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Christian persecution in Manipur

2026-05-07T14:26:18Z

TaylaA461435: adding some post from scratch.

{{Short description|Religious persecution in the Indian state of Manipur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Persecution of Christians in Manipur''' refers to [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]], [[forced conversion]], and [[social exclusion]] directed at [[Christianity in Manipur|the Christian]] communities of the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. The persecution is alongside the longstanding ethnic rivalries. On one side, the predominantly [[Hindu]] [[Meitei people]] of the [[Imphal Valley]] while on the other is the largely [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] communities spread across the surrounding [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|hill districts]]. Since 2023, the conflict has taken on an increasingly overt religious character. The rise of [[Hindutva]] politics and a [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] revival movement both played a part.<ref name="Selvaraj2024">{{cite journal |last=Selvaraj |first=M. Sudhir |title=Acts of Violence? Anti-Conversion Laws in India |journal=[[Social & Legal Studies]] |year=2024 |doi=10.1177/09646639241251613|hdl=10454/19954 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ForeignPolicy2023">{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Ravi |title=Inside Manipur's Ethnic Violence |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=17 August 2023}}</ref> The [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]] brought the issue to international attention. Hundreds of churches burned. Tens of thousands of Christians fled their homes. Credible accounts emerged of forced conversions to Sanamahism.<ref name="OHCHR2023">{{cite web |title=India: UN experts alarmed by continuing abuses in Manipur |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/09/india-un-experts-alarmed-continuing-abuses-manipur |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Demographics ===
The state of manipur is split almost evenly between Hinduism and Christianity. The [[2011 Census of India]] counted roughly 2.86 million people in the state, out of which 41.39% Hindu, 41.29% Christian.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Manipur Population by Religion |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/14-manipur.html |publisher=Census of India 2011 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> The [[Meitei people]] who form the majority live mainly in the Imphal Valley, a lowland pocket that covers only about 10% of the state's total land area. The rest of Manipur, the hill districts, is home to the [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] tribal communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christianity and the "Others" On Conversion of the Tangkhul Nagas |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f9bbedcafddc48fc37865b23d6dd4268ac7b751d |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.semanticscholar.org}}</ref> Both groups are overwhelmingly Christian.<ref name="ICG2025">{{cite web |title=Finding a Way Out of Festering Conflict in India's Manipur |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/rpt/asia/south-asia/india/346-finding-way-out-festering-conflict-indias-manipur |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Among Manipur's Christians, the [[Baptist]] tradition is the most common, followed by [[Presbyterianism]] and [[Roman Catholicism]].<ref name="MattersIndia2023">{{cite web |last=Kavi |first=Jose |title=121 churches of 15 denominations destroyed in Manipur violence |url=https://mattersindia.com/2023/05/121-churches-of-15-denominations-destroyed-in-manipur-diolence/ |publisher=Matters India |date=16 May 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> A smaller but significant portion of [[Meitei people|Meitei]] have also converted to Christianity. With an estimated 300,000 members, Meitei Christians have been described as a "minority within a minority."<ref name="NewLines2023">{{cite news |title=Meitei Christians in India's Manipur Face Broad Attacks |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/ |work=[[New Lines Magazine]] |date=28 December 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Historical context ===
Christianity arrived in Manipur through the [[Anglican]] missionary [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]], who came in 1894 working with the [[American Baptist Foreign Mission Society]]. The first Meitei convert is traditionally said to be Angom Porom Singh of Phayeng, baptised around 1896. A competing account credits Ningol Kaboklei, who may have met missionaries in [[Sylhet]] as early as 1893.<ref name="DCBA">{{cite web |title=Pettigrew, William |url=https://dcbasia.org/biography/pettigrew-william |publisher=Dictionary of Christian Biography in Asia |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=William Pettigrew (1869 – 1943) |url=https://royalasiaticsociety.org/william-pettigrew-1869-1943/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Royal Asiatic Society |language=en-GB}}</ref> Missionary activity expanded rapidly through the hill communities over the 20th century. By the 2011 census, Christians made up 97% of Manipur's Scheduled Tribe population.<ref name="CPSIndia">{{cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXI Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |date=18 October 2016 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

The colonial period left a lasting imprint on ethnic relations. After the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891 the British took direct control of the hill areas. They tightened their grip further after the [[Kuki Rebellion]] of 1917 to 1919.<ref name="ICG2025" /> When India gained independence, the hill tribes received [[Scheduled Tribe]] status under the constitution. That gave them protections over land ownership in tribal areas. Those protections remain a source of tension to this day.<ref name="HRW2023">{{cite web |title=India: Investigate Police Bias Alleged in Manipur Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/30/india-investigate-police-bias-alleged-manipur-violence |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=30 May 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Rise of Hindu nationalism and Sanamahi revivalism ===
Hindu nationalist organisations, such as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which had spent decades building a presence in northeast India. The RSS runs a network of ''[[Ekal Vidyalaya]]'' schools across the region. In many cases they had pushed for Scheduled Tribe status to be stripped from tribals who did not return to their indigenous faiths or Hinduism.<ref name="UCANews2025">{{cite web |title=Christians face a fresh onslaught in Northeast India |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/christians-face-a-fresh-onslaught-in-northeast-india/107485 |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]] |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> After the BJP took power in Manipur in 2017 under [[N. Biren Singh]], the administration started pushing this narrative that christians should no longer retain the Scheduled tribe status<ref name="AlJazeera2024a">{{cite news |title=Manipur's BJP CM inflamed conflict: Assam Rifles report on India violence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/15/manipur-bjp-cm-inflamed-conflict-assam-rifles-report-on-india-violence |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT World - Eight months on, why India failed to contain ethnic violence in Manipur? |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/16430502 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.trtworld.com |language=en}}</ref>.

During this same time, [[Sanamahism]], which is the pre-Hindu indigenous religion of the Meitei, went through a significant revival. Herein, two organisations namely [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]], the drove the revival the most aggressively. Both groups from the onset had framed the growth of Christianity as a direct threat to [[Meitei culture|Meitei identity]].<ref name="Frontline2024">{{cite news |title=Arambai Tenggol: How a Meitei 'sociocultural organisation' became an armed-to-the-teeth militia |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/arambai-tenggol-manipur-meitei-organisation-militia-targeting-kuki-zo/article68210312.ece |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Arambai Tenggol was founded by Manipur's titular king and [[Rajya Sabha]] member [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]. Its founding oath-taking ceremony, held in September 2022 at Sanajaoba's residence, was conducted under Sanamahi rites. Journalists and rights groups have described it as an armed militia. Chief Minister N. Biren Singh gave the group political backing.<ref name="AlJazeera2024a" /><ref name="Scroll2023">{{cite news |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |title=Manipur is in the grip of a civil war. Both sides blame the government |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== Persecution before 2023 ==

=== Anti-conversion pressures ===
In the years before the 2023 violence, the [[Christianity in Manipur|Meitei Christians]] had faced a steady communal pressure to abandon their faith from extremist organizations like the [[Arambai Tenggol]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitlhou |first=Makepeace |last2=Kuthar |first2=Greeshma |date=2023-12-27 |title=Meitei Christians in India’s Manipur Face Broad Attacks |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=THE COST OF COLLAPSE AND THE COST OF CONTROL ADVOCACY REPORT 2024 |url=https://media.opendoorsuk.org/document/press/2024-WWL-Advocacy-Report.pdf |journal=[[Open Doors]]}}</ref>. Manipur was among the Indian states considering [[anti-conversion law]]s, which restrict conversions carried out through alleged "force, fraud, or allurement."<ref name="LOC2018">{{cite web |title=State Anti-Conversion Laws in India |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2018298841/2018298841.pdf |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |year=2018 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

In April 2023, which was weeks before the major outbreak of [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|violence]], [[Arambai Tenggol]] activists had stormed into the home of Meitei Christian pastor Takhellambam Ramananda in Imphal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2023-06-06 |title=Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>. They accused him of making blasphemous remarks against Sanamahism and threatened assault on his children if he did not comply<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2023-06-06 |title=Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hameed |first=Syeda |title=VIEWING INDIAN POLITY FROM THE PRISM OF MANIPUR |date=2024 |publisher=MANAK PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD |isbn=979-8-88831-725-9}}</ref>. The incident followed a public threat wherein the titular king [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] had publicly made imflamotory post against the pastor on social media.<ref name="Frontline2024" /><ref name="Scroll2023" /> On 11 April 2023, the ruling BJP demolished three churches in Imphal's Tribal Colony area. The demolitions by the [[Christianity in Manipur|Meitei Christian Association]] sharply heightened tensions.<ref name="Outlook2023">{{cite news |title=175 Killed In Four Months Of Ethnic Violence, 96 Bodies Still Unclaimed: Manipur Police |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/175-killed-in-four-months-of-ethnic-violence-96-bodies-still-unclaimed-manipur-police-news-318127 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=15 September 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
{{Main|2023–2025 Manipur violence}}

=== Outbreak ===
Full scale violence had broke out across Manipur on 3 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universepg An Independent International Academic Publisher |url=https://www.universepg.com/ajssls/the-manipur-violence-beginning-of-the-end-or-end-of-the-beginning-a-critical-study |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.universepg.com |language=en}}</ref>. Tribal communities initially marched into the protest against the [[Manipur High Court]] order, issued on 20 April, which had recommended the [[Scheduled Tribe]] status be granted to the Meitei despite them being the ruling elite<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Finding a Way Out of Festering Conflict in India’s Manipur {{!}} International Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/rpt/asia/south-asia/india/346-finding-way-out-festering-conflict-indias-manipur |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref>. Tribal groups feared this would let the Meitei purchase land in constitutionally protected hill areas, wiping out protections that had been in place since independence.<ref name="HRW2023" /> The All-Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) organised a "Tribal Solidarity March." Counter-rallies and blockades by Meitei groups quickly spiralled out of control.<ref name="21Wilberforce2023">{{cite web |title=Lives Lost and Churches Destroyed in Manipur State, India |url=https://21wilberforce.org/lives-lost-and-churches-destroyed-across-manipur-state-india/ |publisher=21Wilberforce |date=2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

The destruction was staggering. By the evening of the 3rd of May, mobs started burning churches in Imphal. In addition to all this, a crowd estimated at over 2,000 raided the police armouries and Manipur Rifles camps, looted the weapons, and turned on chritians in the neighbourhoods across the city.<ref name="21Wilberforce2023" /> By early 2026, government figures place the official death toll above 260. Alongside this, an estimated 1,500 people were injured and about 70,000 were displaced.<ref name="IBTimes2026">{{cite news |title=BJP's Y Khemchand Singh sworn in as Manipur chief minister; Kuki, Naga MLAs become deputy CMs |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bjps-y-khemchand-singh-sworn-manipur-chief-minister-kuki-naga-mlas-become-deputy-cms-897567 |work=[[International Business Times|IBTimes India]] |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Police also recorded an additional 4,786 houses which were set on fire and about 386 religious structures that were vandalised.<ref name="Outlook2023" />

=== Destruction of churches ===
Churches had been the primary target since the initial hours<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akkara |first=Anto |date=2023-05-17 |title=Christians Targeted in Bloody Ethnic Conflict in India’s Manipur State |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/christians-targeted-in-bloody-ethnic-conflict-in-india-s-manipur-state |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=NCR |language=en}}</ref>. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Catholic Archbishop of Imphal]], [[Dominic Lumon]], had reported that 249 churches had burned within 36 hours of the violence starting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion is at the heart of Manipur clashes, says ordinand |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/9-june/news/world/religion-is-at-the-heart-of-manipur-clashes-says-ordinand |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.churchtimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="CT2023a">{{cite news |title=Manipur Christians: 'The Violence Has Shattered Us' |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2023/june/manipur-christians-india-violence-persecution-displacement-.html |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> The [[Churachandpur]] district Christians Goodwill Council also documented over 150 church properties, across 15 denominations, to be either burned, demolished, or vandalised by the 10th of May 2023. The hardest-hit here, was the Manipur Presbyterian Singlup, which had lost 39 churches in just three days, between 4 and 6 May. The [[Evangelical Churches Association (India)|Evangelical Churches Association]] and the Manipur Presbyterian Church Synod each lost about 14 churches.<ref name="MattersIndia2023" />

The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) confirmed that more than 250 churches of various denominations were burned or damaged across the state.<ref name="USCIRF2023">{{cite web |title=Violence Against Tribal Christians in Manipur, India |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/uscirf-spotlight/violence-against-tribal-christians-manipur-india |publisher=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> In September 2023, nineteen independent experts attached to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] cited the destruction of over 253 churches and 1,700 homes in a formal appeal to the Indian government.<ref name="ADF2023">{{cite web |title="The crisis in Manipur has reached a breaking point": United Nations experts call on Indian government to address violent clash and religious freedom violations in Manipur |url=https://adfinternational.org/news/un-manipur |publisher=ADF International |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Targeting of Christians across ethnic lines ===
Much of the world reported the conflict as an ethnic clash. But a number of observers pointed to a distinctly religious dimension. '''Christians from the Meitei community itself''', not only [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] tribals, came under attack. That detail mattered. It suggested that faith, not just ethnicity, drove some of the violence. A human rights lawyer working with ADF International documented cases in which a Meitei Christian family's home burned while their non-Christian neighbour's property next door was left untouched.<ref name="ADF2023" />

Members of [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]] attacked and vandalised Meitei Christian churches in the Imphal Valley.<ref name="CT2023b">{{cite news |title=Meitei Christians Caught in Middle of Manipur Violence |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2023/11/meitei-christians-kuki-manipur-violence-india-persecution/ |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Meitei pastors described being beaten, threatened with death, and forced to flee the state.<ref name="NewLines2023" /> Some Meitei organisations, including the Meitei Christian Churches Council (MCCC), tried to blame the destruction of Meitei Christian properties entirely on Kuki-Zo attackers. Archbishop Lumon and independent journalists disputed this account.<ref name="NewLines2023" />

=== Forced conversions ===
In the months after the initial violence, Meitei Christians in the valley faced sustained pressure to renounce their faith. Pastors described being summoned by Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun activists, backed by village committees, and ordered to abandon Christianity.<ref name="NewLines2023" /> According to multiple sources, the process demanded that individuals personally burn the [[Bible]], strip their homes of all Christian symbols, and sign a legal affidavit declaring their conversion to Sanamahism.<ref name="ChurchInChains2023">{{cite web |title=India: Aid reaches Meitei pastors in Manipur |url=https://www.churchinchains.ie/news-by-country/south-asia/india/india-aid-reaches-meitei-pastors-in-manipur/ |publisher=Church in Chains |date=2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="NewLines2023" />

Those who refused paid a price. Multiple pastors who declined to sign conversion affidavits reported mob beatings, vandalised homes, and death threats. Some were coerced into publicly worshipping Sanamahi deities while privately holding to their Christian faith.<ref name="NewLines2023" /> Others simply fled the state.<ref name="ChurchInChains2023" />

In April 2024, a Sanamahi flag was hoisted atop a crucifix at St. George Catholic Prayer Mount in [[Sugnu]]. The Senapati District Catholic Union condemned the act.<ref name="Stream2024">{{cite news |title=Armed Militia Terrorizes Christians with the Blessing of India's Hindu Supremacist Government |url=https://stream.org/armed-militia-terrorizes-christians-with-the-blessing-of-indias-hindu-supremacist-government/ |work=The Stream |date=30 July 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Restriction of worship ===
After the initial violence, Christians in Meitei-majority areas of the Imphal Valley were barred from holding prayer fellowships, even in private homes. Church services were suspended across the valley. Some pastors kept prayer meetings going by telephone conference call.<ref name="NewLines2023" /><ref name="OpenDoors2025">{{cite web |title=Pain and hope two years after Manipur violence |url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/news/latest-news/manipur-two-years/ |publisher=[[Open Doors|Open Doors UK & Ireland]] |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Christians also lost social standing within their own communities.<ref name="OpenDoors2025" />

== Humanitarian impact ==
The violence has displaced an estimated of 60,000 to around 70,000 people. A significant number of this were Kuki-Zo Christians.<ref name="OHCHR2023" /><ref name="HRW2025">{{cite web |title=India: Ethnic Clashes Restart in Manipur |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/03/27/india-ethnic-clashes-restart-manipur |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Displaced Christians who were sheltered in relief camps reported severely lacking adequate food, medicine, and hygiene supplies.<ref name="OpenDoors2023">{{cite web |title=Update: Violence in Manipur, India, continues into June |url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/news/latest-news/manipur-violence/ |publisher=[[Open Doors|Open Doors UK & Ireland]] |date=2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> Medical care for tribal Christians was also severely restricted and Meitei Christians were denied aid for being Christian<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bues |first=Philipp |date=2023-09-06 |title="The crisis in Manipur has reached a breaking point”: United Nations experts call on Indian government to address violent clash and religious freedom violations in Manipur |url=https://adfinternational.org/news/un-manipur |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ADF International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Suffering Church: Meitei Believers - Church Bulletin Inserts |url=https://bulletininserts.org/the-suffering-church-meitei-believers/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Bulletin Inserts |language=en-US}}</ref>. The administration in the capital of Imphal, which also became a Meitei-controlled zone, severely restricted meitei christians from receiving basic services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=What Acts 12 Tells Us About the Manipur Persecution {{!}} India Gospel Outreach |url=https://indiago.org/what-acts-12-tells-us-about-the-manipur-persecution/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=indiago.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="GCR2023">{{cite web |title=The Persecuted Christians of India Still Suffer in Manipur |url=https://globalchristianrelief.org/christian-persecution/stories/the-persecuted-christians-of-india-still-suffer-in-manipur/ |publisher=Global Christian Relief |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pastor from India - Submitted for the Record |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/India%20Pastor%20-%20For%20the%20Record.pdf |journal=USCIRF}}</ref> Additionally, many were instructed to report their own family members who were Christian so that action could be taken against them, for practicing the faith. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Opendoors |date=2023-12-01 |title=Istuti's Story: "My family burned my church" |url=https://www.opendoorscanada.org/istutis-story-my-family-burned-my-church/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Open Doors Canada |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=With looming resettlement deadline, Manipur Christians still cut off |url=https://www.csi-int.org/news/with-looming-resettlement-deadline-manipur-christians-still-cut-off/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Christian Solidarity International |language=en-CH}}</ref>

Around 4,000 school-age children were also caught up in the crisis and many meitei children were asked by teachers to renounced their faith<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearth |first=Katey |title=Kids fall behind as Manipur unrest continues |url=https://www.mnnonline.org/news/kids-fall-behind-as-manipur-unrest-continues/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Mission Network News |language=en-US}}</ref>. In the Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts alone, roughly 1,000 children were left without homes.<ref name="MattersIndia2023" /> Reports of severe psychological trauma, especially among children, were widespread.<ref name="CT2023a" />

On 20 December 2023, a mass burial was held for 87 Kuki Christians killed in the violence.<ref name="HRC2024">{{cite web |title=Written statement submitted to the Human Rights Council, Fifty-fifth session |url=https://documents.un.org/access.nsf/get?DS=A%2FHRC%2F55%2FNGO%2F171&Lang=E |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== Debate over characterisation ==
Whether the Manipur conflict is primarily ethnic or primarily religious remains contested. Some analysts and politicians, including members of the BJP government, insisted it was a purely ethnic clash between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo, with no meaningful religious dimension.<ref name="ODResearch2023">{{cite web |title=India: Violence in Manipur – ethnic and religious background |url=https://www.opendoors.org/en-US/research-reports/articles/stories/India-violence-in-Manipur-ethnic-and-religious-background/ |publisher=[[Open Doors]] |date=2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

Others pushed back. Archbishop Lumon, a meitei himself had also pointed to the attacks on Meitei Christian churches and pastors as evidence that religion, not only ethnicity, was at play.<ref name="CT2023a" /> Writing in ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' in August 2023, journalist Ravi Agarwal additionally had observed that this conflict carried clear religious undertones with consequences for India's pluralist democracy.<ref name="ForeignPolicy2023" />

Further, a researcher at [[Open Doors]]' World Watch unit offered a more nuanced reading. In the early stages, Kuki churches were targeted while Naga churches were spared. That pattern suggested ethnicity, not religion alone, was the initial driver. But the researcher warned the violence could escalate into broader religious persecution.<ref name="ODResearch2023" />

International Christian Concern described the conflict as "ethnoreligious." Dozens of Meitei-owned churches were among those destroyed by Meitei attackers. The organisation argued that mobs were targeting communities on the basis of faith as well as ethnicity.<ref name="ICC2024">{{cite web |title=Ethnoreligious Violence Continues to Rock India's Manipur State |url=https://persecution.org/2024/11/27/ethnoreligious-violence-continues-to-rock-indias-manipur-state/ |publisher=International Christian Concern |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== International responses ==
In September 2023, nineteen independent experts attached to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] formally appealed to the Indian government. They expressed alarm at the continuing violence and noted that Christians from both the Kuki and Meitei communities had been disproportionately affected. The experts said the violence appeared to have been preceded and incited by hate speech against the Kuki ethnic minority, targeting them for their ethnicity and religion alike.<ref name="OHCHR2023" />

[[Human Rights Watch]] called on Indian authorities to investigate impartially, citing allegations that police had sided with the Meitei. The Manipur police however denied having any bias.<ref name="HRW2023" /> [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Volker Türk]], further also urged the Indian government to investigate and address the root causes of the violence.<ref name="HRW2023" /> Following this in July 2023, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution which urged India to restore peace in Manipur while expressing concern about politically motivated, and divisive policies promoting [[Hindutva|Hindu majoritarianism]].<ref name="ChristianPost2023">{{cite news |title=Violence in India's Manipur state has reached 'a breaking point,' UN experts warn |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/violence-in-indias-manipur-state-has-reached-a-breaking-point.html |work=[[The Christian Post]] |date=11 September 2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

Alongside this, the USCIRF has also recommended that the Indian state be designated a [[Country of Particular Concern]] every since the year 2020, citing the cases of systematic and egregious violations of religious freedom. The organisation highlighted the Manipur violence in its monitoring reports.<ref name="USCIRF2023" />

The Evangelical Fellowship of India (EFI) filed a petition at the [[Supreme Court of India]] calling for an agency to monitor anti-Christian attacks. The EFI argued such attacks had grown widespread since 2021, a period that coincided with a wave of new anti-conversion laws.<ref name="ReleaseInt2023">{{cite web |title=India: Anti-Christian Violence Erupts While Supreme Court Claims No Persecution |url=https://releaseinternational.org/india-anti-christian-violence-erupts-while-supreme-court-claims-no-persecution/ |publisher=Release International |date=2023 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== Indian government response ==
The central government deployed additional security forces and assigned a security adviser to the chief minister.<ref name="HRW2023" /> The state government imposed curfews, issued shoot-on-sight orders in certain areas, and suspended internet services. Human rights organisations condemned the internet suspension.<ref name="HRW2023" />

The BJP eventually paid a political price as at the [[2024 Indian general election]], the party lost both Manipur [[Lok Sabha]] seats to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AlJazeera2024b">{{cite news |title=Peace eludes India's Manipur even after defeating BJP over ethnic violence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/peace-eludes-indias-manipur-even-after-defeating-bjp-over-ethnic-violence |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> In early 2025, Kuki civil groups had also submitted audio recordings to the [[Supreme Court of India]] alleging that Chief Minister N. Biren Singh had personally incited violence. The independent news site ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' confirmed the recordings' date, subject matter, and content and attributed it to the Chief Minister.<ref name="HRW2025" /> Biren Singh has since resigned on 9 February 2025. [[President's rule]] was imposed under [[Article 356 of the Constitution of India]] on 13 February 2025.<ref name="Siasat2026">{{cite news |title=Yumnam Khemchand Singh new Manipur CM, President's Rule withdrawn |url=https://www.siasat.com/yumnam-khemchand-singh-is-manipurs-new-cm-presidents-rule-withdrawn-3336545/ |work=The Siasat Daily |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> President's rule officially came to an end on 4 February 2026, when [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] was sworn in as the new Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-04 |title=Manipur: Yumnam Khemchand Singh stakes claim to form government, set to be CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/yumnam-khemchand-singh-stakes-claim-to-form-government-in-manipur-set-to-be-cm/article70590961.ece |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]]
* [[Christianity in Manipur]]
* [[Arambai Tenggol]]
* [[Meitei Leepun]]
* [[Persecution of Christians in India]]
* [[Anti-conversion laws in India]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Kuki people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.uscirf.gov/countries/india USCIRF: India Country Page]
* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/09/india-un-experts-alarmed-continuing-abuses-manipur UN OHCHR statement on Manipur (September 2023)]
* [https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/30/india-investigate-police-bias-alleged-manipur-violence Human Rights Watch: India – Investigate Police Bias Alleged in Manipur Violence]
* [https://www.crisisgroup.org/rpt/asia/south-asia/india/346-finding-way-out-festering-conflict-indias-manipur International Crisis Group: Finding a Way Out of Festering Conflict in India's Manipur]

{{Christianity in India}}
{{Persecution of Christians}}

[[Category:Christianity in Manipur]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Kuki people]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Hindus]]

Ismail Merchant

2026-05-07T06:22:40Z

TaylaA461435: made a post needs work - done

{{short description|Indian film producer (1936–2005)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ismail Merchant
| image = Ismail Merchant.jpg
| birthname = Ismail Noor Muhammad Abdul Rahman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|5|24|1936|12|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| resting_place = Mumbai, India
| yearsactive = 1960–2005
| occupation = Film producer, director
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] [[New York University]]
| partner = [[James Ivory]] (1961–2005; Merchant's death)
}}
'''Ismail Merchant''' (born '''Ismail Noor Muhammad Abdul Rahman'''; 25 December 1936 – 24 May 2005) was an Indian film producer. He worked for many years in collaboration with [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] which included film director (and Merchant's longtime professional and domestic partner) [[James Ivory]] as well as screenwriter [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]. Together they made film adaptations from the novels of [[E.M. Forster]] and [[Henry James]]. Merchant received the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] for ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985), and ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' (1992). He received [[Academy Award]] nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]] for ''The Creation of a Woman'' (1959) and for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] for ''A Room with a View'' (1985), ''Howards End'' (1992), and ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' (1993).

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]), Merchant was son of Hazra ([[née]] Memon) and Noor Mohamed Rehman, a Bombay textile dealer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/73/Ismail-Merchant.html |title=Ismail Merchant Biography (1936-) |website=Filmreference.com |access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> He grew up speaking [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Memoni language|Memoni]] fluently, and he later picked up [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and English while at school. When he was 11, he and his family were caught up in the 1947 [[partition of India]]. His father was the President of the Muslim League{{Citation needed|reason=The list of Muslim League presidents does not have his name|date=January 2025}} and refused to move to [[Pakistan]]. Merchant later said that he carried memories of "butchery and riots" into adulthood.<ref name="CC">cited in ''Cheek of the devil''</ref>
As a child at the age of nine, Merchant delivered a speech about [[partition of India|partition]] at a political rally in front of a crowd of 10,000.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

At age 13, he developed a close friendship with actress [[Nimmi]], who introduced him to studios in Bombay (the center of [[Hindi film industry]]). It was she who inspired his ambitious rise to stardom.<ref name="Hirahara 2003 135">{{cite book|last=Hirahara|first=Naomi|title=Distinguished Asian American business leaders|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=1573563447|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN7_zps2kQUC&q=ismail%20merchant%2C%20memon&pg=PA135|edition=1. publ.|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
Merchant studied at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and received BA degree of University of Bombay. It was here he developed a love for movies. When he was 22, he moved to the US to study at [[New York University]] where he received an MBA degree. While in New York, he gave up his family name of Abdul Rehman for Merchant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ismail-merchant-1936-2005-120081|title=Ismail Merchant, 1936-2005|date=2005-06-05|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-06-24|language=en}}</ref>

He supported himself by working as a messenger for the UN in New York and used this opportunity to persuade Indian delegates to fund his film projects. Of this experience, he said, "I was not intimidated by anyone or anything."<ref name="CC" /> Immersed in a new world of art and culture, it was here that Merchant discovered the films of Bengali director [[Satyajit Ray]], as well as those of European artists such as [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], and [[Federico Fellini]].<ref name="Hirahara 2003 135" />
In 1961, Merchant made a short film, ''The Creation of Woman''. It was shown at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and received an Academy Award nomination.<ref name=":0" />

==Merchant Ivory Productions==
Merchant met American movie director [[James Ivory]] at a screening in New York of Ivory's documentary ''The Sword and the Flute'' in 1959. In May 1961, Merchant and Ivory formed the film production company [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]. Merchant and Ivory were long-term life partners.<ref name="latimesobituary">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |title=Obituaries; Ismail Merchant, 68; Producer of Stylish, Popular Period Dramas |access-date=4 July 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 May 2005 |first=John |last=Horn |archive-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725011950/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/844732341.html?dids=844732341:844732341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=John+Horn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0580337/bio|title=Ismail Merchant : Biography|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> Their professional and romantic partnership lasted 44 years, from 1961 until Merchant's death in 2005.<ref name="latimesobituary"/> They were both also involved with the gay composer [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]], with whom they collaborated on several films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/12/merchant-ivory-oscar-shocking-truth-emma-thompson-anthony-hopkins-howards-end?utm_term=65f132d2ad0c3ab84ad7c7ec72861a17&utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUK&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&CMP=GTUK_email |title= I got you an Oscar. Why do I need to pay you? |first= Ryan |last=Gilbey |date=12 March 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

The [[Guinness Book of World Records]] says theirs was the longest partnership in independent cinema history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4666855|title=Film Producer Ismail Merchant Dies|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-06-24|language=en}}</ref> Until Merchant's death in 2005, they produced nearly 40 films, including a number of award winners. Novelist [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]] was the screenwriter for most of their productions.

In 1963, MIP premiered its first production, ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'', based upon a novel by Jhabvala (who also wrote the screenplay). This feature became the first Indian-made film to be distributed internationally by a major American studio, [[Columbia Pictures]]. However, it wasn't until the 1970s that partnership "hit on a successful formula for studied, slow-moving pieces ... Merchant Ivory became known for their attention to tiny period detail and opulence of their sets".<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Ismail Merchant|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1490737/Ismail-Merchant.html|access-date=17 February 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=26 May 2005}}</ref> Their first success in this style was Jhabvala's [[The Europeans (1979 film)|adaptation]] of [[Henry James]]'s ''[[The Europeans]]''.

In addition to producing, Merchant directed a number of films and two TV features. For TV, he directed a short feature entitled ''Mahatma and the Mad Boy'', and a full-length feature, ''The Courtesans of Bombay'', made for Britain's [[Channel 4|Channel Four]]. Merchant made his film directorial debut with 1993's [[In Custody (film)|In Custody]] based on a novel by [[Anita Desai]], and starring [[Bollywood]] actor [[Shashi Kapoor]]. Filmed in [[Bhopal]], India, it won National Awards from the Government of India for Best Production Design and Special Jury award for lead actor Shashi Kapoor. His second directing feature, ''The Proprietor'', starred [[Jeanne Moreau]], [[Sean Young]], [[Jean-Pierre Aumont]] and [[Christopher Cazenove]] and was filmed on location in Paris, France.
Of his partnership with Ivory and Jhabvala, Merchant once commented: "It is a strange marriage we have at Merchant Ivory ... I am an Indian Muslim, Ruth is a German Jew, and Jim is a Protestant American. Someone once described us as a three-headed god. Maybe they should have called us a three-headed monster!"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1627804,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121213243/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1627804,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 November 2008 | location=London | work=The Times | title=Ismail Merchant | date=26 May 2005}}</ref>

==Cooking and writing==
Merchant was fond of cooking, and he wrote several books including ''Ismail Merchant's Indian Cuisine'', ''Ismail Merchant's Florence'', ''Ismail Merchant's Passionate Meals'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7868-6015-9|title=Nonfiction Book Review:Ismail Merchant's Passionate Meals:The New Indian Cuisine for Fearless Cooks and Adventurous Eaters by Ismail Merchant, Author, Asmail Merchant, Author, Madhur Jaffrey, Adapted by Hyperion Books $27 (312p) ISBN 978-0-7868-6015-9|work=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date=2018-06-24|language=en}}</ref> and ''Ismail Merchant's Paris: Filming and Feasting in France''. He also wrote books on filmmaking, including a book about the making of the film ''The Deceivers'' in 1988 titled ''Hullabaloo in Old Jeypur'', and another about the making of ''The Proprietor'' called ''Once Upon a Time ... The Proprietor''. His last book was entitled ''My Passage from India: A Filmmaker's Journey from Bombay to Hollywood and Beyond''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merchantivory.com/news-ismailbook.html|title=Merchant Ivory: My Passage from India - A Filmaker's Journey from Bombay to Hollywood and Beyond|website=www.merchantivory.com|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>

==Death==
Merchant died in [[Westminster]], England<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp |title= Births, Marriages and Deaths 1538 - 2006 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831050858/http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp |archive-date=31 August 2009 }}</ref> aged 68, following surgery for [[abdomen|abdominal]] [[peptic ulcer|ulcer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/25ismail.htm |title=Ismail Merchant passes away at 68 |website=Us.rediff.com |date=2005-05-26 |access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> He was buried in [[Bada Qabrastan Mumbai]] in [[Marine Lines]], [[Mumbai]], India on 28 May 2005, in keeping with his wish to be buried with his ancestors.

==Filmography==

===Producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1960 || ''The Creation of Woman'' || Short
|-
| 1963 || ''[[The Householder]]'' ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Bombay Talkie]]'' ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization]]'' || Television
|-
| 1973 || ''Helen: Queen of the Nautch Girls'' || Short
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Savages (1972 film)|Savages]]'' ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Mahatma and the Mad Boy'' || Short, also director
|-
| 1975 || ''[[The Wild Party (1975)|The Wild Party]]'' ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Sweet Sounds'' || Short
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Roseland (film)|Roseland]]'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[The Europeans (1979 film)|The Europeans]]'' ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Jane Austen in Manhattan]]'' ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Quartet (1981 film)|Quartet]]'' ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|date=11 September 2025|access-date=11 September 2025|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-film-studios-the-rank-organisation-1982-1997/|title=Forgotten British Film Studios: The Rank Organisation 1982-1997}}</ref> ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[The Courtesans of Bombay]]'' || also director
|-
| 1984 || ''[[The Bostonians (film)|The Bostonians]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Noon Wine]]'' || Television Film, [[PBS]] executive producer (not [[Merchant Ivory]])
|-
| 1986 || ''[[My Little Girl (film)|My Little Girl]]'' || executive producer
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' || executive producer
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Deceivers (film)|The Deceivers]]'' ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Slaves of New York]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Bridge]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[The Ballad of the Sad Café (film)|The Ballad of the Sad Café]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Street Musicians of Bombay'' || executive producer
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Jefferson in Paris]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 ||''[[Feast of July]]'' || executive producer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Surviving Picasso]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film)|A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Side Streets (1998 film)|Side Streets]]'' || executive producer
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Cotton Mary]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Golden Bowl (film)|The Golden Bowl]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Merci Docteur Rey]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Le Divorce]]'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Heights (film)|Heights]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The White Countess]]'' || Released posthumously
|-
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1974 || ''Mahatma and the Mad Boy'' || short
|-
| 1983 || ''[[The Courtesans of Bombay]]'' || docudrama
|-
| 1993 || ''[[In Custody (film)|In Custody]]'' || feature debut
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Lumière and Company]]'' || segment: Merchant Ivory, Paris Co-director with [[James Ivory]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[The Proprietor]]'' ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Cotton Mary]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 ||''[[The Mystic Masseur]]'' ||
|-
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1963 || ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'' || Minor Role || uncredited
|-
| 1965 ||''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' || Theater Owner || uncredited
|-
| 1969 || ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' || Master of Ceremonies ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Bombay Talkie]]'' || Fate Machine Producer ||
|-
| 1989 ||''[[Slaves of New York]]'' || Party Guest || uncredited
|-
| 1995 ||''[[Jefferson in Paris]]'' || Tipoo Sultan's Ambassador ||
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Merchant Ivory (2023 film)|Merchant Ivory]]'' || Himself ||
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
In 2002 he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award in the [[Republic of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Year
!Association
!Category
!Film
!Result
!class=unsortable|Ref.
|-
|[[33rd Academy Awards|1960]]
| rowspan=4|[[Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]]
| ''The Creation of a Woman''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1961|title= 33rd Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= 5 October 2014|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[59th Academy Awards|1985]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| [[A Room with a View (1985 film)|''A Room with a View'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1986|title= 59th Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= 4 October 2014|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[65th Academy Awards|1992]]
| [[Howards End (film)|''Howards End'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993|title= 65th Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= 4 October 2014|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[66th Academy Awards|1993]]
| [[The Remains of the Day (film)|''The Remains of the Day'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1994|title= 66th Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= 4 October 2014|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[37th British Academy Film Awards|1983]]
|rowspan=4|[[British Academy Film Awards]]
|rowspan="4"|[[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://awards.bafta.org/award/1984/film|title= 37th BAFTA Awards|website= awards.bafta.org|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[40th British Academy Film Awards|1985]]
| [[A Room with a View (1985 film)|''A Room with a View'']]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://awards.bafta.org/award/1986/film|title= 40th BAFTA Awards|website= awards.bafta.org|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[46th British Academy Film Awards|1992]]
| [[Howards End (film)|''Howards End'']]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://awards.bafta.org/award/1993/film|title= 46th BAFTA Awards|website= awards.bafta.org|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[47th British Academy Film Awards|1993]]
| [[The Remains of the Day (film)|''The Remains of the Day'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://awards.bafta.org/award/1994/film|title= 47th BAFTA Awards|website= awards.bafta.org|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[44th Golden Globe Awards|1985]]
| rowspan=3|[[Golden Globe Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]]
| [[A Room with a View (1985 film)|''A Room with a View'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/the44thgoldenglobeawards1987convertvideoonline.com|title= The 44th Golden Globe Awards|website= Internet Archieve|date= 11 April 2020|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th Golden Globe Awards|1992]]
| [[Howards End (film)|''Howards End'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-30-ca-2649-story.html|title= 'Men' Reaches Out for a Few Good Globes : Awards: Film garners five Golden Globe nominations in key categories; 'Aladdin' also gets five with four of those for its song score.|website= Los Angeles Times|date= 30 December 1992|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[51st Golden Globe Awards|1993]]
| [[The Remains of the Day (film)|''The Remains of the Day'']]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/1993/tv/news/golden-globe-nominations-116901/|title= Golden Globe nominations|website= Variety|date= 23 December 1993|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th Golden Laurel Awards|1992]]
|rowspan=2|[[Producers Guild of America Award]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture|Best Theatrical Motion Picture]]
| [[Howards End (film)|''Howards End'']]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0580337/awards/?ref_=nm_awd|title= Ismail Merchant - Awards|website= IMDB|accessdate= May 25, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Golden Laurel Awards|1993]]
| [[The Remains of the Day (film)|''The Remains of the Day'']]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*"Cheek of the devil, charm of an angel: Ismail Merchant, Producer, 1936–2005" (Obituary reprinted from ''Telegraph, London''), in ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 2005-05-30, p. 41

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|0580337|Ismail Merchant}}
* {{Screenonline name|id=532192|name=Ismail Merchant}}
* [http://www.merchantivory.com/ismail.html Biography from Merchant-Ivory Productions]
* [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20050529-9999-1a29merchant.html Merchant was the driving force behind a slew of creative movies]
* [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050526/PEOPLE/50526001 Ismail Merchant: In Memory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716191643/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20050526%2FPEOPLE%2F50526001 |date=16 July 2012 }}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Ismail Merchant
|list =
{{BAFTA Best Film recipients}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
}}
{{Merchant Ivory Productions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merchant, Ismail}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from ulcers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:British film directors]]
[[Category:British film producers]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:British food writers]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:British Ismailis]]
[[Category:British people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ film directors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Muslims]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:LGBTQ film producers]]
[[Category:British LGBTQ film directors]]

Herbert Leland Crosthwait

2026-05-01T13:59:22Z

TaylaA461435: made new pg initial version

{{Short description|British military engineer, colonel and surveyor}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Herbert Leland Crosthwait
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1868
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|9|11|1868||df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bagenalstown]], [[County Carlow]], Ireland
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years = 1890–1921
| rank = [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]]
| unit = [[Royal Engineers]]
| commands =
| battles =
| awards = [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE)
| relations =
| other_work =
}}

'''Colonel Herbert Leland Crosthwait''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1868<ref>{{cite book |title=Carloviana |date=2016 |page=29 |url=https://carlowhistorical.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Carloviana-No-64-2016-Pages-1-100-1.pdf}}</ref> – 11 September 1940) was a British military engineer and surveyor known for his work with the [[Survey of India]] and contributions to [[1902 Arbitral award of the Andes between Argentina and Chile|international boundary demarcations between Chile and Argentina]].

== Early life and education ==
Crosthwait was born in 1868, in The Lodge, [[Bagenalstown]], [[County Carlow]], Ireland. The eldest son of Samuel Crosthwait, a flour mill proprietor at The Lodge Mills, and his wife Sarah Eliza Perry. He had several siblings, including Lucy Eleanor (born 1869), Cecil Henry Edward (1870), Edward Gerard Stewart (1871), William Sylvester (1873), Evelyn Mary (1876), Eileen Elizabeth (1880), Leland George (1881), Arthur Samuel (1883), Ernest Jevon (1886), and Elsie Olive (1887). His family had deep roots in Ireland, with ancestors involved in mercantile activities in Dublin since the 18th century, including roles in the Bank of Ireland and Dublin Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |title=Colonel H. L. Crosthwait, C.I.E |author=C. H. D. Ryder |journal=Nature |volume=146 |issue=3704 |pages=553 |date=26 October 1940 |doi=10.1038/146553a0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/146553a0 }}</ref> He was educated at [[Rossall School]] (referred to as "Bossall" in the obituary) and at [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref name="nature" />

== Career ==
He entered the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1890.<ref name="nature" /> Two years later he went to India and in 1897 joined the [[Survey of India]], in which he remained for the rest of his service.<ref name="nature" /> He became well known for his very extended knowledge of a variety of scientific subjects; contemporaries noted that had he concentrated on any single subject he would easily have become an authority on it.<ref name="nature" /> His broad expertise made him a valued and engaging companion.<ref name="nature" />

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In 1902–1903, Crosthwait served as the chief demarcator for the [[1902 Arbitral award of the Andes between Argentina and Chile|British arbitration award settling the border dispute between Argentina and Chile]]. He was responsible for marking the terrain in the [[Última Esperanza Province|Última Esperanza]] region<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mario Barros van Buren |title=Historia diplomática de Chile (1541-1938) |date=1970 |publisher=Ediciones Ariel |page=612 |url=https://www.google.es/books/edition/Historia_diplom%C3%A1tica_de_Chile_1541_1938/2w2Rhnn4US0C?hl=es-419&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Crosthwait}}</ref> and produced a key map that influenced the boundary demarcation.

Disregarding the Chilean agent Bolados and the Argentine agent Arenberg, he placed boundary marker 62 south of [[Lake O'Higgins/San Martín]] using a pile of stones and a paper inside a bottle, as he was short on time.

{{quote|A bottle was placed by me on pile of stones, erected as a boundary pillar between the Republics of Argentina and Chile on the south shore of lake San Martin<ref>{{cite book |author1=Alberto Marín Madrid |title=El caso del Canal Beagle biografia de esa y otras controversias |date=1988 |page=78 |url=https://www.google.es/books/edition/El_caso_del_Canal_Beagle/2iwRAAAAYAAJ?hl=es-419&gbpv=1&bsq=%22H.%20L.%20Crosthwait%22&dq=%22H.%20L.%20Crosthwait%22&printsec=frontcover |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>|H. L. Crosthwait, Captain R. E., February 28th 1903}}

He rose to the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] and was appointed a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1921 Birthday Honours]] for his services in the Survey Department.<ref>{{cite book |title=The London Gazette |date=14 June 1921 |issue=13716 |page=998 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13716/page/998/data.pdf }}</ref> He retired as a colonel.<ref>{{cite book |title=The London Gazette |date=2 May 1893 |issue=26397 |page=2553 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26397/page/2553/data.pdf}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His younger brother, Leland George Crosthwait, married Katherine Rosa Man on 3 November 1911 at St Luke's, Chelsea, London, connecting the Crosthwait family to the Man family.<ref name="manfamily">{{cite web |title=Crosthwait Family |url=https://manfamily.org/about/other-families/crosthwait-family/ |website=manfamily.org |access-date=29 October 2025 }}</ref>

Crosthwait died on 11 September 1940, aged 72.<ref name="nature" />

== See also ==
* [[Thomas Holdich]]
* [[Bertram Dickson]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crosthwait, Herbert}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from County Carlow]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Indian surveyors]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Vijaya Dabbe

2026-05-01T04:28:33Z

TaylaA461435: starting stub.

{{Short description|Indian writer, feminist, and scholar (1951–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vijaya Dabbe
| image = Vijaya Dabbe.jpeg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Vijaya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|06|01}}
| birth_place = Dabbe, [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|02|23|1951|06|01}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Professor|researcher|poet|scholar|writer|critic}}
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|Poetry|travelogue|translation|research|criticism}}
| subject = {{hlist|Feminism|modern women literature}}
| parents = Seethalakshmi (mother) Krishnamurthy (father)
| movement = Feminist movement in Karnataka
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Vijaya Dabbe''' (1 June 1951 – 23 February 2018) was an Indian writer, feminist, scholar and critic in [[Kannada language]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/writer-vijaya-dabbe-passes-away/articleshow/63049610.cms|title=Writer Vijaya Dabbe passes away|work=Times of India|date=24 Feb 2018|access-date=22 Oct 2020}}</ref> Often credited as the first feminist writer in modern Kannada language, Dabbe was one of the prominent figures in feminist movement in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/kannada-writer-vijaya-dabbe-no-more/articleshow/63047676.cms|title=ಹಿರಿಯ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ವಿಜಯಾ ದಬ್ಬೆ ನಿಧನ|language=Kannada|trans-title=Senior writer Vijaya Dabbe no more|work=Vijayakarnataka|date=23 Feb 2018|accessdate=22 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref name="VIJAYA"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2018/03/26/561843.html|title=ಮಹಿಳಾ ಚಳುವಳಿಗೆ ಗಟ್ಟಿ ನೆಲೆ ಒದಗಿಸಿದ ದಬ್ಬೆ|language=Kannada|trans-title=Dabbe, who cemented strong base for women movement|work=Prajavani|date=26 Mar 2018|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijaya was born on 1 June 1951 in ''Dabbe'' village of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] taluk, to Krishnamurthy and Seethalakshmi.<ref name="DABBE">{{Cite news|url=https://m.varthabharati.in/article/2018_03_04/121922|title=ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ವಿಜಯಾ 'ದಬ್ಬೆ'|language=Kannada|trans-title=Vijaya 'Dabbe' of feminist literature|work=Varthabharati|author=G. N. Ranganatha Rao|date=4 Mar 2018|accessdate=22 Oct 2020}}</ref> She finished her schooling in Kalasapura and [[Javagal]], later moved to Hassan and [[Mysuru]] to do higher education. She served as Kannada faculty member at [[Mysore University]].<ref name="DABBE"/>

==Career==
;As writer
Dabbe's first noted literary work was ''‛Irutthave’'' ({{lit|They Exist}}), a collection of poems, published in 1975. Her other important works including ''‛Neeru Lohada Chinte’'' ({{lit|The Worries of Water and Metal}}) (1985) and ''’Naari Daari Digantha’'' and so on. Most of her works are women centric.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

; Feminist movement
Vijaya Dabbe was one of the founders of ''‛Samatha Vedike’'',<ref name="BOOK"/> instituted in 1978, a group of women writers and activists who have been working to spread awareness about gender equality, family atrocities on women, dowry, child marriage, other caste based discrimination and social injustice for the depressed classes, especially women. Dabbe was the front face in leading these activities through her poems, articles, workshops, literary meetings and social works all over Karnataka.<ref name="DEEVIGE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2018/03/07/558175.html|title=ಮಹಿಳಾ ಹೋರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ದಾರಿದೀವಿಗೆ|language=Kannada|trans-title=Lamp for women movement|work=Prajavani|author=N. Gayatri|date=8 Mar 2018|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>

{{quote box
|quote=
''"Be fearless. Never worry. As long as you dont lift up your heads men will surround you, guard you as if they were your eyes."''

(From ''Vijaya Dabbe''’s poem "'''Naarimanige Ondu Kivimatu'''" (Advice to Gentlewomen).<ref name="BOOK">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=vijaya+dabbe&pg=PA584|title=Women writing in India: The Twentieth Century|author=Susie J. Tharu & K. Lalitha|isbn=978-1558610293|publisher=Feminist Press at The City University of New York|page=584|date=1 Apr 1993|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>
|bgcolor = #CCDDFF
|align = left
|salign = right
|width = 20em
}}

==Literary works==
;Poetry
# ''Irutthave'' (1975)
# ''Neeru Lohada Chinte''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-i9swEACAAJ&q=%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE+%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86|title=ನೀರು ಲೋಹದ ಚಿಂತೆ|author=Vijaya Dabbe|publisher=Sankalpa Publications|year=1985|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>(1985)
# ''Ithigeethike'' (1995)
# ''Tirugi Nintha Prashne'' (1995)

;Research
# ''Nagachandra - Ondu Adhyayana'' (1983)
# ''Nayasena''
# ''Hithaishiya Hejjegalu'' (1992)
# ''Saarasaraswathi'' (1996)
# ''Hithophia Hejjegalu''

;Travelogue
# ''Uriya Chigura Uthkale'' (1999)

;Criticism
# ''Mahila Sahitya Samaja'' (1986)
# ''Naari Daari Digantha'' (1996)
# ''Mahila mattu Maanavate''
# ''Samprati'' (1977)

;Translation
# ''Meri Mekliyath Bethone''
# ''Vimochaneyedege'' (with B. N. Sumitrabai, 1986)
# ''Gurujaada'' (1986)

==Awards==
# 2008 - [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] by [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Rajyotsava Awards|website=Karnataka Government Official Website|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>
# 2008 - [[Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Award]] by [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Daana+Chintamani+Attimabbe+Awards/en|title=Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Award|website=Karnataka Government Official Website|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>
# ''Anumapama Award'' by ''Karnataka Lekhakiyara Sangha''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/01/women-writers-in-kannada-get-noticed-630596.html|title=Women writers in Kannada get noticed|work=The New Indian Express|author=S N Deepak|date=1 Jul 2014|access-date=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>
# ''‛Vardhamana Award’''<ref name="VIJAYA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/feb/24/kannada-writer-vijaya-dabbe-dies-after-cardiac-arrest-1778155.html|title=Kannada writer Vijaya Dabbe dies after cardiac arrest|work=The New Indian Express|date=24 Feb 2018|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==Death==
Vijaya Dabbe became inactive after she met with a road accident on 6 January in 1999.<ref name="DEEVIGE"/> She died in [[Mysuru]] on 23 February 2018, due to cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/writer-vijaya-dabbe-dead/article22839818.ece|title=Writer Vijaya Dabbe dead|work=The Hindu|date=24 Feb 2018|access-date=23 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://citytoday.news/writer-vijaya-dabbe-is-no-more/|title=Vijaya Dabbe is no more|work=citytoday|date=24 Feb 2018|accessdate=23 Oct 2020}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]

Gian Singh (artist)

2026-04-25T18:08:54Z

TaylaA461435: adding a bio v1

{{short description|Indian artist (1883-1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gian Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Portrait painting of the late Gian Singh Naqqash by his son, G.S. Sohan Singh.jpg
| caption = Portrait painting of Gian Singh Naqqash by his son, [[G.S. Sohan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1883}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, British India]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1953|1883}}
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| known_for = [[Sikh art]]
| notable_works = Murals located in the [[Golden Temple]] complex
| style = Mohrakashi naqqashi
| title = Official naqqash (artist) of the Golden Temple
| term = 1899 – 1931
| children = Sunder Singh Jagat Singh [[G.S. Sohan Singh]]
| parents =
}}
'''Gian Singh''' (1883 – 1953), known as '''Gian Singh Naqqash''', was an Indian artist who specialized in ''naqqashi'' ([[engraving]]) and ''mohrakashi'' ([[fresco]]) methods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2007-03-20|title=Gian Singh Naqqash, Bhai|url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/biographies/1900/gian-singh-naqqash-bhai/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=Gateway To Sikhism|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last1=Bakshi |first1=Artika Aurora |last2=Dhillon |first2=Ganeev Kaur |date=2021 |title=The Mural Arts of Panjab |url=https://nishaannagaara.com/the-mural-arts-of-panjab/ |id=[https://nishaannagaara.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nishaan-2021-Annual-Issue.pdf PDF] |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Nishaan Nagaara Magazine (2021 annual issue) |pages=46–51}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=52}}</ref> He was a fresco painter and worked at the [[Golden Temple]] for more than 33 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|date=|title=Family of artists & legacy of 'most talented' Sunder Singh, 17|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/family-of-artists-legacy-of-most-talented-sunder-singh-17-754870|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-10|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> He is particularly known for painting in the style that is known as the [[Sikh art|Sikh school of art]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=R. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC&dq=Gian+Singh+Naqqash&pg=PA52|title=Punjab Painting|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-174-4|language=en}}</ref> He was notable for localizing Sikh art by developing a local Punjabi style that was disassociated from the [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] style, specifically the [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] variety, and [[Persian art|Persian]] art styles, which had influenced Punjabi and Sikh art prior.<ref name=":6" /> Gian Singh achieved this by incorporating local Punjabi features, dress, and settings in the depicted figuratives.<ref name=":6" /> Later-on in his life, he was awarded and recognized by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] for his artistic efforts.<ref name=":6" />

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Gian Singh was born in 1883 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province, British India]] (now [[Punjab, India]]).<ref name=":0" /> His family had no prior background in art.<ref name=":32" /> His father was Charan Singh or Taba Singh, who worked as a comb-maker.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=1 December 2005 |title=The rich life of an artist who was a pauper |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051201/aplus.htm#1}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=5 December 2018 |title=Mohrakashi and the Naqqashes of Harmandir Sahib - Overview |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/mohrakashi-and-the-naqqashes-of-harmandir-sahib |website=Sahapedia}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> As a child, he was a student of [[Gyani|Giani]] Thakur Singh, a Sikh missionary and academic.<ref name=":32" /> He studied until the 5th standard.<ref name=":10" /> Later-on after finishing primary school, he became the apprentice of Nihal Singh Naqqash, son of [[Bishan Singh (artist)|Bishan Singh]] and a third generation descendant of [[Kehar Singh (artist)|Kehar Singh Naqqash]], whom had worked under the patronage of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /> He studied drawing and painting under Nihal Singh.<ref name=":10" /> He remained a student of Nihal Singh for 14 years until the latter's death in 1905.<ref name=":32" /> After Nihal Singh's death, he was instructed by Nihal Singh's brother, Jawahar Singh, another artist who worked at the Golden Temple complex.<ref name=":10" /> Jawahar Singh taught him the Kangra school of miniature painting and further advanced his studies in the Sikh school of art.<ref name=":10" /> He became indebted in 1911 after loaning money from an Amritsar book publisher, his former employer, to afford to cremate his deceased father.<ref name=":4" />

=== Later life ===
[[File:Photograph of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash standing beside another individual.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash (right)]]
He primarily worked on painting [[Mural|murals]] at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar.<ref name=":32" /> He served as the official naqqash (engraver) artist of the shrine complex from circa 1899 to 1931.<ref name=":10" /> Gian Singh was under the influence of the [[Akali movement]] (''lehar''), and thus depicted [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|khanda]] symbolism and [[Kirpan|kirpans]] in his mural work at the Golden Temple.<ref name=":10" /> He chose to paint using a deep, greyish-blue colour (known in Punjabi as ''[[surmai]]'') instead of actual black, this reason cited is that he did so to "remain close to the real world".<ref name=":10" /> Most of his mural work within the Golden Temple shrine is located near the Har ki Pauri area but most of his wall paintings have been retouched in the years since.<ref name=":10" /> It was Gian Singh's idea that the arches of windows located within the shrine would be decorated by paintings.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Sunflower in tempera by Gian Singh Naqqash.jpg|thumb|Sunflower in tempera by Gian Singh Naqqash. 6x4 inches, kept in the collection of Art-Heritage, Amritsar.]]
His commencement of novel motifs on the inner walls, ceiling, and arches of the windows of the first floor serve as valid, extant references of his work.<ref name=":10" /> He painted local, seasonal flowers in motif designs as part of the ''dehin'' (a variety of pattern category which is a medium of expression of the imaginative study of idealized forms<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaspal |first=Namita |date=25 May 2017 |title=Art conservation of Sri Harmandar Saheb Ji (The Golden Temple), Amritsar, India |url=https://heritagepreservationatelier.com/2017/05/25/art-conservation-of-sri-harmandar-saheb-ji-the-golden-temple-amritsar-india/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Heritage Preservation Atelier}}</ref>) within a ''mohrakashi'' (fresco).<ref name=":10" /> He would paint florals, foliage (leaves), creepers, or bushes being surrounded by grapevines or arabesque floral patterns in corners, squares and rectangles, as part of an arrangement.<ref name=":10" /> Fine detail was paid attention to even a single petal of a depicted floral design, as these flowers were artistic representations of both season and ''[[raga]]'' (traditional Indian musical measure, mode, or metre), and thus a systematic pattern is noted.<ref name=":10" /> The blooming flowers were depicted within a ''dehin'' and arranged by season or raga.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=26 April 2018 |title=Mohrakashi of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash and Art Legacy in his family |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DwOveK317A |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> The floral work of Gian Singh is a representation of ''[[Nāma|nām]] [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]''.<ref name=":10" />

Another innovation of his is that he painted small depictions of the actual buildings and structures of gurdwaras within his frescoes.<ref name=":10" /> Besides the avian designs he introduced, he also ushered in floral designs that were reminiscent of the style of [[Ustad Mansur]] of [[Jahangir]]'s period.<ref name=":6" /> He was also responsible for introducing [[Gurmukhi]] calligraphic designs sourced from the ''[[Ashtapadi]]'' of ''[[Sukhmani Sahib]]'' and the ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' to the interior arches of windows located on the first floor of the Golden Temple.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":5" /> Gian Singh also possessed talent in in-laid stone artwork, specifically [[pietra dura]], which he implemented at various [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]].<ref name=":10" />

His unique style of incorporating nature, giving a 3D effect to his works, and scribing [[gurbani]] verses on ''gach'' (plaster), is notable.<ref name=":32" /> For example, when he painted foliage such as the leaves of a flower, he would add three-dimensional characteristics and details.<ref name=":5" /> On avian (bird) designs, he would go as far as depicting small hairs to the figurines to bring more verisimilitude.<ref name=":5" /> Much attention to fine details and highlights were paid attention to by him.<ref name=":5" /> Whilst prior artists would simply draw straight lines to create a required shape, Gian Singh improvised by adding more elaborate and finer aspects to bring realism to his artwork.<ref name=":5" /> Gian Singh believed that by painting more realistic work, it would bring the viewer closer to the divine.<ref name=":5" />

He used traditional methods of producing paints using natural ingredients and worked with handcrafted brushes.<ref name=":32" /> He created his own pigments and brushes.<ref name=":5" /> He would grind and burn the pigments himself to produce the necessary colours for his artwork.<ref name=":5" /> He would keep various stones in a ''katori'' (small bowl), which were burnt with [[Cow dung|cow-dung]] overnight.<ref name=":5" /> This burning would produce a powder form, which was used for the painting of murals.<ref name=":5" /> The pigment colours needed for mural painting in those days were extracted from natural sources and during preparation, further ingredients were added to the concoction, such as leaves, stems, pulses, seeds (such as linseeds), amid others.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Fresco depicting naturalistic elements of fish and turtles by Gian Singh Naqqash.jpg|thumb|Fresco (mohrakashi dehin design) depicting naturalistic elements of fish and turtles by Gian Singh Naqqash]]
Painting was a deeply spiritual activity for Gian Singh, as he would [[Naam Japo|recite the name]] of God, ''[[Waheguru]]'', whilst he painted.<ref name=":32" /> He would also chant along to [[gurbani]] [[kirtan]] in the background as he worked within the Golden Temple.<ref name=":5" /> Before beginning work on a new mural, he would seek the blessings of [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]] and pay homage to his masters (''ustads''), Nihal Singh and Jawahar Singh.<ref name=":10" /> Whilst former Sikh artists would depict [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]] on the body of the pedestal, emulating their [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Persian art|Persian]] forebears, Gian Singh would replace this with depictions of "grapples" (known as ''pakṛāṅ'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) of animals (such as birds), flowers, creepers, and other designs.<ref name=":3" /> Formerly, Sikh muralists painted bold designs but Gian Singh took inspiration from the natural world surrounding him which he had observed.<ref name=":5" />

Aside from mural work, he also engaged in ''gach'' ([[Stucco|stuccowork]]), ''jarathari'' ([[mosaic]] work), and ''tukri'' ([[Cut glass|cut-glass]] work).<ref name=":4" /> He was not only skilled in the Sikh school but also the [[Kangra painting|Kangra]], [[Pahari painting|Pahari]], and [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] schools of painting.<ref name=":10" />

Apart from being an artist, he was also a prolific writer and wrote many works of literature in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], or [[Urdu]] on heritage art and local craft.<ref name=":10" /> His literary works were published in Amritsar by Bhai Buta Singh Pratap Singh Pustakawale.<ref name=":10" />

After retiring from his position as an official naqqash artist of the Golden Temple, he delved into framing of pictures and photography.<ref name=":10" />

Gian Singh had three sons. His eldest son Sunder Singh was martyred in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], when he was only 17 years.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> His middle son, Jagat Singh, went on to become an [[ayurveda]] expert<ref name=":2" /> while his youngest son [[G.S. Sohan Singh]] followed Gian Singh's footsteps and became a painter himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=G.S. Sohan Singh Artist – Art Heritage|url=http://art-heritage.com/sohan-singh/|access-date=2020-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref> G.S. Sohan Singh began his work as an artist with works of [[Oil painting|oil on canvas]], in-spite of the fact he had been trained in the traditional Sikh art methods.<ref name=":10" />
[[File:Photograph of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash painting toys in his later years.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash painting toys in his later years]]
In his final years, Gian Singh was in a destitute state and resorted to selling clay and wooden toys he painted himself to earn a livelihood.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> He also painted banners for theatres during these years.<ref name=":10" /> He also went to Pakistan (accompanied by his grandson Surinder Singh) to learn about [[Woodblock printing|block printing]] of paintings from the FW Company at [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in Lahore.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":5" /> The block printings of paintings he produced were sold for food.<ref name=":5" /> He was skilled in [[monochrome]] and tri-colour halftone blocks for the usage for painting religious themes.<ref name=":10" /> He also experimentally dabbled in [[Watercolor painting|watercolour paintings]], oil on canvas paintings, calendar design, [[Dust jacket|book-jacket]] designs, and additionally worked on newspaper advertisement design.<ref name=":10" /> He also engaged in some photography, such as by taking pictures of the Golden Temple shrine complex.<ref name=":5" />

He kept a circle of friends who were also painters, some of whose names included [[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]], [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], and more.<ref name=":10" /> These personalities respected Gian Singh.<ref name=":10" />

Gian Singh was a mentor for his son, Sohan Singh, and trained him.<ref name=":5" /> Gian Singh also instructed his grandsons (such as Surinder Singh) on how to grind pigments and how to draw, often using harsh methods to pass on the knowledge.<ref name=":5" />

Gian Singh died in 1953 at the age of 70 in extreme poverty and indebted.<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Frescoes containing Gurmukhi calligraphy in tondo sourced from Sikh scriptures above the arches of windows located within the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar, by Gian Singh Naqqash 01.jpg|thumb|Frescoes containing Gurmukhi calligraphy in tondo with lexemes sourced from Sikh scriptures above the arches of windows located within the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar, by Gian Singh Naqqash (since retouched and restored by other artists).]]
Much of his artwork has been destroyed in subsequent decades by ''[[kar seva]]'' babas and their destructive renovations on Sikh heritage sites, which Gian Singh had expressed worry about before his passing.<ref name=":4" />

His documentation of creating a mural as per the traditional Sikh school can be found within his ''Naqqashi Darpan'' work.<ref name=":10" /> It has been both subsequently translated and narrated by his grandson, Surinder Singh.<ref name=":10" /> Much of the corpus of artwork produced by Gian Singh have been published in Sikh and Punjabi periodicals, such as ''Preet Lari'', ''Ajit'', ''Veer Bharat'', ''Sher-e-Bharat'' and other publications.<ref name=":10" />

His descendants are mulling setting up a digital repository of Gian Singh's artwork that will be available to the general masses.<ref name=":10" /> They plan to help revive the traditional Sikh school of art through such an endeavor.<ref name=":10" /> His artwork remains a subject of study by experts in the field and a panel has been formed for this regard.<ref name=":10" />

{{Blockquote|text="He (Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash) focused all his attention and worked very hard like doing meditation and wonderful naqqashi created by him with his art are like attaining spiritual enlightenment."|author=Harinder Singh "Roopi", translated by Davinder Aujla (Mohali)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=26 April 2018 |title=Mohrakashi of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash and Art Legacy in his family |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DwOveK317A |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref>}}R. P. Srivastava compared the influence of Bhai Gian Singh on Sikh and Punjabi art to that of [[Vir Singh (writer)|Bhai Vir Singh]] and [[Dhani Ram Chatrik]] in Sikh and [[Punjabi poetry]].<ref name=":6" />

Some works by Gian Singh Naqqash are preserved at the Sikh Research Centre of the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Treasure trove of the past: Sikh Research Centre at Khalsa College, Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/treasure-trove-of-the-past-sikh-research-centre-at-khalsa-college-amritsar-379994 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> He was the only Sikh ''naqqash'' artist to leave behind groundbreaking books covering painting, including the ''naqqashi'' method.<ref name=":6" />

== Books ==

=== Bibliography ===
* [[File:Architectural sketch depicting a dome design by Gian Singh Naqqash from page 279 of his book, Vishkarma Darpan, ca.1926.jpg|thumb|[[Sikh architecture|Architectural]] sketch depicting a dome design by Gian Singh Naqqash from page 279 of his book, Vishkarma Darpan, ca.1926]]''Naqqashi Darpan'' (1924), covering natural art motifs and designs involving flora, such as flowers, and animals<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |pages=79–81}}</ref><ref name=":10" />
* ''Visva Karma Darpan'' or ''Vishkarma Darpan'' (1926), covering decorative, architectural, and furniture designs<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=R. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC&dq=%22Naqqashi+Darpan%22&pg=PA59|title=Punjab Painting|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-174-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" />
* ''Naqqashi Art Shiksha'' or ''Nikashi Art Sikhya'' (1942), sketches to instruct novices on how to draw''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" />''
* ''Taj-i-[[Zardozi|Zargari]]'' (Vol.I in 1920 and Vol.II in 1930), about artwork involving gold and silver ornaments, 1539 designs in-total<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" />
* ''Kasheeda'', about executing naqsha artwork on [[Shawl|shawls]] and other fabric types<ref name=":32" />

=== Others ===
* ''Gian Chitravali: Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash'' (written by [[G. S. Sohan Singh]]) - 1956<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thursby|first=Gene R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&dq=Gian+Chitravali-Master+pieces+of+Bhai+Gian+Singh+%E2%80%98Naqqash%E2%80%99&pg=PR13|title=The Sikhs|date=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09554-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32" />

== Honours ==

* Banarsi Siropa - [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (1949)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhai Gian Singh Naqash – Art Heritage|url=http://art-heritage.com/bhai-gian-singh-naqash/|access-date=2020-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

== Gallery ==

=== Mural (Naqqashi) ===
<gallery>
File:Fresco of floral motifs and the building structure from the walls of pre-1984 Akal Takht complex.jpg|Fresco of floral and animal motifs and the building structure from the walls of original Akal Takht complex, by Gian Singh Naqqash, ca.1942 (destroyed in the mid-1980's)
File:Mural of decorative floral motifs with a representation of the Golden Temple at-centre, by Gian Singh Naqqash.jpg|Mural of decorative floral motifs with a representation of the Golden Temple at-centre, by Gian Singh Naqqash
</gallery>

=== Miniatures ===
<gallery>
File:Painting of Guru Nanak seated under a tree in the presence of Bhai Bala, Bhai Mardana, and his two sons (Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das), by Gian Singh Naqqash.jpg|Painting of Guru Nanak seated under a tree in the presence of Bhai Bala, Bhai Mardana, and his two sons (Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das), by Gian Singh Naqqash
File:Painting of all the Sikh gurus together by Gian Singh Naqqash.jpg|Painting of all the Sikh gurus together by Gian Singh Naqqash
File:'Types of Irreligion', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''Types of Irreligion''
File:'Samadhi', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''Samadhi''
File:'The Inviting Doom', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''The Inviting Doom''
File:'The Effect of Age', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''The Effect of Age''
File:'Memories of Homeland', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''Memories of Homeland''
File:'The Pilgrim', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''The Pilgrim''
File:'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Durga in-battle against the Asuras.jpg|''The Eternal Strife''
File:'Camel Fight', by Gian Singh 'Naqqash', published in 'Gian Chitravali, Masterpieces of the Late Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash' (1956).jpg|''Camel Fight''
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naqqash, Gian Singh}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Male artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Artists from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engravers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Mosaic artists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Art writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]

Anuradhapura kingdom

2026-04-25T06:08:33Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Being merged from|Anuradhapura period|discuss=Talk:Anuradhapura Kingdom#Merge proposal|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Ancient Sinhalese kingdom from 437 BC to 1017 CE}}
{{Disputed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = {{native name|si|අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය}} ''Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya'' {{native name|ta|அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம்}} ''Anurātapura irācciyam''
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Anuradhapura
| common_name = Anuradhapura Kingdom
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| era = [[Anuradhapura period]]
| year_start = 437 BC
| year_end = 1017 AD
| p1 = Kingdom of Tambapanni
| s1 = Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
| image_flag = Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag_type = Flag of King Dutugamunu (161-137 B.C.), as depicted in the [[Dambulla cave temple|Dambulla Viharaya]] cave no.2<ref>{{cite book | last=Seneviratna | first=Anuradha | title=Golden Rock Temple of Dambulla: Caves of infinite Buddhas | publisher=Central Cultural Fund | year=1983 | page=9}}</ref>{{refn|This flag was known as the only ancient representation of the lion flag of the Sinhalese but in 1957, the lion figure on it was defaced by a vandal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of archaeology in Ceylon|publisher=Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol XIII)|last=Godakumbura|first=C.E.|date=1969|pages=36|language=en|quote=We all agree with Deraniyagala when he considers that the defacing of the lion depicted upon Dutugemunu's flag in the famous Dambulla frescoes as a national loss. This, so far as we know, is the only ancient representation of the lion-flag of the Sinhalese.}}</ref>|group="N"}}
| flag_size = 100px
| image_coat = Royal Emblem of Anuradhapura.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| symbol_type = ''Railed Swastika'' (emblem)
| image_map = File:Anuradhapura Kingdom (3rd century BC map).svg
| image_map_caption = Administrative subdivisions:{{legend|#F21489|[[Rajarata]]}} {{legend|#EA68A9|[[Maya Rata]]}} {{legend|#EEA0F2|[[Ruhuna]]}}
| capital = [[Anuradhapura]]
| common_languages = [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Silva |first=K.M |title=A History of Sri Lanka |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2005 |isbn=9558095923 |pages=100}}</ref>
| religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]] (from 267 BC) [[Hinduism]] (~267 BC){{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=58}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk/moodle/pluginfile.php/22943/mod_resource/content/1/cha%203.pdf |title=The downfall of the Anuradhapura kingdom and South Indian influences |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref>
| title_leader = [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|King]]
| leader1 = [[Pandukabhaya]]
| leader2 = [[Mahinda V]]
| year_leader1 = 437 BC-367 BC
| year_leader2 = 982–1017
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Sri Lankan former states}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The '''Kingdom of Anuradhapura''' ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: {{lang|si|අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය}}, translit: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, named for [[Anuradhapura|its capital city]], was the second established Sinhalese [[monarchy|kingdom]] of ancient [[Sri Lanka]]. According to the [[Mahāvaṃsa]], it was founded by King [[Pandukabhaya]] in 437 BC, whose authority extended throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/10-consecrating-pandukabhaya/ | title=The Consecrating of Pandukabhaya - King Pandukabhaya | date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

[[Buddhism]] played a major role in the Anuradhapura period, influencing its culture, laws, and methods of governance.<ref group="N">Buddhism was such an important factor in this period that {{harvtxt|Mendis|2000}}, p.196 asserts, "The island of Lanka belonged to the Buddha himself; it was like a treasury filled with the [[Three Jewels|three gems]]".</ref> The society and the culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampiya Tissa]]. This cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the [[tooth relic of the Buddha]] in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers.<ref>Perera (2001), p.45</ref>

During the Anuradhapura era, the country was invaded by South Indians several times. Rulers such as [[Dutthagamani]], [[Valagamba]], and [[Dhatusena]] are noted for defeating South Indian invaders and unifying the country. Other rulers such as [[Sena II of Anuradhapura|Sena II]] are notable for dispatching forces to South India, and gaining several victories such as the [[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya|sacking of Madurai in 862]].

The kingdom was largely based on agriculture, hence the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura kingdom, ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self-sufficient. Several kings, most notably [[Vasabha]] and [[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]], constructed large reservoirs and canals, forming an extensive and sophisticated irrigation network across the Rajarata region during the Anuradhapura period. These monumental works reflect the advanced technical and engineering expertise of the time. The famous paintings and structures at [[Sigiriya]]; the monumental stupas such as [[Ruwanwelisaya]] and [[Jetavanaramaya|Jetavana]]; grand edifices like the [[Lovamahapaya]]; and numerous religious works, including Buddha statues stand as enduring landmarks that showcase the remarkable sculptural achievements of the Anuradhapura period.

==The city of Anuradhapura==
According the chronicle [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]], In 543 BC, prince [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]] (543–505 BC) arrived in Sri Lanka, having been banished from his homeland in India. He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king. After this, his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country. One of these was established by Anuradha, a minister of King Vijaya, on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama after himself and the [[Anuradha (nakshatra)|Anuradha Nakshatra]].<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 20</ref><ref name=":1" />

In 377 BC, King [[Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka|Pandukabhaya]], grandson of King Panduvasudeva (437–367 BC) made it his capital and developed the city.<ref>Blaze (1995), p. 19</ref><ref>Yogasundaram (2008), p. 41</ref> The name was also derived from the city's establishment on the [[Nakshatra|auspicious asterism]] called Anura.<ref name=":1">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 27</ref> Anuradhapura served as the capital of all the monarchs who ruled during the Anuradhapura Kingdom, with the exception of [[Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka|Kashyapa I]] (473–491), who chose [[Sigiriya]] to be his capital.<ref>Bandaranayake (2007), p. 6</ref> The city is also marked on [[Ptolemy's world map]].<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 7</ref>

==History==
According to the [[Mahavamsa]], King Pandukabhaya, the founder and first ruler of Anuradhapura, fixed village boundaries in the country and established an administration system by appointing village headmen. He constructed hermitages, houses for the poor, cemeteries, and irrigation tanks.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 28</ref> He brought a large portion of the country under the control of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, it was not until the reign of [[Dutthagamani]] (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under the Anuradhapura kingdom.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 25</ref> He defeated 32 rulers in different parts of the country before he defeated the South Indian invader [[Ellalan|Elara]] at the [[Battle of Vijithapura|battle at Vijithapura]], and ascended to the throne.<ref>Moratuwagama (1996), p. 225</ref> The chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' describes his reign with much praise, and devotes 11 chapters out of 37 for his reign.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 27</ref> He is described as both a warrior king and a devout Buddhist.<ref>Ludowyk (1985), p. 61</ref> After unifying the country, he helped establish Buddhism on a firm and secure base and built several monasteries and shrines including the [[Ruwanweli Seya]]<ref>Moratuwagama (1996), p. 252</ref> and [[Lovamahapaya]].<ref>Moratuwagama (1996), p. 238</ref>

Another notable king of the Anuradhapura kingdom is [[Valagamba of Sri Lanka|Valagamba]] (103, 89–77 BC), also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya, who was overthrown by [[The Five Dravidians|five invaders]] from South India. He regained his throne after defeating these invaders one by one and unified the country again under his rule. During the times of Vasabha, [[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]] (274–301) and Dhatusena, the construction of large irrigation tanks and canals was given priority. Vasabha constructed 11 tanks and 12 canals,<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 81</ref> Mahasen constructed 16 tanks and a large canal,<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 88</ref> and Dhatusena built 18 tanks.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 93</ref> Most of the other kings have also built irrigation tanks throughout ''Rajarata'', the area around Anuradhapura. By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, a large and intricate irrigation network was available throughout Rajarata to support the agriculture of the country.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 171">Siriweera (2004), p. 171</ref><ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 75</ref> [[Saddha Tissa]] (137–119 BC), Mahaculi Mahatissa (77–63 BC), [[Vasabha]] (67–111), [[Gajabahu I]] (114–136), [[Dhatusena]] (455–473), Aggabodhi I (571–604) and Aggabodhi II (604–614) were among the rulers who held sway over the entire country after Dutthagamani and Valagamba. Rulers from Kutakanna Tissa (44–22 BC) to Amandagamani (29–19 BC) also managed to keep the whole country under the rule of the Anuradhapura kingdom.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 35">Siriweera (2004), p. 35</ref> Other rulers could not maintain their rule over the whole island, and independent regions often existed in ''Ruhuna'' and ''Malayarata'' (hill country) for limited periods. During the final years of the Anuradhapura kingdom, rebellions sprang up and the authority of the kings gradually declined.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 36</ref> By the time of [[Mahinda V]] (982–1017), the last king of the Anuradhapura kingdom, the power of the king had deteriorated that he could not even properly organize the collection of taxes.<ref name="Wijesooriya 2006, p. 114">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 114</ref>

===Arrival of Buddhism===
[[File:Photograph of Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Anuradhapura Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi today, to which the Kingdom was offered by Devanampiya Tissa | alt=Large Bo tree (Ficus religiosa) surrounded by a white wall and a golden fence.]]
One of the most notable events during the Anuradhapura kingdom was the introduction of [[Buddhism]] to the country. A strong alliance existed between [[Devanampiya Tissa]] (250–210 BC) and [[Ashoka]] of India,<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 11</ref> who sent a mission of five monks including [[Arahat]] [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], and a novice.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 34</ref> They encountered Devanampiya Tissa at [[Mihintale]] on a [[Poson]] poya day. After this meeting, king Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism and the order of monks was established in the country.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 38</ref> The king, guided by Arahat Mahinda, took steps to firmly establish Buddhism in the country.<ref>Ludowyk (1985), p. 46</ref>

Soon afterwards, the [[bhikkhuni]] [[Sanghamitta]] arrived from India in order to establish the ''Bhikkhuni sasana'' (order of nuns) in the country.<ref>Ludowyk (1985), p. 49</ref> She brought along with her a sapling from the [[Sri Maha Bodhi]], the tree under which the Buddha attained [[Bodhi|enlightenment]]. The king sent his cousin, Prince Aritta to Dambakolapatuna to escort the delegation back to Anuradhapura. The bo sapling was then planted at the Mahamevna Gardens in Anuradhapura<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 41</ref> and bestowed the newly planted [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]].<ref>Ludowyk (1985), p. 55</ref> on his kingdom. Prince Aritta along with other men was ordained by Arahat Madinda, thus establishing the order of the monks in Sri Lanka. Similarly Lady Anula, a member of the royal family was ordained along with 400 other women. This was the origin of the order of the nuns. Subsequently, Buddhism was established as the main religion of Sri Lanka.

===Arrival of the sacred tooth relic===
During the reign of [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Kithsirimevan]] (301–328), Sudatta, the sub king of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], and Hemamala brought the [[tooth relic of the Buddha]] to Sri Lanka because of unrest in their country.<ref>Blaze (1995), p. 58</ref> Kithsirimevan carried it in procession and placed the relic in a mansion named ''Datadhatughara''.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 89</ref> He ordered this procession to be held annually which is still taking place in the country. The tooth relic of the Buddha soon became one of the most sacred objects in the country and a symbol of kingship. The person who was in possession of the tooth relic was identified to be the rightful ruler of the country.<ref>Blaze (1995), p. 59</ref> Therefore, it was often enshrined within the royal palace itself.<ref>Rambukwelle (1993), p. 51</ref>

===Invasions===
Several invasions have been made against the Anuradhapura kingdom, all of which were launched from [[South India]]. The first invasion recorded in the history of the country is during the reign of [[Suratissa of Sri Lanka|Suratissa]] (247–237 BC), where he was overthrown by two horse dealers from South India named Sena and Guththika.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} After ruling the country for 22 years, they were defeated by [[Asela of Sri Lanka|Asela]] (215–205 BC), who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a [[Chola]] prince named [[Ellalan|Elara]] (205–161 BC).<ref name="Wijesooriya 2006, p. 47">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 47</ref> Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani (Duttugamunu) <ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 49</ref> However, the Mahavamsa records that these kings from the mainland ruled the country fairly and lawfully.<ref name="Wijesooriya 2006, p. 47" />

[[File:王会图 Sri Lanka (獅子國).jpg|thumb|Ambassador from [[Sri Lanka]] (獅子國 ''Shiziguo'') to China ([[Liang dynasty]]), ''[[Wanghuitu]]'' (王会图), circa 650 CE]]
The country was invaded again in 103 BC by [[The Five Dravidians|Five Dravidian chiefs]], [[Pulahatta]], [[Bahiya]], [[Panya Mara]], [[Pilaya Mara]] and [[Dathika]], who ruled until 89 BC when they were defeated by [[Valagamba]]. Another invasion occurred in 433, and the country fell under the control of [[The Six Dravidians|six rulers from South India]]. These were [[Pandu]], [[Parinda]], [[Khudda Parinda]], [[Tiritara]], [[Dathiya]] and [[Pithiya]], who was defeated by [[Dhathusena]] who regained power in 459.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 42">Siriweera (2004), p. 42</ref> More invasions and raids from South India occurred during the reigns of [[Sena I of Anuradhapura|Sena I]] (833–853)<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 108</ref> and [[Udaya III of Anuradhapura|Udaya III]] (935–938).<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 112</ref> The final invasion during the Anuradhapura kingdom, which ended the kingdom and left the country under the rule of the Cholas, took place during the reign of Mahinda V.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 44">Siriweera (2004), p. 44</ref>

However, none of these invaders could extend their rule to ''[[Kingdom of Ruhuna|Ruhuna]]'', the southern part of the country, and Sri Lankan rulers and their heirs always organized their armies from this area and managed to regain their throne. Throughout the history of Sri Lanka, ''Ruhuna'' served as a base for resistance movements.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 35" />

===Fall of Anuradhapura===
[[Mahinda V of Anuradhapura|Mahinda V]] (981-1017), distracted by a revolt of his own [[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|Indian mercenary troops]], fled to the south-eastern province of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]].<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 44" /> The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.<ref name="Wijesooriya 2006, p. 114" /> Taking advantage of this internal strife Chola Emperor [[Rajaraja I]] invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}} [[Rajendra Chola I]] son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. The [[Culavamsa]] says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=411}} The capital was at [[Polonnaruwa]] which was renamed "Jananathamangalam".{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}}

A partial consolidation of Chola power in [[Rajarata]] had succeeded the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite Hindu temples were constructed in Polonnaruva and in the emporium of Mahatittha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son the Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana was incorporated into the Chola Empire.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199–200}} As per the Sinhalese chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199–200}} But the south of the island, which lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation, was never really consolidated by the Chola. Thus, under Rajendra, Chola expansion in Ceylon began to reach a point of diminishing returns.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199–200}}

The Chola conquest had one permanent result in that the capital of [[Anuradhapura]] was destroyed by the Cholas.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}} [[Polonnaruwa]], a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom,{{refn|as noted by its native name of Kandavura Nuvara (the camp city)}} was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and became the new centre of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of [[Rajarata]] in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}} There is practically no trace of Chola rule in Anuradhapura. When Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]] much easier.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}}

== Government and military ==
{{See also| Sinhalese monarchy}}
[[File:Subdivisions of Kingdom of Anuradhapura.png|thumb|Subdivisions of Anuradhapura Kingdom]]

=== Monarch ===
The kingdom was under the rule of a king. The consecration ceremonies and rituals associated with kingship began during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa,<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 86">Siriweera (2004), p. 86</ref> under the influence of Ashoka of India.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 30</ref> The whole country was brought under the rule of a single monarch by Dutthagamani for the first time. Before this, it had several principalities independent of the Anuradhapura kingdom.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 86" /> The succession of the throne was [[patrilineal]], or if otherwise, inherited by the brother of the previous king.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 87">Siriweera (2004), p. 87</ref> The king of Anuradhapura was recognized as the supreme ruler throughout the island, even at times when he did not have absolute control over it.<ref>Perera (2001), p. 48</ref>

Four dynasties have ruled the kingdom from its founding to its ending. The rulers from Vijaya to [[Subharaja of Anuradhapura|Subharaja]] (60–67) are generally considered as the Vijayan dynasty.<ref group="N">This is also known as the Anuradhapura dynasty, starting from Pandukabhaya.</ref><ref>Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 54</ref> Pandukabhaya was the first ruler of the Anuradhapura kingdom belonging to this dynasty. The Vijayan dynasty existed until [[Vasabha]] of the Lambakarana clan seized power in 66 AD. His ascension to the throne saw the start of the first Lambakarana dynasty, which ruled the country for more than three centuries.<ref>Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 77</ref> A new dynasty began with [[Dhatusena]] in 455. Named the Maurya dynasty, the origins of this line are uncertain although some historians trace them to [[Shakya]] princes who accompanied the sapling of the [[Sri Maha Bodhi]] to Sri Lanka.<ref>Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 123</ref> The last dynasty of the Anuradhapura period, the second Lambakanna dynasty, started with [[Manavanna of Anuradhapura|Manavanna]] (684–718) seizing the throne in 684 and continued till the last ruler of Anuradhapura, Mahinda V.<ref>Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 143</ref>

=== Officials ===
Royal officials were divided into three categories; officials attached to the palace, officials of central administration and officials of provincial administration. One of the most important positions was the ''purohita'', the advisor of the king.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 87" /> The king also had a board of ministers called ''amati paheja''.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 90</ref> In central administration, ''senapati'' (Commander-in-Chief of the Army) was a second position only to the king and held by a member of the nobility.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 88</ref> This position, and also the positions of ''[[yuvaraja]]'' (sub king), administrative positions in the country's provinces and major ports and provinces, were often held by relatives of the king.<ref name="Siriweera 1994, p. 8">Siriweera (1994), p. 8</ref>

The kingdom was often divided into sections or provinces and governed separately. ''Rajarata'', the area around the capital, was under the direct administration of the king, while the ''Ruhuna'' (southern part of the country) and the ''Malaya Rata'' (hill country) were governed by officials called ''apa'' and ''mapa''. These administrative units were further divided into smaller units called ''rata''. Officials called ''ratiya'' or ''ratika'' were in charge of these.<ref group="N">This position was called ''rataladda'' by the later period of the Anuradhapura kingdom.</ref> The smallest administrative unit was the ''gama'' (village), under a village chief known as ''gamika'' or ''gamladda''.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 91</ref>

=== Buddhist priesthood ===
A close link existed between the ruler and the ''[[Sangha]]'' (Buddhist priesthood) since the introduction of Buddhism to the country. This relationship was further strengthened during Dutthagamani's reign. The monks often advised and even guided the king on decisions. This association was initially with the Mahavihara sect, but by the middle of the 1st century BC, the Abhayagiri sect had also begun to have a close link to the ruling of the country. By the end of the 3rd century AD, the Jetavana sect had also become close to the ruler.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 6</ref> Estrangements between the ruler and the priesthood often weakened the government, as happened during the reign of Lanjatissa.<ref>Rambukwelle (1993), p. 45</ref> Even Valagamba's resistance movement was initially hampered because of a rift with the Mahavihara, and he succeeded only after a reconciliation was affected.<ref>Rambukwelle (1993), p. 46</ref> Some rulers patronized only one sect, but this often led to unrest in the country and most rulers equally supported all sects.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 7</ref> Despite this, religious establishments were often plundered during times of internal strife by the rulers themselves, such as during the reigns of Dathopatissa I (639–650) and Kashyapa II (650–659).<ref name="Siriweera 1994, p. 8" />

=== Law ===
Customs, traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law. Specific laws were eventually developed and adopted. ''Samantapasadika'', a 5th-century commentary, gives details of complex regulations on the theft of fish. The chief judicial officer was known as ''viniccayamacca'' and there were several judicial officers under him, known as ''vinicchayaka''. Apart from them, village headmen and provincial governors were also given the power to issue judgments. The king was the final judge in legal disputes, and all cases against members of the royal family and high dignitaries of the state were judged by him. However, the king had to exercise this power with care and after consulting with his advisers.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 92</ref> Udaya I recorded judgments that were regarded as important precedents in the royal library in order to maintain uniformity in judicial decisions.<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 144</ref>

Initially, the administration of justice at the village level was the responsibility of village assemblies, which usually consisted of the elders of the village.<ref name=" Rambukwelle 1993, p. 38">Rambukwelle (1993), p. 38</ref> However, towards the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom a group of ten villages, known as ''dasagam'', was responsible for upholding justice in that area. The laws and legal measures to be followed by them were proclaimed by the king. Several rock inscriptions that record these proclamations have been found in archaeological excavations. Punishments differed from ruler to ruler. Some kings, such as Sanghabodhi (247–249) and Voharika Tissa (209–231) were lenient in this aspect, while rulers like Ilanaga (33–43) and Jettha Tissa I (263–273) were harsher. However, crimes such as treason, murder, and slaughter of cattle were generally punishable by death.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 93</ref>

=== Military ===
During the early stages, the Anuradhapura kingdom did not have a strong regular army except for a small body of soldiers. These were assigned to guarding the capital and the royal palace. The King had the right to demand an able-bodied son for military service from every family in his kingdom. In times of war, a larger army was formed using this method. An army consisted of four main divisions; an elephant corps, cavalry, chariots and infantry.<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 66" /> This combination was called ''Chaturangani Sena'' (fourfold army). However, the majority of the army was infantry composed of swordsmen, spearmen and archers.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 89</ref><ref>Ellawala (1969), p.148</ref>

When such an army was prepared, it was commanded by several generals. The [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the army was usually a member of the nobility. The King and his generals led the army from the front during battles, mounted on [[War elephant|elephants]].<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 66" /> The major cities of the kingdom were defended with [[defensive walls]] and [[moats]]. [[Sieges]], often lasting several months, were common during warfare. Single combat between the opposing kings or commanders, mounted on elephants, often decided the outcome of the battle.<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 67">Yogasundaram (2008), p. 67</ref>

South Indian [[mercenaries]] were often employed in the armies of the Anuradhapura kingdom during its latter stages.<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 66" /> Manavanna and Moggallana I (491–508) obtained the assistance of the [[Pallava]]s during succession disputes to secure the throne.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 42" /> However, the Anuradhapura kingdom appears to have had strong armies during some periods, such as when Sena II sent his armies to South India against the [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan]] king.<ref>Wijesooriya (2006), p. 110</ref> Gajabahu I also launched an invasion against South India<ref group="N">This is disputed by some historians however since there is no mention of this in the ''Mahavamsa'' although the ''Rajavaliya'' describes the event in detail.</ref> to rescue 12,000 captives, and brought back 12,000 prisoners as well as the freed captives.<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 57</ref> Surprisingly, however, a navy was not considered important during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and one was rarely maintained. This would have been the first line of defence for the island nation and would also have been helpful in dealing with invasions from South India.<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 67" />

== Trade and economy ==
The economy of the Anuradhapura kingdom was based mainly on [[agriculture]].<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 66">Yogasundaram (2008), p. 66</ref> The main agricultural product was [[rice]], the cultivation of which was supported by an intricate irrigation network. Rice cultivation began around the [[Malvathu River|Malvatu Oya]], [[Deduru Oya]] and [[Mahaweli River|Mahaweli Ganga]] and spread throughout the country.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 183</ref> [[Shifting cultivation]] was also done during the rainy seasons.<ref>Goonaratne and Hirashima (1990), p. 153</ref> Rice was produced in two main seasons named ''Yala'' and ''Maha''. Due to the extensive production of rice, the country was mostly [[self-sufficient]].<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 190</ref> [[Cotton]] was grown extensively to meet the requirements of [[cloth]]. [[Sugarcane]] and [[Sesame]] were also grown and there are frequent references in classical literature to these agricultural products. [[Finger millet]] was grown as a substitute for rice, particularly in the dry zone of the country.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 182">Siriweera (2004), p. 182</ref> Surpluses of these products, mainly rice, were exported.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 192</ref><ref>Seneviratna (1989), p. 54</ref>

[[File:Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient coins belonging to the Anuradhapura period on display at the museum of Anuradhapura.|alt=A showcase with a number of coins arranged in a circle.]]

The primary goods exported during the Anuradhapura period are [[gemstone]]s, [[spice]]s, [[pearl]]s and [[elephant]]s, while [[ceramic ware]], [[silk]]s, [[perfume]]s and [[wine]]s were imported from other countries.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 114</ref> The city of Anuradhapura itself became an important commercial centre as the residence of many foreign merchants from around the world.
From very early times was a settlement of [[Yona|Greeks]] known as Yavanas. Professor Merlin Peris, former Professor of Classics at the [[University of Peradeniya]], writes that “The Greeks whom King Pandukabhaya settled in the West Gate of Anuradhapura were not the second or third generation of Greeks who arrived in NW India but were men who, just two decades ago at the most, left Greek homelands as Alexander's camp followers and come to Sri Lanka with or in the wake of Alexander's troops. When their fellow Greeks showed reluctance to push further south, these Greeks apparently had done so.”<ref>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120729/plus/did-anuradhapura-greeks-come-east-with-alexander-7214.html Did Anuradhapura Greeks come east with Alexander?]</ref>

By the fifth century one of [[Persian people|Persians]] in addition to Tamil and Arab merchants.{{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=46}} These foreign merchants, mainly Arabs, often acted as [[Reseller|middlemen]] in these imports and exports.<ref name="Yogasundaram 2008, p. 66" /> By the ninth century these Muslim traders had established themselves around the ports of the Anuradhapura kingdom, they would soon form the still extant [[Sri Lankan Moors|Muslim community]] of the island.{{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=47}} Luxury cloth was also imported from [[East India|Eastern India]] and [[China]].<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 182" /> A [[Epigraphy|stone inscription]] in Anuradhapura implies that the market or [[bazaar]] was an important functionality in the city.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 207</ref> Trade was limited in villages since they were mostly self-sufficient, but essential commodities such as salt and metal had to be obtained from outside.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 212</ref> The country's position in the Indian Ocean and its natural bays made it a centre of international trade transit.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 218</ref> Ports such as ''Mahatittha'' ([[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]]) and ''Gokanna'' ([[Trincomalee]]) were used as trading ports during the Anuradhapura kingdom.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 228</ref>

[[File:Bronze imitation of Roman coin Sri Lanka South India 4th to 8th century CE.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bronze imitation of a Roman coin, [[Sri Lanka]], 4th–8th century]]
Currency was often used for settling judicial fines, [[taxes]] and payments for goods<ref group="N">According to ''[[Samantapasadika]]'', the use of coins in transactions involving the purchasing of items had become common by the 5th century.</ref> or services.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p 120</ref> However, remuneration for services to the king, officials and temples were often made in the form of land revenue. The oldest coins found at Anuradhapura date up to 200 BC.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 213</ref> These earliest coins were [[Hammered coinage|punch marked]] rectangular pieces of silver known as ''[[kahavanu]]''. These eventually became circular in shape, which was in turn followed by [[Milled coinage|die struck]] coins.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 214</ref> Uncoined metals, particularly [[gold]] and [[silver]], were used for trading as well.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 215</ref> Patterns of elephants, horses, [[swastika]] and [[Dharmacakra]] were commonly imprinted on the coins of this period.<ref>Codrington (1994), p. 19</ref>

The primary tax of this period was named ''bojakapati'' (grain tax) and charged for land used for cultivation.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 167</ref> A water tax, named ''dakapati'' was also charged for the water used from reservoirs.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 168</ref> [[Duty (economics)|Customs duties]] were also imposed in ports.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 169</ref> Those unable to pay these taxes in cash were expected to take part in services such as repairing reservoirs. The administration of taxes was the duty of ''Badagarika'', the king's treasurer.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 170</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Cross Section of Dry Zone Catena of Sri Lanka.png|thumb|500px|right|Typical layout of the tank, settlements, and paddy fields in a traditional dry-zone village]]

Culture in the Anuradhapura kingdom was largely based on Buddhism with the slaughter of animals for food considered low and unclean. As a result, animal husbandry, except for the rearing of [[bubalus|buffalo]] and cattle, was uncommon. Elephants and horses were prestige symbols, and could only be afforded by the nobility. The skills needed to train and care for these animals were highly regarded .<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 200</ref> Cattle and buffalo were used for ploughing and preparing [[paddy fields]].<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 193</ref> Dairy products formed an important part of people's diets while [[Pali]] and [[Sinhala literature]] often refer to five products obtained from the cow: milk, [[curd]], [[buttermilk]], [[ghee]] and butter.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 194</ref> Bullocks and [[bullock carts]] were also used for transport.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 195</ref>

Metalwork was an important and well-developed craft, and metal tools such as axes, [[Mammoty|mammoties]] and hoes were widely used. Weapons and tools of iron and steel were produced on a large scale for the military.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 151</ref> A good indication of the development of metalwork of this period is the [[Lovamahapaya]], which had been roofed entirely with copper.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 152</ref>

Villages were usually concentrated around irrigation reservoirs to enable easy access to water for agriculture. Houses stood immediately below the reservoir embankment, between the water and the paddy fields below. This facilitated easy control of the water supply to the fields and also supported the maintenance of domestic gardens for fruit and vegetable production.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 187</ref> A village typically consisted of a cluster of dwellings, paddy fields, a reservoir, a grazing ground, [[Shifting cultivation|shift crop]] reserves and a village forest. In areas of high rainfall, a [[Perennial stream|perennial watercourse]] often took the place of the reservoir.<ref name="Rambukwelle 1993, p. 38" /> Inland fishing was widespread during the Anuradhapura kingdom period because of the numerous reservoirs.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 201</ref> Although not entirely absent, sea fishing was not common during this period mainly because of the rudimentary nature of transporting sea fish to cities which were located far inland.<ref>Siriweera (1994), p. 39</ref>

Women appear to have enjoyed considerable freedom and independence during this period.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 82</ref> Dutthagamani frequently sought his mother's advice during his military campaign.<ref name="Unsurpassed heroism">{{cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/17/plus01.asp|title=Unsurpassed heroism: Women in Mahavamsa|last=Wettimuny|first=Samangie|date=2008-08-17|work=Sunday Observer|access-date=2009-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803115933/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/17/plus01.asp|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rock inscriptions show that women donated caves and temples for the use of the sangha. However, there are no records of women holding any administrative posts. It is not clear if women were given equal footing with men, but they did have complete freedom in religious matters.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 83</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|left|upright|Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka]]
Before the adoption of Buddhism by the royalty, there was no single organized religion or proper state religion but a wide variety of different belief systems were practiced some of which received royal patronage.<ref name="IJRISS19">{{cite journal |last1=Amratunga |first1=Geethani |last2=Gunawardana2 |first2=Nadeesha |title=The Pre Buddhist Religious Beliefs in Ancient Sri Lanka |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |date=June 2019 |volume=3 |issue=6 |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-3-issue-6/203-206.pdf |access-date=16 February 2025 |issn=2454-6186}}</ref> These include worship of yakśas and yakśanis (female yakśas), [[Nāga|Nāgās]], [[Veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]], the [[Deva (Buddhism)|worship of gods]], the [[Trees in mythology|worship of trees]], [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]], [[Jainism|Nigaṇthas]], [[Shaivism|Śaivisam]], various ascetic groups such as Paribbrājakas, [[Ājīvika|Ᾱjīvakas]] and forms of early [[Buddhism]].{{cn|date=January 2025}} Known yakśas that received royal patronage during the reign of King Pandukabhaya include Chitrarāja, Kālavēla and yakśani Valavāmukhī.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Named gods to include [[Saman (deity)|Sumana]] and [[Upulvan]] while goddess named pachchimarājinī meaning “western queen” is also mentioned. Buddhism while not prevalent was brought by traders from India who built places of worship.{{cn|date=January 2025}} [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]] was prevalent among the ruling elite until the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka during the reign of [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampiya Tissa]]. It spread rapidly throughout the country under his patronage becoming the official religion of the kingdom. Despite this status, the tolerance of Buddhist society ensured the survival of [[Hinduism]] with only a minor loss of influence.{{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=58}}<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 244</ref> After this, the rulers were expected to be the protectors of Buddhism in the country and it became a legitimizing factor of royal authority.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 245</ref> Three fraternities of Buddhism had come into existence by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom; Mahavihara, Abhayagiri and Jetavana. [[Mahavihara]] was established immediately after the introduction of Buddhism to the country. Representing the Theravada teachings, it remained strictly conventional throughout the Anuradhapura kingdom. The Abhayagiri fraternity, established after [[Abhayagiriya]] was built, represented several schools of Buddhist thought. It did not restrict itself to Theravada and accepted Mahayana and Tantric ideas as well. Little evidence exists on the Jetavana fraternity which was established after the [[Jetavanaramaya]] was built, later than the other two. However, it too was receptive to new and more liberal views regarding Buddhism.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 248</ref>

Rulers sponsored [[Theravada]] and often took steps to stop the spreading of [[Mahayana]] beliefs. Rulers such as Aggabodhi I, Kashyapa V (914–923) and Mahinda IV (956–972) promulgated disciplinary rules for the proper conduct of the Sangha.<ref name="Siriweera 1994, p. 8" /> Voharika Tissa and [[Gothabhaya]] (249–262) expelled several monks from the order for supporting such views.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 246</ref> A change in this occurred when Mahasena embraced Mahayana teachings and acted against Theravada institutions. However, he too accommodated Theravada teachings after the population rebelled against him.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 247</ref> As the kingdom and the authority of kings declined, Mahayana and Tantric doctrines again began to spread, however, Theravada remained the main and most widespread doctrine.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 250</ref>

[[File:Koneswaram.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Koneswaram temple|Koneswaram Hindu temple]] was constructed in the Anuradhapura kingdom era.]]
Followers of [[Hinduism]] were also present to some extent during the Anuradhapura kingdom. There were a number of them in Rajarata during Elara's reign. Mahasen destroyed several Hindu temples during his reign in the 2nd century. Particularly Indian merchant communities living near ports such as ''Mahatittha'' and ''Gokanna'' were followers of [[Hinduism]] and Hindu temples were constructed in these areas.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, large Hindu temples such as the [[Konesvaram temple]] had been constructed.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 254</ref> Historical sources<ref group="N">The term ''historical sources'' used in this article refer to the ancient texts on the history of Sri Lanka, mainly ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' and ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' and ''[[Rajavaliya]]''.</ref> indicate that there were also [[Jainism|Jains]] in Anuradhapura during the reign of Valagamba.<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 104</ref>

A community of Christians are believed to have migrated and settled in the Kingdom likely introduced by Saint [[Thomas the Apostle]] in AD 52-72.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka/ | title=A Brief History of Christianity in Sri Lanka | date=20 September 2013 }}</ref> Most Christians at that time were either St.Thomas Christians or [[Nestorian]] Christians. In 1912, the discovery of the [[Anuradhapura cross]] indicated a possibility of a strong Christian population during the Anuradhapura period.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus_07.html | title=Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka? }}</ref> There was also a presence of Muslim Traders from Arabia and Persia.
[[File:Anuradhapura Cross-Vector.svg|thumb|The Anuradhapura Cross: the most ancient symbol of Christianity in Sri Lanka]]

=== Literature ===
From the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, inscriptions are recorded in the [[Brāhmī script]]. This gradually developed into the modern [[Sinhala script]], but this was not complete by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom. The first reference in historical sources to any written work is about 80 BC, but both Sinhala and Pali literature existed even two centuries before this, if not earlier.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 87</ref> The oldest Sinhala literature is found at [[Sigiriya]].<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 267</ref> Poems written from the 6th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom are found among the graffiti on the mirror wall at Sigiriya. Most of these verses are describing or even addressed the female figures depicted in the frescoes of Sigiriya.<ref>Lokubandara (2007), p. 37</ref> The majority of these poems have been written between the 8th and 10th centuries.<ref>Lokubandara (2007), p. 29</ref>

Only three Sinhala books survive from the Anuradhapura period. One of them, ''Siyabaslakara'', was written in the 9th or 10th century on the art of poetry and is based on the [[Sanskrit]] ''Kavyadarsha''. ''Dampiya Atuva Gatapadaya'' is another, and is a glossary for the [[Pali]] ''Dhammapadatthakatha'', providing Sinhala words and synonyms for Pali words. The third book is ''Mula Sikha Ha Sikhavalanda'', a set of disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks. Both these have been written during the last two centuries of the Anuradhapura period.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 268</ref>

During the reign of Valagamba, the Pali ''[[Tripitaka]]'' was written in palm leaves.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 86</ref> Several commentaries on Buddhism, known as ''Atthakatha'' have also been written during the reign of Mahanama (406–428). Pali chronicles such as [[Dipavamsa]] and [[Mahavamsa]] have been written during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and are still useful as resources for studying the history of the country.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 271</ref><ref>Mendis (1999), p. 1</ref>

=== Art ===
[[File:Sigiriya frescoes.jpg|thumb|The Sigiriya frescoes are the oldest and best preserved paintings belonging to the Anuradhapura period.|alt=Painting on a rock face depicting two women, one dark-skinned and the other fair-skinned. Both are wearing jewellery and flowers, and both figures appear to be hidden in clouds below the waist.]]
The Sigiriya Frescoes found at [[Sigiriya]], [[Sri Lanka]] were painted during the reign of [[Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura|King Kashyapa I]] (ruled 477 — 495 AD). Depicting female figures carrying flowers, they are the oldest surviving paintings of the Anuradhapura period.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 290">Siriweera (2004), p. 290</ref> Various theories exist as to who are shown in these paintings. Some suggest that they are [[Apsara|''apsaras'']] (celestial nymphs),<ref>Bandaranayake (2007), p. 8</ref> others suggest that they are the ladies of the king's court or even a representation of lightning and rain clouds.<ref>Bandaranayake (2007), p. 11</ref> Although they bear some similarity to the [[Ajanta Caves|paintings of Ajanta]] in India, there are significant differences in style and composition suggesting that these are examples of a distinctive Sri Lankan school of art.<ref>Bandaranayake (2007), p. 12</ref>

Paintings from a cave at [[Hindagala]] date back to the late Anuradhapura period, and may even belong to the same period as the Sigiriya paintings. The paintings of Sigiriya and Hindagala are the only surviving specimens of the art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, remnants of paintings indicate that the walls and ceilings of some buildings and the inside walls of ''stupas'' and ''vahalkadas'' were also painted.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 290" /> Saddhatissa had employed painters to decorate the Ruwanweli Seya when his brother Duttugemunu wanted to see it on his death bed.<ref>Ellawala (1969), p. 153</ref>


Statue making, most noticeably [[Buddharupa|statues of the Buddha]], was an art perfected by the Sri Lankan sculptors during the Anuradhapura kingdom. The earliest Buddha statues belonging to the Anuradhapura period date back to the 1st century AD.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 286</ref> Standard postures such as ''Abhaya Mudra'', ''Dhyana Mudra'', ''Vitarka Mudra'' and ''Kataka Mudra'' were used when making these statues. The [[Samadhi statue]] in Anuradhapura, considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan art,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/071209/FunDay/heritage.html|title=Sacred city of Anuradhapura |date=2007-12-09|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2009-09-17}}</ref> shows the Buddha in a seated position in deep meditation, and is sculpted from [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomitic]] marble and is datable to the 4th century. The [[Toluvila statue]] is similar to this, and dates to the later stages of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Notable standing Buddha statues dating from the Anuradhapura period include the ones at [[Avukana]], [[Maligavila]] and [[Buduruvagala]]. The Buduruvagala statue is the tallest in the country, standing at {{convert|50|ft|m}}. All these statues are carved out of rock.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 287</ref>

The carvings at [[Isurumuniya]] are some of the best examples of the [[stone carving]] art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Skill in arts was a respected and valued trait during this period and artists were well rewarded by the rulers. The Mahavamsa records that [[Jettha Tissa II of Anuradhapura|Jettha Tissa II]] (328–337) was himself skilled in stone and [[ivory carving]].<ref>Fernando (2001), p. 3</ref>

==Architecture and engineering==
=== Architecture ===
[[File:Ruwanwelisaya.jpg|thumb|King Dutthagamani constructed Ruwanweli Seya, the first large stupa, beginning a practice which would be followed by subsequent rulers.]]
The construction of [[stupas]] was noticeable not only during the Anuradhapura kingdom but throughout the history of Sri Lanka. Stupas were built enshrining an object of worship. The stupa of [[Thuparamaya]], built by Devanampiya Tissa, is one of the earliest built and was constructed immediately after the arrival of Buddhism. The construction of large stupas was begun by King Dutthagamani with the construction of the [[Ruwanweli Seya]], standing {{convert|300|ft|m}} high with a circumference of {{convert|298|ft|m}}.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 283</ref>
{{blockquote|The Anuradhapura dagabas which date from the early centuries of the Anuradhapura period, are of such colossal proportions that they constitute the largest structures of their type anywhere in the Buddhist World, even rivalling the Pyramids of Egypt in size.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/200.pdf|title=Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2009-07-18}}</ref>}}
The [[Abhayagiri Dagaba|Abhayagiri]] stupa in the Abhayagiriya monastic complex is another large stupa of the Anuradhapura period the original height of which was {{convert|350|ft|m}}. The [[Jetavanaramaya|Jetavana]] stupa, constructed by Mahasen, is the largest in the country.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 284</ref> Stupas had deep and well-constructed foundations, and the builders were clearly aware of the attributes of the materials used for construction. Suitable methods for each type of material have been used to lay foundations on a firm basis.<ref>Basnayake (1986), p. 109</ref>

All buildings have been adorned with elaborate carvings and sculptures and were supported by large stone columns. These stone columns can be seen in several buildings such as the [[Lovamahapaya]] (brazen palace).<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 280</ref> [[Sewage|Drainage systems]] of these buildings are also well planned, and [[terra cotta]] pipes were used to carry water to drainage pits. Large ponds were attached to some monasteries, such as the [[Kuttam Pokuna]] (twin pond). Hospital complexes have also been found close to monasteries. Buildings were constructed using timber, bricks and stones. Stones were used for foundations and columns, while brick was used for walls. Lime mortar was used for plastering walls.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 281</ref>

=== Irrigation and water management ===
[[Rainfall]] in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50-75 inches. Under these conditions, rain-fed cultivation was difficult, forcing early settlers to develop means to store water in order to maintain a constant supply of water for their cultivations. Small irrigation tanks were constructed at the village level, to support the cultivations of that village.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 168</ref> The earliest medium-scale irrigation tank is the Basawakkulama reservoir built by King Pandukabhaya. Nuwara wewa and [[Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura)|Tissa Wewa]] reservoirs were constructed a century later. These reservoirs were enlarged in subsequent years by various rulers.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 169</ref>

[[File:Flors de lotus.jpg|thumb|left|A small and now unused [[Irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka|ancient irrigation lake]] in Anuradhapura | alt=A lake mostly covered with floating aquatic plants. The further bank is lined with trees and a hill is in the background.]]

Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of [[Vasabha]]. The Alahara canal, constructed by damming the Amban river to divert water to the west for {{convert|30|mi|km}}, was constructed during this period. Among the reservoirs constructed during the reign of Vasabha, Mahavilacchiya and Nocchipotana reservoirs both have circumferences of about {{convert|2|mi|km}}. During the reign of Mahasen, the Alahara canal was widened and lengthened to supply water to the newly constructed [[Minneriya tank]], which covered {{convert|4670|acre|km2}} and had a {{convert|1.25|mi|km}} long and {{convert|44|ft|m}} high embankment. He was named ''Minneri Deiyo'' (god of Minneriya) for this construction and is still referred to as such by the people in that area.<ref>Mendis (1999), p. 74</ref> The Kavudulu reservoir, Pabbatanta canal and Hurulu reservoir were among the large irrigation constructions carried out during this period. These constructions contributed immensely to the improvement of agriculture in the northern and eastern parts of the dry zone. Reservoirs were also constructed using tributaries of the Daduru Oya during this period, thereby supplying water to the southwestern part of the dry zone. This conservation and distribution of water resources ensured that the water supply was sufficient throughout the dry zone.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 170">Siriweera (2004), p. 170</ref> [[James Emerson Tennent]]<ref group="N">Sir James Emerson Tennent was the [[Colonial Secretary of Ceylon|Colonial Secretary]] of [[Ceylon]] from 1845 to 1850. He has written several books on the country and its history.</ref> described the ancient irrigation network as:

{{blockquote|... there seems every reason to believe that from their own subsequent experience and the prodigious extent to which they occupied themselves in the formulation of works of this kind, they attained a facility unsurpassed by the people of any other country.<ref>Mendis (2000), p. 248</ref>}}

[[File:Sun setting over Kandalama Lake, Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|The [[Kandalama Reservoir]], believed to have been constructed during the latter stage of the kingdom, is one of many tanks that form an intricate network.|alt=A partial view of a large lake, seen over a tree line. The further bank is covered by a thick forest, and the sun is setting over a mountain range in the background.]]
The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and [[Dhatusena]]. The construction of the [[Kala wewa]], covering an area of {{convert|6380|acre|km2}} with an embankment {{convert|3.75|mi|km}} long and {{convert|40|ft|m}} high, was done during Dhatusena's reign. A {{convert|54|mi|km}} canal named the [[Yodha Ela|Jayaganga]] carries water from the Kala wewa to the [[Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura)|Tissa Wewa]] and feeds a network of smaller canals. The construction of this network is also attributed to Dhatusena. The Jayaganga supplied water to 180 square kilometres of paddy fields.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 170" /> By the end of the 5th century, two major irrigation networks, one supported by the [[Mahaweli river]] and the other by Malvatu Oya and Kala Oya, were covering the ''Rajarata'' area. The Mahavamsa records that many other rulers constructed a number of irrigation tanks, some of which have not yet been identified. By the 8th century, large tanks such as [[Padaviya]], Naccaduva, Kantale and [[Giritale tank|Giritale]] had come into existence, further expanding the irrigation network. However, from the 8th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, there wasn't much activity in the construction of irrigation works.<ref name="Siriweera 2004, p. 171" />

=== Technology ===
[[File:SL Anuradhapura asv2020-01 img29 Kuttam Pokuna.jpg|thumb|left|The water for the [[Kuttam Pokuna]] was obtained through underground conduits. | alt=Large rectangular artificial pond with carved stone sides]]
Advanced technology was required for the planning and construction of large reservoirs and canals. When constructing reservoirs, the gaps between low [[ridges]] in the dry zone plains were used for [[damming]] watercourses. Two different techniques were used in construction; one method involved making an embankment using natural rock formations across a valley and the other involved diverting water courses through constructed canals to reservoirs. All the reservoirs and canals in an area were interconnected by an intricate network, so that excess water from one will flow into the other.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 174</ref> The locations of these constructions indicate that the ancient engineers were aware of geological formations in the sites as well, and made effective use of them.<ref>Seneviratna (1989), p. 89</ref> Underground conduits have also been constructed to supply water to and from artificial ponds, such as in the [[Kuttam Pokuna]] and the ponds at [[Sigiriya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/11/02/jun06.asp|title=The beautiful twin ponds of Anuradhapura|date=2008-11-02|work=Sunday Observer|access-date=2009-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605233800/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/11/02/jun06.asp|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Bandaranayake (2007), p. 15</ref>

The {{convert|54|mi|km}} long Jayaganga has a gradient of six inches to the mile, which indicates that the builders had expert knowledge and accurate measuring devices to achieve the minimum gradient in the water flow. The construction of ''Bisokotuva'', a cistern sluice used to control the outward flow of water in reservoirs, indicates a major advancement in irrigation technology. Since the 3rd century, these sluices, made of brick and stone, were placed at various levels in the embankments of reservoirs.<ref>Siriweera (2004), p. 175</ref><ref>Seneviratna (1989), p. 76</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs]]
* [[Beminitiya Seya]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Sri Lanka}}'''''

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

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*{{cite book|last=Wijesooriya|first=S.|title=A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa|publisher=Participatory Development Forum|year=2006|isbn=978-955-9140-31-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Yogasundaram|first=Nath|title=A Comprehensive History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-955-665-002-0}}
*{{cite journal|last=Spencer|first=George W.|date=May 1976|title=The Politics of Plunder:The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=3|pages=405–419|doi=10.2307/2053272|jstor=2053272|s2cid=154741845 }}
{{refend}}

{{Anuradhapura period}}
{{Sinhalese Monarchy}}
{{Monarchs of the Anuradhapura Kingdom}}
{{Sri Lanka topics}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:4th-century BC establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:377 BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1017]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Anuradhapura|*]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1017 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:370s BC establishments]]

Khagendranath Hembram

2026-04-19T23:09:35Z

TaylaA461435: made first pg from scratch - done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khagendranath Hembram
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]]
| predecessor = Dibakar Hansda
| successor = [[Debnath Hansda]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khagendranath Hembram''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Binpur, as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KHAGENDRANATH HEMBRAM (Winner) BINPUR (ST) (PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=34|access-date=2025-06-22|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Binpur Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/binpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hembram, Khagendranath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jhargram district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mant Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:51Z

TaylaA461435: New first stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mant
| constituency_no = 82
| map_image = 82-Mant.svg
| mla = [[Rajesh Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,28,948 (2019)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Mant Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mathura district|Mathura]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 82.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mant.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
{{Main|List of villages in Mant Tehsil}}
Extent of Mant Assembly constituency is PCs Falain-II, [[Jatawari]], Barha, [[Husaini, Mathura|Husaini]], Rampur of [[Paigaon]] KC, PCs [[Ujhani]], [[Shergarh, Mathura|Shergarh]], Peerpur, Dhimri, Ranhera, Senwa, Astadi & Gulalpur of [[Chhata]] KC of Chhata Tehsil; KCs Nauhjhil, [[Surir]], [[Bhidauni]], [[Akabarpur]], Harnaul, Mant & [[Bajana]] NP of [[Mant Tehsil]].<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mant Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mant.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mat Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mat-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Radhey Shyam
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Laxmi Raman Acharya
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Chandan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Radhey Shyam
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Lok Mani
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kushal Pal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}" |
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|All India Indira Congress (T)]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress|Loktantrik Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Jayant Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|2012^
| rowspan="2" |[[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Rajesh Chaudhary
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mant<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajesh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:83958}}
|percentage = 37.35
|change = {{increase}}8.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:74378}}
|percentage = 33.09
|change = {{increase}}1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Lathar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:60585}}
|percentage = 26.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1180}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9580}}
|percentage = 4.26
|change = {{increase}}4.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224786}}
|percentage = 64.89
|change = {{decrease}}1.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mant<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Sunder Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:65862}}
|percentage = 31.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Yogesh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:65430}}
|percentage = 31.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satish Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:59871}}
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:13270}}
|percentage = 6.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2203}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1253}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:432}}
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210597}}
|percentage = 66.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Mant<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
|votes = 87,062
|percentage = 43.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Pt. Shyam Sunder Sharma Pachahara
|votes = 71,007
|percentage = 35.16
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Th. Ram Pal Singh
|votes = 32,246
|percentage = 15.97
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates
|votes = 11,659
|percentage = 5.76
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,055
|percentage = 7.95
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,974
|percentage = 70.38
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Mathura district]]
*[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Snehal Shinde

2026-04-19T18:01:36Z

TaylaA461435: starting a post.

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Snehal Shinde
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Snehal Pradeep Shinde
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = 29 April 1992
| birth_place =
| height = 1.60 m
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[kabaddi]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
}}

'''Snehal Pradeep Shinde''' (born 29 April 1992)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHINDE Snehal Pradeep - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010550-shinde-snehal-pradeep.htm |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Hangzhou2022.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063408/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010550-shinde-snehal-pradeep.htm |archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkar |first=Ubaid |date=25 August 2023 |title=Pawan Sehrawat, Naveen Kumar headline Indian men's kabaddi team - full squad |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-kabaddi-team-asian-games-2023-squad-list |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> She was part of the team<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=We will win gold medal: Kabaddi legends on Indian teams' Asian Games prospects |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/we-will-win-gold-medal-kabaddi-legends-on-indian-teams-asian-games-prospects/articleshow/104167221.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |access-date=8 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> that won the gold medal in the [[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]]. In the final, India beat Chinese Taipei 26–24 on 7 October 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=With third Asian Games kabaddi gold, women's team are stars abroad but forgotten at home |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38588358/asian-games-2022-india-kabaddi-women-final-gold-medal-chinese-taipei |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=7 October 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023: India achieves 100 medals after women's kabaddi team beats Chinese Taipei to clinch gold |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-women-win-kabaddi-gold-asian-games-2023-medals-100-hangzhou-2022-updates-score-result-highlights-summary/article67391712.ece |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shinde hails from [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" /> Her parents are Surekha and Pradeep, a national medallist in boxing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Chicken biriyani to taste better for this kabaddi player after clinching gold at Asian Games 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/chicken-biriyani-taste-better-kabaddi-player-after-clinching-gold-asian-games-2022-8980606/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She married Sagar Sakhare. She has a brother, Nikhil, and a sister, Kishori, also a kabaddi player, who inspired her to take up the game.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=12 October 2023 |title=Pune: City welcome Asian Games Kabaddi Gold medalist Snehal with grand rally Listening to the national anthem is a surreal feeling, says Snehal |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-city-welcome-asian-games-kabaddi-gold-medalist-snehal-with-grand-rally-listening-to-the-national-anthem-is-a-surreal-feeling-says-snehal/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref> She started playing kabaddi at the age of seven at the club in Swargate, and learnt the basics from coaches Rajesh Dhamdhere and Jayant Warghade.<ref name=":1" /> She plans to start an academy for young players.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Career ==
Shinde's first international medal came as a junior when she was part of the Indian team that won the Junior Asian Championship in [[Malaysia]] in 2009. Later, she won gold as part of the senior India team at the [[South Asian Games]] held at Assam in 2017. She missed the [[2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]] in 2014 and 2018 due to injuries and was keen on taking part in the 2022 Games.<ref name=":1" />

She led the Maharashtra team at the 36th [[National Games of India|National Games]] in [[Gujarat]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Snehal Shinde To Lead Maharashtra Women Team At 36th National Games |url=https://khelkabaddi.in/snehal-shinde-to-lead-maharashtra-team-at-36th-national-games/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Khel Kabaddi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Shinde received the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]], the highest sports award in Maharashtra, for 2014.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010550-shinde-snehal-pradeep|Snehal Pradeep Shinde}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000577686|Snehal Shinde}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Snehal}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}

Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:59Z

TaylaA461435: starting a pg.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tilak Nagar
| mla = [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[West Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 29
}}
'''Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Tilak Nagar constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Tilak Nagar is part of [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]], [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]], [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]], [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]], [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]], [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]], [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]], [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]] and [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/tilak-nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| O.P. Babbar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Jaspal Singh (politician)|Jaspal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan=2|O.P. Babbar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tilak Nagar">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tilak Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0529.htm |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314152511/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0529.htm |archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Tilak Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Tilak Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tilak-nagar |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314152513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tilak-nagar |archive-date=14 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| votes = 52,134
| percentage = 54.0
| change = -8.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Shweta Saini
| votes = 40,478
| percentage = 41.9
| change = +7.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = PS Bawa
| votes = 2,747
| percentage = 2.9
| change = +1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 607
| percentage = 0.4
| change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 11,656
| percentage = 12.2
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 95,896
| percentage = 60.3
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Tilak Nagar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tilak-nagar-election-result-2020-live-updates-delhi-assembly-vidhan-sabha-polls-party-constituency-candidate-name-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-latest-news-bjp-congress-aap-8002251.html |title=Tilak Nagar Election Result 2020 LIVE Updates |date=11 February 2020 |access-date= 10 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/delhi-assembly-election-result-2020-aaps-jarnail-singh-wins-in-tilak-nagar-803773.html |title=Delhi Assembly Election Result 2020: AAP's Jarnail Singh wins in Tilak Nagar |date=11 February 2020 |access-date= 10 July 2022}}</ref>
| votes = 62,436
| percentage = 62.20
| change = +7.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajiv Babbar
| votes = 34,407
| percentage = 34.28
| change = -1.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Raminder Singh
| votes = 1,807
| percentage = 1.80
| change = -5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate |
| party = AAAP
| candidate = Jarnail Singh
| votes = 527
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes =522
| percentage = 0.52
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 28,029
| percentage = 28.06
| change = +8.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,00,392
| percentage = 63.96
| change = -6.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +7.10
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| votes = 57,180
| percentage = 55.10
| change = +15.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajiv Babbar
| votes = 37,290
| percentage = 35.93
| change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Duli Chand Lohia
| votes = 7,303
| percentage = 7.04
| change = -14.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jarnail Singh
| votes = 570
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Aadiwasi Bahujan Party
| candidate = Rajiv Babbar
| votes = 253
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vijay Bahadur
| votes = 250
| percentage = 0.24
| change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 464
| percentage = 0.45
| change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 19,890
| percentage = 19.17
| change = +16.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,03,815
| percentage = 70.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +15.83
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| votes = 34,993
| percentage = 39.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajiv Babber
| votes = 32,405
| percentage = 36.90
| change = -15.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Amrita Dhawan
| votes = 19,117
| percentage = 21.77
| change = -14.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jagdish Chand
| votes = 409
| percentage = 0.47
| change = -3.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sarwan Singh
| votes = 308
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Vikas Congress Party
| candidate = Saurabh Singh
| votes = 147
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Paramjit Singh Saini
| votes = 100
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vishal Sharma
| votes = 90
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudhir Arora
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = A Premraj Chandela A
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 617
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,088
| percentage = 2.38
| change = -14.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 87,877
| percentage = 66.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Tilak Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = O P Babbar
| votes = 38,320
| percentage = 52.33
| change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr Anita Babbar
| votes = 26,202
| percentage = 35.78
| change = +7.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajit Singh Chadha
| votes = 4,031
| percentage = 5.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Arvinder Singh Maken
| votes = 2,580
| percentage = 3.52
| change = +1.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Herry Gulati
| votes = 486
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Surender Yadav
| votes = 380
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Mukt Bharat
| candidate = Jai Bhagwan
| votes = 274
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anita Babbar
| votes = 206
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Kumar Tyagi
| votes = 196
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudha Popli
| votes = 155
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dinesh Jain
| votes = 148
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kuldeep Singh Anand
| votes = 114
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gurvinder Kaur
| votes = 79
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Deepak Gupta
| votes = 61
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,118
| percentage = 16.55
| change = +7.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 73,232
| percentage = 53.5
| change = -6.95
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +0.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Tilak Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = O P Babbar
| votes = 32,298
| percentage = 51.97
| change = +5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jaspal Singh
| votes = 26,670
| percentage = 42.91
| change = -6.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = S Gurcharan Singh
| votes = 1,397
| percentage = 2.25
| change = +1.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Ramesh Yadav
| votes = 854
| percentage = 1.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bharat Bhushan
| votes = 289
| percentage = 0.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar
| votes = 249
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhanu Pratap Singh
| votes = 182
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jaspal Singh
| votes = 146
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Brij Lal
| votes = 68
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,628
| percentage = 9.06
| change = +5.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 62,153
| percentage = 60.45
| change = +9.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +5.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Tilak Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jaspal Singh
| votes = 27,240
| percentage = 49.22
| change = +17.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = O P Babbar
| votes = 25,724
| percentage = 46.48
| change = -15.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mannu Devi
| votes = 414
| percentage = 0.75
| change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudhir Bathla
| votes = 385
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ranjit Singh
| votes = 330
| percentage = 0.60
| change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Vinod Kumar
| votes = 286
| percentage = 0.52
| change = -1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Jitender Sabharwal
| votes = 285
| percentage = 0.51
| change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shanti
| votes = 132
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajan
| votes = 129
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sohan Lal
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shikha Garg
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lakhmir
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Amrit Singh Rangila
| votes = 68
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Krishan Lal Bharti
| votes = 56
| percentage = 0.40
| change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudhir Gupta
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,516
| percentage = 2.74
| change = +27.57
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,343
| percentage = 51.01
| change = -12.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +17.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Tilak Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = O P Babbar
| votes = 33,911
| percentage = 62.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Tervinder Singh Marwah
| votes = 17,341
| percentage = 31.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Mukhtar Singh
| votes = 864
| percentage = 1.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Dinesh Jain
| votes = 857
| percentage = 1.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Manjeet Singh
| votes = 399
| percentage = 0.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Manu
| votes = 199
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shubhash Chander
| votes = 125
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Navneet Singh
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vir Bhan Malhotra
| votes = 84
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Dev Raj
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajeev
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudarshan Kumar
| votes = 69
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Shastri
| votes = 64
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Man Mohan Singh
| votes = 58
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar Jain
| votes = 54
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Rajesh Sharma
| votes = 51
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anjna Kohli
| votes = 49
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Subhash
| votes = 36
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Amarjit Singh
| votes = 34
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhagwan Dass
| votes = 34
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kundan Lal
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jugal Kishor
| votes = 31
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Arvinder
| votes = 27
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Virender Abrol
| votes = 15
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,570
| percentage = 30.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,656
| percentage = 63.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.639|77.089|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Rajound Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:40Z

TaylaA461435: put up new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajound Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,05,665
|mla = Satvinder Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Rajound Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Ran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jogi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Guljar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Daya Nand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Durga Dutt || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Ram Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Satvinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Ram Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Balraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal }}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balraj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32579 |percentage=42.50% |change={{increase}}17.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvinder singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28357 |percentage=38.08% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pooja Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,295 |percentage=10.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishore |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,657 |percentage=7.11% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=3,806 |percentage=4.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Kumar |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=892 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,797 |percentage=3.51% |change= {{decrease}}9.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,594 |percentage=75.33% |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,665 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=24,415 |percentage=35.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,726 |percentage=22.94% |change={{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=11,926 |percentage=17.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=5,016 |percentage=7.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,011 |percentage=5.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,697 |percentage=5.39% |change={{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,809 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=616 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,689 |percentage=12.67% |change= {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,566 |percentage=70.68% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,850 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |swing= {{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvinder Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=18,179 |percentage=27.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Samata Party |votes=15,255 |percentage=23.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,168 |percentage=19.96% |change={{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,913 |percentage=10.48% |change={{decrease}}21.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,280 |percentage=8.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish |party=Independent politician |votes=1,495 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=938 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir |party=Independent politician |votes=577 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=527 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guljar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=393 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}17.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,924 |percentage=4.43% |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,959 |percentage=70.87% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,341 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=20,864 |percentage=37.04% |change={{increase}}36.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,245 |percentage=32.39% |change={{increase}}20.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Bir |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,999 |percentage=17.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,525 |percentage=6.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Dutt |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,762 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan |party=Independent politician |votes=903 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,619 |percentage=4.65% |change= {{decrease}}42.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,330 |percentage=68.44% |change= {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}27.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dutt |party=Lokdal |votes=38,384 |percentage=64.81% |change={{increase}}31.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,183 |percentage=17.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,173 |percentage=12.11% |change={{decrease}}29.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,047 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=Janata Party |votes=508 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jog Dhian |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhmi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=376 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,201 |percentage=47.62% |change= {{increase}}39.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,224 |percentage=76.06% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,870 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,229 |percentage=42.01% |change={{increase}}26.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Bir |party=Lokdal |votes=17,035 |percentage=33.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,753 |percentage=21.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh Pohloo |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,194 |percentage=8.30% |change= {{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,537 |percentage=75.55% |change= {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,936 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Guljar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=15,353 |percentage=40.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsanni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,968 |percentage=15.55% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shishupal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,559 |percentage=14.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbalas |party=Independent politician |votes=4,675 |percentage=12.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,924 |percentage=10.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,323 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,123 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,385 |percentage=24.46% |change= {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,376 |percentage=66.51% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,383 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=23,185 |percentage=53.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,080 |percentage=27.76% |change={{decrease}}24.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=5,302 |percentage=12.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,952 |percentage=6.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,105 |percentage=25.52% |change= {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,519 |percentage=65.22% |change= {{increase}}27.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,899 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968
|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,588 |percentage=52.06% |change={{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=6,534 |percentage=29.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazan Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,461 |percentage=11.06% |change={{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,677 |percentage=7.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,054 |percentage=22.70% |change= {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,260 |percentage=36.82% |change= {{decrease}}30.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,998 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajound}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,992 |percentage=41.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=10,932 |percentage=26.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=7,832 |percentage=19.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,338 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,444 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surta |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,060 |percentage=14.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,643 |percentage=72.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,950 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|29|34|35|N|76|28|56|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Sunil Patel (politician)

2026-04-12T13:52:44Z

TaylaA461435: starting a stub

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Sunil Patel
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rohaniya Assembly constituency|Rohaniya]]
| predecessor = [[Surendra Narayan Singh]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1980|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2012–present)
}}

'''Dr. Sunil Patel''' (born 15 January 1980) is an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], of the [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] party,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apna Dal Announces Two More Candidates For Up Polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/apna-dal-announces-two-more-candidates-for-up-polls/articleshow/89628028.cms |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Times of India |date=17 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> who is serving as a member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]], from the [[Rohaniya Assembly constituency|Rohaniya constituency]] in [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाराणसी में रोहनिया सीट पर भाजपा-अद गठबंधन के डा. सुनील पटेल ने बाजी मारी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-up-election-result-2022-varanasi-rohaniya-news-update-dr-sunil-patel-of-bjp-ad-alliance-increased-lead-22532535.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Rohaniya Election Result 2022LIVE: AD(S) के DR. SUNIL PATEL की हुई जीत, BSP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/rohaniya-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078457 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dr.Sunil}}
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal) politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Second siege of Anandpur

2026-04-10T21:12:21Z

TaylaA461435: starting details.

{{Short description|Battle in northern India}}
{{About|a siege that took place in the year 1704|other sieges conducted at the same location|Battle of Anandpur (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Anandpur}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Second siege of Anandpur
| partof = the Mughal-Sikh Wars and [[Hill States-Sikh Wars]]
| image = Painting depicting the Battle of Anandpur of 1704 or 1705, also known as the Second Siege of Anandpur, circa 19th century.jpg
| caption = 19th century painting depicting the battle of Anandpur
| date = May – 19 December 1704<ref name="VSM 2018">{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |year=2018|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref>
| place = [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]
| result = Mughal and Hill Raja victory{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] Alliance of 22 [[Hill States of India|Hill Rajas]]
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]][[Guru Gobind Singh]] supreme general and in charge of Anandgarh
[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Udai Singh]] in charge of Fatehgarh [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Mohkam Singh]] in charge of Holgarh [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|
Ajit Singh]] in charge of [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh]] [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Jujhar Singh]], Nahar Singh and Sher Singh in charge of Lohgarh [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Alam Singh Nachna]] in charge of Agampur {{Executed}} [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Daya Singh]] in charge of Northern Anandpur<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans |title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |page=75 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45273 |title=The Sikh Religion Vol.5 |date=1909 |page=171}}</ref>
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Aurangzeb]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]]Zaberdast Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Dilwaar Khan [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]]Ajmer Chand [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]][[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]] Bhup Chand
| strength1 = *500 hundred in each of the five [[fort]]s of Anandpur and 500 hundred in reserve
*Total of 3,000–10,000<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75" /><ref name="Saggu">{{Cite book |last=Saggu |first=D.S |title=Battle tactics and war manoeuvres of the Sikhs |date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1642490060 |quote=The Guru's troops were around 10,000 whereas the collation forces are estimated to be 10–15 times more.}}
</ref><ref name="Guru Gobind Singh">{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=Shiv |title=Guru Gobind Singh |date=2000 |publisher=Vision & Venture |isbn=978-8186769133 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKzXAAAAMAAJ|quote="Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war."}}</ref>
*2 cannons in Anandgarh<ref name="Sagoo 2001 75" />
| strength2 = 100,000<ref name="Guru Gobind Singh">{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=Shiv |title=Guru Gobind Singh |date=2000 |publisher=Vision & Venture |isbn=978-8186769133 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKzXAAAAMAAJ|quote="Before any fight took place Guru Gobind Singh had about 10,000 men. However, they were not well equipped. On the other hand, the Mughal army was consisted of over a hundred thousand well-equipped men. Moreover, they were accustomed to fighting and could face the troubles and hardships of war."}}</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}{{Campaignbox Hill States-Sikh Wars}}

The '''second siege of Anandpur''' (''anadapura dī ghērābadī''), also known as the '''second battle of Anandpur (1704)''' {{efn|Called 2nd Anandpur by Tony Jacques{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}}} (''anadapura dī dūjī laṛā'ī sāla satārāṁ sau cāra''), was a siege at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], between [[Sikhs]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governors, dispatched by Aurangzeb, Wazir Khan, Dilwaar Kahn and Zaberdast Khan, and aided by the vassal [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]] which lasted from May 1704 to 19 December 1704.{{sfn|Fenech|2013|p=18}}<ref name="VSM 2018">{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |year=2018|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
The Hill Rajas were concerned about Guru [[Gobind Singh]]'s rising power and influence in their region, along with dislike for the Sikh movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA823|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-8126908585|pages=823 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=734}} In addition, the Hill Rajas were frustrated by the raids on their villages by the Sikhs from Anandpur who sought to acquire supplies, provisions, and cash.{{sfn|Fenech|2013|pp=14, 161}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra|first1=Anshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135|title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice|last2=Mir|first2=Farina|date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199088775|pages=135|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPYTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753284-3 |pages=30–31 |language=en |quote=It appears highly likely, moreover, that dharam occasionally lost out to the more brute contingencies of the day that raj demanded, as we note in the multiple raids led by Sikhs in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth against villages such as, for example, Alsun (which was ransacked after the Battle of Nadaun) in the Pahari kingdoms adjoining Anandpur, something about which Sri Gur- Sobha also speaks, though in a highly sanitized manner.}}</ref> According to Indubhusan Banerjee, the hill rajas and the Guru maintained harmony after the Raja of Kahlur had conceded villages adjacent to Anandpur, however with the proliferation of the Sikhs in Anandpur and the Guru's pursuit of expanding his territory, the Khalsa began to encroach upon the hill rajas' territory to coerce villagers for goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Indubhusan |url=http://archive.org/details/EvolutionOfTheKhalsa-Volume2 |title=Evolution Of The Khalsa - Volume 2 |pages=130–131 |language=English}}</ref>

Eventually they sent a petition to the [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] and launched a joint attack with the Mughals in 1700 which failed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |title=Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji |publisher=CSJS |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-7601-480-9 |edition=6th |pages=174 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Guru Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnbebvjLAPUC&dq=aurangzeb+guru+gobind+1693&pg=PT16 |title=Zafarnama |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-595-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings, and Authors |publisher=Low Price Publications |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86142-31-8 |pages=125 |oclc=1888987 |author-link=Max Arthur Macauliffe |orig-year=1909}}</ref> Afterwards they besieged Anadpur without Mughal assistance which also failed.<ref name="Khalsa">{{cite book |author=Amardeep S. Dahiya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ |title=Founder of the Khalsa |date=2014 | publisher=Hay House |isbn=9789381398616}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Bindra |first=Pritpal Singh |title=Guru Kian Sakhian Tales of the Sikh Gurus |pages=142–148}}</ref> The Rajas decided to plan with the Mughals again and launched multiple joint attacks, all of which failed.<ref name="Dalip">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |title=Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7205-071-9 |location=[[Amritsar]] |page=256 |oclc=28583123}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>

==Siege==
News of all the defeats reached Aurangzeb, who was furious. He gave orders that the Guru and all of his followers should be killed.<ref name="Johar 1978">{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/gurugobindsinghs0000joha |title=Guru Gobind Singh : a study |date=1978 |publisher=New Delhi : Marwah Publications |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> In May 1704, governors of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]], and [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]] Wazir Khan, Zaberdast Khan, and Dilwaar Khan were sent by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, joined by the Hill Rajas, and besieged Anandpur in an attempt to remove the Guru and his followers.<ref name="madan"/>{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=VSM |first=D. S. Saggu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+anandpur&pg=PT39 |title=Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs |date=2018-06-07 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-006-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Johar 1978"/> Aurangzeb also dispatched the Governor of [[Peshawar|Peshwar]] to help lay siege. All were ordered to bring their full army to Anandpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khazan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAsXfFqwJQC&q=governor+guru+gobind |title=History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion |date=1914 |publisher=Printed at the "Newal Kishore" Press |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> They were joined by the Hill Rajas consisting of the rulers of [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Kahlur]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Jaswan]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Kullu]], [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]], [[Kaithal]], [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Jammu]], Busaher, [[Dhalwala|Dhadwa]], Darauli, Bijarwal, and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |date=2001 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-300-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>

Guru Gobind Singh divided his force into 500 men per each of the 5 forts. [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandgarh]] was under Guru Gobind Singh's charge. Fatehgarh was commanded by [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Uday Singh]], Holgarh was commanded by [[Mohkam Singh]], [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]] commanded [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh]], and [[Jujhar Singh]] held [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]]. Guru Gobind Singh also placed 2 cannons in Anandgarh named the tigress and victory-deceleration. When used they would cause havoc on the attacking forces.<ref name=":1" />

The army of the Guru kept the Mughals and hillmen at bay but being surrounded by heavy odds, took refuge in Anandpur fort, where they were besieged for many months, with all supplies and communications cut off.<ref name="madan" /> Ajmer Chand alongside the Qazis offered an oath to safe passage if the Guru evacuated Anandpur, so the Guru sent out envoys of treasure which was looted but turned out to be all the cities rubbish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmal |title=Searches In Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |page=51}}</ref> A month later Emperor Aurangzeb sent a written assurance by promising on the [[Quran]], whereas Hill Rajas swore by the name of the cow,<ref name="max">{{Cite book|last=Macauliffe|first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMeclUzAh9sC&pg=PA181|title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108055475|page=181|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Grewal|2019|p=117}} with the safety of all Sikhs if the Guru decided to evacuate the fort, and after a long drawn out siege, Gobind Singh and his followers, facing starvation, capitulated in return for safe passage (particularly [[Mata Gujri]] and the ''[[Chali Mukte]]'', coinciding Gobind Singh advice to stay),<ref name="jas">{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0190990381|language=en}}</ref> but the Sikhs were treacherously attacked at the [[Sarsa river|Sarsa River]], with all assurances and solemn oaths betrayed by the Mughals and Hill Rajas.{{sfn|Jacques|2006|p=49}}<ref name="madan">{{Cite book |last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4MycGdpjAC&pg=PA25|publisher=Unistar Books|date=2007|pages=25|isbn=978-8189899554}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to Satnam Singh, the conflict had major repercussions for the Sikhs, as they had to abandon Anandpur. With this evacuation, a large amount of literature that had been produced by the guru's Kavi Darbar was lost. Furthermore, the ''[[Saka Sirhind]]'' episode was made possible due to it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Satnam |title=The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s |date=15 October 2024 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520399389 |pages=200–205 |chapter=The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |first=Louis E. |last=Fenech |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0199931453 }}
* {{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |page=49 |year=2006 |last= Jacques |first=Tony |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313335365}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Anandpur, Second Battle of]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Anandpur]]
[[Category:1704 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1704]]
[[Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]

Parnashavarir Shaap

2026-03-25T07:21:58Z

TaylaA461435: put up new data

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Parnashavarir Shaap poster.jpg
| caption = Release Poster
| alt_name =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Folk horror]]|[[Supernatural horror film|Supernatural Horror]]}}
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on = ''Parnashavarir Shaap'' by Souvik Chakraborty
| writer =
| screenplay = Sreejib
| director = [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Gaurav Chakraborty]]
* [[Anindita Bose]]
* Arno Mukhopadhyay
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = [[Nabarun Bose]]
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Nabarun Bose
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Parambrata Chattopadhyay|Aritra Sen}}
| editor = Sumit Chowdhury
| location =
| cinematography = Prasenjit Chowdhury
| camera =
| runtime = 21-29 minutes
| company = Roadshow Films
| released = {{Start date|2023|11|10|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Parnashavarir Shaap''''' ({{Translation|Parnashavari's Curse}}) is a 2023 Indian Bengali [[Folk horror|mythological folk]] [[Supernatural horror film|horror]] web series directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay talks about directing an upcoming web series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-chattopadhyay-talks-about-directing-an-upcoming-web-series/articleshow/104854058.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Times of India |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Based on an eponymous story by Souvik Chakraborty from [[Radio Mirchi|Sunday Suspense]], the series has been produced under the banner of Roadshow Films. Sreejib handled the writing and screenplay. This series marked the OTT debut of [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite news |title=হাড়হিম করা 'পর্ণশবরীর শাপ'-এর ট্রেলার, পরমব্রতর পরিচালনায় প্রথমবার OTT-তে চিরঞ্জিৎ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/official-trailer-of-chiranjeet-chakraborty-starrer-parambrata-chattopadhyay-directed-parnashavarir-shaap/pid/904983/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=30 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

The story depicts an idyllic hillside vacation that turns into a terrifying nightmare when four friends face the wrath of a vengeful ancient deity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay's supernatural thriller 'Parnashavarir Shaap' is a perfect blend of mythology and horror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-chattopadhyays-supernatural-thriller-parnashavarir-shaap-is-a-perfect-blend-of-mythology-and-horror/articleshow/104485645.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Times of India |date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
[[Nabarun Bose]] composed the music of the film. The cinematography was done by Prasenjit Chowdhury while Sumit Chowdhury handled the editing. The series was streamed in 10 November 2023 on the occasion of [[Bhoot Chaturdashi]], on the Bengali OTT platform [[Hoichoi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay is ready with his OTT directorial debut Parnasavarir Shaap on Hoichoi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parambrata-chattopadhyay-is-ready-with-his-ott-directorial-debut-parnasavarir-shaap-on-hoichoi/cid/1977427 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

== Overview ==
A group of four friends - Amiyo, Mitul, Titas, and Pallav travel to Chamakpur in [[North Bengal]] for a vacation. An ancient religious relic gets disturbed unintentionally. Consequently, Mitul started showing signs of supernatural possession. So, the group sought assistance from Bhaduri Moshai, an occult expert. He identified the reason. It was the curse of Devi [[Parnashavari]], who is a Hindu and Buddhist deity, associated with epidemics protection. Further investigation found that the evil force was triggered by human greed within the sacred forest, in the past. Bhaduri Moshai utilized his knowledge of [[tantra]] and mythology to confront the deity and neutralized the curse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glimpses from the success party of Parnashavarir Shaap |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/glimpses-from-the-success-party-of-parnashavarir-shaap/673719 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=5 reasons to watch Parnashavarir Shaap on Bhoot Chaturdoshi |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/Nov/10/heres-the-new-bengali-paranormal-web-series-to-binge-on-this-weekend-55005.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Indulge Express |date=11 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] as Nirendranath Bhaduri {{aka}} Bhaduri Moshai, an occult expert
* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] as Mitul, who gets possessed by a spirit
* [[Gaurav Chakraborty]] as Amiya, Mitul's lover
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Titas, a General Physician
* Arno Mukhopadhyay as Pallab

== Production ==
=== Development and announcement ===
''Parnashavarir Shaap'' was announced on the seventh anniversary of Hoichoi on 29 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Chiranjit-Parambrata: ওয়েব সিরিজে চিরঞ্জিত, ভাদুড়ি মশাইকে নিয়ে মাইথোলজিক্যাল হরর গল্প বলবেন পরমব্রত |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/chiranjit-parambrata-director-parambrata-chatterjee-is-making-a-new-web-series-named-parnashavarir-shaap-with-chiranjeet-chakraborty-know-in-details-1012899 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=ABP Ananda |date=29 September 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It marked the OTT debut of [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]. The series is an adaptation of an eponymous story by Souvik Chakraborty<ref>{{cite news |title=The mythological horror series Parnashavarir Shaap, directed by Parambrata Chattopadhyay, promises a spine-tingling experience |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-mythological-horror-series-parnashavarir-shaap-directed-by-parambrata-chattopadhyay-promises-a-spine-tingling-experience/630015 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=2 November 2023}}</ref> but has its own take in the plotline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Parambrata's next, 'Parnashavarir Shaap', looks intriguing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/parambrata-chattopadhyay-drops-trailer-of-parnashavarir-shaap-starring-chiranjeet-and-surangana/cid/1976938 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In an interview, [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] shared why he accepted the series and how did he prepare for the role — "For me, the important thing is who the maker is and the script. I liked the script and the director, so naturally I said yes. I read the novel. After reading the script and the book, I had in mind the mannerisms of Bhaduri Moshai… how he walks, talks and behaves. I have been doing this for the past 50 years, so it comes to me naturally."<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Chiranjeet Chakraborty: 'I wanted to play Feluda and Kabuliwala; I want to work with Goutam Ghose' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-i-wanted-to-play-feluda-and-kabuliwala-i-want-to-work-with-goutam-ghose/cid/1980397 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

[[Anindita Bose]] was cast to play a general physician. Bose told in an interview that she agreed to the series because she was excited that Parambrata was directing in the horror genre, in which she has never worked before.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Actress Anindita Bose on web series Parnashavarir Shaap |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/Nov/09/actress-anindita-bose-on-web-series-parnashavarir-shaap-54991.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Indulge Express |date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

This marked the second collaboration between Surangana Bandyopadhyay and Chiranjeet Chakraborty after ''Jibon Rong Berong'', in which Surangana was a child artist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Parnashavarir Shaap-actress Surangana Bandyopadhyay: I am fascinated with horror stories |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parnashavarir-shaap-actress-surangana-bandyopadhyay-i-am-fascinated-with-horror-stories/87f524230f136 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=OTTplay |date=7 November 2023}}</ref> This marked collaboration between Parambrata Chatterjee and Chiranjeet nine years after ''[[Chotushkone]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Chiranjeet Chakraborty eager to return to direction with his 'most ambitious film' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/chiranjeet-chakraborty-eager-to-return-to-direction-with-his-most-ambitious-film-541261 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Millennium Post |date=21 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "The most challenging part for me was to figure out a voice that is convincing and stick with it. Because after hours of shooting, your voice breaks completely. Another challenge was not to ignore the character before the possession. Because if I kept focusing on just the scenes where my character is possessed and worked on that, chances are I would have ignored the rest of the scenes where the character is actually present."
| source = — [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]], sharing her shooting experience<ref name="tele">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Surangana Bandopadhyay: 'I've become way more confident since I started acting on stage' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/surangana-bandopadhyay-ive-become-way-more-confident-since-i-started-acting-on-stage/cid/1989669 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=27 December 2023}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 45%
}}

The series was mostly shot in the high hills of [[Takdah]] at night time. Chiranjeet shared his one filming experience "I had to climb up to the place where we were shooting. It would rain heavily. Half of my energy went on doing that, else I would have been able to concentrate more on the acting part. I used to get distracted and disturbed."<ref name="telegraph"/>

Sandeep Neogy served as the makeup artist, who did the post possession look for Surangana. She consulted the Nepali actor who played Pema in the series ''Mabo Hang'', to figure out the exact intonation and throw of her lines in Nepali, after being possessed.<ref name="tele"/>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Obhishopto Chamakpur
|DirectedBy = [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ke Tui?
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Lajja Korche
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Agniparikhha
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Abhaya Mudra
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Aboron
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Shaapmochon
|DirectedBy = Parambrata Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Marketing ==
The teaser was released on 13 October 2023. The name of lead cast was announced along with it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Parambrata's 'Parnashavarir Shaap' teaser promises a powerful watch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/parambrata-chattopadhyay-and-chiranjeets-parnashavarir-shaap-teaser-on-hoichoi/cid/1973393 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=15 October 2023}}</ref> Special screening for the series was held on 9 November 2023 at the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Parnashavarir Shaap: Parambrata, Gaurav Surangana, and others attend a special screening |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parnashavarir-shaap-parambrata-gaurav-surangana-and-others-attend-a-special-screening/aa903795aa490 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=OTTplay |date=9 November 2023}}</ref> The trailer was launched on 30 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=হাড়হিম করা প্রাচীন বাড়িতে মুক্তি পেল 'পর্ণশবরীর শাপ' সিরিজ়ের প্রচার ঝলক! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/parnashavarir-shaap-trailer-launch-at-spooky-place-in-presence-of-chiranjeet-parambrata-gaurav-anindita-dgtl/cid/1471384 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=1 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The trailer launch event was held at an old dilapidated ''zamindar bari'' in [[North Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In pics: Trailer launch of Parnashavarir Shaap |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2023/Nov/09/in-pics-trailer-launch-of-parnashavarir-shaap-1910.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Indulge Express |date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

Chiranjeet and Parambrata collaborated with historian Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri to discuss the myths, legends, folklore and history behind deity [[Parnashavari]] who is believed to be an incarnation of deity [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]]. Over time, she became a Shavar goddess with [[Dionysiac]] rituals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri enlightens about 'Parnashavarir Shaap' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/nrisingha-prasad-bhaduri-with-parambrata-and-chiranjeet-talk-about-parnashavarir-shaap/cid/1977866 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "Parnashavarir Shaap, Parambrata Chattopadhyay’s maiden web series as director for Hoichoi, is a horror mystery that keeps you more or less hooked through its entire runtime." He praised Chiranjeet as a occult practitioner, Parambrata's direction, presence of backstories for each of the characters, small comical moments that's a breather in an environment of tension and cinematography and the soundscape that "creates a sense of otherworldliness".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Parnashavarir Shaap: Parambrata Chattopadhyay delivers a spooky ride on Hoichoi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parnashavarir-shaap-parambrata-chattopadhyay-delivers-a-spooky-ride-on-hoichoi/cid/1981525 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 November 2023}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the series 3/5 stars and opined "Parnashavarir Shaap is a good mystery that is watchable for most of its runtime. The story is a bit cliched, and there are practically no scares, but it has a tense atmosphere." She praised the backstory provided for the characters, the cliched yet interesting premise, the cinematography, Chiranjeet's performance and Mitul's makeup after being possessed by a spirit but criticized the usage of too many long dialogues for Bhaduri Moshai's character, easy deductions, dramatization of a thriller, flat twists, weird interaction between Bhaduri Moshai and Pallab in the last episode, cliched direction and fatigued dialogue delivery in the last episode.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Parnashavarir Shaap Review: Chiranjeet Chakrabarti is an Occult Leader in this Interesting Mystery |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/parnashavarir-shaap-review-chiranjeet/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Leisure Byte |date=10 November 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Torsha Bhattacharyya of ''[[ABP Ananda]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and noted "The best part about the series is the sooky environment which director Parambrata Chattopadhyay has created." She applauded Chiranjeet's seasoned acting, the social message portrayed against superstitions, Surangana's performance, the filming of the possessed scenes, the cinematography, colour palette, background score and the display of local culture but bemoaned the lack of enough screen-time for Surangana's friends and minor loopholes in the plotline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Parnashavarir Shaap Review: ভৌতিক পরিবেশে তন্দ্রসাধক চিরঞ্জিৎ, কতটা ভয় দেখাতে পারল পরমব্রতর 'পর্ণশবরীর শাপ'? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-parnashavarir-shaap-review-chiranjeet-chakrabortys-first-web-series-parnoshoborir-shaap-directed-by-parambrata-chatterjee-web-series-review-1024541 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=16 November 2023 |language=bn}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "If one doesn't respect humanity, the God also doesn't forgive that person - Parambrata Chatterjee has presented that story in the form of a revenge thriller drama and has left an impression in his first web series as a director." She praised the haunted atmosphere maintained through all the episodes, cinematography, lighting, background score, Chiranjeet and Surnagana's performances and the night scene designs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=Paranashavarir Shaap Review: কালীপুজোর আবহেই গায়ে কাঁটা দেবে 'পর্ণশবরীর শাপ', দুরন্ত 'ভাদুড়ি মশাই' চিরঞ্জিৎ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/paranashavarir-shaap-review-parambrata-chatterjee-helmed-series/pid/908319/ |archive-url=https://archive.ph/qgL0I |archive-date=9 February 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=12 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' reviewed the series and highlighted "Despite many loopholes in the story, the sound structure, visual effects and the performances makes this series a visual treat."<ref>{{cite news |last1=দে |first1=সুস্মিতা |title='খবরদার পিছনে ফিরলেই বড় বিপদ...!' ভূত চতুর্দশীতে মুক্তি পেল হাড়হিম করা পর্ণশবরীর শাপ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/parnashavarir-shaap-parambrata-chattopadhyay-series-started-streaming-on-hoichoi/105146710.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209113614/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/parnashavarir-shaap-parambrata-chattopadhyay-series-started-streaming-on-hoichoi/105146710.cms |archive-date=9 February 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=11 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] hinted at the trailer launch event that this series could turn into a franchise if the first season becomes successful.<ref>{{cite news |title='Parnashavarir Shaap has potential to become a franchise' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/parnashavarir-shaap-has-potential-to-become-a-franchise-538667 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=Millennium Post |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> The sequel of this series, titled as ''Nikosh Chhaya'' was released on 29 October 2024, on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay on Nikosh Chhaya: 'I'm good at handling drama and horror' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/im-good-at-handling-drama-and-horror/cid/2078067 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29496725}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-parnashavarir-shaap-bengali-web-series-online-on-hoichoi Parnashavarir Shaap] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Parnashavarir-Shaap-Bengali/0L0Q0JZH686PK73898L9L3M3JH Parnashavarir Shaap] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Foreign Marriage Act, 1969

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

TaylaA461435: adding basic article initial version

{{Short description|Indian Marriage Law}}
{{Infobox legislation
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to make provision relating to marriages of citizens of India outside India.
| citation = [https://ncwapps.nic.in/acts/TheForeignMarriageAct1969.pdf Act No. 33 of 1969]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 31 August 1969
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = 31 August 1969
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| committee_report =
| white_paper =
| repeals =
| amendments =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = In Force
| imagelink =
}}
The '''Foreign Marriage Act, 1969''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted on 31 August 1969.<ref>{{Cite act|type=Foreign Marriage Act|date=31 August 1969|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|url=https://ncwapps.nic.in/acts/TheForeignMarriageAct1969.pdf}}</ref> It was enacted due to the recommendations of the [[Law Commission of India#Third Law Commission|Third]] [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]] with the object of streamlining the law relating to recognition of marriages solemnized outside India between Indian citizens, or an Indian citizen and a foreign citizen.<ref name=":12">{{Cite report |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca0daec69b5adc880fb464895726dbdf/uploads/2022/08/2022080511-1.pdf |title=Law of Foreign Marriages |last=[[Law Commission of India#Third Law Commission|Third Law Commission]] |date=August 1962 |publisher=[[Law Commission of India]] |issue=23 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

== Purpose ==
The main purpose of the act was to recognise the marriage of citizens of India outside India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Foreign Marriage Act, 1969 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/660591/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

== Judicial Review ==

=== Supriyo v. Union of India ===
{{Main|Supriyo v. Union of India}}The petition requested the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to recognise the [[marriage]] between any two persons, regardless of [[gender identity]] and [[sexual orientation]], and declare the notice and objection provisions as void, by enforcing the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] guaranteed under Articles [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], [[Freedom of expression in India|19]] and [[Fundamental rights in India#Right To Freedom|21]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Deshwal |first=Puneet |date=2023-02-20 |title=Supreme Court Issues Notice In Plea Seeking Recognition Of Transgender Persons Under Special Marriage Act 1954 |url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/supreme-court/notice-issued-in-plea-seeking-recognition-of-transgenders-under-special-marriage-act-1954-1463438 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.verdictum.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Same-Sex Couples Already Vulnerable, Public Notice Of Intended Wedding Under Special Marriage Act A Deterrent: Plea In Supreme Court, Notice Issued |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-same-sex-couple-marriage-notice-and-objections-special-marriage-act-foreign-marriage-act-218256 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, Vaibhav Jain and Parag Vijay Mehta filed a petition in [[Delhi High Court]] and they were joined by other petitioners over the course of time.<ref name=":62">{{Citation |title=Vaibhav Jai {{Abbr|&|and}} Parag Vijay Mehta versus Union Of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |url=http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/vaibhav-and-parag-jain.pdf |publication-date=October 8, 2020 |type=Writ Petition (Civil) |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325172327/http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/vaibhav-and-parag-jain.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Citation |last1=Nundy |first1=Karuna |title=Joydeep Sengupta, Russell Blaine Stephens {{Abbr|&|and}} Mario Leslie Dpenha versus Union Of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |url=http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Joydeep_Sengupta_v__Union_of_India.pdf |publication-date=July 5, 2021 |type=Writ Petition (Civil) |publication-place=[[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]] |last2=Goel |first2=Ruchira |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Utsav |last4=Nagpal |first4=Ragini |last5=Chitravanshi |first5=Abhay |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193050/http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Joydeep_Sengupta_v__Union_of_India.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 6 January 2023, their petitions were transferred to [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to be heard along with ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India|Supriyo v. Union of India (2023)]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Supreme Court transfers to itself all petitions on same-sex marriage |language=en |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-transfers-to-itself-all-pleas-pending-before-different-high-courts-on-recognition-of-same-sex-marriages/article66345499.ece |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite court|litigants=Supriyo {{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} Supriya Chakraborty {{Abbr|&|and}} Abhay Dang versus Union Of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Secretary Ministry of Law and Justice|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion={{Abbr|W.P.(C) No.|Writ Petition (Civil) Number}} 1011/2022|date=6 January 2023|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/36593/36593_2022_1_44_40745_Order_06-Jan-2023.pdf}}</ref>'' Additionally, most of the petitioners challenged the notice and objection provisions of the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act of 1954]] and the Foreign Marriage Act which hurt vulnerable minorities.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":153">{{Citation |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Utkarsh Saxena {{Abbr|&|and}} Ananya Kotia versus Union Of India {{abbr|thr.|through}} Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice. |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/wp-452555.pdf |publication-date=December 15, 2022 |type=Writ Petition (Civil) |publication-place=[[Supreme Court of India]] |last2=Saxena |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Sekhri |first3=Abhinav |last4=Jain |first4=Hrishika}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Marriage law in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1969]]
[[Category:1969 in Indian law]]

Raja Ali Khan

2026-03-13T15:49:01Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Short description|Sultan of Khandesh from 1576 to 1597}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Miran Adil Shah IV
| title = Raja Adil Shah
| image =
| caption =
| reign1 = 1576 – 5 February 1597
| coronation =
| succession = 14th [[Farooqui dynasty#List of rulers|Sultan of Khandesh]]
| full name = Raja Ali Khan Farooqui Miran Adil Shah IV
| predecessor1 = Hasan Khan
| successor1 = Bahadur Khan
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| spouse =
| issue = Bahadur Khan
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Farooqui dynasty|Farooqui]]
| father = Miran Mubarak Khan II
| mother =
|birth_name = Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{circa|1545}}
| birth_place = [[Burhanpur]] ''or'' [[Thalner]], [[Khandesh Sultanate]]
| death_date = 5 February 1597
| death_place = [[Sonpeth]], Khandesh Sultanate
| burial_place =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Raja Ali Khan''', better known by his regnal title '''Miran Adil Shah IV''', was the [[Farooqui dynasty|Sultan of Khandesh]] who ruled from 1576 to 1597. In 1591 he, to some extent, recognized the overlordship of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] by sending one of his daughters to be a wife of Akbar's son [[Jahangir]].

In 1595 when Akbar invaded the [[Sultanate of Ahmadnagar]] Raja Ali Khan refused to aid the invasion. Khandesh later became embroiled in war with the Mughal Empire which would lead to its annexation to the empire 4 years after Raja Ali Khan died.

==Reign==
In 1577, Akbar sent an expeditionary force of 55,000 to Khandesh to secure its sub-ordination. Raja Ali Khan was compelled to accept it. In 1586 CE, Akbar’s governor of Malwa Khan Azam invaded Berar. Raja Ali Khan joined hands with Ahmadnager and defeated him. In 1591 CE, Akbar sent [[Faizi]] to Khandesh and Ahmadnagar courts to invite them to accept Mughal suzerainty. Raja Ali Khan agreed to accept. Later, Raja Ali Khan was assigned a rank (mansab) of 5000.<ref name="dhulia">{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/DHULIA/his_mediaeval%20period.html |title=Dhulia district gazetteer – history, medieval period}}</ref>
==Marriage with Akbar's daughter==
Akbar gave his daughter to Raja Ali Khan for a political marriage, but Raja Ali Khan did not accept incorporation into the Mughal hierarchy until he was militarily forced to submit.<ref>{{cite book |title= A Short History of the Mughal Empire |author= Michael Fisher |date= 2015 |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |page= 91 |isbn= 9780857727770 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bhKMDwAAQBAJ }}</ref>

==Daughter's marriage with Jahangir==
In 1593 Raja Ali Khan sent his daughter with wooing gifts to Prince Salim Mirza (future Emperor [[Jahangir]]). The marriage took place on 10 September 1594, and her family obtained a strong protection. She died on 20 October 1596.<ref>{{cite book|title=Akbarnama of Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak - Volume III|first=Henry|last=Beveridge|year=1907|publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcuta|pages=982, 990, 1063}}</ref>

==Death==
On 5 February 1597 he died in the battle of Sonpet between the Mughals and Ahmadnagar, while fighting on the Mughal side. His body was brought to Burhanpur for burial.<ref name="dhulia"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[John F. Richards]]. ''New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 51.

{{morecat|date=October 2023}}
[[Category:Sultans]]

K. Omanakutty

2026-03-09T20:36:01Z

TaylaA461435: made some details nd citations - done

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Omanakutty
| image =K Omanakutty.jpg
| alt =
| caption = K. Omanakutty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|6|8}}
| alma_mater = [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|college professor}}
| relatives = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] (brother) [[M. G. Sreekumar]] (brother) [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] (nephew) [[K. S. Harisankar]] (grandson)
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]
* [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
}}
}}

'''Kamalakshi Omanakutty''' (born 1943), commonly known as K. Omanakutty or Dr. K. Omanakutty, is an Indian Carnatic vocalist, music educator, academic, and researcher. She is renowned for her contributions to Carnatic music through performances, teaching, and scholarly work, particularly her doctoral research on the origin and evolution of Kathakali music.<ref name=Omanakutti>{{cite news|title=A life in music|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-life-in-music/article3380329.ece|accessdate=22 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=May 3, 2012}}</ref>

Omanakutty serves as a professor and former Head of the Department of Music at the University of Kerala. She is the founder, chairman, and secretary of Sangeeta Bharati, a Thiruvananthapuram-based institution dedicated to music education, research, and the promotion of young talent, including initiatives in music therapy.<ref>{{cite news |title=A life in music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-life-in-music/article3380329.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 May 2012 |accessdate=13 February 2020|last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy }}</ref> She has also been associated with the Music Therapy Department at Pankaja Kasthuri Ayurvedic Medical College in Kattakada, Thiruvananthapuram, as a senior faculty member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Omanakutty meets students of Asian studies and South Indian cultures and languages courses. |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/southasia/events/event.php?id=6059 |website=liberalarts.utexas.edu |accessdate=13 February 2020}}</ref>

A prominent guru in Carnatic music, her notable disciples include vocalists such as [[K. S. Chithra]], [[B. Arundhathi]], [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], and K. S. Resmi.

Born into a family of musicians in Kerala, she is the elder sister of music director [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] and playback singer [[M. G. Sreekumar]]. For her lifetime contributions to Carnatic music, education, and research, she has received several honors, including the Padma Shri award in 2025.

== Early life and education ==
K. Omanakutty was born in the year 1943 near [[Haripad]] in Kerala. She was born into a family of musicians. Her father, Malabar Gopalan Nair, was a [[harmonium]] player and Carnatic musician, who was a regular presence in stage shows across South India. Her mother, Medayil Kamalakshi marasyar, was also a Carnatic musician.<ref name=Omanakutti /> Her brother [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], three years elder than her, was a composer and another brother [[M. G. Sreekumar]], 14 years younger to her, is both a composer and playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Music director MG Radhakrishnan dead |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-music-director-mg-radhakrishnan-dead-1404460 |website=DNA India}}</ref>

She had her formal education at a school in her village. Later in 1963, she completed her graduation in Zoology from a degree college affiliated with Kerala University. Due to her interest in music, she joined the Thiruvananthapuram-based Music Academy to pursue a Gana Praveena course in Music. On successfully completing the course in Music from that organization, Omanakutty Amma started working as a lecturer in the Music Department of Government Maharaja's College for Women in Thiruvananthapuram. While working in the Music department of the college, she completed her part-time degree course in Music. After successfully completing the degree course in Music, Omanakutty became a Second Grade Professor in the same department of the college. In this designation, she continued to teach students of the department with dedication for a period of 6 years.<ref name="Subbulakshmi Award" />

In recognition of the quality services provided by her in academics and music field, Omanakutty was promoted to the designation of the First Grade Professor of Music in the same department. During this period, many reputed musicians of today joined the course and successfully completed their formal training in Music from the department. Subsequently, she did her post-graduation and doctoral programs in the field of Music from the same department successfully. For her doctoral degree program, the subject of her research was the origin and the evolution of [[Kathakali]] music in Kerala.<ref name="Subbulakshmi Award" />

Degrees:
*Ph.D. (Origin and the Evolution of Kathakali Music), University of Kerala
*M.A. (Music), University of Kerala, 1st Rank
*B.A. (Music), University of Kerala, 1st Rank
*Ganapraveena, Swati Tirunal College of Music, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
*B.Sc.(Zoology), University of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetabharati.com/dr-k-omanakutty/|title=Dr K Omanakutty|access-date=8 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926150234/http://sangeetabharati.com/dr-k-omanakutty/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Musician ===
While working as a senior faculty of Music at [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|Government College for Women]], the septuagenarian regularly took part in music concerts in different parts of the country. While preparing for the concerts, Omanakutty came across the works of the composer-musician king [[Swathi Thirunal]]. That point in time, many of his works were lying in oblivion. With the help of her disciples, she painstakingly analyzed his works and put them to make them presentable to the present-day audience. Later, she and her disciples started using Swathi Thirunal's compositions in their concerts to popularize them. One such discovery that was made during this period was a work on ''[[Tillana]]'', a composition created by Swathi Thirunal.<ref name="Subbulakshmi Award" />

During her later years as a musician, she realised the effect of music on the psyche of human beings and other animals. After having read the resources available on the topic, she decided to devote her remaining time on this unexplored field of music. For serving this purpose, she established an organization called Sangeeta Bharati. Apart from doing research on Music Therapy, it also provides authentic music training to the budding musicians of the state. In recognition of her service in the upcoming field of Music Therapy, the authorities of Panakaja Kasthuri Ayurvedic Medical College in Thiruvananthapurm have made her the senior-most faculty in the organization to assist them in administering the medical cure through music.<ref name="Subbulakshmi Award" />

K. Omanakutty has performed more than 300 music concerts, exclusively of Swathi Thirunal [[Kriti (music)|kritis]], as part of popularizing the Maharaja's compositions across the world. To this effect, ''Swathi Pancharatnam'' has performed by 500 students from [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] at Vyloppilly Sanskriti Bhavan in December 2015 with a focus to penetrate Maharaja's ''pancharatna kritis'' like that of [[Tyagaraja]]'s ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Now, under the social justice department of [[Government of Kerala]], music therapy is applying to the inmates of Poojapura and [[Pulayanarkotta]] old age homes for the mental solace of the inmates staying there in every month.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Academia ===
Omanakutty has teaching experience for 37 years as Lecturer and Professor in music. She retired from service in 2003 as professor and Head of Department of Music [HOD] from the Department of Music, University of Kerala. She was the first professor in Department of Music, University of Kerala. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Personal life==
Her husband M. P. Gopinathan Nair was a chief engineer of [[All India Radio]].
Her only daughter Kamala Lekshmi and son-in-law K. S. Sreekumar are also musicians. Omanakutty's grandchildren, [[K. S. Harisankar]] is a playback singer and K. S. Ravisankar is a violinist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2018 |title=സംഗീതജ്ഞ ഡോ. ഓമനക്കുട്ടി ടീച്ചറുടെ ഭർത്താവ്‌ എം പി ഗോപിനാഥൻ നായർ അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Gopinathan Nair, husband of Dr. K Omanakkutty dies |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-24-07-2018/739376 |website=[[Desabhimani]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1997 – [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (Classical Music)<ref name="ksna">{{Cite web |title=KSNA Fellowship & Awards |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|KSNA]] |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813144417/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2012 – [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] (Classical Music)<ref name="ksna" />
* 2013 – Subbulakshmi Award<ref name="Subbulakshmi Award">{{cite news|title=K. Omanakkutty wins M.S. Subbulakshmi Award|url=http://www.kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=35622|accessdate=22 October 2013|newspaper=Kerala Kaumudi|date=May 3, 2013|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060801/http://www.kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=35622|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2020 – [[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2021 |title=Swathi music award for K. Omanakutty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/swathi-music-award-for-k-omanakutty/article33883478.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219183834/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/swathi-music-award-for-k-omanakutty/article33883478.ece |archive-date=19 February 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 2025 - [[Padma Shri]]
==Gallery==
<gallery>
K Omanakutty at Kollam 2.jpg|K. Omanakutty at Kollam 2025
K Omanakutty at Kollam 3.jpg| K. Omanakutty
K Omanakutty at Kollam 2025.jpg|K. Omanakutty
K Omanakutty felicitation 2025.jpg|K. Omanakutty
K Omanakutty at Kollam 6.jpg|K. Omanakutty
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Music of Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Omanakutty, K.}}
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Kerala academics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

List of Malayalam films of 1995

2026-03-07T04:46:27Z

TaylaA461435: updated details also and added references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1995.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | Title !! width="18%" | Director !! width="30%" | Cast!! width="18%" | Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Krishnadas ||[[Babu Antony]], [[Charmila]]
|[[Kaloor Dennis]]
|-
| ''[[Sargavasantham]]'' || [[Anil Das]] ||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' || [[Rajasenan]] ||[[Jayaram]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangeetha]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]||[[Rafi-Mecartin]]
|-
| ''[[Achan Kombath Amma Varambath]]'' || [[Anil Babu]] ||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[Thilakan]]||
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || [[Sangeeth Sivan]] ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]], [[Lalu Alex]]||
|-
| ''[[Aksharam]]'' || [[Sibi Malayil]] ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|[[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
|-
| ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || [[Balu Kiriyath]] ||[[Rajan P. Dev]], [[A. C. Zainuddin|Zainuddin]]
|
|-
| ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]'' || [[Viji Thampi]] ||[[Jagadish]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]||[[Sasidharan Arattuvazhi]]
|-
| ''[[Sreeragam]]'' || George Kithu ||[[Jayaram]], [[Vinduja Menon]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kusruthikaatu]]'' || Suresh Vinu ||[[Jayaram]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
|[[J. Pallassery]]
|-
| ''Peter Scott'' || [[Biju Viswanath]] ||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Charmila]]
|
|-
| ''[[Samudhayam]]'' || [[Ambili (Director)|Ambili]] ||[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mangalyasootram]]'' || [[Saajan]] ||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' || [[Jayaraj]] ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Bhanupriya]]||
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]]'' || [[K. K. Haridas]] ||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]||
|-
| ''Manikya Chempazhukka'' || [[Thulasidas]] ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Sivaranjani]], [[Maathu]]
|[[A. K. Sajan]]
|-
| ''[[Thovalapookkal]]'' || [[Suresh Unnithan]] ||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Spadikam]]'' || [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]] ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Thilakan]]||
|-
| ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]'' || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] ||[[Mammootty]], [[Shobhana]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]]||[[Sreenivasan]]
|-
| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' || [[Mani C. Kappan]] ||[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Vani Viswanath]]||[[Siddique–Lal|Siddique - Lal]]
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || [[K. Madhu]] ||[[Mammootty]], [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] ||[[S. N. Swamy]]
|-
| ''[[Alancheri Thamprakkal]]'' || [[Sunil (director)|Sunil]] ||[[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Narendra Prasad]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]]||[[Robin A Thirumala|Robin Thirumala]]
|-
| ''[[Prayikkara Pappan]]'' || [[T. S. Suresh Babu]] ||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Jagadish]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]]'' ||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Vineeth]]||[[P. Balachandran]]
|-
| ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]'' || [[Thulasidas]] ||[[Jayaram]], [[Shobana]], [[Jagadish]] ||
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]'' || [[Jose Thomas]] ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Lalu Alex]]
|[[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|-
| ''Punnaram'' || Sasi Sankar ||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
|
|-
|''[[Street (film)|Street]]''|| [[Anil Babu]] ||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Babu antony]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]||
|-
| ''[[Kalamasseriyil Kalyanayogam]]'' || [[Balu Kiriyath]] ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Charmila]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Premkumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Three Men Army]]'' || Nissar ||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Devayani]], [[Indrans]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]||
|-
| ''[[Agrajan]]'' || [[Dennis Joseph]] ||[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Thilakan]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
|[[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
| ''[[Karma (1995 film)|Karma]]'' ||[[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ranjitha]], [[Thilakan]]
|[[T. A. Razzaq|T A Razzaq]]
|-
| ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]'' || [[Viji Thampi]] ||[[Jagathy]], [[Balachandramenon]], [[Shanthi Krishna]], [[Jagadish]]||
|-
| ''[[Hijack (1995 film)|Hijack]]'' || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan|Gopalakrishnan]] ||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Farah Naaz]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || [[Jayaraj]] ||[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Priya Raman]], [[Vijayaraghavan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || [[Rajasenan]] ||[[Jayaram]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Sudha Rani]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]||[[Rafi-Mecartin]]
|-
| ''Boxer'' || Biju Kottarakkara ||[[Babu Antony]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sundarimare Sookshikkuka]]'' || Rajesh Narayanan||[[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thirumanassu]]''|| Aswathi Gopinath||[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Charmila]]
|
|-
| ''[[Radholsavam]]''|| [[Anil Babu]]||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Maathu]]
|[[J. Pallassery]]
|-
| ''[[Chantha]]''|| [[Sunil (director)|Sunil]]||[[Babu Antony]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]||
|-
| ''[[Chaithanyam]]''|| [[Jayan]]||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Parvathy Parinayam]]''|| [[P. G. Viswambharan]]||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]], [[Anju Aravind|Anju Arvind]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]||
|-
| ''[[Thakshashila]]''||[[Sreekumar Krishnan Nair|Sreekumar]]||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Shanthi Krishna]] ||A.K.Sajan
|-
| ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||[[Mammootty]], [[Priya Raman]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]||[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
|-
| ''[[Mazhavilkoodaram]]''|| Siddique Shameer||[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]]
|
|-
| ''[[Manthrikam]]''|| [[Thampi Kannanthanam]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Priya Raman]], [[Jagadish]], [[Raghuvaran]]||[[Babu Pallassery]]
|-
| ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum]]''|| [[Thulasidas]]||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Ranjitha]], [[Thilakan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sasinas]]''|| Thejus Peruman||[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]], [[Geetha Vijayan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]''|| [[T. V. Chandran]]||[[Mammootty]], Master Nithin, [[Bharath Gopi]]
|
|-
| ''Kidilol Kidilam''|| Paulson||[[Abi (actor)|Abi]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Anju Aravind]]
|
|-
| ''Kokkarakko''|| [[K. K. Haridas]]||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sudheesh]]||
|-
| ''[[Sindoora Rekha]]''|| [[Sibi Malayil]]||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Shobana]]||[[Raghunath Paleri]]
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]]''|| Suresh Vinu||[[Jayaram]], [[Vani Viswanath]]||
|-
| ''[[Achan Rajavu Appan Jethavu]]''|| Nissar||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Devayani]]||
|-
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]]''|| Kaladharan||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]], [[Jagadish]]||
|-
| ''[[Agnidevan]]''|| [[Venu Nagavally]]||[[Mohanlal]], [[Revathi]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] ||[[P. Balachandran]]
|-
| ''[[Arabikadaloram]]''|| S. Chandran||Sanjay, [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|
|-
| ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]''|| [[Shaji Kailas]]||[[Mammootty]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] ||[[Renji Panicker]]
|-
| ''Keerthanam''|| [[Venu B. Nair]]||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kakkakum Poochakkum Kalyanam]]''|| [[K. K. Haridas]]||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Devayani]], [[Sudheesh]]||
|-
| ''[[Rajakeeyam]]''|| Saji||[[Babu Antony]], [[Charmila]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]''|| [[Balu Kiriyath]]||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]], [[Harisree Asokan]]||
|-
| ''[[Pai Brothers]]''|| [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]||[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Jagathy]]||
|-
| ''[[Sakshyam]]''|| [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Gautami]].
|Cherian Kalpakavadi
|-
| ''Arabia''|| [[Jayaraj]]||[[Babu Antony]], [[Charmila]], [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]''|| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]||[[Babu Antony]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]
|
|-
| ''Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan''|| [[Rafi Mecartin]]||[[Jayaram]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Annie (actress)|Annie]]||[[Rafi Mecartin]]
|-
| ''[[Sipayi Lahala]]''|| [[Vinayan]]||[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Sreenivasan]]||[[Sreenivasan]]
|-
| ''[[Ezharakoottam]]''||Kareem
|[[Madhupal]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Nadirsha]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]]''||[[Sunil (director)|Sunil]]
|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Khushboo Sundar|Khushboo]], [[Harisree Ashokan]] ,[[Jayaram]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aavarthanam]]''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrikante Pravukal]]''||Vijayakrishnan
|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Shivaji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mini (1995 film)|Mini]]''|| P. Chandrakumar;|| Aarati Ghanashyam, Chandrahasan, [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cuckoo-parameswaran/article3890649.ece Kuckoo Parameswaran];|| Iskantar Mirsa
|-
| ''[[Manasatranjante Diary]]''|| || ||
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | Title !! width="18%" | Director !! width="15%" | Story !! !!
|-
| ''[[Silpi]]''|| || || ||
|-
| ''[[Hai Sundary]]''|| [[Raghavendra Rao]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[M/S Big Boss]]''|| [[Kothanda Rama Reddy]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Oru Pranayakatha]]''|| [[Raghavendra]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Nishkarsha]]''|| [[Sunilkumar Desai]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Crime (film)|Crime]]''|| [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]|| || ||
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1995 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1995}}
[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films| 1995]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1995]]
[[Category:Lists of 1995 films by language]]
[[Category:1995 in Indian cinema]]

Pratt–Yorke opinion

2026-03-06T06:25:18Z

TaylaA461435: put up entry

{{Cleanup|reason=The images create a lot of empty space on the right side.|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg|thumb|[[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden|Attorney General Pratt]]]]
The '''Pratt-York opinion''', also known as the '''Camden-Yorke opinion''', was a 1757 official legal opinion that was issued jointly by [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden]], the [[Attorney General for England and Wales]], and [[Charles Yorke]], the [[Solicitor General for England and Wales]] and former counsel to the East India Company, regarding the legality of land purchases by the [[British East India Company]] from the rulers of the [[princely states]] in [[Company rule in India|British India]].

In large part because of the opinion, [[India]] is one of the few [[common law]] jurisdiction that has rejected the doctrine of [[aboriginal title]].<ref>''Freeman v. Fairie'' (1828) 1 Moo. IA 305.</ref><ref>''Vaje Singji Jorava Ssingji v Secretary of State for India'' (1924) L.R. 51 I.A. 357.</ref><ref>''Virendra Singh & Ors v. The State of Uttar Pradesh'' [1954] INSC 55.</ref><ref>''Vinod Kumar Shantilal Gosalia v. Gangadhar Narsingdas Agarwal & Ors'' [1981] INSC 150.</ref><ref>''Sardar Govindrao & Ors v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors'' [1982] INSC 52.</ref><ref>''R.C. Poudyal & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors'' [1993] INSC 77.</ref>

== Origin ==
[[File:CharlesYorke.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Yorke|Solicitor General Yorke]]]]
The opinion was issued in response to a petition from the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="b102" /> The company had been involved in land disputes with regular army officers over both land acquired by purchase and land acquired by conquest.<ref>Bowen, 2002, p. 53.</ref>

The opinion was reported on 24 December 1757.<ref name="b54">Bowen, 2002, p. 54.</ref>

== Text ==
The opinion began with the least controversial portion: territory gained by conquest was validly held by the company.<ref name="b54" /> If in the course of the company's trade, the company acquired land by a defensive action, without the assistance of the regular army, it alone held title to those lands.<ref name="b54" />

The opinion went on to distinguish lands acquired by conquest from those acquired by treaty or negotiation.<ref name="b54" /> In the former case, the Crown would acquire both sovereignty and title. In the latter case, the Crown would acquire sovereignty, but the company would acquire title.<ref name="b54" /> Pratt and Yorke explained that in India, a [[land grant]] issued by [[the Crown]] was not a prerequisite for [[land title]]s to be valid.<ref name="b102" />

The opinion condoned direct purchases "from the Mogul or any of the Indian Princes, or governments."<ref name="b102" />

=== Chalmers' version ===
The following text of the opinion is given by [[George Chalmers (antiquarian)|George Chalmers]] in his 1814 text, ''Opinions of Eminent Lawyers'':<ref>Chalmers, 1815, pp. 194–95.</ref>
<blockquote>III. How far the king's subjects, who emigrate, carry with them the law of England: ''First'', The common law; ''Second'', The statute law. 
''First.'' As to the common law. 
(1.) ''Mr. West's opinion on this subject in 1720.'' 
The common law of England, is the common law of the plantations, and all statutes in affirmance of the common law, passed in England, antecedent to the settlement of a colony, are in force in that colony, unless there is some private act to the contrary, though no statutes, made since those settlements, are in force, unless the colonies are particularly mentioned. Let an Englishman go where he will, he carries as much of law and liberty with him, as the nature of things will bear. 
(2.) ''The opinion of the attorney, and solicitor-general, Pratt, and Yorke, that the king's subjects carry with them the common law, wherever they may form settlements.'' 
In respect to such places as have been, or shall be, acquired by treaty, or grant, from any of the Indian princes, or governments, your majesty's letters patent are not necessary; the property of the soil vesting in the grantees, by the Indian grants, subject only to your majesty's right of sovereignty over the settlements, as English settlements, and over the inhabitants, as English subjects, who carry with them your majesty's laws, wherever they form colonies, and receive your majesty's protection, by virtue of your royal charters. 
<div style="text-align:right;">C. Pratt. C. Yorke.</div></blockquote>

== Effect in North America ==
[[File:John Marshall by Henry Inman, 1832.jpg|thumb|U.S. Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] concluded that the opinion did not apply to North America.]]
Land speculators in North America who were opposed to the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], which prohibited private purchases of land from Native Americans, circulated modified versions of the Pratt–Yorke opinion.<ref name="b102">Banner, 2005, pp. 102–03.</ref><ref>Sosin, 1965, pp. 229–35, 259–67.</ref><ref>Gipson, 1936, pp. 487–88.</ref> Mistranslated versions of the opinion appeared in North America around 1757 or 1773<ref name="b102" /> and omitted all reference to the East India Company or the Mogul but instead referred simply to "Indian Princes or Governments."<ref name="b102" />

One reproduction of that version of the opinion can be found in the [[book design#front cover, spine, and back cover of the dust-jacket|flyleaf]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-12|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=book design#front cover, spine, and back cover of the dust-jacket|reason= }} of [[George Washington]]'s 1783 diary.<ref name="b102" /> The land speculator William Murray attempted, based on another copy, to persuade a British military commander to allow him to begin negotiations with Indians.<ref name="b102" />

Chief Justice [[John Marshall]], citing such a mistranscribed version, considered the relevance of the Pratt–Yorke opinion to the status of [[aboriginal title in the United States]] in ''[[Johnson v. McIntosh]]'' (1823):
<blockquote>The opinion of the Attorney and Solicitor General, Pratt and Yorke, have been adduced to prove, that, in the opinion of those great law officers, the Indian grant could convey a title to the soil without a patent emanating from the crown. The opinion of those persons would certainly be of great authority on such a question, and we were not a little surprised, when it was read, at the doctrine it seemed to advance. An opinion so contrary to the whole practice of the crown, and to the uniform opinions given on all other occasions by its great law officers, ought to be very explicit, and accompanied by the circumstances under which it was given, and to which it was applied, before we can be assured that it is properly understood. In a pamphlet, written for the purpose of asserting the Indian title, styled '''Plain Facts'',' the same opinion is quoted, and is said to relate to purchases made in the East Indies. It is, of course, entirely inapplicable to purchases made in America. [[George Chalmers (antiquarian)|Chalmers]], in whose collection this opinion is found, does not say to whom it applies; but there is reason to believe, that the author of ''Plain Facts'' is, in this respect, correct. The opinion commences thus:

{{blockquote|'In respect to such places as have been, or shall be acquired, by treaty or grant, from any of the Indian princes or governments, your majesty's letters patent are not necessary.'
The words 'princes or governments', are usually applied to the East Indians, but not to those of North America. We speak of their sachems, their warriors, their chiefmen, their nations or tribes, not of their 'princes or governments.' The question on which the opinion was given, too, and to which it relates, was, whether the king's subjects carry with them the common law wherever they may form settlements. The opinion is given with a view to this point, and its object must be kept in mind while construing its expressions.<ref>''[[Johnson v. McIntosh]]'', 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543, 599–600 (1823).</ref>}}</blockquote>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Stuart Banner. 2005. ''How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier''. Belknap, Harvard University Press.
* H. V. Bowen. 2002. ''Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757–1773''. Cambridge University Press.
* Lawrence Henry Gipson. 1936. ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution: The rumbling of the coming storm, 1766–1770''. Caxton Printers.
* J.M. Sosin. 1965. ''Whitehall and the Wilderness: The Middle West in British Colonial Policy 1760–1775''. Lincoln, Nebraska.

;Copies of opinion
* {{cite book| last = Chalmers| first = George|authorlink = George Chalmers (antiquarian)| title = Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on Various Points of English Jurisprudence Chiefly Concerning the Colonies, Fisheries, and Commerce of Great Britain Collected, and Digested, from the Originals, in the Board of Trade, and Other Depositories| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gP5BAAAAYAAJ| year = 1814| publisher = Reed and Hunter | pages = 194–195 }}
* S. Lambert (ed.). 1975. ''House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century'' (147 vols.). Wilmington, Delaware. Vol. XXVI, item 1.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratt-Yorke opinion}}
[[Category:Aboriginal title]]
[[Category:Colonial land law]]
[[Category:1757 in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1757 in law]]
[[Category:British East India Company buildings and structures]]
[[Category:British Empire]]

Maro Prapancham

2026-03-03T21:46:10Z

TaylaA461435: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maro Prapancham
| image = Maro_Prapancham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Modukuri Johnson {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = B. S. Thapa
| screenplay = [[K. Viswanath]]
| producer = Akkineni Nageswara Rao Adurthi Subba Rao
| director = [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = K. S. Ramakrishna Rao
| editing = B. Gopala Rao Adurthi Haranath
| studio = Chakravarthi Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1970|4|10}}
| runtime = 153 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Maro Prapancham''''' ({{translation|Another World}}) is a 1970 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film, produced by Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Adurthi Subba Rao under the Chakravarthy Chitra banner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/maro-prapancham-1970-telugu-movie |title=Maro Prapancham (Banner) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> and directed by [[Adurthi Subba Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Maro-Prapancham/15092 |title=Maro Prapancham (Direction) |work=Know Your Films |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223203446/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Maro-Prapancham/15092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/maro-prapancham-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201444/http://spicyonion.com/title/maro-prapancham-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 December 2016 |title=Maro Prapancham (Cast & Crew) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref> and music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/6675?ed=Tolly |title=Maro Prapancham (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804135248/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/6675?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
During the time of Gandhi's centenary birth celebrations, several leaders & social reformers gave messages regarding the ideologies of Gandhi, which they did not follow in real life. At this point, 9 youngsters fed up with these double standards form an organization and kidnap children from all over the country. They create a unique world called "Maro Prapancham" where jealousy, rivalry, caste & community do not exist. Even the Goddess of India lands at the place. Such a place created a massive uproar in the country, and the Central Govt appointed Special CBI Officer Ravindra Nath to solve the case. Ravindra eventually manages to find a different world after various setbacks. He sees the place filled with righteousness, truth, peace, kindness & mercy. This inspires him, and he decides to join the organization that made the ''Maro Prapancham'' (Another World). When a few members are caught and prosecuted, Ravindra arrives and paths the judiciary to the new world to describe its uniqueness and what they were trying to achieve. Yet, the bench is unmoved and judges them guilty, sentencing Ravindra and the people caught. Thereupon, children obstruct the Police and demand their leaders be set free. Ravindra explains to them that the children are now independent and can carry on their own and orders them to make the entire country a different world. The movie ends with the children proceeding toward the ''Maro Prapancham.''

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as CBI Officer Ravindra Nath
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Sarada
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Bharata Maata
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as I.G. Jagannatha Rao
*[[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]]
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Sanyasi Rao
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Peda Gandhi
*[[Vijayachander]]
*Venkateswara Rao as Narasimha Rao
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
*Pushpa Kumari as Rukmini
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Godavari
*Meena Kumari

==Crew==
*'''Art''': G. V. Subba Rao
*'''Choreography''': Venu Gopal
*'''Dialogues''': Modukuri Johnson
*'''Lyrics''': [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
*'''Playback''': [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
*'''Music''': [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
*'''Story''': B. S. Thapa
*'''Screenplay''': [[K. Viswanath]]
*'''Editing''': B. Gopala Rao, Adurthi Haranath
*'''Cinematography''': K. S. Ramakrishna Rao
*'''Producer''': Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Adurthi Subba Rao
*'''Director''': [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
*'''Banner''': Chakravarthi Chitra
*'''Release Date''': 10 April 1970

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maro Prapancham
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1970
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Akka Chellelu]]
| prev_year = 1970
| next_title = Petthamdaarlu
| next_year = 1970
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Idigo Idigo"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|4:04
|-
|2
|"Annagarina Brathukulo"
|Sri Sri
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|
|}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - VOLGA Videos, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Adurthi Subba Rao}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1970 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]
[[Category:1970 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]

Kavacham (1992 film)

2026-03-03T21:25:52Z

TaylaA461435: made new stub first draft

{{hatnote|This is about the 1992 Malayalam film. For the 2018 Telugu film of the same name, see [[Kavacham (2018 film)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kavacham
| image = Kavacham.png
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[K. Madhu]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Raghuvaran]] [[Captain Raju]] [[Babu Antony]] [[Mohan Raj]] [[Parvathy Jayaram]] [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
| music =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|02|28}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}

'''''Kavacham''''' is a 1992 [[Malayalam]] Indian film directed by [[K. Madhu]], starring [[Raghuvaran]] in the lead role. The film was much expected to succeed since director K. Madhu teamed up with Raghuvaran, who gave a hit in Malayalam ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]''.

==Plot==

''Kavacham'' is the story of 2 friends Raghuvaran and Captain Raju, working as private detectives. Their characters was moulded in the form of [[Mandrake the Magician|Mandrake]] and Lothar, Mandrake's best friend and crimefighting companion, respectively.

==Cast==

*[[Raghuvaran]]
*[[Captain Raju]]
*[[Babu Antony]]
*[[Parvathy Jayaram]]
*[[Mohan Raj]]
*[[Karamana Janardanan Nair]]
*[[Rajan P Dev]]
*[[Babu Namboothiri]]
*[[Ramachandran]]
*[[Alex Mathew]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353618|Kavacham}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Madhu]]
[[Category:1992 action films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kayam (2011 film)

2026-03-03T20:50:13Z

TaylaA461435: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kayam
| image = Kayam.jpg

| caption =
| director = Anil K. Nair
| producer =
| writer = Viju Ramachandran
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bala (actor)|Bala]]|[[Manoj K. Jayan]]|[[Shweta Menon]]}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Sadath
| editing = P C Mohanan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|1|7}}<ref>[http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=3141-Kayam "Malayalam Movie: Kayam"]. Metromatinee. Retrieved 2011-01-08.</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kayam''''' is a 2011 [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Anil K. Nair starring [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]] and [[Shwetha Menon]] in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
The fisherman Choonda is the leader of the Kabaddi Team{{Clarify|what does team mean|date=January 2018}} of the village. Thamara is a native of the neighboring village. She saw her mother's brutal rape and murder. Tired of the men in her village vying for her body, she flees with Choonda to his village.

Sasikuttan, the leader of another Kabaddi team, vies with Choonda and both realize they are long lost-brothers. Sasikuttan stays in the village. He has also fallen in love with a local girl, Muthu.

== Cast ==
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Sasikuttan
* [[Manoj.K.Jayan]] as Choonda/Divakaran
* [[Shwetha Menon]] as Thamara
* [[Aparna Nair]] as Muthu
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Chinnammu
* [[Anil Murali]]
* EA Rajendran
* [[Chembil Ashokan]]

==Controversy==
[[Shwetha Menon]], who played the lead role in the film has filed a complaint to take legal action against the producer for using the stills from the film for an ad of a sexual steroid pill. Swetha alleges that the scenes shot for the movie has been used to market the product without her knowledge and consent. Shwetha has also filed a complaint to the Vanitha Commission.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213014906/http://sify.com/movies/shwetha-to-file-police-complaint-news-malayalam-kmjkhygecgc.html "Shwetha to file police complaint"]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609122105/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/7655/kayam.html ''Kayam''] at [[Oneindia.in]]

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

2026 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-28T08:17:54Z

TaylaA461435: started a rd

#REDIRECT [[Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]]

Kalyani Priyadarshan

2026-02-26T13:22:24Z

TaylaA461435:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Kalyani|[[Priyadarshan]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalyani Priyadarshan
| image = Kalyani Priyadarshan.jpg
| caption = Kalyani in 2017
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = Kalyani Priyadarshan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|04|05|df=y}}<ref name="KPFacts" />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Parsons School of Design]] ([[Bachelor of Architecture|BArch]])
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
| spouse =
| father = [[Priyadarshan]]
| mother = [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]
}}

'''Kalyani Priyadarshan''' (born 5 April 1993) is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films, in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Kalyani is a recipient of one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref name="KPFacts">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-kalyani-priyadarshan-interesting-facts-about-the-actress/etphotostory/90657649.cms |title=Happy Birthday, Kalyani Priyadarshan: Interesting Facts About The Actress |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424061646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-kalyani-priyadarshan-interesting-facts-about-the-actress/etphotostory/90657649.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |date=17 June 2018 }}. Times of India (17 June 2018). Retrieved 14 August 2018.</ref>

Born to filmmaker [[Priyadarshan]] and actress [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]], Kalyani started her career as an assistant production designer. She made her acting debut in the Telugu film ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' (2017), for which she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]]. She then expanded to Tamil cinema with ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'' (2019), and Malayalam cinema with ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' (2020). Kalyani has since starred in ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' (2019), ''[[Maanaadu]]'' (2021), ''[[Hridayam]]'' (2022), ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022), ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022) and ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' (2025), the latter turning out to be [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest grossing Malayalam film of all time]] and one of the highest grossing Indian films featuring a female lead. For ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022), she won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=I thought I belonged behind the camera: Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/i-thought-i-belonged-behind-the-camera-kalyani-priyadarshan-1.2945420 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627053727/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/i-thought-i-belonged-behind-the-camera-kalyani-priyadarshan-1.2945420 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "SIIMA1">{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |title=SIIMA AWARDS 2018 winners |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924201426/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |archivedate=24 September 2018 |url-status=dead |work=South Indian International Movie Awards}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Kalyani was born on 5 April 1993 in [[Chennai]], in a [[Malayali]] family,<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes |title=Here's how Actress Kalyani Priyadarshan is celebrating her birthday month! |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/heres-how-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-celebrating-her-birthday-month/articleshow/90984199.cms |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Keerthy Suresh wishes birthday girl Kalyani Priyadarshan with some unseen throwback pictures |date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Zoom TV |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/pictures-inside-keerthy-suresh-wishes-birthday-girl-kalyani-priyadarshan-with-some-unseen-throwback-pictures/741272 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209142656/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/amp/tamil-cinema/article/pictures-inside-keerthy-suresh-wishes-birthday-girl-kalyani-priyadarshan-with-some-unseen-throwback-pictures/741272 |url-status=live}}</ref> to filmmaker [[Priyadarshan]] and actress [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramani |first=A. |title=Film director Priyadarshan – actor Lissy divorce formalities complete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Film-director-Priyadarshan-actor-Lissy-divorce-formalities-complete/articleshow/54361266.cms |access-date=10 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Film-director-Priyadarshan-actor-Lissy-divorce-formalities-complete/articleshow/54361266.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the elder of the two children and has a younger brother named Siddharth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyadarshan's son and Kalyani's brother Siddharth gets married in Chennai; pics go viral |date=4 February 2023 |publisher=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/filmmaker-priyadarshans-son-and-kalyanis-brother-siddharth-gets-married-in-chennai-pics-go-viral-1208121?amp |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206231700/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/filmmaker-priyadarshans-son-and-kalyanis-brother-siddharth-gets-married-in-chennai-pics-go-viral-1208121?amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kalyani completed her early schooling at the [[Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Lady Andal, Chennai]],<ref>[http://ladyandalschool.com/ "Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao Matriculation Higher Secondary School – official website"]. ''Lady Andal''. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</ref> and later studied in [[Singapore]], where she also worked in theatre groups. She then pursued her [[Bachelor of Architecture|B.Arch]] degree from [[Parsons School of Design]], [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Design principles - Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-waiting-her-second-telugu-film-chitralahari-discusses-how-her-education-in-architecture-helps-her-acting-career/article26779686.ece/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926021712/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-waiting-her-second-telugu-film-chitralahari-discusses-how-her-education-in-architecture-helps-her-acting-career/article26779686.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After returning to India, she attended an acting workshop at Adishakti Theatre in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=As Adishakti turns 40, remembering Veenapani Chawla who rescued theatre from the spoken word and gave the body full play |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/adishakti-turns-40-remembering-veenapani-chawla-rescued-theatre-from-spoken-word-gave-the-body-full-play-7849606/ |first=Dipanita |last=Nath |access-date=16 January 2023 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117021712/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/adishakti-turns-40-remembering-veenapani-chawla-rescued-theatre-from-spoken-word-gave-the-body-full-play-7849606/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and early work (2017–2020) ===
Kalyani began her film career in 2013 as an assistant [[production designer]] under [[Sabu Cyril]] in the Hindi film ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013). In 2016 she worked as an assistant [[art director]] in the Tamil film ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' (2016).<ref name="KPFacts" /> Kalyani made her acting debut with the 2017 Telugu film ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'', opposite [[Akhil Akkineni]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/its-official-priyadarshan-and-lissys-daughter-kalyani-debut-akhil-akkineni-film-64912 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's debut movie with Akhil |work=The News Minute |accessdate=22 December 2017 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000432/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/its-official-priyadarshan-and-lissys-daughter-kalyani-debut-akhil-akkineni-film-64912 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive response but turned out to be a below-average grosser at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hello-review-five-reasons-to-watch-akhil-akkineni-starrer-hello-movie-review/articleshow/62196041.cms |title=Hello: Five reasons to watch Akhil Akkineni and Kalyani Priyadarshan starrer |work=Times of India |access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223065330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hello-review-five-reasons-to-watch-akhil-akkineni-starrer-hello-movie-review/articleshow/62196041.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "Kalyani's entry happens a little late into the film but it's a commendable debut complementing and sharing good chemistry with Akhil."<ref>{{Cite news |accessdate=22 December 2018 |title=Hello Movie Review: A race against time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hello-review-a-race-against-time/article22228695.ece/ |website=The Hindu |author=Srivathsan Nadadhur |date=22 December 2017|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715075638/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hello-review-a-race-against-time/article22228695.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance earned her several awards including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

Kalyani had three releases in 2019. She first appeared opposite [[Sai Dharam Tej]] in the Telugu film ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''. The film opened to mixed to positive reviews and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే.. |trans-title=Highest grossing films of 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231040059/https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-waiting-her-second-telugu-film-chitralahari-discusses-how-her-education-in-architecture-helps-her-acting-career/article26779686.ece |title=Design principles |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2019-04-09 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-18 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113001718/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-waiting-her-second-telugu-film-chitralahari-discusses-how-her-education-in-architecture-helps-her-acting-career/article26779686.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "Kalyani does a fine job as an innocent, naive girl; however, her romantic track with Sai Dharam Tej is too superficial."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-12 |title=Chitralahari movie review: Even Sai Dharam Tej's sincere performance can't save this dull drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chitralahari-movie-review-even-sai-dharam-tejs-sincere-performance-cant-save-this-dull-drama-6437941.html|access-date=2020-09-11 |website=Firstpost|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919143040/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chitralahari-movie-review-even-sai-dharam-tejs-sincere-performance-cant-save-this-dull-drama-6437941.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her other two releases of the year were box office failures, where she appeared opposite [[Sharwanand]] in the Telugu film ''[[Ranarangam]]'' and opposite [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the Tamil film ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'', which also marked her Tamil debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ranarangam-review-this-sudheer-varma-film-starring-sharwanand-is-gangster-drama-with-swag-and-little-else/article29100778.ece |title=Ranarangam review: A stylish battlefield |work=The Hindu |accessdate=17 August 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507060659/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ranarangam-review-this-sudheer-varma-film-starring-sharwanand-is-gangster-drama-with-swag-and-little-else/article29100778.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2019 |title=Hero review: An-engaging-entertainer-for-families!! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/hero-review-an-engaging-entertainer-for-families-review-tamil-tmujazajhjacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060557/https://www.sify.com/movies/hero-review-an-engaging-entertainer-for-families-review-tamil-tmujazajhjacc.html |archive-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, Kalyani expanded to Malayalam films with ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Varane Avashyamund: Five reasons why you should not miss Suresh Gopi, Shobana, Kalyani Priyadarshan and Dulquer Salmaan-starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varane-avashyamund-five-reasons-why-you-should-not-miss-suresh-gopi-shobana-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-dulquer-salmaan-starrer/photostory/73984796.cms|access-date=2021-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varane-avashyamund-five-reasons-why-you-should-not-miss-suresh-gopi-shobana-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-dulquer-salmaan-starrer/photostory/73984796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated, "Kalyani easily carries off her role as the young woman. Interestingly, she is the more conventional one between the mother and daughter."<ref>{{cite news |title=Varane Avashyamund movie review: This multistarrer is pleasant but shallow |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/varane-avashyamund-review-multistarrer-pleasant-shallow-118189 |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929153554/https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/varane-avashyamund-review-multistarrer-pleasant-shallow-118189 |url-status=live}}</ref> A commercial success, it was one of the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year and earned her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-25 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's first production venture 'Varane Avashyamund' crosses Rs 25 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaans-first-production-venture-varane-avashyamund-crosses-rs-25-crore/articleshow/74303554.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same year, she played [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]'s younger version in a segment of the Tamil film ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai': Amazon Prime Video announces anthology of five Tamil short films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103145457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] stated, "Kalyani capture the present and the past in a seamless flow and is perfectly cast."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Review: Amazon Prime's Tamil Anthology Is Easy On The Mind And Eye |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-easy-on-the-mind-and-eye-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2310917|access-date=2021-02-06 |website=NDTV.com|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109060752/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-easy-on-the-mind-and-eye-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2310917|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Commercial success and career progression (2021–present) ===
In her first film of 2021, Kalyani appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Maanaadu]]'' opposite [[Silambarasan]], where she played a modern woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=29 December 2021 |title=Jai Bhim to Maanaadu: Best Tamil cinema of 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102123929/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics and was successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2022 |title='Maanaadu' lifetime box office collections: Silambarasan starrer collects Rs. 117 crore worldwide |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-lifetime-box-office-collections-silambarasan-starrer-collects-rs-117-crore-worldwide/articleshow/91910546.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230808150002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-lifetime-box-office-collections-silambarasan-starrer-collects-rs-117-crore-worldwide/articleshow/91910546.cms |archive-date=8 August 2023}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi noted, "Kalyani is good and shines in the limited screen space she gets."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu movie review: Silambarasan TR's film is highly enjoyable, accessible time-loop thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-s-film-is-highly-enjoyable-accessible-time-loop-thriller-101637840096414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125141528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-s-film-is-highly-enjoyable-accessible-time-loop-thriller-101637840096414.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Her next release in the same year was the Malayalam film ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' opposite [[Pranav Mohanlal]], where she played a Muslim warrior's wife. The film received mixed to negative reviews and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan looks regal in these pictures from 'Marakkar – Arabikkadalinte Simham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-looks-regal-in-these-pictures-from-marakkar-arabikkadalinte-simham/articleshow/74615679.cms |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316113024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-looks-regal-in-these-pictures-from-marakkar-arabikkadalinte-simham/articleshow/74615679.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office: Analyzing theatrical performance of Mohanlal's post-pandemic movies, Marakkar to L2 Empuraan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analysing-theatrical-performance-of-mohanlals-post-pandemic-movies-from-marakkar-to-l2-empuraan-1384093 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=26 April 2025 |language=en |date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

The year 2022 marked a turning point in Kalyani's career. All her three Malayalam releases were successful and gained her positive reviews. She first appeared as an engineer in ''[[Hridayam]]'' opposite Pranav Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranav and Kalyani teaming up for Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Hridayam' excites Mohanlal-Priyadarshan-Sreenivasan fans|access-date=13 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-and-kalyani-teaming-up-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-excites-mohanlal-priyadarshan-sreenivasan-fans/articleshow/72346145.cms|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208070147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-and-kalyani-teaming-up-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-hridayam-excites-mohanlal-priyadarshan-sreenivasan-fans/articleshow/72346145.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith stated, "Kalyani is aptly cast and ''Hridayam'' is her finest hour." A critic from ''[[Manorama Online]]'' noted, "Kalyani was effective as Nithya and her chemistry with Pranav is one of the high points of the film."<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |title=Hridayam Movie Review: Vineeth Sreenivasan delivers two feel-good films for the price of one |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jan/21/hridayam-movie-reviewvineeth-sreenivasan-delivers-two-feel-good-films-for-the-price-of-one-29166.html|access-date=22 January 2022 |work=Cinema Express |date=21 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122082704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jan/21/hridayam-movie-reviewvineeth-sreenivasan-delivers-two-feel-good-films-for-the-price-of-one-29166.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Tony |title='Hridayam' movie review: Youthful charm, romance make it a memorable watch |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/21/hridayam-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-pranav-mohanlal.html|access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Manorama Online |date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121172838/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/21/hridayam-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-pranav-mohanlal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major commercial success, it was one of the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Hridayam tops 50 crores globally; Enters all-time top ten Mollywood grossers worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hridayam-tops-50-crores-globally-enters-all-time-top-ten-mollywood-grossers-worldwide-1023896 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> She next played an IT professional in ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Express News Service |title=Prithviraj completes second directorial 'Bro Daddy' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/08/prithviraj-completessecond-directorialbro-daddy-2355636.html|access-date=29 October 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 September 2021|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206094732/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/08/prithviraj-completessecond-directorialbro-daddy-2355636.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was directly released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Mohanlal-Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer 'Bro Daddy' to release on January 26 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/06/mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-bro-daddy-to-release-on-january-26-2403846.html |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106144408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/06/mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-bro-daddy-to-release-on-january-26-2403846.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K. opined: "Kalyani as Anna is a revelation. She is a natural and her expressions are apt for every situation."<ref>{{cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |title=Bro Daddy Movie Review: Mohanlal, Prithviraj's fun family drama is not Badhaai Ho, but better |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bro-daddy-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-fun-family-drama-is-full-of-life-1904564-2022-01-26 |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126070054/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bro-daddy-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-fun-family-drama-is-full-of-life-1904564-2022-01-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> In her final film of the year, she appeared opposite [[Tovino Thomas]] in ''[[Thallumaala]]'', playing a vlogger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/12/tovino-thomas-khalid-rahmans-film-thallumaala-completed-30851.html |title=Tovino Thomas-Khalid Rahman's film Thallumaala completed |website=Cinema Express|date=12 April 2022 | access-date=11 August 2022| archive-date=11 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811005629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/12/tovino-thomas-khalid-rahmans-film-thallumaala-completed-30851.html| url-status=live}}</ref> A box office success, it became one of the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas' biggest hit turns out to be Thallumaala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala/articleshow/93607654.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Times of India |date=17 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828170227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala/articleshow/93607654.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Thallumaala grossed 50 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/thallumaala-box-office-collection-tovino-thomas-starrer-action-entertainer-crosses-rs-40-crores/articleshow/93745314.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2022-08-24 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref> Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' noted, "Kalyani's BeEPathu is a strong swag character who claims a huge social media following. Pathu is safe in Kalyani's hands."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html |title='Thallumaala' review: Tovino Thomas, Kalyani Priyadarshan shine in this full-on entertainer |website=The Week | access-date=13 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813174850/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Kalyani had two releases in 2023. She first played a Muslim woman who aspires to become a football commentator in ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima teaser: Kalyani Priyadarshan promises a fresh, colorful and fun film |work=Indian Express |date=27 August 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sesham-mike-il-fathima-teaser-kalyani-priyadarshan-promises-a-fresh-colorful-and-fun-film-8911371/lite/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101043716/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sesham-mike-il-fathima-teaser-kalyani-priyadarshan-promises-a-fresh-colorful-and-fun-film-8911371/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Athira M noted, "Kalyani has put up an earnest performance with her screen presence. There is an ease with which she plays Fathima but does seem weighed down by the heavy dialogues in some scenes, thus restricting her as an actor."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=18 November 2023 |title='Sesham Mike-il Fathima' movie review: Kalyani Priyadarshan shines in this feel-good entertainer |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-shines-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima-directed-by-debutant-manu-c-kumar/article67546706.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120101612/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-shines-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima-directed-by-debutant-manu-c-kumar/article67546706.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/11/sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-ott-release-date-50264.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/11/sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-ott-release-date-50264.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She then played an aggressive college student and a trained [[Boxing|boxer]] alongside [[Joju George]] in ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]''. A ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' critic stated, "Kalyani gets some amazing fight scenes in the first half. But, the one-dimensional portrayal of her character doesn't help and it loses connection."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan gets a fresh haircut for her next film Antony |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-gets-a-fresh-haircut-for-her-next-antony/articleshow/100012464.cms |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613181103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-gets-a-fresh-haircut-for-her-next-antony/articleshow/100012464.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2 December 2023 |title='Antony' movie review: Overfamiliarity breeds fatigue |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/dec/02/antony-movie-review-overfamiliarity-breeds-fatigue-2637870.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202062835/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/dec/02/antony-movie-review-overfamiliarity-breeds-fatigue-2637870.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film turned out to be a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Teaser of Joju George's Antony to be out tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/17/teaser-of-joju-georges-antony-to-be-out-tomorrow-48707.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024093407/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/17/teaser-of-joju-georges-antony-to-be-out-tomorrow-48707.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In her only release of 2024, Kalyani reunited with Pranav Mohanlal for the Malayalam film ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'', where she played a college student and his ex-lover.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-brings-together-an-ensemble-cast-for-his-next/article67075968.ece |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan brings together an ensemble cast for his next |newspaper=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |accessdate=10 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713141855/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-brings-together-an-ensemble-cast-for-his-next/article67075968.ece |archivedate=13 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan stated that Kalyani hardly had anything to do.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham Review: Vineeth Sreenivasan's tale of friendship is earnest but melodramatic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/varshangalkku-shesham-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-tale-of-friendship-is-earnest-but-melodramatic-101712930244899.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413062526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/varshangalkku-shesham-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-tale-of-friendship-is-earnest-but-melodramatic-101712930244899.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a commercial success and emerged as [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|one of the highest grossing Malayalam films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Varshangalkku Shesham box office collection day 1 early report: Vineeth Sreenivasan's directed movie took off a superb start at box office |date=11 April 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collection-day-1-early-report-vineeth-sreenivasans-directorial-off-to-a-decent-start-despite-mixed-reviews-9264892/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425153012/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collection-day-1-early-report-vineeth-sreenivasans-directorial-off-to-decent-start-despite-mixed-reviews-9264892/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638|date=1 January 2025|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|language=en|accessdate=19 January 2025}}</ref>

Kalyani started 2025 with ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'', opposite [[Naslen]], where she played as Chandra, who is secretly [[Kalliyankattu Neeli]], a [[yakshi]], and in the film, a superheroine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra Trailer — Kalyani Priyadarshan Rises As Malayalam Cinema's New Superhero |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-trailer-kalyani-priyadarshan-rises-as-malayalam-cinemas-new-superhero-77032.html |date=25 August 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025 |newspaper=Filmfare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-06 |title='Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra' Box Office collection day 9 - Kalyani Priyadarshan's superhero film mints Rs 7.75 crore; crosses Rs 60 crore in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-box-office-collection-day-9-kalyani-priyadarshans-superhero-film-mints-rs-7-75-crore-crosses-rs-60-crore-in-india/articleshow/123728790.cms |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Lokah'' made the landmark as the first superheroine film in Malayalam and Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=5 September 2025 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 Chandra marks the arrival of a powerful female superhero and a landmark win for Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-marks-the-arrival-of-a-female-superhero-for-the-ages-kalyani-naslen-dominic-arun-101756999285560.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=5 September 2025 |title=Priyanka Chopra hails Dulquer Salmaan-backed 'Lokah Chapter 1': 'India's first female superhero is here' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/priyanka-chopra-hails-dulquer-salmaan-backed-lokah-chapter-1-indias-first-female-superhero-is-here-see-inside/articleshow/123722397.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> Lokah received positive reviews and became the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest grossing Malayalam film of all time]] and one of the highest grossing Indian films featuring a female lead, grossing over ₹300 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=10 September 2025 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan becomes 1st Malayalam actress to make ₹200 crore at the box office with Lokah Chapter 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kalyani-priyadarshan-becomes-1st-malayalam-actress-to-make-200-crore-at-the-box-office-with-lokah-chapter-1-101757491878084.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> Hariprasad Sadanandan from ''The Week'' noted, "Kalyani is terrific as Chandra, both in terms of her body language and in the action set-pieces. Her performance act as the film's backbone."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lokah Chapter 1 - Chandra review: Kalyani Priyadarshan's fantasy action flick packs a solid punch |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/08/28/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-s-fantasy-action-flick-packs-a-solid-punch.html |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |newspaper=The Week}}</ref> She then played a girl whose weird demand leave her lover jilted at their wedding in ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]'' opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira: First look of Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira-first-look-of-fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-film-out/article69449338.ece/ |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Both films released a day apart. The latter film received negative reviews and was a box-office failure. Her chemistry with Fahadh was criticised. Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' considered her performance as "struggling in a character that clearly demanded far more than what exists in her artistic tapestry" and stated that she needs to refine her diction and develop "more vocal elasticity" soon, or her current limitations will restrict her to a "narrow range of roles."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Odum Kuthira Chadum Kuthira review: Fahadh Faasil delivers 2025's most disappointing Malayalam film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-review-fahadh-faasil-delivers-2025s-most-disappointing-malayalam-film-10217710/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Kalyani will next appear in the Tamil film ''Genie'' opposite [[Ravi Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayam Ravi's next titled Genie: Krithi Shetty, Kalyani Priyadarshan, and Wamiqa Gabbi roped in for the project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayam-ravis-next-titled-genie-krithi-shetty-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-wamiqa-gabbi-roped-in-for-the-project-8761674/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705164159/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayam-ravis-next-titled-genie-krithi-shetty-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-wamiqa-gabbi-roped-in-for-the-project-8761674/ |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== In the media==
Kalyani is considered as one of the highest paid Malayalam actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Nayanthara: Top 7 highest-paid Malayalam actresses |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/manju-warrier-to-nayanthara-top-7-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses/ar-AA1uYSHs |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 highest paid Malayalam actresses and their net worth |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/list-of-top-10-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses-and-their-net-worth-nayanthara-anupama-parameswaran-keerthy-suresh-and-others-10219820 |work=[[Jagran]] |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> She received critical acclaim for her film debut ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''. She termed the film as "the best film" that has happened to her career.<ref name="Hello Kalyani">{{cite news |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan on why Hello is the best film that has happened to her career |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-on-why-hello-is-the-best-film-that-has-happened-to-her-career-4291265.html/amp |work=Firstpost |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718084133/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-on-why-hello-is-the-best-film-that-has-happened-to-her-career-4291265.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[123telugu]]'' placed her in its "Top Actresses" list of 2017, for "Hello".<ref>{{cite news |title=2017 Recap: New talented actresses of the year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=123telugu |date=30 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> On her film career, Subhash K. Jha from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined: "Kalyani has become a name to reckon with in Malayalam cinema. Pretty and immensely gifted, she has proved herself to be much more than her prolific father Priyadarshan's daughter."<ref>{{cite news |title=The biggest joy of Priyadarshan's life |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-biggest-joy-of-priyadarshans-life/20240130.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131084133/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-biggest-joy-of-priyadarshans-life/20240130.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kalyani is a prominent celebrity endorser for several brands such as [[Kalyan Jewellers]] and [[Reliance Retail#Subsidiaries and divisions|Ajio]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Akkineni Nagarjuna: Kalyan jewellers sparkles with myriad regional stars |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/nov/03/manju-warrier-to-akkineni-nagarjuna-kalyan-jewellers-sparkles-with-myriad-regional-stars-2056301.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105164157/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/nov/03/manju-warrier-to-akkineni-nagarjuna-kalyan-jewellers-sparkles-with-myriad-regional-stars-2056301.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=On the campaign trail:Online fashion portal AJIO rings in Onam with a musical ode |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/on-the-campaign-trail-online-fashion-portal-ajio-rings-in-onam-with-a-musical-ode/article65801313.ece/ |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823112750/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/on-the-campaign-trail-online-fashion-portal-ajio-rings-in-onam-with-a-musical-ode/article65801313.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She has been the [[cover model]] for various magazines including "Ritz" and "You & I".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sugar & Spice: Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/sugar-spice-kalyani-priyadarshan/ |work=Ritz Magazine |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717102300/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/sugar-spice-kalyani-priyadarshan/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I thought I belonged behind the camera: Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://www.youandi.com/i-thought-i-belonged-behind-camera-kalyani-priyadarshan/ |work=You & I |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052615/https://www.youandi.com/i-thought-i-belonged-behind-camera-kalyani-priyadarshan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Kalyani was named [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2020: Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2020-kalyani-priyadarshan/articleshow/83145295.cms |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217073500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2020-kalyani-priyadarshan/articleshow/83145295.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, she ranked 8th in [[The Times of India|Chennai Times Most Desirable Women]] and 41st in [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women]] list.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out The List of Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83147467.cms |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217073500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83147467.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty – Living through a trial by fire, gracefully |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''
| Priya/Junnu
| rowspan="3"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref name="Hello Kalyani" />
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''
| Lahari
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivetha-pethuraj-star-sai-dharam-tej-s-chitralahari-92051 |work=The News Minute |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan and Nivetha Pethuraj to star in Sai Dharam Tej's 'Chitralahari' |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518035027/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivetha-pethuraj-star-sai-dharam-tej-s-chitralahari-92051 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ranarangam]]''
| Geetha
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=R. |first=Manoj Kumar |title=Ranarangam actor Kalyani Priyadarshan: I love gangster movies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kalyani-priyadarshan-ranarangam-gangster-movies-working-with-father-priyadarshan-5901398/ |access-date=17 August 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817143829/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kalyani-priyadarshan-ranarangam-gangster-movies-working-with-father-priyadarshan-5901398/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
| Meera
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hero-actress-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-all-praise-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/72966608.cms |title=Hero actress Kalyani Priyadarshan is all praise for co-star Sivakarthikeyan |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230000612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hero-actress-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-all-praise-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/72966608.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2020
! scope="row" |''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''
| Nikhitha "Nikki"
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-sathyan-ropes-in-dulquer-and-kalyani-for-a-family-drama/articleshow/70922736.cms |title=Anoop Sathyan ropes in Dulquer and Kalyani for a family-drama |last=Sanjith Sidhardhan |date=1 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210102021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-sathyan-ropes-in-dulquer-and-kalyani-for-a-family-drama/articleshow/70922736.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
| Young Lakshmi Krishnan
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Segment: "Ilamai Idho Idho"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The women of Putham Pudhu Kaalai: Kalyani Priyadarshan, Andrea Jeremiah, Ritu Varma on Amazon's first Tamil anthology |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-women-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-kalyani-priyadarshan-andrea-jeremiah-ritu-varma-on-amazons-first-tamil-anthology-8915651.html/amp |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
! scope="row"|''[[Maanaadu]]''
| Seethalakshmi
|
|<ref name="Maanaadu">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan to be seen opposite Simbu in 'Maanaadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-be-seen-opposite-simbu-maanaadu-99242 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331233423/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-be-seen-opposite-simbu-maanaadu-99242 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]''
| Aisha
| rowspan="9" |Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan and Keerthy Suresh join Mohanlal's Marakkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-keerthy-suresh-join-marakkar/articleshow/65947798.cms |access-date=15 June 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306095816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-and-keerthy-suresh-join-marakkar/articleshow/65947798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
! scope="row" |''[[Hridayam]]''
| Nithya Balagopal
|
|<ref name="Hridayam">{{cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Pranav Mohanlal and Kalyani Priyadarshan wrap up their portions of Hridayam in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-wrap-up-their-portions-of-hridayam-in-chennai/articleshow/80906562.cms |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215162754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-wrap-up-their-portions-of-hridayam-in-chennai/articleshow/80906562.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bro Daddy]]''
| Anna Kurian
|
|<ref name="BD">{{cite news |last=Palisetty |first=Ramya |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=India Today |date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Thallumaala]]''
| Fathima Beevi "Beepathu"
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Tovino and Kalyani to share screen in 'Thallumaala' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/tovino-kalyani-to-share-screen-in-thallumaala-2358258.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027135828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/tovino-kalyani-to-share-screen-in-thallumaala-2358258.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
| Fathima Noorjahan "Pathu"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's film Sesham Mikeil Fathima commences filming |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/15/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-commences-filming-2498562.html |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929082434/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/15/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-commences-filming-2498562.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]''
| Ann Maria
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filming of Joju George, Kalyani Priyadarshan's Antony wraps up |work=Cinema Express |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/27/filming-of-joju-george-kalyani-priyadarshans-antony-wraps-up-47020.amp |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915124638/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/27/filming-of-joju-george-kalyani-priyadarshans-antony-wraps-up-47020.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''
| Annie John
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=First schedule of Varshangalkku Shesham completed |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2023 |date=21 November 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.html |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215202252/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''
| Chandra / [[Kalliyankattu Neeli]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=Dulquer Salmaan launches Malayalam cinema's first superhero universe with Lokah – Chapter One: Chandra |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/dulquer-salmaan-launches-malayalam-cinemas-first-superhero-universe-lokah-chapter-one-chandra/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]''
| Nidhi Sudhish
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Odum Kuthira Chadum Kuthira' goes on floors |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 May 2024 |date=29 April 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-goes-on-floors/article68120470.ece/ |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605084059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-goes-on-floors/article68120470.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Genie}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan is excited about being part of 'Genie' |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=6 July 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-excited-about-being-part-of-genie/articleshow/101537388.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708084059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-excited-about-being-part-of-genie/articleshow/101537388.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
| {{Pending film|Marshal}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKarthi 29 is Marshal: Title poster confirms coastal story, Kalyani Priyadarshan plays female lead |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=6 July 2023 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/karthi-29-is-marshal-title-poster-confirms-coastal-story-kalyani-priyadarshan-plays-female-lead/14708f5d9e107}}</ref>
|-
|}


== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]
| rowspan="3"|''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=The Times of India |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2018-sivakartikeyan-nivin-pauly-r-madhavan-hansika-motwani-win-big-on-day-1/story-QEaUgz81IrHcCSUt3gXcEJ.html |title=SIIMA 2018 Tamil and Malayalam Awards: Sivakartikeyan, Nivin Pauly, R Madhavan, Hansika Motwani win big |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001055646/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2018-sivakartikeyan-nivin-pauly-r-madhavan-hansika-motwani-win-big-on-day-1/story-QEaUgz81IrHcCSUt3gXcEJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
| Debut Heroine of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=At Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018, Kajal Aggarwal and Tamannaah win honours |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK.html |access-date=2020-11-15 |date=2018-04-09 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001050532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| rowspan="2"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Kangana Ranaut, Arya, Tovino Thomas, Aishwarya Lekshmi win top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-siima-2022-kangana-ranaut-arya-tovino-thomas-aishwarya-lekshmi-win-top-acting-honours-2984472/arya-2984474 |access-date=2 March 2022 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124063701/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-siima-2022-kangana-ranaut-arya-tovino-thomas-aishwarya-lekshmi-win-top-acting-honours-2984472/arya-2984474 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Bro Daddy]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|access-date=2023-09-16|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="3"|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-malayalam-2024-are-out-67263.amp |title=Nominations for the 68th Filmfare Awards (Malayalam) 2024 |website=Filmfare |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |title=SIIMA 2024: 'Dasara', 'Jailer', 'Kantara', '2018' lead the nominations - Check out the details inside |website=Outlook India |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Actress – Malayalam
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyani Priyadarshan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Parsons School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Todgarh-Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:33:18Z

TaylaA461435: starting new bio

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Todgarh-Raoli Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = An inside view of Todgargh Rawali Sanctuary..jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An inside view of Todgarh-Raoli Sanctuary.
| image_size = 300px
| map = Rajasthan
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-coordinates =
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Rajsamand]]
| nearest_city = Beawar
| coordinates = {{coord|25|39|30|N|73|52|25|E|region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| region =
| area = 495 sq km
| established = 1983
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
| child =
| module =
}}

'''Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a wildlife sanctuary in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Anirudh |title=The Guide: The Twin Sanctuaries of Kumbhalgarh and Todgarh-Raoli |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/guide-kumbhalgarh-and-todgarh-raoli |website=Roundglass |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> Spread over the [[Ajmer]], [[Pali district|Pali]] and [[Rajsamand]] districts of the state, it was established in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://wildtrails.in/todgarh-raoli-wildlife-sanctuary/ |website=WildTrails |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> It occupies about 495 km2 of tropical deciduous forests and grassland. Major wildlife includes [[leopard]], [[wild boar]], [[chinkara]], [[common langur]], [[Sloth bear|sloth bears]] and [[Indian wolf]]. Also, about 143 bird species were recorded here in the 2013 survey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=The Ecotone: The Todgarh-Raoli and Kumbhalgarh Sanctuaries of Rajasthan|url=https://sustain.round.glass/habitat/todgarh-raoli-kumbhalgarh-sanctuaries/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=RoundGlass {{!}} Sustain|language=en-US}}</ref> Nearest major town is Ajmer, which is 105 km away. Ajmer Junction Railway Station and Beawar Railway Station are the nearest railheads.

==Location==
The sanctuary is situated roughly at the center of the Aravalli hill ranges, being based on the village of [[Todgarh]], 25 km from Jassa Khera on NH-8 Delhi-Udaipur Highway.

[[File:Kundal copy.jpg|thumb|Raoli village in Todgarh-Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==Places of Interest==
===Dudhaleshwar Temple===
An ancient temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], surrounded by tall trees of Karanj, Tamarind, and Banyan, attracts tourists. There is a perennial source of spring water in the temple. There is an ancient shivling and the water stream flows from this shivling. That can be seen every season.

=== Kajalwas Dhuni ===
Kajalwas Dhuni is a place of ancient [[Religion|religious]] importance where nine [[yogi]]s of the '[[Nath]]' sect have done intense [[tapasya]].<ref name="Khanaa Sharma">{{Cite journal|last1=Khanaa|first1=Vibha|last2=Sharma|first2=Anita|title=Tadgarh-Raoli: Destination with Immense Potential for Eco-Tourism|url=https://www.sajth.com/old/2010/Microsoft%20Word%20-%2016.pdf|journal=[[South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage]]|volume=3|pages=152–157}}</ref> It is situated in the lap of [[Aravalli Range]]<ref name="Singh Purohit Singh">{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Partap|last2=Purohit|first2=Chandan Singh|last3=Singh|first3=Mohan|date=April 2020|title=First Sighting of IUCN red listed Three Bird species of Family : Accipitridae at Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343222883_First_Sighting_of_IUCN_red_listed_Three_Bird_species_of_Family_Accipitridae_at_Todgarh_Raoli_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Rajasthan_India|journal=[[International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology]]|volume=7|pages=366–370|eissn=2395-602X}}</ref> about four kilometers east of [[Siriyari]], [[Rajasthan]], India. This place has the [[samadhi]]s of nine {{proper name|[[nath]]s}} and many devotees visit this place daily to offer their respects at the samadhi.

===[[Dewair]]===
Dewair is a historical place inside the sanctuary associated with [[Maharana Pratap]]. It is the site where he defeated the [[Mughal army]] of [[Akbar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}. [[James Tod]] called it the "Marathon of Mewar" in his book ''[[Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan]]''.

===Bheelberi falls===
Inside the sanctuary in Bhagora forest block there is 55-metre high waterfall. Falling of water can be seen in the rainy season. Roosting long-billed vultures and numerous rock beehives on the cliffs just near to it can also be watched. Bheelberi can be approached by a jeep 4 km nature trail.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Animal sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}

YourOneLife

2026-02-24T13:37:23Z

TaylaA461435: starting entry

'''YourOneLife (YOL)''' is an [[Application software|application]] made in [[India]] and used by [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council Of Technical Education]]'s(AICTE) for measuring personal and [[Institution|institutional]] happiness in educational institutions. Around 50 ''lakh'' students and 12,000 higher educational institutions benefit from it. It is created by [[blockchain]] network company 5ire and is claimed to be the biggest happiness blockchain with a potential for recording, issuing and verifying more than 8 million students’ academic credentials.

== Objective ==

YourOneLife helps in reflecting personal and institutional happiness guiding students.<ref name="yo1">{{cite news |title=LG launches AICTE’s Personal & Institutional Happiness Index App -“YourOneLife-YOL” |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-launches-aictes-personal-institutional-happiness-index-app-youronelife-yol/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=dailyexcelsior.com |date=21 December 2021}}</ref> It claims to be the largest blockchain-based academic accreditation system, based on its potential to support more than 8 million students, who can use it for recording, issuing and verifying academic credentials.<ref name="yo4">{{cite news |title=AICTE & 5IRE Join Hands To Launch World’s Biggest Happiness Blockchai |url=https://pragativadi.com/aicte-5ire-join-hands-to-launch-worlds-biggest-happiness-blockchain/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=pragativadi.com |date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="yo5">{{cite news |title=5IRE partners with AICTE to launch the world’s biggest happiness blockchain |url=https://www.crn.in/news/5ire-partners-with-aicte-to-launch-the-worlds-biggest-happiness-blockchain/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=crn.in |date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="yo7">{{cite news |title=The World’s Biggest Happiness Blockchain YourOneLife (YOL) To Be Created By 5ire and AICTE |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2022/01/the-worlds-biggest-happiness-blockchain.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=indianweb2.com |date=14 January 2022}}</ref>

== Features ==

Features:<ref name="yo2">{{cite news |title=AICTE, 5ire partner to launch the world's biggest happiness blockchain |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/aicte-5ire-partner-to-launch-the-worlds-biggest-happiness-blockchain-319203-2022-01-15 |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=businesstoday.in |date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="yo3">{{cite news |title=AICTE And YOL Announce Launch Of Biggest Blockchain Of Happiness |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/AICTE-And-YOL-Announce-Launch-Of-Biggest-Blockchain-Of-Happiness/14-01-2022-417675/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=bweducation.businessworld.in |date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="yo6">{{cite news |title=5ire: World's First Blockchain Network That Focuses On Sustainable Economic Growth! |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/technology/5ire-34253 |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=thelogicalindian.com |date=4 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

* Institutional and Individual Happiness Index assessment
* Individual and institution mindshare assessment
* Individual and institutional mind mapping
== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.yol.one/yol-app Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821093557/https://www.yol.one/yol-app |date=2022-08-21 }}


[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4

2026-02-22T20:08:21Z

TaylaA461435: Adding The Pg Added Tags!

{{short description|Season of Indian Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| image = Bigg_Boss_Tamil_S4_Logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = #3598FB
| caption = ''Bigg Boss'' season 4
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 18
| winner = [[Aari Arujunan]]
| runner_up = Balaji Murugadoss
}}
| num_episodes = 106
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|01|17|df=yes}}
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 5)|Season 5]]
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 4''''' is the fourth season of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Indian reality TV series ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil|Bigg Boss]]''. [[Kamal Haasan]] returned as host of the show for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-28|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 007 teaser: VJ raskhan gets back to work|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-season-4-teaser-kamal-haasan-gets-back-to-work-6572489/lite/|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The show was launched on 4 October 2020 on [[Star Vijay]] and also available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

The season's finale took place on 17 January 2021 with [[Aari Arujunan|Aari Arjunan]] winning the Bigg Boss title with the highest number of voting percentage in the history of ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' franchise, whereas Balaji Murugadoss emerged as the first runner-up. [[Dabur| Dabur Herbal Clove Toothpaste]] was the main sponsor for the fourth season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 – Ramya – The Winner|url=https://www.penbugs.com/bigg-boss-tamil-4-soori-the-winner/|website=Penbugs|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Anitha Sampath, Balaji Murugadoss, [[Ramya Pandian]] and Suresh Chakravarthi returned as contestants in ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1|Bigg Boss Ultimate]]''. Balaji Murugadoss eventually won it.

==Production==
===Eye logo===
This season, the logo is a colorful eye with a [[pupil]] that resembles a [[compass]], filled with multiple colours. Every season, the logo of the show is changed based on a particular theme. This theme has also been incorporated in the interiors of the house.

===House===
As with the past three seasons, the house is located at EVP FILM CITY in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

The house has been completely renovated from [[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|Season 3]]. Rather than warm colours from the last season, this time, the house has been fully designed in vibrant shades with gaudy lights.

Rooms/Areas in the house include the confession room, living room, kitchen, dining room, store room, two attached bedrooms (along with an attached toilet in one of the rooms), bathroom, garden with some lounging areas, swimming pool (not in use this season), gym (removed), activity room and resting room (Bigg Boss Prison).

This season stands out as the only one in the [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss Tamil]] franchise to forgo the 'Secret Room' feature, which had been utilized in the previous three seasons. It also marked the beginning of a trend, with the feature remaining unused in all subsequent seasons.

Only Season to properly utilise the prison feature for most weeks (10/15)

===Airing===
It was broadcast on the channel throughout the week at 09:30 PM from 4 October 2020 to 3 January 2021 and, it was broadcast on the channel throughout the weekdays at 10:00 PM and 09:30 PM at the weekends from 4 January 2021 to 17 January 2021.

===Audience and guests ===
There was no in person audience due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. However, they were connected via [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] to see the Grand Launch and the Weekend episodes. Similarly, no guests appeared on Bigg Boss due to the COVID-19 situation. During the thirteenth week however, the parents of the contestants were allowed to come in-person to the house and meet their family members who were participating in the show after two weeks of quarantine.

=== ''Bigg Boss 4'' voting ===
As ''Bigg Boss 4'' online voting has begun, viewers can vote for their favorite contestant through [[Hotstar]], or by giving a missed call. Voting is only open on Weekdays on Hotstar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bala|first=Rahul|date=2020-12-07|title=Bigg Boss Tamil Vote (Online Voting) Season 4|url=https://tamilglitz.in/bigg-boss-tamil-vote/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=TamilGlitz|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Winters|first=Bryce J.|date=2020-12-14|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 Nominations List for Week 11 Elimination Features Rio, Archana, Shivani and Four Other Contestants!|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bigg-boss-tamil-4-nominations-list-for-week-11-elimination-features-rio-archana-shivani-and-two-other-contestants/28931/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=TheNewsCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Housemate status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
! style="background:#3598FB;color:black" scope="col" |SR.
! style="background:#3598FB;color:black" scope="col" |Housemates
!style ="background:#3598FB;color:black" scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day entered}}
!style ="background:#3598FB;color:black" scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day exited}}
!style ="background:#3598FB; color:black" scope="col" |Status
|-
|1
|Aari
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Balaji
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Rio
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Ramya
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Somshekar
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|6
|Gabriella
|Day 1
|Day 102
|{{quit|Walked ₹5L}}
|-
|7
|Shivani
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|8
|rowspan="2"|Aajeedh
|Day 1
|Day 21
|bgcolor="Gold"|Eviction-Free Pass
|-
|Day 21
|Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Anitha
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Archana
|Day 11
|Day 77
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
|Nisha
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
|Ramesh
|Day 1
|Day 69
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Sanam
|Day 1
|Day 63
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Samyuktha
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Suchitra
|Day 28
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
|Suresh
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
|Velmurugan
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|18
|Rekha
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entry in house are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-confirmed-list-of-contestants-of-this-season/photostory/78472662.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 contestants name list with photos 2020: Confirmed list of contestants of Bigg boss Rekha|date=4 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-tamil-season-4-6703347/|title=Meet the contestants of Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4|date=5 October 2020}}</ref>

===Original entrants===
* [[Rio Raj]], a former television host on [[Star Vijay]], also known for his acting roles in ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)|Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' (2016–2018) and ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' (2019).
* [[Sanam Shetty]], an actress and model, known for winning the beauty pageant [[Miss South India]] 2016.
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha Josephine Harris]], an actress, known for acting in films such as ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986) and ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (1986) and participating in the comedy-based cooking show, [[Cooku with Comali (season 1)|Cooku with Comali]] (3rd Runner-up)
* Balaji Murugadoss, a fitness model and entrepreneur, known for winning the beauty pageant [[Mister India World|Mister India International 2019]].
* Anitha Sampath, an actress and television anchor best known for her stint on [[Sun News (Indian TV channel)|Sun News]].
* [[Shivani Narayanan]], an actress, known for acting roles in television series such as ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' (2016–2019) and ''[[Rettai Roja (TV series)|Rettai Roja]]'' (2019–2020).
* [[Jithan Ramesh]], the brother of Jiiva, an actor, appeared in the films ''[[Jithan]]'' (2005) and ''[[Osthe]]'' (2011).
* [[Velmurugan]], a playback singer, known for singing many popular Tamil folk songs.
* [[Aari Arujunan]], an actor, known for acting in the films ''[[Nedunchaalai]]'' (2014) and ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' (2015).
* Somshekar, a model and mixed martial artist, known for appearing in some frames of films such as ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' (2017), and ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020).
* [[Gabriella Charlton]], a dancer and former child artist, known for acting in films such as ''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'' (2012) and ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016).
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]], a stand-up comedian known for participating in the show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru 5]]'' (Runner-up) and acting in films such as ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018) and ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018).
* [[Ramya Pandian]], an actress, known for acting in films such as ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' (2018), and ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' (2016) and participating in the comedy-based cooking show, [[Cooku with Comali (season 1)|Cooku with Comali]] (2nd Runner-up)
*Samyuktha Shanmuganathan, a model turned actress known for winning the beauty pageant Miss Chennai 2007, acting in the television series ''[[Chandrakumari]]'' (2018), and in films such as ''[[Oolu]]'', ''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]'' (2019), and ''Tughlaq Darbar'' (2021).
* Suresh Chakravarthi, an actor, former television host, and entrepreneur, known for ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' and also directing the reality show ''Pepsi Ungal Choice''.
* Aajeedh Khalique, a playback singer, known for winning the reality show ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior|Airtel Super Singer Junior 3]]''.

===Wildcard entrants===
* [[Archana Chandhoke]], a senior television host, known for hosting shows such as ''Namma Veetu Kalyanam'', ''[[Super Mom (TV series)|Super Mom]]'' and ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs]]''.
* [[Suchitra|Suchitra Ramadurai]], a playback singer, radio jockey and dubbing artist, who has sung many Tamil songs.

==Special episodes==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#3598FB; color:white; " | Week(s)
! style="background:#3598FB; color:white; " | Title
! style="background:#3598FB; color:white; " | Date
! style="background:#3598FB; color:white; " | Guest(s)
! style="background:#3598FB; color:white; " | Notes
|-
| 4
| Bigg Boss – Navratri Special
| 26 October 2020
| None
|
* To celebrate the festival with the housemates
* Three-hour episode
|-
| 5
| Bigg Boss – Kamal Haasan Birthday Celebration Special
| 7 November 2020
| [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Akshara Haasan]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Charuhasan]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] and [[Anu Hassan]]
|
* To wish Kamal Hassan Happy Birthday
|-
| 6
| Bigg Boss – Diwali Special
| 14 November 2020
| None
|
* To celebrate the festival of Diwali with the all housemates
* Two-hour episode
|-
| 12
| Bigg Boss – Christmas Special
| 24–25 December 2020
| Christmas choir group
|
* To celebrate the festival of Christmas with the all housemates
|-
| 15
| Bigg Boss – Pongal
| 14 January 2021
| Ex-contestants
|
* To celebrate the festival of Pongal with the all housemates
|}

----

== Prison==
Each week, two housemates who did not perform well in the Luxury Budget Task, are sent to the Bigg Boss Prison. The cell does not include the luxury facilities which are in the house. It contains a metal cot, another bed on the floor.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
|-
! Week
! colspan="2" |In Prison
! Day(s)
|-
|1
|colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|-
|2
|style="background:cyan;" |Ramesh
|style="background:pink;" |Shivani
|Day 12
|-
|3
|style="background:cyan;" |Aari
|style="background:cyan;" |Aajeedh
|Day 19
|-
|4
|style="background:cyan;" |Aari
|style="background:pink;" |Anitha
|Day 26
|-
|5
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|-
|6
|-
|7
|style="background:cyan;" |Bala
|style="background:pink;" |Suchitra
|Day 47
|-
|8
|style="background:cyan;"|Aari
|style="background:cyan;"|Rio
|Day 54
|-
|9
|colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
|style="background:cyan;" |Ramesh
|style="background:pink;" |Anitha
|Day 67
|-
|colspan ="2" style="background:pink;" |Nisha
|Day 69
|-
|11
|style="background:pink;"|Gabriella
|style="background:pink;"|Shivani
|Day 74
|-
|12
|style="background:cyan;" |Aajeedh
|style="background:pink;" |Gabriella
|Day 81
|-
|13
|style="background:cyan;" |Aari
|style="background:cyan;" |Balaji
|Day 89
|-
|14
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''None''
|-
|15
|}

{{Color box|pink|border=silver}} Female housemates
{{Color box|cyan|border=silver}} Male housemates

== Hamam caller of the week==
Since Week 9, Bigg Boss is letting its sponsor [[Hamam (soap)|Hamam]] choose a caller from the audience, who then chooses and virtually questions a contestant regarding the game. The selected housemate can't refuse to answer the caller, each week the caller will change and be randomly selected from the public.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
|-
! Week
! Receiver
|-
|9
|Shivani Narayan
|-
|10
|Pranesh Salunke
|-
|11
|Somshekar
|-
|12
|Aari Arjunan
|-
|13
|Ramya Pandian
|-
|14
|Aari Arjunan
|-
|15
|Ramya Pandian
|}

==Nominations faced==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Number
! scope="col" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Total
|-
|1
|'''Aari'''
|11
|-
|2
|'''Anitha'''
|9
|-
|3
|'''Som Shekar'''
|8
|-
|4
|'''Shivani'''
|7
|-
|5
|'''Aajeeth'''
|7
|-
|6
|'''Balaji'''
|6
|-
|7
|'''Ramya'''
|6
|-
|8
|'''Gabriella'''
|5
|-
|9
|'''Rio'''
|4
|-
|10
|'''Nisha'''
|4
|-
|11
|'''Ramesh'''
| 3
|-
|12
|'''Samyuktha'''
| 3
|-
|13
|'''Suresh'''
| 3
|-
|14
|'''Archana'''
|2
|-
|15
|'''Suchithra'''
| 1
|-
|16
|'''Velmurugan'''
| 1
|-
|17
|'''Rekha'''
| 1
|}

==Celebrations==

===Navratri===
On Day 22, the housemates in the Bigg Boss House celebrated the festival [[Navratri]] (Vijayadasami), in which the contestants cooked a feast, played village games, danced to songs, and decorated the Bigg Boss House. The episode was also extended to four hours, from the usual one hour. Starting at 6:30 pm rather than the usual 9:30 pm. The events are presented by Anitha.

Each housemate is given a plain golu doll to be painted and used for [[Navaratri|Navratri]] celebrations. At afternoon, the housemates are divided into two teams one is City team and the other is Village team and are given ingredients for the cooking competition. So as each team cooks a dish for the celebration. The cooking competition was judged by Anitha.

The cooking competition was won by City team. Then there were frames placed in the living room and garden area each one for City team and village team respectively, so that each person can stand back of the frame and express their wishes to their family members. It was continued by seven stones with the same team. The winner of seven stones is again City team. Then the male contestants are asked to praise the women contestants of the house. It is followed by the pooja of Navaratri. Then the contestants were asked express their talents on the stage placed in the garden area. At midnight, everyone sits around the [[Bonfire]] and plays [[Dumb Charades]]. In this game a player in a team is given a chit with a song name and are asked to act related to the terms in the chit so that their teammates find the song in the chit. The Village team won the Dumb Charades.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!Team
!Housemates
!Dishes
!Seven Stones Result
!Dumb Charades Result
|-
| rowspan="8" |City (நகர்புறம்)
|Sanam (Cook)
| rowspan="8" style="background:#73FB76;" |[[Kheer|Payasam]]
('''Winner''')
| rowspan="8" style="background:#73FB76;" |{{center|'''Winner'''}}
| rowspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |{{center|'''Loser'''}}
(Points: 3)
|-
|Balaji (cook)
|-
|Ramesh
|-
|Ramya
|-
|Aajeedh
|-
|Somshekar
|-
|Shivani
|-
|'''None'''
|-
| rowspan="8" |Village (கிராமப்புறம்)
|Suresh (Cook)
| rowspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |[[Kesari bat|Kesari]]
('''Loser''')
| rowspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |{{center|'''Loser'''}}
| rowspan="8" style="background:#73FB76;" |{{center|'''Winner'''}}
(Points: 100)
|-
|Archana (cook)
|-
|Nisha
|-
|Velmurugan
|-
|Gabriella
|-
|Aari
|-
|Samyuktha
|-
|Rio
|}

===Kamal Haasan birthday===
On Day 34, [[Kamal Haasan]] celebrated his birthday with housemates. On this day Bigg Boss Tamil and [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|Bigg Boss Telugu]] had a virtual crossover where the Telugu and Tamil housemates and the hosts [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] meet each other.

===Diwali===

The housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a pre–[[Diwali]] Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.

* Events on Day 36
** The nomination process was cancelled due to the celebration of [[Diwali]] throughout Week 6 in the Bigg Boss House. On Day 36, the housemates were split into two groups, ''Kambi Mathappu'' and ''Busvaanam'', and played a game called ''Ippove Kanna Kattudhe'', in which the housemates had to put their forehead on a metal pole and go around the pole for ten rounds, after which they have to run and touch the wall, before arriving at the starting place. The ''Busvaanam'' team won the round. The housemates were then told to write a letter about someone they loved, and had to share the letter with the other housemates on a platform located in the Garden Area.
* Events on Day 38
** All the housemates need to get in a pair, one of the housemates in the pair has to stand on a rock while the other housemate drags them across to the finish line as soon as possible where their time will be recorded. The pair with the fastest time will win the task. Balaji and Shivani were selected as the winners of the task
* Events on Day 39
** The housemates gathered in the activity room, where the former [[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss 2]] and [[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|Bigg Boss 3]] housemates had a virtual meet with the current Bigg Boss housemates. The former housemates conducted activities in which the current housemates participated. After the participation of all the housemates, Samyuktha, Balaji, Ramya, Archana, Aari, Anitha, and Aajeedh were selected as the winners of the task and received prizes.
* Events on Day 40
** The housemates were given a day off from their respective house duties due to [[Diwali]]. The housemates were involved in many activities, including a dinner feast, a dance celebration, prize giveaways, amongst other tasks.

===Christmas===
The housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a [[Christmas]] Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.
* Events on Day 81
** A Christmas choir group came to perform Christmas songs to the housemates on [[Christmas Eve]].
* Events on Day 82
** A new bunch of Christmas choir group came to perform. All the housemates receive presents on [[Christmas]] day.

===Freeze task===
On Week 13, family members of the housemates entered the BB house as part of luxury budget task (Freeze Task).

*Day 86
#Shivani's mother Akila Narayanan entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task.
#Balaji's brother Ramesh entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task

*Day 87
#Ramya's mother, Shanthi Duraipandian, and her brother, Parasu Pandian, entered the BB house as part of Freeze task.
#Rio's wife Shruthi Rio entered the BB house as part of Freeze task. Rio's mother, mother-in-law and other family members along with friends were shown in the video clip.
#Somshekar's brother Lathesh entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task. Som's mother and family members were shown in video clip along with his pet dog.

*Day 88
#Gabriella's mother Sunitha entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task.
#Aajeedh's mother Shabana Begum and his sister Shama entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task.
#Aari's wife Nadhiya and his daughter Riya entered the BB house as part of Freeze Task.

===Pongal===
On Day 102 the housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.
* Events on Day 102
** The housemates will be divided into two teams to play the special games. There were games like Uriyadi and Slow Cycle Race which all the housemates participated in...oops.

===Bigg Boss finale===

On Day 105, all the 13 evicted and walked housemates (Rekha, Velmurugan, Suresh, Suchitra, Samyuktha, Sanam, Ramesh, Nisha, Archana, Anitha, Aajeedh, Shivani, and Gabriella) were invited to the Bigg Boss Finale. Some of the housemates performed dance and singing performances on the show. At the end of the show, Aari Arjunan was then declared the Winner of Bigg Boss 4, followed by Balaji Murugadoss, Rio Raj, Ramya Pandian, and Somshekar.

==Weekly summary==
{{Summarize section|date=January 2021|fix=Way too much detail, way too long, needs to be substantially condensed and reduced, [[WP:FANCRUFT]]}}
The main events in the house are summarized in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the luxury budget task, captaincy task, and then the eviction of a housemate during the Saturday and Sunday episodes. Tasks, evictions, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence. After every event in each week, the days will be noted, too. For the detailed summary, please expand below

{| class="wikitable style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; style="width:100%; font-size:90%; line-height:20px;"
|-
!width:"5%; style=background:#3598FB; text-align:center;"| Week
!width:"5%; style=background:#3598FB; text-align:center;"| Context
!width:"60%; style=background:#3598FB; text-align:center;"| Description
|-
! rowspan="14" style="background:#00FFFF; text-align:center;" | Week 1
|style="text-align:left;" |'''Entrances'''
|Rio, Sanam, Rekha, Balaji, Anitha, Shivani, Ramesh, Velmurugan, Aari, Somshekar, Gabriella, Nisha, Ramya, Samyuktha, Suresh, and Aajeedh entered the Bigg Boss House on Day 1.
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |'''Captaincy task'''
|'''Day 1:''' All housemates had to catch balls falling from the Bigg Boss House roof in 1 minute. As Ramya was the only contestant who did not catch a ball, she was directly selected as the House Captain of Week 1
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Winner: Ramya'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: The other housemates'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |'''House Captain'''
|'''Day 1:''' Ramya was the House Captain of Week 1.
|-
|style="text-align:left;" | '''Nominations'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:left;" | '''Luxury Budget Tasks'''
|'''Day 2 to 5:''' Housemates of the Bigg Boss House shared their past life, their sorrows, strengths, and how they achieved their dreams, with the other housemates.
Suresh was initially shortlisted for the eviction process. However, he was saved from the eviction after he became the House Captain of Week 2.
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 7:''' Rekha, Shivani, and Suresh got the most heartbreaks in the Heart Challenge Task in Week 1. The other housemates had to vote for the most deserving person amongst them. As Suresh received the most votes, he became the House Captain of Week 2.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Suresh'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Rekha'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Shivani'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''Eviction'''
|There was no Eviction on Week 1.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="14" style="background:#89CFF0; | Week 2
|style="text-align:left;"| '''Entrances'''
|'''Day 11:''' Archana Chandhoke entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wildcard contestant.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| '''House Captain'''
|Suresh was the House Captain of Week 2.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| '''Nominations'''
|'''Day 8:''' The shortlisted contestants Aajeedh, Gabriella, Ramya, Rekha, Samyuktha, Sanam, and Shivani were nominated for Week 2's eviction process. As Suresh became the House Captain of Week 2, he was granted immunity from the nomination process.
|-
|style="text-align:left;" | '''Twists'''
|'''Day 8:''' For the first time in the history of Bigg Boss, the housemates who were nominated for Week 2's eviction process, and the House Captain Suresh, were sent to a separate room and were instructed by Bigg Boss to select a person among themselves, who provides the best reason for why he/she is most eligible to stay in the Bigg Boss House. Subsequently, housemates who do not provide good reasons would be asked to leave the room. The last person present in the room would be awarded the '''Eviction–Free Pass''', which can be used for any one nomination of the season. It is valid up to Week 10.

Aajeedh received the Bigg Boss Eviction–Free Card, hence he can either use it to save himself or he can bestow it on another housemate to save him/her from the eviction process unless it had been stolen by the other housemates.

'''Day 9:''' The housemates in the Bigg Boss House will have to perform a task, which involves them throwing balls. Housemates have to pair up and select one representative to throw a ball in a bowl located in the garden area. Then, the representative should select one of the housemates, to leave the game. Subsequently, as the housemates leave the game, the last person in the game, along with his/her pair, will receive immunity from Week 3's eviction process.

Sanam and Velmurugan have won and received immunity from Week 3's eviction process
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 10, 11:''' The housemates have to pair up with each other and dance on a stage platform located in the living room of the Bigg Boss House. The housemates will be asked to dance for a certain song, on a particular day. 
Rio, Gabriella and Velmurugan were selected as the best performers of the task, and were selected for the captaincy task for Week 3.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 12:''' Ramesh and Shivani were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 12:''' Three of the housemates should carry another housemate on their shoulders and the others should support the housemates participating in the task. Aari carried Velmurugan, Balaji carried Rio and Suresh carried Gabriella. 
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Rio'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Velmurugan'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Gabriella'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Real and Fake Task'''
| '''Day 13:''' The contestants were told to give a contestant, who they feel is being fake, a mask and who they feel is being real, a badge with the slogan "அகமே முகம்"
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 13:''' Aajeedh, Shivani, Ramya, Gabriella, Samyuktha, and Sanam received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 14''' '''Rekha Josephine''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="17" style="background:#0000FF; | Week 3
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Entrances'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''House Captain'''
|Rio was the House Captain of Week 3.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Nominations'''
|'''Day 15:''' Aajeedh, Aari, Anitha, Balaji, and Suresh were nominated for Week 3's eviction process.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Truth or Dare task'''
|'''Day 15:''' The contestants were given truth or dare as a daily task by Bigg Boss. Each housemate needs to ask other housemates if they would like to do the truth or a dare with a valid reason.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Luxury Budget Tasks'''
|'''Hell or Heaven Task:''' One person from Heaven will have to face members from Hell. Members from Hell should torture the person from Heaven either by laughing or by the movement of their body.
*When the First Conch sound is heard, one person should be selected from Heaven.
*When the Second Conch sound is heard, the selected person should face the members from Hell.
*The selected person from Heaven should not move or laugh until the Last Conch sound is heard.
*If they win, they will return to Heaven, or else, they will be enslaved in Hell.
*Balaji, Archana, and Sanam were selected as the best performers of the task, and were selected for the captaincy task for Week 4.
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | '''Daily Tasks'''
|'''Day 18:''' Bigg Boss gives a task to Somshekar to teach housemates about mixed martial arts
'''Bigg Boss Pattimandram''' the contestants were divided into two teams, one team had to say why the Bigg Boss contestants are like family and the other saying why this show is a competition and no one is like family and everyone is their rivals.
|-
|'''Parcel Task''' Each housemate's had to pass a parcel before a song ended, if the song ended and if the parcel was in one of the housemate's hands they would be out of the task and would give another housemate who is still in the game a heavy punishment.
* Suresh emerged as the winner of the task while Samyuktha came in second.
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;" | '''Ranking Task'''
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Day 19:''' Each housemate has to rank each other from 1 to 16. The person who is ranked number 1 will be the most favoured to win the season.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 19:''' Aajeedh and Aari were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Tick Task'''
|'''Day 20:''' Kamal Hassan asked the housemates to tick one of the housemate's pictures whom they want to evict and tick another picture of another housemate whom they want to save from eviction from the list of contestants who were nominated this week.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 21:''' Kamal Hassan told the housemates to select the captain by voting, Balaji and Sanam received fewer votes than Archana
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Archana'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Sanam'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Balaji'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 20, 21:'''
*Balaji, Aari, Suresh, and Anitha were saved from eviction after receiving enough public votes to continue in the game.
*Aajeedh used his eviction free-pass to save himself from eviction
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 21:'''
*Initially, Aajeedh was to be evicted from the Bigg Boss House. However, as Aajeedh used the Eviction–Free Pass to escape from eviction, the eviction process on Week 3 was canceled.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="17" style="background:#7393B3; " | Week 4
|style="text-align:left;"|'''Entrances'''
|'''Day 28:''' Suchitra entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wildcard contestant.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| '''House Captain'''
|Archana was the House Captain of Week 4.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| '''Nominations'''
|'''Day 22:''' Aajeedh, Anitha, Balaji, Nisha, Ramesh, Ramya, Rio, Sanam, Somshekar, Suresh and Velmurugan were nominated for Week 4's eviction process.
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| '''Navratri Tasks'''
|'''Day 22:'''
*All housemates are given plain golu dolls to be painted and used for [[Navaratri|Navratri]] celebrations.
*In the afternoon, the housemates are divided into two teams one is the City team and the other is the Village team, and are given ingredients for the cooking competition. So as each team cooks a dish for the celebration.
*The cooking competition was judged by Anitha. The cooking competition was won by the City team.
*There were frames placed in the Living Room and Garden area each one for the City team and Village team respectively so that each person can stand behind the frame and express their wishes to their family members.
*It was continued by Seven stones with the same team. The winner of seven stones is again the City team.
*The male contestants are asked to praise the women contestants of the House.
*It is followed by the pooja of Navaratri.
*The contestants were asked to express their talents on the stage placed in the Garden area.
*At midnight, everyone is made to sit around the [[Bonfire]] and played [[Dumb charades]]. In this game, a player in a team is given a chit with a song name and is asked to act related to the terms in the chit so that their teammates find the song in the chit. The Village Team won Dumb Charades.
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| '''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 23:'''
* Bigg Boss gives a task to Balaji to teach housemates how to sing a folk song as part of Daily Task
* The housemates of the Bigg Boss House are divided into groups consisting of four members. Each group is then sent to the Gold mine to collect the gold bars beneath the soil in a given amount of time. The winner of this task is the team that collects the greatest number of gold bars throughout the task.

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The housemates were then told to rearrange themselves to form three groups. The previous results were not revealed to the other housemates.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
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'''Day 24:''' As Balaji and his team won the task, the rest of the housemates were told to do chores for Balaji and his team on Day 24. Coincidentally, the House Captain Archana was in Balaji's team and was given a day–off from her captaincy on Day 24.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Evergreen Memories'''
|''' Day 25:''' Each housemate has to share their emotional story about their loved ones to every housemate.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''In Jail'''
|''' Day 26''':
*Aari and Anitha were sent to jail due to the lack of involvement in all the activities of the week.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Captaincy Task'''
|''' Day 26''':
*Originally, Nisha and Balaji were selected as the best performers of the Luxury Budget Task and were selected to compete for the House Captaincy. Somshekar was also selected as he was selected as the best performer for the whole of Week 4.
*However, Ramya, who was in first place for the 1 to 16 arrangement task, had the power to swap any of the captaincy housemates with another housemate. As a result, Ramya swapped Nisha with Samyuktha as she felt that Samyuktha was responsible and sorted out problems without partiality.
*Each housemate besides the captaincy nominees has to throw yellow balls to the nominees, the one with the most balls wins captaincy for week 5. Samyuktha played a safe game and Balaji has favored Sanyuktha to win the capitancy task, in which he broke the Big boss rules.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Samyuktha'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Somshekar'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Balaji'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Prisma Fashion Task'''
|''' Day 26''': Each housemate has to dress up in an outfit sponsored by Prisma and do a Ramp Walk.

There were pairs in ramp walk dance

#Archana and Suresh
#Samyuktha and Velmurugan
#Sanam and Ramesh
#Ramya and Aajeedh
#Rio and Nisha
#Gabriella and Somshekar
#Shivani and Balaji

*Archana and Suresh were selected as Prisma Happy Couples
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 27, 28:''' Sanam, Rio, Ramya, Balaji, Ramesh, Anitha, Somshekar, Aajeedh, Nisha, and Suresh received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Acting Task'''
|'''Day 28:''' Each housemate has to do an act of their co-housemates.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 28:''' '''Velmurugan''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Emoji Task'''
|'''Day 28:''' The new wildcard entry Suchitra has to give each housemate an emoji face which suits their personality.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="17" style="background:#0096FF; " | Week 5
|style="text-align:left;|'''Entrances'''
|''None''
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''House Captain'''
|Samyuktha was the House Captain of Week 5.
|-
|style="text-align:left;| '''Nominations'''
| '''Day 29:''' Aari, Anitha, Archana, Balaji, Sanam, Somshekar, and Suresh were nominated for Week 5's eviction process.
|-
|'''Daily Task'''
|''' Day 29 to 31, 33:''' Bigg Boss gives a task to Aajeedh to teach housemates how to sing a song, Shivani to teach housemates how to do nine different expressions "Navarasa", Suresh to teach housemates how to do Jothidam and Sanam to teach housemates how to dance
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 30 to 32:''' Each housemate is asked to register their difference in opinion with the other housemates in a letter. The problems are then debated and concluded in the Court of this house and the Magistrate is Suchitra. Each housemate can support a person in the Defendant's cage either the Plaintiff or Defendant.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!Magistrate
!Plaintiff
!Defendant
!Favour
|-
| rowspan="16" | Suchitra
| rowspan="1" | Aajeedh
| rowspan="1" colspan=2 style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
| rowspan="1" | Aari
| rowspan="1" | Samyuktha
| style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
| rowspan="1" | Anitha
| rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
|Archana
|-
|Balaji
|Sanam
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Balaji
|-
|Gabriella
|Suresh
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Gabriella
|-
|Nisha
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
|Ramesh
|Somshekar
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Ramesh
|-
|Ramya
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
|Rio
|Nisha
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Nisha
|-
|Samyuktha
|Aari
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Samyuktha
|-
|Sanam
|Balaji
|rowspan=2 style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
|Shivani
|style="background:#ccc; |''None''
|-
|Somshekar
|Balaji
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Som
|-
|Suresh
|Sanam
|style="background:#73FB76;"|Sanam
|}
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''RKG Cooking Task'''
|'''Day 32:''' Each team has to pick two random items from different stations placed in the Bigg Boss Garden Area. After that, Team A and Team B must cook a recipe using the ingredients that they chose.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!Team
!Housemates
!Result
|-
!rowspan=8 |Team A
|Archana (Head Chef)
!rowspan=8 style="background:#73FB76;"|'''Winner'''
|-
|Nisha (Asst. Chief)
|-
|Balaji
|-
|Suchitra
|-
|Gabriella
|-
|Somshekar
|-
|Shivani
|-
|Aajeedh
|-
!rowspan=8 |Team B
|Sanam (Head Chef)
!rowspan=8 style="background:salmon;" |'''Defeat'''
|-
|Anitha (Asst. Chief)
|-
|Ramya
|-
|Samyuktha
|-
|Rio
|-
|Suresh
|-
|Ramesh
|-
|Aari
|-
|}
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Bigg Boss FM station'''
|'''Day 32:''' All the housemates have to perform a Bigg Boss Radio station.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''In Jail'''
| No housemates were sent to jail
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Preethi Zodiac Task'''
|'''Day 33:''' The housemates have to create a dish using the Preethi Cosmo Blender.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!Team
!Housemates
!Result
|-
!rowspan=3 |Team 1
|Archana (Captain)
!rowspan=3 style="background:#73FB76;"|'''Winner'''
|-
|Somshekar
|-
|Aari
|-
!rowspan=3 |Team 2
|Ramya (Captain)
!rowspan=3 style="background:salmon;" |'''Defeat'''
|-
|Sanam
|-
|Gabriella
|-
!rowspan=3 |Team 3
|Suresh (Captain)
!rowspan=3 style="background:salmon;" |'''Defeat'''
|-
|Nisha
|-
|Suchitra
|-
|}
*Archana, Suresh, and Ramya are the captains of this task. And each of them has to pick a member for their team
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 33:''' The participants Aari, Nisha, and Som were tied with rope. They were supported by Balaji, Ramesh, and Rio respectively. Then, the participants were to untie themselves by running around a pillar, to which the rope is attached. The participant who unties themselves the fastest was to be declared the winner.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Aari'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Som'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Nisha'''
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''[[Bigg Boss Telugu]] Crossover episode'''
|'''Day 34:''' [[Bigg Boss Telugu]] had a cross over episode with [[Bigg Boss Tamil]] to celebrate Kamal Hassan's birthday.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 35:''' Aari, Anitha, Archana, Balaji, Sanam, and Som received enough public votes to stay in the game.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 35:''' '''Suresh Chakaravarthi''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#0047AB; text-align:center;" |'''Week 6'''
|style="text-align:center; | '''Entrances'''
|''None''
|-
|style="text-align:center; | '''House Captain'''
|Aari was the House Captain of Week 6.
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Nominations'''
|Initially everyone except Aari was nominated for the eviction, but as a part of Bigg Boss Tamil's first Diwali celebration, the Eviction process was canceled for a week.
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Ippove Kanna Kattudhe Task'''
|'''Day 36:''' The housemates had to put their forehead on a metal pole and go around the pole for ten rounds, after which they have to run and touch the wall, before arriving at the starting place. Aari is the judge of the task. The Busvaanam Team won the Task.
* Kambi Mathappu Team (Anitha, Archana, Nisha, Ramesh, Rio, Somshekar, and Sanam) and
* Busvaanam Team (Aajeedh, Balaji, Gabriella, Ramya, Samyuktha, Shivani, and Suchitra)
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Letter to They're loved ones for [[Deepavali]]'''
|'''Day 36:''' The housemates were then told to write a letter about a person they loved and had to share the letter with the other housemates on a platform located in the Garden Area.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 37, 38:''' Archana is head of the family.
*She has two daughters [Sanam & Nisha] and two sons [Aari and Somshekar].
*Suchitra and Ramya are daughters-in-law, Rio, Ramesh is sons-in-law, Aajeedh and Balaji are grandsons, Gabriella, Shivani are granddaughters.
*Samyuktha is her servant, Anitha is Samyuktha's daughter.
*Archana has been waiting for celebrating Diwali with her family members for many years. So, she decided to divide the property among her family members but with a condition: To make her happy and joyful. She will divide her property, which family gives more happiness to her will get the most valuable property.
*Bigg Boss gave Secret Task to Som, Ramya, and Gabriella to open the locker and steal the property bond
*One of the Family members should safeguard the locker daily on a routine basis
*Bigg Boss canceled the task due to violating the game rules and there are no luxury budget points allocated for this week
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''[[Deepavali]] task'''
|'''Day 38:''' All the housemates formed pairs, one housemate in each pair has to stand on a rock while the other housemate drags them across to the finish line as soon as possible where their time will be recorded. The pair with the fastest time will win the task. Balaji and Shivani were selected as the winners of the task
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|None
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 40:''' The participants Aajeedh, Nisha, and Gabriella have to collect the coins by breaking the balloon, the gatherer of maximum numbers of coins is the winner.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Aajeedh'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Nisha'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Gabriella'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Fire crackers task'''
|'''Day 41:''' Each housemate has to say that one fire cracker suits one housemate. This is a [[Diwali]] special task.
|-
|style="text-align:left;|'''Safe from eviction'''
| None
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
| Eviction process was cancelled due to Diwali Celebration.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="24" style="background:#00FFFF; text-align:center;" |'''Week 7'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|''None''
|-
|style="text-align:center; | '''House Captain'''
|Aajeedh was the House Captain of Week 7.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''Nominations'''
|'''Day 43:''' Aari, Anitha, Balaji, Rio, Samyuktha, Somshekar and Suchitra were nominated for Week 7's eviction process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Dialogue Task'''
|'''Day 43:''' Each housemate has to pick up a random dialogue from a jar and give it to a housemate which suits them best.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|TBA
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 44 to 46:''' All housemates are divided into a team of three members and are asked to calculate the time for three hours. One has to act as an Hour hand, the second, a Minute hand and the last must check whether the housemates are following the timetable (அட்டவணை). The housemates have to live the life of an ordinary person during the task. The winner of the task is the one whose time calculated in the house matches close to the actual time.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Team
! rowspan="2" |Housemates
! colspan="3" |Calculated Time Interval
! rowspan="2" |Total Difference
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
|-
! rowspan="3" |Team 1
|Anitha
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 18 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |4 Hours 27 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 38 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |2 Hours 23 Minutes
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;" |Defeat
|-
|Nisha
|-
|Sanam
|-
! rowspan="3" |Team 2
|Balaji
| rowspan="3" |4 Hours 12 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |1 Hour 26 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |2 Hour 42 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 4 Minutes
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;" |Defeat
|-
|Suchitra
|-
|Ramya
|-
! rowspan="3" |Team 3
|Rio
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 1 Minute
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 31 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 29 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |1 Hour 1 Minute
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" |Best Single Round Score
|-
|Aari
|-
|Gabriella
|-
! rowspan="3" |Team 4
|Somshekar
| rowspan="3" | 3 Hours 8 Minutes
| rowspan="3" | 3 Hours 4 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 6 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |18 Minutes
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" |Winner
|-
|Samyuktha
|-
|Archana
|-
! rowspan="3" |Team 5
|Shivani
| rowspan="3" | 3 Hours 13 Minutes
| rowspan="3" | 3 Hours 24 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |3 Hours 19 Minutes
| rowspan="3" |56 Minutes
| rowspan="3"style="text-align:center; background:#D1E8EF;" |First runner-up
|-
|Aajeedh
|-
|Ramesh
|}
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Vinatge task'''
|'''Day 44:''' Each housemate has to act an old vintage scene.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Ghost task'''
|'''Day 44:''' Ramya, Gabriella, and Rio are the ghosts of the house. From 2:00 AM to 2:30 AM the ghosts will roam around the house and scare the other housemates. This task is to distract the team which is doing the luxury budget task.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Yamaha Motorbike Task'''
|'''Day 46:''' Each male housemate has to impress a female housemate and bring her for a drive on the Yamaha motorbike.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! Female
! Male
|-
|style="background:pink;" |Shivani
|style="background:cyan;" |Somshekar
|-
|style="background:pink;" |Ramya
|style="background:cyan;" |Rio
|-
|style="background:pink;" |Gabriella - Winner
|style="background:cyan;" |Aajeedh - Winner
|-
|style="background:pink;" |Samyuktha
|style="background:cyan;" |Balaji
|}
* Archana, Aari, and Sanam are the judges
* Aajeedh and Gabriella were the winner Jodi
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Envelope Task'''
|'''Day 46:''' Each housemate has to open an envelope, in each envelope, there will be a task to complete and a food item reward. If the housemate fails the task, the food item will not be awarded but if they complete the task, the food item will be awarded.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!Housemates
!Food Item Reward
!Time of completion
!Results
|-
| rowspan="1" | Archana
| rowspan="1" style="background:red"|Fish
| rowspan="1" style="background:salmon"|Timed Up
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:Tomato;" | '''Failed'''
|-
| rowspan="1" |Balaji
| rowspan="1" style="background:#7fff00"|Falooda
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FBF373"|00:08 sec
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#BFFF00;" | '''Passed'''
|-
| rowspan="1" |Gabriella
| rowspan="1" style="background:red"|Chicken Fried Rice
| rowspan="1" style="background:salmon"|Timed Up
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:Tomato;" | '''Failed'''
|-
| rowspan="1" |Anitha
| rowspan="1" style="background:#7fff00"|Chicken Wings
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FBF373"|00:34 sec
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#BFFF00;" | '''Passed'''
|-
| rowspan="1" |Rio
| rowspan="6" style="background:#7fff00"|Parotta Chicken Kalaki
| rowspan="6" style="background:#FBF373"|00:10 sec
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#BFFF00;" | '''Passed'''
|-
| rowspan="1" |Aajeedh
|-
| rowspan="1" |Somshekar
|-
| rowspan="1" |Balaji
|-
| rowspan="1" |Aari
|-
| rowspan="1" |Ramesh
|}
:{{color box|red|border=silver}} indicates that the food item was not rewarded.
:{{color box|#7fff00|border=silver}} indicates that the food item was rewarded.
:{{color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate completed the task within time.
:{{color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate didn't manage to complete the task within time.
:{{color box|Tomato|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate failed the task.
:{{color box|#BFFF00|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate passed the task.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 47:''' Balaji and Suchitra were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 47:'''
The participants Somshekar, Samyuktha, Archana, Rio, Aari, and Gabriella are asked to hold a wooden plank with a block representing their photos and names. At frequent buzzers, participants are asked to walk to and fro across the room. Som, Archana, Samyuktha, Gabriella, and Aari lost in the task whilst Rio won the task. Hence, Rio was selected as the Week 8 Captain.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Rio'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Aari'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Somshekar'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Gabriella'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Samyuktha'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Archana'''
|-
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] Sponsor Task'''
|'''Day 47:''' Hyundai had launched the new [[Hyundai i20]] in the Bigg Boss House. Each housemate has to get into a pair and do a photoshoot promoting the new launched car.

*Gabriella, Aajeedh and Shivani were the judges.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!colspan="2"| Pairs
|-
|Ramya
|Somshekar
|-
|Ramesh
|Archana
|-
|style="background:#7fff00;" |Samyuktha
|style="background:#7fff00;" |Aari
|-
|Sanam
|Anitha
|-
|Rio
|Nisha
|}
:{{color box|#7fff00|border=silver}} indicates that the pair were the winners.
*Aari and Samyuktha were the winners of the photoshoot.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Coo coo Task'''
|'''Day 48:''', each housemate has to act like a coo coo bird and say something secret about each housemate.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Boxing Glove Task'''
|'''Day 48:''', each housemate has to give a boxing glove to a positive housemate by their choice, and the other glove to who they think is a strong housemate.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 48, 49:''' Aari, Rio, Balaji, Somshekar, Samyuktha, and Anitha received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 49:''' '''Suchitra Ramadurai''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#6495ED; text-align:center;" |'''Week 8'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''House Captain'''
|Rio was the House Captain of Week 8.
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''Nominations'''
|'''Day 50:''' Aari, <s>Anitha</s>, Balaji, Nisha, Ramesh, Samyuktha, Sanam and Somshekar were nominated for Week 8's eviction process.
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |'''Nomination Topple Task'''
| '''Day 50:'''
* Among seven nominated contestants have to choose one person, who was not nominated in the initial process. They should decide among themselves, who deserve to stay inside the house by saving him/her from eviction.
* Anitha has won the task and she directly nominated Samyuktha in order to save herself from eviction.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 51 to 54:''' Call center Task, housemates are divided into separate groups and some housemates are callers. The housemate who calls has to say something to the caller given by Bigg Boss if they don't manage to complete the task, that housemate is nominated for 10th week eviction process.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Task Results
|-
! Call Center Worker !! Customer !! Result
|-
| Balaji|| Archana || Archana could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
| Samyuktha || Sanam || Sanam could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
| Gabriella || Somshekar || Somshekar finished his task when Gabriella cut the call.
|-
| Ramesh || Ramya || Ramya could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
| Aajeedh || Rio || Rio finished his task when Aajeedh cut the call.
|-
| Shivani || Aari || Aari could not finish the task. He was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
| Anitha || Nisha || Nisha could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|}
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|''' Day 54:''' Rio and Aari were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 57:''' Balaji, Ramesh and Ramya were nominated for next week's captaincy task.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Ramesh'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Balaji'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Ramya'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 55, 56:''' Aari, Balaji, Nisha, Ramesh, Sanam, and Somshekar received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 56:''' '''Samyuktha Shanmuganathan''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#6F8FAF; text-align:center;" |'''Week 9'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Ramesh was the House Captain of Week 9
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Nominations'''
|'''Day 57:'''Aajeedh, Aari, Anitha, Nisha, Ramya, Sanam, Shivani were nominated for week 9.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
| '''Day 58, 59:'''Call center Task continues, housemates are divided into groups and some housemates are callers. The housemate who calls has to say something to the caller given by Bigg Boss if they don't manage to complete the task that housemate gets nominated for next week eviction process.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Task Results
|-
! Call Center Worker !! Customer !! Result
|-
|Archana ||Aajeedh ||Aajeedh finished his task when Archana cut the call.
|-
|Somshekar ||Gabriella || Gabriella finished her task when Somshekar cut the call.
|-
|Aari ||Balaji ||Balaji could not finish the task. He was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
|Rio ||Anitha ||Anitha could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
|Ramya ||Shivani ||Shivani could not finish the task. She was nominated for the next week's eviction process.
|-
|Nisha ||Ramesh ||Ramesh finished her task when Nisha cut the call.
|}
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|None
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 64:''' All housemates had to pair up and stand in front of a TV screen. An image will be shown on the screen. Ten seconds later, the image will be removed. Questions will be asked to the pair in front of the TV based on the image given.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Anitha'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: The Other housemates'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 62, 63:''' Aajeedh, Aari, Anitha, Nisha, Ramya, and Shivani received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Sanam Shetty''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#1434A4; text-align:center;" |'''Week 10'''
|style="text-align:center; | '''Entrances'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Anitha
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Nominations'''
|'''Day 64: '''
*Originally, Aari, Archana, Balaji, Nisha, Ramya, and Shivani were nominated for the Week 10 Eviction Process.
*However, after Aari, Archana, and Balaji received the power to swap a housemate with themselves, Aari swapped himself with Ramesh, Balaji swapped himself with Gabriella, and Archana swapped herself with Somshekar.
*Later, Gabriella, Nisha, Ramesh, Ramya, Shivani, and Somshekar were nominated for the Week 10 Eviction Process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|TBA
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 65 to 67:''' Human versus Robot Task, housemates are divided into two teams. Robots should do all task given by Humans. Humans should bring out two emotions from Robots to shutdown them. If humans are unable to convert the robots, one of the humans will turn into a robot.
'''Round 1:'''
*Human Team: Balaji (head), Rio, Nisha, Anitha, Aari, and Aajeedh
*Robot Team: Archana (head), Somshekar, Gabriella, Ramesh, Ramya, and Shivani
*First Phase of the Task was completed, the Human team won the task.
'''Round 2:'''
*Robot Team: Balaji(Head), Rio, Nisha, Anitha, Aari and Aajeedh
*Human Team: Archana(Head), Somshekar, Gabriella, Ramesh, Ramya, and Shivani
*Second Phase of the Task was completed, the Human team won the task.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 67, 69:'''
*Anitha and Ramesh were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
*Nisha was sent to jail by Kamal Haasan for being the worst performer of the week.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 68:''' Balaji, Ramya and Nisha were nominated for next week's captaincy task.
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Ramya'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Balaji'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Nisha'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 69, 70:''' Ramya, Somshekar, Shivani and Gabriella received enough votes to continue the game.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Double Eviction'''
|'''Day 69, 70:''' '''Jithan Ramesh''' and '''Aranthangi Nisha''' were evicted from the house after facing the public vote, due to groupism of "Anbu gang".
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#6082B6; text-align:center;" |'''Week 11'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|none
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Ramya was the House Captain of Week 11
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''First Open Nominations'''
|Aajeedh, Aari, Anitha, Archana, Rio, Shivani, and Somshekar were nominated for the Week 11 Eviction Process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|none
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 71-73''': Two housemates need to be a chicken and protect their golden eggs from being harmed by the foxes which are the other housemates. Whoever performs the best will receive a special power at the end. 
*Balaji was the best performer and received a special power.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 74''': Gabriella and Shivani were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 75''': Archana, Balaji and Ramya participated in the captaincy task
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Archana'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Ramya'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Balaji'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 76, 77''': Rio, Aari, Shivani, Anitha, Aajeedh and Somshekar received enough votes to continue the game.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 77''': '''Archana Chandhoke''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#3F00FF; text-align:center;" |'''Week 12'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|None
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Balaji became the House Captain of Week 12 after he was selected by Archana, who was to be House Captain of Week 12
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Nominations'''
|Aari, Aajeedh, Anitha, Gabriella and Shivani were nominated for the Week 12 Eviction Process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Are U Caught?'''
|'''Day 78''': Each housemate has to verse another housemate in a hand competition, the losing housemate will then later draw a paper from the jar and will later be said to give one housemate the category the paper has got on it.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|none
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 79 to 81''': All the housemates will be divided into 2 teams, each member from a team will need to catch a ball which comes down through a pipeline. The team member who catches the bowl will get 20 points for their team. Both teams should avoid catching a red ball which removes points of their team.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! Team A
! Team B
|-
|style="background:cyan;"|Somshekar
|style="background:cyan;"|Aari
|-
|Ramya
|Anitha
|-
|Rio
|Shivani
|-
|Gabriella
|Aajeedh
|-
|style="background:#ccc;"|None
|Balaji
|}
:{{color box|cyan|border=silver}} indicates the '''In Charge''' of that team.

'''Day 80''': All the housemates need to play on their own. Whenever their name is called they need to come and get the ball which will later give them points if they miss it they will not receive any points.

'''Day 81''': When each housemate catches a golden ball they get to pick a special advantage which will be displayed on the board.
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:left; | '''Luxury Budget Ranking Task'''
|style="text-align:left;|'''Day 80:''' Each housemate has to rank themselves with a valid reason of why they did good in the luxury budget task from 1 to 9 in order.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! Rank
! Contestants
|-
|1
|Rio
|-
|2
|Ramya
|-
|3
|Somshekar
|-
|4
|Balaji
|-
|5
|Aari
|-
|6
|Anitha
|-
|7
|Aajeedh
|-
|8
|Shivani
|-
|9
|Gabriella
|}
* Rio, Ramya, and Somshekar will get a benefit power in the next round.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 81''': Aajeedh and Gabriella were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''[[Christmas]] Celebration'''
|'''Day 81, 82''': a group of [[choir]] members will sing a special Christmas song to the housemates to celebrate the festive season, during this time all the housemates receive special presents and exchange their gifts to other housemates too
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 81''': Rio, Aari and Somshekar are the contenders for the next week captaincy
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Aari'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Rio'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Somshekar'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 83, 84''': Aari, Gabriella, Shivani and Aajeedh received enough votes to continue the game.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 84''': '''Anitha Sampath''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#000080; text-align:center;" |'''Week 13'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Guest Entrances'''
|'''Day 86 to 88''':
*Akila Narayanan (Shivani's mother), Ramesh ( Balaji's Brother)
*Shanthi and Parasu Pandian (Ramya's mother and brother), Shruthi (Rio's wife) and Lathesh (Somshekar's brother)
*Sunitha (Gabriella's mother), Shabana Begum and Shama (Aajeedh's mother and sister), Nadhiya and Riya (Aari Arjuna's wife and daughter)
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Aari was the House Captain of Week 13
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Second Open Nominations'''
|'''Day 85''': Aajeedh, Gabriella, Ramya, Shivani and Som were nominated for the Week 13 eviction process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Day 86-88''': Freeze or Release Task, Bigg boss will take full control over the task. He will instruct the housemates by using words like freeze, release, rewind, fast forward and loop
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|'''Day 89''': Aari and Balaji were sent to jail, due to the lack of involvement in most of the activities conducted.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|'''Day 89''': Rio, Aajeedh and Somshekar are the contenders for the next week captaincy
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: Rio'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Aajeedh'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: Somshekar'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 90, 91''': Gabriella, Ramya, Shivani and Som received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 91''': '''Aajeedh Khalique''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#B6D0E2; text-align:center;" |'''Week 14'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|none
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''House Captain'''
|Rio was the House Captain of Week 14
|-
|style="text-align:center; " |'''Third Open Nominations'''
|'''Day 92''': Aari, Balaji, Gabriella, Ramya, Rio, Shivani and Somshekar were directly nominated for the Week 14 eviction process.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Daily Tasks'''
|none
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Ticket to Finale'''
|'''Day 92 - 96''': All the housemates need to participate in all of the tasks part of the ticket to finale. All the housemates receive points on how they play each task given. Eventually, the housemate with the most points at the end wins the ticket to the finale and enters the finale without getting evicted.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:32px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Housemate
! colspan="10" scope="col" | Ticket To Finale Tasks & Points
|-
! scope="col" |(task1) Balloon With Water Task
! scope="col" |(task2) Block Above Head Task
! scope="col" |(task3) Bigg Boss Tag Task
! scope="col" |(task4) Song Identifying Task
! scope="col" |(task5) Ball In Circular Path Task
! scope="col" |(task6) Advising Task
! scope="col" |(task7) Ball in Hoola Hoop Task
! scope="col" |(task8) Nameplate Task
! scope="col" |(task9) Holding on to Rope While Standing on Uneven Path Task
! scope="col" |(points) Total Points
|-
| Aari
| 5
| 4
| 4
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 4
| 1
| 2
| 27
|-
| Balaji
| 7
| 2
| 7
| 1
| 6
| 2
| 5
| 2
| 1
| 33
|-
| Gabriella
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 33
|-
| Rio
| 6
| 6
| 1
| 6
| 7
| 3
| 3
| 5
| 3
| 40
|-
| Ramya
| 3
| 7
| 5
| 5
| 3
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 6
| 37
|-
| Shivani
| 1
| 5
| 6
| 7
| 1
| 6
| 2
| 4
| 7
| 39
|-
| Somshekar
| 4
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 5
| 7
| 7
| 7
| 4
| 43
|}
* '''Somshekar''' received the most points and won the ticket to the finale and became the first finalist of the season.
|-
|style="text-align:center; |'''In Jail'''
|None
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Captaincy Task'''
|None
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left; |'''Captaincy Task Results'''
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"|'''Winner: None'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: None'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|'''Defeat: None'''
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Safe from eviction'''
|'''Day 97, 98''': Aari, Balaji, Gabriella, Shivani and Ramya received enough public votes to stay in the competition and they were safe.
|-
| style="text-align:center; |'''Eviction'''
|'''Day 98''': '''Shivani Narayanan''' was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:gold; text-align:center;" |'''Week 15 (Finale)'''
|style="text-align:center; |'''Entrances'''
|* None
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''House Captain''' ||
* None
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* N/A
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Reunion''' ||
'''Day 99 - 103''': 
* On day 99 '''Archana, Rekha, Nisha and Ramesh''' entered the house as special guest to reunite with the finalists.
* On day 100 '''Sanam, Velmurugan, Aajeedh, Suchitra and Samyuktha''' entered the house as special guest to reunite with the finalists.
* On day 101 '''Anitha''' entered the house as special guest to reunite with the finalists.
* On day 103 '''Shivani''' and '''Suresh''' entered the house as special guest to reunite with the finalists.
* On day 103 all the evicted housemates duration as guest ended and were sent home.
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Walked'''||
*'''Day 102''': '''Gabriella Charlton''' Walked with 5 Lakh.
|-
|style="text-align:Center;|'''Finalists''' ||
During the final week the public vote for who they want to win Bigg Boss. The finalists for the title were as following: 
* '''Aari Arjunan'''
* '''Balaji Murugadoss'''
* '''Ramya Pandian'''
* '''Rio Raj'''
* '''Somshekar'''
|-
|style="background:#eefbf8; text-align:center;" | '''4th runner-up'''
|'''Day 105''': '''Somshekar'''
|-
|style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"| '''3rd runner-up'''
|'''Day 105''': '''Ramya Pandian'''
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;"| '''2nd runner-up'''
|'''Day 105''': '''Rio Raj'''
|-
|style="background:#30D5C8; text-align:center;"|'''1st runner-up'''
|'''Day 105''': '''Balaji Murugadoss'''
|-
|style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;"|'''Winner'''
|'''Day 105''': '''Aari Arjunan'''
|}

==Nomination table==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Weekly summary
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" colspan="2" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" colspan="2" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" colspan="2" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! style="width: 5%;" colspan="2" | Week 14
! colspan="4" |Week 15
|-
! style="width:5%"|Day 92
! style="width:5%"|Day 96
! style="width:5%"|Day 102
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700"|Day 105 Finale
|-style="background:#C2DFFF;"|
! style="background:#C2DFFF;"| Nominees for House Captaincy
| colspan="2" | All Housemates
| Rekha Shivani Suresh
|Gabriella Rio Velmurugan
| Archana Balaji Sanam
| Balaji Samyuktha Somshekar 
| Aari Arjunan Nisha Somshekar
| Aajeedh Gabriella Nisha
| colspan="2" |Aari Archana Gabriella Rio Samyuktha Somshekar
| Balaji Ramesh Ramya
| colspan="2" | All Housemates
| Balaji Nisha Ramya
| Archana Balaji Ramya
| Aari Rio Somshekar
| colspan="2" |Aajeedh Rio Somshekar
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominees''
|- style="background:#cfc;"|
!rowspan="2" "style="background:#cfc;" | House Captain
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" | '''Ramya'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Suresh'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Rio'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Archana'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Samyuktha'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Aari'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Aajeedh'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" |'''Rio'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Ramesh'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" |'''Anitha'''
|rowspan="2" |'''Ramya'''
|style="background:#58FAAC;" | Archana
|rowspan="2" |'''Aari'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" |'''Rio'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|'''Balaji'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Aajeedh Sanam
| Suresh Ramya
| Aajeedh Balaji
| Aari Rio
| Gabriella Shivani
| Aari Suchitra
| Aari Balaji
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
| Nisha Ramya
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shivani Rio
| Gabriella Somshekar
| Shivani Somshekar
|style="background:#959FFD;"|Balaji Aari
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|-
| colspan="23" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Vote for:
! colspan="1" | '''None'''
! Task
! colspan="2" | Evict
! None
! colspan="4" | Evict
! Replace
! Evict
! Task
! Swap
! colspan="4" |Evict
!{{nowrap|Ticket To Finale}}
!{{nowrap|Cash prize Eviction}}
! colspan="3" |WIN
|-
| colspan="23" style="background:#000" |
|-
!rowspan="2" |Aari
| rowspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="6" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
|rowspan="2" |Rekha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Suresh
|rowspan="2" |Ramesh Somshekar
|rowspan="2" |Archana Somshekar
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Rio
|rowspan="2" |Nisha Somshekar
|rowspan="2" style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;"|''Swapped (Ramesh)''
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Rio
|rowspan="2" |Gabriella Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Rio Balaji
|style="background:red" |Lost ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Finalist'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 105)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Balaji
|rowspan="2" |Samyuktha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Aari Nisha
|rowspan="2" |Rio Somshekar
|rowspan="2" |Aari Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Sanam Somshekar
|rowspan="2" |Aari Somshekar
|rowspan="2" |Aari Nisha
|rowspan="2" style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
|rowspan="2" |Aari Nisha
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;"|''Swapped (Gabriella)''
|rowspan="2" |Rio Archana
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" |Somshekar Gabriella
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Aari Ramya
|style="background:red" |Lost ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Finalist'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#D1E8EF;"|'''''{{nowrap|1st runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Rio
|rowspan="2"| Sanam Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2"| Balaji Ramya
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Ramya
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|rowspan="2" |Aari Balaji
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Ramya Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #959FFD 50%);" |''House Captain''
|style="background:red" |Lost ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Finalist'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Ramya
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Shortlisted''
|rowspan="2" |Rekha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Aari Suresh
|rowspan="2" |Sanam Velmurugan
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Nisha
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Aari
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|rowspan="2" |Aari Gabriella
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Gabriella
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Shivani Gabriella
|style="background:red" |Lost ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Finalist'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''''{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Somshekar
| rowspan="8" style="background:#ccc;" |No Nominations
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
|rowspan="2" |Rekha Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Aari Suresh
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Suresh
|rowspan="2" |Aari Balaji
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Sanam Balaji
|rowspan="2" style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
|rowspan="2" |Balaji Sanam
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |''Swapped by Archana''
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Aajeedh Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Balaji Aari
|style="background:green" |Won ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6766;" |''Rejected Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Finalist'''
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''''{{nowrap|4th runner-up}}''''' (Day 105)
|-
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Gabriella
| rowspan="5" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Shortlisted''
|rowspan="2" |Samyuktha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Archana Som
|rowspan="2" |Samyuktha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Samyuktha
|rowspan="2" |Sanam Nisha
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Shivani
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;"|''Safe''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD" |Swapped by Balaji
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Shivani Aajeedh
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Ramya Balaji
|style="background:red" |Lost ticket to finale
|rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |''Accepted Eviction''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FF6347" colspan="3" |''Evicted with ₹ 11 Lakh'' (Day 102)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Shivani
|rowspan="2" |Rekha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Sanam Velmurugan
|rowspan="2" |Aari Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Sanam
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Suchitra
|rowspan="2" |Anitha Nisha
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
|rowspan="2" |Aari Somshekar
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|rowspan="2" |Archana Somshekar
|rowspan="2" |Aari Anitha
|rowspan="2" |Gabriella Aajeedh
|rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Rio Som
|style="background:red" |{{Font colour|white|''Lost TTF''}}
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
|style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
|-
! Aajeedh
| Sanam Shivani
| style="background:gold;"| Anitha Aari
| Ramesh Sanam
| Aari Sanam
| Anitha Sanam
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Archana Nisha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
| Aari Shivani
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Shivani Archana
| Aari Anitha
| Ramya Somshekar
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Anitha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Samyuktha Shivani
| Aajeedh Suresh
| Gabriella Samyuktha
| Archana Gabriella
| Samyuktha Sanam
| Ramesh Samyuktha
| Samyuktha Ramesh
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Toppled To Samyuktha''
| Aajeedh Shivani
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Aajeedh Somshekar
| Aajeedh Shivani
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Archana
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| colspan="1" style="background:beige;" |''Entered (Day 10)''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Aari Aajeedh
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Aari Anitha
| Sanam Suchitra
| Anitha Suchitra
| Balaji Aari
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not Nominated''
| Sanam Shivani
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Swapped (Somshekar)''
| Aari Anitha
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Nisha
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Aajeedh Sanam
| Aajeedh Suresh
| Balaji Suresh
| Balaji Suresh
| Sanam Suchitra
| Anitha Suchitra
| Anitha Sanam
| style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
| Ramya Shivani
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Ramesh
| Sanam Shivani
| Somshekar Suresh
| Ramya Sanam
| Aari Anitha
| Anitha Suchitra
| Anitha Suchitra
| Sanam Anitha
| style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Swapped by Aari''
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 69)
|-
! Sanam
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Shortlisted''
| Samyuktha Gabriella
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Balaji Suresh
| Nisha Ramya
| Balaji Shivani
| Balaji Samyuktha
| Balaji Somshekar
| Ramesh Somshekar
| style="background:#D7A0B4;" |''Lost immunity power''
| Aajeedh Gabriella
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Samyuktha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Sanam Shivani
| Aari Anitha
| Anitha Rio
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Anitha Sanam
| Anitha Suchitra
| Anitha Sanam
| style="background:#959FFD" |''Toppled By Anitha''
| colspan="12" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Suchitra
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:beige" |''Entered (Day 28)''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Archana Suresh
| Archana Gabriella
| Archana Sanam
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Suresh
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Shortlisted''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Aari Ramesh
| Nisha Ramesh
| Anitha Somshekar
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Velmurugan
| style="background:#FBF373;"| ''Safe''
| Gabriella Ramya
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Balaji Suresh
| Balaji Aajeedh
| colspan="17" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Rekha
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Shortlisted''
| Ramya Samyuktha
| colspan="19" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
| colspan="23" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Notes
|''[[#endnote 1|1]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 1|reason= }}''
| colspan="2"|''[[#endnote 2|2]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 2|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 3|3]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 3|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 4|4]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 4|reason= }}''
|''[[#endnote 5|5]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 5|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 6|6]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 6|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 7|7]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 7|reason= }}''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|''[[#endnote 8|8]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 8|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 9|9]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 9|reason= }}''
|''[[#endnote 10|10]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 10|reason= }}''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|colspan="2" |''[[#endnote 11|11]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 11|reason= }}''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|colspan="2" |''[[#endnote 12|12]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 12|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 13|13]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 13|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 14|14]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 14|reason= }}''
|''[[#endnote 15|15]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 15|reason= }}'',''[[#endnote 16|16]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 16|reason= }}''
| colspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|colspan="2"|''[[#endnote 17|17]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 17|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 18|18]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 18|reason= }}''
|''[[#endnote 21|21]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 21|reason= }}''
| colspan="3" |''[[#endnote 22|22]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 22|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 23|23]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 23|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 24|24]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 24|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 25|25]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 25|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 26|26]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 26|reason= }}'', ''[[#endnote 27|27]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#endnote 27|reason= }}''
|-style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against Public Vote
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" |Ramya Gabriella Shivani Aajeedh Sanam Samyuktha Rekha
| Aari Balaji Aajeedh Anitha Suresh
| Balaji Rio Ramya Somshekar Aajeedh Anitha Nisha Ramesh Sanam Suresh Velmurugan 
| Aari Balaji Somshekar Anitha Archana Sanam Suresh
| Balaji Gabriella Anitha Sanam Samyuktha Suchitra
| Aari Balaji Rio Somshekar Anitha Samyuktha Suchitra
| colspan="2" |Aari Balaji Somshekar Anitha Nisha Ramesh Sanam Samyuktha
| Aari Ramya Shivani Aajeedh Anitha Nisha Sanam
| colspan="2" |Ramya Somshekar Gabriella Shivani Nisha Ramesh
| Aari Rio Somshekar Shivani Aajeedh Anitha Archana
| Aari Gabriella Shivani Aajeedh Anitha
| Ramya Somshekar Gabriella Shivani Aajeedh
| colspan=2| Aari Balaji Rio Ramya <s>Somshekar</s> Gabriella Shivani
| Aari Balaji Rio Ramya Somshekar Gabriella
|colspan="3" | '''Aari Balaji Rio Ramya Somshekar'''
|-
!Walked
| colspan="22" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
!Eviction Free Pass
| colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:gold" |'''Aajeedh'''
| colspan="18" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-style="background:#fad1d0;" |
!Sent to BB Prison
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|Ramesh Shivani
|Aari Aajeedh
|Aari Anitha
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|Bala Suchitra
|colspan=2|Aari Rio
|style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|colspan=2|Ramesh Anitha Nisha
|Gabriella Shivani
|Aajeedh Gabriella
|Aari Balaji
|colspan=9 style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
!rowspan="2" |Evicted
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Rekha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Eviction Cancelled''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Velmurugan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Suresh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Suchitra'''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style= "background:salmon;" |'''Samyuktha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Sanam'''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon; |'''Ramesh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Archana'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Anitha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon; |'''Aajeedh'''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:salmon; |'''Shivani'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF6347;" |'''Gabriella'''
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" | '''Somshekar'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" | '''Ramya'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Nisha'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" | '''Rio'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" | '''Balaji'''
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" | '''Aari'''
|}
</blockquote>

=== Notes ===
:{{color box|#959FFD|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
:{{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} indicates the House Captain.
:{{Color box|#C2DFFF|border=silver}} indicates the nominees for the House Captaincy.
:{{Color box|#58FAAC|border=silver}} indicates the former House Captain. (Former meaning that the House Captain would have been stripped of the captaincy, or else evicted/ejected/walked out after being nominated as the Captain)
:{{Color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was saved from nominations ''(Immune)''
:{{Color box|#008080|border=silver}} indicates that an evicted contestant was sent to Secret room and re-entered the Bigg Boss House after few days.
:{{Color box|#fcf|border=silver}} indicates that contestant left the Bigg Boss house on his own.
: {{color box|#FFE08B|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.
: {{color box|gold|border=silver}} indicates the Eviction free pass has been used on a housemate.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner.
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the first runner-up.
: {{color box|#7FFFD4|border=silver}} indicates the second runner-up.
: {{color box|#DDA0DD|border=silver}} indicates the third runner-up.
: {{color box|#FF69B4|border=silver}} indicates the fourth runner-up.
: {{color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#FF6347|border=silver}} indicates the housemate evicted themselve after accepting a cash prize eviction .
: {{color box|beige|border=silver}} indicates a new wildcard contestant.
: {{color box|#B2FFFF|border=silver}} indicates the contestant is nominated.

* {{note|1|Note 1}}: During a task that was conducted in Week 1. Team 1: Aajeedh, Anitha, Balaji, Ramesh, Ramya, Shivani, Somshekar and Suresh, whilst Team 2: Aari, Gabriella, Nisha, Rio, Samyuktha, Sanam, Velmurugan and Rekha. Each team had to shortlist four housemates from each team for the Week 2 eviction process.
* {{note|2|Note 2}}: During this task, Aari, Anitha, Balaji, Nisha, Ramesh, Rio, Som, and Velmurugan were granted immunity for the following week's nomination process, whilst, Aajeedh, Gabriella, Ramya, Samyuktha, Sanam, Shivani, and Suresh were shortlisted for the following week's nomination process.
*{{note|3|Note 3}}: Aajeedh, Ramya, Gabriella, Samyuktha, Shivani, Sanam, Suresh and Rekha were nominated in Week 2 eviction, however Bigg Boss gave one of the nominated housemates to win the eviction free pass which allows the housemate to save themselves if they ever got evicted. However Aajeedh won the task and received the Eviction Free Pass.
*{{note|4|Note 4}}: Suresh was initially shortlisted for the Week 2 eviction process. However, he received immunity from the eviction after he became the House Captain in Week 2.
*{{note|5|Note 5}}: During a task conducted in Week 2, Sanam and Velmurugan were granted immunity for the following week's nomination process.
*{{note|6|Note 6}}: Archana entered the Bigg Boss House as a wildcard contestant and was exempted from the Week 3 nomination process.
*{{note|7|Note 7}}: Aajeedh was to be evicted on Week 3. However, he used his Eviction Free-Pass to save himself from eviction, without bestowing it on another nominated housemate. As a result, the eviction process was cancelled.
*{{note|8|Note 8}}: there was 5 evictions on day 28 4 evictions and one mid week eviction on day 28 because there was more people in this house so they have 5 evictions on day 28.
*{{note|9|Note 9}}: Suchitra entered the Bigg Boss House as a wildcard contestant and was exempted from the Week 5 nomination process.
*{{note|10|Note 10}}: The nomination and eviction process for Week 6 was scrapped due to the celebration of [[Diwali]].
*{{note|11|Note 11}}: Anitha has won Nominate Topple Task and escaped from the Week 8 nomination process by directly nominating Samyuktha.
*{{note|12|Note 12}}: During the Luxury Budget Task conducted in Week 8, Aari, Anitha, Archana, Balaji, Nisha, Ramya, Shivani and Sanam, who failed their tasks, were directly nominated for the Week 9 eviction process. However, as the housemates were evacuated from the Bigg Bose House due to the Nivar Cyclone, the Luxury Budget Task was temporarily paused, and the direct nomination was shifted to Week 10.
*{{note|13|Note 13}}: The Top 3 Contestants in the Luxury Budget #1 – #13 Place Arrangement Task: Aari, Balaji, and Archana, were given power to swap a housemate who is safe with them, such that they get nominated. Aari swapped himself with Ramesh, Balaji swapped himself with Gabriella, and Archana swapped herself with Som.
*{{note|14|Note 14}}: In Week 10, Bigg Boss announced double eviction. Ramesh was evicted on Saturday's episode and Nisha was evicted on Sunday's episode.
*{{note|15|Note 15}}: In Week 11, Bigg Boss announced that the nomination process won't be the regular nomination where the housemates announce their nominations in the confession room privately but rather having an open nomination where housemates need to select two housemates and nominate them in front of the other housemates.
*{{note|16|Note 16}}: In Week 11, Archana won captaincy and become the captain of Week 12. However Archana got evicted on Day 77 and was directly removed from Captaincy. However, she was given the option to select a captain between Balaji and Ramya, and she selected Balaji as the Week 12 House Captain.
*{{note|17|Note 17}}: Rio became the House Captain for the third time on Week 14, but housemates could still nominate him for the final eviction process.
*{{note|18|Note 18}}: In Week 14, Somshekar won ticket to finale and became the first finalist of the season.
*{{note|19|Note 19}}: In the end of Week 14, the remaining five housemates would be selected as finalists, and would be eligible to compete to win the show.
*{{note|20|Note 20}}: In Week 15 Aari, Balaji, Gabriella, Ramya, Rio and Somshekar competed for a spot in the final five.
*{{note|21|Note 21}}: In Week 15 Gabriella took 5 Lakh and left the Bigg Boss house on Day 102.
*{{note|22|Note 22}}: In Week 15 Aari, Balaji, Ramya, Rio and Somshekar officially became the final five finalists eligible to win.
*{{note|23|Note 23}}: On day 105, Somshekar became the 4th Runner-Up.
*{{note|24|Note 24}}: On day 105, Ramya became the 3rd Runner-Up.
*{{note|25|Note 25}}: On day 105, Rio became the 2nd Runner-Up.
*{{note|26|Note 26}}: On day 105, Balaji became the 1st Runner-Up.
*{{note|27|Note 27}}: On day 105, Aari became the Winner and was awarded ₹50 lakh and a trophy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb episodes|7084920}}
{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 4]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic]]

List of insurance companies in India

2026-02-20T22:49:44Z

TaylaA461435: updated details

{{short description|None}}

Following is the '''list of insurance companies in India''' which have been approved by the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) which is a statutory body regulating and promoting the insurance and reinsurance industries in India.There are three types of Insurance Companies in India which are as given below:

== Life insurance companies ==
As of 1 April 2025, IRDAI has recognized 26 life insurance companies. Following is the list:<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Life Insurers |url=https://irdai.gov.in/list-of-life-insurers1 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=IRDAI |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List is arranged chronologically based on their recognition by IRDAI
! # !! Company !! Sector
!Headquarters!! Founded
|-
| 1 || [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] || Govt.
|Mumbai|| 1956
|-
| 2 || [[HDFC Life|HDFC Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]] || Private
|Mumbai|| 2000
|-
| 3 || [[Max Life Insurance|Axis Max Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]] || Private
|Delhi|| 2000
|-
| 4 || ICICI Prudential Life Insurance|[[ICICI Prudential Life Insurance|ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]]|| Private
|Mumbai|| 2000
|-
| 5 || [[Kotak Life Insurance|Kotak Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]] || Private
|Mumbai|| 2001
|-
| 6 || Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance|Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai||2000
|-
| 7 || [[Tata AIA Life|TATA AIA Life Insurance Co. Ltd]]. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2001
|-
| 8 || [[SBI Life Insurance Company|SBI Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]] || Public
|Mumbai|| 2001
|-
| 9 || Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance|Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Pune|| 2001
|-
| 10 || PNB MetLife India Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2001
|-
| 11 || [[Reliance Life Insurance|Reliance Nippon Life Insurance Company]] || Private
|Mumbai|| 2001
|-
| 12 || Aviva India|Aviva Life Insurance Company India Ltd. || Private
|Gurugram || 2002
|-
| 13 || Sahara India Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Lucknow || 2004
|-
| 14 || Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Hyderabad|| 2005
|-
| 15 || Bharti AXA Life|Bharti AXA Life Insurance Co. Ltd.|| Private
|Mumbai|| 2008
|-
| 16 || Generali Central Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2007
|-
| 17 || Ageas Federal Life Insurance|Ageas Federal Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2008
|-
| 18 || [[Canara HSBC Life Insurance|Canara HSBC Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]]|| Private
|Gurugram|| 2008
|-
| 19 || [[Bandhan Life|Bandhan Life Insurance Co. Ltd.]]|| Private
|Mumbai|| 2008
|-
| 20 || Pramerica Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Gurugram|| 2008
|-
| 21 || Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance || Private
|Mumbai|| 2008
|-
| 22 || IndiaFirst Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2009
|-
| 23 || Edelweiss Life Insurance Co. Ltd. || Private
|Mumbai|| 2011
|-
| 24 || Credit Access Life Insurance limited || Private
|Bengaluru|| 2023
|-
| 25 || Acko Life Insurance Limited || Private
|Bengaluru|| 2023
|-
| 26 || Go Digit Life Insurance Limited || Private
|Pune|| 2023
|}

== Non Life insurance companies ==
As of 1 April 2025, IRDAI has recognized 33 non-life insurance companies of which 6 are standalone health insurance companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of General Insurers |url=https://irdai.gov.in/list-of-general-insurers |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=IRDAI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Health Insurers |url=https://irdai.gov.in/list-of-health-insurers |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=IRDAI |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Company
!Sector
!Headquarters
!Founded
|-
|1
| [[Acko General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2016
|-
|2
| [[Aditya Birla Group|Aditya Birla Health Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2015
|-
|3
| [[Agriculture Insurance Company of India]]
|Govt.
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2002
|-
|4
| [[Bajaj Allianz General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Pune]]
| 2001
|-
|5
| [[Cholamandalam MS General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Chennai]]
| 2001
|-
|6
| Manipal Cigna Health Insurance Company Limited
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2014
|-
|7
| Navi General Insurance Limited
|Private
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2016
|-
|8
| Go Digit Insurance
|Private
| [[Pune]]
| 2017
|-
|9
| Edelweiss General Insurance|Zuno General Insurance
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2017
|-
|10
| [[Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India|ECGC Limited]]
|Govt.
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1957
|-
|11
| [[Future Generali India Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2007
|-
|12
| [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2002
|-
|13
| [[ICICI Lombard]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2001
|-
|14
| IFFCO TOKIO General Insurance
|Private
| [[Gurugram]]
| 2000
|-
|15
| [[Zurich Kotak General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2015
|-
|16
| [[Liberty General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2013
|-
|17
| Magma General Insurance
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
|-
|18
| [[Niva Bupa|Niva Bupa Health Insurance]]
|Private
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2008
|-
|19
| [[National Insurance Company]]
|Govt.
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1906
|-
|20
| [[New India Assurance]]
|Govt.
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1919
|-
|21
| Raheja QBE General Insurance
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2007
|-
|22
| [[Reliance General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2000
|-
|23
| Care Health Insurance Ltd
|Private
| [[Gurugram]]
| 2012
|-
|24
| [[Royal Sundaram General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Chennai]]
| 2000
|-
|25
| [[SBI General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
|-
|26
| Shriram General Insurance
|Private
| [[Jaipur]]
| 2008
|-
|27
| Star Health and Allied Insurance
|Private
| [[Chennai]]
| 2006
|-
|28
| [[TATA AIG|Tata AIG General Insurance]]
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2001
|-
|29
| [[The Oriental Insurance Company]]
|Govt.
| [[New Delhi]]
| 1947
|-
|30
| [[United India Insurance Company]]
|Govt.
| [[Chennai]]
| 1938
|-
|31
| Universal Sompo General Insurance Company
|Private
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2007
|-
|32
| Kshema General Insurance Limited
| Private
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2023
|-
|33
|Galaxy Health Insurance Co Ltd
|Private
|[[Chennai]]
|2023
|}

== Reinsurance companies ==
On 1 April 2025, IRDAI reinsnised the first private reinsurer ending state-monopoly of GIC Re since 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-14 |title=IRDAI nod for first private reinsurance firm |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/irdai-nod-for-first-private-reinsurance-firm-9885693/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GIC Monopoly Ends for Reinsurance |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/gic-monopoly-ends-for-reinsurance/76643.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!Company
!Sector
!Headquarters
!Founded
|-
|1
| [[General Insurance Corporation of India]]
|Govt.
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1972
|-
|2
|Valueattics Re
|Private
|Bangalore
|
|}

== Health insurance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Health Insurers - IRDAI |url=https://irdai.gov.in/list-of-health-insurers |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251212224421/https://irdai.gov.in/list-of-health-insurers |archive-date=2025-12-12 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=IRDAI |language=en-US}}</ref> !! Company !! Sector
!Headquarters!! Founded
|-
!1
|[[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!2
|Star Health and Allied Insurance
|Private
|[[Chennai]]
|
|-
!3
|[[ICICI Lombard]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!4
|[[Niva Bupa|Niva Bupa Health Insurance]]
|Private
|[[New Delhi]]
|
|-
!5
|Care Health Insurance Ltd
|Private
|[[Gurugram]]
|
|-
!6
|[[Aditya Birla Group|Aditya Birla Health Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!7
|[[TATA AIG|Tata AIG General Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!8
|[[Zurich Kotak General Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!9
|[[Bajaj Allianz General Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Pune]]
|
|-
!11
|IFFCO TOKIO General Insurance
|Private
|[[Gurugram]]
|
|-
!11
|[[New India Assurance]]
|Govt.
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!12
|Universal Sompo General Insurance Company
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!13
|[[Cholamandalam MS General Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Chennai]]
|
|-
!14
|Go Digit Insurance
|Private
|[[Pune]]
|
|-
!15
|[[Reliance General Insurance]]
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|-
!16
|Manipal Cigna Health Insurance Company Limited
|Private
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.irda.gov.in/ Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority]

{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Lists of insurance companies|India]]

Rock shelters of Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-19T15:59:47Z

TaylaA461435: put up new info

{{Short description|Rock shelters in India}}

[[File:Chaturbhujnath Nala rock art 2.jpg|thumb|Chaturbhujnath Nala rock art]]
The state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is rich in [[rock shelters]] and two-thirds of the rock shelters in India are found in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Ganganatha_Jha_Kendriya_S/iK5jAAAAMAAJ |journal=Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha |page=8| date= 1986 |title=Contribution of Ancient Madhya Pradesh to Sanskrit Learning }}</ref> The [[Vindhya]] and the [[Satpura]] ranges have many rock shelter sites. These sites consist of natural caves or sheltered area under rock outcrops. Some of these rock shelter sites also have paintings and other marks of human habitation. These shelters are a record of the early human settlements in the central region of India.{{CN|date=February 2026}}

==Rock shelters==

===Bhimbetka rock shelters===
[[File:Bhimbetka Cave Paintings.jpg|thumb|Bhimbetka Cave Paintings]]
{{main|Bhimbetka rock shelters}}
The rock shelters of [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]] are southeast of [[Bhopal]] in [[Raisen District]]. It is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] spread over seven hills and about 750 rock shelters. Many of these caves have paintings on the walls or on the underside of rock overhangs. The paintings consist of groups of people engaged in different activities. There also many paintings of different species of animals like elephants, bison, deer etc.<ref name="TMA">{{cite web |last1=The Map |first1=Academy |title=Bhimbetka cave paintings |url=https://smarthistory.org/bhimbetka-cave-paintings/ |website=smarthistory |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/East#N-MP-225|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-225

===Ambadevi rock shelters===
{{main|Ambadevi rock shelters}}
[[File:Ambadevi Rock Painting - Animal zoo.jpg|thumb|Ambadevi rock painting]]
The [[Ambadevi rock shelters]] are located in the [[Satpura]] Range in [[Betul District]]. This site has About 100 rock shelters. Of this 30 shelters contain hundreds of pictographs, petroglyphs and stone artifacts.

===Adamgarh rock shelter===

[[Adamgarh Hills]] rock shelters are located in [[Narmadapuram]] district. At the time of excavations 18 rock shelters were found of which 11 have visible paintings, others have faded with time and some due to vandalism by tourists.The paintings are simple without any details or proportions.Paintings are of battle scenes, riders on horse-back, soldiers with bows and arrows, quiver and scabbard. Some paintings are of animals like oxen, monkeys, horses, fish, peacocks, and in one case a giraffe. These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-151

===Dorothy deep Rock Shelter===

Pachmarhi hills in [[Narmadapuram]] district have many rock shelters at various locations. These shelters also have paintings in them.<ref name="MDP">{{cite web |last1=Dubey Pathak |first1=Dr. Meenakshi |title=The Prehistoric Paintings of the Pachmarhi Hills |url=https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/pachmarhi/index.php |website=Bradshaw Foundation |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="MDP2">{{cite web |last1=Dubey-Pathak |first1=Meenakshi |title=Rock Art of Pachmarhi Hills in India |url=https://leakeyfoundation.org/rock-art-of-pachmarhi-hills-in-india/ |website=The Leakey Foundation |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-153

===Rock Shelters Barhat===
Rock Shelters with megaliths, and cave paintings and inscriptions are located at Barhat [[Deur Kothar]] in [[Rewa district]] There are 63 rock shelters with rock paintings.
These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/East|Monuments of National Importance]].N-MP-230

===Saru Maru Caves===

The [[Saru Maru]] site is located near the village of Pan Guradia in [[Sehore District]]. There are as many as forty-five rock shelters distributed between Shahganj and Pan Guradia, an area of about 40 km long located north of Narmada. Some of these shelters have paintings of hunting scenes and horse-riders. There are later period Buddhist remains and broken Stupas at the site. These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-267

===Talpura rock shelters===

[[Talpura]] in [[Sehore district]] is an ancient rock shelters site overlooking the Narmada River. In all 5 rock shelters have been found with paintings of animals.<ref name="RP">{{cite web |last1=Poojari |first1=Rajesh |title=Exploration and documentation of rock art sites in the Vindhyan Hills of Madhya Pradesh (central India) and implications for their conservation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370074428_Boletin_APAR_Vol_9_No_27_-_Exploration_and_documentation_of_rock_art_sites_in_the_Vindhyan_Hills_of_Madhya_Pradesh_central_India_and_implications_for_their_conservation |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-268

===Chatarbhuj Nala rock shelters===

The rock shelters called Chaturbhujnath Nala<ref name="mptou">{{cite web |title=Chaturbhujnath Nala Rock Shelters - An iconic site that portrays ancient lifestyle! |url=https://www.mptourism.com/chaturbhujnath-nala-rock-shelters.html |website=MpTourism |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> stretch over the 5 km long trail with thousands of ancient rock paintings on the wall; Situated within the Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary near [[Bhanpura]] in [[Mandsaur district]]. This site has thousands of paintings celebrating their daily life.These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-291

Nearby is a hill known as "Dar Ki Chattan"<ref name="Rosi">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr. Giriraj |title=Petroglyphs in Daraki-Chattan |url=https://rockartindia.org/petroglyphs-in-daraki-chattan |website=Rock Art India |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> The site features almost 560 man-made cupules marked on the walls. It is supposed to be the earliest efforts of artistic expression by the human. Other nearby rock-art sites are Chiber Nala, Sita Khardi and Modi

===Rock Shelters at Sita Khardi===

These rock shelters with paintings are also located in the Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary near [[Bhanpura]] in [[Mandsaur district]].These rock shelters are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monuments of National Importance]]. N-MP-292

===Pournkadanta, Painted rock shelter===
This rock shelter is located near Dewra village<ref name="RD">{{cite web |last1=Dehuri |first1=Rajendra |title=Rock art of Bijawar Sub-division: study in light of Putlikadanta and Pournkadanta rock art site, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392851936_Rock_art_of_Bijawar_Sub-division_study_in_light_of_Putlikadanta_and_Pournkadanta_rock_art_site_Chhatarpur_District_Madhya_Pradesh_India |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> in [[Chhatarpur District]].These rock shelters are listed as [[List of State Protected Monuments in Madhya Pradesh|State Protected Monument]]. S-MP-52

===Putlikadanta, Painted rockshelter===

This rock shelter is located adjacent to Pournkadanta rock shelter near Dewra village in [[Chhatarpur District]]. These rock shelters are listed as [[List of State Protected Monuments in Madhya Pradesh|State Protected Monument]]. S-MP-53

===Others===
Some other State Protected Monuments
*S-MP-126 Painted Rock- shelters, Nos. 1 to 15 Jhinghari Katni
*S-MP-240 Painted Rock- shelter Gaura Mountain Beechhee Sidhi
*S-MP-243 Painted Rock- Shelter (Rani Machi) Sidhi
*S-MP-244 Painted Rock- Shelter Beechhee Dholagiri Sidhi

In addition '''National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities''' lists following sites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Culture |first1=ASI |title=State Wise Search Result Madhya Pradesh |url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/exploreBuiltState.do?state=23 |website=National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>
*Nagori Group of Rock shelters and other remains
*Sanchi- Kanakheda Rock shelters behind the Sanchi hill
*Rock shelters at Satkunda
*Ramchhajja group of rock shelters
*Group of rock shelters at Kharwai
*Painted rock shelters and other remains at Kulhariya
*Painted rock shelters and other remains Barjorpur
and many more.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Ritika |title=Preliminary report on the painted Rock Shelters of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal district |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/view/1431/1031 |website=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |access-date=2 July 2025 |ref=ISSN : 2582-7472}}</ref><ref name="VTI">{{cite web |last1=Ingole |first1=Vijay Tulsiram |title=Discovery of Painted Rockshelters from Satpura-Tapti Valley |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296832717_Discovery_of_Painted_Rockshelters_from_Satpura-Tapti_Valley |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]

Udhna–Danapur Express

2026-02-18T22:19:35Z

TaylaA461435: starting data.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Udhna–Danapur Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|08|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}} (UDN)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Danapur}} (DNR)
| distance = {{convert|1593|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| sharing = Rake sharing with 12911/12912 [[Valsad–Haridwar Superfast Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20933 / 20934
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 20933 / 20934 '''Udhna–Danapur Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Danapur}} in India. It is currently being operated with 20933/20934 train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1554&id=0,4,268 | title=Due to non-interlocking work at the Rajatlab station of the North Eastern Railway Zone the changes and regulation of the following trains | date=23 May 2017 | publisher=North Central Railway | accessdate=5 October 2018 | archive-date=6 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075311/http://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1554&id=0,4,268 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3726&did=1499776822361F3C83AFAD359458BD3C8CD9A5183279D.web107 | title=Western Railway to attach extra coaches in 13 pairs of trains on temporary basis | publisher=Western Railway | date=11 July 2017 | accessdate=5 October 2018 }}</ref>

== Service==

*The 19063/Udhna–Danapur Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1593 km in 29h 15m.
*The 19064/Danapur–Udhna Express has an average speed of 53 km/h and covers 1593 km in 30h 05m.

== Route & halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Udhna Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pipariya}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki}}
* {{stnlnk|Gyanpur Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction||Pt. DD Upadhyaya Junction (Mughalsarai)}}
* {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
* {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Danapur}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 8 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Traction==

The route is now fully electrified. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Udhna Junction to Danapur and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Allahabad Junction}}

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with;
* 20929/20930 [[Udhna–Banaras Express]]
* 12911/12912 [[Valsad–Haridwar Superfast Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Udhna Junction railway station]]
* [[Danapur railway station]]
* [[Surat–Chhapra Tapti Ganga Express]]
* [[Surat–Muzaffarpur Express]]
* [[Surat–Bhagalpur Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/35384 19063/Udhna-Danapur Bi Weekly Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/35383 19064/Danapur–Udhna Bi Weekly Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhna-Danapur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Veerabhadran Ramanathan

2026-02-09T23:31:28Z

TaylaA461435: starting details

{{Short description|Indian climate scientist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Veerabhadran Ramanathan
| image = Veerabhadran Ramanathan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait of Veerabhadran Ramanathan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|11|24}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Newton|first=David E.|title=Chemistry of the environment|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816052738|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438109749|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816052738/page/88 88]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality =
| field = [[Atmospheric sciences|Atmospheric Scientist]]
| erdos_number =
| work_institution = [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]] [[IISc]] [[State University of New York at Stony Brook|Stony Brook]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Cess]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes = {{*}}[[Buys Ballot Medal]] {{*}}[[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]] {{*}}[[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] {{*}}[[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] {{*}}[[Tang Prize]] {{*}}[[Grande Médaille]] {{*}}[[Crafoord Prize]]
| spouse =
| children =
| religion =
| handedness =
| website ={{URL|ramanathan.ucsd.edu}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Veerabhadran "Ram" Ramanathan ''' (born 24 November 1944) holds the title of Professor Emeritus at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. He was Edward A. Frieman Endowed Presidential Chair in Climate Sustainability [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], [[University of California, San Diego]]. He is also currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Global Development at [[Cornell University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Climate scientist Ram Ramanathan joins Cornell|first=Matt |last=Hayes |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/12/climate-scientist-ram-ramanathan-joins-cornell|newspaper=Cornell Chronicle|date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>
He has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric and [[Climatology|climate sciences]] including developments to [[general circulation model]]s, atmospheric chemistry, and [[radiative transfer]]. He has been a part of major projects such as the [[Indian Ocean Experiment]] (INDOEX) and the [[Earth Radiation Budget Experiment]] (ERBE), and is known for his contributions to the areas of climate physics, Climate Change and atmospheric aerosols research. He is now the Chair of Bending the Curve: Climate Change Solutions education project of University of California. He has received numerous awards, and is a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]]. He has spoken about the topic of [[global warming]], and written that "the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming is, in my opinion, the most important environmental issue facing the world today."<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Warming |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2006/12globalwarming.pdf |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026165346/http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2006/12globalwarming.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, an organization established by the Vatican to promote scientific research and advise the Pope on scientific matters. He was appointed as an ordinary member on October 7, 2004, and serves on its council.
In this capacity, he has personally advised Pope Francis on climate change issues. He was influential in the creation of [[Laudato si']], the Pope's encyclical on [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2018|title='Pope's climate scientist' will discuss threats, justice and ideas in climate fight, Feb. 21|url=https://www.creighton.edu/publicrelations/newscenter/news/2018/february2018/february142018/vramanathannr021418/|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523052659/https://www.creighton.edu/publicrelations/newscenter/news/2018/february2018/february142018/vramanathannr021418/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background and education==
Ramanathan was born in [[Chennai]], India. At the age of 11, he moved with his family to [[Bangalore]]. The classes at the school he attended were taught in English, and not his native [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He admits that he "lost the habit of listening to my teachers and had to figure out things on my own".<ref name="pnas-bio">{{Cite journal |last=Nuzzo |first=Regina|author-link= Regina Nuzzo |date=2005-04-12 |title=Biography of Veerabhadran Ramanathan |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |language=en |volume=102 |issue=15 |pages=5323–5325 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.5323N |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501756102 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=556241 |pmid=15811938|doi-access=free}}</ref> He received his BE degree from [[Annamalai University]], and ME degree from the [[Indian Institute of Science]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} In 1970, he arrived in the US to study [[interferometry]] at the [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] under the direction of [[Robert Cess]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Before Ramanathan could begin working on his PhD research, Cess decided to change his research and focus on planetary atmospheres.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==Research and publications==
[[File:Aerosol-India.jpg|thumb|270px|Atmospheric brown clouds in northeastern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] as seen from space]]
Ramanathan has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric sciences. His first major findings were in the mid-1970s and were related to the [[greenhouse effect]] of [[CFCs]] and other trace gases<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1975 |title = Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications | journal = Science| volume = 190 | issue = 4209 | pages = 50–51 | doi=10.1126/science.190.4209.50 | bibcode=1975Sci...190...50R | s2cid = 33736550 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1985 | url= https://escholarship.org/content/qt9jh429w9/qt9jh429w9.pdf?t=obpcwg |title = Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change | journal = [[J. Geophys. Res.]] | volume = 90 | issue=D3 | pages = 5547–5566 |bibcode = 1985JGR....90.5547R |doi = 10.1029/JD090iD03p05547 | s2cid = 55379057 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Until that time, [[carbon dioxide]] was thought to be the sole [[greenhouse gas]] responsible for [[global warming]]. He also contributed to the early development of global circulation models<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1983 |title = The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative Processes |journal =[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] |volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 605–630 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0605:TROASG>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1983JAtS...40..605R |display-authors=etal|doi-access = free }}</ref> and the detecting and attribution of climate change.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Madden | first = R.A. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 1980 |title = Detecting Climate Change due to Increasing Carbon Dioxide | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 209 | pages = 736–768 |doi = 10.1126/science.209.4458.763 | pmid=17753291 | issue=4458 |bibcode = 1980Sci...209..763M | s2cid = 20613727 }}</ref>

His focus then shifted to the radiative effects of clouds on the climate. This was done using the [[Earth Radiation Budget Experiment]] (ERBE), which showed that clouds have a large cooling effect on the planet.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1989 |title = Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment | journal = Science | volume = 243 | pages = 57–63 |doi = 10.1126/science.243.4887.57 | pmid=17780422 | issue=4887 |bibcode = 1989Sci...243...57R | s2cid = 3575459 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1995 |title = Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing: A Missing Physics? | journal = Science | volume = 267 | pages = 499–503 |doi = 10.1126/science.267.5197.499 | pmid=17788784 | issue=5197 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267..499R | s2cid = 11227462 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> ERBE was also able to measure the greenhouse effect without the use of climate models.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Raval | first = A. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 1989 |title = Observational determination of the greenhouse effect | journal = Nature | volume = 342 | pages = 758–761 |doi = 10.1038/342758a0 | issue=6251|bibcode = 1989Natur.342..758R | s2cid = 4326910 }}</ref>

Recently, he has published on the [[aerosol]] radiative properties. His work has shown that aerosols have a cooling effect on the surface of the planet, and at the top of the atmosphere, but the forcing at the top of the atmosphere was only one-third the magnitude as the surface forcing. This has implications for the hydrologic cycle.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Satheesh | first = S. K. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 2000 |title = Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface | journal = Nature | volume = 405 | pages = 60–63 |doi = 10.1038/35011039 | pmid=10811216 | issue=6782 | bibcode = 2000Natur.405...60S | s2cid = 4341346 }}</ref> While working on the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, he discovered that absorbing [[black carbon]]aceous aerosols have a larger influence on climate than previously thought, which led to the development of the [[Indian Ocean Experiment]] (INDOEX).<ref>{{cite web |title=INDOEX – The Indian Ocean Experiment |url=http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514114601/http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1990s, he led the Indian Ocean Experiment with [[Paul Crutzen]] and discovered the widespread existence of [[Asian brown cloud|atmospheric brown clouds]] covering much of the Indian Ocean region. They found that the vast majority of the aerosols were anthropogenic in origin, and that the surface cooling caused by the aerosols is more important than the atmospheric heating.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 2001 | url = http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf | title = Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 106 | issue = D22 | pages = 28371–28399 | doi = 10.1029/2001JD900133 | bibcode = 2001JGR...10628371R | display-authors = etal | doi-access = free | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | access-date = 10 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809134109/http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> These atmospheric brown clouds may have masked as much as 50% of the surface heating caused by the increase in carbon dioxide, and caused reduced precipitation during the Indian monsoon.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 2005 |title = Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 102 | pages = 5326–5333 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0500656102 | pmid=15749818 | issue=15 | pmc=552786 | bibcode=2005PNAS..102.5326R|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Ramanathan is also interested in the impact of climate change on [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|agriculture]] in [[Global warming in India|India]]. While atmospheric brown clouds partially offset the warming due from carbon dioxide, their effect on agriculture has been less certain. A statistical rice model couple to a regional climate model has shown that reductions of both carbon dioxide and atmospheric brown clouds will increase crop yield.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Auffhammer| first = M. | year = 2006 |title = Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 103 | pages = 19668–19672 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0609584104 | pmid=17158795 | issue=52 | pmc=1693867 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10319668A |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>

He has also written on [[Climate change mitigation|avoiding dangerous anthropogenic climate change]]. Ramanathan writes that there are several [[Tipping point (climatology)|tipping points]] in the climate system, and that they do not all occur at the same temperature threshold; the tipping point for the arctic summer sea ice is likely to be smaller than that for the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]]. While the planet has seen an observed warming of 0.6 °C since pre-industrial times, it has already most likely committed itself to 2.4 °C (1.4 °C to 4.3 °C) of warming. These values surpass several of the tipping point thresholds.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. |author2=Y. Feng | year = 2008 |title = On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 105 | pages = 14245–14250 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0803838105 | pmid=18799733 | issue=38 | pmc=2567151 |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10514245R | doi-access = free }}</ref> In a 2014 paper, Ramanathan and co-authors suggested that mitigating methane, soot, ozone and [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s in the atmosphere could reduce the expected [[sea level rise]] due to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Aixue |last2=Xu |first2=Yangyang |last3=Tebaldi |first3=Claudia |author-link3=Claudia Tebaldi |last4=Washington |first4=Warren M. |last5=Ramanathan |first5=Veerabhadran |year=2013 |title=Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=730–734 |bibcode=2013NatCC...3..730H |doi=10.1038/nclimate1869}}</ref>

==Project Surya==
In March 2007, Ramanathan wrote a [[white paper]] with Balakrishnan on a potential project that will reduce air pollution and global warming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Surya-WhitePaper.pdf |title=Project Surya: Reduction of Air Pollution and Global Warming by Cooking with Renewable Sources |access-date=10 November 2008 |date=5 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706133002/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Surya-WhitePaper.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref> Project Surya, which means ''Sun'' in [[Sanskrit]], will use inexpensive [[solar cooker]]s in rural India, and document the reductions in carbon dioxide and soot emissions. The byproducts of biofuel cooking and biomass burning are significant contributors to global warming, and the expanded use of renewable energy is expected to decrease their effects.

The burning of solid fuels causes substantial health risks as well. An estimated 440,000 deaths per year are attributed to unsanitary food preparation techniques due to aerosol exposure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20080515&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=10 |title=New stick to beat developing countries on GHGs |access-date=10 November 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Over 3 billion people cook and heat their home by burning biomass such as wood and [[feces]]. The project, costing an estimated $4.5 million, will buy 3,500 cookers and impact up to 15,000 people. As of November 2008, the project has not been funded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20080511-9999-1n11rama.html |title=Climate scientist out to change the world |access-date=10 November 2008 |date=11 May 2008 }}</ref>

Project Surya was soft launched in March 2009. Each household in the village of Khairatpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]] received a biomass cook stove and a solar lamp. Surya has since received $150,000 in funding from [[UNEP]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Project%20Surya/Surya-Launch-Announcement.pdf |title=Project Surya Soft Launch Announcement |date=9 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
Ramanathan is an [[ISI highly cited researcher]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Search&link2=Search%20Results&AuthLastName=ramanathan&AuthFirstName=Veerabhadran&AuthMiddleName=&AuthMailnstName=&CountryID=-1&DisciplineID=0&id=3348 |title=ISI Highly Cited Researchers |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519223724/http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi |archive-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [[American Meteorological Society]] and [[American Geophysical Union]]. He became a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/veerabhadran-ramanathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105184905/https://www.amacad.org/person/veerabhadran-ramanathan |title=Veerabhadran Ramanathan |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=October 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> In 1995, the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] awarded him the [[Buys Ballot Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/buys-ballot-medal/buys-ballot-medaille |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804205648/https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/buys-ballot-medal/buys-ballot-medaille |title=Buys Ballot Medal |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> In 2002, he was awarded the [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]], "... for fundamental insights into the radiative roles of clouds, aerosols and key gases in the Earth's climate system." He was elected a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]] in 2002 "... for fundamental contributions to our modern understanding of global climate change and human impacts on climate and environment",<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientist Elected to National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4296 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724204451/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4296 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an Academician of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] in 2004, a member the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=V.+Ramanathan&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-24|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=New members of the Academy | url=http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/swe/_news/detail.asp?NewsId=1087&br=ns&ver=6up | access-date=4 May 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
Also, Veerabhadran Ramanathan has been bestowed with the [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] 2015 in the Climate Change category for discovering that human-produced gases and pollutants other than {{CO2}} have a huge power to alter the Earth's climate, and that by acting on them it is possible to make a short-term dent on the rate of global warming. He received the prestigious [[Tang Prize]] for Sustainable Development in 2018. He was awarded the 90th annual Mendel Medal by [[Villanova University]] in 2018 for his work on climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2018/0813.html|title=Villanova University Awards 2018 Mendel Medal to Veerabhadran Ramanathan, PhD, Climate Change Visionary and Pioneer in Climate Science {{!}} Villanova University|website=www1.villanova.edu|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090421/https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2018/0813.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ramanathan is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award ([[Champions of the Earth]]) in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Environment |first1=U. N. |title=Veerabhadran Ramanathan |url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2013/veerabhadran-ramanathan |website=Champions of the Earth |language=en |date=22 August 2019}}</ref> For 2024 he was awarded the [[Grande Médaille]] of the Académie des sciences (France)<ref>[https://www.la-croix.com/planete/veerabhadran-ramanathan-l-un-des-inspirateurs-de-laudato-si-prime-par-lacademie-des-sciences-20250909 Grande Médaille 2024]</ref> and for 2026 the [[Crafoord Prize]] in Geosciences.<ref>[https://www.crafoordprize.se/news/crafoord-prize-laureate-showed-that-many-factors-affect-the-climate/ Crafoord Prize 2026]</ref>

==Articles==
*[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65238/jessica-seddon-wallack-and-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-other-climate-changers Why Black Carbon and Ozone Also Matter], in September/October 2009 [[Foreign Affairs]] with Veerabhadran Ramanathan and Jessica Seddon Wallack.
*[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137523/david-g-victor-charles-f-kennel-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-climate-threat-we-can-beat The Climate Threat We Can Beat], in May/June 2012 Foreign Affairs with [[David G. Victor]], [[Charles Kennel|Charles F. Kennel]], Veerabhadran Ramanathan (website is paid while article is current)<ref>[http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressreleases/ucsd_researchers_where_international_climate_policy_has_failed_grassroots_e/ UCSD Researchers: Where International Climate Policy Has Failed, Grassroots Efforts Can Succeed; Control of greenhouse agents other than CO2 needs to reach the local level, according to a new Foreign Affairs essay] 26 April 2012 [[University of California, San Diego]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ramanathan.ucsd.edu Prof. V. (Ram) Ramanathan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626181531/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/biography/PNAS_Bio.pdf Biography of Veerabhadran Ramanathan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081111092922/http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20071018110734.pdf Testimonial to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]
* [http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/ProjectSurya.html Project Surya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626055326/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/ProjectSurya.html |date=26 June 2010 }}
{{Tang Prize winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanathan, Veerabhadran}}
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian climatologists]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Buys Ballot Medal (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Atmospheric chemists]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]

Kodava Maaple

2026-02-02T01:21:07Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Short description|Muslim community located in southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| caption =
| image =
| group = Kodava Maaple
| population =
| popplace = [[Kodagu]] (Coorg)
| languages = [[Kodava takk]], payakko or payakam[[Malayalam]]
| related = [[Kodava people|Kodavas]], Amma Kodava, Kodagu Heggade, [[Kodagu Gowda]], [[Beary]], [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]
}}
{{Dravidian}}

The '''Kodava Maaple''', also known as '''Jamma Maaple''', is a Muslim community residing in [[Kodagu]] [[districts of Karnataka|district]] of [[Karnataka]] in southern India. They are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]s of the [[Shafi'i]] [[madhab|school of thought ''(madhab)'']], and contract marriage alliances with [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s and [[Beary]]s. They speak [[Kodava takk]], although now they do follow some Mappila and Beary customs also.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thammaya |first=Chaitanya |date=2020-08-08 |title=A Fascinating Guide To The Kodava People Of Coorg |url=https://travel.earth/guide-to-the-kodava-people-of-coorg/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Travel.Earth |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|date=July 2025|small=no}}
The Madikeri the capital taluk of Kodagu had been renamed to Zafarabad by the Sultan in the meanwhile.<ref name="Prabhu">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=223}}</ref> The Muslim descendants of the Kodavas who converted into Islam, after Tipu Sultan's army on various forays into Coorg are called Kodava Mappila.<ref name="Cariappa 1981 136">{{harvnb|Cariappa|1981|p=136}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Coorgs and their origins
|last=Cariappa
|first=Ponnamma
|year=1981
|publisher=The University of Michigan
|page=419
}}.
*{{cite book
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}}.
{{refend}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodava maaple}}
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]

Howrah–New Delhi main line

2026-02-01T03:04:05Z

TaylaA461435: Starting the info v1!

#REDIRECT [[New Delhi–Howrah main line]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Nandeeswarar Temple

2026-01-22T18:19:58Z

TaylaA461435: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Nandeeswarar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Nandeeswarar
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Nandeeswarar Temple''' is located in [[Adambakkam]] (off Karuneegar Street) in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]], [[India]]. It is close to [[St. Thomas Mount railway station|St. Thomas Mount suburban railway station]]. The temple has two entrances one in the east, and another in the south. There is a tank situated outside the southern entrance, though not in use.

Sri Nandeeswarar Temple is an ancient temple (fondly called as Sivan temple by local people) located in Chennai near St. Thomas Mount (Adambakkam). The main deity is Sri Nandheeswarar and Goddess is Sri Aavudai Nayagi (Gomathi in Sanskrit).

== Deities ==

Dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]], the presiding deity of the temple is in the form of Nandi standing in front of his devotee Sage Birungi.

The temple houses separate worship places for Vinayaka, Nagadevathai, Vishnu, Subramanyar, Bairavar, Brahma, Durga, Sandikeswarar and Navagrahas. The idol of Nandeeswarar (Siva lingam) faces east and the Goddess Avudainayagi faces south.

''Vilvam'' tree is the ''stala viruksham'' of this temple.

== Special Poojas ==

Special poojas are conducted on days like Pradhosham, Shivratri and Somawar (Mondays). Arudra darshan is yet another famous religious event here.

Also other special pujas are conducted on days significant to Lord Subramanya and Lord Ganesha.

== History ==
The temple has lot of mythology associated with it and locals often claim the temple to be constructed by Adhani (hence the name Adambakkam) Cholan yet the temple is only around 950 years old.
Also in the form of Nandhi(holy bull), Lord Shiva appeared before Bringi Maharishi. (So pooja to Nandhi is done after pooja to Lord Shiva, unlike in other temples.)
Hence the name of Lord Shiva is Nandeeswarar.
And the mount was called as "Bringi malai", now changed as 'Parangi malai'.
This sage kept his kalasam (kindy, as it is called in Tamil) on some places and did pooja, so the adjacent place is called as Guindy.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Temple fest at Adambakkam|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/temple-fest-at-adambakkam/article5849476.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2014-03-30|access-date = 2015-12-27|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>

{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]

Municipal councillor (India)

2026-01-12T14:46:40Z

TaylaA461435: Starting a post from scratch

{{Short description|Elected representative local government}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=December 2021}}
{{More sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2025}}
}}

'''Municipal Councillor(India)''' or ward councillor is an elected representative through [[municipal elections]] for a City's [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]. The Constitution (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 lays down the provision for election of Municipal Councillors. They play an important role in selection of [[Mayor]] and representing their wards for many [[infrastructure]] and other development activities in their ward. They are helpful in the development of country by participating through local [[List of political parties in India|political]] bodies. They are also the closest link between [[Government]] and people.

== Election ==
Municipal Councillors election for municipal corporation had been specified in The Indian Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992. Municipal Councillors are members of local municipal corporation<ref name="mci ref3">{{cite news |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992{{!}}Legislative Department {{!}} Ministry of Law and Justice {{!}} GoI |url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-fourth-amendment-act-1992 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=legislative.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="mci ref14">{{cite news |title=A fact: We have 3.1 million elected representatives and 1.3 million women representatives |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/do-you-know-there-are-more-than-250000-local-government-bodies-across-india-with-nearly-3-1-million-elected-representatives-and-1-3-million-women-representatives/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Gaonconnection {{!}} Your Connection with Rural India |date=22 February 2020}}</ref> and representatives of citizens in a given place.<ref name="mci ref1">{{cite news |title=Roles of Councillors, MLAs and MPs in India |url=https://www.elections.in/political-corner/roles-of-councillors-mlas-and-mps-in-india/ |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=Political Corner |date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="mci ref9">{{cite news |last1=Chaman |first1=Vishakha |title=Nominated councillors for city soon {{!}} Gurgaon News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/nominated-councillors-for-city-soon/articleshow/85221762.cms |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> They are elected during local body elections held in each state every five years.<ref name="mci ref7">{{cite news |last1=KL |first1=Prakash |title=Upcoming Local Body Elections in India 2021: Full Schedule of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Kolkata |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/upcoming-local-body-elections-in-india-2021-full-schedule-of-maharashtra-karnataka-telangana-kol-3342267.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=www.oneindia.com |date=1 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> They represent the local political party.<ref name="mci ref10">{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Nivedita |title=TMC releases candidate list for KMC polls, drops 39 sitting councillors |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/tmc-releases-candidate-list-for-kmc-polls-drops-39-sitting-councillors-746870 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> or fight as Independents not representing any political organisation. They play an important role in facilitation of Government schemes reaching to local people.<ref name="mci ref11">{{cite news |title=GHMC polls: Why do citizens not care about municipal elections? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghmc-polls-why-do-citizens-not-care-about-municipal-elections-138317 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Municipal Councillors play a major role in election of Mayor for city.<ref name="mci ref12">{{cite news |last1=Rumi |first1=Faryal |title=Councillors to elect Patna deputy mayor today {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/councillors-to-elect-patna-deputy-mayor-today/articleshow/86239522.cms |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mci ref8">{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Manjeet |title=Captain Amarinder Singh's aide loses Patiala municipal corporation top post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/captain-amarinder-singh-aide-patiala-municipal-corporation-top-post-mayor-1880946-2021-11-26 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==

Following are the eligibility to contest as Municipal Councillors:<ref name="mci ref2" /><ref name="mci ref`3">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation Jalandhar |url=https://www.mcjalandhar.in/constitution-of-corporation.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=mcjalandhar.in}}</ref>

* Any gender

* 21 years old

* Name appears in Official Voters list

* No formal education is needed

* No maximum age limit

== Roles and responsibilities ==

Following are their roles and responsibilities:<ref name="mci ref1" /><ref name="mci ref4">{{cite news |title=About Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/governence/municipal-corporation.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=thecivilindia.com}}</ref><ref name="mci ref5">{{cite news |title=About Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/governence/municipal-corporation.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=thecivilindia.com}}</ref><ref name="mci ref15">{{cite news |last1=Prachi |first1=Kaur |title=Examining urban local governance in India through the case of Bengaluru |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/examining-urban-local-governance-in-india-through-the-case-of-bengalurua |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=24 December 2020}}</ref>

* Participating in development and evaluation of programmes conducted by municipality.

* Working for the welfare and interests of the people in municipal corporation they are elected to represent.

* Participate in election of town Mayor.

* Take care of civic related issues such as road laying, development of infrastructure, issues related to town planning, disposal of waste management.

* Activities relating to promotion of education, guidelines on public health, community welfare, public safety and other local development issues.

* Promote programmes on development and cultural and other aesthetic related ones.

* Approval of local development plans.<ref name="mci ref2">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Subhash C. |last2=Prabhakar |first2=R. K. |title=A Study of Municipal Council Elections in India: Socioeconomic Background of Women Candidates in Rohtak, Haryana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645613 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=Asian Survey |date=1997 |pages=918–926 |doi=10.2307/2645613|jstor=2645613 }}</ref>

* Listen to issues faced by people locally and address them.<ref name="mci ref2" /><ref name="mci ref6">{{cite news |title=What is your councillor's role in a municipality? |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Road-To-Council/What-is-your-councillor%E2%80%99s-role-in-a-municipality/94714 |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=oHeraldo |date=18 October 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.example.com www.example.com]



[[Category:Local government in India]]

Mahendragarh district

2026-01-11T20:06:48Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahendragarh district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Jal Mahal of Narnaul,Haryana, India..JPG
| image_caption = [[Jal Mahal (Narnaul)|Jal Mahal]] in [[Narnaul]]
| image_map =Mahendragarh in Haryana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Narnaul
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = Gurgaon
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Narnaul]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. [[Narnaul]], 2. Mahendragarh ,3. Kanina, 4.Ateli, 5. Nangal Choudhary 6. Satnali
| area_total_km2 = 1899
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 922,088
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 13.49%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 77.72%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 914/1000
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh]] (shared with Bhiwani district)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 4
| website = {{URL|https://mahendragarh.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Mahendragarh district''' is one of the 22 [[districts of Haryana]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in northern [[India]]. The district occupies an area of 1,899 km² and has a population of 922,088 (2021census). District have 4 Sub-divisions : [[Narnaul]], Mahendragarh, [[Nangal Choudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]] and Kanina

[[Narnaul]] city is the administrative headquarters of the district and also the largest city of the district. Mahendragarh is one of the very few districts in India where the name of the district and its main town are different. Mahendragarh has a total of 5 big towns [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Nangal Choudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]], [[Ateli]] and [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]].

As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Haryana (out of [[List of districts of Haryana|21]]), after [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]] and [[Rewari district|Rewari]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Mahendragarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/456/download/1472/DH_2011_0616_PART_A_DCHB_MAHENDERGARH.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
There is a fort at Mahendragarh which was built by the [[Maratha]] ruler [[Tantia Tope]] during the 19th century. This fort was named Mahendragarh in 1861 by [[Maharaja Narinder Singh|Narinder Singh]], the ruler of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], in honour of his son, Mahendra Singh, and consequently the town came to be known as Mahendragarh. The name of Narnaul Nizamat was changed to "Mahendragarh Nizamat."

==History==
{{see also | History of Haryana#Districts | l1= History of districts of Haryana | List of districts of Haryana | Administrative divisions of Haryana }}

===Medieval rule===
During the rule of Mughals, [[Babur]] assigned the area to Malik Mahdud Khan. However, later it was taken over by Patiala Riyasat. Birbal ka Chatta is very famous in Narnaul. People say the cave ends in Gurugram. Jal Mahal and Chor Guband were also made during Mughal rule.

In the 18th century, [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Madhogarh Fort]] was built on the top of the hill near Madhogarh village.

Both Mahendragarh's fort and Madhogarh's fort are being restored along the lines of [[Pinjore Gardens]] to develop them as an international tourist destination as part of the Rewari-Narnaul-Mahendragarh-Madhogarh tourist circuit.<ref name=tourdev1>[http://www.uniindia.com/~/no-dearth-of-funds-to-take-tourism-to-top-level-haryana-min/States/news/1429831.html No dearth of fund to develop tourism], UNI India, 8 Dec 2018.</ref>

===Post-independence===
Mahendragarh district was formed in 1948 by grouping different tracts of erstwhile princely states: Narnaul and Mahendragarh tehsils from Patiala State, Dadri (Charkhi Dadri) from Jind State and a part of Bawal Nizamat from Nabha State. It became a part of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU) state. On 1 November 1956, with the merger of PEPSU with Punjab, it became a part of Punjab state and with the formation of Haryana state in 1966, it became a part of the newly formed state. Rewari tehsil of [[Gurgaon]] district was added to it in 1972 but [[Rewari]] tehsil was made a separate district in 1989.

==Geography==
The district lies between north latitude 27°47’ to 28°26’ and east longitude 75°56’ to 76°51’. It is bounded on the north by [[Bhiwani]], Charki dadri, jhajjar and [[Rewari]] districts, on the east by Rewari district and [[Alwar]] district of [[Rajasthan]], on the south by Alwar, Jaipur and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, and on the west by [[Sikar]] and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan.

==Sub-Divisions==
The Mahendragarh district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of [[District Magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM): [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Nangal Choudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]] and [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]].

===Revenue tehsils===
The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue [[tehsil]]s, namely, Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Kanina, Nangal Chaudhry & Ateli and 1 revenue sub-tehsil namely Satnali.

==Assembly constituencies==
There are 4 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies located in this district: [[Ateli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ateli]], [[Mahendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]], [[Narnaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaul]] and [[Nangal Chaudhry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nangal Chaudhry]]. All 4 are part of the [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Mahendergarh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the two districts in Haryana currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[Dhosi Hill]] is an important tourist site in the district. Known as Chyawan Rishi Ashram, it is a [[Vedic period]] site. It is here that [[Chyawanprash]] was formulated for the first time. [[Bhagot]] village had Lord [[Shiva]] temple constructed by a [[Rabari]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Divisions==
Mahendragarh district is divided into 5 [[tehsil]]s: Narnaul, [[Nangal Choudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]], Kanina Mahendragarh, and Ateli. There are 4 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in this district: Ateli, Mahendragarh, Narnaul and [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhary]]. All of these are part of [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=157}}</ref>

===Villages===
*[[Banihari]]
*[[Karira]]
*[[Pota]]
*[[Pal, Mahendragarh]]
*[[Rewasa]]
Kheri Talwana
sehlang
Nautana
Baghot
Dhanonda
Kharkada Bass
Pathera
Aghihar
Buchawas
Jhagroli
Bawana
Majra
Malda
akoda
Jannt
Bhurjhat
Khudana
Dholi

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|21=1951|22=2,77,320|23=1961|24=3,40,059|25=1971|26=4,23,797|27=1981|28=5,33,074|29=1991|30=6,81,869|31=2001|32=8,12,521|33=2011|34=9,22,088|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mahendragarh district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Mahendragarh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 922,088,<ref name="districtcensus"/> This gives it a ranking of 462nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|485|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.43%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Mahendragarh has a [[sex ratio]] of 895 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 77.72%. 14.41% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 16.95% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Mahendragarh district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 56.80 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] |value2 = 40.37 |color2 = indianred
|label3 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value3 = 2.18 |color3 = firebrick
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.65 |color4 = grey
}}

The local dialect of the district is [[Ahirwati]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Yadav | first = Shankar Lal| chapter = Ahīrvāṭī | title = Hariyāṇā kī upabhāṣāeṃ| date = c. 1979| editor-last = Sharada| editor-first = Sadhu Ram | pages = 197, 202| place = Chandigarh| publisher = Bhasha Vibhag| language = hi}}</ref> At the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the majority of the population identified their first language as either [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] or [[Hindi]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mahendragarh.nic.in/ Mahendragarh district website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mahendragarh district
|North = [[Bhiwani district]]
|Northeast = [[Rewari district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|South = [[Jaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Southwest = [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|West = [[Jhunjhunun district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Haryana}}

{{coord|28.0444|N|76.1083|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Mahendragarh district| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Hindu eschatology

2025-12-24T04:11:10Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Short description|Aspect of Hindu theology concerning the end of times}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Lead extra info|date=May 2024}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Eschatology}}
'''Hindu eschatology''' is linked to the figure of [[Kalki]], or the tenth and last [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] before the age draws to a close, and [[Harihara]] simultaneously dissolves and regenerates the universe.

The current period is believed by Hindus to be the [[Kali Yuga]], the last of four ''Yuga'' that make up the current age. It started when [[Krishna]] left the Earth in 3102 BC or 5127 years from 2025.{{efn|Calculation excludes [[year zero]]. 1{{nbsp}}BCE to 1{{nbsp}}CE is one year, not two.}} Each period has seen a progressive decline in morality, to the point that in Kali Yuga quarrel and hypocrisy are norm. In Hinduism, time is cyclic, consisting of cycles or "[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpas]]". Each ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (dissolution) of equal length, which together make a period of one full day and night of [[Brahma]]'s 100 (360-day) year lifespan, who lives for 311,040,000,000,000 (311 trillion, 40 billion) such years. The cycle of [[Brahma|birth]], [[Vishnu|growth]], [[Shiva|decay]], and renewal at the individual level finds its echo in the cosmic order, yet is affected by the vagaries of divine intervention in Vaishnavism. Some Shaivites hold the view that he is incessantly destroying and creating the world.

{{Hindu philosophy}}

==The Four Yugas==
{{Main|Yuga Cycle}}

Within the current ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|Kalpa]]'' (aeon) are 1,000 cycles of a [[Yuga Cycle|Chatur Yuga]] (epoch), each with four ''yugas'' (ages). These ages encompass a beginning of complete purity to a descent into total decay, a [[Devolution (biology)|devolution]] of [[Dharma#Hinduism|dharmic]] principles.

A ''[[Yuga Cycle|Chatur Yuga]]'' lasts for 4.32 million years:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |title=Time in Hinduism: The Yuga |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223140604/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Satya Yuga]] lasts for 1.728 million years.
* [[Treta Yuga]] lasts for 1.296 million years.
* [[Dvapara Yuga]] lasts for 864,000 years.
* [[Kali Yuga]] lasts for 432,000 years.

=== Early references ===
The [[Rigveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] reflect a deep concern with the nature of existence beyond death. Several key terms, such as asu (vital force), prana (breath), manas (mind), jiva (life principle), and atman (self), appear throughout these texts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34387 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology |date=2007-12-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-517049-0 |editor-last=Walls |editor-first=Jerry L. |pages=172-179 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.001.0001}}</ref>

The [[Upanishads]] introduced three key ideas to Hindu eschatology: the doctrine of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]] (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth), a redefined concept of karma that encompasses all actions influencing rebirth or liberation ([[moksha]] or [[nirvana]]), and three distinct destinies based on knowledge and actions.<ref name=":0" />

===Kali Yuga===
{{Main|Kali Yuga}}
[[Kali Yuga]], the last of the four ages, is the one in which we currently reside. This epoch has been foretold to be characterized by impiety, violence, and decay. As written in the [[Puranas|Vishnu Purana]] in 100 BCE:

{{blockquote|Social status depends not upon your accomplishments, but in the ownership of property; wealth is now the source of virtue; passion and luxury are the sole bonds between spouses; falsity and lying are the conditions of success in life; sexuality is the sole source of human enjoyment; religion, a superficial and empty ritual, is confused with spirituality|Vishnu Purana<ref name="Hooper">{{cite book | last = Hooper | first = Rev. Richard | title = End of Days: Predictions of the End From Ancient Sources | date = 20 April 2011 | location = Sedona, AZ | pages = 156 | url = https://www.amazon.com/End-Days-Predicions-Ancient-ebook/dp/B004XJ6W0G | access-date = 31 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210123100623/https://www.amazon.com/End-Days-Predicions-Ancient-ebook/dp/B004XJ6W0G | url-status = live }}</ref>}}

The fourth age is ruled over by [[Kali (demon)|Kali]], not the goddess Kāli but the [[Kali (demon)|demon Kali]].<ref name="Hooper"/> Puranas go on to write that kings in the fourth age will be godless, wanting in tranquility, quick to anger, and dishonest. They will inflict death on women, and children, and will rise and fall to power quickly. Undisciplined barbarians will receive the support of rulers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

From the four pillars of [[dharma]]—penance, charity, truthfulness, and compassion—charity will be all that remains, although it too will decrease daily. People will commit sin in mind, speech and action. Plague, famine, pestilence and natural calamities will appear. People will not believe one another, falsehoods will win disputes, and brothers will become avaricious. As each age progresses, the human life span decreases, starting from thousands of years in the [[Satya Yuga]] to 100 years in the current Kali Yuga.<ref name="Hooper"/>

Sannyasins will wear red. There will be many false religions, and many will profess false knowledge to earn their livelihood. Life will be short and miserable. Marriage will be for pleasure alone. Being dry of water will be the only definition of land, and any hard to reach water will define a pilgrimage destination. People will hide in valleys between mountains, and suffering from cold and exposure, people will wear clothes of tree bark and leaves. People will live less than twenty-three years and the pretense of greatness will be the proof of it. Ultimately, humankind will be destroyed.<ref name="Brown"/>

==Kalki==
{{Main|Kalki}}
[[File:Kalki.jpg|thumb|Kalki leading his white horse]]At this time of evil, the final incarnation of Vishnu known as [[Kalki]] will appear on a white horse. He will amass an army of those few pious souls remaining. These, together with all the incarnations of the Godhead (avatars) which have appeared throughout human history, will destroy all evil spirit and sins in the world.

As written in the [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]]:

{{Verse translation|यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत ।
अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम् {{!}}

परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् ।
धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे {{!}}|Whenever there is decay of righteousness O! Bharatha
:And a rise of unrighteousness then I manifest Myself!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 6, Bhagavad Gita Chapter IV, Section 7|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|access-date=12 November 2012|date=12 November 2012|archive-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|head1=Sanskrit|head2=English}}

Aditi is the mother of the twelve Adityas or solar deities. At the end of creation these eight suns will shine together in the skies. Kalki will amass an army to "establish righteousness upon the earth" and leave "the minds of the people as pure as crystal." Those left, transformed by virtue, will be the new seeds for a higher form of humanity, and humanity will begin again.<ref name="Hooper"/>

Puranas write: {{blockquote|When the sun and moon, the lunar constellation Pushya, and the planet Jupiter are all in one mansion, the Krita age shall return to the earth.|Hooper, 1508<ref name="Hooper"/>}}

At the completion of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', the next ''[[Yuga Cycle]]'' (epoch) will begin, ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', in which everyone will be righteous with the reestablishment of dharma and piety. This, in turn, will be followed cyclically by epochs of ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and again another ''Kali Yuga''. This cycle will repeat till the larger cycle of existence under [[Brahma]] returns to the singularity{{Failed verification|date=November 2020|reason=Singularity not found in cited source and isn't a common belief in Hinduism, probably someone's POV on a modern theory.}} and a new universe is born.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book|last = Browne | first = Sylvia | title = End of Days: Predictions and Prophecies About the End of the World|year = 2008 |publisher = Penguin | isbn = 9780525950677 | url = https://archive.org/details/endofdayspredict00brow |url-access = registration }}</ref>

===Kalagnanam===
Sri [[Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami]], wrote 400 years ago in his ''Divya Maha Kala Gnana,'' or 'Divine Knowledge of the Time,' that Kalki would arrive when the moon, sun, Venus and Jupiter entered the same sign.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} This is not a rare occurrence and last happened in early 2012, passing without event.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Pralaya ==
According to [[Madeleine Biardeau]], [[pralaya]] is a three-phase process. Initially, there is a devastating drought leading to the earth's desiccation. This is followed by what she terms the "double pralaya". During this process, Kalagnirudra, or Shiva, absorbs the three worlds (loka) through yogic fire. This is followed by a second absorption where Narayana, or Vishnu, reabsorbs the remains and all beings in floodwaters while resting in yogic sleep, subsequently recreating the worlds through Brahma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |date=1972 |title=The "Mahābhārata" and Hindu Eschatology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062101 |journal=History of Religions |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=95–135 |doi=10.1086/462670 |jstor=1062101 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== In daily life ==
On a day-to-day basis, karma is implicitly weighed and taken into consideration by practitioners of Hinduism. In fact, this perspective on the long run consequences of daily actions has been shown to drastically impact consumer expectations in India. Empirical results support that "those who believe more strongly in karma are less influenced by disconfirmation sensitivity and therefore have higher expectations," noted by Praveen Kopalle, a professor at the Tuck School of Business. Although the advent of mass consumerism took India by storm at the turn of the century, research is showing that even in urban populations, consumer expectations are generally invariant to artificial lowering of expectations in order to increase short-term pleasure. This uniquely characterizes religions that practice long-term orientation or similar framing of action.<ref>Kopalle, Praveen K., et al. “Consumer Expectations and Culture: The Effect of Belief in Karma in India.” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 37, no. 2, 2010, pp. 251–63. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/651939.</ref>

In Hindu eschatology, karma is the central determinant in how one's soul progresses through the cyclical stages of life, death, and rebirth, as every consequence is perceived as having non-trivial weight. As a result, actions broader than the individual scope are also taken into consideration. For example, the prevalent link between Indian party politics and Hinduism has additionally led to religious-based explanations for issues the country faces. One instance of this is present in an academic journal detailing a perspective on the cause behind COVID, which states “the COVID-19 pandemic is also the cause-effect of karmic activity that caused and appeared as a novel and severe viral infectious disease. The karmic action identified as the cause of the epidemic is … a neoliberal capitalist order driven by endless greed, desire, delusion in today’s aggressive and competitive world.”<ref>Namgyal, Tsetan. “Buddhist World View During COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Indian Research, vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, pp. 23–36.</ref> In accordance with Hindu eschatology, the current epoch of humanity is the ''kali'' yuga. As a cycle characterized by widespread suffering, hypocrisy, and the progressive degradation of morality, the pandemic arrived as a calamity of biblical proportions.<ref>Knipe, David M. “Hindu Eschatology.” The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 2009, pp. 170–190., {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.003.10}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hindu units of time]]
*[[Kalki]]
*[[Kali (demon)|Kali]]
*[[Eschatology]]
*[[Ages of Man]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Global catastrophic risks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Eschatology}}
[[Category:Hindu eschatology| ]]

Vishnu Deva

2025-12-21T21:35:03Z

TaylaA461435: page edit

{{More footnotes|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Deva
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|05|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| yearsactive = 1995–present
| occupation = Dance choreographer
| spouse = Kamla Nair
| parents =
| relatives = [[Nalini (actress)]](sister)<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2019565/bio|title=Vishnudeva|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
}}

'''Vishnu Deva''' (born 18 May 1975) is an Indian choreographer who has worked in [[Hindi Cinema|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengal]]i and Nepali films. Since 2000, he has choreographed different types of dance styles, and is known for his work on the [[Bollywood]] movies ''[[Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela]]'' (2013), ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]'' (2015), ''Baby'' (2015), ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'' (2013), ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' (2012), and ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012)"paaword"nepali movie.<ref name="imdb.com"/>

==Early life and career==
Born and raised in Chennai, Deva grew up watching his father, a well-known choreographer in Malayalam movies, working on dancing rehearsals, leading him to develop an interest in choreography. In 1995, he began working with choreographers including [[Chinni Prakash]] and Tharun Kumar. In 2000, he met and began working with choreographer [[Ganesh Acharya]]. In 2002, when Deva was working as an assistant choreographer on ''[[Shakti: The Power]]'', he happened to meet choreographer Prabhu Deva, who later asked him to assist in the film Lakshya song "Main Aisa Kyon Hoon". Later, Prabhu Deva offered him solo choreography for the Telugu film ''Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana.''<ref name="archives.Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-bollywood/article/dancing-all-way-stardom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223102438/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-bollywood/article/dancing-all-way-stardom|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2014|title=Dancing all the way to stardom |website=Archives.deccanvhronicle|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/graphiti/story_77488.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204108/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/graphiti/story_77488.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2016|title=Smarter moves|date=2 April 2016|website=Telegraphindia.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Deva is the brother of South Indian actress Nalini Ramarajan. He married Kamla Nair, the sister of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] choreographer [[Ganesh Acharya]],<ref name="archives.Deccan Chronicle"/> on 29 November 1998. The couple has one child, Aishwarya.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !! Song !! Year !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| ''[[Aabra Ka Daabra]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1137434/fullcredits/|title=Aabra Ka Daabra|date=1 January 2000|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || || 2004 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''<ref name="archives.Deccan Chronicle"/><ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> || || 2005 || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || || 2005 || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Annavaram'' || || 2006 || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Pournami'' || || 2006 || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Chukkallo Chandrudu'' || || 2006 || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkum Enakkum|Something Something Unnakum Ennakum]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece|title=Will it be a success story in Tamil?|date=14 April 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || || 2006 || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || || 2007 || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Delhii Heights'' || || 2007 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' || || 2008 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Current'' || || 2009 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Fast Forward''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Fast-Forward/movie-review/5060199.cms|title=Fast Forward Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || || 2009 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvan Yuvathi]]'' || || 2011 || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' || || 2011 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' || || 2011 || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rowdy-rathore-goes-to-badami-1640881 |title='Rowdy Rathore' goes to Badami | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2012-01-22 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> || Aa Re Pritam Pyaare<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/let-s-dance/178871.html|title=Let's dance…|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || 2012 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' || || 2012 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' || Go Go Govinda || 2012 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''<ref name="dnaindia2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-looks-seductive-in-white-choli-dhoti-in-ramleela-item-song-1895642 |title=Priyanka Chopra looks seductive in white 'choli' & 'dhoti' in 'Ramleela' item song | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sneak-peek-of-akhil-kapur-s-song-from-upcoming-film-desi-kattey-2010559|title=Sneak peek of Akhil Kapur's song from upcoming film, 'Desi Kattey' - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=13 August 2014|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-cant-believe-priyanka-chopra-could-dance-like--4420528-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701151939/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-cant-believe-priyanka-chopra-could-dance-like--4420528-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|title=Making of Ram-Leela: Ranveer Singh can't believe Priyanka Chopra could dance like that|website=Daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-seduces-with-her-modern-mujra-in-ram-leela/story-MZHmQoUWJTDMdA0DGoa92N.html|title=Priyanka Chopra seduces with her modern mujra in Ram-leela|date=23 October 2013|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-gears-up-for-her-first-Bhangra-song/articleshow/50704203.cms|title=Richa Chadda gears up for her first Bhangra song - Times of India|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-s-ramleela-look-out/story-whSKqEpVtdDM8DaeBTTfnM.html|title=Priyanka Chopra's Ramleela look out!|date=30 September 2013|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || [[Ram Chahe Leela]],<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aishwarya-will-do-traditional-punjabi-folk-dance-in-sarbjit-2162103|title=Aishwarya will do traditional Punjabi folk dance in 'Sarbjit' - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 January 2016|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sarbjit-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-match-steps-with-randeep-hooda-in-a-bhangra-song-302045-2016-01-04|title=Sarbjit: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to match steps with Randeep Hooda in a Bhangra song|website=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/priyanka-chopra-is-ready-to-seduce-in-ramleela-item-song/1175942/|title=Priyanka Chopra is ready to seduce in 'Ram-Leela' item song - Indian Express|website=Archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/snapshot-priyanka-chopra-looks-sensuous-in-ram-leela-item-number-642114.html|title=Snapshot: Priyanka Chopra looks sensuous in 'Ram Leela' item number|website=News18.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> Ishqiyan Dishqiya<ref name="thehansindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-01-07/Tushar-Kapoor-Aftab-Shivdasani-and-Gauahar-Khan-Impresses-Kya-Kool-Hai-hum-3-choreographer-Vishnu-Deva/198668|title=Tushar Kapoor, Aftab Shivdasani and Gauahar Khan Impresses 'Kya Kool Hai hum 3' choreographer Vishnu Deva|website=Thehansindia.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || 2013 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sushanth-teams-up-with-vishnu-deva.html|title=Sushanth teams up with Vishnu Deva |website=123telugu.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || || 2013 || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Mr. Money''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kashmera-Shah-turns-Boneless-Biryani-for-Krushna/articleshow/12687138.cms|title=Kashmera Shah turns 'Boneless Biryani' for Krushna - Times of India|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-the-best-item-girl-in-B-wood-Kashmera-Shah/articleshow/12795940.cms|title=I'm the best item girl in B-wood: Kashmera Shah - Times of India|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Krushna-and-I-compliment-each-other-Sudesh/articleshow/19319412.cms|title=Krushna and I {{sic|compli|ment|nolink=y|expecting=complement}} each other: Sudesh - Times of India|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> || Boneless Biryani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kashmira-to-sizzle-in-item-number/story-WCTHQ7Zra5z3Q2tLlvptfL.html|title=Kashmira to sizzle in item number|date=15 April 2012|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> || 2013 || Hindi || Unreleased
|-
| ''[[R... Rajkumar]]''<ref name="thehansindia.com"/> || Gandi Baat,<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/> Sadi Ke Fall sa<ref name="thehansindia.com"/><ref name="lhrtimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lhrtimes.com/2016/04/02/choreographer-vishnu-deva-makes-sunny-leone-dance-tunes-one-night-stand/|title=Choreographer Vishnu Deva makes Sunny Leone dance to his tunes in One Night Stand|date=2 April 2016|website=Lhrtimes.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || 2013 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]'' || || 2013 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Shortcut-Romeo/articleshow/18516641.cms|title=Shortcut Romeo - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/neils-shortcut/177808|title=Neil's Shortcut - Free Press Journal|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> || || 2013 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Desi Kattey]]<ref name="dnaindia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-claudia-ciesla-turns-item-girl-for-desi-kattey-1978455|title=Claudia Ciesla turns item girl for 'Desi Kattey' - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=15 April 2014|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>'' || Patnewali hoon,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Claudia-Ciesla-comes-out-with-another-item-number/articleshow/32724373.cms|title=Claudia Ciesla comes out with another item number - Times of India|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> Albeliya || 2014 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgns-action-jackson-to-arrive-in-june-2014_-124070.html|title=Ajay Devgn's Action Jackson To Arrive In June 2014}}</ref> || || 2014 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' || || 2015 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]''<ref name="thehansindia.com"/> || || 2015 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]'' || Paaniwala Dance,<ref name="lhrtimes.com"/> Daaru peke Dance || 2015 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' || Jawaani Le Doobi<ref name="thehansindia.com"/><ref name="lhrtimes.com"/> || 2016 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Ishq Forever]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/vishnu-deva-choreographs-bollywod-upcoming-movie-ishq-forever-46498.aspx|title=Vishnu Deva Choreographs Bollywood upcoming movie "Ishq Forever"}}</ref> || Bilkul Socha Na, Expectation and Title song || 2016 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]''<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> || Tuglak Tuglak Tun<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/supplements/why-tabu-replaced-rekha/115430.html|title=Why Tabu replaced Rekha?|website=Thestatesman.com|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> || 2016 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> || || Upcoming || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Baa Baa Black Sheep]]''<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> || || 2018 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]''<ref name="lhrtimes.com"/> || [[Do Peg Maar]], [[Ishq Da Sutta]] || 2016 || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)]]'' || || 2018 || Malayalam ||
|}

==Awards==
[[Producers Guild Film Awards|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award]]
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Choreography in Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela for the songs "Ishqyaun Dhishqyuan" & "Ram Chahe Leela"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=Star Guild Awards - Nominees}}</ref>

Zee Cine Awards
* Nominated, Technical Award for Best Choreography in Rowdy Rathore for the song "Aa Re Pritam Pyare"

==References==
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<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sneak-peek-of-akhil-kapur-s-song-from-upcoming-film-desi-kattey-2010559 |title=Sneak peek of Akhil Kapur's song from upcoming film, 'Desi Kattey' | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2014-08-13 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
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<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-cant-believe-priyanka-chopra-could-dance-like--4420528-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701151939/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-making-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-cant-believe-priyanka-chopra-could-dance-like--4420528-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016 |title=Making of Ram-Leela: Ranveer Singh can't believe Priyanka Chopra could dance like that |website=Daily.bhaskar.com |date=2013-10-30 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-look/Its-Rocking-Dard-E-Disco/articleshow/16353212.cms |title=It's Rocking Dard-E- Disco |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kashmera-Shah-turns-Boneless-Biryani-for-Krushna/articleshow/12687138.cms |title=Kashmera Shah turns 'Boneless Biryani' for Krushna |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2012-04-17 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-the-best-item-girl-in-B-wood-Kashmera-Shah/articleshow/12795940.cms |title=I'm the best item girl in B-wood: Kashmera Shah |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2012-04-22 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref name="thehansindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-01-07/Tushar-Kapoor-Aftab-Shivdasani-and-Gauahar-Khan-Impresses-Kya-Kool-Hai-hum-3-choreographer-Vishnu-Deva/198668 |title=Tushar Kapoor, Aftab Shivdasani and Gauahar Khan Impresses 'Kya Kool Hai hum 3' choreographer Vish |website=Thehansindia.com |date=2016-01-07 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/let-s-dance/178871.html |title=Let's dance… |website=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aishwarya-will-do-traditional-punjabi-folk-dance-in-sarbjit-2162103 |title=Aishwarya will do traditional Punjabi folk dance in 'Sarbjit' | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2016-01-04 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sarbjit-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-match-steps-with-randeep-hooda-in-a-bhangra-song-302045-2016-01-04 |title=Sarbjit: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to match steps with Randeep Hooda in a Bhangra song : Bollywood, News - India Today |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2016-01-04 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Claudia-Ciesla-comes-out-with-another-item-number/articleshow/32724373.cms |title=Claudia Ciesla comes out with another item number |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-03-27 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/priyanka-chopra-is-ready-to-seduce-in-ramleela-item-song/1175942/ |title=Priyanka Chopra is ready to seduce in 'Ram-Leela' item song - Indian Express |website=Archive.indianexpress.com |date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/supplements/why-tabu-replaced-rekha/115430.html |title=Why Tabu replaced Rekha? |publisher=The Statesman |date=2016-01-09 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kashmira-to-sizzle-in-item-number/story-WCTHQ7Zra5z3Q2tLlvptfL.html |title=Kashmira to sizzle in item number | bollywood |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2012-04-15 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/snapshot-priyanka-chopra-looks-sensuous-in-ram-leela-item-number-642114.html |title=Snapshot: Priyanka Chopra looks sensuous in 'Ram Leela' item number - News18 |website=Ibnlive.com |date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-seduces-with-her-modern-mujra-in-ram-leela/story-MZHmQoUWJTDMdA0DGoa92N.html |title=Priyanka Chopra seduces with her modern mujra in Ram-leela | bollywood |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/claudia-ciesla-desi-kattey-item-number-13460.html |title=Claudia Ciesla turns item girl for 'Desi Kattey' |website=Indiatvnews.com |date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/priyanka-chopra-is-ready-to-seduce-in-ramleela-item-song/1175942 |title=Priyanka Chopra is ready to seduce in 'Ram-Leela' item song - Financial Express |website=Archive.financialexpress.com |date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/39352-claudia-ciesla-turns-item-girl-desi-kattey.html |title=Claudia Ciesla turns item girl for 'Desi Kattey' |website=Newsnation.in |date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-to-dance-with-all-girl-gang-for-Ram-Leela-item-number/articleshow/22086726.cms |title=Priyanka to dance with all-girl gang |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-gears-up-for-her-first-Bhangra-song/articleshow/50704203.cms |title=Richa Chadda gears up for her first Bhangra song |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-01-24 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-bollywood/article/dancing-all-way-stardom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223102438/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131010/entertainment-bollywood/article/dancing-all-way-stardom |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2014 |title=Dancing all the way to stardom |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgns-action-jackson-to-arrive-in-june-2014_-124070.html |title=Ajay Devgn's Action Jackson To Arrive In June 2014 |website=Indiatimes.com |date=2014-01-21 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Shortcut-Romeo/articleshow/18516641.cms |title=Shortcut Romeo |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author=Noel Singh Dias |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/neils-shortcut/177808 |title=Neil's Shortcut - Free Press Journal |website=Freepressjournal.in |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece |title=Will it be a success story in Tamil? - CHEN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-04-14 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Fast-Forward/movie-review/5060199.cms |title=Fast Forward Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-s-ramleela-look-out/story-whSKqEpVtdDM8DaeBTTfnM.html |title=Priyanka Chopra's Ramleela look out! | bollywood |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhrtimes.com/2016/04/02/choreographer-vishnu-deva-makes-sunny-leone-dance-tunes-one-night-stand/ |title=Choreographer Vishnu Deva makes Sunny Leone dance to his tunes in One Night Stand - The Lahore Times |website=Lhrtimes.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=Nominees |publisher=Star Guild Awards |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/graphiti/story_77488.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204108/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/graphiti/story_77488.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2016 |title=Smarter moves |website=Telegraphindia.com |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2019565}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deva, Vishnu}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]

Dhule Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T09:20:05Z

TaylaA461435: adding some stub added tags

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhule
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Dhule.map}}
| map_caption = Map of Dhule Lok Sabha constituency
| map_alt = Map of Dhule Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1957}}
| assembly_cons = [[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]] [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]] [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]] [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]] [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]] [[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh|Shobha Dinesh Bachhav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors =20,22,061
| preceded_by = [[Subhash Bhamre]]
}}
'''Dhule''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
At present, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] on 19 February 2008, Dhule Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|6
|[[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|[[Raghavendra Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|7
|[[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
|[[Anup Agrawal (politician)|Anup Agrawal]]
|-
|8
|[[Sindkheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sindkheda]]
|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal|Jayakumar Rawal]]
|-
|114
|[[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|115
|[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
| [[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|116
|[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)
| [[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Uttamrao Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |Chudaman Ananda Patil
| rowspan="4"style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="4"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Reshma Motiram Bhoye|Reshma Bhoye]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Bapu Hari Chaure]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Sahebrao Sukram Bagul|Sahebrao Bagul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Dhanaji Sitaram Ahire|Dhanaji Ahire]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ramdas Rupla Gavit|Ramdas Gavit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Bapu Hari Chaure]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane|Pratap Sonawane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subhash Bhamre]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh|Shobha Dinesh Bachhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhule]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]
|votes = 5,83,866
|percentage = 47.89
|change = {{increase}}12.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subhash Ramrao Bhamre]]
|votes = 5,80,035
|percentage = 47.57
|change = {{decrease}}8.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Bharat Baburao Jadhav
|votes =19,713
|percentage = 1.62
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Zahoor Ahamad Mohamad Yusuf
|votes = 4,973
|percentage = 0.41
|change ={{down}}0.02
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,693
|percentage = 0.38
|change = {{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,831
|percentage = 0.31
|change = {{decrease}}20.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,19,295
|percentage = 60.30
|change = {{increase}}3.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhule]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =[[Subhash Ramrao Bhamre]]
|votes = 6,13,533
|percentage = 56.54
|change = +2.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunal Rohidas Patil
|votes = 3,84,290
|percentage = 35.42
|change = -5.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Nabi Ahmad Ahmadullah
|votes = 39,449
|percentage = 3.64
|change = +3.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Aparanti
|votes = 4,645
|percentage = 0.43
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate|
|party = LKSGM
|candidate = Anil Anna Gote
|votes = 8,418
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,475
|percentage = 0.23
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,29,243
|percentage = +21.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,88,578
|percentage = 57.05
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhule]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Subhash Ramrao Bhamre]]
|votes = 5,29,450
|percentage = 53.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amarishbhai Rasiklal Patel
|votes = 3,98,727
|percentage = 40.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yogesh Yaswant Ishi
|votes = 9,897
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Nihal Ahmed Ansari
|votes = 9,339
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,30,723
|percentage = 13.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,83,083
|percentage = 58.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhule]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane]]
|votes = 2,63,260
|percentage = 39.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amarishbhai Rasiklal Patel
|votes = 2,43,841
|percentage = 36.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Molvi Mohammed Usman
|votes = 72,738
|percentage = 10.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Loksangram
|candidate = [[Anil Anna Gote]]
|votes = 53,637
|percentage = 8.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rizwan Mohammed Akbar
|votes = 11,606
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,419
|percentage = 2.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,69,906
|percentage = 42.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dhule district]]
* [[Nashik district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info//parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/dhule/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Dhule lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|20.9|74.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhule Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dhule district]]
[[Category:Nashik district]]

Khandelwal

2025-11-17T18:10:33Z

TaylaA461435: made first info w/ infobox - done

{{wikt|Khandelwal}}
'''Khandelwal''' may refer to:

*Of, from or related to [[Khandela]], a city in [[Rajasthan]], India
**[[Khandelwal (surname)]], Indian toponymic surname from Khandela
**Khandelwal communities
***[[Khandelwal Vaishya]], a Vaishnava Vaishya trading community originally from Khandela
***[[Khandelwal Jain]] or [[Sarawagi]], a major Jain community originally from Khandela

{{disambiguation}}

2024–25 Ranji Trophy

2025-11-11T05:02:19Z

TaylaA461435:

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2024–25 Ranji Trophy
| image =File:2024–25 Ranji Trophy.jpg
| caption =Official logo of Ranji Trophy 2024-25 Season
| fromdate =11 October 2024
| todate = 26 February 2025
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| champions = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| count = 3
| runner up = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| participants = 38
| matches = 138
| player of the series = [[Harsh Dubey]] (Vidarbha)
| most runs = [[Yash Rathod]] (Vidarbha) (960)
| most wickets = [[Harsh Dubey]] (Vidarbha) (69)
| website =
| previous_year = 2023–24
| previous_tournament = 2023–24 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2025–26
| next_tournament = 2025–26 Ranji Trophy
}}
The '''2024–25 Ranji Trophy''' also known as the '''[[IDFC First Bank]]''' '''Ranji Trophy''' for sponsorship reasons, was the 90th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]] taking place from 11 October to 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556116/bcci-announces-domestic-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |title=BCCI announces domestic fixtures for home season 2024-25|work=bcci.tv|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/bcci-announce-indian-domestic-schedule-for-2024-25-full-list-of-tournaments-and-start-dates|title=BCCI announce Indian domestic schedule for 2024/25: Full list of tournaments and start dates|work=wisden|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> Mumbai were the defending champions.Vidarbha won the title by defeating Kerala.

==Format==
The teams are divided into two categories, one named Elite category which has 32 teams split into four groups, and one named Plate category having 6 teams in one group. The Elite category teams play each other once, with the top two teams from each group qualifying for the quarter-finals. In the Plate Group teams also play each other once, but the top four teams qualify for the plate group knockouts, with the bottom two teams playing for the fifth and sixth positions, and another playoff for the third and fourth positions with the semi-final losers. The two Plate finalists are promoted to the Elite group for the next season, 2025–26, while the bottom two teams of all the four Elite groups combined - factoring in both points and the quotient will be relegated to Plate group.

== League stage ==
===Group A===
{{main|2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group A}}
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group A}}

===Group B===
{{main|2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group B}}
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group B}}

===Group C===
{{main|2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group C}}
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group C}}

===Group D===
{{main|2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group D}}
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group D}}

===Plate Group===
{{main|2024–25 Ranji Trophy Plate Group}}
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Plate Group}}
====Plate Final====
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 January 2025
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team |Nagaland]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 276 (104.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Kashyap Bakhale 79 (188)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] 4/69 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 216 (66.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rongsen Jonathan]] 86 (116)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Heramb Parab]] 5/30 (12.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 517/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (158 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 202[[not out|*]] (374)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 2/71 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (69.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hem Chetri]] 54 (126)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Darshan Misal]] 5/48 (22)

| result = Goa won by 362 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445972.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], [[Sovima]]
| umpires = Vaibhav Dhokre and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] (Goa)
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Heramb Parab]] (Goa) took his first five-wicket haul in first-class cricket.
}}

==Knockout stage==
{{8TeamBracket
| nowrap = yes
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 125px

| RD1 = Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Semi-finals
| RD3 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = {{nowrap|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| RD1-score1 = {{nobr|280 & 399/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]}}
| RD1-seed2 = C2
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''281 & 295/6'''
| RD1-seed3 = D1
| RD1-team3 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| RD1-score3 = 216 & 197
| RD1-seed4 = '''B2'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''511'''
| RD1-seed5 = '''B1'''
| RD1-team5 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD1-score5 = '''353 & 272'''
| RD1-seed6 = D2
| RD1-team6 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD1-score6 = 225 & 202
| RD1-seed7 = C1
| RD1-team7 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| RD1-score7 = 301 & 201
| RD1-seed8 = '''A2'''
| RD1-team8 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD1-score8 = '''315 & 339'''

| RD2-seed1 = '''C2'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]'''
| RD2-score1 = {{nowrap|'''457 & 114/4'''}}
| RD2-seed2 = B2
| RD2-team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| RD2-score2 = 455
| RD2-seed3 = '''B1'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''383 & 292'''
| RD2-seed4 = A2
| RD2-team4 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD2-score4 = 270 & 325

| RD3-seed1 = SF1
| RD3-team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| RD3-score1 = 342
| RD3-seed2 = '''SF2'''
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''379 & 375/9'''
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–12 February 2025
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 280 (95.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kanhaiya Wadhawan]] 48 (80)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[M. D. Nidheesh]] 6/75 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 281 (85 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Salman Nizar]] 112[[not out|*]] (172)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Auqib Nabi]] 6/53 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 399/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (100.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 132 (232)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[M. D. Nidheesh]] 4/89 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 295/6 (126 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] 67[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Sahil Lotra 2/50 (36 overs)

| result = Match drawn (Kerala advanced on first-innings lead)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445950.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Salman Nizar]] (Kerala)
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''1st Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = [[M. D. Nidheesh]] (Kerala) took his first ten-wicket haul in first-class cricket.
}}
-------
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–12 February 2025
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 353 (121.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Karun Nair]] 122 (243)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Shankar]] 3/75 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 225 (64.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = C Andre Siddarth 65 (89)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aditya Thakare]] 5/34 (16.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 272 (92.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yash Rathod]] 112 (213)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sai Kishore]] 5/78 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 202 (61.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sonu Yadav]] 57 (84)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nachiket Bhute]] 3/19 (10 overs)

| result = Vidarbha won by 198 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445951.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = K Nidhin and Abhijit Bhattacharya
| motm = [[Karun Nair]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''2nd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
-------
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–12 February 2025
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 315 (88.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 97 (173)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 3/71 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 301 (84.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Kumar]] 136 (206)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 6/58 (18.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 339 (85.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 108 (180)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Anuj Thakral 4/70 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 201 (57.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Lakshya Dalal 64 (130)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Royston Dias]] 5/39 (10.3 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 152 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445952.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] and Amit Rana
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai)
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''3rd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Yashvardhan Dalal (Haryana) made his first-class debut.
* [[Royston Dias]] (Mumbai) took his first five-wicket haul in first-class cricket.
}}
-------
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–12 February 2025
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 216 (72.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]] 69 (148)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 4/48 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 511 (159.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Urvil Patel]] 140 (197)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 5/120 (37.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 197 (62.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Harvik Desai]] 54 (103)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Priyajit Jadeja 4/32 (8.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Gujarat won by an innings and 98 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445953.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Anil Dandekar
| motm = Jaymeet Patel (Gujarat)
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''4th Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = [[Urvil Patel]] (Gujarat) scored his first century in first-class cricket.
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 February 2025
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 457 (187 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] 177[[not out|*]] (341)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] 3/81 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 455 (174.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 148 (237)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 4/111 (45.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 114/4 (46 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jalaj Saxena]] 37[[not out|*]] (90)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Manan Hingrajia]] 2/22 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn (Kerala advanced on first-innings lead)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445954.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] (Kerala)
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''1st Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Ahammed Imran and Varun Nayanar (Kerala) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
-------
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 February 2025
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 383 (107.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Danish Malewar 79 (157)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 5/49 (11.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 270 (92 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Akash Anand 106 (256)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Parth Rekhade]] 4/55 (30 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 292 (110.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yash Rathod]] 151 (252)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shams Mulani]] 6/85 (44 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 325 (97.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 66 (124)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 5/127 (41.5 overs)

| result = Vidarbha won by 80 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445955.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Yash Rathod]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''2nd Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February – 2 March 2025
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 379 (123.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Danish Malewar 153 (285)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[M. D. Nidheesh]] 3/61 (28.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 342 (125 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Baby]] 98 (235)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 3/52 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 375/9 (143.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karun Nair]] 135 (295)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 4/96 (44.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn (Vidarbha won due to first-innings lead)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445956.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = Danish Malewar (Vidarbha)
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''Final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==See also==
* [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy]]
* [[2024–25 Irani Cup]]
* [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
* [[2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2024-25-1445824 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-plate-league-2024-25-1445826 Plate League at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2024–25}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2024-25}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Gavli

2025-09-21T05:12:14Z

TaylaA461435: brief rework details for clarity and fixed typos

{{short description|Sub caste of Yadav in Maharashtra}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Gavli''' (also spelled as '''Gawli''' or '''Gavali''') ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: गवळी) is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] caste in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=187|ps=: "The term "Yadav" covers many castes which initially had different names: Ahir in the Hindi belt, Punjab and Gujarat, Gavli in Maharashtra, Gola in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka etc."}}<ref name="Malhotra 1982">{{cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=K. C. |date=March 1982 |title=Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India |url=http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/1447/HE-10-1-1982-P107-143.pdf |journal=Human Ecology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1007/BF01531107 |s2cid=154253698}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=B. H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |volume=II |year=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |pages=568–569 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA568}}</ref> They are a part of the [[Yadav]] community.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraswati|first=Baidyanath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4wdAQAAIAAJ&q=Mhaske|title=The Cultural Dimension of Ecology|date=1998|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-81-246-0102-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tribes|first=Karnataka (India) Legislature Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYAkAQAAMAAJ&q=golla+gauli|title=Report|publisher=Karnataka Legislature Secretariat.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Commission|first=Third Karnataka Backward Classes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3TaAAAAMAAJ&q=golla+gauli|title=The Justice-journey of the Karnataka Backward Classes|date=1990|publisher=Government of Karnataka|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ABAAAAMAAJ&q=golla+gauliga|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga|date=1975|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQUdAQAAMAAJ&q=+gavali|title=Census of India, 1961|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Buldhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1EbAAAAIAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State, 1976 |page=224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Gavali|title=India's Communities|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name '''Gavli''' may have been derived from a Sanskrit word meaning [[Cattle|cow]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC |title=Caste and Race in India |date=1969 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-205-5 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
Some authorities have suggested that [[Ahir]]s (today [[Yadav]]s) migrated to [[Maharashtra]] from [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] in early historic times. Other researchers have hypothesized that these people have inhabited [[Maharashtra]] for the last 5,000 to 10,000 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearl |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgu0AAAAIAAJ |title=Human Biology |date=1993 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |pages=306 |language=en}}</ref>

Gavli are distributed all over Maharashtra. Although a has classified Gawlis as sub-caste of many different castes [[Ahir|Ahir Gawli]] (sub-caste of famous [[Yadav]] caste of North India) whereas Hanbar Gawli, Singaji Gawli and [[lingayat|Lingayat Gawli]] are different from [[Yaduvanshi Aheer|Yadav-Ahir Gawli]].{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=129}}{{sfnp|Enthoven|1990|p=368}}{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}} Along with [[Maratha]] and [[Kunbis]], [[Yaduvanshi Aheer|Ahir Gawlis]] are considered one of the allied castes of [[Maratha|Maratha caste]] and have been included in the [[Maratha Light Infantry|Maratha Regiment]] in the past.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |year=2001 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=439–478 |doi=10.2307/2659700 |jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |access-date=2020-11-28 |s2cid=40219522|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=163}}

==Relationship with Deccan Yadavas==
[[File:Daulatabad Fort Geography.jpg|thumb|The hill of Devagiri, the capital of Yadavas]]

The [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seuna Yadava]] dynasty, which ruled present-day Maharashtra and north Karnataka, arose out of the valorous deeds of [[Dridhaprahara]], founder of the dynasty, who protected cattle. According to the traditional sources, [[Devagiri]], the capital of Seuna Yadavas, was founded by a king who was a [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]/Gavli.{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}}{{sfnp|Wink|2001|p=231}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Müller|first1=Friedrich Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1c8AAAAMAAJ&q=devgiri|title=German Scholars on India: Contributions to Indian Studies|last2=Kultur-Referat|first2=Germany (West) Botschaft India|date=1976|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office|language=en}}</ref> The idea that the Seunas were a Gavli dynasty survives to this day in folk traditions of the [[Nashik]]-[[Khandesh]] area, where they are traditionally called "Gavli Kings".{{sfnp|Dhere|2011|p=237,246,247}}{{sfnp|Dhavalikar |2014|p=274}} During the reign of Seuna Yadavas and their rival [[Hoysala|Hoysala Yadavas]], the temple of [[Vitthal]] at [[Pandharpur]], under their purview, grew from a small pastoral deity site to a major temple complex.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2016|p=93}}

== References ==
<references />

===Bibliography===

* {{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://archive.org/details/environmentethni0000guha/page/46/mode/2up |year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|author-link1=M. S. A. Rao|year=1979|title= Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333902554}}
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Bayly|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA383|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|author-link=Susan Bayly}}
* {{cite book|first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot|author-link1=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC|year=2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere|author-link1=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648}}
* {{cite book|first=Syed Siraj ul|last=Hassan|title=The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|access-date=2011-07-25|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9}}
* {{cite book|first=R. E. |last=Enthoven|author-link1=Reginald Enthoven|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/bk616/page/n395/mode/1up?q=gavli |year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120606302}}
* {{cite book|first=Madhukar |last=Dhavalikar|author-link1=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|title=Socio-economic Archaeology of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkR3Ke81LoMC |year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, 2014 }}
* {{cite book|first=M. S. A. |last=Rao|author-link=M. S. A. Rao|title=Tradition, rationality, and change: essays in sociology of economic development and social change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pcoorxw2rrYC|year=1972|publisher=Popular Prakashan}}
* {{cite book|title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|year=2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231542418|doi=10.7312/nove17580|author-link1=Christian Lee Novetzke}}
* {{cite book|last=Lukacs|first=John|author-link=John Lukacs|year=2001|title=The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLTzBwAAQBAJ|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781489950031}}
* {{cite book|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Feldhaus|editor-last=Sontheimer|editor-first=Gunther-Dietz|title=Pastoral Deities in Western India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvaEQgAACAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195055009}}
* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|year=2001|title=Nomads in the Sedentary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&dq=gavli+dhangar&pg=PA231|publisher=Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group)|isbn=9780203037201}}

{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Kamal Kumar Majumdar

2025-08-25T11:06:48Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Short description|Indian writer (1914–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Kamal Kumar Majumdar
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption = Kamal Kumar Majumdar
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 17 November 1914
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1979|2|9|1914|11|17|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|height =
|occupation = [[Teacher]] [[Novelist]] [[Magazine|Editor]]
|yearsactive =
|website =
|spouse = Dayamayee Majumdar
|children =
}}
'''Kamal Kumar Majumdar''' ({{langx|bn|<big>কমলকুমার মজুমদার</big>}}) (17 November 1914 – 9 February 1979) was a major fiction-writer of the [[Bengali language]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC | title = Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History |author1=Krishna Dutta |author2=Anita Desai | publisher = Signal Books | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-902669-59-2 | page = 47 | accessdate =2009-01-10}}</ref> The novel ''Antarjali Jatra'' is considered his most notable work.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC | title = History of Indian Literature : [2].1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy | author = Sisir Kumar Das, various | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 1995 | isbn = 81-7201-798-7 | page = 504 | accessdate =2009-01-10}}</ref>

==Early life==
Majumdar was the son of Prafullachandra Majumdar and Renukamoyee Majumdar. Prafullachandra used to serve in the police department. Renukamoyee had keen literary interest and thus Kamalkumar was exposed to modern literary thoughts and trends from his childhood.

His parents were originally from [[Taki (India)|Taki]], a town in the [[24 Parganas]] district (now in [[North 24 Parganas district]]), but the family shifted to Rikhia. Kamalkumar spent his childhood and adolescence in [[Kolkata]], India. He started his studies in a school called "Bishnupur Shiksha Sangha" in [[Bishnupur (South 24 Parganas)|Bishnupur]] but dropped formal studies before completing high school. For sometime, he studied [[Sanskrit]] in a ''[[Tol, Aurangabad|Tol]]'' and learned [[sitar]] from a local maestro. In 1937 he established a magazine called "Ushnish" where he used to write under his real name as well as a number of [[pen name]]s. But during 1944–45 he devoted himself mostly to painting. During 1937–38 he got numerous offers for going abroad which he refused.

Kamal Kumar was married to Dayamayee Majumdar and his younger brother was a renowned painter, [[Nirode Mazumdar]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Ardhek Jibon | author = Sunil Gangopadhyay | publisher = Ananda Publishers| author-link = Sunil Gangopadhyay }}</ref> Their younger sister [[Shanu Lahiri]] (1928 – 2013) was also a noted painter and art educator.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Shanu Lahiri dead|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130202/jsp/calcutta/story_16510654.jsp#.UUISlTeEnuo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411220503/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130202/jsp/calcutta/story_16510654.jsp%23.UUISlTeEnuo|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|newspaper=Telegraph (Calcutta)|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref>

==Works==

===Stories===
* Lal Juto (The Red Shoes)
* Madhu (Honey)
* Jal (Water )
* Teish (Twenty Three)
* [[Mallika Bahar (short story)|Mallika Bahar]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=গুহ |first=চিন্ময় |date=November 16, 2013 |title=সত্যিই কি তিনি 'রহস্যপুরুষ' |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1131116/16pustak1.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 20, 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
* Matilal Padri
* Tahader Katha (Their Tale)
* Fauji Banduk
* Neem Annapurna (19kamalkumar65)<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vfSPI2irzUgC | title = Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India |author1=Nalini Natarajan |author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-313-28778-3 | page = 60 |accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
* Kayed Khana
* Rukminikumar
* Lupta Pujabidhi
* Khelar Bichar (Rules of the game)
* Khelar Drishyabali (Scenes of the game)
* Anitter Dayvag
* Konkal Eleigy (Elegy of the skeletons)
* Dwadash Mrittika
* Pingolabat
* Khelar aromvo (Start of the game)
* Bagan Keyari
* Aar chokhe jol
* Bagan Poridhi
* Kal e aatotai
* Justice Justice
* Prem (The Desire)
* Babu
* Princess
* Amod Bostumi
* Koschito Jibonchorit : tinti khosra

===Novels===
* Antarjali Jatra (The Final Passage, 1962)<ref name=handbook/>
* Golap Sundori
* Anila Smorone
* Shyam-Nouka
* Suhasinir Pometom
* Pinjare Bosiya Shuk
* Khelar Pratibha
* Shoborimangal

===Other work===
* Number of paintings
* Number of wood cut sculptures
* Edited a notable magazine named ANKA BHAVNA

A notable article on ANKA BHAVNA by mathematician Narayan Chandra Ghosh has been published in the December 2015 issue of Sristir Ekosh Satak Patrika. Before that he wrote articles on ANKA BHAVNA in Pratibimbha, Samakal 0 Bibriti. A book titled KAMAL KUMAR MAJUMDER o Anka Bhavan Edited by Narayan Ch Ghosh is most popular one.

==Movies based on his work==
The movies such as ''[[Neem Annapurna]]'' directed by [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]], ''[[Antarjali Jatra]]'' by [[Gautam Ghosh]], ''[[Sati (film)|Sati]]'' by [[Aparna Sen]] and ''[[Tahader Katha]]'' by Buddhadev Dasgupta were based on the novels and stories written by Majumdar. Gautam Ghosh made a Hindi movie named ''Mahayatra'' based on Majumdar's novel ''Antarjali Jatra''.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC | title = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: historical record, the business and its future, narrative forms, analysis of the medium, milestones, biographies | author = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 2003 | isbn = 81-7991-066-0 | page = 337 | accessdate = 2009-01-10}}</ref>

''Lal Juto'', a Bengali film made by a student and based on Majumdar's short story of the same name, won the Best Creative Idea Award at the 11th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/dreams-spring-from-red-shoes-fetch-cinema-award/326389/ | title = Dreams spring from red shoes, fetch cinema award | publisher = Indian Express | date = 2008-06-23 | accessdate = 2009-01-10 | archive-date = 20 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120920173532/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/dreams-spring-from-red-shoes-fetch-cinema-award/326389/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Subimal Mishra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Shoaib Gibran (2010), Kamalkumar Choritom, Shuddhasshar [http://www.shuddhashar.com www.shuddhashar.com], {{ISBN|978-984-8837-19-1}}
* Shoaib Gibran (2009), Kamalkumar Majumdarer Upannayasher Karankaushal,Bangla Academy,{{ISBN|984-07-4767-3}}
* ANKA BHAVNAR ANKA (2015) Narayan Ch Ghosh, December 2015 issue of Sristir Ekosh Satak Patrika.
* ANKA BHAVNA (2013) Narayan Ch Ghosh,Pratibimbha
* ANKA BHAVNA (2013) Narayan Ch Ghosh, Samakal 0 Bibriti
{{IMDb name|1407238}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Kamal Kumar}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]

Hansalsar

2025-08-03T17:27:54Z

TaylaA461435: made initial stub w/ refs

{{one source|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
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| name = Hansalsar
| settlement_type = Village
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| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Language
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] and [[Hindi]]
| area_footnotes =
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333021
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| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
}}

'''Hansalsar''' is a small village near the city of [[Jhunjhunu]] situated on the banks of [[Katli river]] in the [[Jhunjhunu district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jhunjhunu/badagawan/news/dhanka-society-meeting-was-held-in-hansalsar-131926226.html|title = Dhanka society meeting was held in Hansalsar |website = [[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm14525277/ Kuldeep Kayath],Singer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Ullal beach

2025-07-09T19:36:08Z

TaylaA461435: starting entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ullal Beach
| settlement_type = Beach
| image_skyline = Ullal beach.jpg
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type = Location
| subdivision_name = [[Ullal]]
| subdivision_type1 = City
| subdivision_type2 = Country
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_type6 = Activities
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mangaluru]]
| subdivision_name2 = India
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name4 = Yes
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_name6 = Swimming
| governing_body = [[Ullal City Municipal]]
| website =
}}
'''Ullal Beach''' is situated on the southwestern seaboard of the Indian sub-continent, adjacent to [[Ullal]] town, 10 km south of the city of [[Mangaluru]], Karnataka, India. Attractions are its picturesque stretch of [[Coconut trees]], fishermen's lane, the ruined fort of [[Abbakka Chowta|Abbakka Devi]] and 16th century Jain temples. A resort is also situated nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.summersands.in/|title=Index|last=Sands|first=Summer|website=www.summersands.in|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

The ''Dargah of Sayed Mohammed Shereful Madani'', who is said to have come to Ullal from [[Medina|Madina]] 400 years ago, is a famous [[dargah]] located nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://manipalblog.com/2012/04/07/5-super-beaches-of-mangalore-to-chill-out-this-weekend/|title = 5 Beaches of Mangalore to chill out this Weekend!|date = 2012-04-07|website = Manipal Blog|access-date = 2016-11-24}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
Ullal Beach is well connected by public transport. Ullal bus Station can be reached from [[Thokottu|Thokkottu]] on the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]], provides convenient access to the beach. There are many city buses from [[Statebank, Mangalore|statebank]], [[Kankanady]], [[Deralakatte]] and other parts of [[Mangaluru]] city. The beach is very close to Ullal bus station and accessible by walk.

== Climate ==
Mangalore has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon.

== See also ==
* [[NITK Beach]]
* [[Panambur Beach]]
* [[Tannirbhavi Beach]]
* [[Sasihithlu Beach]]
* [[Someshwar Beach]]
* [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]]
* [[Kadri Park]]
* [[Tagore Park]]
* [[St. Aloysius Chapel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Beaches of Mangalore]]

{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

Indian natural history

2025-05-25T04:28:54Z

TaylaA461435: made first entry w/ infobox

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
'''Natural history''' in the [[Indian subcontinent]] has a long heritage with a [[recorded history]] going back to the Vedic era. Natural history research in early times included the broad fields of [[palaeontology]], [[zoology]] and [[botany]]. These studies would today be considered under field of ecology but in former times, such research was undertaken mainly by amateurs, often physicians, civil servants and army officers.
[[File:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|Rock painting from [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka|Bhimbetka]] showing a hunt]]
Although the growth of modern natural history in India can be attributed to British colonialism and the growth of natural history in Britain, there is considerable evidence to suggest that India with its diverse landscapes, fauna and flora along with other tropical colonies helped in creating an increased interest in natural history in Britain and elsewhere in the world.<ref>Schiebinger, Londa and Claudia Swan (Eds.) 2004 Colonial Botany Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World. 352 pages. University of Pennsylvania</ref> Natural history in India was also enriched by older traditions of conservation, folklore, nature study and the arts.<ref name="archer">[[Mildred Archer|Archer, Mildred]] & [[W.G. Archer]] (1955) Natural history paintings. In Indian painting for the British 1770–1880, pp. 91–98. Oxford, Oxford University Press.</ref>

==Indus Valley Civilization==

Over a thousand sites of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] across north west [[South Asia]], before 1700 BC have been studied to date. A large number of animal bones have been found at these sites; one-fifth of these comprising bones of wild fauna, such as the [[jackal]], [[hare]], [[chital]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[Asian elephant|elephant]]. Most seeds found in the dwellings of some western Indian sites are of wild plants now extinct in the region.<ref name="IWH2">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 4.</ref>

The fauna and flora of those times are richly represented in the clay pottery and tablets excavated from these sites. [[Clay tablet]]s document many species of now locally extinct wildlife including rhinoceros and elephant. A tiger seal has been found in [[Harrappa]] dating back to 3000 BC.<ref name="IWH2"/>

The swamp deer or ''barasingha'' was found in Mehrgarh in Baluchistan till 300 BC and probably became locally extinct due to over-hunting and loss of riverine habitat to cultivation.<ref name="IWH2"/> A species of wild cattle, ''Bos primegenius nomadicus'' or the [[zebu]] vanished early on from its range in the [[Indus]] basin and western [[India]], possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.<ref name="IWH2"/>

The first recorded domestication of the elephant was in [[Harappa]]n times and the animal ultimately went on to serve as a [[siege engine]], mount in war, status symbol, work animal, and an elevated platform for hunting.<ref name="IWH3">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 6.</ref>

==Vedic period==
The [[Vedas]] represent some of the oldest historical records available (1500 – 500 BC) and they list the names of nearly 250 kinds of birds besides many other notes on various other fauna and flora.<ref name="ali">{{cite book|author=Ali, S. |year=1979|title= Bird study in India: its history and its importance|publisher=ICCR, New Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/AzadMemorialBirds }}</ref> In the vedic texts, ''Aryavarta'', the land of the [[Aryan]]s, was considered to be co-terminous with the range of the [[blackbuck]]. Sometimes, these referred to the lands North of the [[Vindhyas]]; at others times, it included lands to the South.<ref name="IWH">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 2.</ref> A notable piece of information mentioned in the Vedas is the knowledge of [[brood parasitism]] in the [[Asian koel|Indian koel]], a habit known well ahead of [[Aristotle]] (384 – 322 BC). This is possibly because both the Indian koel and its host the [[house crow]] were common and easy to observe.<ref name="ali"/>

The medical treatises of [[Charaka]] and [[Sushruta]] mention wildlife from the point of view of the meats the forests yielded and their associated attributes. The stratification of Hindu society into the caste system saw the warrior caste or ''kshatriya'' setting itself apart on hereditary lines; one assertion of which was the right to eat certain animals. The treatises espoused rules as to when, and who could or could not eat flesh of particular animals; for example, the flesh of the lion and tiger were to be consumed solely by regents and that too on rare occasions.<ref name="IWH1">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 3.</ref>

The [[Asian elephant|elephant]] was another well studied wild animal and the capture, training and maintenance of elephants was documented in the 2000-year-old text ''Gajashastra'' written in the [[Pāli]] script.<ref>Kramrisch, S. The representation of nature in early Buddhist sculpture. Rupam 8. 1921.</ref>

The [[Tamil literature]] of the ''Sangam'' period, depicts a classification of land into 5 eco-types; ranging from the [[Littoral zone|littoral]] to wet paddy fields.<ref name="IWH"/> These landscapes were named after specific species of plants, named after their flowers (Strobilanthes spp., Jasminus spp., Lagerstroemia reginae, Wrightia tinctoria and Nymphaea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constantine |first1=Godwin R. |title=Nature in Ancient Tamil Poetry – Research Methodologies and Researchers |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities |date=2018-01-20 |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/wp-content/uploads/ASH_V5_N3_015.pdf |issn=2321-788X}}</ref> The Tamils also designated specific faunal assemblages for each of these 5 landscapes. Unlike most of the natural history information in Indian poetry, the Sangam poems contain realistic descriptions of morphology, behaviour and ecology of various species, besides astonishing comparison of flora (or floral parts) with fauna (or their parts).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TreatmentofNatureinSangamLiterature/Treatment%20of%20Nature%20in%20Sangam%20literature#mode/2up|title = Treatment of Nature in Sangam Literature|year = 1969}}</ref>

==The Maurya period==
The protection of animals became serious business by the time of the [[Maurya dynasty]] in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. The first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, its denizens and fauna in general is of interest.

The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as a resource. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants; these played a role in the defeat of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s governor of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was more cost and time-effective to catch, tame and train wild elephants than raise them. [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the ''Protector of the Elephant Forests'':<ref name="IWH4">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 7.</ref>

{{blockquote|On the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Superintendent should with the help of guards...protect the elephants whether along on the mountain, along a river, along lakes or in marshy tracts...They should kill anyone slaying an elephant.|[[Arthashastra]]}}

The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins. Elsewhere the ''Protector of Animals'' also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.

The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or ''aranyaca'' to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire.<ref name="IWH5">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 8.</ref>

The Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] (304 – 232 BC), embraced [[Buddhism]] in the latter part of his reign and brought about significant changes in his style of governance. He provided protection to fauna and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was perhaps the first ruler to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states:<ref name="IWH5"/>
{{blockquote|Our king killed very few animals.|Edict on Fifth Pillar}}

However, the edicts of Ashoka and the contents of Arthashastra reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the freedoms exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests.<ref name="IWH5"/>

==Chalukya period==
Arguably, the best treatise on hunting in Sanskrit was the ''Manasollasa'' composed in the times of the [[Chalukya]]s, the 12th century rulers of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name="IWH8">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 13.</ref> Another work from this period was ''Mriga Pakshi Shastra'', a treatise on mammals and birds written in the 13th century by a Jain poet, Hamsadeva. The accuracy of the content has however been critiqued by many including Salim Ali.<ref name=ali/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/MrigaPakshiShastra|year=1927|title=Mriga Pakshi Shastra by Hamsadeva (English translation)|author=Sundaracharya, H.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shankar, Darshan |year=2009 |title=Mriga-Pakshi-Shastra |url=https://wwwops.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_096_02_0292_0292_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=96 |issue=2 |page=292}}</ref>

==Mughal period==
[[File:RhinoHuntBabur.jpg|thumb|[[Babur]] hunting [[Indian rhinoceros|rhino]] near [[Peshawar]]]]
[[File:AkbarHunt.jpg|thumb|[[Blackbuck]] hunting with [[Asiatic cheetah|cheetahs]] from the [[Akbarnama]]]]
The Moghul emperors not only led a leisurely life but also pursued gardening and art. They decorated their gardens with their private zoos and hired artists to paint many subjects including plants and animals. Hunting and falconry were also extensively practised.<ref>Delme-Radcliffe, Lt. Col. E. (1871) Notes on the Falconidae used in India in Falconry. (Reprint) Standfast Press, 1971.</ref> They also employed scribes and were among the first to document their observations of nature in India. The foremost of the observers were [[Jehangir]] (1569–1627) and [[Babur]] (1483–1530) (See also [[Baburnama]]).<ref>[[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt|Blunt, Wilfrid.]] 1948. The Mughal painters of natural history. Burlington magazine 90 (539): 49–50.</ref>

===Babur===

The notes of [[Babur]] for instance indicate the former distribution of the rhinoceros as far west as the Indus:
{{blockquote|The Lesser Rhinoceros is found at present in the Bengal Sunderbuns, and a very few individuals are stated to occur in the forest tract along the Mahanuddy river, and extending northwards towards Midnapore; and also on the northern edge of the Rajmahal hills near the Ganges. It occurs also more abundantly in Burmah, and thence through the Malayan peninsula to Java and Borneo. Several have been killed quite recently within a few miles of Calcutta. One of these species formerly existed on the banks of the Indus, where it was hunted by the Emperor Baber. Individuals of this species are not unfrequently taken about the country as a show.|[[Thomas C. Jerdon]], 1874. Mammals of India}}
Salim Ali provides more details of this incident:<ref name=alimoghul>{{cite journal|author=Ali, S. |year=1927| title= The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen. Part 1|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=31|issue=4|pages=833–861}}</ref>
{{blockquote|
We continued our march till we came near Bekram (Peshawar) and then halted. Next morning we continued halting in the same station, and I went out to hunt the Rhinoceros. We crossed the Siah-Ab (i.e. Black River perhaps another name tor the Bara) in front of Bekram, and formed our ring lower down the river. When we had gone a short way, a man came after us with notice that a rhinoceros had entered a little wood near Bekram and that they had surrounded the wood and were waiting lot us. We immediately proceeded towards the wood at full gallop and east a ring round it. Instantly on our raising the shout the rhinoceros issued out into the plain. Humayun and those who had come from the same quarter (i.e. from Turkestan) never having seen a rhinoceros before, were greatly amused. They followed it for nearly a ''kos'', shot many arrows at it and finally brought it down. The rhinoceros did not make a good set at any person or any horse. They afterwards killed another rhinoceros. I had often amused myself by conjecturing how an elephant and rhinoceros would behave it brought to face each other; on this occasion the elephant keepers brought out the elephants so that one elephant fell right in with the rhinoceros. As soon as the drivers put their beasts in motion, the rhinoceros would not come up but immediately ran off in another direction.}}

===Jahangir===

[[File:DodoMansur.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of a [[dodo]] attributed to [[Ustad Mansur]]]]
[[Jahangir]] also kept detailed records of his hunts. From the ages of 12 (1580) to 48, 28,532 animals had been hunted with 17,167 by himself. These included 86 tigers (and lions), 9 bears, leopards, foxes, otters (''ubdilao'') and hyaenas, 889 – blue bulls (nilgai) and 35 ''mhaka''. Salim Ali suggests that the mhaka must refer to swamp deer.<ref name=alimoghul />

Salim Ali in his 1927 article ''The Moghul emperors of India and naturalists and sportsmen'' notes:
{{blockquote|The Emperor Jehangir mentions that one day he was hunting the rhinoceros from an elephant in the Kul Nuh Ban (Forest) in the neighbourhood of Aligarh. He says 'A rhinoceros appeared and I struck it with a bullet on the face (mana) near the lobe of the year. The bullet penetrated for about a span. From the bullet it fell and gave up its life. It has often happened in my presence that powerful men (''jawanan'') good shots with the bow, have shot 20 or 30 arrows at them and not killed.' This took place about the year 1622 AD. It has been stated that the animal was a wolf, but this is obviously incorrect. In Persian ''Gurg'' is a wolf and ''Kurg'' a rhinoceros. A wolf certainly would not require 20 or 30 arrows to kill it.}}

Ustad Mansur, a 17th-century court artist of Jehangir,<ref>Verma, S. P. 1999. Mughal Painter of Flora and Fauna Ustad Mansur. Abhinav Publications.</ref> was the first man to accurately paint the [[Siberian crane]].<ref name="IWH6">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, pp 14.</ref> The [[dodo]] was brought to Jehangir's court via [[Portugal|Portuguese]] controlled [[Goa]] and an unsigned painting of it in the [[Hermitage Museum]] is attributed to Mansur.<ref>Das, A.K. 1974. "Ustad Mansur", Lalit, 17, 1974. p. 37.</ref><ref name="IWH7">Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History, p. 19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture19/ustadmansur.html|title=Science, civilization and society|website=www.incois.gov.in|access-date=14 December 2007|archive-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210165602/http://www.incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture19/ustadmansur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Pre-colonial period==
[[File:HortusMalabaricus.jpg|thumb|Cover of [[Hortus Malabaricus]]]]
''[[Hortus Malabaricus|Hortus indicus malabaricus]]'' was the oldest regional [[flora]] for any part of the world and was published in India in the 18th century by the Dutch East India Company through the work of [[Hendrik van Rheede]] (1636–1691).

==Colonial period==
[[File:TigerSkinning.jpg|thumb|250px|Instructions for tiger skinning]]
{{blockquote|...;and, secondly, that as Great Britain possesses such vast territories in Asia, colonies in Africa and the West Indies, and is now cultivating extensive connections with both North and South America, (not to mention the entire possession of that extensive and interesting country New Holland), a fine opportunity is afforded for forming Collections of rare and beautiful Insects, as well as enriching those already made; and especially as these objects of Natural History are admitted into this country free of all duty. Many persons, therefore, who have been hitherto deterred from consigning to their friends valuable Collections of Insects, may now gratify them at a trifling cost; and we would anxiously impress upon our readers who may visit or reside in foreign countries, the great importance of attending to this subject, as we are persuaded that some of the choicest Collections in England have received their most rare and novel specimens from such well-timed and pleasing donations.|Preface in Samouelle's 1826 guide to collection}}
With cabinets of curiosity already popular in European homes, trade and movement of natural history specimens around the world grew with the growth of shipping. The East India Company was quick to note the interest in natural curiosities and set up the first museum in London. The collections grew rapidly. With the establishment of colonies in India, there were also attempts to set up menageries in India. An early attempt was the Barrackpore menagerie established by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] in 1801 through the Institution for Promoting the Natural History of India. 

[[File:MurrayAdvert.jpg|thumb|250px|Taxidermy services advertisement, 1888]]
The Indian Civil Services, whose selection procedure included tests in the knowledge of botany, zoology and geology, brought many British naturalists to India. Some collected species on behalf of British and other European naturalists and museums, while others carried out their studies entirely on their own. Historians have linked the birth of museums to colonialism.<ref>Barringer, T. and Flynn, T. (eds) (1988) Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture
and the Museum, Museum Meaning Series, London: Routledge.</ref><ref>Bennett, T. (1995) The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London: Routledge.</ref> These massive collections and their documentation led to the production of numerous works including ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]'' series.

The earliest effort to document the [[fauna of India]] was perhaps that of [[Thomas Hardwicke]] (1755–1835), a military officer in India who hired local artists to produce a huge collection of illustrations of Indian animals. This was subsequently studied by [[John Edward Gray]] (1800–1875) and led to the publication of ''Illustrations of Indian zoology: chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke'' and consisted of 202 colour plates.<ref>Irwin, John. 1952. A note on the two reproductions [paintings of birds by Ustad Mansur and an unknown artist of c. 1790]. Marg 5 (4): 35–36</ref><ref>Noltie, H..J. (1999) Indian botanical drawings 1793–1868 from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh: Edinburgh. 100pp.</ref><ref>White, J. J. and Farole, A. M. (1994) Natural history paintings from Rajasthan Catalogue of an exhibition 17 November 1994 to 24 February 1995. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh. 43pp.</ref><ref>Noltie, H. J. (2002) The Dapuri drawings: Alexander Gibson and The Bombay Botanic Gardens. The Antique Collectors Club in association with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 240pp.</ref><ref>Mehta, Nanalal C. 1926. "Some floral studies." In: Studies in Indian painting: A survey of some new material ranging from the commencement of the VIIth century to circa 1870 A.D., pp. 75–84. Bombay, D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co.</ref><ref>Sinclair WF (1890) [https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn05bomb#page/175/mode/1up Some new books of Indian Zoology]. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 5(2–3):176–184</ref>

A large and growing number of naturalists with an interest in sharing observations led to the founding of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] in 1883.<ref name="bnhs">Newton, Paul & [[Matt Ridley]]. Biology under the Raj. New Scientist. (22 September 1983) pp. 857–867</ref>
[[File:Thomas oldham.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Thomas Oldham|Thomas Oldham (1816–1878)]]]]

During this era many Indian princes also took to large scale hunting and together with British hunters, many species of wildlife were hunted to near extinction while some species such as the [[Cheetah]] became extinct.

===Paleontology===
The study of geology was of great interest during the colonial period. Rich coal bearing seams, gold and other minerals became much sought after resources. This led to the formation of the [[Geological Survey of India]], the first superintendent of which was [[Thomas Oldham]] (1816–1878). With his interest in fossils, especially after his discovery of ''[[Oldhamia]]'', he took considerable interest in the palaeontological aspects of India. He recruited [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]] to work on the Jurassic beds of Kutch. The work of this generation of geologists led to globally significant discoveries including support for continental drift and the idea of a Gondwana supercontinent.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/es2k/newsletter/Earth%20Science%202000%20Issue%2012.pdf |title=Thomas Oldham |journal=ES2K Magazine |issue=12 |author=Patrick N. Wyse Jackson |page=12 |date=2005–2006 |issn=1473-4184 |access-date=2012-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315145541/http://www.habitas.org.uk/es2k/newsletter/Earth%20Science%202000%20Issue%2012.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>

===Birds===
[[File:Timeline.svg|thumb|left|240px|A timeline of Indian ornithology]]
The study of birds in India during the colonial period began with hunting and it was only later that more careful observations were made. Many civil servants and army officers took an interest in hunting for sport and often made notes on the birds that they shot while some of the more interesting species were skinned and sent back to museums in England for identification.

Early studies were made by Major Franklin in 1831 (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831) followed by Colonel [[William Henry Sykes|W. H. Sykes]] with a Catalogue of the Birds of the Bombay Deccan (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832) and [[Samuel Tickell]] with a List of the Birds of Borabhum and Dholbum (Journal. Asiat. Society, 1833). Most of the identification work was however done back in England.<ref>Jerdon, T. C. 1864. Birds of India. Vol. 1</ref>

Local systematic ornithology began with [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] (1811–1872) in southern India and later [[Allan Octavian Hume]] (1829–1912) who established a network of ornithologists in India, with the help of an ornithological journal for the region, ''Stray Feathers'', in which he described new species and edited notes from contributors across the region.

The large and widespread collection efforts of ornithologists spread around the region were deposited in the British Museum and in 1889, Blanford commented on the importance of the collection for Indian ornithology:
{{blockquote|...But, above all, Mr. Hume brought together, chiefly in about ten years (from 1872 to 1882), a collection of Indian birds from all parts of the country far superior to any ever before accumulated; indeed it is doubtful whether an equally complete collection has ever before been made, from a similar area, in any branch of Zoology or Botany. The whole of this collection, amounting to 60,000 skins, besides a very large number of nests and eggs, has now been presented by Mr. Hume to the British Museum; and as the same building contains the collections of Colonel Sykes, the Marquis of Tweeddale (Viscount Walden), Mr. Gould, and, above all, of Mr. Hodgson, the opportunities now offered for the study of Indian birds in London are far superior to those that have ever been presented to students in India.|W. T. Blanford in the preface to ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]''. Birds, volume 1, by E. W. Oates, 1889}}

The famous names in the ornithology of the Indian subcontinent during this era include
* [[Andrew Leith Adams]] (1827–1882),
* [[Edward Blyth]] (1810–1873),
* [[Edward Arthur Butler]] (1843–1916),
* [[Douglas Dewar]] (1875–1957),
* [[Norman Frederick Frome|N. F. Frome]] (1899–1982),<ref>Frome, N F. (1922–1969) Notes on birds seen in India, in the British Isles, and elsewhere.</ref>
* [[Hugh Whistler]] (1889–1943)
* [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|H. H. Godwin-Austen]] (1834–1923)
* [[William Henry Sykes|Col. W. H. Sykes]](1790–1872)
* [[Charles M. Inglis|C. M. Inglis]] (1870–1954)
* [[Frank Ludlow]] (1885–1972)
* [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] (1864–1944)
* [[Henry Edwin Barnes]] (1848–1896)
* [[Frederick Nicholson Betts|F. N. Betts]] (1906–1973)
* [[Harold Robert Baker|H. R. Baker]] (1869-1949)
* [[William Edwin Brooks|W. E. Brooks]] (1828–1899)
* [[Margaret Bushby Lascelles Cockburn|Margaret Cockburn]] (1829–1928)
* [[J. A. Murray (naturalist)|James A. Murray]]
* [[Eugene William Oates|E. W. Oates]] (1845–1911)
* [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]] (1838–1874)
* [[Valentine Ball]] (1843–1894)
* [[William Thomas Blanford|W. T. Blanford]] (1832–1905)
* [[J. K. Stanford]] (1892–1971)
* [[Charles Swinhoe]] (1836–1923)
* [[Robert Swinhoe]] (1836–1877)
* [[Charles Henry Tilson Marshall|C. H. T. Marshall]] (1841–1927)
* [[George Frederick Leycester Marshall|G. F. L. Marshall]] (1843–1934)
* [[R. S. P. Bates]] (1897–1961)
* [[James Franklin (naturalist)|James Franklin]] (1783–1834)
* [[Satya Churn Law]]
* [[Arthur Edward Osmaston]] (1885–1961)
* [[Bertram Beresford Osmaston]] (1868–1961)
* [[Robert George Wardlaw Ramsay|Wardlaw Ramsay]] (1852–1921)
* [[Samuel Tickell]] (1811–1875).

Several comprehensive works were written by Jerdon, Hume, Marshall and E. C. S. Baker. Popular works were also written by Frank Finn, Douglas Dewar and Hugh Whistler. Those who joined the Indian Civil Services in later years had access to these works and this period was mostly dominated by their short notes in journals published by organisations such as the BNHS, Asiatic Society and the BOU.

===Mammals===
Like the birds, the study of mammals was largely driven by hunters and for a while it was largely restricted to [[trophy hunting]]. It was perhaps when [[R. C. Wroughton]], a forest officer who began a concerted study of the small mammals of India through the network of members of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], that mammalogy in India began in real earnest. He was initially interested in Hymenoptera, especially ants and later scorpions. His interest in scorpions led him to R. I. Pocock. At the time, Pocock was in charge of the Arachnida although he was interested in mammals. Attempts to start a large scale collection effort did not take off. In 1904 Captain Glen Liston of the Indian Medical Service read a paper on ''Plague, Rats and Fleas'' in which he noted the lack of information on rodents. Another paper by Dr Hossack of the plague department appeared. This interest in plague suddenly enabled the BNHS to raise funds for collection of small mammals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kinnear, N. B. |year=1951|title= The history of Indian Mammalogy and Ornithology. Part 1.|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 50|pages=766–778|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48057406}}</ref> While hunters sent in many specimens for identification, there were a few who studied the habits of species in the wild. A major study of the rodents and bats was conducted by [[George Edward Dobson]] (1848–1895) a medical doctor by profession. Other notable mammalologists included [[Richard Lydekker]] (1849–1915), [[Robert Armitage Sterndale]], [[Stanley Henry Prater]] (1890–1960) and [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] (1800–1894). [[Richard Lydekker]] worked with the Geological survey of India and his primary focus during the period was on the fossil mammals of India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lydekker, R. |year=1886|title= The Fauna of Kurnool Caves.|journal= Palaeontologia Indica Series C. |volume=4|issue=2|pages= 23–58}}</ref>

Live animals were sent from India to collections in Britain. The famous rhinoceros [[Clara_(rhinoceros)|Clara]] came from Assam through the Nawab of Dhaka to [[Jan_Albert_Sichterman]]. Two rhinoceroses were sent from Chittagong in 1872 at the cost of £1,250. The Indian aristocracy who maintained their own menageries became contributors to such collections. Rajah Rajendra Mullick of Calcutta was made a Corresponding Member of the [[Zoological Society of London]] around 1860. In 1901 His Highness Sir Prabhu Narani Singh, Bahadur, G.C.I.E., Maharajah of Benares, who promised a supply of Indian elephants when required was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.<ref name=scherren>{{cite book|author=Scherren, Henry|year=1905|title=The Zoological Society of London|publisher=Cassell & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/zoologicalsociet00scheuoft}}</ref>

Some work was also done on captive animals in the few [[zoo]]s of the time. The foremost among these zoos was [[Alipore Zoological Gardens]] and significant work in captive breeding was done by the first superintendent of the zoo, [[Ram Brahma Sanyal]] (1858–1908).
<gallery>
File:Wsmillardpicture.jpg|[[Walter Samuel Millard|Walter Samuel Millard (1864–1952)]]
File:Rambrahma.JPG|[[Ram Brahma Sanyal]] (1858–1908)
</gallery>

===Reptiles and amphibians===
[[File:Thanatophidia.jpg|thumb|Cover of book on venomous snakes by Sir [[Joseph Fayrer]]]]
The study of reptiles and amphibians were not as advanced as those of the mammals and birds. Only the poisonous reptiles were of some interest to the British army and the attached physicians. Major contributions to the study of species and their distributions were made by [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]] (1726–1805), the ''father of Indian ophiology'', Colonel [[Richard Henry Beddome|R. H. Beddome]] (1830–1911), [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Frank Wall]] (1868–1950), [[Joseph Fayrer]] (1824–1907) and [[Harold S. Ferguson|H. S. Ferguson]] (1852–1921).

<gallery>
File:Russell_Patrick_1726-1805.png|[[Patrick Russell (doctor)|Patrick Russell (1726–1805)]]
File:Wall Frank 1868-1950.png|[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Frank Wall (1868–1950)]]
</gallery>

===Invertebrates===
[[File:ThomasRDBell.jpg|thumb|T. R. D. Bell (1863–1948)]]
The earliest entomological studies in India were on termites in 1779 by [[Johann Gerhard König|Koenig]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawes |first=Timothy C. |date=2023 |title=The first scientific collection of insects from Siam |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00305316.2022.2088633 |journal=Oriental Insects |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=433–490 |doi=10.1080/00305316.2022.2088633 |issn=0030-5316|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and lac (1781 by [[James Kerr (surgeon)|James Kerr]]) insects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Raman, A. |year=2014 |title=Discovery of Kerria lacca (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea), the lac insect, in India in the late 18th century |url=https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/8885992/Kerria%20lacca%20paper_%202014.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=886-890}}</ref> The amateur study of insects in India was initially restricted to the butterflies thanks to the collection craze back in England. An early example being [[Edward Donovan]]'s ''An epitome of the insects of India''. A great number army officers and civil servants maintained collections. [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] for instance made a small collection of 65 butterfly species during a short stint in [[Bangalore]].<ref>Guha, Ramachandra 2003. Churchill in Bangalore. The Hindu, Sunday 21 December 2003.[https://web.archive.org/web/20040112070630/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/12/21/stories/2003122100040300.htm]</ref> Lepidopterists include [[Edward Yerbury Watson]] (?–1897) who took an interest in the Hesperiidae, [[Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth]] (1906–1963), [[Thomas Reid Davys Bell|T. R. Bell]] (1863–1948) and Charles B. Antram (1864–1955). However entomology beyond butterfly collection gained importance due to the growing economic importance of agriculture. The position of an Imperial Entomologist was created at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (later the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]). Entomologists who left a mark include [[William Stephen Atkinson]] (1820–1876), [[Enrico Adelelmo Brunetti|E. Brunetti]] (1862–1927), [[Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher]] (1878–1950), [[George Francis Hampson|Sir George Hampson]] (1860–1936), [[Herbert Edward Andrewes|H. E. Andrewes]] (1863–1950), [[George Morrison Reid Henry|G. M. Henry]] (1891–1983), Colonel [[C. T. Bingham]] (1848–1908), [[William Monad Crawford]] (1872–1941), [[W. H. Evans]] (1876–1956), [[Michael Lloyd Ferrar]], [[Frederic Charles Fraser|F. C. Fraser]] (1880–1963), [[Harold Maxwell-Lefroy]] (1877–1925), [[Frederic Moore]] (1830–1907), [[Samarendra Maulik]] (1881–1950), [[Lionel de Nicéville]] (1852–1901), [[Ronald A. Senior-White]] ( 1891–1954), [[Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson]] (1840–1890) and [[Charles Swinhoe]] (1836–1923). With forests being of major economic value, there was an interest in forest entomology. Forest entomology started with [[Edward Percy Stebbing|E. P. Stebbing]] (1870–1960) and he was followed by many including [[Augustus Daniel Imms|A. D. Imms]] (1880–1949), who is better known for his entomology textbook that continues with new revisions to remain a standard reference. Other entomologists associated with forest entomology included [[C. F. C. Beeson]]. [[Malaria]] was a widespread disease and studies on mosquitoes gained special importance. [[Ronald Ross]] (1857–1932) established the link between mosquitoes and malaria during his researches when positioned at [[Bangalore]], [[Ootacamund]] and [[Secunderabad]]. [[Samuel Rickard Christophers|Sir S. R. Christophers]] (1873–1978) pioneered in the study of mosquitoes and was involved in the creation of the ''Malaria Survey of India''. Others involved in this field included [[John Alexander Sinton|J. A. Sinton]] (1884–1956).<ref>Rao, BR Subba (1998) History of entomology in India. Institution of Agricultural Technologists, Bangalore.</ref>

There was also considerable interest in molluscs partly due to their importance in palaeontology and also due to the economic importance of the damage they caused to ships. Work on these areas was carried out by several malacologists including [[Baini Prashad]].

===Fish===
[[File:RodInIndia.jpg|thumb|Cover of the ''Rod in India'' by H S Thomas, 1897]]
The study of fish in India was also initially restricted to that which was of commercial value. Sport fishing was also popular but restricted to major hill areas. Not much is documented of the sport fishing beyond record catches reported in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Notable publications on the fishes of India were made by [[Francis Day|Sir Francis Day]] (1829–1889), Captain [[Robert Cecil Beavan]] (1841–1870) and [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] (1762–1829). Some works on sport fishing were also published with several notable works by [[Henry Sullivan Thomas]].

===Flora and forests===
The [[forests of India]] were some of the richest resources in the British colonies. The value of forests was realised very early and forest management was introduced early on the sub-continent. The links between water, climate and forest cover were noted particularly early and warnings on deforestation were sounded as early as 1840 by surgeons in the East India Company like [[Edward Balfour]].<ref>Grove, Richard. 1995 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-56513-8}}</ref> This was to lead to forest conservation measures although the later policies of forest management were aimed at the production of commercial products such as [[teak]] timber. The post of a ''conservationist'' was created and this term was related to the patches of forests that they managed, called ''conservancies'', and was not related to ''biodiversity conservation''. Even today, vast tracts of Indian forests are covered with teak plantations, low in biodiversity and seasonally ravaged by forest fires. The first foresters in India were highly influenced by forest management in Germany and many forest officers in India were trained in the German school of thought brought into India by [[Dietrich Brandis]] (1824–1907)-''the father of tropical forestry''.<ref>Barton, Gregory Allen (2002) Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism. Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-81417-0}}</ref> Numerous officers including [[James Sykes Gamble]] (1847–1925), [[Alexander Gibson (botanist)|Alexander Gibson]] and [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn]] in the Indian Forest service added information on the flora of India. Several ''amateurs'' also worked alongside from other civil services and they were assisted by professional botanists such as [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] (1817–1911), [[John Gerard Koenig]] (1728–1785), [[Robert Wight]] (1796–1872),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/wight/|title=Catalogue of Wight drawings and type specimens|website=rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk}}</ref> [[Nathaniel Wallich]] (1786–1854) and [[William Roxburgh]] (1751–1815), the ''Father of Indian Botany''.<ref>Bole, P. V. 1976. Review of ''Flora Indica'' or Descriptions of Indian Plants by William Roxburgh, William Carey. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 51(3):442–443</ref> Another area of interest was the introduction of plants of economic importance to India. Many of these introductions were tried in botanical gardens at Sibpur, Poona, Madras and Saharanpur.<ref>Sharma, Jayeeta (2006) British science, Chinese skill and Assam tea: Making empire's garden. Indian Economic and Social History Review 43; 429</ref> The Chinese monopoly on tea was ended when tea was introduced in Darjeeling and Sri Lanka through the work of [[Robert Fortune]] (1812–1880). The botanical garden at Sibpur in Calcutta was started in 1787 by Col. [[Robert Kyd]] (1746–1793). Sir [[George King (botanist)|George King (1840–1904)]] who was in charge of the garden from 1871 was instrumental in the creation of a herbarium at the garden and founded the Botanical Survey of India in 1890. Later botanical workers include the paleobotanist [[Birbal Sahni]] (1891–1949).

Some of the other prominent names associated with botany and forests of India include [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] (1761–1834), Sir [[Henry Collett]] (1836–1901), [[Ethelbert Blatter]] (1877—1934), [[T. F. Bourdillon]], [[Sir Harry Champion]] and his brother [[F. W. Champion]] (1893–1970), [[A. A. Dunbar-Brander]] (Conservator of Forests in the Central Provinces), [[Walter Elliot (ICS)|Sir Walter Elliot]] (1803–1887), [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] (1765–1837), [[Charles McCann]] (1899–1980), [[Hugh Falconer]]( 1808–1865), [[Philip Furley Fyson]] (1877–1947), Lt. Col. [[Heber Drury]], [[William Griffith (botanist)|William Griffith]] (1810–1845), Sir [[David Prain]] (1857–1944), J. F. Duthie, [[P. D. Stracey]], [[Richard Strachey]] (1817–1908), [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]] (1817–1878), J. E. Winterbottom, W. Moorcroft and [[John Forbes Royle|J.F. Royle]] (1799–1858). Naturalists associated with the Bombay Natural History Society like [[Walter Samuel Millard|W. S. Millard]] (1864–1952) helped popularise the study of trees with books such as ''Some Beautiful Indian Trees'' (coauthored with [[Ethelbert Blatter]]). Similar attempts were made by civil servants like [[Alexander Kyd Nairne]] in his ''Flowering plants of Western India'' (1894).

Several [[herbarium|herbaria]] were created during this time and one of the largest and still surviving ones is the [[Blatter Herbarium]].

===Hunter-naturalists===
Hunting was a way of life in colonial India and people from different walks of life wrote about their hunts and their observations in the wild. Many of them were talented writers who left behind their hunting lore in various publications. These include [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] (1910–1974) and [[Douglas Hamilton]] (1818–1892) in southern India, [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|F. M. Bailey]] (1882–1967) and Major [[Richard William George Hingston|R. W. G. Hingston]] (1887–1966) in the Himalayas, [[Jim Corbett]] (1875–1955) in the foothills of the Himalayas, [[R. C. Morris]] (1894–1977) in the [[Biligirirangan Hills]] and [[George P. Sanderson]] in central India. Lieutenant Colonel [[Richard Watkins Burton|R. W. Burton]] along with Colonel R. C. Morris, later became involved in conservation and participated in the early discussions of the Indian Board for Wildlife.
There were also much travelled hunters like [[Richard Meinertzhagen]] (1878–1967) who contributed to various other fields such as ornithology. Numerous other hunters wrote to the BNHS journal and not all of their observations were accurate.

===Travelling naturalists and collectors===
India was on the route for explorers and travellers in the region and many collectors from different countries travelled through India. These include such naturalists as [[Jean de Thévenot]] (1633–1667), [[Pierre Sonnerat]] (1748–1814), [[Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour]] (1773–1826), [[Alfred Duvaucel]] (1793–1825), [[William Doherty]] (1857–1901), [[Victor Jacquemont]] (1801–1832) and [[Frank Kingdon-Ward]] (1885–1958).

===Popularizers===
There were a few naturalists who were especially gifted writers and made the study of natural history immensely more popular. The foremost among these writers was [[Edward Hamilton Aitken]] (1851–1909) who wrote under the pen name of Eha. The novelist [[Rudyard Kipling]] (1865–1936) also captured the imagination of many with ''[[The Jungle Book]]''. Others like [[Herbert Musgrave Phipson|H. M. Phipson (1850–1936)]] helped build organisations like the BNHS and museums such as the [[Prince of Wales Museum of Western India]].
<gallery>
File:EHAitken.jpg|[[Edward Hamilton Aitken]] (1851–1909)
File:HMPhipson.jpg|[[Herbert Musgrave Phipson]] (1850–1936)
</gallery>

===Museum workers===
Several museums were started in India including one at the [[Asiatic Society]] in Calcutta. There were also many who worked in the British Museum in London and received specimens collected from India. They made significant contributions by their publications. [[Edward Blyth]] (1810–1873) and [[Nelson Annandale]] (1876–1924) made great contributions working out of the Asiatic Society while Sir [[Norman Boyd Kinnear]] (1882–1957) worked at the BNHS. Other notable museum curators and workers include [[Alfred William Alcock]] (1859–1933), [[John Anderson (zoologist)|John Anderson]] (1833–1900), [[George Albert Boulenger]] (1858–1937), [[William Lucas Distant|W. L. Distant]] (1845–1922), [[Frederic Henry Gravely]] (1885–?), [[John Gould]] (1804–1881), [[Albert C. L. G. Günther]] (1830–1914), [[Frank Finn]] (1868–1932), [[Charles M. Inglis|Charles McFarlane Inglis]] (1870–1954), [[Stanley Wells Kemp]] (1882–1945), [[James Wood-Mason]] (1846–1893), [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] (1863–1947), [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe]] (1847–1909), [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Malcolm A. Smith]] (1875–1958) and [[Nathaniel Wallich]] (1786–1854).

==Post-Independence (1947–1970)==

===Ornithologists===
[[File:Salim ali mns.jpg|thumb|[[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali (1896–1987)]]]]
Post independence ornithology was dominated by [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]] and his cousin [[Humayun Abdulali]] who worked with the Bombay Natural History Society. Salim Ali worked with American collaborators like [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]] and [[Walter Norman Koelz]] to produce what is still the most comprehensive handbook of Indian ornithology. Another major contribution was the introduction of field ornithology and pioneers included [[Horace Alexander]]. The [[Zoological Survey of India]] also conducted its own collection surveys and they were led by [[Biswamoy Biswas]]. Eastern India and Burma was covered by ornithologists like [[Bertram E. Smythies]].<ref>{{cite journal|authorlink=Norman Boyd Kinnear|author=Kinnear, N.B.|year=1952|title= The history of Indian mammalogy and ornithology. Part II. Birds. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 51|issue=1|pages= 104–110|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48202138}}</ref>

===Entomologists===
The tradition of entomology started in the colonial era continued with numerous entomologists especially specialising on economically important insects (mostly pests). Notable entomologists of this era include [[Mahadeva Subramania Mani|M. S. Mani]] and [[B. K. Tikader]]. The latter contributed greatly to Indian arachnology.

===Ichthyologists===
One of the foremost ichthyologist of India was [[Sunderlal Hora]], famous for his ''Satpura hypothesis'' a biogeographical hypothesis based on his observations on the adaptations of hill stream fishes. [[P. R. Awati]] and [[D. V. Bal]] worked on marine fishes of the Western Coastal Plains. Other prominent ichthyologists included [[C. V. Kulkarni]] and [[S. B. Setna]].

===Herpetologists===
[[C. R. Narayan Rao]] worked on the frogs of southern India. [[Romulus Whitaker]] and [[J. C. Daniel (naturalist)|J. C. Daniel]] studied various aspects of the reptile fauna of India.

===Scientists from other disciplines===
A large number of scientists from various other fields contributed to the study of plants and animals in India. Among these were some who worked in interdisciplinary areas. Foremost among these was [[J. B. S. Haldane]], the British scientist who encouraged field biology in India on the basis that it was useful while at the same time requiring low investment unlike other branches of science. He was among the first to popularise quantitative approaches to biology in India.

===Popularizers===
Natural history in India was made more popular through publications in the mass media. In southern India [[Madhaviah Krishnan|M. Krishnan]] who was a pioneering black-and-white wildlife photographer and artist wrote articles on various aspects of natural history in Tamil and English. His articles were well illustrated with his photographs and artwork. He wrote in a humorous style much like that of EHA before him. Professor [[K. K. Neelakantan]] was another writer who popularised the study of birds in Kerala by writing books and articles in Malayalam. Others like [[Harry Miller (writer)|Harry Miller]] wrote in English in the local newspapers. Some others like [[Ruskin Bond]] wrote about the wilderness, the hills and the wildlife in a more romantic style.

[[Zafar Futehally]] started the first birdwatchers' newsletter in the 1950s and this helped network the birdwatcher community spread across India. Of this newsletter, [[Horace Alexander]] wrote:<ref>Wood, J. Duncan (2003). Horace Alexander: Birds and Binoculars. Sessions of York. {{ISBN|1-85072-289-7}}.</ref>
{{blockquote|Now, twenty-five years after independence, the delightful Bulletin for Birdwatchers, produced each month by Zafar Futehally is mainly written by Indian ornithologists: and the western names that appear among its contributors are not all British.}}

Wildlife photography has also helped in popularizing natural history. Numerous photographers have contributed to this and prominent names include [[Loke Wan Tho]], [[E. Hanumantha Rao]], M. Krishnan and [[T. N. A. Perumal]]. They followed in the footsteps of the early pioneers of photography such as [[E. H. N. Lowther]], [[O. C. Edwards]] and [[F. W. Champion]].<ref>Bates, R. S. P., & E. H. N. Lowther. 1952. The history of bird photography in India. Journal, Bombay natural history society 50:779–784</ref>

===Conservationists===
In the post-independence era the urgent need to preserve the little remaining wildlife was realised by the politicians of the time. Conservationists of fame included [[Edward Pritchard Gee|E. P. Gee]] (1904–1968) who worked on the Indian Board of Wildlife. In later times, large numbers of people became involved in conservation and its various aspects – scientific, social, legal and political. (See also [[Conservation movement]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/online-ex/art-themes/india/more/lily_more_info.htm Saharanpur gardens]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134154/http://www.kew.org/data/floraIndicaStatic/htm/artists.htm Botanical art in India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Natural History}}
[[Category:Natural history of India| ]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Environment of India]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:History of forestry in India]]
[[Category:Environmental history of India]]

Malki-Nongthymmai Assembly constituency

2025-05-13T14:45:10Z

TaylaA461435: New some info and citations...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malki-Nongthymmai
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1978
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 19,924
| mla = [[Bindo Lanong]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Malki-Nongthymmai Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Upstar Kharbuli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Bindo Lanong]] || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Upstar Kharbuli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=3 | Tony Curtis Lyngdoh
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Bindo Lanong]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,029 |percentage=31.58% |change={{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Curtis Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,166 |percentage=26.16% |change={{decrease}}21.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jemino Mawthoh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,793 |percentage=17.54% |change={{increase}}11.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pretty Kharpyngrope |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=1,639 |percentage=10.29% |change={{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latiplang Kharkongor |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=1,468 |percentage=9.22% |change={{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basil Lamin |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=594 |percentage=3.73% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Petrus Umdor |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=234 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=863 |percentage=5.42% |change= {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,923 |percentage=79.92% |change= {{increase}}31.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,924 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Curtis Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,384 |percentage=47.60% |change={{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,792 |percentage=24.69% |change={{decrease}}15.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynlapphang S.Warjri |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=1,700 |percentage=15.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miquel Badwar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=673 |percentage=5.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basil Lamin |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=491 |percentage=4.34% |change={{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Kharbuli |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=204 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Micheal Kharpuri |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=66 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,592 |percentage=22.92% |change= {{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,310 |percentage=48.99% |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,119 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Cortis Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,240 |percentage=43.18% |change={{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,819 |percentage=39.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lucia Malngiang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=840 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Brighstar Mukhim |party=Independent politician |votes=810 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kroshonstone Mylliemngap |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=314 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Sawkmie |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=111 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=421 |percentage=3.47% |change= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,134 |percentage=58.00% |change= {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Curtis Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,238 |percentage=35.53% |change={{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,059 |percentage=34.03% |change={{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bull N. Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,391 |percentage=11.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Monten Kharkongor |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=1,319 |percentage=11.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joseph L. Kurbah |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=5.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamlet Bareb |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khrawbor Nonghlaw |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=179 |percentage=1.50% |change= {{decrease}}8.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,928 |percentage=62.21% |change= {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,508 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Upstar Kharbuli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,171 |percentage=45.96% |change={{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,272 |percentage=36.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Monten Kharkongor |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=751 |percentage=8.28% |change={{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pascal Malngiang |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=6.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elston Roy Kharkongor |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=249 |percentage=2.74% |change={{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=899 |percentage=9.91% |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,075 |percentage=66.01% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,080 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,313 |percentage=46.49% |change={{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upstar Kharbuli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,298 |percentage=32.24% |change={{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bnein Bareh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=705 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. C. Swer |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=439 |percentage=6.16% |change={{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Blingstodar Diengdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. N. Giri |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Shynreng Khonglah |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,015 |percentage=14.24% |change= {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,127 |percentage=65.59% |change= {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,318 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Malki-Nongthymmai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Upstar Kharbuli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,704 |percentage=40.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bindo Lanong]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,267 |percentage=33.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=840 |percentage=12.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Drosily Mukhim |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=8.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Thanglura]] |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=4.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=437 |percentage=6.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,735 |percentage=68.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,138 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

2022 Mumbai Indians season

2025-04-12T06:16:45Z

TaylaA461435:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = [[2022 Indian Premier League|10th]]
| most runs = [[Ishan Kishan]] (418)
| most wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (15)
| most catches = [[Tilak Varma]] (10)
| most dismissals = [[Ishan Kishan]] (13)
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2021|2021]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2023|2023]]
}}
The [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 season]] was the 15th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Mumbai Indians]]. They were one of the ten teams to compete in the league.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Background==
The franchise retained four players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>

===Retained===
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
*[[Kieron Pollard]]

===Released===
*[[Aditya Tare]]
*[[Anmolpreet Singh]]
*[[Anukul Roy]]
*[[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
*[[Hardik Pandya]]
*[[Ishan Kishan]]
*[[Jayant Yadav]]
*[[Krunal Pandya]]
*[[Quinton de Kock]]
*[[Rahul Chahar]]
*[[Trent Boult]]
*[[Chris Lynn]]
*[[Saurabh Tiwary]]
*[[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]
*[[Piyush Chawla]]
*[[James Neesham]]
*[[Marco Jansen]]
*[[Yudhvir Charak]]
*[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]
*[[Adam Milne]]
*[[Arjun Tendulkar]]

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*'''Squad strength:''' 24 (16 - Indian, 8 - overseas)

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc;" | Captain
|-
| 45 || '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|16|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc;" | Batters
|-
| 8 ||'''[[Tim David]]'''|| {{cr|AUS}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|3|16|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[off break]]||style="text-align:center;"|2022|| style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|8.25|c}}|| Overseas
|-
| 9 || [[Tilak Varma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|11|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c}} ||
|-
| 28 || [[Anmolpreet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|3|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
| 33 || [[Rahul Buddhi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|9|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
| 63 || '''[[Suryakumar Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="12" style="background:#dcdcdc;" | All Rounders
|-
| 4 || [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|5|10|df=y}}||Left-handed||[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
| 13 || [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|4|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
| 17 || [[Dewald Brevis]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2003|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 55 ||'''[[Kieron Pollard]]'''|| {{cr|WIN}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|5|12|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|6|c}}|| Overseas And vice captain
|-
| 95 ||'''[[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]]'''|| {{cr|AUS}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|10|27|df=y}}||Right-handed||Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]||style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|2.6|c}}|| Overseas
|-
| 97 ||'''[[Fabian Allen]]'''|| {{cr|WIN}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|5|7|df=y}}||Right-handed||[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| 12 || [[Tristan Stubbs]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|8|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Overseas, replacement for [[Tymal Mills]]
|-
| 23 ||'''[[Ishan Kishan]]'''||{{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|7|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15.25|c}} ||
|-
| 54 || [[Aryan Juyal]] ||{{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc;"|Fast Bowlers
|-
| 21 || '''[[Riley Meredith]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|6|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 30 || [[Basil Thampi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|9|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|L}} ||
|-
| 56 || '''[[Tymal Mills]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|8|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 77 || '''[[Jaydev Unadkat]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.3|c}} ||
|-
| 93 || '''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} ||
|-
|||'''[[Jofra Archer]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|9|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|L}} ||
|-
||| [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
| 11 ||'''[[Mayank Markande]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|leg-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|65|L}} ||
|-
| 26 || [[Kumar Kartikeya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|12|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Slow [[left arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Replacement for [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
|-
| 27 || [[Hrithik Shokeen]] || {{cr|IND}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|8|14|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[off break]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 89 || [[Murugan Ashwin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Spin bowling|leg-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:middle;"| Source:[https://www.mumbaiindians.com/players MI Players]
|}

{{notelist}}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Team manager|| [[Rahul Sanghvi]]
|-
| Director of cricket operations|| [[Zaheer Khan]]
|-
| Head coach|| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
|-
| Batting mentor|| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[Shane Bond]]
|-
| Fielding coach|| [[James Pamment]]
|-
| Head of talent scouting|| [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.mumbaiindians.com/players MI Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor (chest)
! Shirt sponsor (back)
! Chest branding
|-
|Performax
|Slice
|[[DHL]]
|Marriott Bonvey
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _mi22
| leftarm = 0044AA
| body = 0044AA
| rightarm = 0044AA
| pants = 0044AA
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

== Teams and standings ==
=== Points table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=MI}}

== Group fixtures ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 177/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 81[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/6 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] 48[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Basil Thampi]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304048.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 193/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 100 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 54 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304055.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 161/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 52 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 2/49 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 56[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/25 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304060.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored the joint-fastest half-century in the IPL (14 balls).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-mumbai-indians-14th-match-1304060/match-report|title=Cummins' 14-ball fifty stuns Mumbai, takes Knight Riders top of the table |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 151/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 68[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/3 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anuj Rawat]] 66 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 1/8 (0.3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304064.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Anuj Rawat]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 198/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 70 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Basil Thampi]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| score2 = 186/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 49 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Odean Smith]] 4/30 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304069.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 23'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 199/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 103[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 181/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 37 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304072.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match26}}'''Match 26'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 51[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 156/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 40 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Daniel Sams]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304079.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hrithik Shokeen]] (Mumbai Indians) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match33}}'''Match 33'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 103[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets1 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 2/8 (2 overs)
| score2 = 132/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 39 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 36 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304083.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match37}}'''Match 37'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 67 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Riley Meredith]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 51 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304090.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match44}}'''Match 44'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 45 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 55 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304097.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tim David]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match51}}'''Match 51'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 43 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 51 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 52 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304102.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match56}}'''Match 56'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 97 (16 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 36[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Daniel Sams]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103/5 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 34[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304105.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Daniel Sams]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/csk-vs-mi-ipl-2022-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-today-match-101652351482838.html|title=CSK vs MI Highlights IPL 2022: Chennai Super Kings knocked out of playoffs race; Mumbai Indians win by five wickets|work=Hindustantimes|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match59}}'''Match 59'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 76 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] 3/20 (3 overs)
| score2 = 190/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 48 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 3/23 (3 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304111.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tripathi]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match65}}'''Match 65'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 43 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 48 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/32 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304115.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the playoffs and Delhi Capitals were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-69th-match-1304115/match-report|title=RCB sneak into playoffs after Tim David, Jasprit Bumrah knock Delhi Capitals out|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 69'''
}}

==Statistics==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Match
!Inns
!NO
!Runs
!HS
!Ave.
!BF
!SR
!100s
!50s
!0
!4s
!6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Ishan Kishan]] || 14 || 14 || 1
! 418
|| 81[[Not out|*]] || 32.15 || 348 || 120.11 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 45 || 11
|-
| 2 ||[[Tilak Varma]] || 14 || 14 || 3
! 397
|| 61 || 36.09 || 303 || 131.02 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 29 || 16
|-
| 3 ||[[Suryakumar Yadav]] || 8 || 8 || 1
! 303
|| 68[[Not out|*]] || 43.28 || 208 || 145.67 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 23 || 16
|-
| 4 ||[[Rohit Sharma]] || 14 || 14 || 0
! 268
|| 48 || 19.14 || 223 || 120.17 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 28 || 13
|-
| 5 ||[[Tim David]] || 8 || 8 || 3
! 186
|| 46 || 37.20 || 86 || 216.27 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 16
|-
| 6 ||[[Dewald Brevis]] || 7 || 7 || 0
! 161
|| 49 || 23.00 || 113 || 142.27 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 14 || 11
|-
| 7 ||[[Kieron Pollard]] || 11 || 11 || 1
! 144
|| 25 || 14.40 || 134 || 107.46 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 6 || 9
|-
| 8 ||[[Jaydev Unadkat]] || 5 || 5 || 2
! 59
|| 19[[Not out|*]] || 19.67 || 37 || 159.45 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3
|-
| 9 ||[[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] || 5 || 4 || 2
! 45
|| 14[[Not out|*]] || 22.50 || 40 || 112.50 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1
|-
| 10 ||[[Hrithik Shokeen]] || 5 || 3 || 1
! 43
|| 25 || 21.50 || 48 || 89.58 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 0
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Match
!Inns
!Overs
!Maidens
!Runs
!Wickets
!BBI
!Ave.
!Econ.
!SR
!4W
!5W
|-
| 1 ||[[Jasprit Bumrah]] || 14 || 14 || 53.2 || 2 || 383
! 15
|| 5/10 || 25.53 || 7.18 || 21.3 || 0 || 1
|-
| 2 ||[[Daniel Sams]] || 11 || 11 || 42.0 || 0 || 370
! 13
|| 4/30 || 28.46 || 8.80 || 19.3 || 1 || 0
|-
| 3 ||[[Murugan Ashwin]] || 8 || 8 || 29.0 || 0 || 228
! 9
|| 2/14 || 25.33 || 7.86 || 19.3 || 0 || 0
|-
|| 4 ||[[Riley Meredith]] || 8 || 8 || 28.0 || 0 || 236
! 8
|| 2/24 || 29.50 || 8.42 || 21.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|| 5 ||[[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] || 5 || 3 || 6.0 || 0 || 54
! 6
|| 3/20 || 9.00 || 9.00 || 6.00 || 0 || 0
|-
|| 5 ||[[Jaydev Unadkat]] || 5 || 5 || 20.0 || 0 || 190
! 6
|| 2/32 || 31.66 || 9.50 || 20.00 || 0 || 0
|-
|| 5 ||[[Tymal Mills]] || 5 || 5 || 17.0 || 0 || 190
! 6
|| 3/35 || 31.66 || 11.17 || 17.00 || 0 || 0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mumbaiindians.com/ Official Website]
{{2022 Indian Premier League}}
{{Mumbai Indians}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai Indians in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons|2022]]

Lathe Joshi

2025-02-13T22:16:32Z

TaylaA461435: correct structure for clarity

{{short description|Indian Marathi language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lathe joshi
| native_name =
| image =
| caption = Teaser Poster
| director = Mangesh Joshi
| producer = Sonali Joshi Mangesh Joshi
| story = Mangesh Joshi
| starring = [[Chittaranjan Giri]] Ashwini Giri [[Om Bhutkar]] Seva Chouhan
| music =
| cinematography = Satyajeet Shobha Shreeram
| editing = Makarand Dambhare
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|10||MAMI|2018|07|13}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lathe Joshi''''' is a 2016 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language drama film directed by Mangesh Joshi and produced by [[Amol Kagne]], Mangesh Joshi, Sonali Joshi and Laxman Kagne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madaboutmoviez.in/2016/10/18/mumbai-film-festival-2016-day-3-must-watch/|title=Mumbai Film Festival 2016: Day 3|website=madaboutmoviez|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lathe Joshi' review: A technological love story|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lathe-joshi-review-a-technological-love-story/article24413501.ece|access-date=2021-06-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|first=Namrata|last=Joshi|date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lathe Joshi gets {{sic|i|t's|nolink=y}} official release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/lathe-joshi-gets-its-official-release-date/articleshow/64475517.cms|access-date=2018-06-06|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=6 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Chittaranjan Giri]] as Lathe Joshi
* Ashwini Giri
* Seva Chouhan
* [[Om Bhutkar]]
* Gouri Konge

== Plot ==

Joshi, known as Lathe Joshi for his skilled work on lathe machine, is left without a job when the owner of the workshop has to close the business due to advances in automation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LATHE JOSHI|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-lathe-joshi/articleshow/64966663.cms|access-date=2018-07-13|website=punemirror.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = '''Ek Machine'''
| extra1 = Jaydeep Vaidya
| music1 = [[Narendra Bhide]]
| lyrics1 = Vaibhav Joshi
| length1 = 3.13
| title2 = '''Yantrachi Dharma'''
| extra2 = [[Sumeet Raghavan]]
| music2 = Narendra Bhide
| lyrics2 = Vaibhav Joshi
| length2 = 3.12
}}

==Awards==

* South Asia International Film Festival, Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asian films to screen at Singapore Film Festival|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/south-asian-films-to-screen-at-singapore-film-festival/1131585|access-date=2017-08-25|website=outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asian films to screen at Singapore Film Festival|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/south-asian-films-to-screen-at-singapore-film-festival-117082500164_1.html|access-date=2017-08-25|website=business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Kazan International Film Festival, Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sakhalinfilmfestival.ru/en/programma/2018/samoe-glavnoe-1/tokarnyy-stanok-dzhoshi/|title=Lathe joshi|website=sakhalinfilmfestival.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=13ème festival international du film musulman de Kazan|url=http://www.snews.ch/2017/kazan-film-festival-celebre-dialogue-entre-cultures/|access-date=2017-09-14|website=snews.ch|date=14 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Bangalore International Film Festival, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9th Bengaluru International Film Fest Has An Edge Over Others|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/9984/9th-Bengaluru-International-Film-Fest-Has-An-Edge-Over-Others|access-date=2017-02-20|website=thecitizen.in|date=20 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Pune International Film Festival, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of the Pune International Film Festival 2017|url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2017/02/12/winners-pune-international-film-festival-2017/|access-date=2017-02-12|website=asianfilmfestivals.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5599536}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Ammapalayam, Salem

2025-02-05T18:40:18Z

TaylaA461435: improve lead and added references

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

'''Ammapalayam''' is a small village in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 6,694 across 1,781 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|728190|Ammapalayam}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Salem district]]

{{SalemIN-geo-stub}}