<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 304.3<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 291.6<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 194.4<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 51.4<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 11.8<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 17.2<br />
|year precipitation mm = 1112.7<br />
|source 1 =<ref name=Wht>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35334&refer=&units=metric|title=Nagpur, India |publisher=Whetherbase |access-date=2010-07-01 }}</ref><br />
|date=December 2010}}<br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
Nagpur district is divided into 14 ''[[taluka]]s'': [[Ramtek]], [[Umred]], [[Kalameshwar]], [[Katol taluka|Katol]], [[Kamptee taluka|Kamptee]], [[Kuhi]], [[Narkhed taluka|Narkhed]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nagpur Rural]], [[Parseoni]], [[Bhiwapur]], [[Mauda|Mouda]], [[Saoner|Savner]] and [[Hingna]].<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Sub-Divisions and ''Tahsils'' in Nagpur District<br />
|-<br />
! Sub-Division || ''Tahsils''<br />
|-<br />
|| Nagpur City<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Nagpur City<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Nagpur Gramin<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Nagpur Gramin<br />
* Hingna<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Kamptee<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Kamptee<br />
* Mauda<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Umred<br />
|| {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
* Umred<br />
* Bhiwapur<br />
* Kuhi<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Ramtek<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Ramtek<br />
* Parseoni<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Saoner<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Saoner<br />
* Kalmeshwar<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Katol<br />
|| {{columns-list|<br />
* Katol<br />
* Narkhed<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Nagpur district has 12 ''[[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]]'' constituencies: [[Nagpur South West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South West]], [[Nagpur South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur South]], [[Nagpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur East]], [[Nagpur Central (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur Central]], [[Nagpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur West]], [[Nagpur North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur North]], [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]], [[Savner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Savner]], [[Hingna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hingna]], [[Umred (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umred]], [[Kamthi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamthi]] and [[Ramtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]. The first six constituencies are part of [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency]] and rest are part of [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=1 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
<br />
===Members of Parliament===<br />
<br />
*'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />{{small|([[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur Lok Sabha]])}}<br />
*'''[[Shyamkumar Barve|Shyamkumar (Bablu) Barve]]''' ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> {{small|([[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek Lok Sabha]])}}<br />
<br />
===Guardian Minister===<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
| post = Guardian Minister Nagpur<br />
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 50px<br />
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India<br />
| image = <br />
| incumbent = [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 18 January 2025<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit<br />
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| formation = <br />
| succession = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://nagpur.gov.in//}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====List of Guardian Minister ====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Term of office<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''<br />
|24 September 2022 - 26 November 2024<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]'''<br />
|18 January 2025 - Incumbent<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===District Magistrate/Collector===<br />
<br />
* '''Dr.Vipin Itankar (IAS) (2018 - Incumbent)'''<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,48,489|13=1911|14=8,06,287|15=1921|16=7,89,940|17=1931|18=9,36,987|19=1941|20=10,56,537|21=1951|22=12,30,535|23=1961|24=15,08,455|25=1971|26=19,42,688|27=1981|28=25,88,811|29=1991|30=32,87,139|31=2001|32=40,67,637|33=2011|34=46,53,570|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Nagpur district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.04}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|14.36}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|8.40}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.53}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism in Maharashtra|Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.44}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Nagpur district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,653,570,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Nagpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/808/download/2882/DH_2011_2709_PART_A_DCHB_NAGPUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Ireland]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Ireland 4,670,976 July 2011 est.<br />
}}</ref> or the US state of [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=South Carolina 4,625,364|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 29th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 470 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 14.39%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Nagpur has a [[sex ratio]] of 948 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 89.52%. 68.31% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.65% and 9.40% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" |Male<br />
! rowspan="2" |Female<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Population<br />
! rowspan="2" |Change<br />
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)<br />
|-<br />
!Hindu<br />
!Muslim<br />
!Christian<br />
!Sikhs<br />
!Buddhist<br />
!Jain<br />
!Other religions and persuasions<br />
!Religion not stated<br />
|-<br />
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref><br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2105314<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |1962323<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |4067637<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | - <br />
| style="text-align:right;" |75.980<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |7.294<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.779<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.483<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |14.486<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.556<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.360<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.063<br />
|-<br />
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref><br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2384975<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2268595<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |4653570<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |14.405<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |75.044<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |8.402<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.745<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.440<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |14.356<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.527<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.262<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.226<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages in Nagpur district (2011)<ref name="Language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 70.11 |color1 = red<br />
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 17.71 |color2 = orange<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 4.20 |color3 = green<br />
|label4 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value4 = 1.39 |color4 = peachpuff<br />
|label5 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value5 = 1.09 |color5 = darkturquoise<br />
|label6 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value6 = 0.97 |color6 = limegreen<br />
|label7 = Others |value7 = 4.53 |color7 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 70.11% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 17.71% [[Hindi]], 4.20% [[Urdu]], 1.39% [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], 1.09% [[Gondi language|Gondi]] and 0.97% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX|website=census.gov.in|date=2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Urban areas ===<br />
The current [[District Collector]] is Abhishek Krishna. Nagpur district is made up of the following administrative bodies:<ref name="Planning Authority">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpur.nic.in/tp/planningauthorities.htm|title=Planning Authority of Nagpur district|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=2009-01-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410072554/http://nagpur.nic.in/tp/planningauthorities.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
* [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]<br />
* [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]]<br />
* Narkhed Municipal Council<br />
* Katol Municipal Council<br />
* Saoner Municipal Council<br />
* Ramtek Municipal Council<br />
* Mowad Municipal Council<br />
* Khapa Municipal Council<br />
* Umred Municipal Council<br />
* Narkhed Municipal Council<br />
* Kalmeshwar Municipal Council<br />
* [[Kamptee]] municipal Council<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
{{Main|Transport in Nagpur}}<br />
{{Main|Nagpur Railway Station}}<br />
[[File:MakeInIndia-NMPL-Scania-Ethanol.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Public transport bus in Nagpur]]<br />
[[File:NagpurAirport.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Nagpur's [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur|International Airport]] has the busiest air traffic control room in India.]]<br />
Due to its central location in India, the [[Nagpur Railway Station]] is an important [[Indian Railways|railway junction]]. It is a transit terminal for trains that connect the country lengthwise and breadthwise, especially trains connecting India's major metropolises, [[Mumbai]] to [[Howrah]]-[[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]] and [[Jammu]] to [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] in the South, as well as western cities such as [[Pune]] and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=index04052006>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/3713.html|title=Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack|last=Deshpande|first=Vivek|work=The Indian Express|location=India|date=4 May 2006|access-date=22 June 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125003/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/3713.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Nagpur Railway Station.jpg|200px|thumb|Nagpur Junction]]<br />
<br />
Nagpur is also a major road junction as India's two major [[National highways of India|national highways]], [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]]-[[Varanasi]] ([[National Highway 7 (India, old numbering)|NH{{nbsp}} 7]]) and [[Hazira|Hajira]]-Kolkata ([[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|NH{{nbsp}}6]]), pass through the city.<ref name=index04052006/> [[NH 69|Highway number{{nbsp}}69]] connects Nagpur to Obaidullaganj near [[Bhopal]]. Nagpur is at the junction of Asian HigLanka and [[AH46]] connecting [[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]] to [[Dhule]].<br />
{{Further|Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway}}<br />
The [[MSRTC]] buses run a cheap transport service in and around the district, reaching out to even the most remote areas of the district.<br />
<br />
{{Main|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport}}<br />
{{Further|Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur}}<br />
[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] in Sonegaon, Nagpur, is a domestic and international airport, which connects Nagpur to Mumbai, Delhi, Sharjah, Dubai and Muscat via Doha .<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://nagpur.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Nagpur district<br />
|North = [[Seoni district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Balaghat district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|East = [[Bhandara district]]<br />
|Southeast =<br />
|South = [[Chandrapur district]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Wardha district]]<br />
|West = [[Amravati district]]<br />
|Northwest = [[Chhindwara district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Nagpur district topics}}<br />
{{vidarbha}}<br />
{{Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Godavari basin}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nagpur district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Nagpur division]]<br />
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]<br />
[[Category:Vidarbha]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Nehra&diff=462287Ashish Nehra2026-01-15T16:18:54Z<p>Teena29I554: rework structure per sources per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1979)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer <br />
| name = Ashish Nehra<br />
| image = Ashish Nehra (6160488612) (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Nehra in 2010<br />
| fullname = <br />
| nickname = Nehra ji, Ashu<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|4|29|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi Cantonment]], [[Delhi]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = Left arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]<br />
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]<br />
| international = true<br />
| internationalspan = 1999–2017<br />
| country = India<br />
| testcap = 220<br />
| testdebutagainst = Sri Lanka<br />
| testdebutdate = 24 February<br />
| testdebutyear = 1999<br />
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan<br />
| lasttestdate = 13 April<br />
| lasttestyear = 2004<br />
| odicap = 137<br />
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe<br />
| odidebutdate = 21 June<br />
| odidebutyear = 2001<br />
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan<br />
| lastodidate = 30 March<br />
| lastodiyear = 2011<br />
<br />
| odishirt = 64<br />
| T20Icap = 25<br />
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka<br />
| T20Idebutdate = 9 December<br />
| T20Idebutyear = 2009<br />
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand<br />
| lastT20Idate = 1 November <br />
| lastT20Iyear = 2017<br />
| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br />
| year1 = 1997–2017<br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]<br />
| year2 = 2008<br />
| clubnumber2 = <br />
| club3 = [[Delhi Daredevils]] <br />
| year3 = 2009–2010<br />
| clubnumber3 = <br />
| club4 = [[Pune Warriors India]]<br />
| year4 = 2011–2012<br />
| club5 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]<br />
| year5 = 2013<br />
| club6 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br />
| year6 = 2014–2015<br />
| club7 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]<br />
| year7 = 2016–2017<br />
| columns = 4<br />
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]] <br />
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]] <br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]<br />
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 17 <br />
| matches2 = 120<br />
| matches3 = 27<br />
| matches4 = 90<br />
| runs1 = 77<br />
| runs2 = 157<br />
| runs3 = 34<br />
| runs4 = 756<br />
| bat avg1 = 5.50 <br />
| bat avg2 = 5.64 <br />
| bat avg3 = 5.60<br />
| bat avg4 =9.69<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0 <br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0<br />
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1<br />
| top score1 = 19 <br />
| top score2 = 24 <br />
| top score3 = 22<br />
| top score4 = 57<br />
| deliveries1 = 3,447 <br />
| deliveries2 = 5,751<br />
| deliveries3 = 588<br />
| deliveries4 = 16,996<br />
| wickets1 = 44 <br />
| wickets2 = 157<br />
| wickets3 = 34<br />
| wickets4 = 303<br />
| bowl avg1 = 42.40<br />
| bowl avg2 = 31.72<br />
| bowl avg3 = 22.29<br />
| bowl avg4 = 29.14<br />
| fivefor1 = 0 <br />
| fivefor2 = 2 <br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| fivefor4 = 14<br />
| tenfor1 = 0 <br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor4 = 4<br />
| best bowling1 = 4/72 <br />
| best bowling2 = 6/23 <br />
| best bowling3 = 3/19<br />
| best bowling4 = 7/14<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 18/–<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–<br />
| catches/stumpings4 = 25/–<br />
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ashish-nehra-31820 ESPNcricinfo<br />
| date = 04 September<br />
| year = 2022<br />
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Winner|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 India-Bangladesh-Sri Lanka]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Winner|[[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002 Sri Lanka]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Winner|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010 Sri Lanka]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|Winner|[[2016 Asia Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004 Sri Lanka]]|}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Ashish Nehra''' ({{Audio|Ashish_Nehra.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 29 April 1979) is an Indian [[cricket]] coach and former [[cricket]]er who played in all formats of the game. Nehra announced his retirement from all forms of cricket in late 2017, with the [[Twenty20 International]] [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18#1st T20I|match against New Zealand]] on 1 November 2017 at [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]] his last appearance.<ref name="retire">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/505653 |title=Nehra farewell hogs headlines in T20I series opener |access-date=1 November 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref name="Farewell">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18029/report/1120093/ |title=Rohit, Dhawan break both records and New Zealand |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> With [[India]], Nehra was a member of the Indian team that was one of the joint-winners of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]], which the title was also shared with Sri Lanka, and was a member of the team that won the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] although he did not play in the final.<br />
<br />
==Early and personal life==<br />
Nehra was born in [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]], [[Delhi Cantonment]] to Diwan Singh Nehra and Sumitra Nehra. Nehra was very passionate about cricket from an early age. Nehra would ride scooters with [[Virender Sehwag]] to the Feroz Shah Kotla stadium in Delhi to be able to play cricket. This allowed him to grow success and eventually rise through the ranks. He eventually join the Delhi team to participate in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Meenu |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Ashish Nehra Net Worth, Age, Wife, Biography, Family, Awards and more |url=https://www.successcds.net/general-knowledge/ashish-nehra-age-wife-net-worth-biography |access-date=April 16, 2024 |website=SuccessCDs}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
<br />
He made his debut against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]]. On 26 February 2003, during the [[2003 ICC Cricket World Cup]], Nehra took 6 for 23 against [[England cricket team|England]], which was the best bowling figures by an Indian bowler in [[Cricket World Cup]] history until [[Mohammad Shami]] surpassed it against New Zealand on 15 November 2023 during the semi-final of the [[2023 ICC Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=12&team=6&type=trophy|title=World Cup - India Cricket Team Records & Stats |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/most-wickets-odi-world-cup-2023-india-new-zealand-semifinal-stats-records-shami-on-top-zampa-second/article67536984.ece/ | title=ICC World Cup 2023 Most Wickets: Full list of top wicket-takers after IND vs NZ semifinal; Shami on top, Zampa second | date=15 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Nehra was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2016 T20 World Cup by the ICC and ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/icc-world-t20-team-of-the-tournament-india-roy-de-kock-kohli-root-buttler-watson-russell/2016-04-04|title = ICC names WT20 Teams of the Tournament| newspaper=Cricket.com.au }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/995203.html|title=ESPNcricinfo's team of the 2016 World T20|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2013–14 Ranji Trophy, he took 6/16 from 10 overs to bowl out [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] for a meagre 88 in the first innings at the Roshanara Club Ground at [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/engine/match/649311.html|title=Group Scorecard - ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
After recovering from the ankle injury that prevented him from playing for the Delhi Ranji Team in the 2007–08 season,<ref name=ipl>{{cite web|title=Nehra for Mumbai Indians, Mishra for Delhi|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/342455.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 March 2008|access-date=21 April 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080317182114/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/342455.html| archive-date= 17 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Nehra joined the [[Indian Premier League]] and signed up for the [[Mumbai Indians]] franchise.<ref name="ipl"/> For his performances in 2014 and 2015 for [[Chennai Super Kings]], he was named in the ESPNcricinfo CLT20 XI.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/881033.html| title = The IPL 2015 tournament XI| work = Cricinfo| date = 25 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Coaching career ==<br />
In January 2018, [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] appointed Nehra as their bowling coach. He retained his position for the 2019 IPL.<br />
<br />
In January 2022, he was appointed the head coach of newly formed Indian Premier League franchise [[Gujarat Titans]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/gary-kirsten-ashish-nehra-rcb-coaches-ipl-2018|title=IPL 2018: Gary Kirsten, Ashish Nehra Join RCB Coaching Team|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-01-30|language=en}}</ref> In the [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 IPL season]], Gujarat Titans finished top of the table and went on to win the trophy in the [[2022 Indian Premier League final|final]] against [[Rajasthan Royals]]. Nehra also became the first Indian head coach to win the Indian Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Ashish Nehra breaks 14-year-long pattern with historic first as GT beat RR to win IPL 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ashish-nehra-breaks-14-year-long-indian-premier-league-pattern-with-historic-first-as-gt-beat-rr-to-win-ipl-2022-101653889612970.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cricinfo|id=31820}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|title= India squads<br />
|bg= #0077FF<br />
|fg= white<br />
|bordercolor=orange<br />
|list1=<br />
{{India Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}<br />
{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 2010 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 2009 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{India Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 2016 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 2016 World Twenty20}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Gujarat Titans squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehra, Ashish}}<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pune Warriors India cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inland_Customs_Line&diff=504504Inland Customs Line2026-01-08T04:50:24Z<p>Teena29I554: started the article w/ infobox...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|19th century British customs barrier in India}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
[[File:Inland Customs Line India.png|thumb|The route of the 1870s Inland Customs Line (red) and Great Hedge (green)]]<br />
The '''Inland Customs Line''', incorporating the '''Great Hedge of India''' (or '''Indian Salt Hedge'''<ref name="pelham323"/>), was a customs barrier built by the British [[Colonial India|colonial rulers of India]] to prevent smuggling of salt from coastal regions in order to avoid the substantial [[History of the British salt tax in India|salt tax]].<br />
<br />
The customs line was begun under the [[East India Company]] and continued into [[British Raj|direct British rule]]. The line had its beginnings in a series of [[customs house]]s established in [[Bengal]] in 1803 to prevent the smuggling of salt to avoid the tax. These customs houses were eventually formed into a continuous barrier that was brought under the control of the [[Inland Customs Department]] in 1843.<br />
<br />
The line was gradually expanded as more territory was brought under British control until it covered more than {{convert|2500|mi|km}}, often running alongside rivers and other natural barriers. It ran from the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in the northwest to the [[princely state]]s of [[Orissa Tributary States|Orissa]], near the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the southeast. The line was initially made of dead, thorny material such as the [[Flacourtia indica|Indian plum]] but eventually evolved into a living hedge that grew up to {{convert|12|ft|m}} high and was compared to the [[Great Wall of China]]. The Inland Customs Department employed customs officers, [[jemadar]]s and men to patrol the line and apprehend smugglers, reaching a peak of more than 14,000 staff in 1872.<br />
<br />
The line and hedge were abandoned in 1879 when the British seized control of the [[Sambhar Salt Lake]] in [[Rajasthan]] and applied tax at the point of manufacture. The salt tax itself remained in place until 1946.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
When the Inland Customs Line was first conceived, [[British India]] was [[Company rule in India|governed by]] the [[East India Company]]. This situation lasted until 1858 when the responsibility for [[British Raj|government of the colony]] was transferred to [[the Crown]] following the events of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. By 1780 [[Warren Hastings]], the company's [[Governor-General of India]], had brought all salt manufacture in the [[Bengal Presidency]] under company control.<ref name="moxham44">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=44}}.</ref> This allowed him to increase the ancient [[History of the British salt tax in India|salt tax]] in Bengal from 0.3 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] per [[Maund (unit)|maund]] (37&nbsp;kg) to 3.25 rupees per maund by 1788, a rate that it remained at until 1879.<ref name="moxham45">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=45}}.</ref> This brought in 6,257,470 rupees for the 1784–85 [[financial year]], at a cost to an average Indian family of around two rupees per year (two months' income for a labourer).<ref name="moxham46">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=46}}.</ref> There were taxes on salt in the other [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India territories]] but the tax in Bengal was the highest, with the other taxes at less than a third of the Bengal tax rate.<br />
<br />
[[File:Joppen1907India1823a.jpg|thumb|India in 1823]]<br />
It was possible to avoid paying the salt tax by extracting salt illegally in [[Salt evaporation pond|salt pans]], stealing it from warehouses or smuggling salt from the [[princely state]]s which remained outside of direct British rule. The latter was the greatest threat to the company's salt revenues.<ref name="moxham48">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=48}}.</ref> Much of the smuggled salt came into Bengal from the west and the company decided to act to prevent this trade. In 1803 a series of [[customs house]]s and barriers were constructed across major roads and rivers in Bengal to collect the tax on traded salt as well as duties on tobacco and other imports.<ref name="moxham61">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=61}}.</ref> These customs houses were backed up by "preventative customs houses" located near salt works and the coast in Bengal to collect the tax at source.<ref name="moxham62">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=62}}.</ref><br />
<br />
These customs houses alone did little to prevent the mass avoidance of the salt tax. This was due to the lack of a continuous barrier, corruption within the customs staff and the westward expansion of Bengal towards salt-rich states.<ref name="moxham62"/><ref name="moxham66">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=66}}.</ref><ref name="moxham63">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=63}}.</ref> In 1823 the Commissioner of Customs for [[Agra]], [[George Saunders (civil servant)|George Saunders]], installed a line of customs posts along the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers from [[Mirzapur]] to [[Allahabad]] that would eventually evolve into the Inland Customs Line.<ref name="moxham66"/> The main aim was to prevent salt from being smuggled from the south and west but there was also a secondary line running from Allahabad to [[Nepal]] to prevent smuggling from the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Northwest frontier]].<ref name="moxham67">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=67}}.</ref> The annexation of [[Sindh]] and the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] allowed the line to be extended north-west by [[G. H. Smith]], who had become Commissioner of Customs in 1834.<ref name="moxham67"/><ref name="siddiky8">{{Harvnb|Siddiky|2006|p=8}}.</ref> Smith exempted items such as tobacco and iron from taxation to concentrate on salt and was responsible for expanding and improving the line, increasing its budget to 790,000 rupees per year and the staff to 6,600 men.<ref name="moxham67"/> Under Smith, the line saw many reforms and was officially named the Inland Customs Line in 1843.<ref name="pelham323"/><br />
<br />
== Inland Customs Line ==<br />
Smith's new Inland Customs Line was first concentrated between [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]] and consisted of a series of customs posts at one mile intervals, linked by a raised path with gateways (known as "chokis") to allow people to cross the line every four miles.<ref name="pelham323"/><ref name="moxham68">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=68}}.</ref> Policing of the barrier and surrounding land, to a distance of {{convert|10|to|15|mi|km}}, was the responsibility of the [[Inland Customs Department]], headed by a [[Commissioner of Inland Customs]]. The department staffed each post with an Indian [[Jemadar]] (approximately equivalent to a British [[Warrant Officer]]) and ten men, backed up by patrols operating 2–3 miles behind the line.<ref name="moxham68"/> The line was mainly concerned with the collection of the salt tax but also collected tax on sugar exported from Bengal and functioned as a deterrent against [[opium]], [[bhang]] and [[cannabis]] smuggling.<ref name="moxweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/maps.htm |title=Great Hedge of India Maps |last=Moxham |first=Roy |access-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528172137/http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/maps.htm |archive-date=28 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Thornhill">{{Harvnb|Thornhill|1884}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Maharaja of Jeypore|title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads : Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries (Vol – Iii)|url=https://archive.org/stream/ACollectionOfTreatiesEngagementsAndSanadsRelatingToIndiaAndNeighbouringCountriesVolIII/TXT/0000%20-%200140.txt|website=Internet Archive|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:British India salt revenue 1840-1877.png|thumb|Salt revenue 1840–77|left]]<br />
The end of company rule in 1858 allowed the British government to expand Bengal through territorial acquisitions, updating the line as needed.<ref name="moxham69">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=69}}.</ref> In 1869 the government in [[Calcutta]] ordered the connection of sections of the line into a continuous customs barrier stretching {{convert|2504|mi|km}} from the Himalayas to [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], near the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="moxham69"/><ref name="moxham70">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=70}}.</ref> This distance was said to be the equivalent of London to [[Constantinople]].<ref name="Sleeman">{{Harvnb|Sleeman|1893}}.</ref> The north section from [[Tarbela]] to [[Multan]] was lightly guarded with posts spread further apart as the wide [[Indus River]] was judged to provide a sufficient barrier to smuggling. The more heavily guarded section was around {{convert|1429|mi|km}} long and began at Multan, running along the rivers [[Sutlej]] and [[Yamuna]] before terminating south of [[Burhanpur]].<ref name="moxham70"/><ref name="moxham71">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=71}}.</ref> The final {{convert|794|mi|km|adj=on}} section reverted to longer distances between customs posts and ran east to [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonapur]].<ref name="moxham71"/><br />
<br />
In the 1869–70 financial year the line collected 12.5&nbsp;million rupees in salt tax and 1 million rupees in sugar duties at a cost of 1.62 million rupees in maintenance. In this period the line employed around 12,000 men and maintained 1,727 customs posts.<ref name="moxham70"/> By 1877 the salt tax was worth £6.3&nbsp;million (approx 29.1&nbsp;million rupees)<ref>B.E. Dadachanji. ''History of Indian Currency and Exchange'', 3rd enlarged ed.<br />
(Bombay: D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co, 1934), p.&nbsp;15.</ref> to the British government in India, with the majority being collected in the Madras and Bengal provinces, lying on either side of the customs line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1867_excel/index.html|title=Statement showing the total consumption of salt in British India, the rates of duty, and the total amount of salt revenue in each of the under-mentioned official years.|work=Digital South Asia Library|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=29 April 2010|format=XLS|archive-date=9 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509230224/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1867_excel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Great Hedge ==<br />
[[File:A O Hume.jpg|thumb|Allan Octavian Hume, pictured in 1889]]<br />
It is not known when an actual live [[hedge]] was first grown along the customs line but it is likely that it began in the 1840s when thorn bushes, cut and laid along the line as a barrier (known as the "dry hedge", see also [[dead hedge]]), took root.<ref name="moxham97">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=323–324 |title=Essays|editor=Haverfield, F|year=1911|url=https://archive.org/stream/essaysonromanhis00pelhuoft#page/323/mode/1up/| publisher=Clarendon Press|place=Oxford}}</ref> By 1868 it had become {{convert|180|mi|km}} of "thoroughly impenetrable" hedge.<ref name="moxham98">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=98}}.</ref> The original dry hedge consisted mainly of samples of the dwarf [[Flacourtia indica|Indian plum]] fixed to the line with stakes.<ref name="moxham6">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=6}}.</ref> This hedge was at risk of attack by [[white ant]]s, rats, fire, storms, locusts, parasitic creepers, natural decay and strong winds which could destroy [[furlong]]s at a time and necessitated constant maintenance.<ref name="moxham6"/><ref name="moxham106"/> [[Allan Octavian Hume]], Commissioner of Inland Customs from 1867 to 1870, estimated that each mile of dry hedge required 250 tons of material to construct and that this material had to be carried to the line from between {{convert|0.25|and|6|mi|km}} away.<ref name="moxham99">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=99}}.</ref> The amount of labour involved in such a task was one of the reasons that a live hedge was encouraged, particularly as damage required the replacement of around half of the dry hedge each year.<ref name="moxham99"/><br />
<br />
In 1869 Hume, in preparation for a rapid expansion of the live hedge, began trials of various indigenous thorny shrubs to see which would be suited to different soil and rainfall conditions.<ref name="moxham100">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=100}}.</ref> The result was that the main body of the hedge was composed of Indian plum, [[Acacia catechu|babool]], [[karonda]] and several species of ''[[Euphorbia]]''.<ref name="moxham7">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=7}}.</ref> The [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] was used where conditions meant that nothing else could grow, as was found in parts of the [[Hisar district]], and in other places [[bamboo]] was planted.<ref name="moxham101">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=101}}.</ref><ref name="moxham102">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=102}}.</ref> Where the soil was poor it was dug out and replaced or overlain with better soil and in flood plains the hedge was planted on a raised bank to protect it.<ref name="moxham100"/><ref name="moxham101"/> The hedge was watered from nearby wells or rainwater collected in large, purpose-built trenches and a "well made" road was constructed along its entire length.<ref name="pelham323"/><ref name="moxham100"/><br />
<br />
Hume was responsible for transforming the hedge from "a mere line of persistently dwarf seedlings, or of irregularly scattered, disconnected bushes" into a formidable barrier that, by the end of his tenure as commissioner, contained {{convert|448.75|mi|km}} of "perfect" hedge and {{convert|233.5|mi|km}} of "strong and good", but not impenetrable hedge.<ref name="moxham101"/> The hedge was nowhere less than {{convert|8|ft|m}} high and {{convert|4|ft|m}} thick and in some places was {{convert|12|ft|m}} high and {{convert|14|ft|m}} thick.<ref name="moxham101"/><ref name="moxham102"/> Hume himself remarked that his barrier was "in its most perfect form, ... utterly impassable to man or beast".<ref name="moxham3"/><br />
<br />
Hume also substantially realigned the Inland Customs Line, joining separate sections and removing some of the spurs that were no longer necessary.<ref name="moxham102"/> Where this happened, whole runs of hedge were abandoned, and the men would have to construct a hedge from scratch on the new alignment.<ref name="moxham103">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=103}}.</ref> The living hedge was terminated at [[Burhanpur]] in the south, beyond which it could not grow, and at [[Layyah]] in the north where it met the [[River Indus]], whose strong current was judged sufficient to deter smugglers.<ref name="moxham105">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=105}}.</ref> Historian [[Henry Francis Pelham]] compared the use of the Indus in this way to that of the [[River Main]], in modern Germany, for the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Limes Germanicus]] fortifications.<ref name="pelham323">{{Harvnb|Pelham|1911|p=323}}.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Agra canal headworks1871a.jpg|thumb|Agra Canal construction work]]<br />
Hume was replaced as Commissioner of Customs in 1870 by [[G. H. M. Batten]] who would hold the post for the next six years.<ref name="moxham103"/> His administration saw little realignment of the hedge but extensive strengthening of the existing run, including the building of stone walls and ditch and bank systems where the hedge could not be grown.<ref name="pelham323"/><ref name="moxham103"/> By the end of Batten's first year he had increased the length of "perfect" hedge by {{convert|111.25|mi|km}}, and by 1873 the central portion between Agra and Delhi was said to be almost impregnable.<ref name="moxham106">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=106}}.</ref><ref name="moxham104">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=104}}.</ref> The line was altered slightly in 1875–6 to run alongside the newly built [[Agra Canal]], which was judged a sufficient obstacle to allow the distance between guard posts to be increased to {{convert|1.5|mi|km}}.<ref name="moxham107">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=107}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Batten's replacement as Commissioner was [[W. S. Halsey]] who was the last to be in charge of the Great Hedge.<ref name="moxham107"/> Under Halsey's control the hedge grew to its greatest extent, reaching a peak of {{convert|411.5|mi|km}} of "perfect" and "good" live hedge by 1878 with a further {{convert|1109.5|mi|km}} of inferior hedge, dry hedge or stone wall.<ref name="moxham108">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=108}}.</ref> The live hedge extended to at least {{convert|800|mi|km}} and in places was backed up with an additional dry hedge barrier.<ref name="moxham108"/> All maintenance work was halted on the hedge in 1878 after a decision was made that the line would be abandoned in 1879.<ref name="moxham108"/><ref name="moxham8">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=8}}.</ref><br />
<br />
== Tree and plants ==<br />
''[[Carissa carandas]]'', an easy-to-grow drought-resistant sturdy shrub that grows in a variety of soil and produces berry size fruits rich in iron and vitamin C which is used for pickle, was one of the shrubs used because it is ideal for hedges, growing rapidly, densely and needing little attention.<ref name=karonda1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/14186015.cms Summer brings astringently delicious karonda, a fruit that's ripe for pickling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209170721/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/14186015.cms |date=9 December 2018 }}, Economic Times, June 2012.</ref> ''[[Senegalia catechu]]'', ''[[Jujube|Zizyphus jujube]]'', ''[[Opuntia ficus-indica|prickly pear]]'', and ''[[Euphorbia]]'' were some of the other shrubs plants and trees used for the hedge.<ref name=karonda1/><br />
<br />
== Staff ==<br />
[[File:1stEarlOfNorthbrooke.jpg|thumb|Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India during the peak of the Inland Customs Department]]<br />
The customs line and hedge required a large number of staff to patrol and maintain it. The majority of the staff were Indian, with their officers coming mainly from the British. In 1869 the Inland Customs Department employed 136 officers, 2,499 petty officers and 11,288 men on the line, reaching a peak of 14,188 men of all ranks in 1872, after which staff numbers declined to around 10,000 as expansion slowed and the hedge matured.<ref name="moxham109">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=109}}.</ref><ref name="moxham113">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=113}}.</ref> The Indian staff were recruited disproportionately from the Muslim population, who constituted 42&nbsp;per cent of the customs men.<ref name="moxham111">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=111}}.</ref> The men were intentionally stationed in areas away from their home towns which, together with their removal of local wood for the hedge, made them unpopular among local people.<ref name="moxham111"/> To encourage co-operation, those Indians who lived in villages near the line were allowed to carry up to {{convert|2|lb|kg|1}} of salt across for free.<ref name="moxham111"/><br />
<br />
The job of customs man was highly desirable due to its high pay of five rupees per month (agricultural wages were around three rupees a month), which could be topped up with the proceeds from the sale of seized salt.<ref name="moxham114">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=114}}.</ref> However the men were forced to live away from their families in order to minimise distractions and were not provided with houses, being expected to build their own from mud or wood.<ref name="moxham113"/><ref name="moxham112"/> In 1868 the Inland Customs department allowed the men's families to join them on the line, as the previous order had led to customs men straying from their posts and associating too closely with local women.<ref name="moxham112"/> The men worked twelve-hour days consisting of two equal day and night shifts.<ref name="moxham110">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=110}}.</ref> The principal tasks were patrolling and maintaining the hedge; in 1869 alone the customs men carried out 18&nbsp;million miles (29&nbsp;million km) of patrols, dug 2&nbsp;million cubic feet (57,000 cubic metres) of earth and carried over 150,000 tons of thorny material for the hedge.<ref name="moxham109"/> There was a fairly high level of turnover in the staff; for example, in 1876-7 more than 800 men left the service. This included 115 customs men who died on the line, 276 dismissed, 30 deserted on duty, 360 failing to rejoin after leave and 23 removed for being unfit.<ref name="moxham114"/><br />
<br />
The officer corps was almost entirely British; attempts to attract Indian men to the post proved unsuccessful, as the officers were required to be fluent in English, and such men could easily find better paid work in other fields.<ref name="moxham110"/> The job was tough, with each officer responsible for 100 men on {{convert|10|to|30|mi|km}} of the line, and working through Sundays and holidays.<ref name="moxham109"/><ref name="moxham110"/> The officers undertook at least one customs excursion per day on average, weighing and applying tax to almost {{convert|200|lb|kg}} of goods, in addition to personally patrolling around {{convert|9|mi|km}} of the line.<ref name="moxham110"/> The only other British men they would meet while on the line would typically be officers of adjacent beats and senior officers who visited about three times a year.<ref name="moxham110"/><br />
<br />
== Abandonment ==<br />
[[File:University of Glasgow - Old and New, Robert Bulwer Lytton.png|thumb|Lord Lytton, pictured in 1890, ordered the abolition of the Inland Customs Line in 1879.]]<br />
Several British viceroys considered dismantling the line, as it was a major obstacle to free travel and trade across the subcontinent.<ref name="moxham72">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=72}}.</ref> This was partly due to the use of the line for the collection of taxes on sugar (which made up 10&nbsp;per cent of the revenues) as well as salt, meaning that traffic had to be stopped and searched in both directions.<ref name="moxham112">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=112}}.</ref> In addition the line had created a confusing number of different customs jurisdictions in the area surrounding it.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/bank_trade_history.html|title=History of Trade|publisher=Chandrapur District Gazetteers Department|access-date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410140151/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/bank_trade_history.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=10 April 2010}}</ref> The viceroys were also displeased with the corruption and bribery which was present in the Inland Customs system, and the way the line came to serve as a symbol of unjust taxes (parts were set on fire during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]).<ref name="Thornhill"/><ref name="moxham71"/> However, the government could not afford to lose the revenue generated by the line and hence, before they could abolish it, needed to take control of all salt production in India, so that tax could be applied at the point of manufacture.<ref name="moxham72"/><br />
<br />
The Viceroy from 1869 to 1872, [[Lord Mayo]], took the first steps towards abolition of the line, instructing British officials to negotiate agreements with the rulers of princely states to take control of salt production.<ref name="Dutt525">{{Harvnb|Dutt|1904|p=525}}.</ref> The process was speeded up by Mayo's successor, [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]], and by the loss of revenue caused by the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] that reduced the land tax and killed 6.5&nbsp;million people.<ref name="Dutt525"/><ref name="moxham73">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=73}}.</ref> Having secured salt production, British India's Finance Minister, [[John Strachey (civil servant)|Sir John Strachey]], led a review of the tax system and his recommendations, implemented by Viceroy [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], resulted in the increase of the salt tax in Madras, Bombay and northern India to 2.5&nbsp;rupees per maund and a reduction in Bengal to 2.9&nbsp;rupees.<ref name="moxham74">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=74}}.</ref> This reduced difference in tax between neighbouring territories made smuggling uneconomical and allowed for the abandonment of the Inland Customs Line on 1 April 1879.<ref name="moxham74"/> The tax on sugar and 29 other commodities had been abolished a year earlier.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chhabra|2005|p=393}}.</ref> Strachey's tax reforms continued, and he brought an end to [[import duty|import duties]] and almost complete [[free trade]] to India by 1880.<ref name="britannica">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Strachey, Sir John |volume=25 |page=975}}</ref> In 1882 Viceroy [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]] finally standardised the salt tax across most of India at a rate of two rupees per maund.<ref name="India29">{{Harvnb|India Office|1911|p=29}}.</ref> However the trans-Indus districts of India continued to be taxed at eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] ({{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;rupee) per maund until 23 July 1896 and [[Burma]] maintained its reduced rate of just three annas.<ref name="Dutt525"/><ref name="danvers40">{{Harvnb|Danvers|1901|p=40}}.</ref> The equalisation of tax cost the government 1.2&nbsp;million rupees of lost revenue.<ref name="danvers41">{{Harvnb|Danvers|1901|p=41}}.</ref> The potential for salt to be smuggled from the [[Kohat]] (trans-Indus) region meant that the north-western section of the line, some 325 miles long from Layyah to [[Torbela]], continued to be policed by the Department of Salt Revenue in Northern India until at least 1895.<ref>{{Harvnb|Watt|2014|pp=420–1}}.</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
=== On health ===<br />
The use of the customs line to maintain the higher salt tax in Bengal is likely to have had a detrimental effect on the health of Indians through [[Salt#Health effects|salt deprivation]].<ref name="moxham133">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=133}}.</ref> The higher prices within the area enclosed by the line meant that the average annual salt consumption was just {{convert|8|lb|kg}} compared with up to {{convert|16|lb|kg}} outside the line.<ref name="moxham128">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=128}}.</ref> Indeed, the British government's own figures showed that the barrier directly affected salt consumption, reducing it to below the level that regulations prescribed for English soldiers serving in India and that supplied to prisoners in British jails.<ref name="moxham134">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=134}}.</ref> The consumption of salt was further lowered during the periods of famine that affected India in the 19th&nbsp;century.<ref name="siddiky4">{{Harvnb|Siddiky|2006|p=4}}.</ref><br />
<br />
It is impossible to know how many died from salt deprivation in India as a result of the salt tax as salt deficiency was not often recorded as a cause of death and was instead more likely to worsen the effects of other diseases and hinder recoveries.<ref name="siddiky4" /> It is known that the equalisation of tax made salt cheaper on the whole, decreasing the tax imposed on 130&nbsp;million people and increasing it on just 47&nbsp;million, leading to an increase in the use of the mineral.<ref name="robertson65">{{Harvnb|Robertson|1880|p=65}}.</ref> Consumption grew by 50&nbsp;per cent between 1868 and 1888 and doubled by 1911, by which time salt had become cheaper (relatively).<ref name="India30">{{Harvnb|India Office|1911|p=30}}.</ref><br />
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi on the Salt March to Dandi of March 1930]]<br />
The rate of salt tax was increased to 2.5&nbsp;rupees per maund in 1888 to compensate for the loss of revenue from falling silver prices, but this had no adverse effect on salt consumption.<ref name="danvers41" /> The salt tax remained a controversial means of collecting revenue and became the subject of the 1930 [[Salt Satyagraha]], a civil disobedience movement led by [[Mohandas Gandhi]] against British rule. During the Satyagraha Gandhi and others marched to the salt producing area of [[Dandi, Gujarat|Dandi]] and defied the salt laws, leading to the imprisonment of 80,000 Indians. The march drew significant publicity to the [[Indian independence movement]] but failed to get the tax repealed. The salt tax would finally be abolished by the [[Interim Government of India]], led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in October 1946.<ref name="gandhi20">{{Harvnb|Gandhi|1997|p=20}}.</ref> The government of [[Indira Gandhi]] overlaid much of the old route with roads.<ref name="moxham215">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=215}}.</ref><br />
<br />
=== On liberty ===<br />
[[File:John and Richard Strachey.jpg|thumb|Sir John Strachey (left) pictured in 1876]]<br />
Sir John Strachey, the minister whose tax review led to the abolition of the line, was quoted in 1893 describing the line as "a monstrous system, to which it would be almost impossible to find a parallel in any tolerably civilised country".<ref name="Sleeman"/><br />
<br />
This has been echoed by modern writers such as journalist [[Madeleine Bunting]], who wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in February 2001 that the line was "one of the most grotesque and least well known achievements of the British in India".<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last=Bunting|first=Madeleine|author-link=Madeleine Bunting|title=The profits that kill|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/12/wto.aids|access-date=25 May 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 February 2001|archive-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824231354/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/12/wto.aids|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff.jpg|thumb|left|M. E. Grant Duff]]<br />
The massive scale of the undertaking has also been commented upon, with both Hume, the customs commissioner, and [[M. E. Grant Duff]], who was [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] from 1868 to 1874, comparing the hedge to the [[Great Wall of China]].<ref name="pelham323"/><ref name="moxham101"/> The abolition of the line and equalisation of tax has generally been viewed as a good move, with one writer of 1901 stating that it "relieved the people and the trade along a broad belt of country, 2,000 miles long, from much harassment".<ref name="danvers40"/> [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], governor of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Presidencies]], wrote in 1882 that "the inland customs line for levying the salt-duties has been at length swept away" and that care must be taken to ensure that the "evils of the obsolete transit-duties" did not return.<ref name="temple8">{{Harvnb|Temple|1882|p=8}}.</ref> However, the same year, the [[India Salt Act of 1882]] explicitly prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt and continued to limit access to the vital product at affordable prices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Thiagarajan|first=Kamala|title=The mysterious disappearance of the world's longest shrubbery|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace|access-date=2021-09-06|publisher=BBC|language=en|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825103123/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== On smuggling ===<br />
The Line was intended to prevent smuggling, and in this respect it was fairly successful.<ref name="siddiky5">{{Harvnb|Siddiky|2006|p=5}}.</ref> Smugglers who were caught by customs men were arrested and fined around 8 rupees, those that could not pay being imprisoned for around six weeks.<ref name="moxham115">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=115}}.</ref> The number of smugglers caught increased as the line extended and was built up. In 1868 2,340 people were convicted of smuggling after being caught on the line, this rose to 3,271 smugglers in 1873–74 and to 6,077 convicted in 1877–78.<ref name="moxham114" /><ref name="moxham118">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=118}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Several methods of smuggling were employed. Early on, when patrols were patchy, large scale smuggling was common, with armed gangs breaking through the line with herds of salt-laden camels or cattle.<ref name="moxham116">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=116}}.</ref> As the line was strengthened, smugglers changed tactics and would try to disguise salt and bring it through the line or throw it over the hedge.<ref name="moxham116" /> Sometimes smugglers hid salt within the jurisdiction of the customs department to collect the 50&nbsp;per cent finders fee.<ref name="moxham117">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=117}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Clashes between smugglers and customs men were often violent. Customs officials "harassed Indian people and exhorted bribes".<ref name=":0" /> Many of the smugglers died, with examples including one drowning while trying to escape by swimming an [[irrigation tank]] and another accidentally killed by other smugglers during a fight with customs men.<ref name="moxham119">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=119}}.</ref> In September 1877, one large skirmish occurred when two customs men attempted to apprehend 112 smugglers and were both killed.<ref name="moxham118" /> Many of the gang were later caught and either imprisoned or transported.<ref name="moxham119" /><br />
<br />
== Rediscovery ==<br />
Despite its scale, the customs line and associated hedge were not widely known in either Britain or India, the standard histories of the period neglecting to mention them.<ref name="moxham3">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=3}}.</ref> [[Roy Moxham]], a [[Conservator (museum)|conservator]] at the [[University of London]] library, wrote a book on the customs line and his search for its remains that was published in 2001. This followed his finding, in 1995, of a passing mention of the hedge in Major-General Sir [[William Henry Sleeman]]'s work ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official''.<ref name="moxham3"/> Moxham looked up the hedge in the [[India Office Records]] of the [[British Library]] and determined to locate its remnants.<ref name="moxham4">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=4}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Moxham conducted extensive research in London before making three trips to India to look for any remains of the line.<ref name="moxbook">{{cite web|last=Moxham |first=Roy |title=The Great Hedge of India |url=http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/about%20the%20book.htm |access-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003062936/http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/about%20the%20book.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> In 1998 he located a small raised embankment in the [[Etawah]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh]] which may be all that remains of the Great Hedge of India.<ref name="moxham219">{{Harvnb|Moxham|2001|p=219}}.</ref> Moxham's book, which he claims to be the first on the subject, details the history of the line and his attempts to locate its modern remains.<ref name="moxbook"/> The book was translated into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Anand Abhyankar in 2007 and into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by Cyril Alex in 2015.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abhyankar |2007}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kolappan|first1=B.|title=The hedge that denied Indians their daily salt|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-hedge-that-denied-indians-their-daily-salt/article7001351.ece|access-date=11 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=17 March 2015|language=en-IN|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111170439/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-hedge-that-denied-indians-their-daily-salt/article7001351.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2015, [[CBBC (TV channel)|the Children's BBC channel]] outlined the hedge on Horrible Histories,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Horrible Histories series 6 episode 11, Queen Victoria|url=https://horriblehistoriestv.wixsite.com/horriblehistoriestv/series-6-episode-11|access-date=2022-01-08|website=horriblehistoriestv.wixsite.com|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108113427/https://horriblehistoriestv.wixsite.com/horriblehistoriestv/series-6-episode-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Great Hedge of India, Tricky Queen Vicky|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umnrOaEEnak|access-date=2022-01-08|via=YouTube|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108113426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umnrOaEEnak|url-status=live}}</ref> watched that week by 207,000 viewers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weekly top 10 programmes on TV sets (July 1998 – Sept 2018)|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-10/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=barb.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217022433/https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-10/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Artist Sheila Ghelani and Sue Palmer produced live art performances of a piece called "Common Salt", about the hedge. Their book on the subject was published in July 2021 by [[Live Art Development Agency]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In August 2021, journalist Kamala Thiagarajan wrote about the hedge on [[BBC Online|BBC]] Future's "Lost Index" series.<br />
{{Blockquote | Moxham was recently invited to a conference on Nuclear Energy in Verdun, France to speak about the Great Hedge. "They were intrigued by how such a big project could have disappeared from memory in such a short time," says Moxham. The delegates saw it as proof enough that the world could forget anything – including the cost of nuclear warfare or the grave dangers posed by improperly disposing of radioactive waste – all of which could have severe consequences if ever erased from public memory.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thiagarajan|first=Kamala|title=The mysterious disappearance of the world's longest shrubbery|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace|access-date=2021-08-25|publisher=BBC|language=en|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825103123/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Food}}<br />
* [[Aravalli Range#Wall|The Great Green Wall of Aravalli]], a 1,600&nbsp;km long and 5&nbsp;km wide green ecological corridor of India<br />
* [[Great Green Wall (Africa)|Great Green Wall]], across North Africa in Sahara desert<br />
* [[Three-North Shelter Forest Program]], a Chinese anti-desertification program started in 1978<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Abhyankar<br />
| first= Anand<br />
| title= Meeth&nbsp;— British Amaanushatechee Kumpanneeti<br />
| year= 2007<br />
| publisher=Moraya Prakashan<br />
| location= Pune&nbsp;— Dombivali}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Chhabra<br />
| first= G. S.<br />
| title= Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803–1920)<br />
| year= 2005<br />
| publisher=Lotus Press<br />
| location= New Delhi}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
| last=Danvers<br />
| first=F. C.<br />
| author-link=Frederic Charles Danvers<br />
| title=A Review of Indian Statistics<br />
| journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society<br />
|date=March 1901<br />
| volume=64<br />
| issue=1<br />
| pages=31–72<br />
| doi=10.2307/2979921<br />
| jstor=2979921|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2001531<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Dutt<br />
| first=Romesh<br />
| author-link=Romesh Chunder Dutt<br />
| title=India in the Victorian age; an economic history of the people<br />
| year=1904<br />
| publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & co.<br />
| location = London<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/indiainvictoria00duttgoog}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Gandhi<br />
| first=Mahatma<br />
| author-link=Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<br />
| title=Hind Swaraj and Other Writings<br />
| year=1997<br />
| publisher=Cambridge University Press<br />
| isbn=9780521574310<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC}}<br />
* {{cite web<br />
| url=https://archive.org/details/memorandumonsome021415mbp<br />
| title=Memorandum on some of the results of Indian administration<br />
| last=India Office<br />
| author-link=India Office<br />
| year=1911| publisher=Superintendent government printing.- Calcutta.<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| title= The Great Hedge of India<br />
| last=Moxham<br />
| first= Roy<br />
| author-link=Roy Moxham<br />
| year= 2001<br />
| publisher=Constable & Robinson<br />
| location= London<br />
| isbn=1-84119-467-0}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Pelham<br />
| first = Henry Francis<br />
| author-link= Henry Francis Pelham<br />
| title = Essays<br />
| year = 1911<br />
| publisher = Clarendon Press<br />
| url = http://www.questiaschool.com/read/5828188<br />
| editor = F. Haverfield<br />
| location = Oxford}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Robertson<br />
| first=Alexander<br />
| title=Two speeches on our home and colonial affairs. Our national resources: their present and probable future condition; and the British colonies: their present condition and future prospects.<br />
| year=1880<br />
| location=Dundee<br />
| isbn=1-152-09035-6<br />
| url=https://archive.org/stream/twospeechesonour00robeuoft/twospeechesonour00robeuoft_djvu.txt: }}<br />
* {{Cite journal<br />
| last = Siddiky<br />
| first = Chowdhury Irad Ahmed<br />
| title = Mahatma Gandhi and the Prisoner's Dilemma: Strategic Civil Disobedience and Great Britain's Great Loss of Empire in India<br />
| journal =Public Choice Society Conference<br />
| year = 2006<br />
| ssrn = 937148 }}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Sleeman<br />
| first=Major-General Sir W.H.<br />
| title=Rambles and Reflections of an Indian Official<br />
| year=1893<br />
| publisher=Archibald Constable<br />
| location=London<br />
| editor=Vincent Arthur Smith<br />
| postscript= . As quoted in Moxham (2001) p. 3}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Temple<br />
| first=Sir Richard<br />
| author-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet<br />
| title=Men and events of my time in India<br />
| year=1882<br />
| publisher=J Murray<br />
| location=London<br />
| url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021025477}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Thornhill<br />
| first=Mark<br />
| title=The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate during the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny<br />
| url=https://archive.org/details/personaladventur00thor<br />
| year=1884<br />
| publisher=John Murray<br />
| location=London<br />
}} [http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/maps.htm As quoted by Moxham's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528172137/http://www.rmoxham.freeserve.co.uk/maps.htm |date=28 May 2011 }}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last=Watt<br />
| first=George<br />
| title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Volume 6, Part 2<br />
| year=2014<br />
| publisher=Cambridge University Press<br />
| location=Cambridge<br />
}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
<br />
{{Salt topics}}<br />
{{Auth}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economic history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Economic history of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Walls]]<br />
[[Category:Salt tax]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Customs duties]]<br />
[[Category:Fences]]<br />
[[Category:Separation barriers]]<br />
[[Category:Internal borders of India]]<br />
[[Category:Border barriers]]<br />
[[Category:Salt industry in India]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thengal_Kachari_Autonomous_Council&diff=540803Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council2026-01-06T12:45:46Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council<br />
| house_type = Autonomous District Council<br />
| body = <br />
| houses = <br />
| coa_pic = Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council.png<br />
| coa_res = <br />
| leader1_type = Chair<br />
| established = 2005<br />
| leader1 = <br />
| party1 = <br />
| election1 = <br />
| leader2_type = Chief Executive Councillor<br />
| leader2 = Kumud Ch Kachari<br />
| party2 = <br />
| election2 = <br />
| leader3_type = <br />
| leader3 = <br />
| party3 = <br />
| election3 = <br />
| members = 22 Councillors<br />
| structure1 = Thengal Kachari, Assam Autonomous Council 2022.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 250px<br />
| political_groups1 = '''Government (17)'''<br />
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (14)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-agp-alliance-sweeps-thengal-kachari-autonomous-council-polls-in-assam/811858/|title=BJP-AGP alliance sweeps Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council polls in Assam|work=Print|date=24 January 2022 |accessdate=24 January 2022}}</ref><br />
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}} [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] (3)<br />
'''Opposition (5)'''<br />
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)<br />
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<br />
| voting_system1 = [[First past the post]]<br />
| voting_system2 = <br />
| last_election1 = January 2022<br />
| next_election1 = 2027<br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = [[Titabar]], [[Assam]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council''' (TKAC), is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous district council]] for the [[Thengal Kachari people]] in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://directorwptbc.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/autonomous-councils |title=Autonomous Councils |website=directorwptbc.assam.gov.in |publisher=Department of Welfare of Plain Tribes & Backward Classes, Government Of Assam}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The council was created in 2005 by Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council Act, which was passed by the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://wptbc.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wpt_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/Thengal-Kachari-Autonomous-Council-Act%202005.pdf | title=The Thengal Kachari autonomous council act, 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531154834/https://wptbc.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wpt_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/Thengal-Kachari-Autonomous-Council-Act%202005.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The council has 26 members of whom 22 are directly elected and 4 are appointed by the [[Governor of Assam]] on behalf of the central [[Government of India]]. The council elects a Chief Executive Councillor who nominates an executive committee.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Election==<br />
At the most recent election, held in January 2022; the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) won 14 seats, the [[Indian National Congress]] won 4, the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP) won 3 and one seat was won by an Independent.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP swept the polls in Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-swept-the-polls-in-thengal-kachari-autonomous-council/articleshow/89102247.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The BJP went on to form a coalition executive with the AGP with Pratap Kachari as Chief Executive Councillor.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=BJP-AGP alliance sweeps Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council polls in Assam |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-agp-alliance-sweeps-thengal-kachari-autonomous-council-polls-in-assam/811858/ |website=theprint.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sonowal Kachari]]<br />
* [[Bodo Kachari]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Bengaluru_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles&diff=4833562025 Bengaluru Open – Singles2026-01-03T21:06:55Z<p>Teena29I554: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Tennis events|2025|Bengaluru Open|<br />
| champ = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt]]<br />
| runner = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki]]<br />
| score = 6–3, 6–3<br />
| edition = <br />
| type = singles doubles<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{main|2025 Bengaluru Open}}<br />
<br />
[[Stefano Napolitano]] was the defending champion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennistourtalk.com/109133/napolitano-notches-open-comunidad-madrid-title|title=Napolitano Notches Open Comunidad Madrid Title|first=Florian|last=Heer|date=14 April 2024}}</ref> but chose not to defend his title.<br />
<br />
[[Brandon Holt]] won the title after defeating [[Shintaro Mochizuki]] 6–3, 6–3 in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/brandon-holt-beats-shintaro-mochizuki-bengaluru-open-2025-final-atp-challenger-tour-stats-titles-details/article69282290.ece|title=Bengaluru Open 2025: Holt beats Mochizuki in straight sets, clinches second ATP Challenger Tour title|date=2 March 2025 |publisher=Sportstar|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Seeds==<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
# {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva]] ''(first round)''<br />
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate]] ''(quarterfinals)''<br />
# {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Brandon Holt]] (champion)'''<br />
# {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Elmer Møller]] ''(first round)''<br />
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kyrian Jacquet]] ''(first round)''<br />
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ugo Blanchet]] ''(first round, retired)''<br />
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki]] ''(final)''<br />
# {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Alexis Galarneau]] ''(withdrew)''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Draw==<br />
{{Draw key}}<br />
<br />
===Finals===<br />
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3<br />
| RD1=Semifinals<br />
| RD2=Final<br />
<br />
| team-width=175<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed1=7<br />
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki]]'''<br />
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score1-2=3<br />
| RD1-score1-3='''6'''<br />
| RD1-seed2=<br />
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|James McCabe]]<br />
| RD1-score2-1=1<br />
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score2-3=4<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed3=3<br />
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt]]'''<br />
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score3-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score3-3=<br />
| RD1-seed4=LL<br />
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|Billy Harris]]<br />
| RD1-score4-1=2<br />
| RD1-score4-2=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD1-score4-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed1=7<br />
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki]]<br />
| RD2-score1-1=3<br />
| RD2-score1-2=3<br />
| RD2-score1-3=<br />
| RD2-seed2=3<br />
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt]]'''<br />
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score2-3=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Top half===<br />
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3<br />
| RD1=First round<br />
| RD2=Second round<br />
| RD3=Quarterfinals<br />
| RD4=Semifinals<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed01=1<br />
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva|V Kopřiva]]<br />
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score01-2=4<br />
| RD1-score01-3=3<br />
| RD1-seed02=Q<br />
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Hynek Bartoň|H Bartoň]]'''<br />
| RD1-score02-1=4<br />
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed03=<br />
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enrico Dalla Valle|E Dalla Valle]]<br />
| RD1-score03-1=4<br />
| RD1-score03-2=4<br />
| RD1-score03-3=<br />
| RD1-seed04=<br />
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[August Holmgren (tennis)|A Holmgren]]'''<br />
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score04-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed05=Q<br />
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|THA}} [[Kasidit Samrej|K Samrej]]<br />
| RD1-score05-1=1<br />
| RD1-score05-2=0<br />
| RD1-score05-3=<br />
| RD1-seed06=<br />
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]]'''<br />
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score06-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed07=WC<br />
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]<br />
| RD1-score07-1=6<sup>3</sup><br />
| RD1-score07-2=5<br />
| RD1-score07-3=<br />
| RD1-seed08=7<br />
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki|S Mochizuki]]'''<br />
| RD1-score08-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score08-2='''7'''<br />
| RD1-score08-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed09=4<br />
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Elmer Møller|E Møller]]<br />
| RD1-score09-1=3<br />
| RD1-score09-2=4<br />
| RD1-score09-3=<br />
| RD1-seed10=<br />
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|COL}} [[Nicolás Mejía|N Mejía]]'''<br />
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score10-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed11=<br />
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Michael Geerts|M Geerts]]<br />
| RD1-score11-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score11-2=4<br />
| RD1-score11-3=6<sup>6</sup><br />
| RD1-seed12=<br />
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Ellis (tennis)|B Ellis]]'''<br />
| RD1-score12-1=6<sup>2</sup><br />
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score12-3='''7<sup>8</sup>'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed13=<br />
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|GER}} [[Justin Engel|J Engel]]<br />
| RD1-score13-1=5<br />
| RD1-score13-2=2<br />
| RD1-score13-3=<br />
| RD1-seed14=<br />
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi|R Noguchi]]'''<br />
| RD1-score14-1='''7'''<br />
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score14-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed15=<br />
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|J McCabe]]'''<br />
| RD1-score15-1=6<sup>8</sup><br />
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score15-3='''6'''<br />
| RD1-seed16=5<br />
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kyrian Jacquet|K Jacquet]]<br />
| RD1-score16-1='''7<sup>10</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score16-2=1<br />
| RD1-score16-3=2<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed01=Q<br />
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Hynek Bartoň|H Bartoň]]'''<br />
| RD2-score01-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score01-3=<br />
| RD2-seed02=<br />
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|DEN}} [[August Holmgren (tennis)|A Holmgren]]<br />
| RD2-score02-1=6<sup>5</sup><br />
| RD2-score02-2=3<br />
| RD2-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed03=<br />
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]]<br />
| RD2-score03-1='''7'''<br />
| RD2-score03-2=1<br />
| RD2-score03-3=2<br />
| RD2-seed04=7<br />
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki|S Mochizuki]]'''<br />
| RD2-score04-1=5<br />
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed05=<br />
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|COL}} [[Nicolás Mejía|N Mejía]]'''<br />
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score05-2='''7'''<br />
| RD2-score05-3=<br />
| RD2-seed06=<br />
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Ellis (tennis)|B Ellis]]<br />
| RD2-score06-1=1<br />
| RD2-score06-2=5<br />
| RD2-score06-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed07=<br />
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi|R Noguchi]]<br />
| RD2-score07-1=5<br />
| RD2-score07-2='''7'''<br />
| RD2-score07-3=6<sup>5</sup><br />
| RD2-seed08=<br />
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|J McCabe]]'''<br />
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''<br />
| RD2-score08-2=5<br />
| RD2-score08-3='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed01=Q<br />
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Hynek Bartoň|H Bartoň]]<br />
| RD3-score01-1=6<sup>5</sup><br />
| RD3-score01-2=3<br />
| RD3-score01-3=<br />
| RD3-seed02=7<br />
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki|S Mochizuki]]'''<br />
| RD3-score02-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed03=<br />
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|COL}} [[Nicolás Mejía|N Mejía]]<br />
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score03-2=4<br />
| RD3-score03-3=3<br />
| RD3-seed04=<br />
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|J McCabe]]'''<br />
| RD3-score04-1=4<br />
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score04-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD4-seed01=7<br />
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shintaro Mochizuki|S Mochizuki]]'''<br />
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD4-score01-2=3<br />
| RD4-score01-3='''6'''<br />
| RD4-seed02=<br />
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|J McCabe]]<br />
| RD4-score02-1=1<br />
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''<br />
| RD4-score02-3=4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Bottom half===<br />
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3<br />
| RD1=First round<br />
| RD2=Second round<br />
| RD3=Quarterfinals<br />
| RD4=Semifinals<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed01=6<br />
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ugo Blanchet|U Blanchet]]<br />
| RD1-score01-1=3<br />
| RD1-score01-2=2<sup>r</sup><br />
| RD1-score01-3=<br />
| RD1-seed02=Q<br />
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nicolás Álvarez Varona|N Álvarez Varona]]'''<br />
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score02-2=4<br />
| RD1-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed03=WC<br />
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne|M Dhamne]]<br />
| RD1-score03-1=3<br />
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score03-3=6<sup>3</sup><br />
| RD1-seed04=Q<br />
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]]'''<br />
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score04-2=3<br />
| RD1-score04-3='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed05=Q<br />
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|}} [[Ilia Simakin|I Simakin]]<br />
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score05-2=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD1-score05-3=4<br />
| RD1-seed06=<br />
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bernard Tomic|B Tomic]]'''<br />
| RD1-score06-1=3<br />
| RD1-score06-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed07=<br />
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|MON}} [[Valentin Vacherot|V Vacherot]]<br />
| RD1-score07-1=4<br />
| RD1-score07-2=4<br />
| RD1-score07-3=<br />
| RD1-seed08=3<br />
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt|B Holt]]'''<br />
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score08-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed09=LL<br />
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|B Harris]]'''<br />
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score09-2=1<br />
| RD1-score09-3=<br />
| RD1-seed10=<br />
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Enzo Couacaud|E Couacaud]]<br />
| RD1-score10-1=1<br />
| RD1-score10-2=0<sup>r</sup><br />
| RD1-score10-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed11=<br />
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Marek Gengel|M Gengel]]'''<br />
| RD1-score11-1=6<sup>2</sup><br />
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score11-3='''6'''<br />
| RD1-seed12=WC<br />
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]]<br />
| RD1-score12-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score12-2=3<br />
| RD1-score12-3=3<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed13=Q<br />
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Singh (tennis)|K Singh]]<br />
| RD1-score13-1=4<br />
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score13-3=6<sup>3</sup><br />
| RD1-seed14=<br />
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jurij Rodionov|J Rodionov]]'''<br />
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score14-2=4<br />
| RD1-score14-3='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed15=<br />
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khumoyun Sultanov|K Sultanov]]<br />
| RD1-score15-1=5<br />
| RD1-score15-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score15-3=3<br />
| RD1-seed16=2<br />
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]]'''<br />
| RD1-score16-1='''7'''<br />
| RD1-score16-2=6<sup>5</sup><br />
| RD1-score16-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed01=Q<br />
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nicolás Álvarez Varona|N Álvarez Varona]]<br />
| RD2-score01-1=4<br />
| RD2-score01-2=6<sup>5</sup><br />
| RD2-score01-3=<br />
| RD2-seed02=Q<br />
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]]'''<br />
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score02-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD2-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed03=<br />
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bernard Tomic|B Tomic]]<br />
| RD2-score03-1='''7'''<br />
| RD2-score03-2=4<br />
| RD2-score03-3=4<br />
| RD2-seed04=3<br />
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt|B Holt]]'''<br />
| RD2-score04-1=5<br />
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed05=LL<br />
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|B Harris]]'''<br />
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score05-3=<br />
| RD2-seed06=<br />
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Marek Gengel|M Gengel]]<br />
| RD2-score06-1=4<br />
| RD2-score06-2=3<br />
| RD2-score06-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed07=<br />
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jurij Rodionov|J Rodionov]]<br />
| RD2-score07-1=3<br />
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score07-3=2<br />
| RD2-seed08=2<br />
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]]'''<br />
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score08-2=3<br />
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed01=Q<br />
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]]<br />
| RD3-score01-1=4<br />
| RD3-score01-2=4<br />
| RD3-score01-3=<br />
| RD3-seed02=3<br />
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt|B Holt]]'''<br />
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed03=LL<br />
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|B Harris]]'''<br />
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score03-2=1<br />
| RD3-score03-3='''7'''<br />
| RD3-seed04=2<br />
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]]<br />
| RD3-score04-1=2<br />
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score04-3=5<br />
<br />
| RD4-seed01=3<br />
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt|B Holt]]'''<br />
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD4-score01-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD4-score01-3=<br />
| RD4-seed02=LL<br />
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|B Harris]]<br />
| RD4-score02-1=2<br />
| RD4-score02-2=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD4-score02-3=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2025/7808/mds.pdf Main draw]<br />
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2025/7808/qs.pdf Qualifying draw]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 Bengaluru Open - 1}}<br />
[[Category:2025 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open - 1]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2025 Singles]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_Stadium_(Aizawl)&diff=478146Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)2025-12-26T07:47:09Z<p>Teena29I554: Put Up Basic Article W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Stadium in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = Rajiv Gandhi Stadium<br />
| caption = Panoramic view of the stadium<br />
| image = Rajiv Gandhi Stadium.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| location = Salem Veng, Aizawl<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.714281|92.735391}}<br />
| broke_ground = <br />
| built = <br />
| opened = <br />
| renovated = <br />
| expanded = <br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| owner = <br />
| operator = <br />
| surface = [[Astroturf]]<br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| architect = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| services_engineer = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| project_manager = <br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| former_names = <br />
| tenants = [[Mizoram football team]] <br/> [[Aizawl FC]] <br/> [[Chanmari FC]] <br/> [[Mizoram Premier League]]<br />
| seating_capacity = 20,000<br />
| dimensions = 105.0 x 68.0 m<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajiv Gandhi Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in Mualpui, Salem Veng, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhinga Veng Champions|url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl6-champions-chhinga-veng-fc|access-date=13 April 2018|website=www.inkhel.com|publisher=Inkhel Mizo Sports Website hmasa ber|date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221175243/https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl6-champions-chhinga-veng-fc|archive-date=21 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|title=Aizawl, TRAU share spoils|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-trau-share-spoils/|date=15 November 2022|access-date=17 November 2022|website=i-league.org|publisher=Hero [[I-League]]|location=Aizawl, Mizoram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115162525/https://i-league.org/aizawl-trau-share-spoils/|archive-date=15 November 2022}}</ref> It is used mainly for [[association football|football]] and [[athletic games|athletics]]. This stadium is named after [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the 6th Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2022/11/15/spd20-spo-foot-ld-ileague.html|title=Aizawl TRAU share spoils 10-man Rajasthan prevail over Churchill Brothers|publisher=The Week|website=theweek.in|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=15 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119074346/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2022/11/15/spd20-spo-foot-ld-ileague.html|archive-date=19 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-2018-19-rohit-danu-youngest-scorer-aizawl-fc-indian-arrows/article25920507.ece |title=I-League: Rohit Danu becomes youngest scorer as Indian Arrows beats Aizawl FC |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627125746/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-2018-19-rohit-danu-youngest-scorer-aizawl-fc-indian-arrows/article25920507.ece |archive-date=27 June 2022 |date=5 January 2019 |access-date=26 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="MPL">{{cite news|title=Aizawl FC are Mizo Premier League Champions|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|access-date=8 January 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002017/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mizoram Premier League Season 7 Gets Underway|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2018/09/01/mizoram-premier-league-season-7-gets-underway/|work=IndiaFooty.com|date=7 September 2018|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916161831/https://www.indiafooty.com/2018/09/01/mizoram-premier-league-season-7-gets-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Stadium==<br />
The stadium is a two tier stadium. The stadium under construction will have a [[seating capacity]] of 20,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|last=tirhkahthawla|title=Mualpui Stadium Design|url=http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|publisher=misual.com|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527095346/http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Stadium is used as home by [[Aizawl FC]] for [[I League]] games.<ref>{{cite web |title=The game of their lives: Aizawl FC's fairytale run only part of Mizoram's obsession with football |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aizawl-fc-fairytale-run-i-league-mizoram-obsession-with-football-the-game-of-their-lives-4644149/ |website=Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151904/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aizawl-fc-fairytale-run-i-league-mizoram-obsession-with-football-the-game-of-their-lives-4644149/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Foundation stone for Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Salem Veng, Mualpui, [[Aizawl]] was laid by [[Sonia Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web|last=dipr mizoram|title=Sonia Gandhi laid the foundation stone for Rajiv Gandhi Sports Stadium|url=http://samaw.com/sonia-gandhi-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-rajiv-gandhi-sports-stadium/2867|publisher=samaw.com|accessdate=14 August 2012|archive-date=17 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142158/http://samaw.com/sonia-gandhi-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-rajiv-gandhi-sports-stadium/2867|url-status=usurped}}</ref> on 6 March 2010 in presence of [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]], [[Pu Lalthanhawla]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RG Stadium sak hna 30% zo tawh|url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5543:rg-stadium-sak-hna-30-zo-tawh&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|accessdate=11 September 2012|newspaper=The Zozamtimes|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211102204/http://ww1.thezozamtimes.org/?subid1=ed61ed16-a9f5-11ed-a24f-871fb459fe84|url-status=live}}</ref> This complex was the venue for the 26th 2012 Northeast Games.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAL THANHAWLA INAUGURATED 26TH NORTH EAST GAMES 2012|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lal-thanhawla-inaugurated-26th-north-east-games-2012|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|accessdate=14 August 2012|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211248/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lal-thanhawla-inaugurated-26th-north-east-games-2012|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}} <br />
{{Aizawl}}<br />
<br />
{{I-League venues}}<br />
{{Football stadiums in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football venues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Aizawl]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Aizawl FC]]<br />
[[Category:Luangmual FC]]<br />
[[Category:2010 establishments in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2010]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kent_(1820_ship)&diff=509242Kent (1820 ship)2025-12-25T01:00:29Z<p>Teena29I554: started first data w/ infobox...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Vessel sailing for the British East India Company}}<br />
{{other ships|Kent (East Indiaman)}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
|image=East Indiaman Kent off Deal, England.jpg<br />
|image_caption = {{circa|1825}} painting of ''Kent'' by [[William John Huggins]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| country = United Kingdom <br />
| operator = British [[East India Company]]<br />
| flag = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|50px]] <br />
| name = ''Kent''<br />
| owner = Stewart Marjoribanks (principal managing owner) <br />
| ordered = <br />
| builder = Wigram & Green, Blackwall<br />
| laid_down = <br />
| launched = 6 December 1820{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=135-6}}<br />
| renamed = <br />
| fate = Lost in a fire at sea 1825<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|header_caption=<ref name=BL/><br />
|class=<br />
|type=East Indiaman<br />
|tonnage=<br />
|displacement=<br />
|tons_burthen=1332, or 1421{{small|{{frac|91|94}}}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=135-6}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])<br />
|length={{convert|133|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall); {{convert|116|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel) <br />
|beam={{convert|43|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} <br />
|hold_depth={{convert|17|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}} <br />
|draught=<br />
|sail_plan=<br />
|speed=<br />
|endurance=<br />
|boats=<br />
|capacity=<br />
|troops=<br />
|complement=140<br />
|crew=<br />
|armament=<br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''''Kent''''' was an [[East Indiaman]], a vessel sailing for the British [[East India Company]], and launched in 1820. She completed two voyages to Bombay and China for the Company and was on her third voyage, to Bengal and China, when a fire in the [[Bay of Biscay]] destroyed her. Her captain for all three voyages was Henry Cobb.<br />
<br />
==Voyages 1 & 2==<br />
===Voyage #1 (1821-1822)===<br />
''Kent'' left [[Cowes]] on 14 March 1821 and reached Bombay on 10 June. She arrived in Singapore on 29 August, and [[Whampoa anchorage]] on 24 September. On her return leg she crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 29 December. She reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 2 May 1822, and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 27 June.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115241] British Library: ''Kent'' (7).]</ref><br />
<br />
===Voyage #2 (1823-1824)===<br />
On her second voyage, ''Kent'' left The Downs on 7 January 1823, reaching New Anchorage on 9 May. From there she reached Penang on 1 August and Singapore on 21 August. A little more than a month later, on 30 September, she arrived at Whampoa. ''Kent'' crossed the Second Bar on 16 November, reached St Helena on 7 February 1824, and arrived back at The Downs on 22 March.<ref name=BL/><br />
<br />
==Third voyage==<br />
''Kent'' left the Downs on 19 February 1825, with 20 officers and 344 soldiers belonging to the [[31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot|31st Regiment of Foot]], 43 women and 66 children, 20 private passengers, and a crew (including officers) of 148 men. In all, there were 641 persons on board.<ref name="G">Duncan McGregor, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24745/24745-8.txt The Loss of the Kent, East Indiaman, in the Bay of Biscay]'', from [[Project Gutenberg]]</ref><br />
<br />
===Loss===<br />
A report from 1832 states:<br />
<blockquote><br />
THE SHIP ON FIRE, <br />
On the 1st of March 1825, the Kent East Indiaman took fire in the Bay of Biscay. She had sailed from the Downs about the middle of February, being bound for Bengal and China. By the roll of the vessel, a cask of spirits had been displaced; and, as the men were about to fix it in its former position, a heavy sea struck the ship, and precipitated a candle from the hands of one of them. This, falling on a small portion of the spirits, which had escaped from the cask, produced an instant conflagration, which defied every effort to stay its progress. At this awful crisis, the Cambria, Captain Cook, bound from [[London]] to [[Mexico]], having on board thirty-five miners and superintendents of the Anglo-Mexican company, hove in sight. Seeing a signal of distress, Captain Cook instantly bore down; and, on approaching the Kent, discovered her to be on fire. Not a moment was lost in rendering every possible assistance and transferring the crew and passengers to the brig. Throughout the whole of this affair, there appears to have been a very obvious display of providential superintendence. The Cambria could not, as we are informed, have fallen in with the Kent, had not Captain Cook been induced to lie to for the purpose of repairing the bulwarks of his vessel. It is also stated, that if the Cambria, on her return to [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]], had been detained by the wind a day or two longer, it must have occasioned deplorable discomfort on board his vessel, a brig of two hundred tons, with more than 600 souls crowded together in her cabin and on her deck. But for this timely interference, 547 lives must inevitably have been lost.<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=John |title=The Record of Providence; or, the Government of God Displayed in a Series of Interesting Facts |url=https://archive.org/details/recordprovidenc00youngoog |access-date=11 August 2013 |year=1832 |publisher=Houlston and Son |location=Paternoster Row, London |page=[https://archive.org/details/recordprovidenc00youngoog/page/n260 238]}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Rescue===<br />
[[File:Burning of 'The Kent', 1st March 1825.jpg|thumb|''Burning of 'The Kent', 1st March 1825'' ([[William Daniell]], {{circa|1827}})]]<br />
<br />
By chance the brigantine ''Cambria'' saw ''Kent''{{’}}s distress signal. ''Cambria'', a small vessel bound for Mexico with a crew of 11 men, was transporting some 20 Cornish miners.{{efn|''Cambria'' was of 120 tons (bm), and had been launched at Aberdeen in 1808.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=135-6}} She was under the command of a Captain Barham.<ref>''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' (1825).</ref>}} The crew and miners worked tirelessly to rescue survivors, fully cognizant of the risk that the ''Kent''{{'}}s magazine might explode at any time. There were instances of men who tied the children of brother soldiers on their backs, and leaping overboard swam with their burdens to the boats. By the following evening, ''Cambria'' had some 550 survivors aboard her.<br />
<br />
The crew of the ill-fated ''Kent'' however did not behave as well as the miners or soldiers. They refused to return for their shipmates after the first trip until the captain of the ''Cambria'' threatened not to let them board unless they did so.<br />
<br />
At 2 a.m. the ''Kent'' did explode. Two hours after she blew up, a soldier's wife gave birth on board ''Cambria''. The following morning ''Caroline'' rescued 14 of the men who remained on the wreck and carried them to Liverpool. ''Cambria'' landed her survivors back in Falmouth three days later. The miners and others associated with the rescue received silver medals in recognition of their courage and efforts.<br />
<br />
===Losses===<br />
Eighty-one people lost their lives:<ref name="G"/> 54 soldiers, one woman, 20 children, one seaman, and five boys. The EIC put the value of its cargo lost on ''Kent'' at £17,980.<ref>''Reports...'' (1830), Vol. 2, p.978.</ref><br />
<br />
==The ''Kent'' in art and literature==<br />
[[File:Loss of indiaman Kent-Theodore Gudin-MnM 9 OA 34 D-b.png|right|250px|thumb|''Loss of the Kent'', [[Théodore Gudin]], [[Musée national de la Marine]], Paris]]<br />
<br />
The loss of the ''Kent'' was highly newsworthy and led a number of artists to paint their own versions of the tragedy. In addition to [[William Daniell]], artists that dealt with the tragedy included [[Théodore Gudin]], Thomas Marie Madawaska Hemy (1874–1931), and an anonymous lithographer whose "Loss of the ''Kent''" is in the [[National Maritime Museum]], as are a number of other renditions. (The [[National Maritime Museum Cornwall]] has an [[aquatint]] of Daniell's painting.) [[Thomas Buttersworth]] (1768–1842) also painted "The East Indiaman Kent on Fire in the Bay of Biscay".<br />
<br />
The loss of the ''Kent'' was later commemorated in a poem by [[William McGonagall]].<ref>{{cite web|last=McGonagall|first=William|title=The Burning of the Ship "Kent"|url=http://www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/gems/the-burning-of-the-ship-kent|date=1900|website=McGonagall Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Buchan |first1=George |author1-link=George Buchan of Kelloe |title=A Narrative of the Loss of the Kent East Indiaman, by Fire, in the Bay of Biscay on the 1st March 1825 |date=1825 |publisher=Waugh & Innes |location=Edinburgh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txifhAVMAhMC}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Hackman |first1=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}<br />
*Last known coordinates of the ''Kent:'' {{cite news |title=Harper's Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoYUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75 |newspaper=Harper's |date=1834 |access-date=1 August 2013|author1 = Harper}}<br />
<br />
{{Commonscat|Kent (ship, 1820)}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{cite news |title=Harper's Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoYUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13 |newspaper=Harper's |date=1834 |access-date=1 August 2013|author1 = Harper}}<br />
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{{coord|47|30|N|9|45|W|display=title}}<br />
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{{1825 shipwrecks}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kent (1820 EIC ship)}}<br />
[[Category:1825 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Maritime incidents in March 1825]]<br />
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]<br />
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:1820 ships]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Bay of Biscay]]<br />
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]<br />
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjani_Hebbar&diff=529629Ranjani Hebbar2025-12-17T17:33:14Z<p>Teena29I554: added first article w/ refs</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ranjani Hebbar <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt = Ranjani Hebbar<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| father =V. Aravinda Hebbar (Botany Professor)<br />
| mother = Vasanthalakshmi Hebbar<br />
| birth_date = September 9th 1983<br />
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], India<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|06|09|1981|09|09}}<br />
|death_place= [[Udupi]], India<br />
| occupation = {{flat list|<br />
*Carnatic classical vocalist<br />
}}<br />
| years_active = 23<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| genre = {{flat list|<br />
*[[Carnatic classical music|indian classical]]<br />
*[[Carnatic music|carnatic]]<br />
}}<br />
| instrument = {{flat list|<br />
*vocal<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ranjani Hebbar Guruprasad''' (1981 - 9 June 2013) was an Indian [[Carnatic music]] vocalist. Now her two disciples, Vid. Archana and Vid. Samanvi are propagating the music following their path shown by their Guru.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Ranjani Hebbar was born in [[Udupi]] to Aravind Hebbar, a [[Botany]] Professor and Vasanthalakshmi.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-death-of-a-brilliant-possibility-1848286 | author = V Ramnarayan | author-link = V Ramnarayan | title = Death of a brilliant possibility |<br />
date = 15 June 2013 | newspaper = [[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> She started learning music from her parents and Madhoor Balasubramaniam and become the first disciple of [[S. Sowmya]] and Srinivasan, Sowmya's father. She continued to study under [[Chingleput Ranganathan|Chengalpet Ranganathan]] and Completed her post graduation in [[Carnatic Music]] from [[Madras University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/carnatic-vocalist-ranjani-hebbar-passes-away/article4799593.ece|title=Carnatic vocalist Ranjani Hebbar passes away|date=2013-06-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She married Guruprasad, a Software Engineer.<ref>[http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130611/news-current-affairs/article/vocalist-ranjani-hebbar-no-more]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Professional career==<br />
She was an A-Grade artist on [[All India Radio]] and has performed on many stages in South India, including on national television.<ref>{{Citation|last=Prakashrao Narayanan|title=Ranjani Hebbar-concert|date=2014-12-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2xwKJPvviI|accessdate=2018-03-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Ranjani Hebbar died of [[Cancer]] on June 9, 2013, in KMC Hospital, Manipal.<br />
<br />
==Awards and titles==<br />
*Kalki Award<br />
*Isai Chudar<br />
*[[M S Subbulakshmi]] scholarship <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=176301|title=Udupi: Renowned musician Rajani Hebbar (30) loses battle with cancer|date=10 June 2013|publisher=daijiworld.com|access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebbar, Ranjani}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:2013 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venita_Coelho&diff=544096Venita Coelho2025-12-16T21:45:10Z<p>Teena29I554: stub</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian writer, director and artist|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{notability|bio|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Venita Coelho<br />
| image = Venita coelho author.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dehra Dun]],<br/>undivided [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br/>(now part of [[Uttarakhand]]), [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Writer, director and artist<br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| education = <br />
| period = First television series written and directed by in 1987 (''Head Over Heels''). First book published in 2007.<br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| genre = [[Novel]], [[short story]]<br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = Film, television, children's literature. ''Washer of the Dead'' and ''Boy No.32''.<br />
| alma_mater = [Loreto Day School, Dharamtala, Kolkata] [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]], [[Sophia College for Women]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| awards = ''[[The Hindu]]'': Good Reads award for best fiction for children 2016.<br />
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/officialvenitacoelho}}<br />
| portaldisp = <br />
}}<br />
'''Venita Coelho''' is an Indian writer, director and artist who lives in [[Goa]].<ref name="Scholastic">{{cite web |title=Author profile |url=http://scholastic.co.in/en/authors/venita-coelho |accessdate=22 July 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605003931/http://scholastic.co.in/en/authors/venita-coelho |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Sify News">{{cite web |title=Venita Coelho – the woman who ran away from Television |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/news/venita-coelho-the-woman-who-ran-away-from-television-imagegallery-features-ki0qfJbeddesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323122717/http://www.sify.com/news/venita-coelho-the-woman-who-ran-away-from-television-imagegallery-features-ki0qfJbeddesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 23, 2015 |accessdate=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Harper Collins Profile">{{cite web |title=Venita Coelho |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/venita-coelho/ |accessdate=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Kurian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/power-in-her-pen/article23250727.ece|title=POWER in her pen|last=Kurian|first=Nimi|date=2018-03-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Born in [[Dehra Dun]], [[Uttarakhand]], Coelho grew up and was educated in [[Kolkata]], where she attended [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]]. She moved to [[Mumbai]] ([[Bombay]]), and did her diploma in social communications [[Media studies|media]] from [[Sophia College]]<ref name="Rediff news">{{cite web |title=When you think out of the box, they fire you |url=http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/02/specials-interview-with-author-venita-coelho.htm |accessdate=22 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career: media and books==<br />
After working in film and television,<ref name="Harper Collins Profile"/> she re-located to Goa. She is the author of books<ref name="Kurian"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/venita-coelho/1041430/|title=Venita Coelho Books {{!}} List of books by author Venita Coelho|last=ThriftBooks|website=ThriftBooks|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> including ''Dead As A Dodo'', which won The Sahitya Akademi Bal Puruskar for 2020 and ''The Hindu'' Good Reads award for best fiction for children 2016.<br />
<br />
==In films and TV==<br />
Her career in television started as an intern at [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] in [[Mumbai]]. She has since written, produced and directed shows. She has since worked at [[Sony Entertainment Television]], [[Endemol India]], [[Nimbus Communications Limited|Nimbus]] and [[Cinevistaas Ltd]].<ref name="Harper Collins Profile" /> Coelho has written the daily soap ''Trikaal'' and [[Karan Johar]]'s adaptation of ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'', ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We are Family.]]''<ref name="Rediff news" /> She also wrote the script for ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' in 2003.<ref name="Sify News" /><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* ''Dungeon Tales'' (Scholastic India) <br />
* ''Tiger by the Tail'' (Hachette India) -- Nominated for the Neev Literary Award 2018)<ref name="NLA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.in/neev-literature-festival-announces-shortlist-for-neev-childrens-book-awards/|title=Neev Literature Festival announces shortlist for 'NEEV Children's Book Awards' - EducationWorld|website=www.educationworld.in|date=25 September 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref><br />
* ''Boy No. 32''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/an-interview-with-venita-coelho-boy-no-32/|title=An interview with Venita Coelho, "Boy No. 32" {{!}} Jaya's blog|website=www.jayabhattacharjirose.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> (nominated for the Neev Literary Award 2018)<ref name="NLA" /><br />
* ''Soap! Writing and Surviving Television in India'' (Harper Collins India)<br />
* ''Dead as Dodo'' (winner of ''The Hindu''/Good Reads Award for Best Fiction for Children 2016)<ref name="NLA" /> Winner of The "Sahitya Akademi" "Bal Puruskar" 2020<br />
* ''Monkey See Monkey Do'' (nominated for ''The Hindu''/Good Reads Award for the Best Fiction for Children 2017. Nominated for the Neev Literary Award 2018)<br />
* ''The Washer of the Dead: A Collection of Ghost Stories'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zubaanbooks.com/bookauthor/venita-coelho/|title=Venita Coelho {{!}} Author {{!}} Zubaan|website=zubaanbooks.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> called "a ghost folklore from a feminist perspective" (Zubaan/ Penguin India). Recommended by Erica Jong<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theweek.com/articles/575412/erica-jong-recommends-6-books-that-deal-death|title=Erica Jong recommends 6 books that deal with death|date=2015-09-06|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> as one of the ten best books on death and dying, this collection of feminist ghost stories was long listed for the Frank O'Connor award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.munsterlit.ie/FOC%20Award%20page.html|title=FOC Award|website=www.munsterlit.ie|access-date=2018-10-22|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512022257/http://www.munsterlit.ie/FOC%20Award%20page.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In art==<br />
Coelho works in oils and acrylics on canvas and glass.<br />
<br />
==Columns and the media==<br />
She wrote a column for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' titled "The Tale of Two Cities", and other columns for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Asian Age]]'' and ''[[O Heraldo]]''.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Coelho, Venita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_AIFF_Super_Cup_final&diff=4831542024 AIFF Super Cup final2025-12-07T09:07:05Z<p>Teena29I554: info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Football cup tournament final for AIFF}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox football match<br />
| title = 2024 Super Cup final<br />
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the match<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| event = [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024 Super Cup]]<br />
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br />
| team1score = 3<br />
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
| team2score = 2<br />
| details = '''After Extra Time'''<br />
| date = 28 January 2024<br />
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]<br />
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27789 |title=the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129192454/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27789 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=30 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| man_of_the_match1aname = Player of the Match<br />
| referee = Venkatesh R.<br />
| attendance = 10,121<br />
| weather = Warm and humid<br />
| previous = [[2023 Indian Super Cup final|2023]]<br />
| next = [[2025 Indian Super Cup final (April)|2025 (April)]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''2024 Super Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024 Super Cup]], the fourth edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]. It was played at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] on 28 January 2024 between [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].<br />
<br />
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] won the match 3–2 for their ninth national cup title and the first major title in 12 years.<ref name="SuperCup24">{{cite web |first=Akhil |last=Rawat |department=AIFF Media Team |location=Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup |date=28 January 2024 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128201257/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Road to the final==<br />
{{further|2024 Super Cup (India)}}<br />
<br />
The Super Cup is a new annual Indian [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out]] [[Association football|football]] competition that is open to all twelve teams in the [[Indian Super League]] and top four teams from the [[I-League]] and is run by the [[All India Football Federation]].<br />
<br />
The Indian Super League teams automatically qualified for the competition. The top three teams of the I-League qualified automatically while the fourth spot was decided via a play-off match between [[Inter Kashi]] and [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]].<br />
<br />
===East Bengal===<br />
{{see also|2023–24 East Bengal FC season}}<br />
<br />
Before the 2024 Indian Super Cup, East Bengal had reached the final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], India's top domestic cup competitions, 17 times and won the tournament eight times. East Bengal last reached the final in [[2018 Indian Super Cup final|2018]] but came runner-up to [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. East Bengal was grouped in Group A, alongside [[Indian Super League]] sides &ndash; [[Mohun Bagan]], [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] and an [[I-League]] side [[Sreenidhi Deccan FC|Sreenidhi Deccan]].<ref name=supercup>{{cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal began their Super Cup campaign on 9 January 2024 and faced Hyderabad in the opening fixture of the tournament and managed a 3&ndash;2 victory with [[Cleiton Silva]] scoring a brace and [[Saúl Crespo]] scoring the third.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 January 2023|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-grind-out-hard-fought-win-to-kickstart-kalinga-super-cup-campaign/|title=East Bengal grind out hard-fought win to kickstart Kalinga Super Cup campaign|work=I-League|accessdate=11 January 2023|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164227/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-grind-out-hard-fought-win-to-kickstart-kalinga-super-cup-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 January, East Bengal faced Sreenidhi Deccan and won 2&ndash;1 with goals from [[Hijazi Maher]] and [[Javier Siverio]].<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2023|url=https://i-league.org/17591-2/|title=Advantage East Bengal in Group A as they corner 2-1 win over Sreenidi Deccan|work=I-League|accessdate=20 January 2023|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129080255/https://i-league.org/17591-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 January, East Bengal faced their arch-rivals Mohun Bagan in the [[Kolkata Derby]] fixture in a virtual quarter-final tie that would decide the group champions and who would progress into the semi-finals and East Bengal won 3&ndash;1 with captain Cleiton Silva scoring a brace while [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] scoring the other, as East Bengal won all three matches in the group to qualify for the semi-final.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2023|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengals-super-efforts-show-mohun-bagan-super-giant-the-kalinga-super-cup-door/|title=East Bengal's super effort shows Mohun Bagan Super Giant the Kalinga Super Cup door|work=I-League|accessdate=20 January 2023|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129080203/https://i-league.org/east-bengals-super-efforts-show-mohun-bagan-super-giant-the-kalinga-super-cup-door/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 January, East Bengal faced Group B winners [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] in the semi-finals and won 2&ndash;0 with goals from Hijazi Maher and Javier Siverio as they entered the final for the second time, after 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 January 2023|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-net-once-in-each-half-to-reach-title-round/|title=East Bengal net once in each half to reach title round|work=I-League|accessdate=25 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124194127/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-net-once-in-each-half-to-reach-title-round/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Odisha===<br />
{{see also|2023–24 Odisha FC season}}<br />
<br />
Odisha started the campaign as the defending champions of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] having won it the previous year in [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]. They were grouped in Group D, alongside [[Indian Super League]] sides &ndash; [[FC Goa|Goa]], [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and [[I-League]] side [[Inter Kashi]]. Odisha started their campaign on 12 January 2024 against Indian Super League side Bengaluru and won 1&ndash;1 courtesy of a solitary strike from [[Ahmed Jahouh]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-start-title-defence-with-a-victory-over-bengaluru-fc/|title=Odisha FC start title defence with a victory over Bengaluru FC|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129080202/https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-start-title-defence-with-a-victory-over-bengaluru-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 January, Odisha faced Inter Kashi and won 3&ndash;0 with goals from [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]], [[Diego Mauricio]], and [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]].<ref>{{cite web|date=17 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-make-short-work-of-inter-kashi-to-pocket-full-points/|title=Odisha FC make short work of Inter Kashi to pocket full points|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129074700/https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-make-short-work-of-inter-kashi-to-pocket-full-points/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 January, Odisha faced Goa in the last match of the group stage and won 3&ndash;2 with goals from Ahmed Jahou and [[Mourtada Fall]] scoring a brace.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/mourtada-fall-rises-high-to-plot-fc-goas-fall/|title=Mourtada Fall rises high to plot FC Goa's fall|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129081706/https://i-league.org/mourtada-fall-rises-high-to-plot-fc-goas-fall/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the semi-final, Odisha faced [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] on 25 January and won 1&ndash;1 courtesy of a penalty goal by Diego Mauricio as Odisha entered their second consecutive final in the Super Cup.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/diego-mauricios-spot-kick-gives-odisha-fc-the-final-spot/|title=Diego Mauricio's spot kick gives Odisha FC the final spot|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129074700/https://i-league.org/diego-mauricios-spot-kick-gives-odisha-fc-the-final-spot/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Pre-match==<br />
===Venue===<br />
[[File:Aerial view of Kalinga Stadium.jpg|thumb|Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar|alt=Aerial view of a stadium.]]<br />
On 18 December 2023, it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] that the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] would host the entire Super Cup.<ref name=supercupaiff>{{cite web|date=18 December 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
This would be the third time that Kalinga Stadium would be hosting the Super Cup after 2018 and 2019.<ref name=supercupaiff/><br />
<br />
===Analysis===<br />
Coming into this match, both sides looked at it as a chance to qualify for the [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25 AFC Champions League Two preliminary stage]]. [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] were the defending champions of the tournament, this time playing at their home ground [[Kalinga Stadium]], hoping to defend the title. Their coach [[Sergio Lobera]] had already won the trophy in [[2019 Super Cup (India)|2019]] with [[FC Goa|Goa]]. He stated before the match, "We have a big game in front of us. We have the responsibility to keep the trophy here. We are excited about this opportunity and the most important thing is to enjoy this final. It's a big game for everyone - the players, coaches, staff and supporters,".<ref name=prematch>{{cite web|date=27 January 2024|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-war-odisha-fc-east-bengal-at-swords-points-to-seize-the-super-cup-tiara|title=Kalinga war: Odisha FC, East Bengal at sword's points to seize the Super Cup tiara|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=4 February 2024|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144353/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-war-odisha-fc-east-bengal-at-swords-points-to-seize-the-super-cup-tiara|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] were looking to break their twelve-year wait for a major domestic trophy having last won the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012 Federation Cup]] at [[Siliguri]] defeating [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] in the final. East Bengal had already reached the [[2023 Durand Cup]] final in the season and finished runner-up. Coach [[Carles Cuadrat]] said before the match, "We are feeling very good. We have been fighting for results for a long time. It's very important for us to be in another final. We couldn't win the first one (Durand Cup), so we'll try our best to get the result in this one,".<ref name=prematch/><br />
<br />
==Match==<br />
===Summary===<br />
The defending champions [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] started at a frantic pace at their home ground [[Kalinga Stadium]] with [[Diego Mauricio]] coming close twice to take the lead and Odisha eventually scored the first goal of the match in the thirty-ninth minute when Diego Mauricio pounced on a loose ball inside the box to finish it and make it 1&ndash;0 before half time. East Bengal made two changes as they came out in the second half with [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] and [[Lalchungnunga]] coming on for [[Javier Siverio]] and [[Mandar Rao Dessai]] respectively and they made an instant impact as Mahesh got passed two Odisha players to play a perfect through ball for [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] as the later dribbled past the Odisha goalkeeper to equalize the game in the fifty-first minute. Just ten minutes later, East Bengal was awarded a penalty when [[Mourtada Fall]] tripped [[Borja Herrera]] inside the box and [[Saúl Crespo]] made it 2&ndash;1 from the spot. Just seven minutes later, Odisha found themselves a man down as Mourtada Fall received a second yellow for an elbow on Borja Herrera. East Bengal had a few more chances to finish the game but Odisha earned themselves a penalty at the very last second of the match in the injury time and [[Ahmed Jahouh]] equalized for Odisha to take the game into extra time. In the first half of the extra time, [[Souvik Chakrabarti]] came close to getting the lead back for East Bengal as his close effort struck the bar but minutes later Souvik received his second yellow for time wasting and both teams went down to ten men. In the hundred-eleventh minute, East Bengal scored the winner as captain Cleiton Silva pounced on [[Narender Gahlot]] to snatch the ball inside the box and finish it to make it 3&ndash;2 as East Bengal managed to hold onto the lead and become the champions of the [[2024 Indian Super Cup]].<ref name=kalingasupercupfinal>{{cite web|date=28 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup/|title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128195055/https://i-league.org/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Details===<br />
{{Football box<br />
|date = 28 January 2023<br />
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br />
|score = 3–2<br />
|aet = yes<br />
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27789 Report]<br/>[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=27789 Report]<br />
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
|goals1 = <br />
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|51}}<br />
* [[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|62|pen}}<br />
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti]] {{sent off|2|87|97}}<br />
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{goal|111}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
* [[Diego Mauricio|Mauricio]] {{goal|39}}<br />
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{sent off|2|61|68}}<br />
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{goal|90+9|pen}}<br />
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]<br />
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
|attendance = 10,121<br />
|referee = Venkatesh R<br />
|motm = [[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| width=92% |<br />
|-<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_la = _ebfc2324h<br />
| pattern_b = _ebfc2324home<br />
| pattern_ra = _ebfc2324h <br />
| pattern_so = _2_yellow_stripes<br />
| leftarm = ED1C24<br />
| body = ED1C24<br />
| rightarm = ED1C24<br />
| shorts = FFFFFF<br />
| socks = ED1C24<br />
| alt = a gold and red shirt, white shorts, and red socks<br />
| title = East Bengal<br />
}}<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_la = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_b = _ofc2324h<br />
| pattern_ra = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_sh = <br />
| pattern_so = <br />
| leftarm = 000000<br />
| body = 000000<br />
| rightarm = A349A4<br />
| shorts = 000000<br />
| socks = 000000<br />
| alt = a purple and black shirt, black shorts, and black socks<br />
| title = Odisha<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="40%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || '''13''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB || '''12''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Rakip]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || '''4''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Antonio Pardo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || '''19''' || {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Hijazi Maher]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mandar Rao Dessai]] || || {{suboff|45}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM || '''23''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakrabarti]] || || {{sent off|2|87|97}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM || '''21''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || '''26''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Herrera]] || || {{suboff|99}} <br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''10''' || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] || || {{suboff|74}} <br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''99''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]] || || {{suboff|45}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kamaljit Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''5''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchungnunga]] || || {{subon|45}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''6''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Chhetri]] || || {{subon|99}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''8''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''20''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[V. P. Suhair]]<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''22''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''29''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] || || {{subon|45}}<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''33''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gursimrat Singh Gill]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''82''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|P. V. Vishnu]] || || {{subon|74}} || || {{suboff|85}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''84''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sayan Banerjee]] || || {{subon|85}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Cuadrat]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || '''28''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB || '''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amey Ranawade]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || '''15''' || {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]] || || {{sent off|2|61|68}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB || '''5''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Delgado (footballer, born 1990)|Carlos Delgado]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB || '''18''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]] || || {{suboff|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM || '''10''' || {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM || '''19''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM || '''7''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]] || || {{suboff|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''21''' || {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''9''' || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Mauricio]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''11''' || {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Cy Goddard]] || || {{suboff|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|GK || '''13''' || {{flagicon|IND}} Niraj Kumar<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''3''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narender Gahlot]] || || {{subon|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''14''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Bhumij]]<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''24''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem]]<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''25''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Princeton Rebello]]<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''26''' || {{flagicon|IND}} Laldinliana R<br />
|-<br />
|DF || '''32''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]] || || {{subon|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF || '''42''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]] || || {{subon|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || '''99''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniket Jadhav]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"<br />
|<br />
'''Hero of the Match:'''<br />[[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)<ref name="motm">{{cite web |url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=27789 |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2024 Final |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204134713/https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=27789 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''<br />
<br /> Arun Sasidharan Pillai<br />
<br /> P Vairamuthu<br />
<br />'''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''<br />
<br /> Crystal John<br />
<br />'''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Match commissioner]]:'''<br />
<br /> Binod Kumar Singh<br />
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|<br />
'''Match rules'''<br />
*90 minutes.<br />
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.<br />
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.<br />
*Ten named substitutes<br />
*Maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Post match==<br />
East Bengal captain [[Cleiton Silva]] ended the tournament as the highest goalscorer of the campaign while defender [[Hijazi Maher]] was awarded the 'Best Defender of the Tournament' award. Odisha goalkeeper [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]] was awarded the 'Best Goalkeeper of the Tournament', [[Ahmed Jahouh]] as the 'Best Midfielder of the Tournament', while [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]] was awarded as the 'Player of the Tournament'.<ref name=kalingasupercupfinal/><br />
<br />
The champion team was welcomed by the ever longing East Bengal fans at the [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], Kolkata by an estimated 5,000+ crowd with pyros, smokes, and red and gold colors.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|date=30 January 2024|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-a-lifetime-experience-euphoria-surrounding-east-bengal-fc-s-super-cup-victory-captures-kolkata|title="A once in a lifetime experience" - Euphoria surrounding East Bengal FC's Super Cup victory captures Kolkata|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205114350/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-a-lifetime-experience-euphoria-surrounding-east-bengal-fc-s-super-cup-victory-captures-kolkata|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Viransh|last=Shah|date=29 January 2024|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-fans-throng-kolkata-airport-to-welcome-team-after-super-cup-triumph-260966.html|title=East Bengal Fans Throng Kolkata Airport To Welcome Team After Super Cup Triumph|work=My Khel|accessdate=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205114350/https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-fans-throng-kolkata-airport-to-welcome-team-after-super-cup-triumph-260966.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The team was escorted from the airport to the club premises where thousands more joined in to celebrate the triumph.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=hattacharya|date=30 January 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/red-gold-and-emotions-east-bengals-super-cup-triumph/articleshow/107248405.cms|title=Red, gold and a sea of emotions grip City of Joy as East Bengal returns with Super Cup|work=The Times of India|accessdate=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205114350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/red-gold-and-emotions-east-bengals-super-cup-triumph/articleshow/107248405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
East Bengal also earned a spot in the [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two]] Preliminary stage and thus returned to the continental stage after a gap of nine years since their last participation in the [[2015 AFC Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Sadhu|date=29 January 2023|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/east-bengal-back-in-asia-how-ebfc-turned-the-tables-over-mohun-bagan-before-kolkata-derby-2024-article-107234124|title=East Bengal Back in Asia: How EBFC Have Finally Turned The Tables Over Mohun Bagan Before Kolkata Derby|work=Times Now|accessdate=6 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206061103/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/east-bengal-back-in-asia-how-ebfc-turned-the-tables-over-mohun-bagan-before-kolkata-derby-2024-article-107234124|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.supercup.in/ Super Cup Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{AIFF Super Cup}}<br />
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:AIFF Super Cup final 2024}}<br />
[[Category:2024 AIFF Super Cup]]<br />
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup finals]]<br />
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_State_Carrom_Association&diff=463617Punjab State Carrom Association2025-11-13T15:34:22Z<p>Teena29I554: brief refine details per sources and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{overly detailed|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{primary sources|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{infobox organization<br />
|image=Punjab state carrom association's Logo.jpg<br />
|caption=PSCA Logo<br />
|location=[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India<br />
|founded=1997<br />
|affiliations=[[All India Carrom Federation]], [[International Carrom Federation]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Punjab State Carrom Association''' (PSCA) is the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]] state sport federation for the indigenous game of [[carrom]], and is a state affiliate of the [[All India Carrom Federation]] (AICF), India's national branch of the [[International Carrom Federation]] (ICF). The PSCA was formed during 1996&ndash;97 in [[Sirhind]], Punjab, [[Northern India]]. There were ten district associations affiliated with PSCA of which the [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] and [[Amritsar]] associations are the largest. The PSCA's headquarters are in [[Mohali]], Punjab. Till November 2022, The association has organized 5 State championships and 1 National championship.<br />
<br />
==Officials==<br />
The PSCA has elected officers, including (as of 2018):<br />
* President: Col. CS Bawa<br />
* Executive President: Harjeet Singh<br />
* Vice-president/Joint Secretary: Kamaljeet Grover<br />
* Patron: Gurdeep Singh, Arvinderjit Singh<br />
* General Secretary: [[Gurinder Singh (carrom player)|Gurinder Singh]] (Mohali); also a Joint Secretary of the North Zone Carrom Association (NZCA), an officer of two of the district PSCA affiliates, and a well-known tournament player<br />
* Treasurer: SK Viz<br />
<br />
==Affiliated district associations==<br />
<br />
===Amritsar District Carrom Association===<br />
ADCA affiliated with the PSCA on 14 February 2007. Because of the formation of new district called Tarn Taran, the officials of the ADCA shifted to the new Tarn Taran District Carrom Association, as the result of a meeting. ADCA was reformed subsequently, with new officers:<br />
<br />
* Jaswant Singh – President<br />
* Rajesh Thapa – General Secretary<br />
* Simranjit Singh – Treasurer<br />
<br />
===Mohali District Carrom Association===<br />
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}<br />
The largest number of players in national tournaments to date were MDCA members. Officers include:<br />
* Gurinder Singh – General Secretary (also General Secretary of PSCA, and officer of GTBSC)<br />
<br />
MDCA players were champs at the state level and performed well in many nationals. It included [[Harpreet Singh (carrom player)|Harpreet Singh]], [[Amarpreet Singh Johal]], [[Taranpreet Pahwa]] and [[Sukhpreet Kaur]], among others.<br />
<br />
===Tarn Taran District Carrom Association===<br />
TTDCA(also Called TDCA) was formed in 2007 from ADCA, when Tarn Taran was declared as its own district that year, and the ADCA officers moved into the same positions in the TDCA. Its officials include:<br />
* Balwinder Singh - General Secretary (also Vice-president of the PSCA)<br />
* Rajinder Sharma - Committee Member<br />
* Shanti Sharma - Committee Member<br />
<br />
Longstanding TDCA player and coach [[Reeta Rani]] held 6th rank in the Youth National tournament held in at [[Alibag]], [[Maharashtra]]. Other Notable players from TDCA includes Bholu Kapoor, Germanjeet Kaur, and Ramanpreet Kaur, among others.<br />
<br />
===Fatehgarh Sahib District Carrom Association (FSDCA)===<br />
FSDCA was formed in 1997. This association also conducted First Punjab State Carrom Championship. Notable players include Gurvinder Singh, Jatinder Pal Singh Batra, Harjatinder Singh, Vikrat Sharma.<br />
<br />
===Sangrur District Carrom Association (SDCA)===<br />
SDCA was formed in 2000. Heena Habib, Shahbaz Habib, Shamim Ahmed, Ammen Habib aka Payal Khan, Rubal Khan are notable players of the said association.<br />
<br />
===Patiala District Carrom Association (PDCA)===<br />
PDCA was made in year 2000. This association conducted seventh north zone carrom tournament. Harsimrat Singh is notable player of said association<br />
<br />
===Other associations===<br />
Following were other associations which remain inactive:<br />
* Faridkot District Carrom Association (FDCA)<br />
* [[Hoshiarpur]] District Carrom Association (HDCA)<br />
* Jalandhar District Carrom Association (JDCA)<br />
* [[Ropar]] District Carrom Association (RPCA)<br />
* [[Bathinda]] District Carrom Association. President: Varinder Singh, Secratory: Sunil Kumar, Treasurar: Neeru Mittal<br />
<br />
==Carrom Clubs under PSCA==<br />
<br />
===Guru Tegh Bahadur Sports Club===<br />
<!--This doesn't seem to belong here, but alphabetized with the rest, since it is not a branch of the MDCA.--><br />
The GTBSC was a [[Mohali District]] carrom club based at [[Mohali]]. This club was formed in 2006. This was first ever Carrom club in Mohali for said sport. The club was directly associated with the PSCA, rather than the Mohali District Carrom Association (MDCA), despite its location. The officers include:<br />
* Mr. S.K. Viz - President<br />
* Gurinder Singh (also General Secretary, PSCA and MHDC) - General Secretary and incoming President<br />
* Mr. P. Singh Arora - Treasurer<br />
* Mr. Sarabjit Singh - Committee Member<br />
<br />
Carrom players of the GTBSC won top positions in state-level Carrom championships and performed well in several national tournaments. Apart from Carrom, the club was also active in [[table tennis]], [[volleyball]], and [[chess]].<br />
<br />
* This club is currently inactive.<br />
<br />
==Work and achievements==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Punjabstatecarromassociationwebsite.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Screenshot of the [http://www.psca.ca.pn/ website]]] --><br />
* The PSCA had organised two open state championships, one with FSDCA at [[Sirhind]] in August 2000, and he other with ADCA at [[Khadoor Sahib]] in 2002. PSCA General Secretary Gurinder Singh played an important role in the tournaments as an organizer. The tournaments were successful and helped raise local public interest in carrom. PSCA Vice-president Balwinder Singh also played an important role as an organizer in the second state championship even though he was ill at the time.<br />
* A senior national and inter state Carrom championship was organized jointly by the PSCA and the [[Chandigarh]] Carrom Association (CCA), at Jalandhar, Punjab, under the auspices of the AICF, on 2 September&ndash;7, 2000, with PSCA General Secretary Gurinder Singh acting as Deputy Championship Director. This was also a great success for the PSCA. Twenty-six states and thirteen institutions participated in the event. [[Krishnan K. Sharma]] (President, ICF), [[Sarabjit Singh (carom player)|Sarabjit Singh]] (President, AICF), [[S.K. Sharma]] (General Secretary, AICF) and many others congratulated PSCA and CCA for jointly undertaking the prestigious event.<br />
* The PSCA conducted the Seventh North Zone Carrom Championship, at Vir Hakikat Rai Public Cchool, [[Patiala]] from 26 January&ndash;28, 2007. Punjab champions [[Heena Habib]] and [[Sukhpreet Kaur]] were subsequently selected to participate in the All India Zonal Tournament.<br />
* The PSCA has also helped with multi-sport tournaments featuring carrom, held in Punjab.<br />
<br />
==Outstanding Players of PSCA==<br />
<br />
===Men===<br />
<br />
====Harpreet Singh====<br />
* Winner – Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Stood 5th – Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Runner up – Junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Second Runner up – Senior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Runner Up - Team Championship – 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.<br />
* Winner – Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.<br />
* Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
<br />
====Amarpreet Singh====<br />
* Second Runner Up – Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Sub Junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Runner Up - Team Championship – 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.<br />
* Second Runner Up – Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.<br />
* Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
====Shahbaz Habib====<br />
* Runner Up – Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Senior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
====Saurabh Sharma====<br />
* Winner – Junior – 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Senior – 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Left the PSCA and now playing from Haryana State Carrom Association.<br />
<br />
====Shamim Ahmed====<br />
* Second Runner up – senior – 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
<br />
====Gurvinder Singh====<br />
* Runner up – Junior – 1st Punjab State Carrom Championship 2000<br />
* Winner – Junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
===Women===<br />
<br />
====Heena Habib====<br />
* Runner Up – Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Senior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Second Runner up in 1st north zone Carrom tournament.<br />
<br />
====Sukhpreet Kaur====<br />
* Winner – Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Sub Junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Runner up – junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Runner up – Senior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Winner – Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.<br />
* 6th Rank in 1st North Zone carrom Championship<br />
* 1st Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* 2nd Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
====Bholu Kapoor====<br />
* Winner – Junior - 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
====Reeta Rani====<br />
* Second Runner up – Senior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
* 6th in Youth National Championship at Alibagh.<br />
<br />
====Payal kha Aka Ammen====<br />
* Runner Up – Sub Junior – 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Runner Up – Sub Junior – 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.<br />
<br />
====Rubal Khan====<br />
* Second Runner Up – Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
<br />
====Bhavneet Kaur====<br />
* Winner – Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
* Winner – Senior – 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[All-India Carrom Federation]]<br />
* [[Carrom]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224110156/http://psca.ca.pn/ PSCA official website]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035021/http://pscamohali.googlepages.com/punjabstatecarromassociation PSCA information at the MDCA website]<br />
* [http://carrompunjab.googlepages.com/ Seventh North Zone Carrom Championship website]<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Carrom governing bodies in India|Punjab]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Mohali]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in Punjab, India]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagdish_Mahto&diff=472020Jagdish Mahto2025-11-09T12:23:07Z<p>Teena29I554: basic correct lead based on references and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian communist activist (died 1972)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Jagdish Mahto<br />
| image = File:Jagdish_Mahato.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| honorific_suffix = Master Saheb<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Ekwari]], [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death-date|1972}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = Murder<br />
| body_discovered = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| monuments = <br />
| occupation = Teacher<br />
| employer = <br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]<br />
| criminal_charge = <br />
| criminal_penalty = <br />
| criminal_status = <br />
| office1 = [[Politburo]] Member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]]<br />
| termstart1 = 1970<br />
| termend1 = 1972<br />
}}<br />
'''Jagdish Mahto''' was an Indian communist activist. He was a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|naxal]] leader who led the [[1970 Bhojpur uprising]] in the landlord-dominated [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] region of [[Bihar]]. He was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]], an organisation which was leading the Naxalite insurgency in Bihar. He also fought against the upper-caste landlords for the cause of lower-caste people.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHttCwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+mahto+master+saheb&pg=PA181|title=Maoism in India|first=Arun|last= Srivastava|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year= 2015|isbn=978-9351865131|page=181|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="d mello">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8K07DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT36<br />
|title=India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History<br />
|author=Bernard D'Mello|<br />
publisher=NYU Press|year=2018|<br />
isbn=978-1583677087|accessdate=16 July 2022}}</ref> Mahto, also called '''Master Saheb''', was a member of the Bihar State Committee of CPI(M–L) and one of the founding leaders of the party in Bhojpur.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ml-to-honour-kin-of-martyrs/articleshow/28306629.cms|title=ML to honour kin of 'martyrs'|website=[[Times of India]]|date=15 November 2002 |editor=Pranava K Chaudhary|accessdate=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721030402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ml-to-honour-kin-of-martyrs/articleshow/28306629.cms|url-status=live|archive-date=21 July 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Jagdish Mahto was born in [[Ekwari]], [[Bihar]]. He was a member of [[Koeri]] community. Mahto established a newspaper called ''Harijanistan'' ("Land of Dalits") in order to voice support for the rights of the [[Dalit]]s.<ref name="Gail">{{cite book|title =Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last= Omvedt|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|pages=58–60|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC|access-date=16 June 2020}} <br />
The Naxalite challenge developed in the central districts where some agricultural development was producing an objective base to challenge the bonds of ex ploitation they called "semifeudalism." Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Arrah called "Harijanistan" (dalit land), even leading a march of dalits on this demand. This was similar to innumerable assertions throughout India at the time, but Bihar contradictions drove Mahto in a more violent direction. Beaten up after supporting the CPI in the 1967 elections, he turned to Naxalism and began to organize murders of landlords and their gang ster henchmen in the area around his native village. The issues on which dalits were stirring were not only those of their abominably low wages, but also izzat, social honor, and especially honor defined in terms of the unrestricted and arro gant access of the upper castes to dalit women. In 1971, before he was killed, Mahto told a fellow teacher, "Brother, I know that I am going to die one of these days. But I will die partly satisfied. For one change that our movement has brought about is that landlords now do not dare to touch the women of the poor."</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115<br />
|title=Windows into a Revolution:Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal|quote= Jagdish Mahto, for instance, a teacher in his village, was hated by the local upper-caste Bhumihar landlords because he refused to get up from his cot in his courtyard when they passed his house.|first=Alpa Shah|last= Judith Pettigrew|publisher=Routledge|year= 2017|isbn=978-1351381819|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> [[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]], a former Minister in the [[Government of Bihar]], is Mahto's son-in-law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Sitting-Ara-MP-finds-the-going-tough/articleshow/33676808.cms?from=mdr|title=Sitting Ara MP finds the going tough|website=[[Times of India]]|date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Sitting-Ara-MP-finds-the-going-tough/articleshow/33676808.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to his involvement in the Naxalite movement, Mahto taught science at [[Harprasad Das Jain College]], [[Arrah]].<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|chapter=ch13.A bit of muscles|first=Santosh|last= Singh|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-9385436420|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+mahto+ruled+or+misruled&pg=PT144|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> Later in his life, he developed an interest in politics and was inspired by the writing of [[Karl Marx]]. Later, he became an [[Ambedkarite]] after reading the philosophy of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Mahto was a staunch supporter of the rights of the [[Dalit]]s. He was also against many of the privileges that the upper castes enjoyed, particularly those who had been "twice born"([[dvija]]). When [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab]] experienced a Dalit upsurgence in 1967, the Bihar region saw no similar uprising from the oppressed sections of the society. Scholars attribute this lack of uprising to prevalent landlordism and the dominance of upper castes in the area, creating fear within lower castes. The first spark of Naxalism developed in Mushari, but it was soon extinguished by feudalistic forces.<ref name="Gail"/><br />
<br />
==Communist upsurge under Mahto==<br />
In the 1967 election, Mahto was supporting his friend [[Ram Naresh Ram]]<ref name=mushar/> in the elections to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], who was running on the ticket of the [[Communist Party of India]] against a candidate supported by local [[Bhumihar]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charvaka|title=No Check on Managements|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=13|year=1978|issue=1 | pages= 8–10|jstor=4366261}}</ref> When Mahto went to the polling booth, he saw that a Bhumihar youth was preventing voters from casting their votes. Mahto spoke out against this and was beaten badly by other Bhumihars. He was admitted to the hospital, where he remained for several months. After being discharged, Mahto became sympathetic to radical ideas. Mahto met [[Charu Mazumdar]] during this period, who had led a "communist uprising" in [[West Bengal|Bengal]] and had travelled to Bhojpur to deliver a speech against the landlords.<ref name="Gail"/><br />
<br />
Mahto formed an alliance with other like-minded youths, including Ram Naresh Ram and Rameswar Ahir. They assembled their supporters under the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]].<ref name="Samaddar"/> They began organising murders of landlords and their henchmen.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Bela|last=Bhatia|title=The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 40|year= 2005|issue=15 |pages=1536–1549 |jstor=4416471}}Initially, the focus was on annihilation of oppressive andlords and their henchmen, and a fight against the state. The struggle against the landlords was not only about land, but also against their samanti (feudal) attitudes and behaviour. Jagdish Mahato is said to have described this hangover from the past in the following words: "the landlord's moustache has got burnt but the twirl still remains".</ref> According to author Bernard D'Mello:<br />
{{Blockquote|Reportedly, the Master would prevail upon his Dalit followers to go forth to "force [their] acceptability as human beings." His practical lesson was: "This is a gun, the weapon of subjugation. Hold it straight, [and] go and deliver justice."<ref name="d mello"/>}}<br />
<br />
By the end of the 1970s, a large number of landlords were killed. The movement pushed for economic reforms (e.g., eliminating unpaid labour of the Dalits for their masters) as well as increased respect for the Dalits. Prior to the movement, there were virtually no consequences for landlords who engaged in unwanted sexual contact with Dalit women. The Dalits were mostly landless labourers who were fighting under Jagdish Mahto for their honour.<ref name="Gail"/><br />
<br />
==Associates==<br />
One of the most notable associates of Mahto was Ganeshi Dusadh, who is described as an outstanding [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla fighter]]. He was the son of a landless [[Debt bondage|bonded]] peasant from the Chauri village of the [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar block]]. Under the leadership of Dusadh, the CPI-ML guerrilla fighters made several attacks on the regional landlords. They killed landlords as well as moneylenders, which was followed by the confiscation of their lands and the organisation of peasants to sow those lands. In addition, the grains of large trading companies were seized and distributed by the guerrillas. For at least six months in 1973, the Chauri village remained under the control of the Naxalites' revolutionary committee. On 6 May 1973, the armed police force entered the village along with the henchmen of the local landlords. The battle that ensued saw the villagers and CPI-ML guerrillas under Ganeshi Dusadh fighting the police and henchmen of the landlords. After a twelve-hour-long conflict, Ganeshi Dusadh was killed.<ref name="d mello"/><br />
<br />
==Participation in revolutionary uprisings across Bhojpur==<br />
===Ayar Rebellion of 1972===<br />
The [[Ahir|Ayar]] village of [[Jagdishpur]] was a stronghold of [[Rajput]] landlords and Thana Singh, one such landlord, had committed several offenses against the [[Musahar]]s and [[Chamar]]s of the village. Two-thirds of the land in the village was controlled by these landlords, including Charichan Singh and Madho Singh. A sentiment against the poor condition of the lower caste in the village began brewing in 1957 but was suppressed by the landlords through the use of brute force.<ref name="Mukherjee"/><br />
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In 1962, the ongoing skirmishes between the lower castes and the landlords led to the deaths of peasant leaders Shivratan Yadav and Bhikhari Yadav and the offenses against lower-caste women continued. According to Kalyan Mukherjee, the village was so unpopular among the Dalits that no Dalit family of another village would want to have a family member married to a resident of the village. The tipping point to revolt was the sexual harassment of the wife of Ramayan Chamar, who used to work as an agricultural labourer in the fields of Charichan Singh, by the sons of her landlord. Chamar's complaint to Charichan Singh led to his physical assault by the men of Charichan Singh. The disgruntled Chamar joined the "Jagdish Mahto group", also called as ''Ekwari ke Master Saheb ka group''. In the retaliation by Mahto and his armed group, who were invited to the village by Chamar, Thana Singh was assassinated; another landlord, Hari Singh, was injured and killed later by the rebels.<ref name="Mukherjee">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HweAAAAMAAJ&q=thana+singh+rape|title= Bhojpur: Naxalism in the Plains of Bihar|author1=Kalyan Mukherjee|author2=Rajendra Singh Yadav<br />
|publisher=Rādhā Krishna|year=1980|access-date=25 February 2021|page=48,49|quote= [48]..The litigation that followed did not diminish the brutality of Thana Singh . Innumerable cases of rape and molestation were attributed to him . ” Things came to such a pass that Ayar became a word of fear in the Harijan of even distant villages.....[48].. In Ayar, a person called Ramayan Chamar responded to the call of Jagdish Mahto. So did his nephew ... The villagers heard the explosion of bombs : Thana Singh, who was revelling in the company of women, was killed. [49]... On the other hand the kinsmen of Thana Singh suspected a fellow Rajput, Dinanath Singh, and killed him in an act of reprisal two months later.}}</ref><br />
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===Activism and anti-landlord activities in Bhojpur===<br />
On 14 April 1970, Mahto, along with Rameswar Ahir and Latafat Hussain, organised a massive rally and candle march in support of [[Harijan]]istan, a separate territory to be inhabited by the lower-castes. The rally was supported by a large number of landless labourers and [[Other Backward Class|backward-caste]] peasants. Mahto also ran a drive against the concept of [[untouchability]] in the villages of Inrukhi, [[Baruna]] and Koshiyar. Anti-landlordism prevailed in the village of Ekwari, a few kilometres away from [[Arrah]].<ref name="Rādhā Krishna">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HweAAAAMAAJ&q=thana+singh+rape|title= Bhojpur: Naxalism in the Plains of Bihar|author1=Kalyan Mukherjee|author2=Rajendra Singh Yadav<br />
|publisher=Rādhā Krishna|year=1980|pages=53–56|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref><br />
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The village of Ekwari was known for its fertile land and the feudal dominance of the upper-caste who exploited the lower-caste. The women of the lower caste were raped with impunity to such an extent that it was accepted as a social norm. The [[Naxalbari]] revolt in [[West Bengal]] motivated Mahto and his friend Ramnaresh Dusadh, who were joined by a [[bandit]] called Rameswar Ahir, to lead an armed uprising against the exploitative [[Zamindar]]s. In a bid to find like-minded youths for rebellion against the upper-caste landlords, the three men came together and organised the youths belonging to the lower castes for an armed rebellion. The tipping point in the rebellion was the assault on Gora Chamar and Chandrika Dusadh by the landlords. A group of [[Koeri]]s and [[Dusadh]] under Jagdish Mahto met with the [[Sub Divisional Magistrate|Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] and a police office was established in the village to handle any future skirmishes.<ref name="Rādhā Krishna"/><br />
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Rameswar Ahir, who joined Mahto in the struggle against the landlords, started his career as a communist rebel by leaving all of his land claims and joining the underground society of communists along with Mahto. On 23 February 1971, a landlord named Shivpujan Singh, who was accused of raping a [[Harijan]] women in a village called Inrukhi, was assassinated by the Mahto group. The assassination followed the murders of a number of other landlords, namely Jagdish Singh, Dudheswar Singh, Mangal Singh, and Paramhans Singh. The attempt by some of them to organise a counter revolution against the communists under Mahto failed. These incidents popularised Ekwari as the "Naxalbari of Bhojpur". Mahto and his wife went [[Resistance movement|underground]], and by 1971 the Ekwari village was divided on a class line between two groups, one containing the influential landlords and the other containing poor peasants and the [[Dalit]]s.<ref name="Rādhā Krishna"/><br />
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==Death==<br />
Mahto was killed after being beaten by a [[Musahar]] mob who mistook him for a ''[[dacoit]]'' (bandit).<ref name=mushar>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Barricade-to-ballot/articleshow/591808.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407081306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Barricade-to-ballot/articleshow/591808.cms?from=mdr |title=Barricade to ballot|first=Akshay|last=Mukul|newspaper=The Times of India| date=31 March 2004 |access-date=26 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Before dying, Mahto is said to have told one of his comrades that, though he was dying, the upper caste landlords wouldn't dare to touch Dalit women in future.<ref name="Gail" /><br />
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In an interview with the media outlets in [[Delhi]], Ram Naresh Ram, an associate of Mahto, discussed the conflict that had taken place for decades in Bhojpur between landed gentry and the subordinate tenants.<ref name="Samaddar">{{cite book|title=From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade|page= 317,318|first=Ranbir|last=Samaddar|publisher=Routledge|location =New york|year=2019|isbn= 978-0-367-13466-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> The caste strife came to an end years later owing to the killings of the core Naxal leaders and retirement of their subordinates.<ref name="Singh" /><br />
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==In popular culture==<br />
Jagdish Mahto became a notable figure among people of Ekwari and several books were written to commemorate his struggle against the landlords for the cause of poor and the deprived. Some of the biographical accounts of Mahto are ''Bhojpur Mein Naxalvadi Andolan'' (Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajendra Yadav), ''Master Saab'' ([[Mahashweta Devi]]), ''Raktim Tara'' (Suresh Kantak), and ''Arjun Zinda Hai'' (Madhukar Singh).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2019/01/revolutionary-lives|title=Revolutionary lives |website=Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)liberation|first=Santosh|last=Sahar|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Brahmeshwar Singh]]<br />
*[[Ashok Mahto gang]]<br />
*[[Chhatradhar Mahato]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence<br />
|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai<br />
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1986|<br />
isbn=0195616812}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Jagdish}}<br />
[[Category:Activists from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]<br />
[[Category:Maoist theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:1972 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]</div>Teena29I554https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekauna&diff=498302Ekauna2025-10-05T18:02:20Z<p>Teena29I554: added new page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in the Bhojpur district of Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
'''Ekauna''', historically documented as '''Ekhowna''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=J. H. |date=1874-06-01 |title=Report on Cholera in the Shahabad District |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=146–147 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5128170 |pmid=28995022}}</ref> is a village in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated near the city of [[Arrah]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIJi8qP7XfoC&q=%22ekauna%22 |title=The Indian Law Reports: Patna series |date=1987 |publisher=Published under the Authority of the Governor of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=Asiatic Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiZFAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22ekauna%22&pg=PA163 |title=Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia |date=1822 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Governor |first=PMJF Lion Binod Agrawal, District |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUHREAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ekauna%22&pg=PA164 |title=Lions 322E District Directory (2023-24): Digital Edition |date=2023-08-16 |publisher=Signpost Celfon.in Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-10 |title=India Bihar families fight for 66 years over a plot of land |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22479055 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
One of the earliest mentions of the village is found on 28 July 1873, by J. H. Thornton, who was the [[Civil surgeon|Civil Surgeon]] of the [[Shahabad district]]. The report talks about the cholera outbreak that affected numerous towns and villages in the district.{{citation needed|date= July 2025}}<br />
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According to the report, the epidemic reached Ekauna around the middle of June 1873, concurrently with an outbreak in the nearby village of [[Alekhitola|Alekhi Tola]]. The outbreak was severe, with ten recorded cases of cholera, resulting in seven deaths.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Ekauna is situated in the alluvial plains of the Ganges. The village is located in the [[Udwantnagar]] block of the Bhojpur district.{{citation needed|date= July 2025}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=July 2025}}</div>Teena29I554