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Mohammad Shiyas

2026-05-06T22:06:33Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: created initial entry from scratch

{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Shiyas
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
| predecessor = [[K. J. Maxy]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Mohammed Shiyas
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Choornikkara]], [[Aluva]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father =
| occupation = Politician, Social Worker
| education = Graduate
}}

'''Mohammed Shiyas''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Express_Win" /> A leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], wresting the seat from the CPI(M).<ref name="TOI_Kochi" /> He currently serves as the president of the Ernakulam District Congress Committee (DCC).<ref name="Hindu_Celebration" />

== Early life and education ==
Mohammed Shiyas was born to Marakkar in Aluva, [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="Affidavit_ECI" /> He is a graduate and has been involved in social work and political activism from a young age, rising through the ranks of the [[Indian Youth Congress]].<ref name="MyNeta" />

== Political career ==
Shiyas has been a key organizational figure for the Congress party in Ernakulam district. As the DCC president, he led various protests and political campaigns against the state government, which resulted in numerous political cases being registered against him.<ref name="MyNeta" /><ref name="Hindu_Profile" />

In the 2026 Kerala Assembly elections, he was fielded by the Congress in the Kochi constituency, which had been held by the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] since 2016. In a closely contested election, Shiyas polled 64,318 votes, defeating the incumbent MLA [[K. J. Maxy]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] by a margin of 8,188 votes.<ref name="ECI_Result" /><ref name="IndiaToday_Win" /> His victory was seen as a significant win for the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] in the coastal urban belt of Ernakulam.<ref name="Hindu_Celebration" />

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Mohammed Shiyas'''
| '''64,318'''
| '''47.87'''
| '''+16.36'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[K. J. Maxy]]
| 56,130
| 41.78
| -0.67
|-
| style="background-color: #f7df10" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Adv. Xavier Julappan
| 11,854
| 8.82
| -6.47
|-
| style="background-color: #7d0000" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[SDPI]]
| style="text-align:left" | Aneesh Mattancherry
| 803
| 0.60
| -
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 8,188
! 6.09
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,34,349
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]] gain''' from [[CPI(M)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +8.52
|
|}
<ref name="ECI_Result" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Result">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Kochi (S1180) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS1180.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Express_Win">{{cite news |title=Kochi Election Result 2026 Live: Mohammed Shiyas of INC wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kochi-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669152/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_Kochi">{{cite news |title=Kochi Election Result 2026: Congress’ Mohammed Shiyas Defeats CPI(M) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kochi-election-result-2026/articleshow/130718005.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Celebration">{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly poll results: Ernakulam District Congress Committee office turns into a hub of celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-poll-results-ernakulam-district-congress-committee-office-turns-into-a-hub-of-celebrations/article70938427.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Mohammed Shiyas (Indian National Congress): Constituency - KOCHI (ERNAKULAM) - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=121 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Profile">{{cite news |title=Mohammed Shiyas, KOCHI constituency, INC: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Kerala2026/mohammed-shiyas-121/ |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Affidavit_ECI">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: Mohammed Shiyas |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/Mohammed_Shiyas_2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="IndiaToday_Win">{{cite news |title=Kochi Election Result 2026 Highlights: INC's Mohammed Shiyas wins Kochi with 64318 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kochi-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-2905315-2026-05-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]

Dream Girl – Ek Ladki Deewani Si

2026-05-05T15:10:15Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: made new article!

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Dream Girl
| image = Dream Girl (TV series).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = 
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creative_director =
| runtime = 24 minutes
| writer =
| director = Amit Gupta
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Ritesh Rathore
| num_seasons = 1
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|03|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|03|04|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Dream Girl – Ek Ladki Deewani Si''''' <ref name=ibn1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309101222/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dream-girl--ek-ladki-deewani-si-has-a-very-colourful-side-to-the-struggle-nikita-dutta/531953-44-124.html 'Dream Girl - Ek Ladki Deewani Si' has a very colourful side to the struggle Nikita Dutta - IBNLive]</ref> is an Indian television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series, which premiered on [[Life OK]].<ref name=md1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dream-girl-highlights-small-towners-starry-dreams/16034182 |title='Dream Girl' highlights small-towner's starry dreams - Entertainment |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132254/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dream-girl-highlights-small-towners-starry-dreams/16034182 |url-status=live }}</ref> The show was produced by Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Mittal, under Shashi Sumeet Mittal Productions. It stars [[Shraddha Arya]] and [[Nikita Dutta]], [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] and [[Sudeep Sahir]], Kunal Verma and [[Khalid Siddiqui]]. The show went off air on 4 March 2016.

==Plot==
Navrang Studios is owned by Sareens, a prestigious film family of Mumbai. Lakshmi Mathur, an aspiring [[Jodhpur]] based Dream girl visits Mumbai to fulfil her dreams and falls in love with Sareen family's younger son, Samar.

Samar's cunning and ambitious older sister-in-law, Ayesha Roy is overprotective of her power and title, wanting to be irreplaceable and India's only Dream girl. However, Lakshmi has a talent and spark like her to become a Dream girl.

Lakshmi tries to prove her skills, angering Ayesha; who finds out that Samar and Lakshmi love each other. Lakshmi passes all the challenges threw by Ayesha; making her insecure. Ayesha misleads her brother, Karan (who has feelings for Lakshmi) that Lakshmi loves him.

Eventually, Ayesha transfers all property rights of Navarang to her name and succeeds. Lakshmi and Samar get married. The property is set on fire; Samar's older brother, Manav (Ayesha's husband) and Karan are sent to extinguish the fire.

Samar and Manav (supposedly) die; due to a car crash. Samar's body is recovered; Manav's body isn't found. The Sareens find out Ayesha's "dark secret"; who in fact is her twin sister, Aarti. They use Aarti (who willingly helps) to fight back against Ayesha for their studio (Navarang) Aarti impersonates Ayesha and tells all the investors that she will pay all their money along with interest to them.

There is a new entry in the show, Raghu. The story progresses and shows Ayesha trying to impress Raghu (similar to season 1 where a poor character, named Lakshmi, played by Shraddha Arya) dreams of marrying a rich and wealthy businessman named Arjun Agnihotri (played by Sudeep Sahir).

Aarti tries to get Navrang back to its former glory. Ayesha marries Raghu by deceiving everyone, pretending to be Aarti as Aarti and Raghu fall in love after many meetings where Raghu thinks that Aarti is Ayesha and then he finds out that it is Aarti instead. Aarti's face is burned and no one can tell which one is Ayesha or Aarti.

Aarti is planning to take revenge on Ayesha. Ayesha has always caused Aarti pain and harm, yet Aarti kept forgiving her. Now Aarti has a new face ([[Megha Gupta]]) and she appears as a strong character and fights against Aarti (who in reality is Ayesha) to reveal her truth to everyone.

After a few upturns and twists, Ayesha's truth is revealed to everyone by Aarti as "Shikha" and Raghu (who helped Aarti with her face transplant and advice) but Ayesha cunningly starts pretending as if she has lost her 4-5 year's memory and as a result; the police can not arrest her; until her recovery. So, she is allowed to stay in the Sareen House; until she remembers everything. In the meanwhile, Aarti and Raghu get married, and soon have a baby girl.

Ayesha has her own intentions and as she gets the opportunity, she steals Aarti and Raghu's daughter, and escapes with the child, leaving her career, stardom and dreamgirl title (which were by then ruined; due to her misdeeds) for one single motive - to make the baby girl her own daughter and to train her to become the next "Dream Girl".

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Shraddha Arya]] as
**Ayesha Roy Sareen: Aarti's twin and Karan's elder sister; Manav's wife; Raghu's ex-wife (2015–2016)
**Aarti Roy (before plastic surgery): Ayesha's twin and Karan's elder sister (2015)
*[[Megha Gupta]] as Aarti Roy Rastogi (after plastic surgery): Ayesha's twin and Karan's elder sister; Raghu's second wife (2015–2016)
*[[Nikita Dutta]] as Lakshmi Mathur Sareen: Samar's widow; Karan's love-interest; Rishi Mathur's daughter (2015–2016)
*[[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] as Samar Sareen: Manav's younger brother; Lakshmi's husband (2015)
*[[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Manav Sareen - Samar's elder brother; Ayesha's first husband (2015-2016)
*Kunal Verma as Karan Roy: Ayesha and Aarti's younger brother; Lakshmi's one-sided lover (2015–2016)
*[[Sudeep Sahir]] as Raghav "Raghu" Rastogi - Ayesha's ex-husband; Aarti's husband (2015–2016)

===Recurring characters===
*Alina Kumar as Tanya (2015-2016)
*Purvi Mundada as Richa (2016)
*Virendra Singh as Rishi Mathur: Lakshmi's father
*Aparna Kumar as Nandini Thakur (2015)
*[[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Abhimanyu (2015)
*[[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Amrita (2015)
*[[Geeta Tyagi]] as Shanti Mathur/Bua Ji: Lakshmi's aunt and Rishi Mathur's sister (2015-2016)
*Unknown as Kushal

===Special appearances===
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Heera
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Priya
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Suresh
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Vijay

==Production and casting==
The series is set in [[Jodhpur]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name=md2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/nikita-dutta-turns-dabbawali-on-dream-girl-set/16016172 |title=Nikita Dutta turns 'dabbawali' on 'Dream Girl' set - Entertainment |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123202/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/nikita-dutta-turns-dabbawali-on-dream-girl-set/16016172 |url-status=live }}</ref> The show is produced by Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Mittal under their own Shashi-Sumeet Productions.<ref name=md1/><ref name=fb1>{{Cite web |url=http://hindi.filmibeat.com/television/life-ok-s-new-show-dream-girl-046842.html |title=बड़े परदे से छोटे परदे तक टीवी पर नज़र आएगी 'ड्रीमगर्ल' _ Life Ok's new show Dream Girl - Hindi Filmibeat |date=9 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311004326/http://hindi.filmibeat.com/television/life-ok-s-new-show-dream-girl-046842.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shraddha Arya]] and [[Nikita Dutta]] play the female leads<ref name=md1/><ref name=md2/> while Mohsin Khan plays the male lead role of Samar.<ref name=ibn1/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dream-girl-co-stars-nikita-dutta-and-shraddha-arya-not-getting-along/16123194 |title='Dream Girl' co-stars Nikita Dutta and Shraddha Arya not getting along - Entertainment |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092314/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dream-girl-co-stars-nikita-dutta-and-shraddha-arya-not-getting-along/16123194 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.hotstar.com/#!/dream-girl-3166-s}}
{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]

T. A. Venkitasubramanian

2026-05-02T05:55:44Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting data!

{{Short description|Indian biochemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = T. A. Venkitasubramanian
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|11|8|1924|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| residence =
| fields = Medical biochemistry
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]] | [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] | [[University of Madras]] | [[University of Madison, Wisconsin]] | [[Columbia University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Biochemistry of [[Tubercle]] [[Bacillus]]
| awards = 1968 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]
}}
'''Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian''' (1924–2003), popularly known as '''TAV''', was an Indian biochemist, known for his researches on [[tuberculosis]] and the biochemistry of [[bacillus]].<ref name="T. A. Venkitasubramanian (1924–2003)">{{cite journal | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102004/1303.pdf | title=T. A. Venkitasubramanian (1924–2003) | author=Jaya Sivaswamy Tyagi | journal=Current Science | date=10 November 2004 | volume=87 | issue=9 | pages=1303}}</ref> He was a professor and the head of the department of biochemistry at [[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]], Delhi.<ref name="Acknowledgement">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/53365/4/04_acknowledgment.pdf | title=Acknowledgement | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2016 | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1968, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] on 1 January 1924 to T. P. Ananthanarayana Iyer and Narayani Amma, Venkitasubramanian did his early schooling at a local school before securing his bachelor's (BSc) and master's (MSc) degrees from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]].<ref name="T. A. Venkitasubramanian (1924–2003)" /> He started his career at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bengaluru]], simultaneously doing his doctoral research at the [[University of Madras]] to secure a PhD in biochemistry in 1951. The next four years were spent in the US as a post-doctoral fellow at [[University of Madison, Wisconsin]] and [[Columbia University]] before returning to India to join [[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]], Delhi as a senior research officer in 1956 and he stayed at the institute holding various positions till his superannuation as a professor and head of the department of biochemistry in 1988. After his official retirement, he served as an emeritus professor at [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] (then known as the Centre for Biochemical Technology) till 1994. He was known to have done pioneering research on the biochemistry of tubercle bacilli and his researches assisted in the better understanding of the ''intermediary metabolism in cultured mycobacteria and in experimental tuberculosis models''.<ref name="GhoseGhosh2003">{{cite book|author1=T.K. Ghose|author2=P. Ghosh|title=Biotechnology in India I|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-3-540-36488-9|date=3 July 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-36488-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-3-540-36488-9/page/n223 214]–}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|His research findings have been used by others in their researches on [[mycobacterium]].<ref name="Fatty Acids of Mycobacterium Smegmatis Lipids">{{cite journal | url=http://ilacadofsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/069-34-print.pdf | title=Fatty Acids of Mycobacterium Smegmatis Lipids | author=Hugh J O'Neill, Leon D. Gershbein | journal=Transactions, Ill. State Acad. Sci. | year=1976 | volume=69 | issue=3}}</ref>}} His work also helped in understanding the biochemical pathology of [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=12 September 2016 | pages=37}}</ref> He also worked on [[Aspergillus parasiticus]], a type of mold which produces [[aflatoxin]] and in the biosynthesis of those cancer-causing chemicals.<ref name="K.K.Sinha(ed)Roy1995">{{cite book|author1=A.K.Roy & K.K.Sinha(ed)|author2=Awadh Kishore Roy|title=Recent Advances in Phytopathological Researches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U-Rj6w5TXkC&pg=PA177|date=1 January 1995|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-76-1|pages=177–}}</ref> He published over 250 articles in peer-reviewed journals, detailing his research findings; [[PubMed]], an online knowledge repository have listed 247 of them.<ref name="Search results">{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed | title=Search results | publisher=PubMed | date=2016 | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Search criterion: Venkitasubramanian T. A.}}

The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Venkitasubramanian the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for his contributions to biological sciences in 1968.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=283 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> He was married to L. Sarada, a biochemist, and the couple had two daughters, Viveka and Divya.<ref name="T. A. Venkitasubramanian (1924–2003)" /> The family was staying in [[Pune]] but moved later to [[Ottapalam]] in his home state where he died on 8 November 2003, succumbing to progressive [[supranuclear palsy]].<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/30/16hdline.htm | title=Obituary | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 November 2003 | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

== Selected articles ==
* {{cite journal | title=High Aflatoxin Production on a Chemically Defined Medium | author=T. V. Reddy; L. Viswanathan; T. A. Venkitasubramanian | journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology | date=September 1971 | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=393–396| doi=10.1128/AEM.22.3.393-396.1971 | pmid=5119206 | pmc=376320 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Biosynthesis of aflatoxins | author=K. K. Maggon; S. K. Gupta; T. A. Venkitasubramanian | journal=Bacteriol Rev | date=December 1977 | volume=41 | issue=4 | pages=822–855 | pmc=414029 | pmid=23090| doi=10.1128/MMBR.41.4.822-855.1977 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis by tolnaftate | author=S. N. Khan; K. K. Maggon; T. A. Venkitasubramanian | journal=Appl Environ Microbiol | date=August 1978 | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=270–273 | pmc=291213 | pmid=697362| doi=10.1128/AEM.36.2.270-273.1978 | bibcode=1978ApEnM..36..270K }}
* {{cite journal | title=Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: effect of adenine nucleotides, cyclic AMP and N6-O2' -dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the incorporation of (1-14C)-acetate into aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-3240. | author=Khan S. N.; Venkitasubramanian T. A. | journal=J Environ Sci Health B | date=February 1986 | volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=67–85 | doi=10.1080/03601238609372511| pmid=3011881 | bibcode=1986JESHB..21...67K }}
* {{cite journal | title=Purification and properties of aspartate transcarbamylase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. | author=Masood R.; Venkitasubramanian T. A. | journal=Biochim Biophys Acta | date=March 1988 | volume=953 | issue=1 | pages=106–113 | pmid=3342242 | doi=10.1016/0167-4838(88)90014-3}}
* {{cite journal | title=Changes in liver polyamines due to aflatoxin B1. | author=Chaturvedi A.; Khanna Y. P.; Taneja S. K.; Venkitasubramanian T. A.; Raj H. G. | journal=Toxicol Lett | date=November 1986 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–4 | pmid=3097877 | doi=10.1016/0378-4274(86)90138-4}}

== See also ==
* [[Mycobacterium]]
* [[Bacillus]]
* [[List of University of Delhi people]]
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkitasubramanian, T. A.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

Rakesh Asthana

2026-04-24T19:26:03Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made A Stub

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{tone|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = Rakesh Asthana IPS
| office = 24th [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi]]
| term_start = 28 July 2021
| term_end = 31 July 2022
| predecessor = S.N. Shrivastava
| successor = [[Sanjay Arora (officer)]]
| office1 = Border Security Force
| order1 = Director General
| term_start1 = 18 August 2020
| term_end1 = 28 July 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Surjeet Singh Deswal]]
| successor1 = [[Surjeet Singh Deswal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|07|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]] (Now in [[Jharkhand]]), [[Bihar]]
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| batch = 1984
| service = [[India]]
| cadre = [[Gujarat]]
}}
}}

'''Rakesh Asthana''' (born 22 July 1961)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallantrymedals.gov.in/IPSII/queryparam.aspx|title=IPS Civil List|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> is an Indian police officer, known for investigating various cases, including embezzlement, bribery, and bombings. He joined the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) in 1984 and was part of the Gujarat cadre. He served as the Special Director at the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]](CBI). In July 2021, he was appointed as the [[Police Commissioner of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rakesh-asthana-given-additional-charge-of-ncb-dg/articleshow/70472300.cms|title=Rakesh Asthana given additional charge of NCB DG|date=2019-07-31|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> Asthana retired from the Indian Police Service (IPS) on 31 July 2022 after receiving a one-year extension.

==Early life and education==
Rakesh Asthana received his education at [[Netarhat Residential School]], [[Netarhat]]<ref>[http://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/unheared-story-of-ips-officer-rakesh-asthana-who-interrogated-lalu-yadav-1-877798.html बहुचर्चित चारा घोटाले का पर्दाफाश करने वाले IPS अफसर की दिलचस्प दास्तान] Living Media India</ref> and [[St. John's College, Agra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakesh Asthana takes over as DG of Border Security Force |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Rakesh-Asthana-takes-over-as-DG-of-Border-Security-Force/18-08-2020-310240/ |work=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Rakesh Asthana investigated the [[Fodder Scam]], a corruption scandal that involved the [[embezzlement]] of roughly ₹9.4 billion in [[Bihar]]. He filed a charge sheet against [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] in 1996, leading to Lalu's first arrest in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-28 |title=Rakesh Asthana: Fodder scam to Godhra, never far from limelight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rakesh-asthana-fodder-scam-to-godhra-never-far-from-limelight-5421497/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Asthana caught Director General of Mines Safety (DGMS) taking bribes in [[Dhanbad]]. By that time, this was the first case of its kind in the whole country, when the officers of the Director-General had come under arrest.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Rakesh investigated the [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=2008 Ahmedabad blast investigations that unravelled Indian Mujahideen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2008-ahmedabad-blast-investigations-that-unravelled-indian-mujahideen-101644399927146.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Asthana had also examined the case of [[Asaram|Asaram Bapu]] and his son [[Narayan Sai]]. The absconding Narayan Sai was caught on the Haryana-Delhi border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-15 |title=Narayan Sai even attempted to bribe police commissioner |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/narayan-sai-even-attempted-to-bribe-police-commissioner/articleshow/27382433.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==As Police Commissioner of Delhi==
On 27 July 2021, four days before his superannuation, he was appointed as the [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi]], succeeding Balaji Shrivastava who was acting as the [[Commissioner of Delhi Police|Commissioner]] since the retirement of S.N. Shrivastava.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |title=For Rakesh Asthana, new role as Delhi Police Commissioner comes as vindication |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/for-rakesh-asthana-new-role-as-delhi-police-commissioner-comes-as-vindication/article35577887.ece |access-date=29 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress questions appointment of Rakesh Asthana as Delhi Police chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/congress-questions-appointment-of-asthana-as-delhi-police-chief-7427500/ |access-date=29 July 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The NGO, Common Cause, had approached Court challenging Asthana’s appointment as Special Director on the grounds that his name had figured in a 2011 diary seized from [[Sterling Biotech]] – a company being probed by the CBI for money laundering. Asthana was not named in the FIR but was presumably the subject of an ongoing investigation by his own agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/200642/sc-upholds-controversial-cbi-appointment-one-rakesh-asthana-becomes-two/|title=As SC Upholds Controversial CBI Appointment, 'One Rakesh Asthana' Becomes Two - The Wire|last=Analysis|first=The Wire|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/196037/eyes-sc-hearing-challenging-rakesh-asthanas-appointment-cbi-special-director/|title=All Eyes On SC Hearing Challenging Rakesh Asthana's Appointment as CBI Special Director - The Wire|last=Thakurta|first=Paranjoy Guha|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>

Asthana was entangled in a bribery controversy along with [[Alok Verma]], Special Director CBI in a corruption scandal; both accused each other of bribery and subsequently asked to go on leave by the Government, on the recommendation of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-divests-alok-verma-of-charge-as-cbi-director-rakesh-asthana-nageshwar-rao-5415417/|title=In midnight move, govt divests Alok Verma of charge as CBI Director|date=2018-10-24|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

Verma and Asthana were sent on leave on the recommendation of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) by the Government of India. Verma appealed to the Supreme Court of India, while Asthana went to the Delhi High Court. The Supreme Court canceled the decision to send Verma on leave, and he was reinstated as the CBI director two months later with the instruction not to take any major decisions until the Selection Committee decides his fate over the corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-director-alok-verma-removed-again-inside-story-select-committee-1428410-2019-01-11|title=Inside story of what happened in the selection committee which shunted Alok Verma|work=India Today}}</ref>

The investigation by the CBI has been completed, giving Rakesh Asthana a clean chit, which was accepted by the Special CBI Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-court-accepts-cbi-clean-chit-to-rakesh-asthana-in-bribery-case-11583581001259.html|title=Delhi Court accepts CBI clean chit to Rakesh Asthana in bribery case|work= Live Mint}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asthana, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Netarhat Residential School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Directors of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Commissioners of Delhi Police]]

Desh Deepak Verma

2026-04-23T07:30:08Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: made a pg!

{{Short description|Retired Former Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Desh Deepak Verma
| image = Shri Desh Deepak Verma (cropped).jpg
| office = President of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur|AIIMS, Gorakhpur]]
| term_start = 2023
| office1 = [[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 2017
| term_end1 = 31 August 2021
| office2 = [[Director general]] of [[Sports Authority of India]]
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2012
| successor2 = Kopal Krishna
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|06|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh district]], [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| predecessor1 = Shumsher K. Sheriff
| successor1 = P.P.K. Ramacharyulu
| education = D.A.V. Inter College (Intermediate)
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) [[University of Wollongong]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
}}

'''Desh Deepak Verma''' (born 26 June 1953<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsintranet.nic.in/intrars/rss/stafflistgrade.pdf|title=Parliament house, Delhi, list pdf secretaries of Rajya Sabha}}</ref>) is a 1978–batch retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-19 |title=Retired UP bureaucrat appointed Rajya Sabha secretary-general |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/retired-up-bureaucrat-appointed-rajya-sabha-secretary-general/story-K8NhILMPZPKqtfTs1qLB4L.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He formerly served as the [[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]] in [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]] from 1 September 2017 to 31 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-retired-ias-desh-deepak-verma-became-the-president-of-gorakhpur-aiims-23311483.html|title=सेवानिवृत्त IAS देश दीपक वर्मा बने गोरखपुर एम्स के अध्यक्ष, अनेक प्रतिष्ठित पदों पर कर चुके हैं काम|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref name="Verma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-former-ias-desh-deepak-verma-became-the-chairman-of-the-governing-council-7690280.html|title=पूर्व आईएएस देश दीपक वर्मा बने गवर्निंग काउंसिल के अध्यक्ष|website=Hindustan}}</ref>

He is former [[Director general]] of [[Sports Authority of India]] in [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] from May 2011 to 6 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=85205|title=Desh Deepak Verma takes over as new Secretary of Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs|publisher=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsauthorityofindia.gov.in/sai/assets/news/1632217159_arc1%20(2).pdf|title=PRESS RELEASE Shri Desh Deepak Verma, Former Director General|publisher=sportsauthorityofindia.gov.in}}</ref> He currently serving as the President of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur|AIIMS, Gorakhpur]] since 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aiimsgorakhpur.edu.in/president/|title= President profile of AIIMS, Gorakhpur|publisher=aiimsgorakhpur.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notification of President nomination |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/files/Gorakhpur_gz.pdf |accessdate=15 January 2020 |date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/d-d-verma-ahead-in-race-for-chief-secy-post/|title=D D Verma ahead in race for chief secy post|date=25 January 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=10 August 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Verma was born in 1953 in Verma family and hails from [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Gorakhpur]], India.<ref name="Verma"/>

==Education==
Verma completed her intermediate from D.A.V. Inter College, Baxipur, [[Gorakhpur]], and after [[Master of Science|MS]] in [[Physics]] from [[University of Allahabad]], they earned degree of [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in [[International Business]] from [[University of Wollongong]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iitk.ac.in/doms/anoops/for16/photos/Profiles/Mr.%20Desh%20Deepak%20Verma.pdf|title=PROFILE OF CHAIRMAN Shri Desh Deepak Verma, who took over the President position.|publisher=iitk. ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Desh Deepak}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

V. P. C Thangal

2026-04-22T01:43:22Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1916)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. P. C Thangal
| image = File:V P C Thangal.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1916
| birth_place = [[Ponnani]]
| death_date = 1983
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1960
| term_end1 = 1964
| constituency1 = [[Ponnani Assembly constituency|Ponnani]]
| predecessor1 = Kunhan Eliyath Tharayil
| successor1 = E.T. Kunjan
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''V. P. C Thangal''' also known as '''Vettam Pokiriyanakath Cherukoya Thangal''' (June 1916 – 16 September 1983) was a prominent leader of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) and former [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Kerala]] in [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_2.htm|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|website=niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf | title=Legislators of Kerala | website=niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

== Biography ==
V.P.C. Thangal, popularly known as Cherukoya Thangal, was a politician and former legislator from Kerala. He was elected to the second and third Kerala Legislative Assembly as a Muslim League representative from Ponnani constituency. He lost to K.G. Karunakara Menon in the 1965 elections.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V. P. C. Thangal}}
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Sirajul Hoque Choudhury

2026-04-21T12:32:58Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names||Serajul Huq}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sirajul Hoque Choudhury
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[Ketaki Prasad Dutta]]
| successor = [[Mission Ranjan Das]]
| constituency = [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Mission Ranjan Das]]
| successor1 = [[Mission Ranjan Das]]
| constituency1 = [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Sirajul Hoque Choudhury''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]] in the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]] and [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ ECI 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]</ref><ref>[http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1985-91] (in Hindi)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4004-assam-1996/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Sirajul Hoque}}
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Kshitimohan Sen

2026-04-20T16:00:54Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{Short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kshitimohan Sen
| image = Kshitimohan Sen.jpg
| alt = Photo of Kshitimohan Sen with Rabindranath Tagore
| caption = Kshitimohan Sen with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1880|11|30}}
| birth_place = Dhaka [[Bikrampur]] [[Now Munshiganj]] East Bengal (now Bangladesh), [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|03|12|1880|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Shantiniketan]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Professor, writer
}}
'''Kshitimohan Sen''' (2 December 1880 – 12 March 1960) was an Indian scholar, writer, a [[Sanskrit]] professor and an M.A. in Sanskrit from Queen's College, Benares. He was born in a [[Baidya]] family hailing from Sonarang in [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in Bangladesh). He started his working life at the Department of Education, Chamba State. In 1908, at the call of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], he joined Brahmacharyashram. Later he performed responsibility of Adhyaksha of Vidyabhaban. He was the first Deshikottam (1952) of Vishwa Bharati. He was an acting ''[[Chancellor (education)|Upacharyas]]'' of [[Visva-Bharati University]] (1953–1954).<ref name="Kshitimohan Sen (1880-1960) VB">{{cite web|title=Kshitimohan Sen (1880-1960)|url=http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/GreatMasters/Contents/KSen.htm|publisher=Visva-Bharati University|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701041934/http://visva-bharati.ac.in/GreatMasters/Contents/KSen.htm|archive-date=1 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the maternal grandfather of [[Amartya Sen]].<ref name="Honorary Degree Citation: Amartya Sen">{{cite web|title=Honorary Degree Citation: Amartya Sen|url=http://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/alumnirecognition/honorarydegreecitations/3607/amartyasen.html|publisher=University of the Witwatersrand|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813151015/http://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/alumnirecognition/honorarydegreecitations/3607/amartyasen.html|archive-date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Amartya Sen]] has written at length about Kshitimohan Sen and the latter's relation with Rabindranath Tagore in his memoir ''[[Home in the World]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Home in the world: a memoir |date=2022 |publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation, a division of W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-1-324-09161-5 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>''.''

== Books ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Kshitimohan_Sen_1938.jpg|thumb]]
* Kabir (1910–11)
* Bharatiya Madhyayuger Sadhanar Dhara (1930)
* Dadu (1935)
* Bharater Sangskrti (1943)
* Banglar Sadhana (1945)
* Yuga Guru Rammohan (1945)
* Jatibhed (1946)
* Banglar Baul (1947)
* Hindu Sangskrtir Svarup (1947)
* Bharater Hindu-Mussalman Yukta Sadhana (1949)
* Prachin Bharate Nari (1950)
* Chinmay Banga (1957)
* Hinduism (1961)
* Sadhak O Sadhana (2003)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Kshitimohan Sen |sopt=t}}
* {{Official website|http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/GreatMasters/Contents/KSen.htm|Biography at Visva-Bharati University's official website}}
{{Sen family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Kshitimohan}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Sonarang]]

Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Madhepura politician)

2026-04-20T09:14:39Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made New Entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Prasad Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 29 January 1937
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1980–1984
| predecessor = [[B. P. Mandal]]
| successor = Mahabir Prasad Yadav
| constituency1 = [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]], Bihar
| term1 = 1971–1977
| predecessor1 = [[B. P. Mandal]]
| successor1 = B. P. Mandal
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2290.htm
}}
'''Rajendra Prasad Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the lower House of the Indian Parliament the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]], Bihar as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/news/triangular-fight-on-the-cards-in-madhepura-as-3-yadavs-in-fray/articleshow/68878284.cms | title=Triangular fight on the cards in Madhepura as 3 Yadavs in fray | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Ramashankar | date=15 April 2019 | accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oniAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 May 2020|year=1980|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika, Limited|page=59}}</ref><ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Shiv Lal|title=Election Archives and International Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CEvAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=21 May 2020|date=January 1992|publisher=Shiv Lal|page=18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2290.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rajendra Prasad}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajanagaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:38Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made Data

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajanagaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (49-Rajanagaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Rajanagaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bathula Balaramakrishna]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajamundry]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 201,201
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 49
}}

'''Rajanagaram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bathula Balaramakrishna]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajanagaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Bathula Balaramakrishna S/O Gangarao defeats YSRCP's Jakkampudi Raja with 34049 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajanagaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548239-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> {{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rajanagaram]]
|-
| [[Seethanagaram mandal|Seethanagaram]]
|-
| [[Korukonda Mandal|Korukonda]]
|-
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Rajanagaram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q59939835,Q59939843,Q59939807"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |Pendurthi Venkatesh
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Jakkampudi Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bathula Balaramakrishna|Battula Balaramakrishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajanagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Pendurthi Venkatesh
|votes = 51,520
|percentage = 36.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chituri Ravindra|votes=44,584|percentage=31.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Muthyala Srinivas|votes=38,656|percentage=27.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,936|percentage=4.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=142,552|percentage=86.48|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajanagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Pendurthi Venkatesh
|votes = 81,476
|percentage = 50.68
|change = +14.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=J Vijaya Lakshmi|votes=72,589|percentage=45.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,887|percentage=5.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=160,757|percentage=85.90|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajanagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Jakkampudi Raja]]|votes= 90,680 |percentage=51.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Pendurthi Venkatesh|votes=58,908|percentage=33.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Rayapureddy Prasad (Chinna)|votes=20,847|percentage=11.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,772|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,785|percentage=87.47|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajanagaram<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{cite news |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0149.htm |accessdate=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Bathula Balaramakrishna]]
|votes = 1,05,995
|percentage = 55.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSRCP|candidate=[[Jakkampudi Raja]]|votes=71,946|percentage=37.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mundru Venkata Srinivas|votes=1,901|percentage=1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,975|percentage=1.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=34,049|percentage=17.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,90,938|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|17.079|81.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Aziza Fatima Imam

2026-04-18T22:55:21Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: creating a data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aziza Imam
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1924|2|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|7|23|1924|2|20}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bihar]]
| term = 1973-1982
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Syed Naqui Imam
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/i.pdf
| parents = Syed Wali Ahmed (father) Khadija Ahmed (mother)
| relations = [[Muhammad Shafi Daudi]] (paternal uncle) Anis Imam (maternal aunt) [[Syed Ali Imam]] (wife of Anis Imam) Colonel Mahboob Ahmad (brother)
}}

'''Begum Aziza Fatima Imam''' was an Indian politician and social activist who was elected as Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] in [[1973 Rajya Sabha elections|1973]] and [[1979 Rajya Sabha elections|1979]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2022-05-27 |title=बेगम अज़ीज़ा फ़ातिमा इमाम - जिन्हें सियासत विरासत में मिली |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/begum-aziza-imam-1924-1996/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paying Tribute to Pathbreaking, and Forgotten, Muslim Women from the 20th Century |url=https://thewire.in/women/paying-tribute-to-pathbreaking-and-forgotten-muslim-women-from-the-20th-century |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathbreakers: The 20th-Century Muslim Women of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70770/an-exhibition-on-20th-century-indian-muslim-women |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nest |first=The News |date=2022-07-06 |title=দাদা ছিলেন সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসুর ঘনিষ্ট সহযোগী, আজিজা ইমাম রাজনীতি পেয়েছিলেন রক্তে - Begum Aziza Fatima Imam – who inherited politics in blood |url=https://www.thenewsnest.com/opinion-and-views-begum-aziza-fatima-imam-who-inherited-politics-in-blood/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The News Nest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales from 20th century 'path-breaking' Muslim women on view |url=https://newsd.in/tales-from-20th-century-path-breaking-muslim-women-on-view/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Newsd.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She was adopted by her maternal uncle [[Syed Ali Imam]] and her wife Begum Anis Fatima Imam, who was Aziza's Maternal aunt.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/i.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=21 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Dhar2005">{{cite book|author=Sheila Dhar|title=Raga'n Josh: Stories from a Musical Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3CJsjfGOWIC&pg=PA203|accessdate=26 December 2020|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-117-3|pages=203–}}</ref><ref name="Reed1982">{{cite book|author=Sir Stanley Reed|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBW2AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=26 December 2020|year=1982|publisher=Times of India Press|page=817}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

The Great Indian Murder (TV series)

2026-04-13T10:56:28Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting stub!

{{Short description|Indian crime drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The_Great_Indian_Murder.jpg
| caption = Season 1 promotional poster
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]''|[[Vikas Swarup]]}}
| director = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Priti Sinha
* Namrata Sinha
* Amod Sinha
* Shrey Oberoi
* Gaurav Banerjee
* Nikhil Madhok
* Varun Malik
}}
| producer = [[Ajay Devgn]] Priti Sinha
| company = ADF & RLE Media
| story =
| screenplay = {{Ubl|Tigmanshu Dhulia|Vijay Maurya|Puneet Sharma}}
| voices =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Richa Chadha]]
*[[Pratik Gandhi]]
*[[Ashutosh Rana]]
*[[Raghuvir Yadav]]
*[[Sharib Hashmi]]
*[[Paoli Dam]]
*[[Shashank Arora]]
}}
| composer = Ketan Sodha
| cinematography = Rishi Punjabi
| editor = Prathamesh Chande Unnikrishnan Payoor Parameswaran
| location = [[India]]
| runtime = 45 minutes
| genre = [[Crime film|Crime]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 9
| last_aired =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=yes}}
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}

'''''The Great Indian Murder''''' is a [[Hindi-language]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=आशुतोष राणा- 'द ग्रेट इंडियन मर्डर' में इसलिए कास्ट किया गया मुझे|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/ashutosh-rana-said-reason-why-he-was-casted-in-the-great-indian-murder/videoshow/88997295.cms|access-date=19 January 2022 |work=Navbharat Times|date=January 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-22|title=Filmmaker Tigmanshu Dhulia Feels OTT Provide More Freedom To Artists|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmmaker-tigmanshu-dhulia-feels-ott-provide-more-freedom-to-artists-4687262.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ফের হিন্দি ওয়েব সিরিজে পাওলি দাম, ট্রেলারে সাড়া জাগাল 'দ্য গ্রেট ইন্ডিয়ান মার্ডার'|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/great-indian-murder-trailer-paoli-dam-will-be-seen-in-another-web-series/|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Pratidin|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder: छत्तीसगढच्या गृहमंत्र्यांच्या मुलाची हत्या|url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/the-great-indian-murder-trailer-viral-on-social-media-tigmanshu-dhuliya-yst88|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Esakal|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title=Richa Chadha on The Great Indian Murder: Haven't Got Chance to Play Upright, Normal Character Before|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/richa-chadha-on-the-great-indian-murder-havent-got-chance-to-play-upright-normal-character-before-4690904.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> It was produced by [[Ajay Devgn]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajay Devgn: 'The Great Indian Murder' is a grand show and I have immense faith in its director Tigmanshu Dhulia - Exclusive - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-the-great-indian-murder-is-a-grand-show-and-i-have-immense-faith-in-its-director-tigmanshu-dhulia-exclusive/articleshow/89347092.cms|access-date=2022-02-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and Priti Sinha <ref>{{cite news |title=Watch The Great Indian Murder trailer: Richa Chadha and Pratik Gandhi come together|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-watch-the-great-indian-murder-trailer-richa-chadha-and-pratik-gandhi-come-together-446035|access-date=19 January 2022 |work=WION NEWS|date=January 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Ajay Devgn on OTT content, his slate and more: 'We can eventually go beyond international shows'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/interviews/ajay-devgn-ott-content-his-slate-and-more-we-can-eventually-go-beyond-international-shows-1001449|access-date=2022-01-23|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203105140/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/interviews/ajay-devgn-ott-content-his-slate-and-more-we-can-eventually-go-beyond-international-shows-1001449|url-status=dead}}</ref> under, ADF & RLE Media.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Great Indian Murder' trailer depicts an intense, raw, gripping tale|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-great-indian-murder-trailer-depicts-an-intense-raw-gripping-tale-725229?infinitescroll=1|access-date=19 January 2022 |work=The Hans India|date=January 19, 2022}}</ref> The series stars are [[Richa Chadha]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Raghuvir Yadav]], [[Sharib Hashmi]], [[Paoli Dam]], and [[Shashank Arora]] in key roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder Trailer: 'गांधी' बने रघुबीर को पड़ा थप्पड़, छत्तीसगढ़ के गृहमंत्री के बेटे की हत्या की दिलचस्प कहानी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-great-indian-murder-trailer-released-watch-interesting-story-of-murder-of-son-of-chhattisgarh-home-minister|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Amar Ujala|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref> The series is based on [[Vikas Swarup|Vikas Swarup's]] bestselling novel, ''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Richa Chadha says her role in The Great Indian Murder is one of her 'most upfront characters as yet'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/richa-chadha-on-her-role-in-the-great-indian-murder-7730416/|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-22|title=The Great Indian Murder: Ajay Devgn, Pratik Gandhi & Tigmanshu Dhulia Announce The Show's Title In A Most Amusing Way!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/the-great-indian-murder-ajay-devgn-pratik-gandhi-tigmanshu-dhulia-announce-the-shows-title-in-a-most-amusing-way/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref> The season was made available for streaming on OTT platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder Trailer: Pratik Gandhi, Richa Chadha Lead Next Hotstar Specials Out February 4|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/great-indian-murder-trailer-release-date-pratik-gandhi-richa-chadha-hotstar-february-ajay-devgn-2714548|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Gadgets.NDTV|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref> in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder trailer: Richa Chadha and Pratik Gandhi get the case of a lifetime, fans hope for a masterpiece|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-murder-trailer-richa-chadha-and-pratik-gandhi-get-the-case-of-a-lifetime-fans-hope-for-a-masterpiece-101642494786909.html|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Richa Chadha]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Sudha Bharadwaj<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Pratik Gandhi spills the beans on collaborating with Richa Chadha for The Great Indian Murder|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/pratik-gandhi-spills-the-beans-on-collaborating-with-richa-chadha-and-tigmanshu-dhulia-for-the-great-indian-murder-2431016.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Suraj Yadav<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Pratik Gandhi, Richa Chadha on The Great Indian Murder {{!}} Aur Batao|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/entertainment/pratik-gandhi-richa-chadha-on-the-great-indian-murder-aur-batao-101643281007018.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title=Pratik Gandhi on how casteism affects every sphere of life: 'It's one of the biggest demons we are fighting'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pratik-gandhi-on-how-casteism-affects-every-sphere-of-life-it-s-one-of-the-biggest-demons-we-are-fighting-101642940371469.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Jagganath Rai, Vicky's father<ref name="aninews.in">{{Cite web|title=Pratik Gandhi shares his experience working with Richa Chadha in 'The Great Indian Murder'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/pratik-gandhi-shares-his-experience-working-with-richa-chadha-in-the-great-indian-murder20220126170112/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>
* Jatin Goswami as Vicky Rai, Jagganath's son
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Mohan Kumar
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Ashok Rajput / Amar Rajput
* Sakshi Benipuri as Ishwari
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Shabnam Saxena
* [[Shashank Arora]] as Munna
* [[Amey Wagh]] as Arun Deshmukh
* Ujjwal Gauraha as Celebrity Reporter
* Mani PR as Eketi
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Ambika Prasad
* Kenneth Desai as CM Shashikant Vohra
* [[Rucha Inamdar]] as Ritu Rai, Vicky's sister
* [[Liam Macdonald]] as Larry Page
* [[Himanshi Choudhry]] as Rita Sethi
* Guneet Singh as Manjot
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Prithvi
* Vivek Mishra as Guru Atmadev
* [[Hemant Mahaur]] as Billu Biriyani
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] as Debu Da
* [[Shakti Mohan]] as Special appearance in song "Raskala"<ref name="raskala">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/disney-hotstars-great-indian-murder-releases-new-song-raskala-rapper-raftaar-dance-icon-shakti-mohan/|title=Disney+ Hotstar's The Great Indian Murder releases an all-new song Raskala by rapper Raftaar and dance icon Shakti Mohan|date=10 February 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]] as Special appearance in song "Raskala"<ref name="raskala"/>
* [Samarth Chaudhary]

== Review ==
[[Tigmanshu Dhulia|Tigmanshu Dhulia's]] stories often run with an undercurrent of characters commenting on contemporary [[politics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title=Love bingeing on murder mysteries? Watch The Great Indian Murder on Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-bingeing-on-murder-mysteries-watch-the-great-indian-murder-on-disneyhotstar-10358261.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> "The Great Indian Murder" is woven around a [[High Profile|high-profile]] [[murder]] based on [[Vikas Swarup|Vikas Swarup's]] breakthrough novel "[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]." The presence of several political events can be felt in "The Great Indian Murder." It is a complex story with many social undertones. Examples include allegations of espionage of politicians, misuse of CBI for political gain and loss, crooked sons of politicians intoxicated by power, politicians conspiring to any extent to fulfill their political ambitions, fake religious leaders, [[Naxalism]], etc. The story is pieced together through a CBI investigation into the murder of Vicky Rai. A series steeped in suspense, it has been praised by most critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=The Great Indian Murder review: Packed with brilliant dialogues and great fun, Tigmanshu Dhulia delivers a winner|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-murder-review-packed-with-brilliant-dialogues-and-great-fun-tigmanshu-dhulia-delivers-a-winner-101643914276124.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Great Indian Murder Review: सियासी साजिशों और दांव-पेचों से ठसाठस मर्डर मिस्ट्री में कलाकारों का दमदार अभिनय, पढ़ें रिव्यू|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-the-great-indian-murder-review-ajay-devgn-produced-web-series-stars-pratik-gandhi-richa-chadha-ashutosh-rana-jatin-goswami-directed-by-tigmanshu-dhulia-22438297.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> Every character is written well, which keeps the audience engaged with the story. Tigmanshu Dhulia's direction and the actors' performances have received critical praise.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Great Indian Murder Season 1 Review: This murder mystery keeps you on the edge|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-great-indian-murder/season-1/seasonreview/89178529.cms|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Tanushree Roy |date=February 4, 2022 |title=The Great Indian Murder Review: Pratik Gandhi, Richa Chadha steal the show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-great-indian-murder-review-pratik-gandhi-richa-chadha-steal-the-show-1908528-2022-02-04|access-date=2022-02-09|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
=== Promotion ===
The official trailer of seasons of this series was launched on 18 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder trailer out. Richa Chadha, Pratik Gandhi series to stream from Feb 4|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-great-indian-murder-trailer-out-richa-chadha-pratik-gandhi-series-to-stream-from-feb-4-1901405-2022-01-18|access-date=18 January 2022 |work=India Today|date=January 18, 2022}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The season was made available for streaming on OTT platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Great Indian Murder' to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar on February 4|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/jan/19/the-great-indian-murder-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-on-february-4-2408452.html|access-date=19 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express|date=January 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian Murder: कल रिलीज होगा 'द ग्रेट इंडियन मर्डर' का ट्रेलर, यहां देखें क्राइम मिस्ट्री का धमाकेदार मोशन पोस्टर|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/disney-plus-hoster-unveils-motion-poster-of-the-great-indian-murder-trailer-to-release-tomorrow?pageId=1|access-date=17 January 2022 |work=Amar Ujala|date=January 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="aninews.in"/>

==Episodes==
===Series overview===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #005F6C
| link1 = The Great Indian Murder#Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 9
| start1 = {{Start date|2022|02|04}}
| end1 = {{End date|2022|02|04}}
}}

===Season (2022)===
{{Episode table|background=#8C224A|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|country=India|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Vicky Rai
|DirectedBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Three years after his arrest, Vikram ‘Vicky’ Rai decides to host a party to celebrate his acquittal. The celebration takes a turn when Vicky is shot dead at his party, in a place full of suspects.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Jagnnath Rai
|DirectedBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = An angry Jagannath Rai conspires to take revenge. When Vicky is killed at the party, two gun-wielding suspects are arrested.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Munna aur Ekati
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = CBI Officer Suraj Yadav meets Crime Branch officer Sudha Bharadwaj as they unfold the mystery of Vicky’s death, each armed with their own motives.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ingetayi aur Kaala Bag
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In the Andamans, a tribe is desolate since their God, the Ingetayi’s idol, has been stolen. Under custody, Munna recounts how he narrowly escaped getting caught.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Laal Salaam aur Billu Biryani
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Vicky and Sudha’s history goes back three years. Suraj senses that Eketi is just the right man for his plan. A big lead materialises when officer Manjot and Sudha uncover an image from the party.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Mohan Kumar
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mohan Kumar, an ex-bureaucrat, suffers an accident that alters his life. A revolver seized from the crime scene is linked to a suspect. Suraj visits Rita’s house for interrogation but she manipulates him and seduces him leading to a physical relationship between both.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Rajneeti aur Pyaar
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Suraj actions an elaborate plan that puts many lives in danger. Sudha questions Suraj’s intentions when he tries to discredit their suspects.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Asli Naqli
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = To her surprise, Sudha finds out that Munna was just a ploy in Ritu Rai’s plan. A vulnerable Munna gets brainwashed by Suraj.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Dhokha
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia Vijay Maurya Puneet Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Manjot travels to Jaisalmer and finds an old connection with Vicky. Munna records a statement that puts Eketi in jeopardy. Money, deceit, power... this game has just begun.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack's music composers are [[Raghu Dixit]], [[Darshan Doshi]], Umang Doshi and Ketan Sodha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Raftaar, Shakti Mohan groove to 'Rascala' from 'The Great Indian Murder' – Watch!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/raftaar-shakti-mohan-groove-to-rascala-from-the-great-indian-murder-watch-2435247.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Live|first=A. B. P.|date=2022-02-10|title=रफ्तार का रैप और शक्ति मोहन का धमाकेदार डांस, साउथ इंडियन स्टाइल में रिलीज किया नया गाना|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/hotstar-web-series-the-great-indian-murder-raskala-song-released-starring-shakti-mohan-and-raftaar-new-song-2058598|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.abplive.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=2022-02-10|title=Raftaar, Shakti Mohan groove on new track 'Rascala' from 'The Great Indian Murder'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/raftaar-shakti-mohan-groove-on-new-track-rascala-from-the-great-indian-murder-2022-02-10-758969|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

{{Track_listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 17:77
| title1 = The Great Indian Murder Song
| extra1 = [[Varijashree Venugopal]]
| length1 = 2:21
| title2 = Jaane Re Mann
| extra2 = Raju Das Baul
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Raskala
| length3 = 1:27
| extra3 = Umang Doshi, Anusha Mani
| title4 = Mon Amour
| length4 = 3:18
| extra4 = Nikita Venkatesh
| title5 = Soul of The Great Indian Murder
| length5 = 1:40
| extra5 =
| title6 = Bhagad Bille
| length6 = 3:36
| extra6 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
| title7 =
| length7 =
| extra7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| music1 = [[Raghu Dixit]]
| lyrics1 = Puneet Sharma
| music2 = [[Raghu Dixit]]
| lyrics2 = Rajib Chakraborty
| lyrics3 = Ashwath Bobo
| music3 = [[Darshan Doshi]], Umang Doshi
| lyrics4 =
| music4 = Ketan Sodha
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Ketan Sodha
| lyrics6 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]] & Shrey Oberoi
| music6 = Ketan Sodha
| lyrics7 =
| music7 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16729514}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_great_indian_murder/s01 The Great Indian Murder] on [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/the-great-indian-murder/1260079678 The Great Indian Murder] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Indian Murder, The}}
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Web series based on novels]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Crime drama web series]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Political satirical television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]

Shailendra Pandya

2026-04-12T11:29:39Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting a info!

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist (born 1987)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|3|27|df=y}}
| image =
| birth_name = Shailendra Pandya
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]
| occupation = *Social Activist
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2022
| name = Shailendra Pandya
}}

'''Shailendra Pandya''' (born 27 March 1987, Udaipur) is an Indian child rights activist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=बालश्रम से जुड़े तथ्यों पर बालश्रम प्रकोष्ठ प्रभारी डॉ. शैलेन्द्र पण्ड्या से मुलाक़ात |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/people/Dr-Shailendra-Pandya-on-child-labor/cid7890418.htm |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=hi}}</ref> and former member of the [[Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2023-05-30 |title=In Udaipur, court injunction a new deterrent against child marriages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-udaipur-court-injunction-a-new-deterrent-against-child-marriages/article66901295.ece |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2022, he became the director of Gayatri Seva Sansthan (GSS).

In October 2024, he received recognition for contributions to child welfare at the Indo-Arab Leader summit in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molwala |first=Heena |title=Udaipur's Dr. Pandya Receives International Award in Dubai |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/people/udaipur-dr-pandya-received-international-award-in-dubai/cid15455187.htm}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pandya was born in 1987 in [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], Rajasthan. He graduated from the [[University of Rajasthan]] in 2009 with a degree in computer engineering. He completed his master's degree in social work at [[Janardan Rai Nagar Rajasthan Vidyapeeth|Janardan Rai Nagar Rajasthan Vidyapeeth University]] in 2012.

== Career ==
Pandya began his professional career working to protect child rights and joined the [[Rajasthan State Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] as state in charge of Child Labour Cell. There he was involved in policies and programs for the eradication and rehabilitation of [[Child labour in India|child labour]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-11 |title=Rajasthan: 27 children rescued from jewellery units |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-27-children-rescued-from-jewellery-units/articleshow/72012150.cms |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/banswara/news/rajasthan-news-banswara-rajasthan-child-rights-protection-commission-member-shailendra-pandya-081504-4958987.html|title=बांसवाड़ा|date=July 9, 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
In 2019, during an interstate rescue in [[Surat]] with [[Rajasthan Police]], he rescued 138 children workers who had been brought there to work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=138 child labourers, between 10 and 16, rescued from Surat |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/29/138-child-labourers-between-10-and-16-rescued-from-Surat.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> 128 of the children were from Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-30 |title=Rajasthan cops rescue 138 child labourers from Surat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/138-child-labourers-rescued-in-interstate-raids-from-puna-area-of-city/articleshow/73021289.cms |access-date=2023-11-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 12 June 2022, he was involved in a 'Child Labour Free Udaipur' project<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2023-07-14 |title=36 children rescued in Udaipur after campaign against child labour |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/36-children-rescued-in-udaipur-after-campaign-against-child-labour/article67080137.ece |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in which 91 children were rescued from various workplaces and 17 [[First information report|FIRs]] were registered against 54 employers. 60 of the children were re-enrolled in education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-24 |title=30 child labourers rescued from Udaipur, minor found pregnant |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/30-child-labourers-rescued-from-udaipur-minor-found-pregnant/articleshow/91040272.cms |access-date=2023-11-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] he conducted a Situational Analysis of Tribal Child Labour,<ref>{{Cite web| title=RAKSHIN - A Journal of Rajasthan Police Academy | url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/homeportal/RajasthanPoliceAcademy/PDF/RakshinBook2022.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106190148/https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/homeportal/RajasthanPoliceAcademy/PDF/RakshinBook2022.pdf | archive-date=2023-11-06}}</ref> where 865 migrant children returned to their villages for rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: 73 child labourers rescued from factories; children mostly from UP and Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-73-child-labourers-rescued-from-factories-children-mostly-from-up-and-bihar-1920564-2022-03-04 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He worked with the district administration, creating a helpline to report cases, which prevented 15 [[Child marriage in India|child marriages]].<ref name=":1" />

He was a speaker at Tedx Pradhikaran at D Y Patil Vidyapeeth in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxPradhikaran {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/54816 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
*Leadership Excellence Award: Outstanding Contribution for Protection of Child Rights in India (2022)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Aditya |title=Rajasthan: Dr. Shailendra Pandya The Child Rights Activist Will Be Awarded In Delhi As "Desh Ratna" By BYWA |url=https://thebharatnewsnetwork.in/Dr.-Shailendra-Pandya-Child-Rights-ActivistDesh-Ratna--Delhi-Rajasthan}}</ref>
*India’s 100 under 40 ‘Social Leaders’ award: Child Rehabilitation and Child Rights in India (2022){{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref name=":2" />
* Social Change Makers award: Child protection (2017){{citation needed|date=December 2023}} <ref name=":2" />
* Laadli Award: child protection and girl child education in tribal areas (2014){{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTlZ2Hz8aKgkItBKefQBOGg Shailendra Pandya], YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Shailendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]

Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar

2026-04-11T21:01:53Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made A Biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar
| image = 
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = Incumbent
| constituency = [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
| predecessor = [[Haridas Bhade]]
| successor =
| majority = 45,996 (2024)
| office2 = Chief Whip of Maharashtra BJP Legislative Party
| term_start2 = February 2024
| term_end2 = Incumbent
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| office3 = General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Maharashtra]]
| term_start3 = September 2022
| term_end3 = Incumbent
| 1blankname3 = President
| 1namedata3 = [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|04|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Manjusha Randhir Sawarkar
| children = Sayali Randhir Sawarkar Harsh Randhir Sawarkar
| alma_mater = Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University
| occupation = Politician, Businessman, Agriculturist
}}

'''Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar''' (born 14 April 1973) is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) who has represented the [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]] constituency in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] since 2014. Since February 2024, he has served as the [[Chief Whip|Chief Whip of the Maharashtra]] BJP Legislative Party under [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]. Additionally, he has held the position of General Secretary of the Maharashtra [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Maharashtra|BJP]] since September 2022, during the tenure of party president [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]. Sawarkar’s political career has been marked by his focus on regional development and agricultural issues, particularly in the [[Akola]] district.

== Early life and education ==
Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar was born on 14 April 1973 in Akola, Maharashtra. He completed his early education at Holy Cross Convent School in Akola before pursuing a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) degree in Production at the College of Engineering and Technology, Akola, affiliated with [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], graduating in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar Affidavit |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1410 |accessdate=20 March 2025 |publisher=MyNeta}}</ref> His entry into politics came at the age of 17, when he became involved in student movements linked to the ''Shetkari Sanghatana'', an organization focused on farmers' rights, eventually rising to the role of district president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar 2019 Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=1129 |accessdate=20 March 2025 |publisher=MyNeta}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Randhirbhau is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.
Sawarkar’s political journey began with grassroots activism, and he joined the BJP, where he steadily advanced through various roles. He first won the Akola East seat in the 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election, defeating [[Haridas Bhade]] of the [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]] by a margin of 2,440 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Results 2014 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ |accessdate=20 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He retained the constituency in the 2019 and 2024 elections, with his 2024 victory marked by a significant margin of 50,613 votes against Ashish Ramrao Datkar of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena]] (UBT).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akola East assembly results 2024: BJP's Randhir Pralhadroa Sawkar wins against Shiv Sena (UBT) Ashish Ramrao Datkaris |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/akola-east-assembly-results-2024-live-updates-india-elections-maharashtra-election-result/articleshow/115593996.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1331.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209220733/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1331.htm |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within the BJP, Sawarkar has held several positions, including [[Secretary (title)|General Secretary]] (Rural) of [[Akola|Akola District]] BJP from 2007 to 2010 and ''District President'' (Rural) from 2020 to 2023. His appointment as ''General Secretary of the Maharashtra BJP'' in September 2022 and Chief Whip in February 2024 reflect his growing influence within the party’s state unit.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Sawarkar has been active in legislative proceedings, with a reported attendance rate of 89% between November 2019 and March 2024, surpassing the state average of 83.5%, and raising 218 questions during that period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar Legislative Record |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/randhir-pralhadrao-sawarkar-15-10028 |accessdate=20 March 2025 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sawarkar is married to Manjusha Randhir Sawarkar, who holds a postgraduate degree. The couple has two children Sayali Randhir Sawarkar, and their son, Harsh Randhir Sawarkar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar 2019 Affidavit |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=1129 |accessdate=20 March 2025 |publisher=MyNeta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Savarkar, Randhir Pralhadrao}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Akola]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
__FORCETOC__

P. N. Banerjee

2026-04-04T04:16:43Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made Page!

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox spy
| name = Phanindra Nath Banerjee
| image = P. N. Banerjee with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and family.jpg
| alt =
| caption = P. N. Banerjee (extreme left), with [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and his family. Banerjee's son Saumitra is at extreme right.
| birth_date = 2 June 1912
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 24 July 1974
| death_place = Dhaka
| other_names = Nath Babu
| alma_mater = [[University Law College]], [[Calcutta]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]]
| employer =
| known_for = Intelligence activities before and during [[Bangladesh War]]; Intelligence activities leading to merger of [[Sikkim]] into India
| notable_works =
|criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty =
| spouse =
| children = Saumitra "Bobby" Banerjee (journalist)<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/the-indian-hero-you-must-know-about/20191022.htm The Indian Hero you must know about], Interview with Nitin A. Gokhale, author of [[R.N. Kao: Gentleman Spymaster]], ''Rediff News'', 23 October 2019</ref>
|allegiance = {{flagu|India|size=20px}}
|agency = [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
|serviceyears = 1943–1959 (state service); 1959–1974 (central service)
|codename2_label =
|codename2 = }}

'''Phanindra Nath Banerjee''' (2 June 1912 – 24 July 1974) was an [[Indian Police Service]] officer serving as Commissioner (Eastern Zone) of the Special Bureau (field formation of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]]) in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) in the period 1968-1974.

He had co-ordinated the Indian intelligence efforts before and during the [[Bangladesh War]], including training of the [[Mukti Bahini]], securing intelligence for the future Army operations etc. and was R&AW's primary link with the East Pakistan leaders. He had also co-ordinated the merger of [[Sikkim]] into India, along with the then R&AW chief [[R. N. Kao]] and R&AW's successive station chiefs in [[Gangtok]], Ajit Singh Syali and Gur Bakhshish Singh Sidhu.

==Early life==

Banerjee received his M.A. and B.L. degrees from the Presidency College and University Law College, Calcutta, respectively. He got appointed into the IPS through the Emergency Recruitment Scheme on 15 August 1949, with retrospective year of allotment as {{sfrac|1943|1|2}}.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102328/page/n133/mode/2up "History of Services of Indian Police Service as on 1st January 1960"], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 1961, page 127</ref> Thereafter he served as S.P. of Bankura and in Tripura. He joined central deputation on 4 February 1959 in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]].

==Sheikh Mujib's London meetings==

As mentioned by Sukharanjan Dasgupta, a journalist who covered the Bangladesh War on behalf of [[Anandabazar Patrika]], [[Indira Gandhi]], then a minister in the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] government, had gone to London to represent India in the [[January 1966 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]], where Banerjee arranged a meeting between her and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], in the Southampton Road residence of [[Tarapada Basu]]. In that meeting, it was decided that East Pakistan will get separated from Pakistan if [[Six Point program|the six points]] are not met, similar to how Pakistan got separated from India when [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|Jinnah's fourteen points]] were not met.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Mujib-Killing-Conspiracy/page/n109/mode/2up মুজিব হত্যার ষড়যন্ত্র], Sukharanjan Dasgupta, 1978, Bangladesh edition, 2015, Bhashachitra, Dhaka, page 114</ref><ref>[https://albd.org/bn/articles/news/32122/তিনিই-বাংলাদেশ তিনিই বাংলাদেশ], Maj. Gen. A. K. Mohammad Ali Sikdar (Retd.), Bangladesh Awami League site, 1 August 2019</ref> In October 1969, following the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising]], Mujib again went to London, on the pretext of appendicitis surgery. The real purpose was a meeting with P.N. Banerjee, secret envoy of Mrs. Gandhi, as mentioned by [[Shahriar Kabir]].<ref>[https://shabdaghar.com/?p=4125 মুক্তিযুদ্ধের ভিন্ন দলিলপত্র], [[Muntassir Mamoon]], ''Shabdaghar'', December 2020</ref> Armed liberation war with Indian help was planned in that meeting, as per [[Tofael Ahmed]].<ref>[https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/18/432345 বঙ্গবন্ধু লন্ডনে ইন্দিরার প্রতিনিধির সঙ্গে সশস্ত্র যুদ্ধের পরিকল্পনা চূড়ান্ত করেন], Pir Habibur Rahman, ''Bangladesh Pratidin'', 18 June 2019</ref>

==Role in Bangladesh War==

On creation of R&AW in 1968, Banerjee, then Joint Director (East) in the IB, followed Kao into the new organisation, and became posted as Commissioner (equivalent to Joint Secretary) in Calcutta. He became one of Kao's core team.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/992290/how-rn-kao-and-his-team-created-indias-espionage-playbook-through-the-research-analysis-wing How RN Kao and his team created India’s espionage playbook through the Research & Analysis Wing], excerpt from ''The War That Made R&AW'', Anusha Nandakumar & Sandeep Saket, Scroll.in, 15 April 2021</ref> Operations in East Pakistan came under his purview. Banerjee based his operations in Dhaka and went under the alias "Nath Babu"; leaders including [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] addressed him as such. In one of his deception schemes, he fed misinformation to the Americans, by using [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]], that India was in no position to undertake a military operation in East Pakistan due to insurgency in [[Northeast India]] and the [[Naxalite uprising]] in West Bengal; and all the while, Indian army got ready to enter East Pakistan, under the guise of tracking the Naxalites.<ref>[https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2017/03/17/the-ghosts-of-raw/ The Ghosts of RAW], Subir Bhaumik, bdnews24.com, 17 March 2017</ref> Banerjee was the overall in-charge, from the Indian side, of the provisional Bangladesh government-in-exile, established in Calcutta on 14 April 1971, and coordination of all overt and covert guerrilla operations inside East Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.dailyo.in/politics/1971-bangladesh-war-research-and-analysis-wing-rn-kao-pakistan-army-indian-army/story/1/7972.html 1971 Bangladesh war: RAW heroes India forgot to honour], R. K. Yadav, 16 December 2015</ref>

==Role in merger of Sikkim==

Later, in December 1972, when the Chogyal (king) of Sikkim was pressuring India to revise the Indo-Sikkim Treaty, the Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]], called Kao and asked him to do something about Sikkim. Banerjee, under whose purview the Sikkim operations came, prepared a strategy within a fortnight, which was instantly cleared by Mrs. Gandhi and ultimately culminated into merger of Sikkim into India. Banerjee and Ajit Singh Syali (then OSD in Gangtok and later, chief of R&AW) launched an operation codenamed ''Janamat and Twilight'', by which they undermined the monarchy by strengthening the agitations of the Sikkim National Congress, led by [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]]. By 8 April 1973, the Chogyal was forced to sign a draft treaty with India, which stated that the administration would be taken over by India.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-rn-kao-india-s-top-spymaster-helped-integrate-sikkim-into-india/story-QfJTKWmD5gUaHVGKcn4dnO.html How RN Kao – India’s top spymaster - helped integrate Sikkim into India], Neeraj Chauhan, ''The Hindustan Times'', 13 December 2019, quoting from the book, [[R.N. Kao: Gentleman Spymaster]] by Nitin A. Gokhale</ref>

==Death==

Banerjee's death has been a subject of significant speculation and controversy. His death was officially attributed to a heart attack. However, some reports [[Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in Bangladesh|suggest he may have been poisoned]] after a meal in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Death of R&AW officer in Dhaka in 1974 linked to Mujib assassination plot, claims book |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-of-raw-officer-in-dhaka-in-1974-linked-to-mujib-assassination-plot-claims-book/article69745610.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> At the time, Banerjee was serving as the direct liaison between Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and Bangladesh's founding leader, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. It is speculated that he may have been targeted because he had discovered a conspiracy against Rahman, who was [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated the following year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Top Aide in Dacca Wounded in Ambush by 6 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/27/archives/indias-top-aide-in-dacca-wounded-in-ambush-by-6.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.nytimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, P. N.}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Spymasters]]

Qamre Elahi

2026-04-01T00:50:15Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made New Info

{{Short description|West Bengali politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Qamre Elahi
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2011
| predecessor = [[Motahar Hossain (Indian politician)|Dr. Motahar Hossain]]
| successor = [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]]
| constituency = [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1961|1|21}}
| birth_place = [[Birbhum district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Mohammed Qamre Elahi''' (born 21 January 1961) was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for over a decade.

==Early life and family==
Mohammed Qamre Elahi was born on 21 January 1961 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of [[Mayureswar I|Baraturigram]] in [[Birbhum district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He was the son of Mohammad Fazle Elahi and obtained his [[MBBS]] from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who of Members|page=286|publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat|year=2006}}</ref>

==Career==
Qamre Elahi contested in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Murarai Assembly constituency]], winning against Trinamool politician [[Motahar Hossain (Indian politician)|Dr. Motahar Hossain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2001/murarai/|title=Murarai, 1962|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He contested in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Murarai after winning against Hossain once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1996/murarai/|title=Murarai, 1996|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Hossain contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] but lost to Trinamool politician [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/murarai/|title=Murarai, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elahi, Qamre}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Kia India

2026-03-31T15:11:56Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: stub

{{Short description|Automobile manufacturer subsidiary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kia India Pvt Ltd
| logo = File:KIA logo3.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|19}}
| founder =
| location = [[Penukonda|Sri Sathya Sai District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| key_people = Gwanggu lee ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| products = [[Automobiles]]
| production = 336,619 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sales Results|url=http://pr.kia.com/en/company/ir/ir-library/sales-results.do|access-date=2020-10-02|website=pr.kia.com|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503031303/http://pr.kia.com/en/company/ir/ir-library/sales-results.do|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| services =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| parent = [[Kia]]
| subsid =
| homepage = [https://www.kia.com/in/ www.kia.com/in/]
}}

'''Kia India Private Limited''' is a [[subsidiary]] of [[Kia]] for its operations in [[India]]. The company was founded on 19 May 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1555527D:IN|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.bloomberg.com|title=KIA India PVT Ltd - Company Profile and News }}</ref> following an announcement of the construction of a new 536-acre manufacturing facility in [[Penukonda|Sri Sathya Sai District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The plant started its trial production in January 2019<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Kia Commences Trial Production at its Penukonda Plant in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/kia-motors-commences-trial-production-at-its-anantapur-plant-in-andhra-pradesh-835836124.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en}}</ref> and the mass production of its first product, the [[Kia Seltos]] started on 31 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kia Seltos' mass production in India to begin next week|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/article/kia-seltos-mass-production-in-india-to-begin-next-week/459091|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> The {{currency|2|USD}} billion manufacturing plant is capable of producing 300,000 vehicles annually.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kia Motors {{!}} India Plant|url=https://www.kia.com/in/discover-kia/kia-in-india/india-plant.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.kia.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Products ==
Kia India produces several models that were developed specifically for the Indian market, namely the SP2i version of the Seltos and the sub-4 metre SUV [[Kia Sonet|Sonet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kia Seltos Unveiled in India - Hyundai Motor Group TECH|url=https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/the-kia-seltos-is-unveiled-in-india/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Within less than four years of operations, in May 2023 the company announced that it has achieved a milestone of 700,000 vehicle sales.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-07-19|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/kia-india-crosses-500-000-sales-mark-in-less-then-3-years-of-commencing-ops-122071901089_1.html|access-date=2022-07-20|newspaper=Business Standard India|language=en-US|title=Kia India crosses 500,000 sales mark in less than 3 years of commencing ops }}</ref>

By November 2024, the firm had exported over 100,000 CKD kits from the Anantapur plant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-25|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/industry-/kia-india-exports-one-lakh-ckd-vehicles-433659|access-date=2024-11-26|newspaper=Autocar India|author=Akbar Merchant|title=Kia India exports one lakh CKD vehicles}}</ref>

=== Current models ===
==== ICE vehicles ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 40%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="25%" |Model
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Indian introduction
! colspan="2" |Current model
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="10%" |Introduction (model code)
! width="10%" |Update ([[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]])
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="7" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
|[[File:2024 Kia Sonet Zenith (Colombia) front view.png|alt=|200px]]
|'''[[Kia Sonet|Sonet]]'''
|2020
|2020 ([[Kia Sonet#QY|QY]])
|2024
|
|-
|[[File:2025 Kia Syros AY.jpg|alt=|200px]]
|'''[[Kia Syros|Syros]]'''
|2025
|2025 ([[Kia Syros#AY|AY]])
|—
|
|-
|[[File:Kia Seltos X-line.jpg|center|frameless]]
|'''[[Kia Seltos|Seltos]]'''
|2019
|2026 ([[Kia Seltos#SP3|SP3i]])
|
|
|-
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="7" |'''[[Multi Purpose Vehicle|MPV]]'''
|-
|[[File:2025 Kia Carens Clavis HTX Plus.png|200px]]
|'''[[Kia Carens|Carens]]'''
|2022
|2022 ([[Kia Carens#KY|KY]])
| 2025
| Facelift sold as Carens Clavis
|-
|[[File:2024 Kia Carnival (KA4) 1.jpg|200px]]
|'''[[Kia Carnival|Carnival]]'''
|2020
|2024 ([[Kia Carnival#Fourth generation (KA4; 2020)|KA4]])
| —
|Locally produced (2020~2023) Imported from South Korea
|}

==== Electric vehicles ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 40%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="25%" |Model
! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Indian introduction
! colspan="2" |Current model
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="10%" |Introduction (model code)
! width="10%" |Update ([[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]])
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="7" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
|[[File:Kia EV6 GT-Line 1X7A0317.jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|[[Kia EV6|'''EV6''']]
|2022
|2022 ([[Kia EV6|CV]])
|2025
|Imported from South Korea
|-
|[[File:Kia EV9 GT-Line 1X7A2506.jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|[[Kia EV9|'''EV9''']]
|2024
|2024 ([[Kia EV9|MV]])
| —
|Imported from South Korea
|-
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="7" |'''[[Multi Purpose Vehicle|MPV]]'''
|-
|
|'''[[Kia Carens|Carens Clavis EV]]'''
|2025
|2025 ([[Kia Carens#KY|KY]])
|—
|
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Production
!Domestic sales
!Exports
|-
|2019
|57,719
|44,918
|755
|-
|2020
|177,982
|139,714
|29,358
|-
|2021
|227,844
|182,655
|53,247
|-
|2022
|336,619
|254,556
|82,063
|-
|2023
|
|255,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dalvi |first=Ajit |title=Kia Seltos accounts for 46.5 percent of brand’s total India sales |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/industry/kia-seltos-accounts-for-465-percent-of-brand-total-india-sales-434364 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2024
|
|245,000<ref name=":0" />
|
|}
{{refbegin|}}
{{refend}}

== See also ==

* [[Hyundai Motor India]]
* [[Automotive industry in India]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.kia.com/in/ Kia India]
{{Kia}}{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Kia Motors|India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]

Gurleen Chopra

2026-03-28T14:52:32Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: brief refine article for consistency also and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurleen Chopra
| image = Gurlen in Mumbai.jpg
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2003–2020
| occupation = Actress, [[Model (person)|Model]]
| parents =
| website = {{URL|www.counsellingwithgc.com}}
| height =
}}
'''Gurleen Chopra''', also known as '''Gurleen Kaur Chopra''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Gurleen Chopra changes her name to Gurleen Singh Chopra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actress-gurleen-chopra-changes-her-name-to-gurlen-siingh-chopraa/articleshow/68269165.cms |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407225716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actress-gurleen-chopra-changes-her-name-to-gurlen-siingh-chopraa/articleshow/68269165.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> born on 26 July 1975 is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress and [[Model (person)|model]]. She has appeared in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]],<ref name="glamgold.com">{{Cite web |url=http://glamgold.com/shinma-shoot-at-wai/ |title=SHINMA shoot at Wai | glamgold.com |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725021651/http://glamgold.com/shinma-shoot-at-wai/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kannada]] and [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Features |first=Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article27157.ece |title=An interesting love story |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article27157.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Gurleen Chopra was crowned Miss [[Chandigarh]] in her youth. Encouraged by her friends to try modelling, she went on to pursue a career in film.<ref name="hindu2002">{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/25/stories/2002122503420200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223023042/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/25/stories/2002122503420200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2014 |title=Recreating a musical magic |date=25 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Gurleen Chopra made her debut as a model in famous song by Surjit Bindrakhiya "Tedi Tedi Takdi Tu" in 1999. Gurleen Chopra made her debut in the Hindi film, ''[[Indian Babu]]''.<ref name="tribuneindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100407/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle |work=The Tribune |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235954/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100407/ttlife1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Her next Hindi film was ''Kuch To Gadbad Hai'', in which she played an orphan girl Riya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smashits.com/gurleen-chopra-s-no-for-body-exposure/interview-3504.html |title=Interview with Gurleen Chopra - GURLEEN CHOPRA'S NO FOR BODY EXPOSURE - Bollywood Article |publisher=Smashits.com |date=6 May 2004 |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221173228/http://www.smashits.com/gurleen-chopra-s-no-for-body-exposure/interview-3504.html |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She debuted in Telugu cinema with ''Ayudham'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07ayu.htm |title=Tacky script sinks Ayudham |work=Rediff.com |date=7 June 2003 |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154655/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07ayu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and later acted in many Telugu, Kannada and Tamil films. She played a double role in ''[[Manmatha (film)|Manmatha]]''. About her performance in the film, [[Sify]] had written, "Gurlin Chopra is impressive as Lakshmi in the blind get-up",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manmatha-review-kannada-14505826.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113347/http://www.sify.com/movies/manmatha-review-kannada-14505826.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Movie Review : Manmatha |website=Sify.com |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> and [[Rediff]] had written that she "has done a neat job in both her roles".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssman/20070806.htm |title=Manmatha: Watch it for Jaggesh, Komal - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154654/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssman/20070806.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She signed and shot her first Tamil film ''Thullal'' in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900070200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924204119/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2004 |title=Another director-actor! |date=29 July 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090302490700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001104135/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090302490700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2004 |title=Meaty role for the heroine |date=3 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> but it released only in 2007. She then started acting in Punjabi films. Her film ''Hashar'', opposite Babbu Mann was a hit.<ref name="tribuneindia1"/> After a long hiatus, she signed a Telugu film titled ''Konaseemalo Chittemma Kittayya'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Gurleen-Chopra-is-back/articleshow/3952629.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140212221759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-09/news-interviews/28004078_1_tollywood-film-disappearance |url-status=live |archive-date=12 February 2014 |title=Gurleen Chopra is back |date=9 January 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref> She acted in a 3D Telugu romantic comedy ''Vasthavam''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3d-films-are-huge-crowdpullers-says-telugu-producer-srinivasa-reddy/374518-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225114028/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3d-films-are-huge-crowdpullers-says-telugu-producer-srinivasa-reddy/374518-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2013 |title=3D films are huge crowd-pullers says, Telugu producer Srinivasa Reddy |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

She started shooting for her [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] debut film ''Shinma'' in May 2015.<ref name="glamgold.com"/>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Indian Babu]]'' || Dil || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (2003 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Sravani || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Saitham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saradara]]'' || Priya || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''Kuch To Gadbad Hai'' || Riya Singh || Hindi || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Mogudu Pellala Dongata''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mogudupellamdongatareview.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews : Mogudu Pellala DOngata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225071706/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mogudupellamdongatareview.php |date=25 February 2012|archive-date=25 February 2012|work=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[Vishnu Sena]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Kaaki'' || Farah || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''Baghi'' || Preet || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''[[Pandavaru]]'' || Anjali || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' || Nisha Chauhan || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Manmatha (film)|Manmatha]]'' || Lakshmi / Priya || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || Sruthika || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Hashar: A Love Story'' || Shagan || [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''Kabaddi Ikk Mohabbat'' || Raunaq Gill || Punjabi ||
|-
|''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]'' || ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Ajj De Ranjhe]]'' || Kranti || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''[[Sirphire]]'' || Jazz || Punjabi ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kirpaan: The Sword of Honour]]'' || Jasmine || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''Siva Keshav'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Gaye Munde U.K. De]]'' || Dolly || Punjabi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''Shinma'' <ref name="glamgold.com"/> || || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| ''International Hero'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''Ashley'' || Ashley || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Game Over'' || Sanaya || Hindi ||
|-
|2019 || ''Jai Chhathi Maa'' || || Hindi ||
|-
|2020 || ''1840 Hyderabad'' || Simran || Hindi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1304469|Gurleen Chopra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Gurleen}}
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel

2026-03-23T02:02:02Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: updated references as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Outdated|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Countries by soldier count.svg|thumb|450px|Countries by number of active soldiers (2015)]]
This is a '''list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel'''. It includes any government-sponsored soldiers used to further the domestic and foreign policies of their respective government. The term "[[country]]" is used in its most common use, in the sense of [[State (polity)|state]] which exercises [[sovereignty]] or has limited [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]].
==Guide to the list==

The list consists of columns that can be sorted by clicking on the appropriate title:
* The names of the states, accompanied by their respective [[national flag]]s.
* The number of [[military]] personnel on [[active duty]] that are currently serving full-time in their military capacity.
* The number of military personnel in the [[reserve forces]] that are not normally kept [[under arms]], whose role is to be available to [[Mobilization|mobilize]] when necessary.
* The number of personnel in [[paramilitary]] forces: armed units that are not considered part of a nation's formal military forces.
* The total number of active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel.
* The ratio per thousand inhabitants of total military (active, reserve, and paramilitary).
* The ratio per thousand inhabitants of active military only.

As military forces around the world are constantly changing in size, no definitive list can ever be compiled.

All of the 178 countries listed here, especially those with the highest number of total soldiers such as the two [[Korea]]s and [[Vietnam]], include a large number of paramilitaries, civilians and policemen in their reserve personnel. Some countries, such as [[Italy]] and [[Japan]], have only volunteers in their armed forces. Other countries, such as [[Mauritius]] and [[Panama]], have no national armies, but only a paramilitary force.

===Tooth-to-tail ratio===

The numbers of military personnel listed include both support personnel (supplies, construction, and contracting) and actual combat personnel. For a typical country, the proportion of this total that comprises actual combat forces is about 26%{{cn|date=March 2022}} (so, for every soldier there will be around three support personnel). This proportion is referred to as the "tooth-to-tail ratio".

Some countries have a considerably smaller [[tooth-to-tail ratio]]: For example, the [[United States Armed Forces]] has a tooth-to-tail ratio of 17%, meaning that for every combat unit there are around five support units.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Improving the DoD's Tooth-to-Tail Ratio. Revision|first1=J.|last1=Gansler|author-link1=Jacques Gansler|first2=William|last2=Lucyshyn|date=1 February 2014|s2cid=14067427|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA601876}}</ref>
[[File:Countries by military per capita.svg|thumb|450px|Military personnel per capita]]

==List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies==

{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header sort-under"
|+ According to [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! data-sort-type=text | Country
! data-sort-type=number | Active{{br}}military
! data-sort-type=number | Reserve{{br}}military
! data-sort-type=number | Paramilitary
! data-sort-type=number | Total
! data-sort-type=number | Per 1,000{{br}}capita{{br}}(total)
! data-sort-type=number | Per 1,000{{br}}capita{{br}}(active)
! Ref
|-
{{Number of soldiers| country=Afghanistan| military=Military of Afghanistan| active=172000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=40121552| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 231</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Albania| military=Military of Albania| active=7500| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=3101621|references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 71</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Algeria| military=Military of Algeria| active=139000| reserve=150000| paramilitary=187200| population=47735685| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 338</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Angola| military=Angolan Armed Forces| active=107000| reserve=0| paramilitary=10000| population=35981281| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 471</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Antigua and Barbuda| military=Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force| active=200| reserve=80| paramilitary=0| population=101489| references=<ref name="p.390">[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 408</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Argentina| military=Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic| active=83000| reserve=0| paramilitary=31250| population=46621847| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 409</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Armenia| military=Armed Forces of Armenia| active=42900| reserve=210000| paramilitary=4300| population=2989091| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 178</ref>{{efn|The reserve military of Armenia consists mostly of ex-conscripts who have seen service within the last 15 years.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Australia| military=Australian Defence Force| active=58540| reserve=21450| paramilitary=0| population=26461166| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 246</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Austria| military=Austrian Armed Forces| active=22200| reserve=109200| paramilitary=0| population=8940860| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 72</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Azerbaijan| military=Azerbaijani Armed Forces| active=68200| reserve=300000| paramilitary=15000| population=10694370| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 177-178</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bahamas| military=Royal Bahamas Defence Force| active=1500| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=410862| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 397</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bahrain| military=Bahrain Defence Force| active=8200| reserve=0| paramilitary=11260| population=1566888| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 343</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bangladesh| military=Bangladesh Armed Forces| active=171250| reserve=0| paramilitary=63900| population=167184465| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 248</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Barbados| military=Military of Barbados| active=610| reserve=430| paramilitary=0| population=304139| references=<ref name="p. 402">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 397</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Belarus| military=Armed Forces of Belarus| active=48600| reserve=289500| paramilitary=110000| population=9460972| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 180</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Belgium| military=Belgian Armed Forces| active=23500| reserve=5900| paramilitary=0| population=11977634| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 72</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Belize| military=Military of Belize| active=2000| reserve=850| paramilitary=630| population=385854| references=<ref name="p. 402" />}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Benin| military=Military of Benin| active=12300| reserve=0| paramilitary=4800| population=14697052| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 454</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bhutan| military=Royal Bhutan Army| active=16000| reserve=60000| paramilitary=0| population=727000| references=<ref>[[Royal Bhutan Army]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bolivia| military=Military of Bolivia| active=34100| reserve=0| paramilitary=37100| population=12311974| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 398</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bosnia and Herzegovina| military=Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina| active=10650| reserve=6000| paramilitary=0| population=3798671| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 74</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Botswana| military=Botswana Defence Force| active=9000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=2450668| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 456</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Brazil| military=Brazilian Armed Forces| active=374500| reserve=124600| paramilitary=395000| population=221359387| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 409-410</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Brunei| military=Royal Brunei Armed Forces| active=7200| reserve=700| paramilitary=450| population=484991| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 251</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Bulgaria| military=Military of Bulgaria| active=36950| reserve=3000| paramilitary=0| population=6782659| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 75</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Burkina Faso| military=Military of Burkina Faso| active=7000| reserve=0| paramilitary=4450| population=2417596| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 475</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Burundi| military=Military of Burundi| active=30050| reserve=0| paramilitary=1000| population=13590102| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 458</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Cambodia| military=Royal Cambodian Armed Forces| active=124300| reserve=0| paramilitary=67000| population=16891245| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 252</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Cameroon| military=Military of Cameroon| active=25400| reserve=0| paramilitary=9000| population=30135732| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 478</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Canada| military=Canadian Forces| active=62300| reserve=29100| paramilitary=0| population=38794813| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 31</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Cape Verde| military=Military of Cape Verde| active=1200| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=611014| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 459</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Central African Republic| military=Military of the Central African Republic| active=9150| reserve=0| paramilitary=1000| population=5552228| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 480</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Chad| military=Military of Chad| active=33250| reserve=0| paramilitary=11900| population=18523165| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 481</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Chile| military=Military of Chile| active=68500| reserve=19100| paramilitary=44700| population=18664652| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 404</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=China| military=People's Liberation Army| active=2035000| reserve=510000| paramilitary=500000| population=1415135431| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 248-249</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Colombia| military=Military Forces of Colombia| active=285000| reserve=34950| paramilitary=165050| population=49842298| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 417</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Comoros| military=Army of National Development| active=1000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=883000| references=<ref>[[Army of National Development]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Costa Rica| military=Military of Costa Rica| active=0| reserve=0| paramilitary=9950| population=5265575| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 411</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Côte d'Ivoire| military=National Armed Forces of Côte d'Ivoire| active=27400| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=29981758| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 465</ref>{{efn|Size of paramilitary is not known.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Croatia| military=Military of Croatia| active=16800| reserve=2100| paramilitary=0| population=4150116| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 77</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Cuba| military=Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces| active=49000| reserve=39000| paramilitary=26500| population=10985974| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 427</ref>{{efn|The reserve paramilitary of Cuba consists of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces|Youth Labour Army]], Civil Defence and [[Territorial Troops Militia]] and count 1,120,000 units. Ready reserves serve 45 days per year.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Cyprus| military=Cypriot National Guard| active=12000| reserve=60000| paramilitary=0| population=1308120| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 80</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Czech Republic| military=Military of the Czech Republic| active=26600| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=10837890| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 81</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Democratic Republic of the Congo| military=Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo| active=128350| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=115403027| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 467</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Denmark| military=Danish Armed Forces| active=13100| reserve=44200| paramilitary=0| population=5973136| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 83</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Djibouti| military=Djibouti Armed Forces| active=8450| reserve=0| paramilitary=4650| population=976143| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 487</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Dominican Republic| military=Military of the Dominican Republic| active=56800| reserve=0| paramilitary=15000| population=10815857| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 413</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Ecuador| military=Military of Ecuador| active=39600| reserve=118000| paramilitary=500| population=18309984| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 414</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Egypt| military=Egyptian Armed Forces| active=438500| reserve=479000| paramilitary=397000| population=112870457| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 343</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=El Salvador| military=Armed Forces of El Salvador| active=2600| reserve=9900| paramilitary=2600| population=6628702| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 417</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Equatorial Guinea| military=Military of Equatorial Guinea| active=1750| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=1795834| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 470</ref>{{efn|Size of paramilitary is not known.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Eritrea| military=Eritrean Defence Forces| active=301750| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=6416435| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 484</ref>{{efn|Personnel-strength figures for the Eritrean reserve forces are not known.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Estonia| military=Military of Estonia| active=7100| reserve=41200| paramilitary=21200| population=1193791| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 84</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Eswatini| military=Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force| active= 3000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=1230000| references=<ref>[[Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Ethiopia| military=Ethiopian National Defense Force| active=503000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=121372632| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 485</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Fiji| military=Republic of Fiji Military Forces| active=4040| reserve=6000| paramilitary=0| population=951611| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], pp. 250</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Finland| military=Finnish Defence Forces| active=23850| reserve=233000 | paramilitary=14900| population=5550449| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 91</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=France| military=French Armed Forces| active=203900| reserve=38100| paramilitary=126600| population=68512806| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 93</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Gabon| military=Military of Gabon| active=4700| reserve=0| paramilitary=2000| population=2445105| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 473</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Gambia| military=Military of The Gambia| active=4100| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=2523327| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 474</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Georgia| military=Georgian Armed Forces| active=20650| reserve=0| paramilitary=5400| population=4900961| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 174</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Germany| military=Bundeswehr| active=179850| reserve=34100| paramilitary=0| population=84119100| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 93</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Ghana| military=Ghana Armed Forces| active=19000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=34589092| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 475</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Greece| military=Military of Greece| active=131650| reserve=264500| paramilitary=7400| population=10424536| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 102</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Guatemala| military=Military of Guatemala| active=18050| reserve=63850| paramilitary=25000| population=18255216| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 418</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Guinea| military=Military of Guinea| active=9700| reserve=0| paramilitary=2600| population=13986279| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 477</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Guinea-Bissau| military=Military of Guinea-Bissau| active=4450| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=2132325| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 478</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Guyana| military=Guyana Defence Force| active=3400| reserve=670| paramilitary=0| population=794099| references=<ref name="auto6">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 419</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Haiti| military=Armed Forces of Haiti| active=700| reserve=0| paramilitary=9000| population=11753943| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 420</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Honduras| military=Military of Honduras| active=14950| reserve=60000| paramilitary=8000| population=9529188| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 421</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Hungary| military=Military of Hungary| active=32150| reserve=20000| paramilitary=0| population=9855745| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 100</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Iceland| military=Military of Iceland| active=0| reserve=0| paramilitary=250| population=364036| references=<ref name="auto3">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 102</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=India| military=Indian Armed Forces| active=1500700| reserve=1155000| paramilitary=2532050| population=1409128296| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 260</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Indonesia| military=Indonesian National Armed Forces| active=433700| reserve=400000| paramilitary=63850| population=283587097| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 267</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Iran| military=Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran| active=610000| reserve=350000| paramilitary=40000| population=89145704| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], pp. 347-348,352</ref>{{efn|The [[Basij]], a paramilitary militia with claimed membership of 12.6 million (including women and children), can after [[mobilization]] reach about 600,000 people able to fight.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Iraq| military=Iraqi Armed Forces| active=193000| reserve=0| paramilitary=266000| population=42917742| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 352</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Ireland| military=Defence Forces (Ireland)| active=9500| reserve=4050| paramilitary=0| population=5068050| references=<ref name="auto3"/>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Israel| military=Israel Defense Forces| active=169500| reserve=465000| paramilitary=8000| population=9552637| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 355</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Italy| military=Italian Armed Forces| active=160400| reserve=14500| paramilitary=179250| population=60924851| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 109,112</ref>{{efn|The paramilitary forces of Italy consists of the [[Carabinieri]] and the [[Guardia di Finanza]].}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Jamaica| military=Jamaica Defence Force| active=5950| reserve=2580| paramilitary=0| population=2823713| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 422</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Japan| military=Japan Self-Defense Forces| active=247150| reserve=55900| paramilitary=14800| population=122664433| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 272</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Jordan| military=Jordanian Armed Forces| active=100500| reserve=65000| paramilitary=15000| population=11086716| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 363</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Kazakhstan| military=Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan| active=39000| reserve=0| paramilitary=31500| population=20260006| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 175</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Kenya| military=Military of Kenya| active=24100| reserve=0| paramilitary=5000| population=58246378| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 479</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Kosovo| military=Military of Kosovo| active=3000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=1977093| references=<ref name="auto8">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 108</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Kuwait| military=Military of Kuwait| active=17500| reserve=23700| paramilitary=7100| population=3138355| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 350</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Kyrgyzstan| military=Military of Kyrgyzstan| active=10900| reserve=0| paramilitary=9500| population=6172101| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 177</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Laos| military=Lao People's Army| active=29100| reserve=0| paramilitary=100000| population=7852377| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 289</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Latvia| military=Military of Latvia| active=6600| reserve=16000| paramilitary=0| population=1801246| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 109</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Lebanon| military=Lebanese Armed Forces| active=60000| reserve=0| paramilitary=20000| population=5331203| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 367</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Lesotho| military=Military of Lesotho| active=2000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=2227548| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 480</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Liberia| military=Armed Forces of Liberia| active=2010| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=5437249| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 481</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Lithuania| military=Lithuanian Armed Forces| active=16100| reserve=12950| paramilitary=18400| population=2628186| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 110</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Luxembourg| military=Luxembourg Army| active=1,100| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=671254| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 112</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Madagascar| military=Military of Madagascar| active=13500| reserve=0| paramilitary=8100| population=29452714| references=<ref name="auto">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 482</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Malawi| military=Military of Malawi| active=10700| reserve=0| paramilitary=4200| population=19842560| references=<ref name="auto"/>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Malaysia| military=Malaysian Armed Forces| active=113000| reserve=53600| paramilitary=267200| population=34905275| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 286,289</ref>{{efn|The paramilitary forces of Malaysia includes 240,000 reservists from the [[Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department|People's Volunteer Corps]].}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Maldives| military=Maldives National Defence Force| active=4000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=389568| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 294</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mali| military=Military of Mali| active=21000| reserve=0| paramilitary=20000| population=21359722| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 503</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Malta| military=Armed Forces of Malta| active=1700| reserve=260| paramilitary=0| population=469730| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 114</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mauritania| military=Military of Mauritania| active=15850| reserve=0| paramilitary=5000| population=4328040| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 356</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mauritius| military=Military of Mauritius| active=0| reserve=0| paramilitary=2550| population=1309448| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 504</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mexico| military=Mexican Armed Forces| active=301000| reserve=81500| paramilitary=136900| population=131741347| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 433</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Moldova| military=Military of Moldova| active=5150| reserve=58000| paramilitary=900| population=3599528| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 179</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mongolia| military=Mongolian Armed Forces| active=9700| reserve=137000| paramilitary=7500| population=3103428| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 295</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Monaco| military=Public Services (Monaco)| active=250| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=38400| references=<ref>[[Public Services (Monaco)]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Montenegro| military=Military of Montenegro| active=2885| reserve=2800| paramilitary=4100| population=614249| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 117</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Morocco| military=Royal Moroccan Armed Forces| active=195800| reserve=150000| paramilitary=50000| population=37698780| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], pp. 369</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Mozambique| military=Military of Mozambique| active=11200| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=32513805| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 505</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Myanmar| military=Tatmadaw| active=134000| reserve=0| paramilitary=70000| population=57527139| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 281</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Namibia| military=Namibia Defence Force| active=11600| reserve=0| paramilitary=6000| population=2803660| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 487</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Nepal| military=Nepalese Armed Forces| active=96600| reserve=0| paramilitary=15000| population=31122387| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 284</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Netherlands| military=Military of the Netherlands| active=33650| reserve=6350| paramilitary=6800| population=17772378| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 116</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=New Zealand| military=New Zealand Defence Force| active=8700| reserve=3270| paramilitary=0| population=5161211| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 285</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Nicaragua| military=Military of Nicaragua| active=12000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=6676948| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 426</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Niger| military=Niger Armed Forces| active=39100| reserve=0| paramilitary=48000| population=26342784| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 488</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Nigeria| military=Nigerian Armed Forces| active=143000| reserve=0| paramilitary=80000| population=230842743| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 509</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=North Korea| military=Korean People's Army| active=1280000| reserve=600000| paramilitary=5889000| population=26402841| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 277,280</ref>{{efn|The [[Worker-Peasant Red Guards]] count 5,700,000 units and are used as a reserve paramilitary.}}}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=North Macedonia| military=Army of the Republic of North Macedonia| active=8000| reserve=4850| paramilitary=7600| population=2135622| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 113</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Norway| military=Norwegian Armed Forces| active=25400| reserve=40000| paramilitary=0| population=5509733| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 119</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Oman| military=Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces| active=42600| reserve=0| paramilitary=4400| population=3833465| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 376</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Pakistan| military=Military of Pakistan| active=660000| reserve=0| paramilitary=291000| population=257047044| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 296</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Panama| military=Panamanian Public Forces| active=0| reserve=0| paramilitary=27700| population=4470241| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 427</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Papua New Guinea| military=Papua New Guinea Defence Force| active=4000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=10046233| references=<ref name="auto4">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 290</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Paraguay| military=Military of Paraguay| active=13950| reserve=164500| paramilitary=14800| population=7439863| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 445</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Peru| military=Military of Peru| active=81000| reserve=188000| paramilitary=77000| population=32768614| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 439</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Philippines| military=Armed Forces of the Philippines| active=162450| reserve=131000| paramilitary=100650| population=120117029| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 301</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Poland| military=Polish Armed Forces| active=164100| reserve=37500| paramilitary=14300| population=38746310| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 121</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Portugal| military=Portuguese Armed Forces| active=26050| reserve=23500| paramilitary=22820| population=10223150| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 128</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Qatar| military=Qatar Armed Forces| active=16500| reserve=0| paramilitary=5000| population=2552088| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 364</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Republic of the Congo| military=Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo| active=10000| reserve=0| paramilitary=3500| population=5062021| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 464</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Romania| military=Romanian Armed Forces| active=69900| reserve=55000| paramilitary=57000| population=18148155| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 127</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Russia| military=Armed Forces of the Russian Federation| active=1264000| reserve=1500000| paramilitary=569000| population=140134279| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 188</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Rwanda| military=Rwandan Defence Forces| active=33000| reserve=0| paramilitary=2000| population=13623302| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 492</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Saint Kitts and Nevis| military=Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force| active=300| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=54,000| references=<ref>[[Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=San Marino| military=Sammarinese Armed Forces| active=445| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=34000| references=<ref>[[Sammarinese Armed Forces]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=São Tomé and Príncipe| military=Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe| active=300| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=220,000| references=<ref>[[Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Saudi Arabia| military=Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia| active=257000| reserve=0| paramilitary=24500| population=37172774| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 377</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Senegal| military=Military of Senegal| active=13600| reserve=0| paramilitary=5000| population=18384660| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 513</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Serbia| military=Serbian Armed Forces| active=28150| reserve=50150| paramilitary=3700| population=6652212| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 129</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Seychelles| military=Military of Seychelles| active=420| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=98187| references=<ref name="auto7">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 494</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sierra Leone| military=Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces| active=8500| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=6312212| references=<ref name="auto7"/>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Singapore| military=Singapore Armed Forces| active=51000| reserve= 252500| paramilitary=7400| population=6080545| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 304</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Slovakia| military=Military of Slovakia| active=15850| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=5445040| references=<ref name="auto8"/>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Slovenia| military=Military of Slovenia| active=6200| reserve=950| paramilitary=0| population=2097893| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 133</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Somalia| military=Military of Somalia| active=25000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=12693796| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 488</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Africa| military=South African National Defence Force| active=69200| reserve=15050| paramilitary=0| population=60442647| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 490</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Korea| military=Republic of Korea Armed Forces| active=450000| reserve=3100000| paramilitary=13500| population=52081799|references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 280</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Sudan| military=Sudan People's Liberation Army| active=90000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=12118379| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 519</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Spain| military=Spanish Armed Forces| active=122200| reserve=13800| paramilitary=87450| population=47280433| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 134</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sri Lanka| military=Sri Lanka Armed Forces| active=260450| reserve=5500| paramilitary=94050| population=22050561| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 307</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sudan| military=Sudanese Armed Forces| active=104300| reserve=0| paramilitary=60000| population=50467278| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 501</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Suriname| military=Military of Suriname| active=1840| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=646758| references=<ref name="auto1">[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 433</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sweden| military=Swedish Armed Forces| active=14850| reserve=21500| paramilitary=21500| population=10589835| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 138</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Switzerland| military=Military of Switzerland| active=21300| reserve=196450| paramilitary=0| population=8793404| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 145</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Taiwan| military=Republic of China Armed Forces| active=170600| reserve=1657000| paramilitary=11800| population=23600776| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 309-310</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Tajikistan| military=Military of Tajikistan| active=8800| reserve=20000| paramilitary=7500| population=10394063| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 196</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Tanzania| military=Tanzania People's Defence Force| active=27000| reserve=80000| paramilitary=1400| population=67462121| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 503</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Thailand| military=Royal Thai Armed Forces| active=360850| reserve=200000| paramilitary=138700| population=70025248| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 313</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Timor-Leste| military=Timor Leste Defence Force| active=2250| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=1506909| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 307</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Togo| military=Military of Togo| active=13750| reserve=0| paramilitary=5000| population=8917994| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 504</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Tonga| military=Military of Tonga| active=750| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=103197| references=<ref>[[Tongan Defense Force]]</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Trinidad and Tobago| military=Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force| active=4050| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=1215527| references=<ref name="auto1"/>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Tunisia| military=Tunisian Armed Forces| active=35800| reserve=0| paramilitary=12000| population=11976182| references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 389</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Turkey| military=Turkish Armed Forces| active=355200| reserve=378700| paramilitary=161400| population=84625585| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 148</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Turkmenistan| military=Military of Turkmenistan| active=36500| reserve=0| paramilitary=20000| population=5744151| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 197</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Uganda| military=Uganda People's Defence Force| active=45000| reserve=10000| paramilitary=1400| population=49283041| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 505</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Ukraine| military=Military of Ukraine| active=677000| reserve=0| paramilitary=260000| population=36529111| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 207-208</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United Arab Emirates| military=United Arab Emirates Union Defence Force| active=63000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=10032213| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 372</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United Kingdom| military=British Armed Forces| active=141100| reserve=70450|paramilitary=0| population=68459055| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 146</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United States| military=United States Armed Forces| active=1340150| reserve=804800| paramilitary=0|population=338016259| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 39</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Uruguay| military=Military of Uruguay| active=21100| reserve=0| paramilitary=1400| population=3425330| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 434</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Uzbekistan| military=Military of Uzbekistan| active=48000| reserve=0| paramilitary=20000| population=36520593| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 204</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Venezuela| military=National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela| active=123000| reserve=8000| paramilitary=220000| population=31755435| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 446</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Vietnam| military=Vietnam People's Army| active=450000| reserve=5000000| paramilitary=40000| population=106688169| references=<ref>[[#IISS2026|IISS 2026]], p. 318-319</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Yemen| military=Military of Yemen| active=40000| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=31565602 | references=<ref>[[#IISS2024|IISS 2024]], p. 394</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Zambia| military=Zambian Defence Force| active=17100| reserve=3000| paramilitary=1400| population=20799116| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 507</ref>}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Zimbabwe| military=Military of Zimbabwe| active=29000| reserve=0| paramilitary=21800| population=17150352| references=<ref>[[#IISS2025|IISS 2025]], p. 508</ref>}}
|}

Not included in the list are the militaries of [[Military of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]], [[Military of Libya|Libya]], [[Military of Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]], [[Military of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Sahrawi People's Liberation Army|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], [[Somaliland Armed Forces|Somaliland]], [[Military of Syria|Syria]] and [[Armed Forces of South Ossetia|South Ossetia]].

==See also==
*[[List of countries by level of military equipment]]
*[[List of countries by military expenditures]]
*[[List of countries by military expenditure per capita]]
*[[List of countries by Global Militarization Index]]
*[[List of countries without armed forces]]
*[[List of militaries by country]]
*[[List of militaries that recruit foreigners]]
*[[List of countries that prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government armed forces]]
*[[List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tmib20/110/1 | author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=3 February 2010| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-857-43557-3| ref=IISS2010}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu-pcQAACAAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=2 March 2011| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85-743606-8| ref=IISS2011}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2012| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81jZDwAAQBAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=7 March 2012 | publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85-743642-6| ref=IISS2012}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2013| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FEX0AEACAAJ |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 March 2013| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85-743680-8| ref=IISS2013}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2014| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDNVEAAAQBAJ |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=3 February 2014| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85-743722-5| ref=IISS2014}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2018| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyqdtAEACAAJ | author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 February 2018| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85-743-955-7| ref=IISS2018}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hG5NwQEACAAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2019| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-857-43988-5| ref=IISS2019}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2020| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 February 2020| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-0-367-46639-8| ref=IISS2020}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2021| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB4gEAAAQBAJ | author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=25 February 2021| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-032-01227-8| ref=IISS2021}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2024| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=13 February 2024| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-032-78004-7| ref=IISS2024}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2025| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpEEQAAQBAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=12 February 2025| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-003-63076-0| ref=IISS2025}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2026| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJvEEQAAQBAJ| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=24 February 2026| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-040-93228-5| ref=IISS2026}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book| title=The 2010 Quadriennal Defense Review| first1=Anthony| last1=Cordesman| author-link1=Anthony Cordesman| first2=Erin| last2=Fitzgerald| date=27 August 2009| publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]| url=http://csis.org/files/publication/090809_qdrahc_revised.pdf| access-date=31 August 2010| archive-date=9 August 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809112735/http://csis.org/files/publication/090809_qdrahc_revised.pdf| url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book| title=The Gulf Military Balance in 2010| first1=Anthony| last1=Cordesman| author-link1=Anthony Cordesman| first2=Aram| last2=Nerguizian| date=22 April 2010| publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]| url=http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf| access-date=31 August 2010| archive-date=9 August 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809080759/http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf| url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book| title=The Arab-Israeli Military Balance| first1=Anthony| last1=Cordesman| author-link1=Anthony Cordesman| first2=Aram| last2=Nerguizian| date=29 June 2010| publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]| url=https://archive.org/details/peacewararabisra00cord| isbn=978-0275969394| url-access=registration}}

{{Military country lists}}
{{Military and war}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries By Number of Military And Paramilitary Personnel, List Of}}

[[Category:Military comparisons lists of countries|Personnel]]

Railways cricket team

2026-03-19T17:16:13Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Railways cricket team
| image = RailwaysSportsPromotionBoardLogo.png
| captain = [[Bhargav Merai]] (FC) [[Karn Sharma]] (LA & T20)
| coach = [[ZUFRI]]
| founded = 1958
| ground = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], New Delhi (and other stadiums)
| capacity =
| owner = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]
| first_fc = [[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]
| first_fc_year = 1958
| first_fc_venue = [[Gandhi Stadium|Gandhi Stadium, Jalandhar]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 2
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,543 RSPB]
}}
[[File:20-20 Match Brabourne Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Railways playing against [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] at [[Brabourne Stadium]] c.2006]]
'''Railways cricket team''' (also known as the Indian Railways) is a domestic [[cricket]] team in [[India]] representing [[Indian Railways]]. The team's home ground is [[East Coast Railway Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Karnail Singh Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=cricinfo08>{{cite news|title=One city, three matches, one day|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/381036.html|access-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|date=7 December 2008}}</ref> The team is run by the [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] which fields the Railways cricket team in domestic cricket competitions in India such as the Ranji Trophy.<ref name=toif12>{{cite news|title=Ex-kabaddi player was in-charge of Karnail Singh Stadium!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/domestic-cricket/ranji-trophy/Ex-kabaddi-player-was-in-charge-of-Karnail-Singh-Stadium/articleshow/11940218.cms|access-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2012}}</ref>

==Competition history==
For most of its history, the Indian Railways has met little success in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. However, in recent years since 2000, Railways have won the trophy twice and become runners-up one time. As Champions of the Ranji Trophy, they have played the [[Irani Trophy]] twice, emerging victorious on both occasions.

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[2001–02 Ranji Trophy|2001–02]], [[2004–05 Ranji Trophy|2004–05]]
** '''Runners-up (2):''' [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987–88]], [[2000–01 Ranji Trophy|2000–01]]

* '''[[Wills Trophy]]'''
** '''Runners-up:''' 1988-89

* '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' [[2005–06 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2005–06]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2013–14]]

==Notable players==
Players from Railways who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
*[[Budhi Kunderan]] (1960)
*[[Murali Kartik]] (2000)
*[[Sanjay Bangar]] (2001)
*[[Karn Sharma]] (2014)

Players from Railways who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut:
*[[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] (2002)

==Current squad==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Name
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Birth date
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Birthplace
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Batting style
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Bowling style
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Pratham Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1992|8|31|df=y}} || [[Delhi]], DL || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| Ravi Singh || {{birth date and age|2001|5|25|df=y}} || [[Varanasi]], UP || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] || Plays for '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Bhargav Merai]] || {{birth date and age|1992|2|2|df=y}} || [[Surat]], GJ || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || '''First-class Captain'''
|-
| [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] || {{birth date and age|1996|8|30|df=y}} || [[Varanasi]], UP || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]] || {{birth date and age|1998|9|15|df=y}} || [[Ratlam]], MP || Right-handed || || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1993|11|1|df=y}} || [[Howrah]], WB || Left-handed || ||
|-
| Kush Marathe || {{birth date and age|2000|12|12|df=y}} || [[Vadodara]], GJ || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| Sahab Yuvraj Singh || {{birth date and age|1997|9|19|df=y}} || [[Lucknow]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Navneet Virk]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|23|df=y}} || [[Jind]], HR || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Shubham Chaubey]] || {{birth date and age|1995|10|15|df=y}} || [[Varanasi]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" | All-rounders
|-
| Zubair Ali || {{birth date and age|2000|12|22|df=y}} || || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Ansh Yadav || {{birth date and age|2003|6|6|df=y}} || [[Lucknow]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Shivam Chaudhary]] || {{birth date and age|1997|8|4|df=y}} || [[Meerut]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Akshat Pandey]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|19|df=y}} ||[[Firozabad]], UP || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" |Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|8|df=y}} || [[Kanpur]], UP || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Suraj Ahuja]] || {{birth date and age|1999|9|23|df=y}} || [[Sri Ganganagar]], RJ || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="6" |Spin Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{birth date and age|1987|10|23|df=y}} || [[Meerut]], UP || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || '''List A & Twenty20 Captain'''
|-
| Raj Choudhary || {{birth date and age|1996|5|18|df=y}} || [[Nagpur]], MH || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Akash Pandey]] || {{birth date and age|1999|2|2|df=y}} || [[Kolkata]], WB || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" |Pace Bowlers3
|-
| Kunal Yadav || {{birth date and age|1999|12|23|df=y}} || [[Jhansi]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Adarsh Singh || {{birth date and age|1999|1|12|df=y}} || [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], MP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Rahul Sharma || {{birth date and age|1990|12|30|df=y}} || [[Agra]], UP || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Himanshu Sangwan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|2|df=y}} || [[Najafgarh]], DL || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Atal Bihari Rai || {{birth date and age|1999|8|5|df=y}} || [[Allahabad]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 February 2026''

==References==
{{Commons category|Indian Railways cricket team}}
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Railways Cricket Team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Nasir Hussain

2026-03-15T21:49:08Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: quick fix

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (1926–2002)}}
{{similar names|Nasir Hossain (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nasir Hussain
| image = Nasir Hussain Director.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammad Nasir Hussain Khan
| birth_date = {{birth-date|16 November 1926}}<ref>Manwani, Akshay. ''Music, Masti, Modernity: The Cinema of Nasir Hussain''. HarperCollins Publishers India. (2016)</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], India<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book | author=Sanjit Narwekar | title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ | access-date=14 December 2012 | year=1994 | publisher=Flicks Books | page=21| isbn=9780948911408 }}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book | author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha | author2=Paul Willemen | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja | url-access=registration | access-date=14 December 2012 | date=26 June 1999 | publisher=British Film Institute | page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/107 107]| isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|03|13|1926|11|16}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Filmmaker, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 1948–1996
| spouse = Ayesha Khan
| children = [[Mansoor Khan]]
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]
}}

'''Mohammad Nasir Hussain Khan''' (16 November 1926 – 13 March 2002), better known as '''Nasir Hussain''', was an Indian film producer, film director, and screenwriter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adieu:Nasir Hussain – HUM KISISE KUM NAHEEN (1977) |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020322/ftribute.html |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815061559/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020322/ftribute.html |archive-date=15 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a career spanning decades, Hussain has been credited as a major trendsetter in the history of [[Hindi cinema]]. For example, he directed ''[[Yaadon Ki Baraat]]'' (1973), which created the [[Hindi film|Hindi language]] [[masala film]] genre that defined Hindi cinema in the 1970s and 1980s,<ref>{{cite news|title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Hindi language masala films|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> and he wrote and produced ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988), which set the Hindi language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romance]] template that defined Hindi cinema in the 1990s.<ref name="Ray"/><ref name="Chintamani"/> Akshay Manwani wrote a book on Hussain's cinema titled ''Music, Masti, Modernity: The Cinema of Nasir Husain''.<ref name="Manwani"/>

== Early life ==
Hussain was born in [[Bhopal State]] on 16 November 1926 to Jaffar Hussain Khan, a schoolteacher who belonged to a [[zamindar]] family of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] descent, and Aamna, who traced her [[Arabs|Arab]] roots to [[Jeddah]] (modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]]) and was the niece of [[Maulana Azad]], and he was the fourth of five children, the youngest being [[Tahir Hussain]], the father of [[Aamir Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |title=Music, masti, modernity: the cinema of Nasir Husain |date=2016 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5264-097-3 |edition=First published in India |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |quote=Jaffar Husain was a Pathan and belonged to a family of zamindars, albeit of modest landholdings, settled in Shahabad (...) Aamna, Husain's mother, was of Arab ancestry. Her forefathers originally hailed from Jeddah before successive generations found their way to Calcutta, finally settling in Bhopal (...) his maternal grandmother, Fatima Begum, was a well-educated woman and was appointed the inspector of schools by nawaab of Bhopal. This lady's brother was the well-known freedom fighter and scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Ayesha Khan, who pre-deceased him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/mar/13nasir.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Filmmaker Nasir Hussain dead|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Their son [[Mansoor Khan]] is a former film director and producer whose daughter is actress [[Zayn Marie Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11545272/ |title=Zayn Marie Khan}}</ref> The couple are the maternal grandparents of [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]], a former film actor.

==Career==

===Early career===
Hussain first worked with Qamar Jalalabadi when he joined [[Filmistan]] as a writer in 1948. The famous films he wrote for Filmistan include ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953), ''[[Munimji]]'' (1955), and ''[[Paying Guest]]'' (1957). Filmistan was the breakaway studio from [[Bombay Talkies]]; it used mid-budget formula productions and sold on star value and music. [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] was a part of the breakaway team, and he gave Hussain ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' to direct. The film made a star of [[Shammi Kapoor]].

Kapoor and Hussain made another hit, ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959), for Filmalaya, the breakaway group of Filmistan. The film introduced [[Asha Parekh]], who would be the lead in all of Hussain's films until ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971). He was also in a long romantic relationship with her, but it ended because he was already a married man with two children, and Parekh didn't want to be labeled a homewrecker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-was-enamoured-by-nasir-saab-asha-parekh-21139.html|title=I was enamoured by Nasir saab - Asha Parekh|website=filmfare.com}}</ref> Hussain's wife was Margaret Francina Lewis, an assistant choreographer he met at Filmistan. They married and then she changed her name to Ayesha Khan. She worked as an assistant choreographer on some of his productions.<ref name="Manwani">Manwani, Akshay. ''Music, Masti, Modernity: The Cinema of Nasir Hussain''. HarperCollins Publishers India. (2016)</ref>

===Own production===
Hussain then set up Nasir Hussain Films and turned producer-director. He made musical hits like ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]'' (1961), ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'' (1963), ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' (1966), ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' (1967), ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' (1969), ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971), ''[[Yaadon Ki Baraat]]'' (1973), and ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'' (1977).

Hussain, [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], and [[R.D. Burman]] collaborated on ''Teesri Manzil'', ''Baharon Ke Sapne'', ''Pyar Ka Mausam'', ''Caravan'', ''Yaadon Ki Baraat'' and ''Hum Kisise Kum Naheen''.

Hussain wrote and produced the musical cult hit ''Teesri Manzil''. [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] directed the film, which starred Hussain's regular actors Shammi Kapoor and Asha Parekh. Originally Dev Anand was signed for the film but due to differences with Hussain he opted out and Kapoor was cast.<ref>Interview by Shammi Kapoor to CNN IBN telecast after his death, on 15 August 2011.</ref> He also hired [[R.D. Burman]] for the first time to compose the songs ("O Haseena Zulfonwali", "O Mere Sona Re", "Deewaana Mujhsa Nahin", "Tumne Mujhe Dekha", "Aaja Aaja Main Hoon Pyaar Tera"). After the songs became evergreen hits, Burman would compose for all of Hussain's films for the next 19 years, ending with ''[[Zabardast]]'' (1985).

Hussain's ''Yaadon Ki Baraat'' was written by [[Salim–Javed]], who had written ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' the same year. Both films dealt with the hero wanting to avenge his father's death, and both featured [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as the villain. ''Yaadon Ki Baraat'' has been identified as the first [[masala film]].<ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, [https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities], [[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]], 12/03/2016</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|date=2015-10-01|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]]|isbn=9789352140084|language=en|page=58}}</ref>

===Late career===
As ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' (1981), ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' (1984) and ''[[Zabardast]]'' (1985) all flopped, Hussain's son Mansoor took over the reins of Nasir Hussain Films, although Hussain continued to write scripts and dialogues for films like ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988) and ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander]]'' (1992). In ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'', he introduced his nephew [[Aamir Khan]] as a hero. ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'' was a milestone in the history of Hindi cinema, setting the template for Hindi language musical romance films that defined Hindi cinema in the 1990s.<ref name="Ray">{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Kunal|title=Romancing the 1980s|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Chintamani">{{cite book|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|title=Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak: The Film That Revived Hindi Cinema|date=2016|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=9789352640980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZYOvgAACAAJ|language=en}}</ref>

Hussain received a special Filmfare Award in 1996 for his contribution to Hindi cinema.{{cn|date=March 2026}} [[Javed Akhtar]] rates Hussain as the most underrated producer/director of his generation and credits him with changing the career trajectory of [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Dev Anand]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Cinema Ka Jaadugar: Aamir Khan In Conversation With Javed Akhtar |publisher=Aamir Khan Talkies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejuFJPoILxA&t=1130 |date=26 March 2025 |website=youtube.com |time=19m30s}}</ref>

==Death==
Hussain died in Mumbai on 13 March 2002 following a heart attack.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HnGCwAAQBAJ&q=nasir+hussain+died&pg=PA144|title=Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2002: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture|first=Harris M. Lentz|last=III|date=9 April 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786414642|via=Google Books}}</ref> After his death, Asha Parekh stated in an interview that she had not seen him the last year of his life, as he became reclusive because of his wife's death.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiavarta.com/Startrek/Archives.asp?Page=&ID=IEE20020314053551&dt=3%2F14%2F2002 |title=indiavarta.com – Startrek |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018100230/http://indiavarta.com/Startrek/Archives.asp?Page= |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Associations==
Hussain had several "favourites" with whom he worked repeatedly.
*The first was mentor Sashadhar Mukherjee, for whose [[Filmistan]] Studio Hussain wrote and directed his earlier films.
*Sashadhar's brother [[Subodh Mukherjee]] directed two films that Hussain wrote for Filmistan, ''[[Munimji]]'' and ''[[Paying Guest]].'' Both films had Dev Anand as the hero and [[S.D. Burman]] as the music composer. Hussain cast Dev Anand in his own first production, ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]''.
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] was also a constant villain in [[Ziddi (1964 film)|''Ziddi'']], ''[[Love in Tokyo]]'', ''[[Paying Guest]]'' and ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]''.
*Hussain also produced a film and cast his mentor Sashadhar's son [[Joy Mukherjee]] in ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]''.
*Hussain used [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] in 10 of his productions, apart from working with him in ''Paying Guest''.
*Hussain directed [[Shammi Kapoor]] in his early hits and created Shammi's image with films like ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' and ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' as well as his later production ''[[Teesri Manzil]]''.
*Actor [[Rajindernath]] was a fixture in almost all of his early productions. He was in ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959), ''[[Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1961), ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'' (1963), ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' (1967), ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' (1969), ''[[Zabardast]]'' (1985) and ''[[Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' (1981).
*One of his longest associations was with leading lady [[Asha Parekh]], from ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'', through ''[[Jab Pyar Kisise Hota Hai]]'', ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'', ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'', ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'', ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' until ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]''. After a gap of 13 years, she did a cameo in his film ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' (1984).
*He worked with [[R.D. Burman]] in 9 films from ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'', through ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'', ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'', ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'', ''[[Yaadon Ki Baraat]]'', ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'', ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'', ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' and ''[[Zabardast]]''.
*Hussain also collaborated with writer [[Sachin Bhowmick]], comic Wasti, and editors Babu Lavande and Gurudutt Shirali in many of his films.
*Hussain's wife was assistant choreographer Ayesha Khan and she worked on several of his films: [[Baharon Ke Sapne]], ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''

==Awards and nominations==
*[[Filmfare Best Movie Award]] – "[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]" (1988)
*[[Filmfare Best Screenplay Award]] – ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988)
*[[Filmfare Best Movie Award]] – ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' (1992)
*[[Filmfare Special Award]] (1996)

==Filmography==

;As director

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|1957
|''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]''||Debut film as director
|-
|1959
| ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' ||
|-
|1961
| ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]''||
|-
|1963
| ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'' ||
|-
|1967
| ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' ||
|-
|1969
| ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]''||
|-
|1971
| ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]''||
|-
|1973
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''||
|-
|1973
| ''[[Aangan (1973 film)|Aangan]]'' || Story also
|-
|1977
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''||
|-
|1981
|''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' ||
|-
|1984
| ''[[Manzil Manzil]]''||
|-
|1985
| ''[[Zabardast]]''||
|}

;As producer

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|1961
| ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]'' ||
Debut film as producer
|-
|1963
| ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]''|| First colour production
|-
|1966
|''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' ||
|-
|1967
| ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' || Starred [[Rajesh Khanna]]
|-
|1969
| ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]''||
|-
|1973
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' ||
|-
|1977
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'' ||
|-
|1981
| ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' ||
|-
|1984
| ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' ||
|-
|1988
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' || Directed by [[Mansoor Khan]]
|-
|1992
|''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' || Directed by [[Mansoor Khan]]
|-
|}

;As writer for others

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|1953
| ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' ||Story
|-
|1954
| ''[[Biraj Bahu]]'' ||Dialogue
|-
|1955
| ''[[Munimji]]'' ||
|-
|1957
| ''[[Paying Guest]]''||
|-
|1973
| ''[[Aangan (1973 film)|Aangan]]''|| Story, screenplay and dialogue
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0403826}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Nasir}}
[[Category:Film producers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Khan–Hussain family|Nasir Hussain]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal State]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Oak

2026-03-08T05:39:28Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: general added lead per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Tree or shrub in the genus Quercus}}
{{redirect2|Oak tree|Quercus||Oak (disambiguation)|and|Oak Tree (disambiguation)|and|Quercus (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| name = Oak
| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]] - [[Eocene]] boundary – recent {{fossilrange|56|0}} possible Paleocene & Late Cretaceous records
| image = Quercus robur.jpg
| image_caption = Foliage and acorns of ''[[Quercus robur]]''
| taxon = Quercus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera and sections
| subdivision =
* [[Quercus subg. Cerris|''Quercus'' subg. ''Cerris'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Cerris#Section Cerris|''Quercus'' sect. ''Cerris'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Cerris#Section Cyclobalanopsis|''Quercus'' sect. ''Cyclobalanopsis'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Cerris#Section Ilex|''Quercus'' sect. ''Ilex'']]
* [[Quercus subg. Quercus|''Quercus'' subg. ''Quercus'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Quercus#Section Lobatae|''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Quercus#Section Ponticae|''Quercus'' sect. ''Ponticae'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Quercus#Section Protobalanus|''Quercus'' sect. ''Protobalanus'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Quercus#Section Quercus|''Quercus'' sect. ''Quercus'']]
** [[Quercus subg. Quercus#Section Virentes|''Quercus'' sect. ''Virentes'']]

See also [[List of Quercus species|List of ''Quercus'' species]].
}}

An '''oak''' is a [[hardwood]] tree or shrub in the [[genus]] '''''Quercus''''' of the [[Fagaceae|beech family]]. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an [[acorn]], borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], with some 500 species, both [[deciduous]] and [[evergreen]]. Fossil oaks date back to the Middle [[Eocene]]. [[Molecular phylogeny]] shows that the genus is divided into [[Old World]] and New World [[clade]]s, but many oak species [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridise]] freely, making the genus's history difficult to resolve.

Ecologically, oaks are [[keystone species]] in habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical [[rainforest]]. They live in association with many kinds of [[fungi]] including [[truffle]]s. Oaks support more than 950 species of [[caterpillar]], many kinds of [[gall wasp]] which form distinctive [[gall]]s (roundish woody lumps such as the [[oak apple]]), and a large number of pests and diseases. Oak leaves and acorns contain enough [[tannin]] to be toxic to cattle, but pigs are able to digest them safely. Oak timber is strong and hard, and has found many uses in construction and furniture-making. The bark was traditionally used for [[tanning leather]]. [[Oak (wine)|Wine barrel]]s are made of oak; these are used for aging alcoholic beverages such as [[sherry]] and [[whisky]], giving them a range of flavours, colours, and aromas. The spongy bark of the [[cork oak]] is used to make traditional wine bottle corks. Almost a third of oak species are threatened with extinction due to climate change, [[invasive pests]], and [[habitat loss]].

In culture, the oak tree is a symbol of strength and serves as the [[national tree]] of many countries. In Indo-European and related religions, the oak is associated with [[thunder god]]s. Individual oak trees of cultural significance include the [[Royal Oak]] in Britain, the [[Charter Oak]] in the United States, and the [[Gernikako Arbola|Guernica Oak]] in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]].

== Etymology ==

The [[genus|generic]] name ''Quercus'' is [[Latin]] for "oak", derived from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*kwerkwu-'', "oak", which is also the origin of the name "[[fir]]", another important or sacred tree in [[Indo-European culture]]. The word "cork", for the bark of the [[cork oak]], similarly derives from ''Quercus''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Quercus'' (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/quercus |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> The common name "oak" is from [[Old English]] ''ac'' (seen in placenames such as [[Acton, London|Acton]], from ''ac'' + ''tun'', "oak village"),<ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=A. D. |title=A Dictionary of English Place-Names |date=1993 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-283131-6 |page=2}}</ref> which in turn is from [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*aiks'', "oak".<ref>{{cite web |title=Oak (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/oak |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

== Description ==

Oaks are [[hardwood]] ([[dicotyledon]]ous) trees, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]], with spirally arranged leaves, often with [[Dentate leaf|lobate margins]]; some have [[serrated leaves]] or [[Entire (botany)|entire leaves]] with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are [[marcescent]], not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring, a single oak tree [[Monoecy|produces both]] male and female flowers. The [[staminate]] (male) flowers are arranged in [[catkin]]s, while the small [[pistillate]] (female) flowers<ref>{{cite web |last=Conrad |first=Jim |url=http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm |title=Oak Flowers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064011/http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm |archive-date=4 November 2013 |website=Backyardnature.com |date=12 December 2011}}</ref> produce an [[acorn]] (a kind of [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]) contained in a [[Calybium and cupule|cupule]]. Each acorn usually contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on the species. The acorns and leaves contain [[tannic acid]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tull |first=Delena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnnHgcasN-cC&pg=PA102 |title=Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest: A Practical Guide |date=1999 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-2927-8164-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071946/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnnHgcasN-cC&pg=PA102 |archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> which helps to guard against fungi and insects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hipp |first=Andrew |title=Oak Trees Inside and Out |publisher=Rosen Publishing |year=2004 |page=4}}</ref> There are some 500 extant species of oaks.<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Quercus'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325819-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

Trees in the genus are usually large and slow-growing; ''Q. alba'' can reach an age of 600 years, a diameter of {{convert|13|ft|m}} and a height of {{convert|145|ft|m}}.<ref name="Core">{{cite web |last1=Core |first1=Earl L. |title=Silvical Characteristics of the Five Upland Oaks |url=https://www.nrs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/other/oak_sym/oak_symposium_proceedings_019.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=5 October 2023 |pages=19–22}}</ref> The [[Granit oak]] in Bulgaria, a ''Q. robur'' specimen, has an estimated age of 1,637 years, making it the oldest oak in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Todorov |first=Radoslav |title=Знаете ли кои са най-старите живи организми? |url=https://chr.bg/zhivot/znaete-li-koi-sa-naj-starite-zhivi-organizmi/ |trans-title=Do you know which are the oldest living organisms? |website=Chronicle.B |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=Bulgarian |date=30 September 2018}}</ref> The Wi'aaSal tree, a [[live oak]] in the reservation of the [[Pechanga Band of Indians]], California, is at least 1,000 years old, and might be as much as 2,000 years old, which would make it the oldest oak in the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Largest Oak Trees in the World |url=https://hardwoodsgroup.com/the-largest-oak-trees-in-the-world/ |website=Hardwoods Group |date=27 July 2021 |access-date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204003110/https://hardwoodsgroup.com/the-largest-oak-trees-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the smallest oaks is ''[[Quercus acuta|Q. acuta]]'', the Japanese evergreen oak. It forms a bush or small tree to a height of some {{convert|30|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/QUEACUA.pdf|title=Quercus acuta Japanese Evergreen Oak
|author= Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson |website=ifas.ufl.edu |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=August 13, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813080741/https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/QUEACUA.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2025 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="220px">
File:Brockwell Oak (9).jpg|''[[Quercus robur]]'' habit
File:Quercus lusitanica - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-253.jpg|Illustration of ''[[Quercus lusitanica|Q. lusitanica]]'' showing [[staminate]] (left) and [[pistillate]] flowers (right)
File:2021-04-22 18 54 32 Male flowers (catkins) on a White Oak within a wooded area in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|Catkins of ''[[Quercus alba|Q. alba]]'' containing the staminate or 'male' flowers
File:Летен дъб - цъфтеж, нови листа.JPG|New leaves and reddish pistillate or 'female' flowers of ''[[Quercus robur|Q. robur]]''
</gallery>

== Evolution ==

=== Fossil history ===

Potential records of ''Quercus'' have been reported from [[Late Cretaceous]] deposits in North America and East Asia. These are not considered definitive, as macrofossils older than the [[Paleogene]], and possibly from before the [[Eocene]] are mostly poorly preserved without critical features for certain identification. Amongst the oldest unequivocal records of ''Quercus'' are pollen from Austria, dating to the [[Paleocene]]-Eocene boundary, around 55 million years ago. The oldest records of ''Quercus'' in North America are from [[Oregon]], dating to the Middle Eocene, around 44 million years ago, with the oldest records in Asia from the Middle Eocene of Japan; both forms have affinities to the ''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'' group.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Barrón |first1=Eduardo |title=The Fossil History of ''Quercus'' |date=2017 |work=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. |volume=7 |pages=39–105 |editor-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor-first=Eustaquio |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_3 |isbn=978-3-319-69098-8 |last2=Averyanova |first2=Anna |last3=Kvaček |first3=Zlatko |last4=Momohara |first4=Arata |last5=Pigg |first5=Kathleen B. |last6=Popova |first6=Svetlana |last7=Postigo-Mijarra |first7=José María |last8=Tiffney |first8=Bruce H. |last9=Utescher |first9=Torsten |display-authors=3 |series=Tree Physiology |hdl=10261/277765 |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200px heights=200px>
File:Quercus hispanica 20170317.jpg|''[[Quercus × hispanica]]'' leaf. [[Miocene]], [[Lleida]], Spain
File:Quercus hiholensis acorn UWBM 56470-3 Pigg & Wehr 2002 Plt2 fig16.png|''[[Quercus hiholensis]]'' acorn, [[Langhian]] age (Middle Miocene), Washington State, US (c. 15 mya)
File:Quercus kobatakei leaf (cropped).jpg|''Quercus kobatakei'' leaf. Early [[Oligocene]], Japan
File:Early Oligocene oak acorn from Bridge Creek Flora.jpg|Early Oligocene acorn, Oregon, US (33 mya)
</gallery>

=== External phylogeny ===

''Quercus'' forms part, or rather two parts, of the [[Quercoideae]] subfamily of the [[Fagaceae]], the beech family. Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggests the following relationships:<ref name="Manos Cannon Oh 2008">{{cite journal | last1=Manos | first1=Paul S. | last2=Cannon | first2=Charles H. | last3=Oh | first3=Sang-Hun | title=Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomic Status Of the Paleoendemic Fagaceae Of Western North America: Recognition Of A New Genus, Notholithocarpus | journal=Madroño | publisher=California Botanical Society | volume=55 | issue=3 | year=2008 | issn=0024-9637 | doi=10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181 | pages=181–190| s2cid=85671229 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/168898 }}</ref><ref name="Xiang Wang Li 2014">{{cite journal | last1=Xiang | first1=Xiao-Guo | last2=Wang | first2=Wei | last3=Li | first3=Rui-Qi | last4=Lin | first4=Li | last5=Liu | first5=Yang | last6=Zhou | first6=Zhe-Kun | last7=Li | first7=Zhen-Yu | last8=Chen | first8=Zhi-Duan |display-authors=3 | title=Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene | journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=16 | issue=3 | year=2014 | issn=1433-8319 | doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001 | pages=101–110| bibcode=2014PPEES..16..101X }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Fagaceae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=Fagoideae
|1=''[[beech|Fagus]]'' (beeches)
|label2=Quercoideae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Trigonobalanus]]'' (3 evergreen species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lithocarpus]]'' (stone oaks)
|2=''[[Chrysolepis]]'' (chinquapins)
}}
|2={{clade
|1='''''Quercus''' [[pro parte]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Notholithocarpus]]'' (tan oak)
|2={{clade
|1='''''Quercus''' [[pro parte]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Castanopsis]]'' (also called chinquapins)
|2=''[[chestnut|Castanea]]'' (chestnuts)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Internal phylogeny ===

Molecular techniques for phylogenetic analysis show that the genus ''Quercus'' consisted of [[Old World]] and [[New World]] clades.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hipp |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Manos|first2=Paul S. |last3=González-Rodríguez|first3=Antonio |last4=Hahn |first4=Marlene |last5=Kaproth|first5=Matthew |last6=McVay|first6=John D.| last7=Avalos|first7=Susana Valencia |last8=Cavender-Bares|first8=Jeannine |author-link8=Jeannine Cavender-Bares |display-authors=3 |date=January 2018 |title=Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity |journal=New Phytologist |volume=217 |issue=1 |pages=439–452 |doi=10.1111/nph.14773|pmid=28921530 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018NewPh.217..439H |hdl=10161/15608|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hubert|first1=François |last2=Grimm|first2=Guido W. |last3=Jousselin|first3=Emmanuelle |last4=Berry |first4=Vincent |last5=Franc|first5=Alain |last6=Kremer|first6=Antoine |display-authors=3 |date=2014-10-02 |title=Multiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genus ''Quercus'' |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=405–423 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2014.941037 |bibcode=2014SyBio..12..405H |s2cid=85604759 |issn=1477-2000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Multiple_nuclear_genes_stabilize_the_phylogenetic_backbone_of_the_genus_i_Quercus_i_/1128657|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The entire [[genome]] of ''Quercus robur'' (the pedunculate oak) has been [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plomion |first1=Christophe |last2=Aury |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Amselem |first3=Joëlle |last4=Alaeitabar |first4=Tina |last5=Barbe |first5=Valérie |last6=Belser |first6=Caroline |last7=Bergès |first7=Hélène |last8=Bodénès |first8=Catherine |last9=Boudet|first9=Nathalie |last10=Boury |first10=Christophe |last11=Canaguier |first11=Aurélie |display-authors=3 |date=January 2016 |title=Decoding the oak genome: public release of sequence data, assembly, annotation and publication strategies |journal=Molecular Ecology Resources |volume=16 |issue=1|pages=254–265 |doi=10.1111/1755-0998.12425 |pmid=25944057 |s2cid=42715997|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016MolER..16..254P }}</ref> revealing an array of [[mutation]]s that may underlie the evolution of longevity and [[Plant disease resistance|disease resistance]] in oaks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plomion |first1=Christophe |last2=Aury |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Amselem |first3=Joëlle |last4=Leroy |first4=Thibault |last5=Murat |first5=Florent |last6=Duplessis |first6=Sébastien |last7=Faye |first7=Sébastien |last8=Francillonne |first8=Nicolas |last9=Labadie |first9=Karine |last10=Le Provost |first10=Grégoire |last11=Lesur |first11=Isabelle |date=July 2018 |title=Oak genome reveals facets of long lifespan |journal=Nature Plants |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=440–452 |doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0172-3 |pmc=6086335 |pmid=29915331|bibcode=2018NatPl...4..440P }}</ref> In addition, hundreds of oak species have been compared (at [[RAD-seq]] loci), allowing a detailed phylogeny to be constructed. However, the high signal of [[introgressive hybridization]] (the transfer of genetic material by repeated backcrossing with hybrid offspring) in the genus has made it difficult to resolve an unambiguous, unitary history of oaks. The phylogeny from Hipp et al. 2019 is:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hipp |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Manos |first2=Paul S. |last3=Hahn |first3=Marlene |last4=Avishai |first4=Michael |last5=Bodénès |first5=Cathérine |last6=Cavender-Bares |first6=Jeannine|last7=Crowl |first7=Andrew A. |last8=Deng |first8=Min |last9=Denk |first9=Thomas |last10=Fitz-Gibbon |first10=Sorel |last11=Gailing |first11=Oliver |display-authors=3 |date=2019-10-14 |title=Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny |journal=New Phytologist |volume=226 |issue=4 |pages=1198–1212 |doi=10.1111/nph.16162 |pmid=31609470 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:95%; line-height:105%;
|label1='''''Quercus'''''
|sublabel1= 56 [[Mya (geology)|mya]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Quercus subg. Cerris|subgenus ''Cerris'']]
|sublabel1=[[Old World]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section ''Cyclobalanopsis''
|sublabel1= 44 [[Mya (geology)|mya]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=CTB lineage  [[File:Quercus rex leaf white background.jpg|60px]]
|2=Cyclobalanoides 
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Glauca [[File:Quercus glauca MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1=Acuta [[File:Quercus acuta2 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|2=Semiserrata 
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=section ''Cerris''
|1={{clade
|1=East Asian Cerris [[File:Quercus acutissima leaf white background.jpg|70px]]
|2=West Eurasian Cerris [[File:Quercus cerris leaf illustrations.jpg|80px]]
}}
|label2=section ''Ilex''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Early-diverging Ilex [[File:Macedonian Oak Quercus trojana white background.jpg|60px]]
|2=East Asian Ilex [[File:Quercus phillyreoides leaf white background.jpg|50px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Himalaya-Mediterranean [[File:Quercus ilex leaf illustration.jpg|50px]]
|2=Himalayan subalpine [[File:Quercus semecarpifolia leaf.jpg|60px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Quercus subg. Quercus|subgenus ''Quercus'']]
|sublabel2=[[New World]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section ''Lobatae''
|1={{clade
|1=Agrifoliae [[File:Quercus agrifolia leaf.JPG|40px]]
|2={{clade
|1=Palustres [[File:Quercus palustris leaf (white background).jpg|60px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Coccineae (Rubrae) [[File:Quercus rubra-(EU).jpg|35px]]
|2=Phellos (Laurifoliae) [[File:Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg|60px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Texas red oaks [[File:Quercus buckleyi leaf.jpg|50px]]
|2=Erythromexicana [[File:Quercus hypoleucoides leaf white background.jpg|40px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section ''Protobalanus''
|1=[[File:Quercus palmeri leaf white background.jpg|50px]]
|label2=section ''Ponticae''
|2=[[File:Quercus pontica leaf (white background).jpg|55px]]
|sublabel2=[[New World]], W. Asia
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=section ''Virentes''
|1=[[File:Quercus oleoides leaf white background.jpg|55px]]
|label2=section ''Quercus''
|sublabel2=[[New World]], Europe
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Dumosae [[File:Quercus dumosa leaf (white background).jpg|33px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Prinoids [[File:Quercus prinoides leaf white background.jpg|40px]]
|2={{clade
|1=Albae [[File:Quercus montana leaf white background.jpg|38px]]
|2=Roburoids [[File:Quercus robur leaf.jpg|40px]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Stellatae [[File:Quercus stellata (EU).jpg|40px]]
|2={{clade
|1=Texas white oaks [[File:Autumn White Oak Leaf.jpg|40px]]
|2=Leucomexicana [[File:Quercus rugosa leaf white background.jpg|55px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Taxonomy ===

{{See also|List of Quercus species}}

==== Taxonomic history ====

The genus ''Quercus'' was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the first edition of his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pardo |first1=Francisco M. Vázquez |last2=Maqueda |first2=Soledad Ramos |last3=Pérez |first3=Esperanza Doncel |title=''Quercus ilex'' L. and ''Quercus rotundifolia'' Lam.: Two Different Species |journal=International Oaks |issue=13 |year=2002 |pages=9–14 |url=https://www.internationaloaksociety.org/sites/default/files//files/IO/IOS%20Journal%20%2313/International%20Oaks%20No.%2013%20-%20Quercus%20ilex%20L.%20and%20Quercus%20rotundifolia%20Lam.-%20Two%20Different%20Species%20-%20Franciso%20M.%20V%C3%A1zquez%20Pardo%2C%20Soledad%20Ramos%20Maqueda%2C%20Esperanza%20Doncel%20P%C3%A9rez.pdf}}</ref> He described 15 species within the new genus, providing type specimens for 10 of these, and giving names but no types for ''[[Quercus cerris|Q. cerris]]'', ''[[Quercus coccifera|Q. coccifera]]'', ''[[Quercus ilex|Q. ilex]]'', ''[[Quercus smilax|Q. smilax]]'', and ''[[Quercus suber|Q. suber]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iamonico |first1=Duilio |last2=Peruzzi |first2=Lorenzo |title=Lectotypification of Linnaean Names in the Genus ''Quercus'' (Fagaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=62 |issue=5 |year=2013 |pages=1041–1045 |doi=10.12705/625.5 |jstor=taxon.62.5.1041|bibcode=2013Taxon..62.1041I }}</ref> He chose ''[[Quercus robur|Q. robur]]'', the pedunculate oak, as the [[type species]] for the genus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nixon |first1=Kevin C. |last2=Carpenter |first2=James M. |last3=Stevenson |first3=Dennis W. |title=The PhyloCode is fatally flawed, and the 'Linnaean' system can easily be fixed |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0111:TPIFFA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=43477057 |url=http://lamarck.unl.edu/systematics/papers-pdf/BotRev691_111-120.pdf}}</ref>

A 2017 classification of ''Quercus'', based on multiple molecular phylogenetic studies, divided the genus into two [[subgenera]] and eight [[Section (botany)|sections]]:<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17>{{Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |display-authors=3 |title=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus ''Quercus'' L |series=Tree Physiology |date=2017 |volume=7 |editor1-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor1-first=Eustaquio |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo |contribution=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns |pages=13–38 |publication-place=Cham. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |isbn=978-3-319-69099-5 |contribution-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |mode=cs1}}</ref>

*Subgenus ''Quercus'' – the New World clade (or high-latitude clade), mostly native to North America
**Section ''Lobatae'' Loudon – North American red oaks
**Section ''Protobalanus'' (Trelease) O.Schwarz – North American intermediate oaks
**Section ''Ponticae'' Stef. – with a [[disjunct distribution]] between western [[Eurasia]] and western North America
**Section ''Virentes'' Loudon – American southern live oaks
**Section ''Quercus'' – white oaks from North America and Eurasia
*Subgenus ''Cerris'' Oerst. – the Old World clade (or mid-latitude clade), exclusively native to Eurasia
**Section ''Cyclobalanopsis'' Oerst. – cycle-cup oaks of East Asia
**Section ''Cerris'' Dumort. – cerris oaks of subtropical and temperate Eurasia and North Africa
**Section ''Ilex'' Loudon – ilex oaks of tropical and subtropical Eurasia and North Africa


The subgenus division supports the evolutionary diversification of oaks among two distinct clades: the Old World clade (subgenus ''Cerris''), including oaks that diversified in [[Eurasia]]; and the New World clade (subgenus ''Quercus''), oaks that diversified mainly in the [[Americas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Manos |first1=Paul S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhe-Kun |last3=Cannon |first3=Charles H. |year=2001 |title=Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenetic Tests of Reproductive Trait Evolution |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1361–1379 |doi=10.1086/322949 |jstor=10.1086/322949 |bibcode=2001IJPlS.162.1361M |s2cid=85925622}}</ref><ref name="Manos Hipp 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Manos |first1=Paul S. |last2=Hipp |first2=Andrew L. |title=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (''Quercus'' Subgenus ''Quercus''): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity |journal=Forests |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=12 |issue=6 |date=2021-06-15 |issn=1999-4907 |doi=10.3390/f12060786 |page=786 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Fore...12..786M }}</ref>

==== Subgenus ''Quercus'' ====

{{main|Quercus subg. Quercus|l1=''Quercus'' subg. ''Quercus''}}

* Sect. ''Lobatae'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Erythrobalanus''), the [[Erythrobalanus|red oaks]] of North America, [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]]s are long; the acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. The actual nut is encased in a thin, clinging, papery skin. The leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with spiny bristles at the lobe.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''Protobalanus'', the [[Protobalanus|canyon live oak and its relatives]], in the southwestern [[United States]] and northwest [[Mexico]]. Styles are short; the acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. The leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''Ponticae,'' a disjunct including just two species. Styles are short, and the acorns mature in 12 months. The leaves have large [[stipule]]s, high secondary veins, and are highly toothed.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''Virentes,'' the southern live oaks of the Americas. Styles are short, and the acorns mature in 12 months. The leaves are evergreen or subevergreen.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''Quercus'' (synonyms ''Lepidobalanus'' and ''Leucobalanus''), the [[Lepidobalanus|white oaks]] of [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and North America. Trees or shrubs that produce nuts, specifically acorns, as fruits. Acorns mature in one year for annual trees and two years for biannual trees. Acorn is encapsulated by a spiny cupule as characterized by the family Fagaceae. Flowers in the ''Quercus'' genera produce one flower per node, with three or six styles, as well as three or six [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]], respectively. The leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is ''[[Quercus robur]]''.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchcock |first=C. Leo |title=Flora of the Pacific Northwest : an illustrated manual |publisher=University of Washington Press |others=Arthur Cronquist, David Giblin, Ben Legler, Peter F. Zika, Richard G. Olmstead |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-295-74289-2 |edition=Second |location=Seattle |pages=221 |oclc=1027726223}}</ref>

==== Subgenus ''Cerris'' ====

{{main|Quercus subg. Cerris|l1=''Quercus'' subg. ''Cerris''}}

The type species is ''Quercus cerris''.
* Sect. ''[[List of Quercus species#Section Cyclobalanopsis|Cyclobalanopsis]]'', the [[List of Quercus species#Section Cyclobalanopsis|ring-cupped oaks]] of eastern and southeastern Asia. These are evergreen trees growing {{convert|10|–|40|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall. They are distinct from subgenus ''Quercus'' in that they have acorns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales; they commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species. Species of ''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'' are common in the evergreen subtropical [[laurel forest]]s, which extend from southern Japan, southern Korea, and Taiwan across southern China and northern Indochina to the eastern Himalayas, in association with trees of the genus ''[[Castanopsis]]'' and the laurel family ([[Lauraceae]]).<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''Cerris'', the [[Cerris|Turkey oak and its relatives]] of Europe and Asia. Styles are long; acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the acorn's shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>
* Sect. ''[[List of Quercus species#Section Ilex|Ilex]]'', the Ilex oak and its relatives of Eurasia and northern [[Africa]]. Styles are medium-long; acorns mature in 12–24 months, appearing hairy on the inside. The leaves are evergreen, with bristle-like extensions on the teeth.<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17/>

== Distribution ==

[[File:Quercus Global Distribution.svg|thumb|upright=2| Global distribution of ''Quercus''. The New and Old World parts are mostly separate [[clade]]s.{{efn|The New World sections are ''Protobalanus'', ''Lobatae'', ''Ponticae'', ''Quercus'', and ''Virentes''. Old World sections are ''Cerris'', ''Ilex'' and ''Cyclobalanopsis''.}} Red: North American.{{efn|The North American sections are ''Protobalanus'', ''Lobatae'', ''Ponticae'', ''Quercus'', and ''Virentes''.}} Pink: Central American.{{efn|The Central American sections are ''Virentes'', ''Quercus'' and ''Lobatae''}} Yellow: European.{{efn|The European sections are ''Quercus'', ''Cerris'' and ''Ilex''.}} Green: West/Central Asian.{{efn|The West/Central Asian sections are ''Ponticae'', ''Quercus'', ''Cerris'' and ''Ilex''.}} Turquoise: Southeast Asian.{{efn|The Southeast Asian sections are ''Quercus'', ''Cyclobalanopsis'', ''Cerris'' and ''Ilex''.}} Blue: East Asian.{{efn|The East Asian sections are ''Quercus'', ''Cerris'', ''Ilex'' and ''Cyclobalanopsis''.}}<ref name="Liu Yang Tian Yang 2023">{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Liu |first1=Shuiyin |title=Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal Widespread Gene Flow During the Early Radiation of Oaks and Relatives (Fagaceae: Quercoideae) |date=2023-04-28 |biorxiv=10.1101/2023.04.25.538215 |display-authors=3 |last2=Yang |first2=Yingying |last3=Tian |first3=Qin |last4=Yang |first4=Zhiyun |last5=Li |first5=Shufeng |last6=Valdes |first6=Paul J. |last7=Farnsworth |first7=Alex |last8=Kates |first8=Heather R. |last9=Siniscalchi |first9=Carolina M. |last10=Guralnick |first10=Robert P. |last11=Soltis |first11=Douglas E. |last12=Soltis |first12=Pamela S. |last13=Stull |first13=Gregory W. |last14=Folk |first14=Ryan A. |last15=Yi |first15=Tingshuang}}</ref> See Phylogeny chapter/tree for sections.{{what|reason=Where would one find this?|date=January 2025}}]]

The genus ''Quercus'' is native to the Northern Hemisphere and includes [[deciduous]] and [[evergreen]] species extending from [[cool temperate]] to [[tropical]] latitudes in the [[Americas]], Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America has the largest number of oak species, with approximately 160 species in Mexico, of which 109 are endemic, and about 90 in the United States. The second greatest area of oak diversity is China, with approximately 100 species.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (2012) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak "Oak"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523173442/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak|date=23 May 2013}}. ed. Arthur Dawson. ''Encyclopedia of Earth''. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</ref>

In the Americas, ''Quercus'' is widespread from [[Vancouver]] and [[Nova Scotia]] in the south of Canada, south to [[Mexico]] and across the whole of the eastern United States. It is present in a small area of the west of [[Cuba]]; in [[Mesoamerica]] it occurs mainly above {{convert|1,000|m}}.<ref name="Nixon 2006">{{cite book |last=Nixon |first=Kevin C. |title=Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |pages=3–13 |chapter=Global and neotropical distribution and diversity of oak (genus ''Quercus'') and oak forests |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226843540}}</ref> The genus crossed the [[isthmus of Panama]] when the northern and southern continents came together<ref name="Hooghiemstra 2006">{{cite book |last=Hooghiemstra |first=H. |title=Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |pages=17–28 |chapter=Immigration of Oak into Northern South America: A Paleo-Ecological Document |chapter-url=}}</ref> and is present as one species, ''[[Quercus humboldtii|Q. humboldtii]]'', above 1,000 metres in Colombia.<ref name="Nixon 2006" /> The oaks of North America are of many sections (''Protobalanus'', ''Lobatae'', ''Ponticae'', ''Quercus'', and ''Virentes'') along with related genera such as ''Notholithocarpus''.<ref name="Liu Yang Tian Yang 2023" />

In the Old World, oaks of section ''Quercus'' extend across the whole of Europe including European Russia apart from the far north, and north Africa (north of the Sahara) from Morocco to Libya. In Mediterranean Europe, they are joined by oaks of the sections ''Cerris'' and ''Ilex'', which extend across Turkey, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan'','' while section ''Ponticae'' is endemic to the western Caucasus in [[Turkey]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Oaks of section ''Cyclobalanopsis'' extend in a narrow belt along the Himalayas to cover mainland and island Southeast Asia as far as [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]], and [[Palawan]].<ref name="powo" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jablonski |first=Eike |date=2000 |title=Among the Oaks of Borneo and Java |url=http://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/international-oaks-no-10-2000 |journal=International Oaks |issue=10, Spring 2000}}</ref> Finally, oaks of multiple sections (''Cyclobalanopsis'', ''Ilex'', ''Cerris'', ''Quercus'' and related genera like ''Lithocarpus'' and ''Castanopsis'') extend across east Asia including China, Korea, and Japan.<ref name="Liu Yang Tian Yang 2023" />

== Ecology ==

[[File:Oak leafroller larvae.png|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Caterpillars of the North American oak leafroller, ''[[Archips semiferanus]]'', can defoliate oak forests.]]

Oaks are [[keystone species]] in a wide range of habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest. They are important components of hardwood forests; some species grow in associations with members of the [[Ericaceae]] in [[oak–heath forest]]s.<ref>[http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml ''The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups'' (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115181617/http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml |date=15 January 2009 }}. Dcr.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-10.</ref><ref>Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. ''Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation''. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.</ref> Several kinds of [[truffle]]s, including two well-known varieties – black [[Tuber melanosporum|Périgord truffle]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary6.asp#glossary |title=Truffle Glossary: Black Truffles |publisher=thenibble.com |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=1 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419130742/http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary6.asp#glossary |archive-date=19 April 2010}}</ref> and the white Piedmont truffle<ref name=r13>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/vegetables/truffle-glossary8.asp#glossary |title=Truffle Glossary: White Truffles |publisher=thenibble.com |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=1 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925140942/http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/MAIN/vegetables/truffle-glossary8.asp#glossary |archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> – have symbiotic relationships with oak trees. Similarly, many other fungi, such as ''[[Ramaria flavosaponaria]]'', associate with oaks.<ref name="Nirschl">{{cite web |last1=Nirschl |first1=Rick |title=Mushrooms of the Oak Openings |url=http://www.toledonaturalist.org/~naturalist/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/fungifinal3_sheet1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.toledonaturalist.org/~naturalist/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/fungifinal3_sheet1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Toledo Naturalists' Association |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Petersen">{{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Ronald H. |author-link1=Ron Petersen |date=November 1985 |title=Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XX. New Taxa and Distributional Records in ''Clavulina'' and ''Ramaria'' |journal=Mycologia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=903–919 |doi=10.2307/3793302 |issn=0027-5514 |jstor=3793302 |oclc=7377077277}}</ref>

Oaks support more than 950 species of caterpillars, an important food source for many birds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bryant |first1=Tracey |date=April 2021 |title=Planting For the Planet |publisher=University of Delaware |url=https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2021/april/doug-tallamy-earth-day-oak-sustainable-ecosystem/}}</ref> Mature oak trees shed widely varying numbers of acorns (known collectively as mast) annually, with large quantities in [[Mast (botany)|mast years]]. This may be a [[predator satiation]] strategy, increasing the chance that some acorns will survive to germination.<ref name="Bogdziewicz Marino Bonal Zwolak 2018 pp. 2575–2582">{{cite journal |last1=Bogdziewicz |first1=Michał |last2=Marino |first2=Shealyn |last3=Bonal |first3=Raul |last4=Zwolak |first4=Rafał |last5=Steele |first5=Michael A. |title=Rapid aggregative and reproductive responses of weevils to masting of North American oaks counteract predator satiation |journal=Ecology |publisher=Wiley |volume=99 |issue=11 |date=2018-09-28 |issn=0012-9658 |doi=10.1002/ecy.2510 |pages=2575–2582|pmid=30182480 |bibcode=2018Ecol...99.2575B |s2cid=52156639 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Eurasian jay (32648148027) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Jay]]s feed on acorns and help to [[Seed dispersal|disperse these seeds]].]]

Animals including [[squirrel]]s<ref name="Steele Yi 2020">{{cite journal | last1=Steele | first1=Michael A. | last2=Yi | first2=Xianfeng | title=Squirrel-Seed Interactions: The Evolutionary Strategies and Impact of Squirrels as Both Seed Predators and Seed Dispersers | journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | publisher=Frontiers Media SA | volume=8 | date=4 August 2020 | issn=2296-701X | doi=10.3389/fevo.2020.00259 | article-number=259 | bibcode=2020FrEEv...8..259S | doi-access=free }}</ref> and jays – [[Eurasian jay]]s in the Old World, [[blue jay]]s in North America – feed on acorns, and are important agents of [[seed dispersal]] as they carry the acorns away and bury many of them as food stores.<ref name="Mitrus Szabo 2020">{{cite journal | last1=Mitrus | first1=Cezary | last2=Szabo | first2=Josif | title=Foraging Eurasian Jays ''(Garrulus glandarius)'' prefer oaks and acorns in central Europe | journal=Ornis Hungarica | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=28 | issue=1 | date=1 June 2020 | issn=2061-9588 | doi=10.2478/orhu-2020-0010 | pages=169–175| s2cid=220634002 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Enroth 2022">{{cite web |last1=Enroth |first1=Christopher |title=Of blue jays and pin oaks: How jays have shaped our oak forests around the world |url=https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/good-growing/2022-03-04-blue-jays-and-pin-oaks-how-jays-have-shaped-our-oak-forests-around |publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |access-date=14 October 2023 |date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bossema 1979">{{cite journal | last=Bossema | first=I. | title=Jays and Oaks: an Eco-Ethological Study of a Symbiosis | journal=Behaviour | publisher=Brill | volume=70 | issue=1–2 | year=1979 | issn=0005-7959 | doi=10.1163/156853979x00016 | pages=1–116| url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/dc64a15d-a47b-459d-94d3-36ee96189986 }}</ref> However, some species of squirrel selectively excise the embryos from the acorns that they store, meaning that the food store lasts longer and that the acorns will never germinate.<ref name="Steele Yi 2020"/>

=== Hybridisation ===

[[File:Quercus stellata.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9 |A hybrid white oak, possibly ''[[Post oak|Quercus stellata]]'' × ''[[Chinkapin oak|Q. muehlenbergii]]'']]

[[Interspecific hybridization]] is quite common among oaks, but usually between species within the same section only,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valen |first=Leigh Van |year=1976 |title=Ecological Species, Multispecies, and Oaks |journal=Taxon |volume=25 |issue=2/3 |pages=233–239 |doi=10.2307/1219444 |issn=0040-0262 |jstor=1219444|bibcode=1976Taxon..25..233V }}</ref> and most common in the white oak group. White oaks cannot discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section. Because they are [[wind pollinated]] and have weak internal barriers to hybridization, hybridization produces functional seeds and fertile hybrid offspring. Ecological stresses, especially near habitat margins, can also cause a breakdown of mate recognition as well as a reduction of male function (pollen quantity and quality) in one parent species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams |first1=Joseph H. |first2=William J. |last2=Boecklen |first3=Daniel J. |last3=Howard |year=2001 |title=Reproductive processes in two oak (''Quercus'') contact zones with different levels of hybridization |journal=Heredity |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=680–690 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00968.x|pmid=11903563 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2001Hered..87..680W }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Arnold |first=M. L. |year=1997 |title=Natural Hybridization and Evolution |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-509974-5}}</ref>

Frequent hybridization among oaks has consequences for oak populations around the world; most notably, hybridization has produced large populations of hybrids with much [[introgression]] and the [[evolution]] of new species.<ref name=r2>{{Cite journal|last1=Conte |first1=L. |last2=Cotti |first2=C. |last3=Cristofolini |first3=G. |year=2007 |title=Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of ''Quercus crenata'' Lam. (Fagaceae) from ''Q-cerris'' L. and ''Q-suber'' L. |journal=Plant Biosystems |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1080/11263500701401463|bibcode=2007PBios.141..181C |s2cid=83882998 }}</ref> Introgression has caused different species in the same populations to share up to 50% of their genetic information.<ref name=r3>{{cite journal |last1=Gomory |first1=D. |last2=Schmidtova |first2=J. |year=2007 |title=Extent of nuclear genome sharing among white oak species (''Quercus'' L. subgen. ''Lepidobalanus'' (Endl.) Oerst.) in Slovakia estimated by allozymes |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=266 |issue=3–4 |pages=253–264 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0535-0|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266..253G |s2cid=23587024 }}</ref> As a result, genetic data often does not differentiate between clearly morphologically distinct species, but instead differentiates populations.<ref name=r4>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelleher |first1=C. T. |first2=T. R. |last2=Hodkinson |first3=G. C. |last3=Douglas |first4=D. L. |last4=Kelly |year=2005 |title=Species distinction in Irish populations of ''Quercus petraea'' and ''Q. robur'': Morphological versus molecular analyses |journal=Annals of Botany |pmid=16199484 |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=1237–1246 |doi=10.1093/aob/mci275|pmc=4247074 }}</ref> The maintenance of particular loci for adaptation to ecological niches may explain the retention of species identity despite significant gene flow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ruhua |last2=Hipp |first2=Andrew L. |last3=Gailing |first3=Oliver |date= October 2015 |title=Sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among red oak species suggests interspecific gene flow between neighboring populations |journal=Botany |volume=93 |issue=10 |pages=691–700 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2014-0261 |issn=1916-2790 |hdl=1807/69792 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The [[Fagaceae]], or beech family, to which the oaks belong, is a slowly-evolving [[clade]] compared to other [[angiosperm]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1139/g93-089 |last1=Frascaria |first1=N. |first2=L. |last2=Maggia |first3=M. |last3=Michaud |first4=J. |last4=Bousquet |year=1993 |title=The RBCL Gene Sequence from Chestnut Indicates a Slow Rate of Evolution in the Fagaceae |journal=Genome |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=668–671 |pmid=8405983|bibcode=1993Genom..36..668F |url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/590955/1/1993_frascaria%20et%20al.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manos |first1=P. S. |first2=A. M. |last2=Stanford |year=2001 |title=The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: Tracking the tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=162 |pages=S77–S93 |issue=Suppl. 6 |doi=10.1086/323280 |bibcode=2001IJPlS.162S..77M |s2cid=84936653 }}</ref> and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in ''Quercus'' pose a significant challenge to the [[species concept|concept of a species]] as a group of "actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups."<ref name="Raven 2005"/> By this definition, many species of ''Quercus'' would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and genetic data.<ref name="Raven 2005">{{cite book |last1=Raven |first1=Peter H. |first2=George B. |last2=Johnson |first3=Jonathan B. |last3=Losos |first4=Susan R. |last4=Singer |title=Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/biology00pete |url-access=registration |edition=Seventh |publisher=McGraw Hill |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=0-07-111182-4}}</ref>

=== Diseases and pests ===

[[File:Oak Mildew.JPG|thumb|Oak [[powdery mildew]] on pedunculate oak, caused by ''[[Erysiphe alphitoides]]'']]

Oaks are affected by a large number of pests and diseases. For instance, ''Q. robur'' and ''Q. petraea'' in Britain host 423 insect species.<ref name="Kennedy Southwood 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Catherine E.J. |last2=Southwood |first2=T. Richard E. |year=1984 |title=The number of species of insect associated with British trees. A reanalysis |journal=[[Journal of Animal Ecology]] |volume=53 |issue=53 |pages=455–478 |jstor=4528 |doi=10.2307/4528|bibcode=1984JAnEc..53..455K }}</ref> This diversity includes 106 [[Macrolepidoptera|macro-moths]], 83 [[Microlepidoptera|micro-moths]], 67 [[beetle]]s, 53 [[cynipoidea]]n wasps, 38 [[heteroptera]]n bugs, 21 [[auchenorrhyncha]]n bugs, 17 [[sawfly|sawflies]], and 15 [[aphid]]s.<ref name="Kennedy Southwood 1984"/> The insect numbers are seasonal: in spring, chewing insects such as caterpillars become numerous, followed by insects with sucking mouthparts such as aphids, then by [[leaf miner]]s, and finally by gall wasps such as ''[[Neuroterus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Southwood |first1=T. Richard E. |last2=Wint |first2=G.R. William |last3=Kennedy |first3=Catherine E.J. |last4=Greenwood |first4=Kennedy |year=2004 |title=Seasonality, abundance, species richness and specificity of the phytophagous guild of insects on oak (''Quercus'') canopies |journal=[[European Journal of Entomology]] |volume=101 |issue=101 |pages=43–50|doi=10.14411/eje.2004.011 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Several [[powdery mildew]]s affect oak species. In Europe, the species ''[[Erysiphe alphitoides]]'' is the most common.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x |title=New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe |year=2008 |last1=Mougou |first1=A. |last2=Dutech |first2=C. |last3=Desprez-Loustau |first3=M.-L. |journal=Forest Pathology |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=275|bibcode=2008FoPat..38..275M }}</ref> It reduces the ability of leaves to photosynthesize, and infected leaves are shed early.<ref name="Hajji Dreyer 2009">{{Cite journal |title=Impact of ''Erysiphe alphitoides'' on transpiration and photosynthesis in ''Quercus robur'' leaves |year=2009|last1=Hajji |first1=M. |last2=Dreyer |first2=E. |last3=Marçais |first3=B. |journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.1007/s10658-009-9458-7 |bibcode=2009EJPP..125...63H |s2cid=21267431 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02103659/file/2009-EJPP-Hajji%26al.pdf}}</ref>
Another significant threat, the [[oak processionary]] moth (''Thaumetopoea processionea''), has emerged in the UK since 2006. The caterpillars of this species defoliate the trees and are hazardous to human health; their bodies are covered with poisonous hairs which can cause rashes and respiratory problems.<ref name=forestry>{{cite web |author=unspecified |title=Oak Processionary Moth - Tree pests and diseases |website=[[Forestry Commission|Forestry Commission (UK)]] |url=https://www.forestry.gov.uk/oakprocessionarymoth |date=11 September 2018 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120133817/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/oakprocessionarymoth |url-status=dead }}</ref> A little-understood disease of mature oaks, [[acute oak decline]], has affected the UK since 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kinver |first=Mark |date=28 April 2010 |title=Oak disease 'threatens landscape' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10089581 |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429031402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10089581.stm |archive-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>
In California, goldspotted oak borer (''[[Agrilus auroguttatus]]'') has destroyed many oak trees,<ref name="Coleman 2008">{{cite web |last=Coleman |first=T. W. |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/spf/fhp/socal/CnfOakMortalityBE080408.pdf |title=New insect evidence in continuing oak mortality |publisher=US Forest Service |date=4 August 2008}}</ref> while sudden oak death, caused by the [[oomycete]] pathogen ''[[Phytophthora ramorum]]'', has devastated oaks in California and Oregon, and is present in Europe.<ref name="Scientific Societies 2008">{{cite journal |title=Sudden oak death, ramorum leaf blight, ramorum shoot blight |journal=The Plant Health Instructor |publisher=Scientific Societies |year=2008 |issn=1935-9411 |doi=10.1094/phi-i-2008-0227-01 |last1=Parke |first1=J.L. |last2=Peterson |first2=Ebba K.}}</ref> Japanese oak wilt, caused by the fungus ''[[Raffaelea quercivora]]'', has rapidly killed trees across Japan.<ref name="Kuroda Yamada 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Kuroda |first1=K. |last2=Yamada |first2=T. |year=1996 |title=Discoloration of sapwood and blockage of xylem sap ascent in the trunks of wilting ''Quercus'' spp. following attack by ''Platypus quercivorus'' |journal=Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=84–88 |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002830776/en}}</ref>

=== Gall communities ===

{{further|Gall|Gall wasp}}

Many [[galls]] are found on oak leaves, buds, flowers, and roots. Examples are [[oak artichoke gall]], [[oak marble gall]], [[oak apple]] gall, [[knopper gall]], and [[Neurotus quercus-baccarum|spangle gall]]. These galls are the handiwork of tiny wasps from the [[Cynipidae]]. In a complex ecological relationship, these gall wasps become hosts to [[parasitoid wasp]]s—primarily from the order [[Chalcidoidea]]—which lay their larvae inside the gall wasps, ultimately leading to the hosts' demise. Additionally, [[inquiline]]s live [[Commensalism|commensally]] within the galls without harming the gall wasps.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Askew |first1=Richard R. |last2=Melika |first2=George |last3=Pujade-Villar |first3=Juli |last4=Schönrogge |first4=Karsten |last5=Stone |first5=Graham N. |last6=Nieves-Aldrey |first6=Jose Luis |title=Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in cynipid oak galls in the West Palaearctic |journal=Zootaxa |date=30 April 2013 |volume=3643 |issue=3643 |pages=1–133 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3643.1.1 |pmid=25340198 |bibcode=2013Zoot.36433.1.1A |isbn=978-1-77557-147-6 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237007745}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Gallrazorback.jpg|Oak apple gall on ''[[Quercus garryana]]''
File:Oak apples on oak leaf and in cross section.JPG|Oak apples on oak leaf
File:Biorhiza pallida male.jpg|''[[Biorhiza pallida]]'' male, the cause of oak apple galls
</gallery>

== Conservation ==

An estimated 31% of the world's oak species are threatened with extinction, while 41% of oak species are considered to be of [[conservation status|conservation concern]]. The countries with the highest numbers of threatened oak species (as of 2020) are China with 36 species, Mexico with 32 species, Vietnam with 20 species, and the US with 16 species. Leading causes are [[climate change]] and [[Invasive species|invasive pests]] in the US, and [[deforestation]] and [[urbanization]] in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Red List of Oaks 2020 |url=https://globaltrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Oaks2020HR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716045545/https://globaltrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Oaks2020HR.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=Global Trees Campaign}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One-third of the world's oaks at risk of extinction, according to new BGCI report |url=https://www.bgci.org/news-events/red-list-of-oaks-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=Botanic Gardens Conservation International}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Carrero |first1=Christina |title=The Red List of Oaks 2020 |date=2020 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/557dec57e4b0c3993deb6044/t/60ba66607de08b6cc5e42d00/1622828642301/RedListOaks2020.pdf |publication-place=Lisle, IL |publisher=The Morton Arboretum |display-authors=5 |last2=Jerome |first2=Diana |last3=Beckman |first3=Emily |last4=Byrne |first4=Amy |last5=Coombes |first5=Allen J. |last6=Deng |first6=Min |last7=González Rodríguez |first7=Antonio |last8=Sam |first8=Hoang Van |last9=Khoo |first9=Eyen |last10=Nguyen |first10=Ngoc |last11=Robiansyah |first11=Iyan |last12=Rodríguez Correa |first12=Hernando |last13=Sang |first13=Julia |last14=Song |first14=Yi-Gang |last15=Strijk |first15=Joeri |last16=Sugau |first16=John |last17=Sun |first17=Weibang |last18=Valencia-Ávalos |first18=Susana |last19=Westwood |first19=Murphy}}</ref>
In the Himalayan region of India, oak forests are being invaded by [[pine]] trees due to global warming. The associated pine forest species may cross frontiers and integrate into the oak forests.<ref>Kala, C.P. (2012). ''Biodiversity, communities and climate change''. Teri Publications, New Delhi, {{ISBN|817993442X}}.</ref>
Over the past 200 years, large areas of oak forest in the highlands of Mexico, Central America, and the northern Andes have been cleared for [[coffee plantation]]s and [[cattle ranching]]. There is a continuing threat to these forests from exploitation for timber, fuelwood, and [[charcoal]].<ref>Kappelle, M. (2006). "Neotropical montane oak forests: overview and outlook", pp 449–467 in: Kappelle, M. (ed.). ''Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests''. Ecological Studies No. 185. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, {{doi|10.1007/3-540-28909-7_34}} {{ISBN|978-3-540-28908-1}}.</ref> In the US, entire oak ecosystems have declined due to a combination of factors thought to include fire suppression, increased consumption of acorns by growing mammal populations, herbivory of seedlings, and introduced pests.<ref>Lorimer, C.G. (2003) [http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-editorials/editorial_2003_10.html Editorial: The decline of oak forests] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317194907/http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-editorials/editorial_2003_10.html|date=17 March 2014}}. American Institute of Biological Sciences.</ref> However, disturbance-tolerant oaks may have benefited from grazers like [[American bison|bison]], and suffered when the bison were removed following [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]].<ref name="Hitchmough Vera 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchmough |first1=James |last2=Vera |first2=F. W. M. |year=2002 |title=Grazing Ecology and Forest History |journal=Garden History |volume=30 |issue=2 |page=263 |doi=10.2307/1587257 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=1587257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Paul |title=Plants in the Landscape |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |year=1990 |isbn=0716718081 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref>

== Toxicity ==

The leaves and acorns of oaks are poisonous to [[livestock]], including [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s, if eaten in large amounts, due to the toxin [[tannic acid]], which causes kidney damage and [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dun |first=Kath |title=Oak poisoning in cattle |journal=UK Vet Livestock |volume=11 |issue=5 |year=2006 |pages=47–50 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00047.x }}</ref><ref name="Smith Naylor Knowles Mair 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=S. |last2=Naylor |first2=R. J. |last3=Knowles |first3=E. J. |last4=Mair |first4=T. S. |last5=Cahalan |first5=S. D. |last6=Fews |first6=D. |last7=Dunkel |first7=B. |title=Suspected acorn toxicity in nine horses |journal=Equine Veterinary Journal |publisher=Wiley |volume=47 |issue=5 |date=7 October 2014 |doi=10.1111/evj.12306 |pages=568–572|pmid=24917312 |url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9469/ }}</ref> An exception is the [[domestic pig]], which, under the right conditions, may be fed entirely on acorns,<ref>Cappai, Maria Grazia, et al. "Pigs use endogenous proline to cope with acorn (''Quercus pubescens'' Willd.) combined diets high in hydrolysable tannins." Livestock Science 155.2-3 (2013): 316–322.</ref> and has traditionally been pastured in oak woodlands (such as the Spanish ''[[dehesa (pastoral management)|dehesa]]''<ref>Joffre, R; Rambal, S.; Ratte, J.P. (1999). "The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic," ''[[Journal of Agroforestry]]'' 45(1-3): 57-79.</ref> and the English system of [[pannage]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kreiner |first=Jamie |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv177tk45 |title=Legions of Pigs in the Early Medieval West |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-3002-4629-2 |location=New Haven |pages=108–119 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv177tk45 |jstor=j.ctv177tk45 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Humans can eat acorns after [[leaching (chemistry)|leaching]] out the tannins in water.<ref>{{citation |last=Bainbridge |first=D. A. |title=Use of acorns for food in California: past, present and future |date=12–14 November 1986 |url=http://www.ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027113825/http://ecocomposite.org/native/UseOfAcornsForFoodInCalifornia.doc |location=San Luis Obispo, CA. |publisher=Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwoods |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Timber ===

[[File:Charpente eglise Saint-Girons Monein.jpg|thumb|upright|Heart of oak [[Beam (structure)|beams]] of the frame of the [[Église Saint-Girons]] in [[Monein]], France]]

Oak timber is a strong and hard wood with many uses, such as for [[furniture]], floors, building frames, and [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dotson |first1=J. Dianne |title=What Are Oak Trees Used for? |url=https://sciencing.com/kamani-wood-8516541.html |website=Sciencing |access-date=9 October 2023 |date=22 November 2019}}</ref> The wood of ''[[Quercus cerris]]'' (the Turkey oak) has better mechanical properties than those of the white oaks ''[[Quercus petraea|Q. petraea]]'' and ''[[Quercus robur|Q. robur]]''; the heartwood and sapwood have similar [[strength of materials|mechanical properties]].<ref>Merela, Maks, and Katarina Čufar. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maks-Merela/publication/272905935_Density_and_Mechanical_Properties_of_Oak_Sapwood_Versus_Heartwood/links/577e29bd08aeaa6988b0920b/Density-and-Mechanical-Properties-of-Oak-Sapwood-Versus-Heartwood.pdf Density and mechanical properties of oak sapwood versus heartwood in three different oak species]". ''Drvna industrija'' 64.4 (2013): 323–334.</ref> Of the North American red oaks, the [[northern red oak]], ''Quercus rubra'', is highly prized for lumber.<ref>Aldrich, Preston R., et al. "Whole-tree silvic identifications and the microsatellite genetic structure of a red oak species complex in an Indiana old-growth forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33.11 (2003): 2228–2237.</ref><ref>{{eFloras|1|233501082|Quercus shumardii |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |volume=3}}</ref>
The wood is resistant to insect and fungal attack.<ref>Thaler, Nejc; Humar, Miha. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964830513003168 Performance of oak, beech and spruce beams after more than 100 years in service]". ''International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation'' 85 (2013): 305–310.</ref>

Wood from ''Q. robur'' and ''Q. petraea'' was used in Europe for [[shipbuilding]], especially of naval [[man-of-war|men of war]], until the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baugh |first=Daniel A. |title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole |url=https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug |url-access=registration |year=1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug/page/242 242] |publisher=Princeton University Press |oclc=610026758}}</ref> In hill states of India such as [[Uttarakhand]], along with being used for fuelwood and timber, oak wood is used for [[agricultural implement]]s, while the leaves serve as [[fodder]] for livestock during lean periods.<ref>[[Chandra Prakash Kala|Kala, C.P.]] (2004). Studies on the indigenous knowledge, practices, and traditional uses of forest products by human societies in Uttarakhand state of India. GBPIHED, Almora, India</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2010). ''Medicinal Plants of Uttarakhand: Diversity Livelihood and Conservation''. BioTech Books, Delhi, {{ISBN|8176222097}}.</ref>

=== Other traditional products ===

[[Oak bark]], with its high tannin content, was traditionally used in the Old World for [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] [[leather]].<ref>Clarkson, L. A. "The English bark trade, 1660–1830" ''The Agricultural History Review'' 22.2 (1974): 136–152. {{JSTOR|40273608}}</ref> Oak [[gall]]s were used for centuries as a main ingredient in [[iron gall ink]] for manuscripts, harvested at a specific time of year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/history-ink-six-objects|title=A History of Ink in Six Objects|website=History Today}}</ref> In Korea, [[sawtooth oak]] bark is used to make [[Roof shingle|shingles]] for [[Traditional Korean roof construction|traditional roof construction]].<ref name="Jeon 2016">{{cite book |last=Jeon |first=BongHee |title=A Cultural History of the Korean House |date=2016 |publisher=Seoul Selection |location=Seoul |isbn=978-89-97639-63-2 |page=49 |url=https://www.aks.ac.kr/ikorea/upload/intl/korean/UserFiles/UKS5_Korean_House_eng.pdf |chapter=3: Hanok: The Formation of the Traditional Korean House |quote=The gulpijip (oak-bark-roofed house) and neowajip (shingled house) are found in the northeastern part of the Korean peninsula, as well as in Korea’s more mountainous areas. ... Gulpijip uses roofing made with the bark of trees such as cone-fruit platycarya, [[sawtooth oak]], and cedar, which all have relatively thick bark.}}</ref> The dried bark of the white oak was used in [[traditional medicine|traditional medical preparations]]; its tannic acid content made it astringent and antiseptic.<ref>Henkel, Alice. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lpUUAAAAYAAJ American medicinal barks]. No. 139. US Government Printing Office, 1909.</ref> Acorns have been ground to make a flour,<ref>Szabłowska, Emilia; Tańska, Małgorzata. "Acorn flour properties depending on the production method and laboratory baking test results: A review." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20.1 (2021): 980-1008.</ref> and roasted for acorn coffee.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Samsonowicz |first=Mariola |display-authors=etal |title=Antioxidant properties of coffee substitutes rich in polyphenols and minerals |journal=Food Chemistry |issue=278 |year=2019 |volume=278 |pages=101–109|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.057 |pmid=30583350 |s2cid=58542098 }}</ref>

=== Culinary ===

[[Barrel (storage)|Barrels]] for [[Aging barrel|aging]] wines, [[sherry]], and spirits such as [[brandy]] and [[Scotch whisky]] are made from oak, with [[single barrel whiskey|single barrel malt whiskies]] fetching a premium.<ref name="Piggott 2003">Piggott, John R.; Conner, John M. "Whiskies." Fermented beverage production. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer, 2003. 239–262.</ref> The use of [[oak (wine)|oak in wine]] adds a range of flavours. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to their contents' colour, taste, and aroma, imparting a desirable oaky [[vanillin]] flavour. A dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oakwoods. French oaks (''Quercus robur'', ''Q. petraea'') give greater refinement and are chosen for the best, most expensive wines. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces a more powerful bouquet.<ref>Pérez-Prieto, Luis J., et al. "Extraction and formation dynamic of oak-related volatile compounds from different volume barrels to wine and their behavior during bottle storage." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51.18 (2003): 5444–5449.</ref><ref>Perez‐Prieto, Luis Javier, et al. "Oak‐matured wines: influence of the characteristics of the barrel on wine colour and sensory characteristics." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83.14 (2003): 1445–1450.</ref>

Oak wood chips are used for [[smoking (cooking)|smoking]] foods such as fish, meat, and [[cheese]].<ref name="Varlet Prost Serot 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Varlet |first1=Vincent |last2=Prost |first2=Carole |last3=Serot |first3=Thierry |title=Volatile aldehydes in smoked fish: Analysis methods, {{as written|occur|rence [sic]}} and mechanisms of formation |journal=Food Chemistry |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=105 |issue=4 |year=2007 |issn=0308-8146 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.041 |pages=1536–1556}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guillén |first1=Marı́a D. |first2=Manzanos |last2=Marı́a J. |title=Study of the volatile composition of an aqueous oak smoke preparation |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=79 |issue=3 |year=2002 |pages=283–292|doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00141-3 |bibcode=2002FoodC..79..283G }}</ref> In Japan, [[Children's Day]] is celebrated with {{transliteration|ja|[[Kashiwa-mochi]]}} rice cakes, filled with a [[Sweet Red Bean Paste|sweet red bean paste]], and wrapped in a {{transliteration|ja|kashiwa}} oak leaf.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travel-around-japan.com/j54-confectionery.html |title=Japanese confectionery |website=Travel Around Japan |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>
The bark of the [[cork oak]] is used to produce cork stoppers for [[wine]] bottles. This species grows around the [[Mediterranean Sea]]; [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Algeria]], and [[Morocco]] produce most of the world's supply.<ref name="Amorim">{{cite web |title=Mitos e curiosidades |url=https://www.amorim.com/a-cortica/mitos-e-curiosidades/Quanto-tempo-vive-um-sobreiro/110/400/ |publisher=[[Corticeira Amorim|Amorim]] |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

Acorns of various oak species have been used as food for millennia, in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and among the native peoples of North America. In North Africa, acorns have been pressed to make acorn oil: the [[cooking oil|oil]] content can be as high as 30%. Oaks have also been used as [[fodder]], both leaves and acorns being fed to livestock such as pigs. Given their high tannin content, acorns have often been leached to remove tannins before use as fodder.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bainbridge |first1=David A. |title=1 Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, Future |journal=1 Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, Future David A. Bainbridge, Dry Lands Research Institute, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-use Management of California's Hardwoods, November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California |date=1986 |pages=453–458 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f2e579544c5078e581b28acb81396811d6ae7827}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200px heights=200px>
File:Sherry cellar, Solera system, 2003.jpg|[[Sherry]] maturing in [[barrel (storage)|oak barrels]]
File:Cork oak trunk section.jpg|A cross section of the trunk of a [[cork oak]], ''[[Quercus suber]]'', showing the thick spongy bark used for making wine bottle corks
File:Kashiwa-mochi.jpg|[[Kashiwa-mochi]] rice cake wrapped in oak leaf, Japan
</gallery>

==Culture==

=== Symbols ===

[[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|thumb|upright|The oak features in many coats of arms, such as [[Coat of arms of Estonia|that of Estonia]].<ref name="Estonian Institute">{{cite web |last=Estonian Institute |title=National symbols of Estonia |url=http://www.estinst.ee/publications/symbols/ |publisher=Estonian Institute |access-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114085551/http://www.estinst.ee/publications/symbols/ |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> ]]

The oak is a widely used symbol of strength and [[endurance]].<ref name="Leroy Plomion Kremer 2019">{{cite journal | last1=Leroy | first1=Thibault | last2=Plomion | first2=Christophe | last3=Kremer | first3=Antoine | title=Oak symbolism in the light of genomics | journal=New Phytologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=226 | issue=4 | date=25 July 2019 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.15987 | pages=1012–1017| pmid=31183874 | pmc=7166128 }}</ref> It is the [[national tree]] of many countries,<ref name="Venables 2012"/> including the US,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arborday.org |title=Trees – Arbor Day Foundation |publisher=Arborday.org |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428143334/http://www.arborday.org/ |archive-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]] ([[Quercus alnifolia|golden oak]]), [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Moldova]], [[Jordan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], and [[Wales]].<ref name="Venables 2012">{{cite web |title=Oak as a Symbol |url=http://www.venablesoak.co.uk/about-oak/oak-as-a-symbol-2/|work=Venables Oak |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505014026/http://www.venablesoak.co.uk/about-oak/oak-as-a-symbol-2/ |archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> Ireland's fifth-largest city, [[Derry]], is named for the tree, from {{Irish place name|Doire|oak}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Derry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/derry |website=Etymology Online |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> Oak branches are displayed on some German coins, both of the former [[Deutsche Mark]] and the [[euro]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schierz |first=Kai Uwe |chapter=Von Bonifatius bis Beuys, oder: Vom Umgang mit heiligen Eichen |title=Bonifatius: Heidenopfer, Christuskreuz, Eichenkult |trans-title=Boniface: Heathen Sacrifice, Christ's Cross, Oak Cult |year=2004 |publisher=Stadtverwaltung Erfurt |pages=139–145 |editor=Hardy Eidam |editor2=Marina Moritz |editor3=Gerd-Rainer Riedel |editor4=Kai-Uwe Schierz |language=de }}</ref>
Oak leaves symbolize [[military rank|rank]] in armed forces including those [[United States Armed Forces|of the United States]]. Arrangements of oak leaves, acorns, and sprigs indicate different branches of the [[United States Navy staff corps]] officers.<ref name="Websters Online Dictionary">{{cite web |title=Political or Symbolic |url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/oak |work=Extended Definition: oak |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530214714/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/oak |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ar670.com/articles/view/29/wear-of-appurtenances/311 |title=Army Regulation 670-1 {{!}} Wear of appurtenances {{!}} Section 29.12 Page 278 |website=ar670.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122161840/http://ar670.com/articles/view/29/wear-of-appurtenances/311 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> The oak tree is used as a symbol by several political parties and organisations. It is the symbol of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Glover |first=Julian |title=Thatcher's torch extinguished as Cameron's Conservatives carve new logo out of oak |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/aug/09/conservatives.marketingandpr |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2006}}</ref> and formerly of the [[Progressive Democrats]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name=r9>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071119201140/http://www.progressivedemocrats.ie/about_us/coalition_government_1989_to_1992/ Coalition Government 1989 To 1992]. progressivedemocrats.ie</ref>

=== Religion ===

[[File:Grīdnieku dižozols.JPG|thumb|Grīdnieku ancient oak in Rumbas parish, [[Latvia]], girth {{convert|8.27|m|ft}} 2015]]

The prehistoric [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] tribes worshipped the oak and connected it with a [[thunder god]], and this tradition descended to many classical cultures. In [[Greek mythology]], the oak is the tree sacred to [[Zeus]], king of the gods. In Zeus's [[oracle]] in [[Dodona]], [[Epirus]], the sacred oak was the centerpiece of the precinct, and the priests would [[divination|divine]] the pronouncements of the god by interpreting the rustling of the oak's leaves.<ref>Frazer, James George (1922). [http://www.bartleby.com/196/26.html ''The Golden Bough''. Chapter XV: The Worship of the Oak.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521225940/http://www.bartleby.com/196/26.html |date=21 May 2012 }}</ref> Mortals who destroyed such trees were said to be punished by the gods since the ancient Greeks believed beings called [[hamadryad]]s inhabited them.<ref name="Bell1790">{{cite book |author=[[John Bell (publisher)|Bell, John]] |title=Bell's New Pantheon; Or, Historical Dictionary of the Gods, Demi-gods, Heroes, and Fabulous Personages of Antiquity: Also, of the Images and Idols Adored in the Pagan World; Together with Their Temples, Priests, Altars, Oracles, Fasts, Festivals, Games ... |url=https://archive.org/details/bellsnewpantheo00bellgoog |year=1790 |publisher=J. Bell |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bellsnewpantheo00bellgoog/page/n376 366]–7}}</ref> In [[Norse mythology|Norse]] and [[Baltic mythology]], the oak was sacred to the thunder gods [[Thor]] and [[Perkūnas]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book |title=Suomen terveyskasvit: luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet |page=256 |author=Marja-Leena Huovinen & Kaarina Kanerva |year=1982 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Valitut Palat |isbn=951-9078-87-8 | language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ąžuolas paprastasis |url=https://gamtininkas.lt/augalai/azuolas-paprastasis-lot-quercus-robur-l/ |date=21 February 2011 |website=Zolininkas.lt |language=lt-LT |access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> In [[Celtic polytheism]], the name [[druid]], Celtic priest, is connected to Proto-Indo-European ''*deru'', meaning oak or tree.<ref name=Credo>{{cite book |last=Ferber |first=Michael |chapter=Oak |title=A Dictionary of Literary Symbols |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-1-1071-7211-1}}</ref> Veneration of the oak survives in [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] tradition. [[Christmas]] celebrations include the [[Badnjak (Serbian)|''badnjak'']], a branch taken from a young and straight oak ceremonially felled early on Christmas Eve morning, similar to a [[yule log]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fight to save 'sacred' oak from road |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33326394 |publisher=BBC |date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

=== History ===

{{main|List of individual trees}}
: Category: [[:Category:Individual oak trees|''Individual oak trees'']]

Several oak trees hold cultural importance; such as the [[Royal Oak (tree)|Royal Oak]] in Britain,<ref>{{cite web |title=Oak mythology and folklore |url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/oak/oak-mythology-and-folklore/ |website=Trees for Life |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> the [[Charter Oak]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=The Legend of the Charter Oak |url=https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/ |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=New England Historical Society |archive-date=2021-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002123/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Guernica oak]] in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]].<ref name="ElMundoTrees">{{cite news |author=unspecified |title=Otro árbol de Gernika |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=26 February 2005}}</ref> "[[The Proscribed Royalist, 1651]]", a famous painting by [[John Everett Millais]], depicts a [[Royalist]] hiding in an oak tree while fleeing from [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's]] forces.<ref>[http://www.arborecology.co.uk/article_ancient_tree.htm Arborecology, containing a photograph of the Millais oak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828000601/http://www.arborecology.co.uk/article_ancient_tree.htm |date=28 August 2008 }}. arborecology.co.uk</ref><ref>Millais, J. G. (1899) [https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofsir01milliala ''Life and Letters of Sir John Everett Millais''], vol. 1, p. 166, London : Methuen.</ref>

In the [[Roman Republic]], a crown of oak leaves was given to those who had saved the life of a citizen in battle; it was called the "[[Civic Crown]]".<ref name="Credo"/> In his 17th century poem ''[[The Garden (poem)|The Garden]]'', [[Andrew Marvell]] critiqued the desire to be awarded such a leafy crown: "How vainly men themselves amaze / To win the [[Arecaceae|palm]], the oak, or [[Laurel wreath|bays]]; And their uncessant labors see / Crowned from some single herb or tree, ..."<ref>{{cite web |last=Marvell |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Marvell |title=The Garden |url=https://poets.org/poem/garden |website=Poets.org |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Joseph H. |title=Reading Marvell's 'Garden' |journal=The Centennial Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=18–37 |jstor=23738134 |quote=Hortus, Marvell's Latin poem which seems to be an earlier version of the English one ... both poems begin with the rejection of the worlds of ambitious action, urban life and passionate love, and celebrate a supposed entrance into an entirely new life within the garden.}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* Byfield, Liz (1990) ''An Oak Tree'', Collins Book Bus, London: Collins Educational, {{ISBN|0-00-313526-8}}
* [[Roger Phillips (photographer)|Phillips, Roger]] (1979). ''Trees of North America and Europe'', Random House, New York {{ISBN|0-394-50259-0}}.
* Logan, William B. (2005) ''Oak: The Frame of Civilization'', New York; London: W. W. Norton, {{ISBN|0-393-04773-3}}
* Paterson, R. T. (1993). ''Use of Trees by Livestock'', '''5''': ''Quercus'', Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, {{ISBN|0-85954-365-X}}
* Royston, Angela (2000). ''Life Cycle of an Oak Tree'', Heinemann first library, Oxford: Heinemann Library, {{ISBN|0-431-08391-6}}
* Savage, Stephen (1994). ''Oak Tree'', Observing nature series, Hove: Wayland, {{ISBN|0-7502-1196-2}}
* [[Arthur Tansley|Tansley, Arthur G.]] (1952). ''Oaks and Oak Woods'', Field study books, London: Methuen. {{OCLC|3196286}}.
* [[Marek Żukow-Karczewski|Żukow-Karczewski, Marek]] (1988). "Dąb – król polskich drzew" ("Oak – the king of the Polish trees"), ''AURA: A Monthly for the Protection and Shaping of Human Environment'', 9, 20–21.

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Quercus}}
{{Wikispecies|Quercus}}

* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108828 ''Flora of China'' – ''Cyclobalanopsis'']
* [http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1286 Oak diseases]
* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Quercus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Quercus'']
* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00001806/00001 Common Oaks of Florida]
* [http://oaksoftheworld.fr/ Oaks of the world]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606034357/http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/oaksmain/ The Global Trees Campaign] The Red List of Oaks and Global Survey of Threatened Quercus
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Oak |volume=19 |short=1 |pages=931–935}}
{{Culinary wrappings}}
{{Tannin source}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q12004}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Quercus| ]]
[[Category:Quercus taxa by common names|01]]
[[Category:Pseudocereals]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Forestry]]

Kairasi

2026-03-04T05:17:19Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: article.

{{short description|1960 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kairasi
| image = Kairasi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| story = Kothamangalam Sadanandan
| producer = N. Vasudeva Menon
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = K. Shankar [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[R. Govardhanam]]
| studio = Vasu Films
| distributor = Solar Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1960|10|19}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kairasi''''' ({{translation|Auspicious hands}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Shankar]] and produced by N. Vasudeva Menon. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] (credited as Ganesh) and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. The plot revolves around a doctor whose father is wrongfully convicted.

''Kairasi'' was released on 19 October 1960, during [[Diwali]], and became a commercial success. It was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Jhoola (1962 film)|Jhoola]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 1962 |title=Jhoola |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19620608&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2021}}
Sundaram, an honest police constable, is falsely accused of murder and imprisoned. Ramanathan, a judge, adopts Sundaram's son, Mohan, who later becomes a successful doctor.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] as Mohan
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Madhu
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Kumar
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Sundaram
* [[K. D. Santhanam]] as Judge Ramanathan
* S. Rama Rao as Emperuman
* C. S. Pandian as Somu
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Sambandam
* V. P. S. Mani as Sekhar
* K. Natarajan as Dr. Shankar
* [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Sub-Inspector
;Male supporting cast<ref name="songbook" />
* Mahalingam, Karikol Rajoo, Rathnam, Balakrishnan, V. T. Kalyanam, and Maruthappa.
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Sumathi
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Lakshmi
* K. Malathi as Kanakam
* Mohana as Kokila
* Ramani as Susheela
* Chellam as Chellam
* Pushpamala as Angamuthu
;Female supporting cast<ref name="songbook" />
* Seethalakshmi, Ramamani Bai, [[Santha Kumari]], and Baby Mangalam.
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
''Kairasi'' was directed by [[K. Shankar]], who also served as the editor.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It was produced by N. Vasudeva Menon under the banner of Vasu Films, marking his second venture as producer.<ref name="DinamalarNellai" /> The story was written by Kothamangalam Sadanandan, with dialogues written by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[K. D. Santhanam]]. Santhanam also appeared onscreen as a judge. Cinematography was handled by Thambu, with [[K. Narayanan]] co-editeding the film, while A. Balu served as the art director.<ref name="songbook" /> The final cut of the film had a runtime of 163 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kairasi |url=http://citwf.com/film179519.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808061038/http://citwf.com/film179519.htm |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[Complete Index to World Film]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for ''Kairasi'' was composed by [[R. Govardhanam]], with lyrics penned by [[Kannadasan]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] and K. S. Gopalakrishnan.<ref name="songbook" /> Music historian [[Vamanan]] noted that ''Kairasi'' "brought out the best in Govardhanam, with its limpid melodies brimming forth sweetly with lyrical intimations of love and romance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=19 September 2017 |title=Kollywood's unsung hero whose limpid melodies melted hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/articleshow/60739048.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921132356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/articleshow/60739048.cms |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Anaithum Andavan Kairasi"||[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]||[[Kothamangalam Subbu]]|| 03:06
|-
| "Paalilum Thaenilum Suvaiyedhu"||[[P. Susheela]], T. S. Bagavathi||[[Kannadasan]]|| 05:22
|-
| "Oorumillai Naattile"||P. Susheela||Kannadasan||
|-
| "Kaadhal Enum Aatrinile"||[[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela||Kannadasan|| 02:42
|-
| "Sendaattam Chinna Ponnu"||P. Susheela, Kamala & Group ||Kannadasan||
|-
| "Anbulla Athaan Vanakkam"||P. Susheela||Kannadasan|| 03:49
|-
| "Kannum Kannum Pesiyadhum"||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela||Kannadasan|| 06.22
|-
| "Kaathirunden Kaathirunden" || P. Susheela || Kannadasan || 03:04
|-
| "Poologam Maarinaalum" || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kairasi'' was released on 19 October 1960,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> coinciding with the [[Diwali]] festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 4. எம்.ஜி.ஆர். சாப்பாடு...! |url=http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/199-sarojadevi15-08-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114042441/http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/199-sarojadevi15-08-2016 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was distributed by Solar Film Distributors in Madras and other distributors across various districts in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 1960 |title=Kairasi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601019&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a positive review, commenting on the performances of Ganesh, Rajamma, Sahasranamam and Radha, as well as the songs written by Kannadasan and the title track written by Subbu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1960 |title=Films With A Difference: Kairasi, Mannaathi Mannan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601023&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Despite facing competition from ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'', ''[[Petra Manam]]'' and ''[[Paavai Vilakku]]'', which released on the same day,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=தீபாவளிக்கு வெளியான தமிழ் படங்கள் - 3 |trans-title=Films released during Diwali - 3 |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213091037/https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-3 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=Ta}}</ref> the film emerged as a commercial success.<ref name="DinamalarNellai" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=1 July 2017 |title=The Inside Story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/colourist-n-mohandas-who-has-more-than-five-decadesof-experinece-in-cinema/article19187462.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807145457/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/colourist-n-mohandas-who-has-more-than-five-decadesof-experinece-in-cinema/article19187462.ece |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.KaiRaasi_K.Shankar_1960/105.%20Kai%20Raasi_K.Shankar_1960.pdf |title=கைராசி |publisher=Vasu Films |year=1960 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]] |access-date=4 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – கைராசி – வாசு பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1960 – Kairasi – Vasu Films |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails17.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180807140242/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails17.asp |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="DinamalarNellai">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2016 |title=ஆர்.கோவர்த்தனம் அன்றும் இன்றும்! |trans-title=R. Govardhanam then and now! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8411 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180807153042/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8411 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Govardhanam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Udaan (1997 film)

2026-03-03T23:45:35Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: updated

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udaan
| image =Udaan1997.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Asrani]]
| producer = Lalit Kapoor Raju Narula [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Rekha]] [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Madhoo]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Sripad Natu
| editing = A. Muthu
| studio = Amit Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|10|03}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''Udaan''' ({{translation|Flight}}) is 1997 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Asrani]] and starring [[Rekha]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Madhoo]], in the lead roles, along with [[Prem Chopra]], [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Mohan Joshi]] as the antagonists. [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Deven Verma]], [[Mohnish Behl]] were in other important roles.

==Plot==
A wealthy industrialist is killed by a villainous trio. The industrialist's daughter Varsha slowly starts to unravel the truth about her father's death, she is disposed of to an asylum. Varsha eventually escapes from there and sets out to bring the villain to justice, getting help along the way with a few inmates that escaped with her and from a young man named Raja, who she had attempted to help before being institutionalized. The film also deals with subjects like adulteration, corruption, and injustice in society.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Rekha]] as Varsha Sahay
*[[Saif Ali Khan]] as Raja
*[[Madhoo]] as Madhu
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Mr. Sood
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Mr. Sethi
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Mr. Rana
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Dr. Bhatia
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Ramakant Sahay
*[[Deven Verma]] as Madhu's Uncle
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Inspector Sharma
*[[Harish Patel]] as DSP Sahay
*[[Asrani]] as Baba Shree
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Anand Lagpade
*[[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]] as inmate of mental hospital
*[[Rana Jung Bahadur]] as inmate of mental hospital
*[[Lalit Mohan Tiwari]] as inmate of mental hospital
*[[Makrand Deshpande]] as Masoombhai Dayachand
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Chandra Prakash
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chhat Ke Upar"
| [[Shweta Shetty]]
|-
| "Chahun Tujhe"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Bela Sulakhe]]
|-
| "Baadal Garja"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Jab Jab Dekhun"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Kal Raat Sapne"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Angrezi Bhasha"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
|}

==Reception==
[[Komal Nahta]] of ''Film Information'' wrote that "''Udaan'' is devoid of an exciting drama and heroism", but noted Rekha's performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nahta |first1=Komal |author1-link=Komal Nahta |title=Udaan |url=https://filminformation.com/category/flash-back/page/3/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=Film Information |date=4 October 1997}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0287065|Udaan}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Periya Gounder Ponnu

2026-03-03T04:58:08Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made New Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Periya Gounder Ponnu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manivasagam]]
| writer = Manivasagam [[Erode Soundar]] (dialogues)
| producer = Rajeswari Manivasagam P. S. Mani
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Gautami]]}}
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| editing = L. Kesavan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Raaja Pushpa Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|02|28}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Periya Gounder Ponnu''''' ({{Translation|Daughter of Periya [[Gounder]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[Manivasagam]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Gautami]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Jai Ganesh]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] and Vijayaraj in supporting roles. It was released on 28 February 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பெரிய கவுண்டர் பொண்ணு / Periya Goundar Ponnu (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/periya-goundar-ponnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218091020/https://screen4screen.com/movies/periya-goundar-ponnu |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2024}}
Periya Saamy, called Periya Gounder by the villagers, is the village chief and a wealthy respected man in his village. His daughter Manjula, an arrogant girl who studied in the city, comes back to her village during summer vacations. Her cousin Thangamuthu is an educated blacksmith and lives with his widowed mother. He is the future husband of Manjula as per the village custom. But Periya Saamy does not want to marry a man from a poor family, so he refuses Thangamuthu and Manjula's marriage.

Periya Saamy slowly falls in love with the village belle Jillu and she becomes his secret mistress. He even accepts to marry his daughter with his mistress's rowdy brother. One day, Manjula insults Thangamuthu and his mother. Enraged, he ties a ''[[mangalasutra]]'' around her neck. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Thangamuthu
*[[Gautami]] as Manjula
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Thangamuthu's mother
*[[Goundamani]] as Pazhanisamy
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Periya Saamy (Periya Gounder)
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Deivatha
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Thangamuthu's father
*Vijayaraj
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*Jillu as Jillu
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*Sharmili as Kanthamani
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*Senji Krishnan
*Chandrika
*Umasri
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1992 |title=Periya Goundar Ponnu |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Periya-Goundar-Ponnu-1992/hvtGo4Y12BY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510173331/http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Periya-Goundar-Ponnu-1992/hvtGo4Y12BY_ |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Summa Summa" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:16
|-
| "Kottampatti" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Sundarrajan || 4:39
|-
| "Chikku Mukku" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:23
|-
| "Naalu Vartha" || Krishnaraj || 4:42
|-
| "Kaattu Karisalile" || Malaysia Vasudevan, [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:10
|}

== Reception ==
NKS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Such a skewed scenario notwithstanding, director Manivasagam keeps the drama going because of good performances [..]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=NKS |date=3 April 1992 |title=Periagounder Ponnu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920403&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' also gave the same comments on his review.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=1992-03-22 |title=பெரிய கவுண்டர் பொண்ணு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-03-22/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209105335/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-03-22/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=13 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Manivasagam}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivasagam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vu (film)

2026-03-03T03:30:23Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting a page

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Ashik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vu
| image = Vu 2014 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Ashik H
| producer = Nandha Kumar, B. Ramaswami, Ashok Kumar
| writer = Ashik H
| starring = [[Thambi Ramaiah]] Varun Madhan Simile Selva [[Kaali Venkat]]
| music = Abhijith Ramaswami
| cinematography = Jaya Prakash. N
| editing = Kamal G
| studio = Phoenix Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|2|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vu''''' is a 2014 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[comedy film]] directed by Ashik. The film features [[Thambi Ramiah]] for first time in lead role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-28 |title=Thambi Ramaiah in 'Vu', Vu, Thambi Ramaiah |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thambi-ramaiah-in-vu-vu-thambi-ramaiah-28-12-12.html |access-date=2013-09-01 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> alongside newcomers Varun, Madhan Gopal, Kuran, Simile Selva and Sathyasai. The film was released on 7 February 2014.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Ganesh
* Chakravarthy as Selvam
* Varun Shamrat as Singaraja / older Maaran
* Madhan Gopal as Mila
* Smile Selva as Bharathirasa
* Raj Kamal as Karthik
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Veerakumar
* Bayilvan Ranganathan as Producer
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Krishnababu
* Venkatesh as Sub-inspector of police
* Deeparaj as Mani
* Sudhakar as Music director
* Ajith as younger Maaran
* Neha as older Raasathi
* Madhumitha as younger Raasathi
* Sathya Sai
* Aajeedh Khalique
* Sasi Karthi
* Rishikanth
* Doomz Khanna
* Yogi Devaraj
* Zubair
* Dev
* Bhaskar Raj
*Murugaraj
{{colend}}

==Production==
Producer and director Ashik stated: "When I narrated this script to National award winner Thambi Ramaiah, he not only appreciated it but also gave me the dates to shoot his portions, Although he is the main protagonist, the role cannot be considered so as there is no hero in this film. As for the story, Thambi Ramaiah’s character aims at achieving something he himself knows will be difficult."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-01-12 |title=Etcetera |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera/article4301771.ece |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ‘Vu’ denotes the [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar Suzhi]].

Hero Varun stated, "Director Ashik and I were friends in Vaishnava College. I was part of the theatre group Koothu-p-Pattarai for some time but this is the first time I am facing the camera. The heroine and I sport three looks in the film."{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Music director Abhijith Ramaswami recalled, "I was part of my college band. I learnt the nuances of music direction from Sadanandam, a guitarist in Ilaiyaraja’s orchestra. I scored the music for Ashik’s short film Vanjam and he liked my work and gave me the chance to work on his feature film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=2013-07-06 |title=Audio Beat: Vu - On a positive note |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vu-on-a-positive-note/article4888491.ece |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Heroine Neha: "A Chennai girl, she was studying for her BBA in Puducherry when she got the opportunity to fulfil her dream. A mutual friend introduced her to director Ashik who signed her up for his Vu."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-02-25 |title=Dream come true |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dream-come-true/article4451850.ece |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music is composed by debutant Abijith Ramaswami, lyrics for all songs were written by Murugan Manthiram. Thambi Ramaiah has sung a song called "Oru Padi Mela".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-11 |title=Thambi Ramaiah is the new singer on the block, Vu, Thambi Ramaiah |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/thambi-ramaiah-is-the-new-singer-on-the-block-vu-thambi-ramaiah-11-04-13.html |access-date=2013-09-01 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> "Thikki Thenarudhu" was sung by Aajeedh, winner of Vijay TV Airtel Super Singer Junior 2012 apart from acting in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oor Kaalan |date=2013-01-21 |title=Super Singer Aajeedh gets double intro in Kollywood! | Tamil Cinema News › KollyInsider |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/01/super-singer-aajeedh-gets-double-intro.html |access-date=2013-09-01 |publisher=Kollyinsider.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-01-21 |title=Shot Cuts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts/article4328810.ece |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The newly elected Directors’ Union president, director [[Vikraman]] released the audio, while the south head of UTV Motion Pictures Dhananjayan received it, [[P. L. Thenappan]], [[S. S. Kumaran]], and [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]] graced the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-02 |title=Vu audio launched |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vu-audio-launched/2013/07/02/article1662389.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040805/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vu-audio-launched/2013/07/02/article1662389.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-09-01 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Behindwoods wrote:"Sparkles in bits".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-27 |title=Vu Songs Review Thambi Ramaiah, Varun, neha |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vu/vu-songs-review.html |access-date=2013-09-01 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

* "Kaalin Keezhey" - C. G. Krishnan
* "Thikki Thenarudhu" - Aajeedh Khalique, Sruthi
* "Oru Padi Mela" - [[Thambi Ramaiah]], Arun, Ashik, C. G. Krishnan
* "Aahaa Idhu Cinema" - [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
* "Chinna kuzhandhai" - Velmurugan
* "Thikki Thenarudhu" (Seniors) - Aditya Kashyap, [[Vandana Srinivasan]]

==Critical reception==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote: "Innovative in his thinking, debutant director Ashik seems to be bursting with ideas. If only they were all put together in a more coherent and a consistent manner"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vu, is a Jumpy but Promising Debut |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vu-is-a-Jumpy-but-Promising-Debut/2014/02/08/article2044006.ece#.UvjX7vmSzGs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303170102/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vu-is-a-Jumpy-but-Promising-Debut/2014/02/08/article2044006.ece#.UvjX7vmSzGs |archive-date=3 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote: "Its premise is filled with the promise of a madcap film that could also serve as a commentary on the industry's follies. But what we get is an amateurish comedy that is only infrequently funny and often exasperating".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/vu/movie-review/30111594.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3522630}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Forca Kochi FC

2026-02-25T01:57:54Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{Short description|Football club in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Forca Kochi
| image = Forca_Kochi_FC_logo.png
| image_size = 250px
| fullname = Forca Kochi Football Club
| nickname = Forcà de Kochi
| short name = FKFC
| founded = {{start date and age|May 2024}}
| ground = [[Maharaja's College, Kochi|Maharaja's College]], [[Stadium|Ground]]<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Aug/23/from-theatre-of-dreams-to-house-of-horrors-jln-stadium-losing-ground-3</ref>
| capacity = 15,000
| coordinates =
| owner = Nasly Mohammed [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Supriya Menon]] Shameem Backer CK
 Mohammed Shyjal K Praveesh Kuzhipally
| chrtitle = 
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Vacant
| league = [[Super League Kerala]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _yellowborder
| pattern_b1 = _yellowcollar
| pattern_ra1 = _yellowborder
| pattern_sh1 = _yellow stripes
| pattern_so1 = _yellowtop
| leftarm1 = 702963
| body1 = 702963
| rightarm1 = 702963
| shorts1 = 702963
| socks1 = 702963
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _yellowcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 = _yellow stripes
| pattern_so2 = _yellowtop
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 =
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = white
| socks2 = white
| website = [https://forcakochi.com/ forcakochi.com]
}}

'''Forca Kochi Football Club''', also known as '''Kochi Forca''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kochi]], Kerala that competes in the [[Super League Kerala]]. The club was founded in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 May 2024 |title=Super League Kerala: Franchisees of inaugural edition announced |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/super-league-kerala-franchisees-of-inaugural-edition-announced-3019242 |accessdate=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628134229/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/sports/football/super-league-kerala-franchisees-of-inaugural-edition-announced-3019242 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 May 2024 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi, Travancore princess and former Benfica player among franchise owners in Super League Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mahesh-bhupathi-travancore-princess-and-former-benfica-player-among-franchise-owners-in-super-league-kerala/article68162173.ece |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628144831/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mahesh-bhupathi-travancore-princess-and-former-benfica-player-among-franchise-owners-in-super-league-kerala/article68162173.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Actor-director [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and his wife Supriya Menon acquired majority stake of Forca Kochi FC. The club participates in the inaugural edition of the Super League Kerala (SLK), which commenced on 7 September 2024. The league features six teams from various regions of Kerala, including Kochi, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Thrissur]], [[Malappuram]] and [[Kannur]]. Forcacruz is the official supporters club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/hoping-for-the-start-of-a-revolution-says-kochi-owner-prithvirajsreejesh-launches-kochi-teams-jersey/article68569904.ece|title=Hoping for the start of a revolution, says Kochi owner Prithviraj/Sreejesh launches Kochi team’s jersey|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2024-08-27|archive-date=2024-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827162427/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/hoping-for-the-start-of-a-revolution-says-kochi-owner-prithvirajsreejesh-launches-kochi-teams-jersey/article68569904.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Players ==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|26 September 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=Iker Hernández}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rijohn Jose}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Nijo Gilbert}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=Ramón Riego García}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ALG|pos=MF|name=[[Rachid Aït-Atmane]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Muhammed Mushraf}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sreeraj K}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sangeeth Sandeep}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=CUW|pos=FW|name=[[Gino van Kessel]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Rafique Ali Sardar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajin Antony}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gifty Gracious}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rinreithan Shaiza}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=COL|pos=DF|name=[[Luis Rodríguez (Colombian footballer)|Luis Rodríguez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sajeesh EK}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Michael Soosairaj]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Muhammed Murshid }}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jaimy Joy}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jeritto J}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jishnu KS}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Hisham P}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Jishnu P}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Abhishek Halder]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Personnel==
{{updated|17 September 2025}}
===Current technical staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|Vacant
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanush Raj
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jishnu
|-
|Strength & conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Adnan Akbar
|-
|Physio
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
| Performance Analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|-
| Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ajil Krishna

|}

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India#Kerala|List of football clubs in Kerala]]
* [[Football in Kerala]]
* [[Sports in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Super League Kerala}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sports}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Kochi|Forca Kochi FC]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2024|Forca Kochi FC]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala|Forca Kochi FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]
[[Category:Super League Kerala teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Moon Moon Sen

2026-02-24T12:06:37Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sen|lang=Bengali}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Moon Moon Sen
| image = Moon moon sen.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sen in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|03|28|df=y}}<ref name=LS16Bio>{{cite web |title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile – Varma, Smt. Dev (Moon Moon Sen) |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4912 |website=Parliament of India – Lok Sabha |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220142813/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4912 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_name = Srimati Sen<ref name="getbengal_com">{{cite web |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/from-roma-to-suchitra-sen-tumultuous-journey-of-a-superstar |title=From Roma to Suchitra Sen |last=Dey |first=Shuvra |date=8 April 2022 |website=GetBengal |access-date=29 July 2020 |quote=Meanwhile, the couple was blessed with a baby girl, who was named Srimati. She became the famous Moon Moon Sen.}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India (present-day Kolkata)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = Kolkata
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (since 2014)
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura, West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Basudeb Acharia]]
| successor1 = [[Subhash Sarkar]]
| office2 =
| term2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| mother = [[Suchitra Sen]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Bharat Dev Varma|1978|2024|end=died}}<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raima-and-riya-sen-s-father-bharat-dev-varma-passes-away-in-kolkata-7054118 Moon Moon Sen's Husband Bharat Dev Varma Dies in Kolkata]</ref>
| children = {{hlist|[[Raima Sen|Raima]]|[[Riya Sen|Riya]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Somerville College, Oxford]] [[Jadavpur University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}
| yearsactive = 1982–present
| awards =
| website = 
| signature =
}}
}}
'''Moon Moon Sen''' (also '''Srimati Dev Varma''', {{IPA|bn|munmun ʃen}}; born '''Srimati Sen'''; 28 March 1954), also credited as '''Moonmoon Sen'''<ref name="getbengal_com" />, is an Indian actress and politician, known for her works in [[Hindi film|Hindi]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] films. She eventually starred in [[Bollywood]] films. She has appeared in 60 films and 40 television series. She has received [[Andhra Pradesh]] state [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 1987, for her role in the film ''[[Sirivennela]]''.<ref name="Only 62 Out of 543 MPs Have Clocked 100% Attendance">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=1 March 2015 |title=Only 62 Out of 543 MPs Have Clocked 100% Attendance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/Mar/01/only-62-out-of-543-mps-have-clocked-100-attendance-723388.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703075738/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/Mar/01/only-62-out-of-543-mps-have-clocked-100-attendance-723388.html |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sen was a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] constituency from 2014 to 2019.

== Early life ==
Moon Moon Sen was born in Calcutta (present-day [[Kolkata]]) to Bengali actress [[Suchitra Sen]] and Dibanath Sen. Her father, of [[Ballygunge Place]], was the son of one of the wealthiest businessmen of [[Kolkata]], Adinath Sen. Her great-grandfather [[Dinanath Sen]] was the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] or a Minister of the Maharaja of [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]].

She was educated at Loreto Convent, [[Shillong]] and at Loreto House, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. She completed her graduation from [[Somerville College, Oxford]] and received her master's degree in [[Comparative Literature]] from [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="bollywoodmdb">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/biography/moon-moon-sen/6707 |title=Moon Moon Sen Biography |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Screen">{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001124/focus.htm |title=Focus on IIFCL refinance to pump in Rs 75,000 crore |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501064254/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001124/focus.htm |archive-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a child, Sen learnt drawing from [[Jamini Roy]], one of India's greatest artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990603/ile03172.html |title=Sorry |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> She loves paintings and collecting antiques. In an interview in 2000, she said she taught at Ballygunge Govt High School for a year<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20001124/focus.htm |title=Sorry |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131222802/http://www.screenindia.com/20001124/focus.htm |archive-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and then taught graphics at Chitrabani, a school teaching film techniques. She was also active in [[social work]] and even thought about adopting a baby, even before she was married.<ref name="Screen"/> Sen taught English at a well known Boys' school (Ballygunge Govt. High School) in [[Kolkata]] before joining films.

== Acting career ==
Moon Moon Sen started her career in films and television after marriage and motherhood. She made her debut in ''[[Andar Baahar]]'' (1984).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020302/ncr3.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - NCR stories}}</ref> Her daring role in that film apparently created a storm of controversy.

She had also starred in the suspense thriller [[100 Days (1991 film)|''100 Days'']] (1991) with [[Madhuri Dixit]]. After ''[[Zakhmi Dil (1994 film)|Zakhmi Dil]]'' (1994) she did not appear in films until 2003 when she starred in an unsuccessful thriller ''[[Kucch To Hai]]''. She acted in Telugu movie ''[[Sirivennela]]'' (1986) directed by the legendary Telugu director [[K. Viswanath]].

Before and after entering the film industry, she appeared alone (or with her daughters) in some modelling assignments. She notably modelled for soap ads<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/adichat.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT: Transcript of the Adi Godrej Chat}}</ref> which were quite controversial{{Why|date=October 2025|reason=Hygiene and cleanliness could not have been controversial. Was conservatives upset that women model were shown using soap while not being sufficiently clothed?}} in the 1980s. Apart from doing some television serials, she also did a couple of Bengali tele-films.

Sen said she would bare all even at 70.
<blockquote>"Age is not important, the attitude is. Sophia is the ultimate glam girl who can manage to look beautiful in such a picture even now. But yes, India too has beautiful women like Rekha and Hema Malini who can carry such a thing out with aplomb. In fact, I wouldn't mind myself if the shoot is done aesthetically and with taste."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/dare-to-bare-at-70/articleshow/1719360.cms |title=Dare to bare at 70? |work=The Times of India |date=9 July 2006 |access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

Her film ''My Karma'' (2004),{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} directed by Korak Day{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} received international awards and recognition for her as a "tough and sweet Indian wife, standing as a rock behind her husband".{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

She is now doing a few films at a time.[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020302/ncr3.htm] She is also apparently writing a [[cookbook]] in Bengali.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}

== Political career ==
She joined [[Trinamool Congress]] in March 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/baichung-bhutia-moon-moon-sen-bring-star-power-to-mamatas-tmc/456206-37-64.html |title=Baichung Bhutia, Moon Moon Sen bring star power to Mamata's TMC |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307113045/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/baichung-bhutia-moon-moon-sen-bring-star-power-to-mamatas-tmc/456206-37-64.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and won in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha Polls]] from [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] constituency, where she defeated CPI(M)'s nine-time MP, [[Basudeb Acharia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SREEMATI DEV VARMA (MOON MOON SEN) |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=8266 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood wishes luck to Dev, Moon Moon Sen for Lok Sabha Polls |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/tollywood-wishes-luck-to-dev-moon-moon-sen-for-lok-sabha-polls/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=7 March 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702212021/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/tollywood-wishes-luck-to-dev-moon-moon-sen-for-lok-sabha-polls/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=tib>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lok-Saba-polls-Bhaichung-Bhutia-Moon-Moon-Sen-to-contest-on-Trinamool-ticket/articleshow/31477172.cms?from=mdr |title=Lok Saba polls: Bhaichung Bhutia, Moon Moon Sen to contest on Trinamool ticket |work=The Times of India |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> In 2019, she lost the Asansol Lok Sabha constituency election to [[Babul Supriyo]] of BJP.<ref>{{cite web |title=SREEMATI (MOON MOON) DEV VARMA (SEN) |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10076 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asansol Election Result 2019: Moon Moon Sen loses to BJP's Babul Supriyo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/asansol-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-babul-supriyo-leading/articleshow/69470680.cms |date=24 May 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2015, Moon Moon Sen in an interview said 'I think we should give him (Modi) a chance. He has done a very good job winning all those votes and we have to give him a chance as a Prime Minister.' Though her party distanced itself from the statement and said that it is her own view and is certainly not the view of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Moon Moon Sen Biography, Husband, Daughters, Age - Odiha News |url=https://newsodihaonline.com/moon-moon-sen-husband-age-daughter-hot/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Moon Moon Sen married in 1978 to Bharat Dev Varma, a descendant of the erstwhile royal family of [[Tripura]]. They have two daughters, [[Raima Sen|Raima]] and [[Riya Sen|Riya]], who also pursued a career in acting. She has stated that her husband was an immense support for her acting career.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Her late mother-in-law, Ila Devi, was the daughter of [[Indira Devi of Cooch Behar|Indira Raje]], the princess of Cooch Behar, and the elder sister of [[Gayatri Devi]], the Maharani of [[Jaipur]].

Deeply religious, in spite of her bohemian screen image, Moon Moon Sen is committed to family life and grieved at her mother [[Suchitra Sen]]'s death on 17 January 2014 due to a heart attack. She immersed the ashes of her mother ritualistically in the Ganges on Wednesday, 29 January 2014. The prayers was attended by dignitaries, like West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and close friends and family who had missed the funeral, a hurried affair after five hours of death as per the last wishes of the dying actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/daughter-moon-moon-grandaughters-ria-raima-at-suchitra-sens-cremation/3/ |title=Moon Moon Sen immerses ashes of late mother Suchitra Sen in Ganga |date=18 January 2014}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – ''[[Sirivennela]]'' (1987)
* Kalakendra Screen Award {{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}
* Bharat Nirman Award {{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}
* Kalakar Awards.<ref name="Kalakar award winners">{{cite web |title=Kalakar award winners |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |publisher=Kalakar website |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|1982
|''Rajbadhu''
|
| rowspan=5 |Bengali
|Debut Film
|-
|1983
|''[[Rajeswari]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|''Ajantay''
|
|
|-
|''Deepar Prem''
|
|
|-
|''Pujarini''
|
|
|-
|''[[Andar Baahar]]''
|Reema
| rowspan=2 |Hindi
|Debut In Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" |1985
|''Surkhiyaan - The Headlines''
|
|
|-
|''Antarale''
|
| rowspan=3 |Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Baidurya Rahasya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1986
|''[[Amar Kantak (film)|Amar Kantak]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Musafir (1986 film)|Musafir]]''
|
| rowspan=4 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasam]]''
|Radha
|
|-
|''[[Sheesha (1986 film)|Sheesha]]''
|Manisha Prakash
|
|-
|''[[Aval Kaathirunnu Avanum]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Sirivennela]]''
|
|Telugu
|Won [[Nandi Award]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |1987
|''Anjali''
|
| rowspan=4 |Bengali
|
|-
|''Anurodh''
|
|
|-
|''Apon Ghorey''
|
|
|-
|''Sargam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Ki Jeet (1987 film)|Pyaar Ki Jeet]]''
|Rani Sahiba
| rowspan=2 |Hindi
|
|-
|''Maashuka''
|
|
|-
|''[[Majnu (1987 film)|Majnu]]''
|Shalini
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''Tumi Kato Sundar''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Woh Phir Aayegi]]''
|
| rowspan=2 |Hindi
|
|-
|''Be Lagaam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1989
|''[[Nishi Trishna]]''
|
| rowspan=2 |Bengali
|
|-
|''Bandhabi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tere Bina Kya Jeena]]''
|
| rowspan=6 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Mil Gayee Manzil Mujhe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Din Achanak]]''
|
|
|-
|''Mirza Ki Shaadi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Apna Desh Paraye Log]]''
|Journalist Sunita
|
|-
|''Jailkhana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yuga Purusha]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1990
|''Byabodhan''
|
|rowspan=2|Bengali
|
|-
|''Chakranta''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]''
|Dancer
| rowspan=5 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]''
|Renu
|
|-
|''Halaat''
|
|
|-
|''Andher Gardi''
|
|
|-
|''Sabar Tara Vehta Pani''
|
|Gujrati
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1991
|''Lakhi Durga Saraswati''
|
|rowspan=2|Bengali
|
|-
|''Thikana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Irada (1991 film)|Iraada]]''
|Geeta Sen
| rowspan=5 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Lekin...]]''
|Pammi
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Aag Kab Bujhegi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[100 Days (1991 film)|100 Days]]''
|Rama
|
|-
|''[[Vishkanya (film)|Vishkanya]]''
|Mrs. Sonal Vikram Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1992
|''[[Hirer Angti]]''
|
| rowspan=4 |Bengali
|
|-
|''Mahashoy''
|
|
|-
|''Krodhi''
|
|
|-
|''Lal Pahari''
|
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Ka Badshah]]''
|
|rowspan=4 |Hindi
|
|-
|''Pyaar Ka Saudagar''
|Monalisa Sinha (Manorama)
|
|-
|''Seeta Salma Suzy''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
|''[[Zakhmi Rooh]]''
|Seema/Reema
|
|-
|''[[Vaishakada Dinagalu]]''
|
| rowspan=2 |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Mangalya Bandhana]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1994
|''Sopan''
|
| rowspan=3 |Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Gajamukta]]''
|
|
|-
|''Boumoni''
|
|
|-
|''[[Zakhmi Dil (1994 film)|Zakhmi Dil]]''
|Mala
| rowspan=2 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Abhay (1994 film)|Abhay]]''
|
|
|-
|''Gentle Man Security ''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1995
|''Protidhwani''
|
| rowspan=2 |Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996
|''Parikrama''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sautela Bhai]]''
|Sheena
|rowspan=3|Hindi
|
|-
|''Durjan''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1999
|''Inteqam Aurat Ka''
|
|
|-
|''Sanghat''
|
|Assamese
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2000
|''Ganga Dacait''
|
|rowspan=2|Hindi
|
|-
|''Bechainee''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2001
|''[[12B]]''
|Sulo
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Andheri Raaton Mein''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2002
|''Se Aamar Prem''
|
|rowspan=3|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
|''[[Nil Nirjane]]''
|
|
|-
|''Agni Balaka''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kucch To Hai]]''
|Madam Sexena
| rowspan=3 |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Love at Times Square]]''
|Sweety's Mother
|
|-
|''Taj Mahal: A Monument of Love''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''My Karma''
|Mrs. Mullik
| rowspan=3 |English
|
|-
|2005
|''[[It Was Raining That Night (2005 film)|It Was Raining That Night]]''
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Bow Barracks Forever]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|''Barood : (The Fire) – A Love Story''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Notobor Notout]]''
|
| rowspan=6|Bengali
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|''[[Buno Haansh]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kolkata Calling''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Abar Basanta Bilap]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Bhobishyoter Bhoot]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Shotti Ei To Jibon''
|
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Role
! Network
|-
|1989
|''[[Rong Berong]]''
|Bengali
|[[Beauty and the Beast|Beauty]]
|
|-
| 1995
| ''Thoda Sa Asman''
|
|
|
|-
|
| ''Zaban Sambhal Ke''{{efn|episodic role}}
|
|
|
|-
|
| ''Paliyathachan''
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Rishtey''
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|
| ''Shudhu Tomari Jonyo''
| Bengali
|
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Shoma A. Chatterjee. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080131222802/http://www.screenindia.com/20001124/focus.htm "Moon Moon Sen: Back in the Spotlight"], Screen (part of [[The Indian Express]] group), 24 November 2000. An article based on an interview with Moon Moon Sen, discussing her career and her private life.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0784018}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|moon-moon-sen}}
*[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4912?from=members Moon Moon Sen – Sansad profile]
*[https://prsindia.org/mptrack/16-lok-sabha/sreematidevvarmamoonmoonsen Moon Moon Sen – PRS profile]

{{16th LS members from West Bengal|state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Moonmoon}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Loreto College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

List of filmography and awards of Sunny Leone

2026-02-22T17:20:38Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{main|Sunny Leone}}
[[Sunny Leone]] is a Canadian-American actress, model, and former [[pornographic actress|pornstar]],<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Desi Porn |work=sunnyleone.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> currently active in [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Vickey Lalwani, Mumbai Mirror |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms? |title=People in India are conservative: Sunny Leone|work=Times Of India |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> She was named [[Penthouse (magazine)|''Penthouse'']] Pet of the Year in 2003, was a contract performer for [[Vivid Entertainment]], and was named by ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' as one of the 12 top porn stars in 2010. She has played roles in independent mainstream events, films and television shows. Her first mainstream appearance was in 2005, when she worked as a red carpet reporter for the [[MTV Video Music Awards]] on [[MTV India]]. She participated in the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss]]'' (2011–12). She also has been co-hosting the Indian reality TV show ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla]]'' (2014–present). In 2012 she made her [[Bollywood]] debut in [[Pooja Bhatt]]'s [[erotic thriller]] ''[[Jism 2]]'' (2012) and shifted her focus to mainstream acting which was followed up with ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2013), ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'' (2014), ''[[Leela (2015 film)|Ek Paheli Leela]]'' (2015), ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]'' (2016) and ''[[Tera Intezaar]]'' (2017).

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |
{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2003
| scope="row" | ''Mega Scorpions''
| Hot Tub Girlfriend
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]]
| rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2004
| scope="row" | ''[[The Girl Next Door (2004 film)|The Girl Next Door]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2008
| scope="row" | ''Pirate's Blood''
| rowspan="2" | Sunny
|
|
|-
| 2010
| scope="row" | ''[[The Virginity Hit]]''
| ||
|-
| 2012
| scope="row" |''[[Jism 2]]''
| Izna
| rowspan="4" | [[Hindi]]
| Hindi film debut
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
|scope="row" |''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]''
| Maya
|
|
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| Laila
| Special appearance in the song "Laila"
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| scope="row" | ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''
| rowspan="4" | Herself
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Vadacurry]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Tamil film debut, Special appearance in the song "Low Aana Lifeu"
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs9J7hW1ip4%22Low|title=Low Aana Lifeu - Vadacury - Jai, Sunny Leone - Anirudh, Andrea|last=Meeka Entertainment|date=27 December 2014|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hate Story 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| Special appearance in the song "Pink Lips"
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5VFOKKAbQQ%22Pink|title=Pink Lips Full Video Song - Sunny Leone - Hate Story 2 - Meet Bros Anjjan Feat Khushboo Grewal|last=T-Series|date=2 July 2014|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Balwinder Singh Famous Ho Gaya]]''
| Special appearance in the song "Shake That Booty"
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fT--5F9jW_I%22Shake|title=Shake That Booty - Balwinder Singh Famous Ho Gaya - Mika Singh, Sunny Leone - Latest Sexy Song 2014|last=Tips Official|date=18 August 2014|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Current Theega]]''
| Sunny
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Telugu film debut, [[cameo appearance]]
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfVfNsfWRKc%22Sunny|title=Sunny O Sunny Full Video Song - Manchu Manoj - Sunny Leone - Rakul Preet|date=11 December 2014|publisher=Times Music South|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| scope="row" | ''[[DK (film)|DK]]''
| Herself
| [[Kannada]]
| Kannada film debut, Special appearance in the song "Sesamma"
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Fvx3zi-VpI%22Sesamma%7CSunny|title=Sunny Leone's "Sesamma" Song From DK - Prem, Chaitra Chandranath - Kannada Full HD Song|last=Anand Audio|date=27 February 2015|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
| Leela / Meera
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]''
| Shanaya
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Luv U Alia]]''
| Herself
| Kannada
| Special appearance in the song "Kamakshi"
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jGA-q8WuzY%22Kamakshi%7CSunny|title=Luv U Alia - Full HD Video Song " Kamakshi" - Sunny Leone - Indrajit Lankesh - Hot Song|last=Anand Audio|date=5 October 2015|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]''
| Airline passenger
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Mastizaade]]''
| Laila Lele / Lily Lele
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]''
| Celina / Ambar Kapoor
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mostly Sunny (film)|Mostly Sunny]]''
| Herself
| English
| Documentary
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Beiimaan Love]]''
| Sunaina Verma
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Fuddu]]''
| rowspan="9" | Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Tu Zaroorat Nahi Tu Zaroori Hai
|"<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_u7CHkFZYk%22Tu|title=Tu Zaroorat Nahi Tu Zaroori Hai- Fuddu - Sunny Leone - Sharman Joshi - Shreya Ghoshal|last=Zee Music Company|date=21 September 2016|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dongari Ka Raja]]''
| Special appearance in the song "Choli Blockbuster"
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny gets a new voice for her item song |website=DNA India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mamta-sharma-to-sing-an-item-number-for-sunny-leone-2260735}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2017
| scope="row" |''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
| Special appearance in the song "[[Laila Main Laila]]"
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-sunny-leone-to-share-screen-space-in-raees/|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Sunny Leone to share screen space in Raees|date=18 March 2016|newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]''
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20741206%22Sunny|title=Sunny Leone to play Bollywood actress in Sonakshi Sinha starrer Noor |date=8 August 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Baadshaho]]''
| Special appearance in song "Piya More"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20768732%22Sunny|title=Sunny Leone to do a special number in Milan Luthria's Baadshaho |date=10 August 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Boyz (film)|Boyz]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| Marathi film debut, Special appearance in song "Kuth Kuth Jayacha Honeymoon La"
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny makes her Marathi debut with an item song |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/kuth-kuth-jayacha-honeymoon-la-sunny-leone-boyz-marathi-movie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822173028/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/kuth-kuth-jayacha-honeymoon-la-sunny-leone-boyz-marathi-movie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''
| Hindi
| Special appearance in song "Trippy Trippy"
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Leone to shake leg in Sanjay Dutt's comeback film |website=Bollywood Life |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/after-shah-rukh-khan-and-emraan-hashmi-sunny-leone-to-shoot-a-special-song-for-sanjay-dutts-comeback-film-bhoomi/}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Shrestha Bangali]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Special appearance in the song "Chaap Nishna"
| Bengali film debut, Special appearance in song "Chaap Nishna" |<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2017/09/09/sunny-leone-chaap-nishna/|title=Sunny Leone in Chaap Nishna|newspaper=Dhaka Times |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Special appearance in song "Deo Deo"<ref name="Sunny Leone to shoot item song for PSV Garuda Vega in Mumbai">{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone's song in 'PSV Garuda Vega' to be shot in Mumbai |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunny-leones-song-in-psv-garuda-vega-to-be-shot-in-mumbai/articleshow/58067469.cms}}</ref>
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Tera Intezaar]]''
| Rounak
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
| <ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-arbaaz-start-shooting-for-tera-intezaar-2941118/|title=Sunny, Arbaaz start shooting for 'Tera Intezaar'|date=28 July 2016|newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2019
| scope="row" |''[[Jhootha Kahin Ka]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Funk Love"
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Arjun Patiala]]''
| Baby Narula
| 2 roles as it's a [[story within a story|film inside film]]
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Madhura Raja]]''
| rowspan="4" | Herself
| [[Malayalam]]
| Special appearance in item song "Moha Mundiri"
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Password (2019 Nepali film)|Password]]''
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| Special appearance in item song "Aajako Sham"
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-15|title=Sunny Leone, now ready to earn a name in this neighboring country|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/sunny-leone-now-ready-to-earn-a-name-in-this-neighboring-country-sc87-nu-1015639-1.html|access-date=2021-10-14|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Navbharat|first=Times Now|title=Times Now Navbharat: Hindi News, हिन्दी समाचार, हिंदी न्यूज़, Latest Hindi News, Breaking News|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Times Now Navbharat|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Marathi|first=TV9|date=2019-06-14|title=सनी लिओनी बॉलिवूडनंतर आता नेपाळी चित्रपटात|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/latest-news/sunny-leone-share-her-first-song-in-first-nepali-movie-password-72527.html|access-date=2021-10-14|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]''
| Hindi
| Special appearance in song "Battiyan Bujhaado"
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2022
| scope="row" |''Bikkhov''
| [[Bengali language|Bangla]]
| Special appearance in the song
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Ginna (film)|Ginna]]''
| Renuka/ Ruby D’souza
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='Ginna' trailer: Sunny Leone-Vishnu Manchu promise frothy mix of thrill, comedy and action |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ginna-trailer-sunny-leone-vishnu-manchu-promise-frothy-mix-of-thrill-comedy-and-action-439678 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Champion''
| Herself
| Kannada
| Special appearance in the song "Dingar Billi"
|
|-
| ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]''
| Mayasena
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
| ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]''
| Charlie
| Hindi
| premier at [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thee Ivan]]''
| Herself
| Tamil
| Special appearance in the song "Mela Aagayam"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye]]''||Dancer||Malayalam||Special appearance in the song "Fanaa"
|
|-
| ''Quotation Gang Part 1''
| Padma
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web|date=10 September 2024|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/quotation-gang-part-1/ET00325997|title=Quotation Gang Part 1 (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Petta Rap]]''
|Dancer
| Special appearance in the song "Vechi Seyyuthey"
|<ref>{{cite news|date=1 September 2024|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/09/01/peta-rap-movie-release-date-prabhu-deva.html|title=പ്രഭുദേവ ചിത്രം 'പേട്ടറാപ്പ് സെപ്റ്റംബർ 27ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്|language=ml|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902052235/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/09/01/peta-rap-movie-release-date-prabhu-deva.html|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]''
| Nisha
| Hindi
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badass Ravi Kumar Trailer: Himesh Reshammiya Fights Bad Guys Animal-Style, Delivers Massy Dialogues {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/badass-ravi-kumar-trailer-himesh-reshammiya-fights-bad-guys-animal-style-delivers-massy-dialogues-watch-9177650.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
| ''[[Trimukha]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| {{pending film|Rangeela}}
| {{TBA}}
| Malayalam
| Malayalam film debut, Filming
|
|-
| {{pending film|Shero}}
|{{TBA}}
| Malayalam
| Filming
|
|-
| {{pending film|Helen}}
| TBA
|Hindi
| Filming
|
|-
| {{pending film|The Battle of Bhima Koregaon}}
| {{TBA}}
|Hindi
| Special appearance in a song
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Music !! Ref.
|-
| 2014
|''Saree Wali Girl''
|Girik Aman
|Girik Aman
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXe-0BOgNBU%22Saree|title=Sunny Leone - Saree Wali Girl - Girik Aman|last=Sony Music India|date=29 May 2014|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Super Girl From China''
|[[Kanika Kapoor]], [[Mika Singh]]
|[[Kanika Kapoor]]
| <ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeyBEpsZfrs%22Super|title=Super Girl From China Video Song - Kanika Kapoor Feat Sunny Leone Mika Singh - T-Series|last=T-Series|date=2 December 2015|via=YouTube |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|''Loca Loca''
|Ariff Khan, Shivi
|Ariff Khan, Rap by [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Sunny Leone goes Loca Loca|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sunny-leones-loca-loca-song-with-raftaar-is-the-new-party-anthem-1752440|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=M-2OBxZvZzQ|title=Loca Loca - Sunny Leone, Raftaar and Shivi -Ariff Khan- Official video|publisher=Zee Music Company on YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Lovely Accident''
|[[Kaushik Hossain Taposh|Taposh]], Harjot Kaur
|Kaushik Akash Guddu (KAG) for [[JAM8]]
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uFfcjTPjgc8|title=Lovely Accident - Official video - Taposh Featuring Sunny Leone - JAM8 |publisher=Zee Music Company on YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Hollywood Wale Nakhre''
| Upesh Jangwal
|Tanveer Singh Kohli
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-16|title=Sunny Leone's single Hollywood Wale Nakhre is just another fun Punjabi song|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/sunny-leone-song-hollywood-wale-nakhre-video-5587054/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|''Barbie Doll''
|D Cali
|Meet Sehra
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-13|title=बार्बी डॉल बनकर सामने आईं सनी लियोनी, पिंक बालों वाले लुक में ढाया कहर, वीडियो में दिखाई अदाएं|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/sunny-leone-new-music-video-barbie-doll-out-see-video-1981829|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.abplive.com|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''Pardesi''
|Asees Kaur, [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Latest Hindi Song Music Video - 'Pardesi' Sung By Arko Featuring Asees Kaur {{!}} Hindi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/pardesi-sunny-leone-arko-ft-asees-kaur-zee-music-originals/videoshow/87014566.cms|access-date=2021-10-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Machli''
|[[Shahid Mallya]], [[Pawni Pandey]]
|Karan Lakhan, Oye Kunaal
|
|-
|''Panghat''
|[[Kanika Kapoor]], Arindam Chakraborty
|[[Shaarib Sabri]], [[Toshi Sabri]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Madhuban: Sunny Leone stands out in Kanika Kapoor's unimpressive dance track|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/madhuban-sunny-leone-stands-out-in-kanika-kapoors-unimpressive-dance-track-7685420/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dushtu Polapain''
|[[Fatima Tuz Zahra Oyshee]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-leone-grooves-to-bangladeshi-number-dushtu-polapain-watch-video-4671929.html | title=Sunny Leone Grooves to Bangladeshi Number Dushtu Polapain; Watch Video | date=18 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/sunny-leones-sizzling-bengali-dance-number-dushtu-polapain-sets-a-new-record/articleshow/93185592.cms | title=Sunny Leone's sizzling Bengali dance number 'Dushtu Polapain' sets a new record | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|''Sharam Lihaaj''
|Sakshi Holkar
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodmascot.com/features/sunny-leone-movie-item-number-1-with-sreesanth/ | title=Sunny Leone Once Again to be Seen Dancing in 'Item Number 1' with Cricketer Sreesanth - Bollywood Mascot | date=18 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-sharam-lihaaj-sung-by-sakshi-holkar/videoshow/90223399.cms | title=Check Out New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Sharam Lihaaj' Sung by Sakshi Holkar | Hindi Video Songs | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|}

===Pornographic films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2002
| scope="row" | ''Penthouse Video: Virtual Harem''
| Sunny
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2004
| scope="row" | ''Mystique Presents H20hh''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Busty Cops''
| Taluca Lake
|-
| scope="row" | ''Lingerie: The Secret Art of Seduction''
| Sunny
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2005
| scope="row" | '' Centerfold Fetish''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny''
|
|-
| scope="row" | '' Alabama Jones and the Busty Crusade''
| Queen of the Jungle
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2006
| scope="row" | ''Busty Cops 2''
| Taluca Lake
|-
| scope="row" | ''Virtual Vivid Girl Sunny Leone''
| Sunny Leone
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny & Cher''
| Sunny
|-
| scope="row" | ''The Female Gardener''
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Debbie Does Dallas ... Again]]''
| Corky
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny Loves Matt''
| Sunny
|-
| scope="row" | ''It's Sunny in Brazil''
|
|-
| scope="row" | '' The Sunny Experiment''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2008
| scope="row" | ''The Other Side of Sunny''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Dark Side of the Sun''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Descent Into Bondage''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Costumed Damsels in Distress''
| Gypsy girl
|-
| scope="row" | '' The House of Naked Captives ''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2009
| scope="row" | ''Undress Me''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Deviance''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Naughty America 4 Her 6''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny's Slumber Party''
| Sunny
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny's B/G Adventure''
|
|-
|rowspan="10"| 2010
| scope="row" | ''Live Gonzo''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Shut Up and Fuck Me''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny's Casting Couch: I Wanna Be a Pornstar''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''All Sunny All the Time''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny Leone Loves HD Porn''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny Leone Loves HD Porn 2''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Girlfriends 2''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Hocus Pocus XXX''
| Townsfolk
|-
| scope="row" | ''Gia: Portrait of a Porn Star''
| Gia
|-
| scope="row" | ''Not Charlie's Angels XXX''
| Kelly
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2011
| scope="row" | ''Roleplay''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny & the Suitcase''
| Sunny
|-
| scope="row" | ''Lies: Diary of an Escort''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Bang Van Blowout with Nick Swardson''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2012
| scope="row" | ''Sunny Leone: Goddess''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''My First Lesbian Experience Vol. 1''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Lesbian Workout''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sunny Leone: Erotica''
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Home Alone''
|
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" | ''Charlie's Girl: Georgia Jones''
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2005
| scope="row" |''[[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Awards]]''
|Reporter
|
|
|-
|2007
| scope="row" |''Debbie Does Dallas''
|Herself
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| scope="row" |''[[My Bare Lady (TV series)|My Bare Lady 2: Open for Business]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Co-Ed Confidential]]''
|Stripper
|
|
|-
|2011–2012
| scope="row" |''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss (season 5)]]''
|Contestant
|6th place
|
|-
|2014
|''Haunted Weekends with Sunny Leone''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunny-leone-hosts-a-horror-show/|title=Sunny Leone hosts a horror show|date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–present
| scope="row" |''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sardesai|first=Shreya|date=2014-05-06|title=MTV Splitsvilla 7: Sunny Leone makes the temperature rise! Watch exclusive video|url=https://www.india.com/viral/mtv-splitsvilla-7-sunny-leone-makes-the-temperature-rise-watch-exclusive-video-51532/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=2015-07-25|title=MTV Splitsvilla 8: Sunny Leone casts a spell on contestants (Watch Episode 1 video)|url=https://www.india.com/viral/mtv-splitsvilla-8-sunny-leone-casts-a-spell-on-contestants-watch-episode-1-video-476840/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| scope="row" |''Box Cricket League (season 2)''
|Contestant
|Team Member of Chennai Swaggers
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/200-actors-10-teams-and-1-winner-let-the-game-begin/articleshow/50219718.cms|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| scope="row" |''[[Man vs. Wild|Man vs. Wild with Sunny Leone]]''
| Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-15|title=Sunny Leone in Discovery JEET's show Man Vs Wild|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sunny-leone-in-discovery-jeet-s-show-man-vs-wild-171215|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''One Mic Stand''
| Herself
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Social Currency (TV series)|Social Currency]]''
|Herself
|
|
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Karenjit Kaur – The Untold Story of Sunny Leone]]''
|Herself
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/sunny-leones-biopic-to-premiere-on-zee5-from-july-16-watch-teaser-2121675.html |title=Sunny Leone's biopic to premiere on ZEE5 from July 16—Watch teaser |accessdate = 2018-07-02|publisher=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karenjit Kaur: The Untold Story Of Sunny Leone second season announced; to premiere on 18 September |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karenjit-kaur-the-untold-story-of-sunny-leone-second-season-announced-to-premiere-on-18-september-5007831.html |work=Firstpost |date=21 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/sunny-leone-karenjit-kaur-season-3-release-date-zee5-trailer-the-untold-story-2007343|title=Sunny Leone's ZEE5 Biopic Will Conclude With Season 3 on April 5|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=14 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''
|Meena
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-leone-collaborate-ekta-kapoor-dance-number-ragini-mms-returns/|title = Sunny Leone to collaborate with Ekta Kapoor for a dance number in Ragini MMS Returns : Bollywood News|work=Bollwood Hungama|date = 13 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|''[[Bullets (2021)|Bullets]]''
|Tina
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 8, 2021|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Sunny Leone is all excited to do high-octane action in new web series Bullets|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sunny-leone-is-all-excited-to-do-high-octane-action-in-new-web-series-bullets-1757146-2021-01-08|access-date=2021-08-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2022
|''Anamika''
|Anamika
|
|}

===Other media appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Type
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2001
| scope="row" | ''[[Livin' It Up (Ja Rule song)|Livin' It Up]]''
| Dancer
| [[Music video|Videoclip]]
| Song by [[Ja Rule]]
|-
| 2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Pocket Pool]]''
| ''Penthouse Pet''
| [[PlayStation Portable]] game
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;"
|+ Awards and nominations of Sunny Leone
|-
! style="width:10%;"|Year
! style="width:18%;"|Award
! style="width:34%;"|Category
! style="width:34%;"|Nominated work
! style="width:12%;"| Result
! style="width:4%;"|{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|align=center|2001
|rowspan=2 align=center|''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]''
|March Pet of the Month
|{{n/a}}
|rowspan=2 {{won}}
|
|-
|-
|align=center|2003
|Penthouse Pet of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|
|-
|-
|align=center|2007
|align=center|[[AVN Awards]]
|Best All-Girl Sex Scene - Video
|''Virtual Vivid Girl Sunny Leone''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|align=center|2008
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[XBIZ Award]]
|Web Babe of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref name=xbizwinners>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbizawards.com/winners.php|title=XBIZ Award Winners|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|2009
|Crossover Star of the Year
|''My Bare Lady 2'' (with Brooke Haven, Casey Parker and Veronica Rayne)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|AVN Awards
|Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene
|''Sunny Loves Matt'' (with Anne Marie Rios)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Couples Sex Scene
|''Sunny Loves Matt'' (with Matt Erickson)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Tease Performance
|''Sunny Loves Matt''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Solo Sex Scene
|''The Sunny Experiment''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Female Performer of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Jenna Jameson Crossover Star of the Year
|''My Bare Lady 2'' (with Brooke Haven, Casey Parker and Veronica Rayne)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|2010
|Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Deviance'' (with [[Eva Angelina]], Teagan Presley and [[Alexis Texas]])
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web| title =2010 AVN Award Winners Announced | publisher = AVN.com| url =http://business.avn.com/articles/37142.html | date = 10 January 2010| access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|Web Starlet of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avnawards.avn.com/past-shows/past-winners/ |title=AVN – 2010 AVN Awards Show — AVN Award Winners for 2010 |publisher=Avnawards.avn.com |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719165434/http://avnawards.avn.com/past-shows/past-winners/ |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene
|''Sunny's Slumber Party'' (with Jenna Haze)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Sunny's Slumber Party'' (with Monique Alexander, Alyssa Reece and Alexis Texas)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|align=center|[[Fans of Adult Media and Entertainment Award|F.A.M.E. Awards]]
|Favorite Breasts
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref name=fame10>{{cite web |title=The F.A.M.E. Awards Reveals 2010 Winners |publisher=AVN.com |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/The-F-A-M-E-Awards-Reveals-2010-Winners-402778.html |date=10 July 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|Fame Registry Award
|MVP of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Fame Registry Announces Porn Award Winners | date=31 August 2010 | url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/124714/fame-registry-announces-porn-award-winners }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|2011
|align=center|[[XRCO Awards]]
|Mainstream Adult Media Favourite
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|align=center|Fame Registry Award
|Porn Star Website of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Top 100 Porn Stars of 2010 - Fame Registry | url=http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003142309/http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/ | archive-date=3 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"|AVN Awards
|Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Girlfriends 2'' (with Ann Marie Rios, Hailie Vanderven and Sarah Vandella)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Girlfriends 2'' (with Miles Long, Hailie Vanderven, Ann Marie Rios and Sarah Vandella)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Crossover Star of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actress
|''Gia: Portrait of a Porn Star''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene (G/G/B)
|''Sunny's Big Adventure'' (with Daisy Marie and Voodoo)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best All-Girl 3-Way Sex Scene
|''Sunny's Big Adventure'' (with Devi Emmerson and Karlie Montana)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene
|''Hocus Pocus XXX'' (with Eva Angelina, [[Nikki Benz]], Kiara Diane, [[Audrey Hollander]] and Madelyn Marie)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene
|''Gia: Portrait of a Porn Star'' (with [[Tori Black]])
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|2012
|Best Girl/Girl Sex Scene
|''Roleplay'' (with Daisy Marie)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Crossover Star of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Solo Sex Scene
|''Lies: Diary of an Escort''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|align=center|XBIZ Awards
|Porn Star Site of the Year
|''sunnyleone.com ''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="xbiz2012">{{cite web | last=Miller | first=Dan | title=2012 XBIZ Award Winners Announced | date=12 January 2012 |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/143012 | access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|Fame Registry Award
|Porn Star Website of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=The Fame Registry Awards | url=https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225201120/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/ | archive-date=25 December 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|2013
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|AVN Awards
|Crossover Star of the Year (tied with [[James Deen]])
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref name="avnwin2013">{{Cite web|url=http://avnawards.avn.com/2013-winners/|title=Winners of the 2013 AVN Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128021819/http://avnawards.avn.com/2013-winners/|archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Best Tease Performance
|''Lesbian Workout'' (with Daisy Marie)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|align=center|[[AEBN VOD Award]]s
|Performer of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/technology/aebn-announces-winners-of-2013-vod-awards-518614.html | title=AEBN Announces Winners of 2013 VOD Awards AVN }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|Fame Registry Award
|Most Popular Porn Star
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=The Fame Registry Awards | url=https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115048/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/ | archive-date=14 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|Porn Star Website of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Ghanta Awards]]
|Worst Breakthrough
|[[Jism 2]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2016
| rowspan="2"|Worst Actress
|''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2018
|align=center|AVN Awards
|[[List of members of the AVN Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html | title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers AVN }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2023
|align=center|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Super Stylish Haute Stepper
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Most Stylish Glam Star
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1293381|Sunny Leone filmography}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/sunny-leone/ Sunny Leone] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Commons category|Sunny Leone}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|Canada|United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leone, Sunny}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:American filmographies]]
[[Category:Canadian filmographies]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by American actress]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Canadian actor]]
[[Category:Pornography in India|Sunny Leone]]

Pangidipalle

2026-02-13T16:38:47Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: added references

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pangidipalle
| native_name = Errayyapalli
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.405107|N|79.633327|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chityal (Warangal)
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1464 [http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=11100]
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 506356
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 08713
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pangidipalle''' is a village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Chityal (Warangal)|Chityal]] [[Tehsil|mandal]] in [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-05-29
}}</ref>

==Important information==
*Kasarla VenkatRaji Reddy was the first Sarpanch of Pangidipalle of Independent India.now leading sarpanch is binaveni shankar. The current MPTC is Madasi Mahender.

==Geography==

[https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&msid=110665477909260802738.00045940b4464da029d9e&ll=18.405107,79.633327&spn=0.01016,0.027466&z=16 Location in Google Maps]

Approximate co-ordinates: 18° 24' 18.39", 79° 37' 59.98"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jayashankar Bhupalpally district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]]

{{Warangal-geo-stub}}

Vinay Lal

2026-02-12T06:14:12Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: starting new info!

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinay Lal
| image = VinayLal.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1961
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| known_for = [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-anthology-of-the-modern-indian-city-9780198091813?cc=us&lang=en&/ Oxford Anthology of the Modern Indian City]
| occupation = Author, professor
|education = [[Johns Hopkins University]] {{Small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])}} [[University of Chicago]] {{small|([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
}}

'''Vinay Lal''' is an Indian historian. He is a professor of history and Asian American studies at [[UCLA]]. He writes widely on the history and culture of colonial and modern India, popular and public culture in India, cinema, historiography, the politics of world history, the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], global politics, contemporary American politics, the life and thought of [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[Hinduism]], and the politics of knowledge systems.

== Youth ==
Lal was born to an Indian foreign service officer in Delhi in 1961. Due to his father’s constant movement because of his diplomatic career, he grew up in [[Delhi]], [[Tokyo]], [[Jakarta]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] In Delhi he attended Springdales School. He spent four years in Tokyo, 1965–69, but has almost no memory of those years; and it is not until 1987 that he returned to Japan for a short visit, followed by a lengthier stay of four months in [[Osaka]] in 1999 when he was a Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science at the National Museum of Ethnology (Minpaku).

== Academic career ==
He earned his BA and MA, both in 1982, from the Humanities Center at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] and wrote his Master's thesis on [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Indian philosophy]]. Lal then studied cinema in Australia and India on a [[Thomas J. Watson Fellowship]] before commencing his graduate studies at the [[University of Chicago]], where he was awarded a PhD with Distinction from the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations in 1992. He was William Kenan Fellow in the Society of Fellows in the Humanities at [[Columbia University]] in 1992–93, and since 1993 has been on the faculty of history at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), where he also holds a joint appointment in Asian American Studies.

== Publication ==
Lal is the author or editor of fifteen books. His first, ''The Empire of Knowledge: Culture and Plurality in the Global Economy'',<ref>(Pluto Press, 2002; expanded Indian edition, Sage Publishers, 2005)</ref> argues that nothing has been more effectively, even insidiously, globalised than the knowledge systems of the West. ''The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India'',<ref>(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003)</ref> is a study of the [[politics of history]]-writing in India since the early 19th century; the book also makes an unusual argument, naturally not well received by historians, to the effect that ahistoricity has been one of the most characteristic features of Indian civilisation, at least until the beginning of Muslim dynasties. Unlike colonial writers, however, Lal does not even remotely construe the absence of histories as a lack.<ref>Klein, K. L. (2011). ''From History to Theory''. Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref><ref>Novetzke, C. L. (2006). The Subaltern Numen: Making History in the Name of God. History of Religions, 99-126.</ref><ref>Sachsenmaier, D. (2007). "World History as Ecumenical History?". ''Journal of World History'', 465-489.</ref><ref>Sarkar, B. (2009). ''Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition''. Durham: Duke University Press.</ref><ref>Sen, R. (2009). "Cultural Mechanics of Fundamentalism: Religion as Ideology, Divided Identities and Violence in Post-Gandhi India". ''[[Culture and Psychology]]'', 299-326.</ref><ref>Sharafi, M. (2007). "A New History of Colonial Lawyering: Likhovski and Legal Identities in the British Empire". ''[[Law & Social Inquiry]]'', 1059-1094.</ref><ref>Sondhaus, L. (2006). ''Strategic Culture and Ways of War''. New York: Routledge.</ref> The book was reviewed widely in the Indian press, and in scholarly journals in India and abroad, and nearly full page excerpts appeared in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>(6 and 26 August 2003)</ref> and the ''[[Indian Express]]''.<ref>(6 August 2003)</ref> A new edition of the book, with a fresh foreword, appeared in 2005, and the book is in its sixth impression.

''[[Introducing... (book series)|Introducing]] Hinduism'', illustrated by [[Borin van Loon]], is Lal's contribution to the "Introducing" Series; the book has been translated into Spanish, Korean, and Finnish. The book was reissued in 2010 as ''Introducing Hinduism: A Graphic Guide''.<ref>(London: Icon Books, 2010)</ref> ''Political Hinduism: The Religious Imagination in Public Spheres'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009) is a collection of eight essays, but the book is not centrally concerned with the rise of Hindu nationalism as such; rather, it considers what a political Hinduism might be that is not [[Hindutva]]. Another of Lal's abiding interests is cinema, and his book on ''[[Deewaar]]'', the 1975 blockbuster Hindi-language film with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and some of the most memorable dialogues in Indian film history – "mere paas ma hain" ("I have mother") – was published by HarperCollins in 2011. His co-edited book, ''Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema'', appeared from Oxford University Press (2006). It is one of two books, along with ''The Future of Knowledge and Culture: A Dictionary for the Twenty-first Century'', he has co-edited with [[Ashis Nandy]], arguably India's most prominent intellectual. Lal's engagement with the work of Nandy commenced in the late 1980s, and led eventually to the first serious assessment of Nandy's work, published as ''Dissenting Knowledges, Open Futures: The Multiple Selves and Strange Destinations of Ashis Nandy''.<ref>(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000)</ref>

The range of Lal’s intellectual, cultural and political interests is perhaps best explored in his collection of eight essays, ''Of Cricket, Guinness and Gandhi: Essays on Indian History and Culture''.<ref>(Seagull Books, 2003; paperback reprint, Penguin Books, 2005)</ref> Writing on [[cricket]], the [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]], popular cinema, [[Gandhi]], the national-security state in India, notions of masculinity, and the obsession with the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'', Lal argues that there is a tension between the idea of India as a nation-state and the idea of India as a civilisation. How India resolves this tension may well determine the course of India's future.

Lal's most recent work is ''The Oxford Anthology of the Modern Indian City'' (Oxford, 2013) in two complementary volumes. The anthology draws upon the writings of nearly 100 writers, some of great eminence and some of whom are relatively little known. This is a very personal and yet critical anthology, prefaced by a long introduction, focused on how the city in India has been imagined, and the antinomies it invokes are of day and night, passion and reflection, exclusion and inclusion. The writers represented in it include [[Nirad Chauduri]], [[Gieve Patel]], [[Premendra Mitra]], [[Nissim Ezekiel]], [[Ananthamurthy]], [[Tagore]], [[Pritish Nandy]], [[Buddhadev Bose]], [[Ravi Dayal]], [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Daya Pawar]], Chandralekha, and Prakash Jadhav, and contemporary intellectuals such as [[Thomas Blom Hansen]], [[Shiv Viswanathan]], Sumanta Banerjee, and [[Ashis Nandy]].

== Contributions ==
Lal has been involved in various initiatives designed to enhance South-Asian cultural and political contacts, foster systematic critiques of dominant knowledge systems and the various imperialisms of the West, and suggest more ecumenical futures for all humanity. Prominently among these initiatives is Multiversity, an organisation of activists, scholars, and intellectuals from the Global South that has had four meetings in [[Penang]], Malaysia, since 2002. Lal is the founding editor of the Dissenting Knowledges Pamphlet Series, under which eleven works have appeared so far, and also the ''Asian Thinkers'' (Pamphlet Series), launched in 2011. Both series are initiatives of Multiversity and Citizens International. He has also been associated with INCAD (International Network for Cultural Alternatives to Development), the Intercultural Institute of Montreal, and the Coalition for an Egalitarian and Pluralistic India (Los Angeles).

For some years, Lal wrote a column for the ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (Mumbai) published as "Letter from America". He is an acerbic critic of American foreign policy and many aspects of American society. Lal is equally a critic of Hindu nationalism, and his op-ed piece in the ''Los Angeles Times'', "Coming Out From Gandhi's Shadow" (19 May 1998), was the first piece in a major American newspaper to sharply criticise India's nuclear explosions. Lal's views on American society and politics have earned him a place in David Horowitz's ''[[The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America]]''

== Books ==
* ''The Fury of COVID-19: The Passions, Histories, and Unrequited Love of the Corona Virus'' (Delhi: Pan Macmillan, 2020).
* ''The Oxford Anthology of the Modern Indian City: Making and Unmaking the City—Politics, Culture, and Life Forms'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013).
* ''The Oxford Anthology of the Modern Indian City: The City In its Plenitude'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013).
* (Edited) ''Mohandas K. Gandhi, Colonialism and the Call to Freedom'' (with an introduction by Vinay Lal) (Penang: Citizens International & Multiversity, 2011).
* ''Deewaar: The Footpath, the City, and the Angry Young Man'' (Delhi: HarperCollins, 2011).
* ''Introducing Hinduism: A Graphic Guide'' (London: Icon Books, 2010).
* (Edited) ''Political Hinduism: The Religious Imagination in Public Spheres'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009).
* ''Empire of Knowledge: Culture and Plurality in the Global Economy'' (London: Pluto Press, 2002; new updated edition, Sage Publishers, 2005; Urdu translation, published as Ilm ki Sultanat, from Mashal Books, Lahore, 2009).
* ''The Other Indians: A Political and Cultural History of South Asians in America'' (Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center Press, UCLA and New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2008).
* (Co-edited with Ashis Nandy) ''Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and Iconic in Indian Cinema'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006; Oxford India Paperback, 2007).
* (Co-edited with Ashis Nandy)'' The Future of Knowledge and Culture: A Dictionary for the Twenty-first Century'' (Delhi: Viking Penguin, 2005; Kannada translation, 2007).
* ''Of Cricket, Guinness and Gandhi: Essays on Indian History and Culture'' (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2003; paperback ed., Penguin Books, 2005).
* ''Introducing Hinduism'' (London: Icon Books, 2005).
* ''The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003; new edition, 2005).
* ''Empire and the Dream-Work of America.'' Dissenting Knowledges Pamphlet Series, no. 4 (Penang: Multiversity and Citizens International, 2004).
* (Edited) ''Dissenting Knowledges, Open Futures: The Multiple Selves and Strange Destinations of Ashis Nandy'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000).
* (Edited) ''The History of Railway Thieves'', by M. Pauparao Naidu (4th ed., 1915; reprint with critical introduction by Vinay Lal, Gurgaon, Haryana, Vintage Books, 1996).
* ''South Asian Cultural Studies: A Bibliography'' (Delhi: Manohar Books, 1996).

===Publications===
*Implications of American Islamophobia, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, Issue No. 51, 19 Dec, 2015

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.vinaylal.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/dillichalo YouTube channel]
* [http://www.history.ucla.edu/faculty/vinay-lal UCLA Department of History webpage]
* [https://archive.today/20121210124510/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/lal/ Archived UCLA Department of History webpage]
* [http://www.culturahistorica.es/lal.html Web Portal on Historical Culture]
* [http://www.worldacademy.org/home-demo/index.html World Academy of Art & Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025222613/http://www.worldacademy.org/home-demo/index.html |date=25 October 2016 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Vinay}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]

Kunwar Viyogi

2026-02-11T10:14:01Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: stub

{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kunwar Viyogi
| image = Kunwar Viyogi Poet.png
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Samba district|Samba]], Jammu and Kashmir [[India]]
| death_date = 2015 (aged 75)
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = "Ghar" a long poem, ''Pehliyaan Banga'' a sonnet sequence of 200 sonnets
| spouse = Prem Rajput (1965–1988; her death) Sudha Chaturvedi (1989)
| partner =
| children = Poonam (daughter) Rashmi (daughter) Shallu (daughter)
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]] {{small|(1980)}}
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Kunwar Viyogi''' (4 September 1940 – 2015), born Randhir Singh Jamwal, was a poet, and the only [[Indian Air Force]] officer to have received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], which was awarded in 1980 for his long [[Dogri language]] poem "Ghar."<ref name=" Ghar - the rebellious spirit of the soldier">{{cite web|title=Ghar – the rebellious spirit of the soldier|date=17 October 2016 |url=https://www.thequint.com/blogs/2016/10/17/remembering-air-force-group-captain-randhir-singh-kunwar-viyogi-the-soldier-poet-and-a-storyteller-ghar|publisher=The Qunit|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref> He used "Ghar" [Home] as a peg and strung together 238 four-lines verses embracing a wide variety of subjects and ideas and feelings into a long poem. He is also the youngest poet in the history of [[Sahitya Akademi]] to have received this honour. Viyogi is noted for introducing the sonnet, a relatively new and unexplored genre for Dogri writers, into Dogri literature.

== Early life ==
Kunwar Viyogi was born on 4 September 1940 in the [[Samba district]] to Poorakh Singh Jamwal, who served as an inspector in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] department.<ref name="Kunwar Viyogi: the Soldier-Poet">{{cite web|title=Kunwar Viyogi, the Soldier-Poet|date=16 July 2016 |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kunwar-viyogi-the-soldier-poet/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref> His mother, Pushpa Devi, was a homemaker, and mother to five brothers and three sisters, of which Kunwar was the eldest. Most of Viyogi's siblings served the country by either joining the army or the air force. All his sisters were married to defence officers.

Viyogi's childhood was not tied to one place owing to his father's occupation. He grew up in Gaur Bajorian, Rajouri, Buddal, Kotli (presently in [[Pakistan]]), [[Jammu]] and [[Udhampur]]. He spent a major part of his life in Jammu's Fattu Chogan area and was inspired by poetry at the age of 13. He achieved acclaim for his work published in the magazines Khilona and Shamaa, contributing short stories.

== Academic life ==
Viyogi received his primary education from primary schools in Gaur, Sarore and Pacca Danga. His middle level education was from the princely school Partap Memorial Rajput School in [[Jammu]]. He later joined the [[G.G.M. Science College]] for higher studies. His interest in studies led him to pursue BSc, PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma of Management), [[PGDMC]] (Post Graduate Diploma of Mass Communication), [[MBA]] (Master of Business Administration) and post graduation in journalism. Kunwar Viyogi was proficient in [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], English and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. His hobbies included playing football and hockey and he actively participated in the events of the student union.

==Profession==
While pursuing his graduation, Viyogi applied for the Defense Forces{{em dash}}Army, Navy, and the Air Force{{em dash}}and was selected for all three. He opted for the Air Force and joined the Air Force Flying College for training as a pilot. The nature of his job took him across India and he served as a squadron leader in New York for about one and a half years. Though Viyogi excelled as an Air Force officer, he took premature retirement due to the demise of his wife who lost her life to breast cancer. He withdrew from the life that he had known with her, moved to Bhilwara, Rajasthan, and gave up all his literary musings. He then devoted his time in training students pursuing [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and [[MBA]]. He wrote editorials, essays and poems. He again retreated to Rajasthan. In 2001, Viyogi was conferred the Sahitya Ratan Award by the Nami Dogri Sanstha for his invaluable contribution to Dogri. From 2012-15, he worked to publish and reprint his work.

==Major works==
'''''Dogri-Ghar – a long poem, 1979 in Rubaiyat'''''

Viyogi wrote "Ghar" [Home] in 1980. He used ''ghar'' as a peg and strung together 238 four lines verse embracing a wide variety of subjects and ideas and feelings into a long poem.

'''''Dogri-Pehliyaan Banga – A sonnet sequence of 200 sonnets, 1987'''''

Viyogi created his original masterpiece, ''Pehliyaan Banga'', a book of 200 Dogri sonnets at a time when this form of poetry was unheard of in Dogri and was considered specific to European literature.

A stream that attempted to introduce new and uninhibited form of literature, ''Pehliyaan Banga'' was the poet's attempt to rid the language of its claustrophobic garb.

'''''English—Vol. 1-- Rosary of Sonnets (collections of 365 sonnets)'''''

The year 2018 saw publication of Viyogi's work in English, ''Rosary of Sonnets'', a two-volume anthology of more than 300 sonnets. He writes of wringing life's worth living out of the dismal bounties he was bestowed.

'''''English- River Sage- A sonnet sequence'''''

River Sage is a curated anthology of select 45 sonnets.

== Other works==

* ''English Vol. 2 -- Rosary of Sonnets (collections of 365 sonnets)''
* ''English Vol. 3 ---Now I Know---(1 Poems & 2 Gazalen)''
* ''English Vol. 5 ---BANJARAN (1. Features & 2. Book review )''

== Unpublished work ==
* ''English Vol. 4 -- The Ante Room (1 Stories & 2 RandomThoughts)''
* ''Dogri Vol. 6-7 -- Poems--- Poorne (collection of ~491 poems)''
* ''Dogri Vol. 11-14-- Sonnets- Sanneten De mala (A collection of 650 sonnets+200)''
* ''Dogri Vol. 15 -- Rubaian- Sabak (Collection of ~755 rubaian)''
* ''Dogri Vol. 16----Rubaian-- Ghar-A Alna''
* ''Dogri Vol. 17 --- Geet—TOSHI (collection of ~125 Geet)''
* ''Dogri Vol. 18 -- Sher- Chutkian, Urdu ''
* ''Dogri Vol. 19 ---- Stories- ''
* ''Dogri Vol. 20 --- Novels''
* ''Dogri Vol. 21 --- Patte Di Gall''

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his long poem "Ghar" in 1980
* Sahitya Ratan Award by the Nami Dogri Sanstha in 2001
* A Gold Medal for best fighter controller in 1966.
* Commendation of Chief of Air Force in 1985.
* History in Indian music was created in 2017, when Jammu's largest literary organisation, Dogri Sanstha, adapted Viyogi's sonnets into soulful compositions and presented them at the first ever sonnet concert in any Indian language, Sonnet Sandhya.

== Kunwar Viyogi Memorial Trust ==
The Kunwar Viyogi Memorial Trust was established in commemoration of Viyogi. Education, literary, art innovation, technological advancements in language and literature and entertainment are the key areas through which the Trust has been working towards the revival, preservation and promotion of Dogri language.

To encourage youth to embrace the Dogri language, Kunwar Viyogi Memorial Trust awards scholarships, literary awards, art innovation awards at university, college and school level for the young and talented.

The Trust has also introduced innovation in entertainment, whereby Dogri couplets, sonnets, verses, ghazals etc. written by renowned Dogri writers are being converted into modern-day Dogri music to attract youth towards the language.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website |https://kvmtrust.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viyogi, Kunwar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Dogri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Samba district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Indian summiters of Mount Everest

2026-02-09T22:08:50Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Pratima Barua Pandey

2026-02-09T18:53:56Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: revise

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pratima Baruah Pandey
| image = Pratima Pandey Barua statue.jpg
| caption = Statue of Pratima Barua Pandey at Chanmari, [[Guwahati]]
| image_size = 220px
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|12|27|1934|10|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati, Assam]]
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Folk song]] and regional [[filmi]] [[Playback singer|playback]]
| occupation = Singer, Song writer
| years_active =
}}

'''Pratima Barua Pandey''' (3 October 1934 – 27 December 2002) was an Indian [[Folk music|folk]] singer from the [[royal family]] of [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]] in [[Western Assam]]'s [[Dhubri district]]. Barua Pandey, a national awardee, best known for her [[Goalpariya Lokgeet|Goalpariya]] (Koch Rajbongshi / Kamatapuri / Deshi) songs ''Hastir Kanya'' and ''Mur Mahut Bandhure'', was the daughter of Prakritish Chandra Barua (Lalji) and niece of [[filmmaker]] [[Pramathesh Barua]] of ''Devdas'' fame.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarma |first=Simona |last2=Monteiro |first2=Anjali |date=2019-10-02 |title=Contemporary ‘Folk’ Dynamics: Shifting Visions and Meanings in the Goalpariya Folk Music of Assam |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2019.1622923 |journal=Folklore |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=331–351 |doi=10.1080/0015587x.2019.1622923 |issn=0015-587X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Early life==
Barua Pandey was born on 3 October 1934, in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bipuljyoti.in/music/pratima_barua_pandey.html |title=Bipuljyoti Saikia's Homepage : Sangeet – Pratima Barua-Pandey |access-date=2013-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031061418/http://www.bipuljyoti.in/music/pratima_barua_pandey.html |archive-date=2012-10-31 }}</ref> She pursued her early education in the city's Gokhale Memorial School, after which she came to [[Assam]] to study at the Girls’ [[High School]], [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]], home of the [[Kamata Kingdom|royal family]]. She mostly spent her early years in between the din of [[Calcutta]] and the soothing environments of riverside "Gadadhar" at hometown [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]]. Although she learned ''[[Rabindra Sangeet|Rabindrasangeet]]'' at [[school]], but she never took any formal training or teaching in music except the encouraging words from her father Prakritesh Chandra Barua (Lalji). The most crucial point in her life came when [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika]] visited [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]] in 1955 and attended a ''jalsa'' organised on a social occasion, the shy young Pratima, though tongue-tied with fear, let her voice and the [[lyrics]] of the ''lokageet'' in [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya dialect]] flow in tune with the strings and [[rhythms]] of the ''[[Dholak|dhol]]'', ''junuka'', ''dotora'', ''darinda'', ''dhuluki'' and ''[[Flute|Bashi]]'' which are [[musical instrument]]s in [[Goalpariya people|Goalpariya culture]]. Dr. Hazarika was highly impressed and predicted that this voice would definitely take [[Goalpariya lokageet]] to great heights. Indeed, he first presented [[Goalpariya Lokgeet|Goalpariya]] [[Folk music|folk]] song in his [[film]] ''[[Era Bator Sur]]''. Besides the mahout songs, Barua Pandey used to sing the evergreen hit ''We Are in the Same Boat, Brother''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuman |first1=Sandy |title=We're in the Same Boat, Brother |url=http://tothestory.blogspot.com/2016/07/were-in-same-boat-brother-and-if-you.html |website=Another Side to the Story |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> in stage shows. She married Ganga Shanker Pandey, a retired [[principal (university)|principal]] of the [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]] P. B. College. She was inspired from the old family traditions of elephant captiving in their family. The mahouts who catch the elephant use to sing a form of song which she refined and polished to give the form of [[Goalpariya lokageet]]. This can be found in her song "O Mor Mahut Bondhu re".

==Popular songs==
* "Aaji Danrao Kala"<ref>{{Citation |title=Aaji Danrao Kala {{!}} আজি দানৰাও কালা Song{{!}}Pranita Barman{{!}}Chayanika Goalpariya Folk Songs{{!}} Listen to new songs and mp3 song download Aaji Danrao Kala {{!}} আজি দানৰাও কালাonline on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/aaji-danrao-kala-1 |access-date=2025-09-10 |language=en}}</ref>
* "Afnla Kadamer Tale"<ref>{{Citation |title=O Phoola Kadamer {{!}} ও ফুলা কদমেৰ Song{{!}}Pratima Barua{{!}}Best Of Pratima Pandey Barua{{!}} Listen to new songs and mp3 song download O Phoola Kadamer {{!}} ও ফুলা কদমেৰonline on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/o-phoola-kadamer |access-date=2025-09-10 |language=en}}</ref>
* "Bail Machhe Kheil Kare"
* "Dhick Dhick"
* "Dui Diner Bhalobasha"
* "Dung Nori Dung"
* "Ek Bar Hori Bolo Rasona"
* "Hastir Kanya"
* "Komola Sundori Nache"
* "Matir Manush"
* "Matir Pinjira"
* "O Birikha"
* "O Pare Kamrangar Gachh"
* "Oh Mor Mahut Bandhure"
* "Sonar Chand Chandre"
* "O Shyam Kaliya Re"<ref>{{cite news | title = O Shyam Kaliya Re Best Devotional By Pratima Pandey | url = http://redmux.com/song/o-shyam-kaliya-re/ | access-date = 8 January 2018 | publisher=RedMux.com }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Pratima Barua Pandey was awarded the [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for her pioneering efforts in popularising ''[[Goalpariya lokageet]]''.

A documentary film made on her life and works by noted filmmaker Prabin Hazarika, ''Hastir Kanya'', won [[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film]] in [[44th National Film Awards|1997]], earned great appreciation and created waves at the South Asian film festival in 1998. Filmmaker [[Bobby Sarma Baruah]] started filming a full-length feature film based on Barua Pandey's life in late 2015, titled ''[[Sonar Baran Pakhi]]''. Co-produced by [[Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation Ltd.|ASFFDC]] and BB Entertainment, the film was released in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/biopic-on-noted-assamese-folk-singer-pratima-barua-pandey-115112200367_1.html | title=Biopic on noted Assamese folk singer Pratima Barua-Pandey | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=22 November 2015 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | access-date=4 January 2016 | location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
1. [[The Times of India]], 27 December 2002.{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}} 
2. [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], India, 28 December 2002.{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}} 
3. Sharmah, C. [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], India, 22 December 2006.{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}} 
4. Barua, N. [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], India, 22 January 2005.{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}} 
5. [https://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/viewFile/47/49 Jyotirmoi Prodhani, ''Life as lore: the art and time of Pratima Barua Pandey'']{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Pratima Barua}}
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Rajbongshi people]]

Green Park Stadium

2026-02-05T04:24:26Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: updated page

{{short description|Cricket stadium}}
{{Copy edit|date=November 2024 |for=duplicate info, spelling mistakes and incorrect grammar.}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Green Park Cricket Stadium
| image = Green Park International Stadium Kanpur.jpg
| caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|28|55|N|80|20|52|E|type:landmark|display=it}}
| establishment = 1945
| seating_capacity = 32,000<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title= Green Park Stadium, Kanpur| url=https://kanpurnagar.nic.in/tourist-place/green-park/#:~:text=Green%20Park%20Stadium%20is%20a,the%20Uttar%20Pradesh%20cricket%20team. | access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
| owner = [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association|UPCA]]
| end1 = Media End
| end2 = River End
| tenants = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]] [[India national cricket team]] [[India women's national cricket team]] [[Gujarat Lions]] (''defunct'') Kanpur Superstars
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 12–14 January
| firsttestyear = 1952
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = England
| lasttestdate = 27 September – 1 October
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = Bangladesh
| firstodidate = 24 December
| firstodiyear = 1986
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = Sri Lanka
| lastodidate = 29 October
| lastodiyear = 2017
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| onlyt20idate = 26 January
| onlyt20iyear = 2017
| onlyt20ihome = India
| onlyt20iaway = England
| lastt20idate =
| lastt20iyear =
| lastt20ihome =
| lastt20iaway =
| year1 = 2009 – Present
| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Team]]
| year2 = 2009-Present
| club2 = [[India national cricket team]]
| date = 27 September
| year = 2024
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58204.html ESPNcricinfo
|club3 = [[Gujarat Lions]] (''defunct'')|year3=2016-2017}}

'''Green Park Stadium''' is an international cricket stadium in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Its seating capacity increased to approximately 32,000 after a recent reconstruction.<ref name=":0" /> It is the home ground of [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://matchpredictions.in/green-park-kanpur-tickets-prediction-highlights-schedule/ |title=Green Park Kanpur Tickets Prediction Highlights Schedule |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206144015/http://matchpredictions.in/green-park-kanpur-tickets-prediction-highlights-schedule/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located in the Civil Lines area in the north east part of Kanpur city near the banks of the river [[Ganges|Ganga]], which flows just behind the stadium.

This arena is an International [[Test cricket|Test]] match venue. Green Park is under the control of the Sports Department of Uttar Pradesh. It has hosted international cricket matches in both Test and ODI formats. The stadium hosted the 500th Test played by the Indian team. It also organized four Vivo [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] matches, on 19 and 21 May 2016 and on 10 and 13 May 2017. As of 19 August 2017, it has hosted 22 Tests, 14 [[One Day International|ODIs]], and 1 [[Twenty20 International|T20I]].

==History==
The stadium was named after a British woman named Green who used to go horse riding there, and is nicknamed 'Billiards Table',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanpur News (कानपुर समाचार):Kanpur News Paper, Kanpur Samachar |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city |language=hi}}</ref> and also 'Woolmer's turf', after the late cricket coach and player [[Bob Woolmer]] who was born in McRobert Hospital opposite to the stadium.

It is the only stadium in India where a student gallery is available. Green Park has the largest manually operated scoreboard in the world. It also has video screens that are used during international matches.

India's first Test win over Australia in December 1959 was at the Green Park ground. This was also the first match to be played on a turf wicket here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2008/apr/10biks.htm|title = Green Park gave India its first win over Australia}}</ref>

Since 1957 India has lost only twice at Kanpur, both times to the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], in 1958 and again in 1983.

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Kanpur pitch.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The pitch of Green Park Stadium]]
The ends are known as the Mill Pavilion End and the Hostel End. These are named after the Elgin Mill and [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College]] which are close to the stadium.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=November 2021}}

Lakshmi (Gulee) is the head of Women Cricket Division.

==Records==
* The ground hosted one [[1987 Cricket World Cup Group B]] match, West Indies vs [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].
* It hosted one [[Nehru Cup (cricket)|Nehru Cup 1989]] match, England vs India.
* It hosted the opening match of [[1993 Hero Cup]], Sri Lanka vs India.
* It hosted one [[Wills world series 1994–95]] match, West Indies vs India.
* India registered their 100th Test victory here by defeating Sri Lanka by an innings and 144 runs.
* It hosted India's 500th test match in September 2016, in which India beat [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] by 197 runs.
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] got 5 wickets vs [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2000.
* It also hosted England in January 2002 which India won easily in what turned out to be the only match with Anil Kumble as captain.
* It hosted its first [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] ODI on 29 October 2017 between India and New Zealand and India won this match by six runs.
* The highest team total in ODI in this stadium is 337/7 by India on 29 October 2017 vs New Zealand.
* [[Rohit Sharma]] is the only batsman who scored two centuries in ODIs in this ground.
* [[Shreyas Iyer]] scored a century in the first innings and a half-century in the second innings in his debut test match against New Zealand in November 2021.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Kanpur green park.jpg|Kanpur's green park stadium between a Day-Night cricket match
File:Green Park Stadium during an IPL match (1).jpg|Green Park Stadium during Gujarat Lions vs Mumbai Indians IPL match
File:Green Park Stadium during an IPL match (2).jpg|Green Park Stadium during Gujarat Lions vs Mumbai Indians IPL match
File:England Vs India T20 match practice session at Green Park Stadium.jpg|England Vs India T20 match practice session at Green Park Stadium
File:England Vs India T20 match at Green Park Stadium (2).jpg|England Vs India T20 match at Green Park Stadium
File:Mahendra Shukla - Green Park.jpg|Mahendra Shukla, former Indian first-class cricketer at Green Park Stadium
File:Green Park Stadium Kanpur.jpg|Green Park Stadium in 2002
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category|Green Park Stadium}}

* [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kanpur|state=expanded}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Sport in Kanpur]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1945]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

4th Chhattisgarh Assembly

2026-02-04T20:43:49Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: creating a stub

{{Short description|4th Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 4th Chhattisgarh Assembly
| before = [[3rd Chhattisgarh Assembly|3rd Assembly]]
| after = [[5th Chhattisgarh Assembly|5th Assembly]]
| image = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| image_size =
| caption =
| body = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| website =
| membership1 = '''90'''
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Gaurishankar Agrawal]], BJP
| chamber1_leader2_type =[[List of deputy speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = Badridhar Diwan, BJP
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Raman Singh]], BJP
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[T. S. Singh Deo]], INC
}}

The '''Fourth Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh''' was constituted after the [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]s which were concluded in November 2013 and the results were declared on 8 December 2013. Incumbent ruling party [[BJP]] and Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]] retained the majority in assembly and formed government consequently for the third time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-record-7465-polling-in-chhattisgarh-phaseii/article5367110.ece|title=A record 74.65% polling in Chhattisgarh phase-II|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi|work=The Hindu |date=19 November 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-record-7465-polling-in-chhattisgarh-phaseii/article5367110.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/myindia-myvote/chunk-ht-ui-myindiamyvote-chhattisgarh/raman-singh-claims-victory-third-straight-win-in-chhattisgarh/sp-article10-1160442.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208171320/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/myindia-myvote/chunk-ht-ui-myindiamyvote-chhattisgarh/raman-singh-claims-victory-third-straight-win-in-chhattisgarh/sp-article10-1160442.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2013|title=Raman Singh claims a hat-trick for BJP|date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/new-delhi/assembly-election-dates-detail-rajasthan-mp-mizoram-chhattisgarh-delhi-1318382.html |title=EC announces election dates for Delhi, MP, Rajasthan, Mizoram, Ch'garh |publisher=One India |date=4 October 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163412/https://www.oneindia.com/new-delhi/assembly-election-dates-detail-rajasthan-mp-mizoram-chhattisgarh-delhi-1318382.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Party wise distribution of seats ==
[[File:Bharat Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha 2013.svg]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party
!No. MLAs
!Leader of party in assembly
!Leader's constituency
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49
|[[Raman Singh]]
|[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39
|[[T. S. Singh Deo]]
|[[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|1
|[[Keshaw Prasad Chandra]]
|[[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency|Jaijaipur]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|1
|Vimal Chopra
|[[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|District
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Member of Legislative Assembly
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
!No.
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
!Name
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]]
!1
|[[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency|Bharatpur-Sonhat]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Champa Devi Pawle
|
|-
!2
|[[Manendragarh Assembly constituency|Manendragarh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shyam Bihari Jaiswal]]
|
|-
|[[Koriya district|Koriya]]
!3
|[[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Surajpur district|Surajpur]]
!4
|[[Premnagar Assembly constituency|Premnagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Khelsai Singh]]
|
|-
!5
|[[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
!6
|[[Pratappur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Sewak Paikra]]
|
|-
!7
|[[Ramanujganj Assembly constituency|Ramanujganj]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Brihaspat Singh]]
|
|-
!8
|[[Samri Assembly constituency|Samri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pritam Ram
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Surguja district|Surguja]]
!9
|[[Lundra Assembly constituency|Lundra]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|
|-
!10
|[[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[T. S. Singh Deo]]
|
|-
!11
|[[Sitapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amarjeet Bhagat]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]
!12
|[[Jashpur Assembly constituency|Jashpur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajsharan Bhagat
|
|-
!13
|[[Kunkuri Assembly constituency|Kunkuri]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rohit Kumar Sai
|
|-
!14
|[[Pathalgaon Assembly constituency|Pathalgaon]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shivshankar Paikra
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
!15
|[[Lailunga Assembly constituency|Lailunga]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunil Rathiya
|
|-
!16
|[[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Roshan Lal
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District|Sarangarh-Bilaigarh]]
!17
|[[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kera Bai Manhar
|
|-
!18
|[[Kharsia Assembly constituency|Kharsia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
|
|-
|[[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
!19
|[[Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency|Dharamjaigarh]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Laljeet Singh Rathia]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Korba district|Korba]]
!20
|[[Rampur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Rampur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nanki Ram Kanwar]]
|
|-
!21
|[[Korba Assembly constituency|Korba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jai Singh Agrawal]]
|
|-
!22
|[[Katghora Assembly constituency|Katghora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]]
|
|-
!23
|[[Pali-Tanakhar Assembly constituency|Pali-Tanakhar]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ram Dayal Uikey
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela Pendra Marwahi]]
!24
|[[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amit Jogi]]
|
|-
!25
|[[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Renu Jogi]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
!26
|[[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|
|-
!27
|[[Mungeli Assembly constituency|Mungeli]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Punnulal Mohle]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
!28
|[[Takhatpur Assembly constituency|Takhatpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|Raju Singh Kshatriya
|
|-
!29
|[[Bilha Assembly constituency|Bilha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
|
|-
!30
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Amar Agrawal]]
|
|-
!31
|[[Beltara Assembly constituency|Beltara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Badridhar Deewan]]
|
|-
!32
|[[Masturi Assembly constituency|Masturi]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dilip Lahariya]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
!33
|[[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chunnilal Sahu
|
|-
!34
|[[Janjgir-Champa Assembly constituency|Janjgir-Champa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Moti Lal Dewangan
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Sakti district|Sakti]]
!35
|[[Sakti Assembly constituency|Sakti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Khilawan Sahu
|
|-
!36
|[[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Yudhvir Singh Judev]]
|
|-
!37
|[[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency|Jaijaipur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Keshaw Prasad Chandra]]
|
|-
|[[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
!38
|[[Pamgarh Assembly constituency|Pamgarh]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ambesh Jangde
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]]
!39
|[[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramlal Chauhan
|
|-
!40
|[[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|
|-
!41
|[[Khallari Assembly constituency|Khallari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chunni Lal Sahu
|
|-
!42
|[[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|Vimal Chopra
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District|Sarangarh-Bilaigarh]]
!43
|[[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanam Kumar Jangre
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar]]
!44
|[[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gauri Shankar Agrawal]]
|
|-
!45
|[[Baloda Bazar Assembly constituency|Baloda Bazar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Janak Ram Verma
|
|-
!46
|[[Bhatapara Assembly constituency|Bhatapara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shivratan Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Raipur district|Raipur]]
!47
|[[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency|Dharsiwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devji bhai Patel
|
|-
!48
|[[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency|Raipur Rural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satyanarayan Sharma
|
|-
!49
|[[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur City West]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Munat]]
|
|-
!50
|[[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur City North]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shrichand Sundarani
|
|-
!51
|[[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur City South]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|
|-
!52
|[[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Naveen Markandey
|
|-
!53
|[[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dhanendra Sahu]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Gariaband district|Gariaband]]
!54
|[[Rajim Assembly constituency|Rajim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amitesh Shukla]]
|
|-
!55
|[[Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency|Bindrawagarh]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Goverdhan Singh Manjhi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
!56
|[[Sihawa Assembly constituency|Sihawa]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shravan Markam
|
|-
!57
|[[Kurud Assembly constituency|Kurud]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|
|-
!58
|[[Dhamtari Assembly constituency|Dhamtari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gurumukh Singh Hora
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Balod district|Balod]]
!59
|[[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Sanjari-Balod]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhaiya Ram Sinha
|
|-
!60
|[[Dondi Lohara Assembly constituency|Dondi Lohara]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anila Bhediya|Anila Bhendiya]]
|
|-
!61
|[[Gunderdehi Assembly constituency|Gunderdehi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajendra Kumar Rai
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Durg district|Durg]]
!62
|[[Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|
|-
!63
|[[Durg Gramin Assembly constituency|Durg Rural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ranshila Sahu
|
|-
!64
|[[Durg City Assembly constituency|Durg City]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arun Vora
|
|-
!65
|[[Bhilai Nagar Assembly constituency|Bhilai Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|
|-
!66
|[[Vaishali Nagar Assembly constituency|Vaishali Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vidya Ratan Bhasin
|
|-
!67
|[[Ahiwara Assembly constituency|Ahiwara]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanwala Ram Dahre
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]
!68
|[[Saja Assembly constituency|Saja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ravindra Choubey]]
|
|-
!69
|[[Bemetara Assembly constituency|Bemetara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Avdhesh Chandel
|
|-
!70
|[[Navagarh Assembly constituency|Navagarh]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
!71
|[[Pandariya Assembly constituency|Pandariya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Moti Ram Chandravanshi
|
|-
!72
|[[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashok Sahu
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
!73
|[[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Girvar Janghel
|
|-
!74
|[[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]] (SC)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sarojini Banjare
|
|-
!75
|[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Raman Singh|Dr. Raman Singh]]
|Chief minister
|-
!76
|[[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Daleshwar Sahu]]
|
|-
!77
|[[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bholaram Sahu]]
|
|-
!78
|[[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla-Manpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tej kumar Netam
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Kanker district|Kanker]]
!79
|[[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|
|-
!80
|[[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Manoj Singh Mandavi]]
|
|-
!81
|[[Kanker Assembly constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shankar Lal dhruw
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
!82
|[[Keshkal Assembly constituency|Keshkal]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Santram Netam
|
|-
!83
|[[Kondagaon Assembly constituency|Kondagaon]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohan Lal Markam
|
|-
|[[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]]
!84
|[[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|[[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Bastar district|Bastar]]
!85
|[[Bastar Assembly constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Lakheshwar Baghel]]
|
|-
!86
|[[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency|Jagdalpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|Santosh Bafna
|
|-
!87
|[[Chitrakot Assembly constituency|Chitrakot]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Deepak Baij]]
|
|-
|[[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]
!88
|[[Dantewara Assembly constituency|Dantewada]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Devati Karma]]
|
|-
|[[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]]
!89
|[[Bijapur Assembly constituency|Bijapur]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mahesh Gagda
|
|-
|[[Sukma district|Sukma]]
!90
|[[Konta Assembly constituency|Konta]] (ST)
|{{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|
|+Source:
|}

==See also==

*[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Terms of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018| ]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre

2026-01-27T12:39:42Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made Page!

{{Short description|Private Hospital in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre
| org_group =
| logo =
| logo_size = 180px
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.716472|77.110887|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the Rohini campus of the hospital in New Delhi
| location = Rohini and Niti bagh
| region = [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare =
| funding = Non-profit hospital
| type = [[Hospital#Specialized|Specialised]]
| affiliation =
| network = Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre
| standards = International
| emergency = Yes
| helipad =
| beds = 500 Plus (Rohini), 30 (Nitibagh)
| speciality = [[Oncology]]
| founded = 1 July 1996
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL| www.rgcirc.org}}
| other_links =
| module =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
}}

'''Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre (RGCIRC)''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] medical facility and research institute based in [[Delhi, India]] specialising in [[Oncology|cancer treatment]] and [[Cancer research|research]]. It is one of the largest medical centers for cancer treatment in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/rajiv-gandhi-cancer-institute-opens-new-centre-in-south-delhi/54842384|title=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute opens new centre in South Delhi - ET HealthWorld|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|website=ETHealthworld.com}}</ref> RGCIRC is a project of Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre, a not-for-profit public society. The institute was founded in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/rajiv-gandhi-cancer-institute-and-research-centre-north_west-delhi | title=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre | publisher=National Health Portal | location=India | accessdate=29 September 2018 | archive-date=30 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081459/https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/rajiv-gandhi-cancer-institute-and-research-centre-north_west-delhi | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History and overview==
Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre is a not for profit public medical society. It was formed in the year 1994 under the [[Societies registration act, 1860]]. The Institute started functioning on 1 July 1996 when a soft opening was done by [[Sonia Gandhi]]. However, it was formally inaugurated by the then, President of India, [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], in the presence of [[Sonia Gandhi]] and others on 20 August 1996. It started as a 152 bedded hospital, and currently it's a 500 Plus<ref>https://www.rgcirc.org/about-rgcirc/</ref> bedded hospital. The institute diagnoses and treats around 60,000 patients per year. Since its establishment, the institute has provided services to over two hundred thousand patients from [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and other countries.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/in-india-hospitals-are-learning-to-handle-cancer-patients-with-extra-care/story-KX5RJ93XJ6X3GvSiGpDatN.html|title=In India, hospitals are learning to handle cancer patients with extra care|date=25 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | isbn=978-81-288-3452-3 | title=Rajiv Gandhi | last1=Agarwal | first1=Meena | date=13 October 2016 | publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/ml/new-delhi/remembering-rajiv-gandhi-these-5-places-delhi-are-named-after-indias-youngest-pm-67503|title=Remembering Rajiv Gandhi: These 5 places in Delhi are named after India's youngest PM - DNA|website=dna}}</ref><ref name="rgcirc.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rgcirc.org/about-rgcirc/|title=About Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre|publisher=}}</ref> The Institute is ISO:9001 and ISO:14001 certified.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref name="theweekendleader.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/8100/rajiv-gandhi-cancer-institute-opens-new-centre.html|title=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute opens new centre|website=www.theweekendleader.com}}</ref> In February 2013, the institute introduced electrical technology as a service called 'NanoKnife', a minimally invasive cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=73785&sid=1|title=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute to launch new technology, NanoKnife for cancer treatment|website=www.pharmabiz.com|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810040132/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=73785&sid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 12 October 2016, a new cancer center was established in NitiBagh, [[South Delhi]] by the institute.<ref name="theweekendleader.com"/>

== Facilities ==
[[File:RGCIR 1.jpg|thumb|NItibagh campus of RGCIRC]]
The medical centre is spread around two hundred thousand square feet area, with a bed capacity of 500. The 57 consultation rooms are spread on three floors of the institute. It has 14 [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] modular Operation Theatres with three stage air filtration and gas scavenging systems, and 2 Minor Operation Theatres for Day Care Surgeries. The Surgical ICU is 51 bedded and Medical ICU is 21 bedded. The institute has [[Leukemia]] ward, [[Thyroid]] Ward, [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|Bone Marrow Transplant]] unit, MUD transplant unit, and stem cell transplant unit. It has facilities of Renal Replacement therapies and various endoscopies.<ref name="rgcirc.org"/>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2017}}

===Departments===
*Department of Surgical Oncology
*Department of Radiology and Imaging
*Department of Medical Oncology
*Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology
*Department of Radiation Oncology
*Department of [[Nuclear Medicine]]
*Department of Pathology and Transfusion Services
*Department of Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplantation
*Department of Anesthesiology

===Other services===
*Telemedicine
*Pharmacy services
*Preventive services
*Physiotherapy services
*Palliative/Home care services
*Day care services
*Emergency services
*Counseling services
*Multispecialty Clinic / Tumor Board

==Affiliation and recognition==
{| class="wikitable"
!Organization
!Affiliation
!Year
|-
|[[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers]](NABH)
|Accreditation
|2015
|-
|[[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] (NABL)
|Accreditation
|2009
|-
|[https://nabh.co/digital-health-standard/ NABH Digital Health Accreditation] (NABH-DHS)
|Accreditation
|2024
|-
|NABH-Ethics Committee
|Accreditation
|2019
|-
|[[Union for International Cancer Control]]
|Membership
|2005
|-
|[https://nabh.co/nursing-excellence/ Nursing Excellence by NABH]
|Certification
|2016
|-
|Certified [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001]]
|Accreditation
|2007
|-
|Certified [[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]]
|Accreditation
|2007
|-
|Green OT
|Recognition
|2016
|-
|NABH (Blood Bank)
|Recognition
|2013
|}

==Academics and research==
Besides patients care, the institute also studies and undertakes scientific research on the aspects of cancer and in particular to investigate its incidence, prevalence, distribution, cause, symptoms and to promote its prevention and provides cure. The institute has partnership with [[Thomas Jefferson University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131002/jsp/nation/story_17415376.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001231115/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131002/jsp/nation/story_17415376.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2013|title=Tests to tailor cancer treatment to patient needs|publisher=}}</ref>
* One-year fellowship courses which are recognized by Indian Medical Association- Academy of Medical Specialties, Hyderabad. Admissions are done in October and January.
* The institute also conducts short duration fellowship programme in Oncological Radiology sponsored by [[International Atomic Energy Agency|International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)]], Vienna Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgcirc.org/academics/|title=RGCI&RC Academics - Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre|publisher=}}</ref>
* It also provides Diplomate of National Board (DNB) courses which are recognized by National Board of Examination, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Govt of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgcirc.org/academics/diplomate-of-national-board-dnb-program/|title=Diplomate of National Board (DNB) Program - RGCIRC|publisher=}}</ref>
* Other courses include B.Sc. in Medical Technology, Nursing Aide Course and Oncology Nursing Course.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Health care companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cancer hospitals]]

Origin of the Vijayanagara Empire

2026-01-24T18:38:58Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made Data!

{{Short description|Topic in linguistic Indian history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
The '''origin of the Vijayanagara Empire''' is a controversial topic in [[South India]]n history, with regard to the linguistic affiliation of the founding dynasty, the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama family]]. The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] rose to power in southern [[India]] in the 14th century CE. Over the past decades historians have expressed differing opinions on whether the empire's founders, [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]] (two of four sons of Sangama), were of [[Kannadigas|Kannada people]] or [[Telugu people|Telugu]] origin. There are various opinions about role of the [[Vidyaranya]], the Hindu saint and guru of [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]] in the founding of the Vijayanagara empire.

==Kannadiga origin theory==
Scholars such as Rothermund, [[B. Lewis Rice|B.L Rice]], [[P.B. Desai]], [[B A Saletore|Saletore]], [[Henry Heras]], Suryanatha Kamath, A. P. Karmarkar S.K. Aiyangar, William Coelho and M. H. Rama Sharma claim that the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire were [[Kannadigas]] and related to the [[Hoysala]] dynasty.<ref name="org">[[P.B. Desai]], [[B.A. Saletore]], [[Henry Heras]] and Kamath in Kamath (2001), p158</ref><ref name="org1">Karmarkar (1947), p30</ref><ref name="service">Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p188</ref><ref name="durga">G.S.Gai and S.K. Aiyangar in Durga Prasad, p191</ref><ref name="rice">Rice (1897), p345</ref><ref name="Coelho">The Empire of Vijayanagara arose out of the ruins of the Hoysala Empire as a new phoenix bird out of the ashes of its progenitor (William Coelho 1949, p08)</ref><ref name="Sharma">Karnataka : Homeland of the empire (M .H Rama Sharma 1971, p33)</ref> [[Edward William West|E. W. West]] opines the founders were officers in the army of Veera Ballala III, the last Hoysala king.<ref name="west10">West (1877), p. 637</ref> Though controversies over the role of Vidyaranya in the founding of the empire exist, it is well accepted that he was an important individual at the powerful [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Shringeri]] monastic order, though he became the head of the order around 1380, a few decades after the founding of the empire.<ref name="peetha">Several grants were made by the founders Harihara I and Bukka I to the Shringeri monastery in 1346 and Vidyaranya did use his influence to secure critical financial support for the brothers of the Sangama dynasty (Kamat 2001, p160-161)</ref><ref name="peetha1">Vidyaranya's blessings and proximity, and the influence of monastic order of Shringeri helped in providing legitimacy to the founding kings of a new empire (Kulke and Rothermund 2004, p188)</ref>
According to these historians, modern epigraphic research and interpretation of these inscriptions (not available to earlier historians) support the theory that the founders of the empire were local princes under the service of the last of the Hoysala king. According to them, inscriptions prove that Harihara I and [[Bukka Raya I]] were in the Hoysala service a decade before their arrival at [[Kampili]] (in modern [[Bellary district]]).<ref name="service"/><ref name="west">Quote:"The founding king was an officer under King Ballala" (West 1877, p637)</ref><ref name="gutti1">Quote: "native [[Kannadiga]]s by origin" (Karmarkar 1947, p30)</ref> Not only did the widow of Hoysala Veera Ballala III participate in the coronation of Harihara I in 1346, her name appears before that of the founding King Harihara I in a 1349 inscription, indicating he gained legitimacy for being a devoted heir of the Hoysala legacy. Further, according to William Coelho and Heras, it is known that the original founding of the capital Vijayanagara was in 1320 by Veera Ballala III, the city then being known as Vijayavirupaksha Hosapattana.<ref name="service"/><ref name="found">Quote:"According to William Coelho and Henry Heras" (Kamath 2001, p129)</ref> According to Eaton, By 1344, the transfer of power from the Hoysala Empire to the emerging Vijayanagara Empire seems to have been gradual and without bloodshed, as ex-Hoysala officers melted away from a crumbling Hoysala power to support the Sangama cause.<ref name="cause">Eaton (2006), p42</ref> Historian Kamath argues that in 1346, Harihara I made a grant to [[Bharati Tirtha]], the Shringeri pontiff in the presence of Krishnayitayi, queen of the slain [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala III]] (who herself made a grant on the same day). Harihara I was a commander in the [[Hoysala]] Kingdom and had been appointed by [[Veera Ballala III]] with autonomous powers after the fall of the [[Seuna]] ([[Yadava dynasty]]) and [[Kampili]] kingdoms, to administer the northern territories. Also, the very first fortification that Harihara I built was at Barakuru in coastal Karnataka in 1336. He was a Hoysala commander in charge of its northern territories from his seat in Gutti (modern Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh), at that time a Hoysala territory.<ref name="gutti">Kamath (2001), p160-161</ref> He assumed the Kannada titles ''Purvapaschima Samudradhishvara'' (''lit'', "Master of eastern and western and oceans"), ''Arirayavibhada'' (''lit'', "fire to the enemy kings") and ''Bhashegetappuvarayaraganda'' (''lit'', "punisher of the ruler who failed to keep a promise"). According to Kamath, when Veera Ballala III died fighting the Sultan of [[Madurai]], Harihara I seems to have gained sovereign powers over the entire Hoysala territory.<ref name="died">Ibn Batuta gave a graphic description of his end of Veera Ballala III. The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of South India (Kamath 2001, p130).</ref>

The historian Saletore pointed out that even famous Telugu scholars such as Vallabharaya and [[Srinatha]] called the Sangama brothers ''Karnata Kshitinatha'' in their writings, indicating they were a Kannada family. An early inscription of [[Harihara II]] called him "Lion to the scent elephant of the Andhra king", demonstrating their anti-Telugu propensity.<ref name="lion">Saletore in Kamath (2001), p159. Saletore wrote ''Social and political life in Vijayanagar Empire'', 1934</ref> According to the epigraphist and historian [[P.B. Desai]], the Persian author Ferishta of the Vijayanagara days wrote of the emperors "Roies of Karnataka".<ref name="row">Desai in Kamath (2001), p159</ref> According to Kamath, the Kannada writings of that time such as ''Chikkadevaraya Vamshavali'' and ''Keladinripa Vijayam'' claim that the Sangama brothers were [[Kannadiga]]s by linguistic affinity, making them people of Karnataka<ref name="numismatic">Kamath (2001), p159</ref> Regarding the earliest modern work written on the history of the Vijayanagara Empire by [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] (''A Forgotten Empire'', 1901) Kamath claims that Sewell had not used all sources but had copiously used travelogues and other works written by only European travelers to forward his theories.<ref name="hosa">Kamath (2001), p158</ref>

Kamath points out that almost half of the Vijayanagara Empire inscriptions, out of a total of 7,000 available to us, are in Kannada. The Kings used titles such as ''Bhashegetappuva rayara ganda'', ''Moorurayaraganda'' and ''Arirayadatta'' which are pure Kannada language titles. Their remaining inscriptions are in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil.<ref name="ins">Kamath (2001), p157</ref><ref name="gai">G.S. Gai in {{cite web|title=The Vijayanagara Empire|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka39.htm|author=Arthikaje|publisher=outKarnataka.com|work=History of Karnataka|access-date=2007-07-17}}</ref> According to Appadurai, The "Karnataka Empire" or Vijayanagara Empire was originally of the Karnataka region and it drew its inspirations from the Hoysala Empire and the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] of the Karnataka and the [[Chola]] and [[Pandya]] of the Tamil country.<ref name="karnata">Appadurai in ''The Place of Kannada and Tamil in Indias National culture'' (INTAMM 1997).</ref> According to Henry Heras, inscriptional evidence shows that Ballappa Dandanayaka, a nephew of Hoysala [[Veera Ballala III]] was married to a daughter of [[Harihara I]], the founding king of the empire. This is claimed proof enough of the association Sangama brothers had with the Hoysala family.<ref name="heras">[[Fr. Henry Heras|Heras]] in Kamath (2001), p159. Heras wrote ''Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1927</ref>

According to the historians Saletore, P.B. Desai and Henry Heras, the theory of capture of Harihara I and Bukka Raya I by the Sultan of [[Delhi]] and conversion to Islam is false and that the testimony of epigraphs proves that the area around [[Hampi]] constituted their homeland. The empire never had a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] origin. The patron saint of the early kings was saint [[Vidyaranya]], the 12th [[Shankaracharya]] of Sringeri in Karnataka, and this is proof enough of their unquestionable identity with the Kannada country.<ref name="convert"/> About the Muslim records that claim a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] origin of Harihara I and Bukka Raya, these historians feel, the records are neither unanimous nor reliable in their claims. In those days of religious rigidity, it is too far-fetched to accept a theory of conversion to Islam and re-conversion to Hinduism while still managing to win the trust and loyalty of Hindu subjects in an hour of impending invasions.<ref name="convert">Desai, Saletore and Henry Heras in Kamath 2001, p158</ref> According to Kamath, the great devotion the founders of the empire had in Lord Chennakeshava of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and Lord Virupaksha of [[Hampi]] testifies to their origin from Kannada country, though in political and administrative matters, the Vijayanagara kings followed the Hoysala, Kakatiya, Chola framework in the various provincial regions of the empire. The Sangama brothers even signed their Sanskrit records in Kannada (as ''Srivirupaksha'') and used their Kannada titles even in their Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit records. No Telugu titles were used by them.<ref name="numismatic">Kamath (2001), p159</ref> A popular chieftain and patriot of those times, prince [[Kumara Rama]] of [[Kummata Durga]] or simply [[Kummata| Kummata Durga]] (capital of the tiny [[Kampili|Kampli]] kingdom in [[Bellary District]]) may have been related to Sangama, father of Harihar I. This evidence exists in a literary piece by poet Nanjunda (''Kumara Rama Charita''). According to Kamath, the early Vijayanagara kings raised memorials at Sandur, [[Chitradurga]] and [[Dharwad]] to sing the glory of Kumara Rama's valor and show their continued efforts to build an empire in his legacy. All this proves the matrimonial relations the Sangama family had with the Kummata family.<ref name="numismatic">Kamath (2001), p159</ref>

According to [[Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|R. C. Dhere]], founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] were from present-day [[Karnataka]]. They claimed Yadava lineage and were of [[Kuruba]] origin.<ref name="Dhere"/> Their family deity ([[Kuladevata]]) was Virupaksha, who is a form of [[Shiva]], and became the principal deity of the state during their reign.<ref>{{citation|last=Eaton|first = Richard M | title = A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|volume=8|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|issue=v. 1|page=82}}</ref> Virupaksha is derived from ''Virupaa'' in [[sanskrit]] which means diversly and ''aksha'' means eyes, i.e. one who has his eyes everywhere.<ref name="Sanskrit Dictionay">{{cite dictionary |title=Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=diversely-eyed&dir=es}}</ref> Virappa, also known as Birappa, is a honorific version of ''Virupa'' where the suffix "''-appa''" indicates fatherhood in [[Kannada]] and Virappa is an exclusive deity of Kurubas. [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] worshiped Virupaksha together with other pastoralist god [[Vitthal]] and worship of Vitthal is consistent with other pastoralist [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] dynasties, of [[Kannadiga]] origin,<ref>{{cite book|first=Christian Lee|last=Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=51–54|isbn=978-0-231-54241-8}}</ref> that claimed Yadava lineage ([[Hoysala]]s and [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seunas]]). Inscriptions on the temples constructed by Vijayanagara Emperors in [[Lepakshi]] indicate that Vitthal and Virupaksha were originally worshiped as Vitthal and Birappa. Kurubas consider Vitthal and Birappa as brothers and worship them as inseparable companions. Dhere further looks at the sculptures on the various temples constructed by the Sangamas, where all the sculptures of human beings are dressed as Kurubas, indicating the family that built those temples.<ref name="Dhere">{{cite book|author-link=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|pages=241–245|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648}}</ref>

Aiyangar opines that since the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] collapsed about 20 years before the demise of [[Veera Ballala III]] of Hoysala Empire in 1342 CE, and [[Hampi|Hosapattana]] was established as a second capital by Veera Ballala III (which eventually became the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire) it would be impossible for Harihara, the founder of fledgling empire to attain such a high position in a short time without having close ties to Hoysala Empire.<ref name="swami_aiyengar">{{Cite book|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|last=Aiyangar|first=S. Krishnaswami|publisher=HardPress Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1313440158|pages=171}}</ref>

The Vijayanagara kings make their first appearance as Mahamandalesvaras from the year A. D. 1336 under Hoysalas, to believe that they were the feudatories of Ballala. As stated before Balappa-dannayaka, the nephew ot Ballala was the son-in-law ot Harihara 1. It is therefore probable that Ballala brought about this connection and instituted the Vijayanagara chiefs In the fort of Vijayanagara, for the defence of the northern frontiers.{{sfn|Coelho|p=262}} Ballala, having given over the protection of his northern territories into the hands of Harihara and his brother, he directed his attention to the south,{{sfn|Coelho|p=263}} Ferishta says, a new fort was raised in the northern frontiers of Ballala's dominions carried by the name of Beejanuggur (Vijayanagara) after his son Beeja. Ballala had a son by the name of Vira Virupaksha Ballala Deva. One inscription in the Yedatore Taiuk informs us that Ballala had a son named Hampe-Vodeyar. Hampe is still the name of the site of Vijayanagara. Hampe-Vodeyar may be the same as VIra-Virupaksha Ballala. Ballala was residing at a new residence called Viru-pakshapattana or Virupaksha-Hosadurga; evidently a derivation of his son's name. As mentioned; eviousiy Rice has identified this latter place with Hosadurga in Chitradroog District. Fr. Heras has, however, identified it with the city of Vijayanagara, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Ferishta probably heard that the city was named after Ballala's son and hence deduced his name “Beeja" from the then current name of the city.{{sfn|Coelho|p=260}} An inscription of A. D. 1380 gives the name of Virupaksha to the city of Vijayanagara. The temple of Virupaksha in that city indicates the original name. Virupaksha was also known as Hosadurga. Vijaya was not a new name to the Hoysalas. Ballala II is said to have made a fort called Vijayagir and once he was residing at Vijayapura or Hallavur. In A. D. 1354 Bukka I is said to have been residing at Hosapattana. All this epigraphical evidence may easily lead one to identify Virupaksha or Hosadurga with Vijayanagara. An inscription dated A. D. 1378 gives the description of the new town Hosapattana, which is the same as that of Vijayanagara "There, with the Tuhgabhadra as his foot-stool, and Hemakuta as his throne, he (Bukka) was seated like Virupaksha for the protection of the people of the earth” Vijayanagara is on the Tuhgabhadra, Hemakuta a hill in it, and Virupaksha its god.{{sfn|Coelho|p=261}} Thus the Vijayanagara empire was founded by the Hoysala and its chieftains.

==Telugu origin theory==

Historians such as Robert Sewell, Dallapiccola, M.H. Ramasarma, Y. Subbarayalu, N. Venkataramanayya and B. Suryanarain Rao have attested the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] origin of [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Sewell 23">{{cite book |last=Sewell|first=Robert |date=1900-12-29 |title= A Forgotten Empire: (Vijayanagar) a Contribution to the History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDOZ6A4HRz0C |publisher= S. Sonnenschein & Company, Limited|page=23 |isbn=9780716521372 }}</ref><ref name="Row 1993 25–27">{{cite book |last=Row |first= Suryanarain |year=1993 |title=A History of Vijayanagar: The Never to be Forgotten Empire, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUl1PFJAOoAC&dq=vijayanagara+kuruba&pg=RA1-PA25 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=25–27 |isbn=9788120608603}}</ref><ref>Rubies, J. P., Travel and Ethnology in Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes (1250–1625), 2000, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, {{ISBN|0-521-77055-6}}</ref><ref>H. Kulke, "Reflections on the historiography of early Vijayanagara and Sringeri", in: ''Vijayanagara: City and Empire, Vol I'', 1985, by A. Dallapiccola and S. Z. Ave, Stuttgart, pp. 120–143</ref> According to British traveler Francis Buchanan (1801), while on a visit to Beidur in Mysore ([[Karnataka]]), he was shown a [[Sanskrit]] book called ''Vidyaranya Sikka'' by a person called Ramappa Varmika. The book mentioned that the founders of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] were Harihara and Bukka, and that they were guards of the treasury of the [[Kakatiya Empire|Kakatiya]] King [[Prataparudra]] of [[Warangal]].<ref>Francis Buchanan, Travels in Southern India, Mysore, vol. III, East India Company, London, 1807, Buchanan, p. 110</ref> The brothers met a spiritual teacher called Vidyaranya, the sage of Sringeri monastery, who guided them to establish the Kingdom of Vijayanagara to safeguard the [[Hindu]] religion. This was in 1336 and Harihara was made first king of the fledgling empire.<ref>J. R. Pantulu, "Krishna Raya or The Story of the Karnatak Kingdom", ''The Quarterly Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society'', Vol. II, Pts. 3 and 4, Rajamundry, 1927, pp. 204–219</ref> [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] considered various such theories and concluded that Harihara and Bukka were treasury officers, in the court of [[Warangal]], the capital of the ([[Kakatiya dynasty]]).<ref name="Sewell 23"/><ref name="Row 1993 25–27"/> [[Mansel Longworth Dames]], a scholar of [[Portuguese language]], in the translation of the ''[[Duarte Barbosa#Book of Duarte Barbosa|Book of Duarte Barbosa]]'' attests that [[Sangama dynasty]] was of [[Kuruba]] origin.<ref>{{cite book|title = Book of Duarte Barbosa| first=Mansel Longworth| last=Dames| year=1918| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189298/page/n293/mode/2up?q=kuruba| page=204}}</ref> The Delhi Sultan who captured and converted the brothers to Islam, sent them back to put down the rebellion of [[Hoysala]] king.<ref>Durga Prasad, [http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf "History of the Andhras"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313210732/http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |date=13 March 2007 }}</ref> They succeeded in suppressing the rebellion but laid foundation of an independent kingdom at the behest of Vidyaranya.<ref>B. Stein, Vijayanagara, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 141, {{ISBN|0-521-26693-9}}</ref>

Historians Venkataramanayya and Ramasarma supported the conclusions of Sewell based on his research and the information provided by the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]] treatises such as ''Vidyaranya Kalajnana'' (in Sanskrit), ''Vidyaranya Vrittanta'', ''Rajakalanirnaya'', ''Piramahasamhiti'' and ''Sivatatva Ratnakara'' (all in [[Kannada]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">N. Venkataramanayya, The Early Muslim expansion in south India, University of Madras Press, Madras, 1942</ref><ref>M. H. Ramasarma, ''The History of the Vijayanagar Empire, Vol. I'', Bombay</ref> According to the scholar Suryanarain Rao, who described seven traditional accounts of the origin of Harihara and Bukka, five were inclined towards a Telugu origin of the founding kings.<ref>History of Vijayanagar: The Never to be Forgotten Empire, Bangalore Suryanarain Row, 1993, Asian Educational Services, p. 23; {{ISBN|81-206-0860-7}}</ref> According to Sreenivasa Rao, the Telugu identity of Hakka and Bukka and their devotion to the goddess Bhuvaneswari is also established.<ref>B. V. Sreenivasa Rao, Notes on Vijayanagara, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQDjAAAAMAAJ&q=bhuvaneswari Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society], Vol. 25, 1958–60, pp. 155–177</ref> According to Subbarayalu, indirect evidences such as the employment of predominantly [[Telugu Nayaks]] ([[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], [[Balija]], [[Boya (caste)|Boya]], [[Velama]] and [[Reddy]] people) for revenue collection throughout the empire also supported their Telugu affinity.<ref>Y. Subbarayalu, "The Revenue System of the Vijayanagara State", ''The Vijayanagara Heritage'', Ed. Ramamurthy J.R, Sri Vidya Vijayanagara Hampi Heritage Trust, Anegondi, Hospet, 1996, pp. 75–80</ref>

According to Gribble, Muslim scholars of the time, such as [[Ziauddin Barani]], Isarni and [[Ferishta]] and foreign visitors such as [[Ibn Batuta]] and Nuniz also recorded that the Sangama brothers were serving King Prataparudra and were taken captive after the fall of [[Warangal]].<ref>J. D. B. Gribble, History of the Deccan, 1896, Luzac and Co., London</ref> According to B.R. Gopal, who based his research on evidence gleaned from inscriptions such as the Gozalavidu record, the founders of Vijayanagara were at first in the service of the last [[Kakatiya Empire|Kakatiya]] king Prataparudra of [[Warangal]]. When that monarch was defeated by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] and taken prisoner, they fled to Kampili and took refuge in the court of [[Kampilideva]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>B. R. Gopal, "The Gozalavidu Inscription of Bukkaraya", ''Journal of the Karnataka University'', Vol. 7, Dharwad, 1971, pp. 174–183</ref> Venkataramanayya states that on the outbreak of a rebellion in Kampili the brothers were sent by Tughlaq with an army to Kampili to reconquer it from the rebels and rule the province as his deputies.<ref>N. Venkataramanayya, "Vijayanagara: Origin of the City and the Empire", ''Bulletin of the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology'', Madras University, Madras, 1931</ref><ref>N. Venkararamanayya, "The Founders of Vijayanagara Before the Foundation of the City", ''Journal of the Oriental Research'', Vol. 12, Pt. 2, Madras, 1938, pp. 221–223</ref><ref>Telugu Vignana Sarvaswamu, Volume 2, History, Telugu University, Hyderabad</ref> According to M. Somesekhara Sarma, they successfully suppressed the rebellion, but under the influence of [[Vidyaranya]] renounced Islam and threw in their lot with the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] nationalists led by [[Musunuri Nayaks]] who had just then succeeded under the leadership of Kaapaya Nayaka in expelling the Muslims and re-establish the national independence.<ref>M. Somasekhara Sarma, ''A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History'', 1945, Andhra University, Waltair</ref> Professor Nilakanta Shastri claims that [[Harihara]] and [[Bukka]] then reverted to their ancient faith and having declared independence, assumed the leadership of the Hindus of Kampili in their fight against the Muslims.<ref>K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and N. Venkataramanayya; ''Further Sources of Vijayanagara History, 1946, Vol. II'', University of Madras, Madras</ref>

According to Venkataramanaya, Kaapaya and Bukka had actively collaborated with each other to ward off the Muslim threat, probably because of their close association in the court of [[Warangal]]. He surmised that the establishment of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kingdom drew inspiration from the successful exploits of [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayak]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==Other theories of origin==
A popular account says that the Hampi region was part of a [[Kampili]] kingdom in the 14th century when large parts of [[north India]] was under Muslim rule. In 1326 AD [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] defeated and killed the king of Kampili. Among those taken prisoner were sons of Sangama, Hakka (Harihara I) and Bukka (Bukka Raya), both treasury officers of Kampili who were forced to convert to Islam. Some years later the brothers were sent back to govern Kampili. In 1336, The brothers laid the foundation of an independent kingdom, denying any subordination to the Tughluqs and became Hindu again.<ref name="Hindu">''Hampi – A Travel Guide'', 2003, p27</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* William Coelho, ''The Hoysala Vamsa'', Digital Library India, (Reprinted 1949)
* M.H. Rama Sharma ''The History Of The Vijayanagara Empire'' (Reprinted 1917)
* Suryanath U. Kamat, ''A Concise History of Karnataka from Pre-historic Times to the Present'', Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
* K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagara'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}
* N. Venkataramanayya, ''The Early Muslim expansion in south India''.
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras Till 1565 A.D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur
* Hampi, A Travel Guide, Department of Tourism, India, Good Earth publication, New Delhi 2003 {{ISBN|81-87780-17-7}}
* Karmarkar, A.P. (1947), ''Cultural History of Karnataka: Ancient and Medieval'', Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad OCLC 8221605
* {{cite web|author=Arthikaje|title=The Vijayanagara empire|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka39.htm|publisher=OurKarnataka.Com|work=History of karnataka|access-date=2006-12-31}}
* Richard M. Eaton, [[The New Cambridge History of India]] – A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-521-25484-1}}
* Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', fourth edition, Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-32919-1}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|title= Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1|orig-year=1897|year=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}
* West, E.W. (1877), History of Bombay Karnataka, Musalman and Maratha A.D. 1300–1818, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras (Reprinted 1989), {{ISBN|978-81-206-0468-1}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100731103941/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]
* [[gutenberg:3310|A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagara): a contribution to the history of India]] (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).''Free Download from Project Gutenberg''

[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:14th century in India]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg
| image_caption = [[Least weasel]] in England
| taxon = Mustela
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''[[Stoat|Mustela erminea]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Missing-toothed pygmy weasel|Mustela aistoodonnivalis]]''
* ''[[Mountain weasel|Mustela altaica]]''
* ''[[Stoat|Mustela erminea]]''
* ''[[Steppe polecat|Mustela eversmannii]]''
* ''[[Mustela frenata]]''
* ''[[Domestic ferret|Mustela furo]]''
* ''[[Haida ermine|Mustela haidarum]]''
* ''[[Japanese weasel|Mustela itatsi]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela jacksoni]]''
* ''[[Yellow-bellied weasel|Mustela kathiah]]''
* ''[[European mink|Mustela lutreola]]''
* ''[[Indonesian mountain weasel|Mustela lutreolina]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela meltoni]]''
* ''[[Mustela mopbie]]''
* ''[[Black-footed ferret|Mustela nigripes]]''
* ''[[Least weasel|Mustela nivalis]]''
* ''[[Malayan weasel|Mustela nudipes]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela ogygia]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela pachygnatha]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela palaeattica]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela palermina]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela plioerminea]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela praenivalis]]''
* ''[[European polecat|Mustela putorius]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela rexroadensis]]''
* ''[[American ermine|Mustela richardsonii]]''
* ''[[Siberian weasel|Mustela sibirica]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Mustela spelaea]]''
* ''[[Back-striped weasel|Mustela strigidorsa]]''
* ''[[Tonkin weasel|Mustela tonkinensis]]''
}}
| range_map = Mustela range.png
| range_map_caption = Combined ''Mustela'' and ''[[Neogale]]'' ranges
}}

'''Weasels''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|iː|z|əl|z}} are [[mammal]]s of the [[genus]] '''''Mustela''''' of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Mustelidae]]. The genus ''Mustela'' includes the [[least weasel]]s, [[polecat]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[ferret]]s, and [[European mink]]. Members of this genus are small, active predators, with long and slender bodies and short legs. The family Mustelidae, or mustelids (which also includes [[badger]]s, [[otter]]s, and [[wolverine]]s), is often referred to as the "weasel family". In Great Britain, the term "weasel" usually refers to the smallest [[species]], the [[least weasel]] (''M. nivalis''),<ref name=SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> the smallest [[carnivora]]n species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valkenburgh|first1=Blaire Van|last2=Wayne|first2=Robert K.|date=2010-11-09|title=Carnivores|journal=Current Biology|volume=20|issue=21|pages=R915–R919|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.013|pmid=21056828|s2cid=235312150|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010CBio...20.R915V }}</ref>

Least weasels vary in length from {{convert|173|to|217|mm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}},<ref name="WeaselSize">{{cite web|url=http://www.mammal.org.uk/species-hub/full-species-hub/full-species-hub-list/species-weasel/|title=The Weasel|publisher=The Mammal Society|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061518/http://www.mammal.org.uk/species-hub/full-species-hub/full-species-hub-list/species-weasel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> females being smaller than the males, and usually have red or brown upper coats and white bellies; some populations of some species [[moult]] to a wholly white coat in winter. They have long, slender bodies, which enable them to follow their prey into burrows. Their tails may be from {{convert|34|to|52|mm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="WeaselSize" />

Weasels feed on small mammals and have from time to time been considered [[vermin]] because some species took [[poultry]] from farms or [[rabbit]]s from commercial warrens. They do, on the other hand, eat large numbers of [[rodent]]s. Their range spans [[Europe]], [[North America]], much of [[Asia]], and small areas in [[North Africa]].

==Terminology==
The English word "weasel" was originally applied to one [[species]] of the [[genus]], the European form of the [[least weasel]] (''Mustela nivalis''). This usage is retained in [[British English]], where the name is also extended to cover several other small species of the genus. However, in technical discourse and in American usage, the term "weasel" can refer to any member of the genus, the genus as a whole, and even to members of the related genus ''[[Neogale]]''. Of the 16 extant species currently classified in the genus ''Mustela'', 10 have "weasel" in their common names. Among those that do not are the three species of ermine,{{refn|group="*"|These three species are ''Mustela erminea'', (the [[Eurasian ermine]] or stoat); ''M. haidarum'', (the [[Haida ermine]]); and ''M. richardsonii'', (the [[American ermine]]).}} the [[polecat]]s, the [[ferret]], and the [[European mink]].<ref name="NHoWaS"/>{{rp|12}}

The [[American mink]] and the extinct [[sea mink]] were commonly included in this genus as ''Mustela vison'' and ''Mustela macrodon'', respectively, but in 1999 they were moved to the genus ''[[Neovison]]''.<ref>Abramov, A.V. 1999. A taxonomic review of the genus ''Mustela'' (Mammalia, Carnivora). ''Zoosystematica Rossica'', '''8'''(2): 357-364</ref> In 2021, both ''Neovison'' species, along with the [[long-tailed weasel]] (''Mustela frenata''), [[Amazon weasel]] (''Mustela africana'') and [[Colombian weasel]] (''Mustela felipei'') were moved to the genus ''[[Neogale]]'', as the clade containing these five species was found to be fully distinct from ''Mustela''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Bruce D.|last2=Ramírez-Chaves|first2=Héctor E.|last3=Vilela|first3=Júlio F.|last4=Soares|first4=André E. R.|last5=Grewe|first5=Felix|year=2021|title=On the nomenclature of the American clade of weasels (Carnivora: Mustelidae)|journal=Journal of Animal Diversity|volume=3|issue=2|pages=1–8 |doi=10.52547/JAD.2021.3.2.1|s2cid=236299740 |issn=2676-685X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Taxonomy ===
The genus name ''Mustela'' comes from the Latin word for weasel combining the words ''mus'' meaning "mouse" and ''telum'' meaning "javelin" for its long body.<ref name="NHoWaS">{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Carolyn M. |last2=Powell |first2=Roger A. |title=The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats: Ecology, Behavior, and Management |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804113-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ae9c7GO_cUC |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|3}}

==Species==
The following information is according to the [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] and [[American Society of Mammalogists|MammalDiversity]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Subgenus
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
| rowspan="7" |''Mustela''
|[[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela altaica'' {{small|Pallas, 1811}} || [[Mountain weasel]] ||[[Northern Asia|Northern]] and [[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
|-
| ||''Mustela aistoodonnivalis'' {{small|Wu & Kao, 1991}} || [[Missing-toothed pygmy weasel]] || [[Shaanxi]] and [[Sichuan]], [[China]]
|-
|[[File:Mustela erminea upright2.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela erminea'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} || [[Stoat]], Beringian ermine, Eurasian ermine, or short-tailed weasel || Europe and Northern Asia Arctic [[Canada]] and [[Alaska]] (United States) Southern Asia (non-native) New Zealand (non-native)
|-
|[[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|frameless|121x121px]]
|''Mustela haidarum'' Preble, 1898
|[[Haida ermine]]
|[[Haida Gwaii]] ([[British Columbia]], Canada) and [[Alexander Archipelago]] (Alaska, United States)
|-
|[[File:Yellow bellied weasel, Shillong, India.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela kathiah'' {{small|Hodgson, 1835}} || [[Yellow-bellied weasel]] || Southern Asia
|-
|[[File:Mustela_nivalis_-British_Wildlife_Centre-4.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela nivalis'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}} || [[Least weasel]] || Europe, [[Barbary Coast|North Africa]] and Northern Asia North America Southern Asia (non-native) New Zealand (non-native)
|-
|[[File:Ermine- Bacon Fiend (14083889879).jpg|frameless|124x124px]]
|''Mustela richardsonii'' Bonaparte, 1838
|[[American ermine]]
|Most of North America south of Alaska and the Arctic Circle; eastern Nunavut and Baffin Island
|-
| rowspan="6" |''Lutreola''
|[[File:Mustela itatsi on tree.JPG|120px]] ||''Mustela itatsi'' {{small|Temminck, 1844}} || [[Japanese weasel]] ||Japan and formerly [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Island]], Russia
|-
|[[File:Mink1.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela lutreola'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1761)}} || [[European mink]] || Europe
|-
| ||''Mustela lutreolina'' {{small|Robinson and Thomas, 1917}} || [[Indonesian mountain weasel]] || Southeastern Asia
|-
| ||''Mustela nudipes'' {{small|Desmarest, 1822}} || [[Malayan weasel]]|| Southeastern Asia
|-
|[[File:Siberian Weasel Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 14.05.2016.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela sibirica'' {{small|Pallas, 1773}} || [[Siberian weasel]] || Europe and Northern Asia Southern Asia
|-
|[[File:Mustela strigidorsa.gif|120px]] ||''Mustela strigidorsa'' {{small|Gray, 1855}} || [[Back-striped weasel]] || Southern Asia
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Putorius]]''
|[[File:Wild steppe polecat.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela eversmanii'' {{small|(Lesson, 1827)}} || [[Steppe polecat]] || Southeast Europe and Northern Asia Southern Asia
|-
|[[File:Ferret 2008.png|frameless|120x120px]]
|''Mustela furo'' Linnaeus, 1758
|[[Ferret|Domestic ferret]]
|Domestic
Worldwide (domesticated); New Zealand (non-native)
|-
|[[File:Polecat in denmark.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela putorius'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} || [[European polecat]]|| Europe, [[Atlas Mountains|North Africa]] and Northern Asia
|-
|[[File:Mustela nigripes 2.jpg|120px]] ||''Mustela nigripes'' {{small|(Audubon and Bachman, 1851)}} ||[[Black-footed ferret]] || North America
|}
1 Europe and Northern Asia division excludes China.

==Cultural meanings==
{{main|Cultural depictions of weasels}}
Weasels have been assigned a variety of cultural meanings.

In [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]], a weasel near one's house is a sign of bad luck, even evil, "especially if there is in the household a girl about to be married", since the animal (based on its Greek etymology) was thought to be an unhappy bride who was transformed into a weasel<ref name=lawson>{{cite book|last=Lawson|first=John Cuthbert|title=Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6ghAB1AJR8C&pg=PA327|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=978-1-107-67703-6|pages=327–28}}</ref> and consequently delights in destroying wedding dresses.<ref name=abbott/> In [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], however, weasels are generally seen as an omen of good fortune.<ref name=lawson/><ref name=abbott>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=George Frederick|title=Macedonian folklore|url=https://archive.org/details/macedonianfolklo00abborich|access-date=13 February 2012|year=1903|publisher=Cambridge UP|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macedonianfolklo00abborich/page/108 108]–109}}</ref>

In [[Early modern Europe|early-modern]] [[Mecklenburg]], Germany, amulets from weasels were deemed to have strong magic; the period between 15 August and 8 September was specifically designated for the killing of weasels.<ref name=Thomas1900/>{{rp|255}}

In [[Montagne Noire]] (France), [[Ruthenia]], and the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] culture of the [[Wends]], weasels were not meant to be killed.<ref name=Thomas1900>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=N.W.|date=September 1900|title=Animal Superstitions and Totemism|journal=[[Folklore Society|Folk-lore]]|volume=11|issue=3|pages=228–67|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1900.9719953|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1810352|jstor=1253113}}</ref>

According to [[Daniel Defoe]] also, meeting a weasel is a bad omen.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hazlitt|first1=William Carew|last2=Brand|first2=John|title=Faiths and folklore: a dictionary of national beliefs, superstitions and popular customs, past and current, with their classical and foreign analogues, described and illustrated|url=https://archive.org/details/faithsandfolklo00hazlgoog|access-date=13 February 2012|year=1905|publisher=Reeves and Turner|page=[https://archive.org/details/faithsandfolklo00hazlgoog/page/n296 622]}}</ref> In English-speaking areas, weasel can be an insult, noun or verb, for someone regarded as sneaky, conniving or untrustworthy. Similarly, "[[weasel words]]" is a critical term for words or phrasing that are vague, misleading or equivocal.

===Japanese superstitions===
[[File:Ten-Japanese-Marten-from-Gazu-Hyakki-Yagyo-by-Sekien.png|right|thumb|180px|"Ten" from the [[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]] by [[Sekien Toriyama]]]]
[[File:Mustela sibirica201602-02.jpg|180px|thumb|Japanese weasel]]

In Japan, {{nihongo|weasels|鼬、鼬鼠|itachi}} were seen as ''[[yōkai]]'' (causing strange occurrences). According to the encyclopedia ''[[Wakan Sansai Zue]]'' from the [[Edo period]], a pack of weasels would cause conflagrations, and the cry of a weasel was considered a harbinger of misfortune. In the [[Niigata Prefecture]], the sound of a pack of weasels making a rustle resembled six people hulling rice, so was called the "weasel's six-person mortar", and it was an omen for one's home to decline or flourish. It is said that when people chase after this sound, the sound stops.<ref name="yokaijiten">村上健司編著『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、36頁。{{ISBN|978-4-6203-1428-0}}。</ref>

They are also said to shapeshift like the fox (''[[kitsune]]'') or ''[[Japanese raccoon dog|tanuki]]'', and the ''[[nyūdō-bōzu]]'' told about in legends in the [[Tōhoku region]] and the [[Chūbu region]] are considered weasels in disguise, and they are also said to shapeshift into ''[[ōnyūdō]]'' and little monks.<ref name="yokaijiten" />

In the collection of depictions ''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]'' by [[Sekien Toriyama]], they were depicted under the title 鼬, but they were read not as "''itachi''", but rather as "[[Japanese marten|''ten'']]",<ref>高田衛監修稲田篤信・田中直日編『鳥山石燕画図百鬼夜行』国書刊行会、1992年、50頁。{{ISBN|978-4-336-03386-4}}。</ref> and "ten" were considered to be weasels that have reached one hundred years of age and became yōkai that possessed supernatural powers.<ref>少年社・中村友紀夫・武田えり子編『妖怪の本異界の闇に蠢く百鬼夜行の伝説』学習研究社〈New sight mook〉、1999年、123頁。{{ISBN|978-4-05-602048-9}}。</ref> Another theory is that when weasels reach several hundred years of age, they become ''[[mujina]]'' ([[Japanese badger]]s).<ref>草野巧『幻想動物事典』新紀元社、1997年、30頁。{{ISBN|978-4-88317-283-2}}。</ref>

In Japanese, weasels are called {{Nihongo|''iizuna'' or ''izuna''|飯綱}} and in the [[Tōhoku Region]] and [[Shinano Province|Shinshu]], it was believed that there were families that were able to use a certain practice to freely use ''[[kudagitsune]]'' as ''iizuna-tsukai'' or ''kitsune-mochi''. It is said that [[Mount Iizuna]], from the [[Nagano Prefecture]], got its name due to how the gods gave people mastery of this technique from there.<ref name="koj2">『広辞苑第4版』(1991年)、岩波書店「いづなつかい【飯綱使・飯縄遣】」の項</ref>

According to the [[folklore studies|folklorist]] [[Mutō Tetsujō]], "They are called ''izuna'' in the [[Senboku District, Akita|Senboku District]],{{refn|group="*"|However, in the Senboku District, especially in {{nihongo|Obonai village|生保内村}}, they are called ''okojo''.<ref name="muto-042"/>}} [[Akita Prefecture]], and there are also the ichiko ([[itako]]) that use them."<ref name="muto-042">{{citation|last=武藤|first=鉄城|title=秋田郡邑魚譚|journal=アチックミユーゼアム彙報|volume=45|year=1940|url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1461537/189|pages=41–42|quote=北秋田ではモウスケと称して狐より怖がられ、仙北地方ではイヅナと称し、それを使う巫女(エチコ)もある。学名コエゾイタチを、此の付近..〔生保内村〕では..オコジョと云ふ(田口耕之助氏)}}。</ref> Also, in the [[Kitaakita District, Akita|Kitaakita District]], they are called'' mōsuke'' (猛助), and they are feared as ''yōkai'' even more than foxes (''[[kitsune]]'').<ref name="muto-042"/>

In the [[Ainu language]], ermines are called ''upas-čironnup'' or ''sáčiri'', but since least weasels are also called ''sáčiri'', [[Mashio Chiri]] surmised that the honorary title ''poy-sáčiri-kamuy'' (where ''poy'' means "small") refers to least weasels.<ref>{{citation|last=知里|first=真志保 (Chiri, Mashiho)|title=アイヌ語獣名集 (On the names of the mammals of the Ainu language)|journal=北海道大學文學部紀要 = The Annual Reports on Cultural Science|date=30 March 1959|url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/33244/1/7_PL150-121.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/33244/1/7_PL150-121.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|issn=0437-6668|page=141}}</ref>

====''Kamaitachi''====
{{Main|Kamaitachi}}

''[[Kamaitachi]]'' is a phenomenon wherein one who is idle is suddenly injured as if his or her skin were cut by a scythe. In the past, this was thought to be "the deed of an invisible ''yōkai'' weasel". An alternate theory, asserts that ''kamaitachi'' is derived from {{Nihongo|''kamae Tachi''|構え太刀||"stance sword"}}, so were not originally related to weasels at all.<ref name="shokoku">{{Cite book|author=人文社編集部|title=諸国怪談奇談集成江戸諸国百物語東日本編|year=2005|publisher=人文社|series=ものしりシリーズ|isbn=978-4-7959-1955-6|page=104}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{portal-inline|Mammals}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=*}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Nowak, Ronald M., and Ernest P. Walker. ''Walker's Carnivores of the World''. Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2005. {{ISBN|0-8018-8033-5}}, {{ISBN|0-8018-8032-7}}.
* [https://archive.org/stream/synopsisofweasel00merriala/synopsisofweasel00merriala_djvu.txt C. Hart Merriam, ''Synopsis of the Weasels of North America'', Washington, Government Printing Office, 1896].
* {{cite news | first=Natalie | last=Angier | title=Weasels Are Built for the Hunt | work=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/science/weasels-are-built-for-the-hunt.html | date=13 June 2016 | access-date=15 June 2016}}

==External links==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|weasel}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Mustela}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Mustela}}

{{Weasels}}
{{Carnivora|M.}}
{{Musteloidea|Mae.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28521}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Weasels| ]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Europe]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of North America]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of South America]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Yōkai]]

Nilgiris district

2026-01-22T03:33:46Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: minor cleanup

{{Short description|District in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|district of Tamil Nadu|town of Baleswar, Odisha|Nilagiri}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nilgiris district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1b = Telescope House in Doddabetta Peak - Ooty,Tamil Nadu.JPG
|photo2a = Front Left Stephens Church Ooty Jun22 A7C 02007.jpg
|photo2b = Gudalur, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu DSC00634.JPG
|photo3a = Landscape of Masinagudi Tamil Nadu India.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Telescope House on [[Doddabetta]], tea estate near [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]], [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai Tiger Reserve]], [[St. Stephen's Church, Ooty|St. Stephen's Church]], [[Ooty]]
| nickname =
| image_map = Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.4|N|76.7|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN-TN_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name4 = 
| established_title = Established
| established_date = February 1882
| founder =
| named_for = [[Nilgiri Mountains]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Udhagamandalam]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Udhagamandalam]], [[Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri]], [[Kundah taluk|Kundah]], [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]], [[Pandalur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Collector & District Magistrate
| leader_name1 = Lakshmi Bhavya Thaneeru, ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title2 = Superintendent of Police
| leader_name2 = N S Nisha, ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
| leader_title3 =District Forest Officer
| leader_name3 = S Gowtham, ([[Indian Forest Service|IFS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2,565
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1,800
| population_total = 735,394
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web
|title=2011 Census of India
|date=16 April 2011
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tamilnadu.html
|publisher=Indian government
|format=Excel}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_title2 = Minority
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 643xxx
| area_code = +91-0423
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|]]
| registration_plate = TN-43(Ooty),TN-43Z(Gudalur)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|3520.8|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|http://nilgiris.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]]<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = Largest town
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Udhagamandalam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = M-49.6%/F-50.4% [[male|?]]/[[female|?]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 80.01%%
| blank5_name_sec1 = Legislature type
| blank5_info_sec1 = elected
| blank6_name_sec1 = Legislature Strength
| blank6_info_sec1 = 3
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = 
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{Convert|15|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{Convert|20|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{Convert|10|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Nīlgiris district''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iːlɐɡiɾi|lang}}) is one of the 38 [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]] in the [[South India|southern Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. '''Nīlagiri''' ({{Lit|Blue Mountains}}) is the name given to a range of mountains spread across the borders among the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. The [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri Hills]] are part of a larger [[mountain chain]] known as the [[Western Ghats]]. Their highest point is the mountain of [[Doddabetta]], height 2,637 m. The district is contained mainly within the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] range. The administrative headquarters is located at [[Ooty]] (Ootacamund or Udhagamandalam). The district is bounded by [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] to the south, [[Erode district|Erode]] to the east, and [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajnagar]] district of [[Karnataka]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district of [[Kerala]] to the north. As it is located at the junction of three states, namely, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, significant [[Malayali]] and [[Kannadiga]] populations reside in the district.<ref>{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, The Nilgiris|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|location=Chennai|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3310_PART_A_DCHB_THE%20NILGIRIS.pdf}}</ref> Nilgiris district is known for natural mines of [[Gold]], which is also seen in the other parts of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] extended in the neighbouring states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] too.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The clandestine gold diggers of the Nilgiris|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-clandestine-gold-diggers-of-the-nilgiris/article23037081.ece|last=Premkumar|first=Rohan|date=10 March 2018|access-date=4 June 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Nilgiris district ranked first in a comprehensive Economic Environment index ranking districts in Tamil Nadu (except [[Chennai district]]) prepared by the [[Institute for Financial Management and Research]] in August 2009.<ref name="2011census" /> [[Tea]] and [[coffee]] [[plantation]]s have been important to its economy. As of 2011, the Nilgiris district had a population of 735,394, with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males.

==History==
The history of peoples settled in the Nilgiri hills has been recorded for several centuries. The Blue Mountains were likely named for the widespread blue [[Strobilanthes kunthiana|Strobilanthes flower]] or the smoky haze enveloping the area.

This area was long occupied by the indigenous [[Tribe|tribal]] peoples of the [[Toda people|Toda]], [[Kota people (India)|Kota]], [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumba]], [[Irula people|Irula]] and [[Badagas]]. The [[Badagas]] were also indigenous to the district but were never a tribal group. [[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups]] PVTGs, the dominant land owners of the tribal district. The lower [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] plateau in the west of the district had a different tribal population namely [[Kattunayakan|Kattunaika]] and [[Paniya people|Paniya]]. The Todas and Kota, who are similar in culture, language and genetic ancestry, were settled across the fringes of the Nilgiri plateau, as sentries to the Central district. They were the ancient agriculturists in the district, cultivating traditional crops such as [[Panicum sumatrense|samai]], vathm,{{which lang|date=May 2021}} [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]]. Under British influence they cultivated English vegetables and later moved on to tea.

Unlike elsewhere in the country, no historical evidence is found of a state on the Nilgiris or that it was part of any ancient kingdom or empire. It seems always to have been a tribal land. The Toda had small hamlets ("mund") across most of the plateau. The Kota lived in seven dispersed villages ("kokal"). The Toda had only a few hamlets on the lower Wynaad plateau and in the nearby [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiriranga hills]].

These Indigenous tribes of Nilgiris speak some form of dravidian language.<ref>{{cite web |title=tribes of nilgiri |jstor=25754900 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25754900}}</ref>

Since the turn of the 21st century, the Badaga have numbered about 135,000 (18% of the district population), the Toda are barely 1,500 and the Kota just over 2,000.
[[File:Malabar 1854.jpg|left|thumbnail|An old map of [[Malabar District]] (1854). Note that the taluks [[Pandalur taluk|Pandalur]], [[Gudalur taluk|Gudalur]], and [[Kundah taluk|Kundah]] in present-day Nilgiris district were parts of [[Wayanad]] Taluk in 1854. The [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni | year=1983
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Wayanad District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5755/1/29610_1981_WAY.pdf
}}</ref>]]
Beginning in 1819, the British colonial administration developed the hills rapidly and peaceably, for use as coffee and tea plantations, and summer residences. The 40 mud-forts in the area had been abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hockings, Paul|year=2013|title=So Long a Saga: Four Centuries of Badaga Social History|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=51–67|isbn=978-93-5098-018-7}}</ref> During the [[British Raj|British Raj]]], Ooty (the popular name for Ootacamund) served as the [[summer capital]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] from 1870 onwards. District Gazetteers published by the government (1880, 1908, 1995) were reliable reports on the district, its economy, demography and culture. They with the support of political parties inimical to the natives of Nilgiris have been superseded by the ''Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills'' (2012)<ref>{{cite book | isbn=978-8173048937 | title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills: A-K | last1=Hockings | first1=Paul | year=2012 | publisher=Manohar Publications & Distributors }}</ref> authored by California-based researcher [[Paul Hockings]], who has been studying the Badagas for over sixty years.
[[File:EucalyptusNilgiris.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A 1917 photo of ''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'' (blue gum) plantation]]

According to a 1996 bibliography of publications of this district,<ref>{{cite book|author=Hockings, Paul|year=1996|title=Bibliographie générale sur les monts Nilgiri de l'Inde du sud 1603-1996|place=Bordeaux|publisher=Dymset|isbn=2-906621-27-7}}</ref> it is probably the most heavily studied rural area anywhere in India, with close to 7,000 items in that list. It has been the subject of more than 120 doctoral and master's theses in the natural and human sciences. Indian and foreign scholars wrote these works, and only recently have local people published work about it.

More than a dozen languages are spoken in the Nilgiris, but the indigenous people did not write or read them. After 1847 German and Swiss missionaries opened schools for boys and girls in some Badaga villages, teaching them literacy. Ten Dravidian languages are found only here, and they have been studied in great detail for decades by professional linguists. Local place names are derived mainly from the dominant [[Badaga language]], for example, [[Doddabetta]], [[Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri]], [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudaluru]], Kunda, etc. [[Ooty|Ootacamund]] is of Toda origin, and Udagamandalam is a very recent [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] version of this place.

Before British-owned tea and coffee plantations were developed, the dominant landholders were the Badaga. A great deal of linguistic and other cultural evidence<ref>{{citation|author=Hockings, Paul|year=2013|title=So Long a Saga: Four centuries of Badaga Social history|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=13–29}}</ref>—based on unauthentic interpretation of ballads and stories collected from unverifiable individuals—indicates erroneously with a malicious intent that the Badaga non scheduled tribes have lived in nilgiris thousands and thousands of years ago. Supposedly unnamed Badaga elders have regularly recounted these baseless facts as oral history and cannot be relied upon. Though their language is very close to [[Kannada]], it is a mixture of almost all Dravidian languages and yet unique. The migration theory is now totally rejected by educated Badagas,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.badugaa.com/ |title=Home |website=badugaa.com}}</ref> as admittedly the land holdings of the district majorly indicates the Badagas as owners in almost all Taluks of the district. This land is the major resource amongst the Badagas, which even today most Badagas are ignorant about. The Badagas did not find any representation in independent India's Constituent Assembly; to deprive the unlettered Badaga of their land it was intentionally left out of the tribal list post independence. The result of this socio-economic engineering seems to be bearing fruit for the perpetrators of such engineering.

The district has been intentionally underdeveloped as it is bereft of quality [[Health facility|healthcare facilities]], [[University|universities]], environment-friendly industries, affordable quality [[higher education]] and basic [[infrastructure]]. This underdevelopment has ensured the Badagas need to go outside the district to survive. Certain vested interest have invested in researchers to bring about half-truths about the Badagas. Sadly, these half-truths are being relied on by the regime to deny the Badagas their rightful livelihood. During the early 17th century, the first European is recorded as entering the Nilgiri Hills, an Italian priest/explorer named Fenicio. He interviewed people who identified as Toda and Badega, the latter occupying three villages at that time.<ref>{{cite book|year=2012|article=Fenicio, Giacomo, S.J.|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=314–321|isbn=978-81-7304-893-7}}</ref> The British in India mostly ignored the Ghats for two centuries. [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], later the [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]], conducted a short military operation in the [[Wayanad district|Wynaad]] in 1800.

During 1804–1818 several [[East India Company]] personnel briefly visited parts of the district.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|chapter=History|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|page=422}}</ref> [[John Sullivan (British governor)|John Sullivan]], then the collector of [[Coimbatore]], just south of the Nilgiris, sent two surveyors (W. Keys and C. McMahon) to make a comprehensive study of the hills. They reached the site of Ootacamund, but failed to see the complete plateau. In 1812 they were the first British to make a cursory survey of the Nilgiri plateau and produce a map. A more detailed exploration was done in the 1818 survey by J.C. Whish, N.W. Kindersley and Mohammed Rifash Obaidullah for the Madras Civil Service, who reported back that they had discovered "the existence of a tableland possessing a European climate."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|article=Whish, John Clinton, and Nathaniel William Kindersley|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=989, 991}}</ref>

Collector Sullivan became the first European resident the next year, when he built a seasonal residence on the plateau. He reported to the Madras Government on the mildness of the climate.<ref>{{citation|editor=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|article=Sullivan, John|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=881–888}}</ref> Europeans soon started settling here or using the plateau as a summer resort and homes for retirees. In 1870 the practice began of key government personnel moving to the hills to conduct business during summer months in this more temperate climate. By the end of the 19th century, the hills were completely accessible, as several Ghat roads and the railway line had been constructed.

In the later 19th century, when the British [[Straits Settlements|Straits Settlement]] shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, some of these men were settled on the Nilgiri plateau near [[Naduvattam, Nilgiris|Naduvattam]]. They married [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Paraiyar|Paraiyan]] women and had children with them. One Chinese gardener was critical to the district's future, for he worked with [[Margaret Bushby Lascelles Cockburn|Margaret B. L. Cockburn in Aruvenu]], near Kotagiri, to develop Allport's, the first Nilgiri [[tea]] plantation, which started operations in 1863. Her father, Montague D. Cockburn, had opened the first [[coffee]] plantation there soon after 1830.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mulley, Philip K.|year=2012|chapter=Cockburn Family|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=213–214}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
[[File:Perumal's Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Perumal Peak|Perumal's Peak]], a dormant volcano]]
The district has an area of 2,552.50 km2.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noble, William, & Paul Hockings|year=2012|chapter=Nilgiri Hills|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=646–648}}</ref> The district is basically hilly, lying at an elevation of 1,000 to 2,600 metres above MSL, and divided between the Nilgiri plateau and the lower, smaller Wayanad plateau. The district lies at the juncture of the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Eastern Ghats]]. Its latitudinal and longitudinal location is 130 km (Latitude: 11°12 N to 11°37 N) by 185 km (Longitude : 76°30 E to 76°55 E). The district is bounded by [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] to the south, [[Erode district|Erode]] to the east, [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajnagar]] district of [[Karnataka]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district of [[Kerala]] to the north, and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district of [[Kerala]] to the west. In this district the [[topography]] is rolling, with steep escarpments; about 60% of the cultivable land is slopes ranging from 16° to 35°. The rolling hills of the Downs look quite similar to [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] in [[southern England]], and were formerly used for such activities as [[hunting]] and [[picnicking]].

[[File:Nilgiri Hills.jpg|thumb|right|The Nilgiris was preferred by the British for its moderate 'English-like' climate.]]

The elevation of the Nilgiris results in a much cooler and wetter climate than the surrounding plains, so the area is popular as a comfortable retreat and is good for tea cultivation. During summer the temperature reaches a maximum of {{convert|25|C}} and a minimum of {{convert|10|C}}. During winter the temperature maximum is {{convert|20|C}} and the minimum {{convert|0|C}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noble, William A.|year=2012|chapter=Climate|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=208–211}}</ref> The district regularly receives rain during both the Southwest [[Monsoon]] and the Northeast Monsoon. The entire Gudalur and Pandalur, Kundah Taluks and parts of Udhagamandalam Taluk get rain from the Southwest Monsoon, while part of Udhagamandalam Taluk and the entire Coonoor and Kotagiri Taluks get rains of the Northeast Monsoon. There are 16 rainfall-registering stations in the district, and the average annual rainfall of the district is 1,920.80 mm.

The principal town of the area is Ootacamund, also known as [[Ooty]] or Udhagamandalam, the district headquarters. It has several buildings designed in the British style, particularly the churches, many of which were designed by architect [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert F. Chisholm]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|article=Chisholm, Robert Fellowes|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=189–190}}</ref>

==District administration==
[[File:Nilgiris district map 1953 with legend.jpg|thumb|1953 US Army map of Nilgiris district with district outline shown in yellow, scale 1:250,000]]

The Nilgiris district has been headed by a government-appointed Collector since 1868. The first was James W. Breeks, who was called Commissioner. Since then there have been more than 100 men and women who have held the post. They were responsible for overseeing the various Departments active within the district.

The district comprises three revenue divisions and six taluks. The revenue divisions are: Uhagamandalam, Coonoor and Gudalur. The taluks are: [[Udagamandalam taluk|Udhagamandalam (Ooty/Ootacamund)]], [[Kundah taluk|Kundah]], [[Coonoor taluk|Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri taluk|Kotagiri]], [[Gudalur taluk|Gudalur]] and [[Pandalur taluk|Pandalur]].

The district consists of 56 revenue villages and 15 revenue firkas.{{which lang|date=May 2021}} For local concerns, the Nilgiris also has 35 village panchayats, 10 town panchayats and 5 municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/|title=Home: District of The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India|access-date=29 September 2004|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092514/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Coonoor Revenue Division:'''
* [[Kotagiri taluk]]
* [[Coonoor taluk]]

'''Udhagamandalam Revenue Division:'''
* [[Udagamandalam taluk|Udhagamandalam taluk]]
* [[Kundah taluk]]

'''Gudalur Revenue Division:'''
*[[Gudalur taluk]]
* [[Pandalur taluk]]

===Local administration===
For local administration, the district is divided into:
* 4 [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] unions: [[Udagamandalam block|Udhagamandalam]], [[Coonoor block|Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri block|Kotagiri]] and [[Gudalur block|Gudalur]]
* 5 municipalities: [[Ooty|Udagamandalam]] ([[Ootty]]), [[Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri]], [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] and [[Nelliyalam]]
* 1 [[Cantonment|cantonment board]]: [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]
* 10 [[Town Panchayat|town panchayats]]: [[Kilkunda|Kil Kundah]], [[Jagathala]], [[Adikaratti]], [[Kethi]], [[Huligal]], [[Bikketti]], [[Naduvattam]], [[Sholur]], [[Devarshola]], [[O' Valley]]
* 1 township: [[Aruvankadu]]

'''Blocks and Revenue Taluks:'''
* [[Kotagiri block|Kotagiri Block]] comprises the taluk of Kotagiri.
* [[Coonoor block|Coonoor Block]] comprises the taluk of Coonoor.
* [[Udagamandalam block|Udhagamandalam Block]] comprises the taluks of Udhagamandalam and Kundah.
* [[Gudalur block|Gudalur Block]] comprises the taluks of Gudalur and Pandalur.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,12,882|13=1911|14=1,18,618|15=1921|16=1,26,519|17=1931|18=1,69,330|19=1941|20=2,09,709|21=1951|22=3,11,729|23=1961|24=4,09,308|25=1971|26=4,94,015|27=1981|28=6,30,169|29=1991|30=7,10,214|31=2001|32=7,62,141|33=2011|34=7,35,394|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the Nilgiris district had a population of 735,394 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929 females. 59.24% of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 66,799 people were under the age of six, 33,648 males and 33,151 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 32.08% and 4.46% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the district was 77.46%, as compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 197,653 households. There were a total of 349,974 workers, comprising 14,592 cultivators, 71,738 agricultural labourers, 3,019 in household industries, 229,575 other workers, 31,050 marginal workers, 1,053 marginal cultivators, 7,362 marginal agricultural labourers, 876 marginal workers in household industries and 21,759 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Nilgiris district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688629|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>
Anthropologists, who have worked intensively in this district for the past 140 years, recognise 15 tribes living here. Their origins are uncertain as there were no written records about them. The best-known of these are the [[Toda people|Toda]] and [[Kota people (India)|Kota]], whose related cultures are based on pastoral management of the [[Water buffalo|buffalo]], with its dairy products being the basis of their diets. They have developed highly refined red, black and white embroidered [[shawl]]s, and silver [[jewellery]], which are GI-registered and much sought after.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rivers, W.H.R.|year=1906|title=The Todas|place=London|publisher=Macmillan}}{{cite book|author=Walker, Anthony R.|year=1986|title=The Toda of South India: a new look|place=New Delhi|publisher=Hindustan Publishing}} {{cite book|author=Wolf, Richard K.|year=2005|title=The Black Cow's Footprint|place=Delhi|publisher=Urbana: University of Illinois Press|isbn=81-7824-126-9}}</ref> The district is also home to the [[Kuruba|Kurumba]], [[Irula people|Irula]], [[Paniya people|Paniya]] and [[Kattunayakan]] or Nayaka.

The entire Nilgiris plateau and all the hilly regions above the plains (altitude higher than 500m MSL) across the Western and Eastern Ghats and the Mysore plateau fell under the [[Kannada]] speaking area as per the linguistic survey and history by [[Mark Wilks|Colonel Mark Wilks]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_307.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 9, p. 301. |publisher=DSAL |pages=301 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627063401/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_307.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC |title=Gazetteer of South India |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC |title=Hyderabad State |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |year=1937 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03018 |title=Imperial gazetteer of India provincial series Madras |publisher=Superintendent Government, Calcutta |year=1908 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frowde |first=Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61194 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol Ix Bomjur-central India |year=1908 |pages=301 |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Nilgiris district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|11.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.67}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
}}

As per the Census of 2011, the Nilgiris district had 76.61% [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hindus]], 11.51% [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christians]] and 10.67% [[Muslims]]. Many of the Muslims and Christians have migrated to the Nilgiris from adjoining Wayanad, Malappuram and Palakkad districts in Kerala state. Hindus are more dominant in rural areas.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Nilgiris district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 48.55 |color1 = mediumorchid
|label2 = [[Malayalam]] |value2 = 16.96 |color2 = turquoise
|label3 = [[Badaga language|Badaga]] |value3 = 16.65 |color3 = goldenrod
|label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 6.66 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 3.63 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 1.59 |color6 = green
|label7 = [[Irula language|Irula]] |value7 = 1.07 |color7 = purple
|label8 = [[Paniya language|Pania]] |value8 = 0.95 |color8 = teal
|label9 = Others |value9 = 3.94 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 48.55% of the population spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 16.96% [[Malayalam]], 16.65% [[Badaga language|Badaga]], 6.66% [[Kannada]], 3.63% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 1.59% [[Urdu]], 1.07% [[Irula language|Irula]] and 0.95% [[Paniya language|Pania]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Nilgiris is arguably the most multi lingual and multicultural district in Tamil Nadu State. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the principal and most spoken language in the Nilgiris district followed by [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] languages. Other smaller languages include Irula, Paniya, [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]], [[Toda language|Toda]] and [[Kota language (India)|Kota]] are also spoken here.

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Nilgiris district}}
|}

==Basic infrastructure==

===Transport===
The [[National Highway 67 (India)|Nagapattinam–Gudalur National Highway]] passes through this district. The [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads]] link Nilgiris with nearby cities in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. All the taluks are connected with major roads. [[Ooty bus stand]] serves as the central bus stand for the district.Several crucial Ghat roads were cut in the 19th century.<ref>{{citation|author=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|chapter=Ghat Roads|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=383–387}}</ref> The village roads are maintained by the Panchayat Union.

The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] from [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] to Udhagamandalam is a great tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hockings, Paul|year=2012|chapter=Railway|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|page=751}}</ref> It was filmed in ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]],'' representing the railway to the caves. It is a Swiss-designed [[rack railway]]. The railway is designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> It serves certain areas of the district, including Coonoor, [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Aruvankadu]], [[Ketti]], [[Lovedale, India|Lovedale]] and [[Ooty]]. There is no seaport or airport in the district; the nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]].

===Electricity===
There are 10 Hydel Power Houses ([[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]]) in this district.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/ |title=Welcome to Nilgiris |access-date=29 September 2004 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092514/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Pykara Power House – Pykara
* Pykara Micro Power House – Pykara
* Moyar Power House – Moyar River
* Kundah Power House I – Kundah
* Kundah Power House II – Geddai
* Kundah Power House III – Pillur
* Kundah Power House IV – Paralli
* Kundah Power House V – Avalanche
* Kundah Power House VI – Kattukuppai (Emerald)
* Katteri hydro-electric system – Kateri

==Agriculture==
[[File:Tea factory and tea plantation.jpg|thumb|right|A tea factory next to a tea plantation]]
The Nilgiris district is basically a [[horticulture]] district. Its economy is based on commodity crops of [[tea]], [[coffee]], and [[spice]]s, followed in importance by [[potato]], [[cabbage]], [[carrot]], and [[fruit]]. The main cultivation is plantation crops such as tea and coffee, but with some cardamom, pepper and rubber too. [[Nilgiri tea|Tea]] grows at elevations of 1,000 to over 2,500 metres.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muthiah, S.|year=2012|chapter=Tea|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=895–899}}</ref>

The area also produces [[eucalyptus]] oil and temperate-zone vegetables. Potato and other vegetables are raised throughout Udhagamandalam and Coonoor Taluks. Paddy (rice), ginger, pepper and rubber are grown in Gudalur and Pandalur Taluks. [[Rice|Paddy]] is also grown in the Thengumarahada area in Kotagiri Taluk. Besides these crops, [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[fruit]] and [[vegetable]]s, etc., are also cultivated throughout the district. There are no irrigation schemes here. The crops are mainly rain-fed. [[Check dam]]s have been constructed wherever possible to exploit natural springs.

==Ecoregions==
[[File:Sigurghat.JPG|thumb|left|820px|Sigur Ghat]]
[[File:Nilgiri mountain view.jpg|thumb|A view of the Nilgiri hills]]

Two [[ecoregion]]s cover portions of the Nilgiris. The [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] lie between 250 and 1000 metres' elevation. These forests extend south along the Western Ghats range to the southern tip of India, and are dominated by a diverse assemblage of trees, many of them [[deciduous]] during the winter and spring dry season. These forests are home to the largest herd of [[Asian elephant]]s in India, who range from the Nilgiris across towards the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The Nilgiris and the Southwestern Ghats are also one of the most important [[tiger]] habitats left in India.

The [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] ecoregion covers the portion of the range above 1000 metres' elevation. These evergreen rain forests are extremely diverse. Above 1500 metres' elevation, the [[evergreen forest]]s begin to give way to stunted forests, locally called ''[[shola]]s'', which are interspersed with open grassland<ref>{{cite book|author1=Davidar, Priya |author2=Deborah Sutton |name-list-style=amp |year=2012|chapter=Sholas|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=818–821}}</ref> The high grasslands are home to the endangered [[Nilgiri tahr]], which resembles a stocky goat with curved horns. The Nilgiri tahrs are found only in the [[montane grassland]]s of the Southwestern Ghats, and number barely 2000 individuals.
[[File:Niltahr.jpg|thumb|right|Nilgiri tahr in the Nilgiris]]

Three [[National parks of India|national parks]] protect portions of the Nilgiris. [[Mudumalai National Park]] lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, [[Karnataka]], and Tamil Nadu meet, and covers an area of 321 km2. [[Mukurthi National Park]] lies in the southwest of the range, in Kerala, and covers an area of 78.5 km2, which includes intact ''shola''-grassland mosaic, a habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. [[Silent Valley National Park]] is just to the south and contiguous with these two parks, and covers an area of 89.52 km2. Outside these parks much of the native forest has been cleared for grazing cattle, or has been encroached upon or replaced by plantations of [[tea]], [[eucalyptus]], [[cinchona]] and [[acacia]]. The entire range, together with portions of the Western Ghats to the northwest and southwest, was included in the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] in 1986, India's first biosphere reserve. In January 2010, the Nilgiri Declaration<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204190307/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/31/stories/2010013150740200.htm Nilgiri Declaration]</ref> set out a wide range environmental and sustainable development goals to be reached by 2015.

The region has also given its name to a number of bird species, including the [[Nilgiri pipit]], [[Nilgiri woodpigeon]] and Nilgiri blackbird.

==Tourism==
[[File:Botanical Gardens - Ootacamund (Ooty) - India 03.JPG|thumb|right|Botanical garden at Ooty]]
Tourism is an important source of revenue for the Nilgiris.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Krishnan, Siddharth |author2=Paul Hockings |name-list-style=amp |year=2012|chapter=Tourism|editor=Paul Hockings|title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|pages=955–959}}</ref> The district is home to several hill stations which are visited by tourists during summer. These include [[Ooty]] (Udhgamandalam) (district headquarters), [[Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri]]. The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri Mountain Train]], locally known as the Toy Train, attracts tourists as the journey has extensive views of the hills and forests.Pazhassi's Cave [https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/travel/my-vikatan-article-about-serampadi-cave], Wentworth Estate, Cherambadi, [[Mudumalai National Park]] is commonly visited by wildlife enthusiasts, campers and backpackers.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The annual flower show, organised by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] at the [[Government Botanical Gardens, Ooty|Botanical Garden]] in Ooty, is an annual event, known for its display of roses. Nilgiris is known for its [[eucalyptus]] oil and tea, and also produces [[bauxite]]. Some tourists are attracted to study the lifestyles of the various tribes living here or to visit the tea and vegetable plantations. Other tourist destinations in the district are Pykara Waterfalls and the [[Ooty Lake]], Avalanche and [[Doddabetta|Doddabetta peak]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ooty Golf Course (4651133244).jpg|Ooty Golf Course
File:Nilgiri-Hills.jpg|Greenery in Nilgiri Hills
File:Lovedale railway station.JPG|Lovedale railway station
File:Nilgiris Tea Plantation.jpg|Tea plantations
File:Nilgiris vegetable plantations.jpg|Vegetable plantation
File:Mudumalai forest elephant.jpg|Elephant at Mudumalai National Park
File:Ooty Lake.jpg|Ooty Lake
File:Emerald Lake Nilgiris.jpg|Emerald Lake
File:Ooty houses.jpg|Houses at Ooty
File:Pazhassi's Cave inside.jpg|Pazhassi's Cave, Wentworth Estate, Cherambadi
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Coonoor]]
*[[Devala, India]]
*[[Forest Dale, The Nilgiris]]
*[[John Sullivan (British governor)]]
*[[Kotagiri]]
*[[Kota language (India)|Kota language]]
*[[Kota people (India)]]
*[[Mango Orange]]
*[[Nambolakotta Temple]]
*[[Nilgiri Mountains]]
*[[Toda language]]
*[[Toda people]]
*[[Ooty]]
*[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|gudalur]]
*[[Kappathorai]]
*[[Muthorai Palada]]
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]
*''[[Nilgiris - A Shared Wilderness]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://nilgiris.nic.in/ The Nilgiris district]
* [http://maddy06.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-chinese-tea-and-nilgiris.html The Chinese, Tea and the Nilgiris]
* [http://teaandtarry.blogspot.com/2012/06/making-of-wanton-soup-in-nilgiris.html Making of Wanton soup in Nilgiris]
* [http://sharmalanthevar.blogspot.com/2013/11/chindians-of-nilgiris.html Chindians of Nilgiris]
* [http://badaga.wordpress.com/2014/04/19/chinese-connection-and-nilgiris-tourism/ Chinese Connection and Nilgiris Tourism]
* [http://varnam.nationalinterest.in/2012/12/indian-history-carnival60-5th-anniversary-edition/ Indian History Carnival–60: 5th Anniversary Edition]

{{Geographic location|Centre=Nilgiris district|South-west=[[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]|South-east=[[Coimbatore district]]|EAST=[[Erode district]]|North-east=[[Chamarajnagar district]], [[Karnataka]]|North-west=[[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]]|WEST=[[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Nilgiris district}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilgiris district}}
[[Category:Nilgiris district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]

Najeeb Jung

2026-01-17T22:38:50Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Governor
| name = Najeeb Jung
| native_name =
| image = Najeeb_Jung_(cropped).JPG
| caption = Jung in 2011
| office = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|18th Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| term_start = 9 July 2013
| term_end = 22 December 2016
| predecessor = [[Tejendra Khanna]]
| successor = [[Anil Baijal]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Sheila Dikshit]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| office1 = [[Jamia Millia Islamia|13th Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| termstart1 = 2009
| termend1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = [[Mushirul Hasan]]
| successor1 = [[Talat Ahmad]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|01|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[London School of Economics]], [[University of London]]
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| honorific_prefix = '''[[The Honourable]]'''
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service| IAS]]
}}

'''Najeeb Jung''' (born 18 January 1951) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who served as the 20th [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] from July 2013 to December 2016. He previously served as the 13th Vice-Chancellor of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] from 2009 to 2013.<ref name="JMI-profile">{{Cite web|title=Past Vice Chancellors' Profile: Mr Najeeb Jung |publisher=Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/Past_Vice_Chancellors_Profile-16/Mr_Najeeb_Jung-1452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509092959/http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/Past_Vice_Chancellors_Profile-16/Mr_Najeeb_Jung-1452 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Najeeb Jung's grandparents served as the chief justice and chief engineer in the court of the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. His great grandfather, [[Moulvi Samee Ullah Khan]] was one of the co-founders of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].

Jung was born and raised in Delhi, where he attended St. Columba's School, New Delhi. He then did his BA (Hons) and [[Master's degree|MA]] in History from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], University of Delhi. He later studied at the [[London School of Economics]] and was awarded [[Master of Science]] in Social Policy and Planning in Developing Countries from [[University of London]].

==Career==
Jung joined [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1973 and was encadered into the [[Madhya Pradesh]] cadre. He served as [[Private Secretary]] to [[Madhavrao Scindia]], Minister for Railways and had been Director in [[Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of Steel]]. He later served as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] from year 1994 to 1999.<ref name="Lt GOV">{{cite web |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2014 |date=10 July 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/najeeb-jung-swornin-as-delhi-lt-governor/article4900019.ece |title=Najeeb Jung sworn-in as Delhi Lt. Governor}}</ref> He resigned from the service in 1999.<ref name="Jung">{{cite web |newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=2 May 2014 |date=16 December 2013 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news/45256404_1_najeeb-jung-delhi-high-court-tapti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219072120/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news/45256404_1_najeeb-jung-delhi-high-court-tapti |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=Najeeb Jung's forefathers held positions of great power}}</ref>

He later served as a Senior Energy Specialist at the [[Asian Development Bank]], as Fellow at the [[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]], [[University of Oxford]] and as Director for Energy Research at the [[Observer Research Foundation]], New Delhi.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|title=Najeeb Jung is new vice chancellor of Jamia Millia|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Najeeb-Jung-is-new-vice-chancellor-of-Jamia-Millia/Article1-449684.aspx|access-date=12 February 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=3 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823160523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/najeeb-jung-is-new-vice-chancellor-of-jamia-millia/article1-449684.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has published several [[monograph]]s and reports on the energy sector and is a regular contributor to national newspapers on education and social issues.<ref name="JMI-resume">{{Cite web|title=Employee Resume: Najeeb Jung |publisher=Jamia Millia Islamia |url=http://jmi.ac.in/upload/employeeresume/njung.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116191050/http://jmi.ac.in/upload/employeeresume/njung.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> He was the Chairman of a Core Committee of Vice-Chancellors appointed by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]] to examine various aspects of higher education, Chairman of a Committee to review the existing schemes for enhancing participation of minorities in higher education, Member of the Special Task Force set up by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] to suggest developmental options for the Jammu region of the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Member of the Senate of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], (IITK) and several other Committees at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India Profile: Najeeb jung |publisher=Reserve Bank Of India |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=2450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405135454/http://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=2450 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

He quit the service in 1999 after his stint as joint secretary (exploration) in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Najeeb Jung Returns to Delhi To Head Reliance Operations|url=http://www.indianoilandgas.com/archive.php?id=42&Submit2=Go|publisher=Indian oil and gas|access-date=22 March 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Jung played a crucial role in the privatization of ONGC's Panna-Mukta oilfield that went to a consortium of Reliance-ONGC and British Gas. Jung also had a stint in the Asian Development Bank. Later, he became director, energy research, in Reliance-run Observer Research Foundation.<ref name="HT" /> In 2009 September, he became the Vice Chancellor of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name="HT" /> In October 2010 he endorsed the judgement of [[Allahabad]] High Court on [[Babri Masjid]] [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] suit.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jung, Najeeb |title=Post-judgment, a chance for Hindus & Muslims to forge new ties |date=2 October 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://jmi.ac.in/upload/employeeresume/njung_publication_the%20times%20of%20india_2010oct2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823165709/http://jmi.ac.in/upload/employeeresume/njung_publication_the%20times%20of%20india_2010oct2.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Lieutenant governor==
In July 2013, he became the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, replacing another former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer [[Tejendra Khanna]].<ref name="gov">{{cite web|title=About Our Honorable Lieutenant Governor|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT/delhi+govt/aboutgov/about+lt+gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706234054/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT/delhi+govt/aboutgov/about+lt+gov|archive-date=6 July 2015|access-date=27 August 2013|publisher=Delhi Govt Portal}}</ref>  Since taking office Jung had been involved in an ongoing jurisdictional dispute with Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]], the head of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. Although Delhi is a [[union territory]] it has its own organic act, National Capital Territory of Delhi Act (1992), and its own legislature, the Chief Minister and the Lt. Governor were unable able to interpret the operating rules in the same way.<ref>{{cite news|title=Explained Kejriwal v Jung: Much lies between the lines of Statute, Act and Rules |date=14 June 2015 |newspaper=Indian Express |edition=revised from 20 May 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-delhi-cm-v-lg-much-lies-between-the-lines-of-statute-act-and-rules/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823172144/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-delhi-cm-v-lg-much-lies-between-the-lines-of-statute-act-and-rules/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author1=Anand, Jatin |author2=Iqbal, Mohammed |name-list-style=amp |date=27 May 2015 |title=AAP seeks amendment to Constitution |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article7248904.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823182704/http://w01.freezepage.com/a/14403/53229HQFJAQBOCT/0 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a surprise move, he submitted his resignation from the post on 22 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Express Web Desk|date=22 December 2016|title=Najeeb Jung resigns as Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Kejriwal surprised|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/najeeb-jung-resigns-as-lieutenant-governor-delhi-arvind-kejriwal/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Najeeb Jung}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130821010227/http://lgdelhi.nic.in/ Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Official website]
* [http://www.ummid.com/news/2011/February/25.02.2011/JAMIA_VC_IN_NEW_ROLE.htm Jamia Millia Islamia VC Najeeb Jung to 'play' a new role]{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| years = 9 July 2013 – 22 December 2016
| before = [[Tejendra Khanna]]
| after = [[Anil Baijal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jung, Najeeb}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]

TeenNick (Indian TV programming block)

2026-01-16T23:15:45Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: small changes

{{Short description|Defunct Indian television block}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = TeenNick India
| logo_size = 280px
| logo = TeenNick logo 2009.svg
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{Start date|2012|11|21}}
| closed_date = {{End date|2017|02|01}}
| owner = [[Viacom18]]
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
| area = {{Plainlist|
*India
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Bhutan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/bicma-approves-56-channels-for-uniformity/|title=BICMA approves 56 channels for uniformity|date=22 September 2017|publisher=Kuensel Online|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[Nepal]]}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| sister_channels =
| website = teenick.in
}}

'''TeenNick India''' was a programming block devoted to teens, it was part of [[Nickelodeon India]] from 2012 to 2017.

==History==
[[Nickelodeon (India)|Nickelodeon India]] air Nickelodeon programming on the main channel and decided to launch those shows as part of a night time programming block in 2012 on [[Nick Jr. (India)|Nick Jr. India]].,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/36212_Viacom18-launches-Nick-Junior-its-seventh-television-channel|title=Viacom18 launches Nick Junior, its seventh television channel|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> When it launched, the channel mostly aired action shows like ''[[Power Rangers]]''. Nick HD+ launched in 2015 also had some live action programming.

On 1 February 2017 the block was discontinued, making Nick Jr. a 24-hour channel. [[Nickelodeon HD+]] also stopped airing live action programs from that date however they were again started from 2 August 2021.

==Programming==
{{Div col|Colwidth=}}
*''[[Are You Afraid of the Dark?]]''
*''[[The Adrenaline Project]]''
*''[[Bella and the Bulldogs]]''
*''[[Big Time Rush (TV series)|Big Time Rush]]''
*''[[Clarissa Explains It All]]''
*''[[Drake & Josh]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/teennick-to-host-first-ever-virtual-house-party-for-teenagers-140825|title=TeenNick to host first ever Virtual House Party for Teenagers|date=25 August 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''Dum Dama Dum''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/nick-brings-family-game-show-based-on-international-hit-double-dare-14389.html|title=Nick brings family game show based on international hit Double Dare - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
*''[[The Haunted Hathaways]]''
*''[[Game Shakers]]''
*''[[Figure It Out]]''
*''[[Genie in the House]]''
*''Gilli Gilli Gappa''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar175.htm|title=Nick launches "Gilli Gilli Gappa" on Holi|date=14 March 2006|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>
*''Globo Loco''
* ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]''
*''[[Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)|Jai Shri Krishna]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/23109_Colors-to-share-Jai-Shri-Krishna-with-Nick-but-with-a-different-touch|title=Colors to share Jai Shri Krishna with Nick, but with a different touch|date=16 January 2009|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*''[[The Journey of Allen Strange]]''
*''[[Junior G]]''
*''[[Kenan & Kel]]''
*''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]''
*''[[Henry Danger]]''
*''[[House of Anubis]]''<ref name="auto"/>
*''[[iCarly]]''<ref name="auto"/>
*''[[Mr. Meaty]]''
*''[[Marvin Marvin]]''<ref name=Teen/>
*''[[Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn]]''<ref name=Teen>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/viacom-18-puts-marketing-might-behind-summer-shows-across-four-kids-channels-150505|title=Viacom 18's summer across three kids channel|date=May 5, 2015|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation]]''
*''[[Nickelodeon Guts]]''
*''[[Power Rangers]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Ninja Steel]] ''
**''[[Power Rangers Dino Super Charge]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Dino Charge]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Super Samurai]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Samurai]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/sonic-and-nickelodeon-premieres-power-rangers-samurai-in-india-989.html|title=Sonic and Nickelodeon Premieres POWER RANGERS SAMURAI in India|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com|date=15 April 2012 }}</ref>
**''[[Power Rangers Megaforce]]''
**''[[Power Rangers Beast Morphers]]''
*''[[Sam & Cat]]''<ref name="auto"/>
*''[[Supah Ninjas]]''
*''[[Tricky TV]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nickindia.com/shows/52/tricky-tv.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902134322/http://www.nickindia.com/shows/52/tricky-tv.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2011|title=NickIndia.com : shows|date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
*''[[The Thundermans]]''
*''[[The Troop]]''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/dec/dec97.php|title=Viacom18?s preschool channel Nick Junior debuts in India|date=11 December 2012|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[True Jackson, VP]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''[[Unfabulous]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''[[Ultraman Mebius]]''
*''[[Uncle Max]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''[[Victorious]]''
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/teennickindia Official Facebook page]
{{Nickelodeon}}

[[Category:Nickelodeon India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Viacom18]]
[[Category:Television programming blocks in Asia]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2017 disestablishments in India]]

Sunanda Nair

2026-01-12T04:27:54Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Indian name|Sunanda|Nair}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox dancer
| name = Sunanda Nair
| image = Mohiniattam performance by Sunanda Nair.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| residence =
| education = [[University of Mumbai]] (PhD)
| occupation = Founder/Director, Sunanda's Performing Arts Center
| years_active =
| home_town =
| height =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| website = {{URL|www.sunandanair.com}}
| current_group =
| former_groups =
| dances = {{hlist|[[MOHINIATTAM]]|[[Bharatanatyam]]|[[Kathakali]]}}
}}

'''Sunanda Nair''' is an Indian dancer trained in [[Mohiniattam]]. She did her master's degree in this dance form from Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalaya affiliated to the University of Mumbai. She has completed her PhD from [[University of Mumbai]] for her thesis "Intrinsic Lyrical Feminism in [[Mohiniattam]]" . She was born in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srikanth|first=Rupa|date=27 December 2018|title=Sunanda Nair shows the essence of the 'Nalanda Bani'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sunanda-nair-shows-the-essence-of-the-nalanda-bani/article25840995.ece|access-date=18 March 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nair took her initial training in [[Bharatanatyam]] at age six. She studied in [[Kathakali]] under [[Kalamandalam]] Krishnankutty Warrier.

Nair is a disciple of noted [[Mohiniattam]] exponent [[Kanak Rele]], credited for the revival and popularisation of this classical [[Kerala]] dance style.

Nair was the first student to earn a master's degree in [[Mohiniattam]]. She was a student of Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalay at the [[University of Mumbai]] where she completed her Master's. She completed a seven-year course in five years. The institution is the closest to the guru Kula Sampradaya.

She has a bachelor's degree in commerce from [[University of Mumbai]],  Bachelors & Masters in Performing Arts, from [[University of Mumbai]].   She also holds a PhD in dance from [[University of Mumbai]] - Research thesis in [[Mohiniattam]] titled "The Intrinsic Lyrical Feminism in [[Mohiniattam]]" {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Career==
[[File:Ph.D in Dance (Mohini Attam)- Research thesis in Mohini Attam titled "The Intrinsic Lyrical Feminism in Mohini Attam", University of Mumbai September 2016, under the guidance of Padmabhushan Dr. Kanak Rele.jpg|thumb]]
After graduating, she joined the staff at Nalanda and was a lecturer at her ''[[alma mater]]'' for nine years until 1999. She passed her Net exam, a UGC requirement to continue teaching at Nalanda.

She has given many performances.

She studied from masters like Kalaimamani Kadirvelu, Kalaimamani Mahalingam Pillai, T.V.Sounderajan, Dipak Majumdar, and Tejiswini Rao in Kattumanar Muthukumar Pillai's bani.

In 1980, while in high school, she started the ''Srutilaya Institute of Fine Arts'' which trains students in both [[Mohiniattam]] and [[Bharatanatyam]].

SPARC is now in its 10th year of operation in the US. At SPARC, the rich tradition of Indian Classical Dance is passed to new dancers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Performances==
[[File:Dr. Sunanda Nair is one of the leading exponents of Mohiniattam in the country today.jpg|thumb|Sunanda Nair is one of the leading exponents of Mohiniattam in the country today.]]
* Festival of [[India]] in the former USSR
* Spring Friendship Art Festival in North Korea
* Performances in Middle East, Singapore and U.S.
* Khajuraho festival in Madhya Pradesh
* Konark festival in Orissa
* Yuva Mahotsav in Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur
* Nishagandhi, [[Kerala]] Tourism, Trivandrum
* Kalidas Samaraoh, Ujjain
* Modera Festival, Gujarat
* Mysore Dassera Festival
* Nrityotsava, Central Sangeet Natak Akademi, Bangalore
* Indo-Indonesian Friendship Society
* Vallathol Jayanti, Kerala Kalamandalam
* SAARC Conference, Mumbai
* Sangeeta Sabha, Poona
* Swati Tirunal Sangeet Sabha, Trivandrum
* Chakradhar Samaraoh, Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi
* India International Centre, Apna Utsav, New Delhi
* Krishna Gana Sabha, Bharat Kalachar, Bharatiya Music and Arts, Madras
* The National Centre For Performing Arts, Mumbai
* [[Haridas Sangeet Sammelan]], Mumbai
* Kal-Ke-Kalakar, Mumbai
* Nitya Nityati And Tanmai Arohanam Festival, Bangalore
* India Habitat Centre, New Delhi
* Shree Chitra Dance Festival, Trivandrum
* Natyanjali Trust, Music Academy, Chennai
* National Festival of Mohini Attam, Nehru Center, Mumbai
* Soorya Parampara dance festival, Trivandrum, Kerala
* India Habitat Center, New Delhi
* Dharini, Cochin, Kerala
* Monsoon Festival Art India, New Delhi
* Raindrops Festival NCPA, Samved Mumbai
* Bharatam, Trichur, Kerala
* Sopanam, Bombay
* Kalakshetram, Bombay
* Asia Pacific Heritage Festival
* Kerala Sangeet Natak Academy -July 2015, [[Bhopal]] {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Recognition==
[[File:Receiving Kalasree Award by Kerala Sangeetha Natak Akademi in 2011.jpg|thumb|Receiving [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kalasree Award]] by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] in 2011]]
* 'Global Mannam award', Nair Service Society of North America, New York 2020
* 'Nrithya Seva Mani award', Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival 2020
* 'Global Excellence Award for Performing Arts', 6th International Media Conference 2019
* 'Citation' from Bangalore Club for Kathakali & the Arts 2018
* 'Muthirai Pathitha Vithagar', Natyanjali Festival, Natyanjali Trust 2018
* 'Anantha Margaseersha Natya Puraskaram', NSSONA, Nair Sangamam 2018
* 'Nalanda Kanaka Nartana Puraskaar', Nalanda Dance Research Centre 2017
* ‘Kalarathnam’ from Kerala Kalamandalam 2016.
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (Kalasree Award) 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* 'Global Excellence Award' 2011, from GIA, New Delhi
* "Kalaasagar" 2010 in memory of Late Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval
* "Abhinaya shiromani" from Surya Performing Arts, Missouri, US.
* Scholarship from Central Sangeet Natak Akademi for advanced training in abhinaya and choreography
* 'Singar Mani' from Sur Singar Samsad, Mumbai
* Nelluvai Nambeeshan Smarak Award for Mohiniattam
* 'Natya Mayuri' Natyanjali Trust, Chennai
* Best Ethnic Classical Arts Award, New Orleans, 2003
* Louisiana State Artist Roster
* Louisiana Touring Directory
* Global Excellence Dance Award, New Orleans
* Presidents Award for Community Service, Indian Assoc of New Orleans

==See also==
* [[Indian women in dance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.sunandanair.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sunanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Peint Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:16:51Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Made Post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peint
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 56,932
| mla = Kacharu Bhau Raut
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Peint Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Kacharu Bhau Raut || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Peint<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kacharu Bhau Raut |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,475 |percentage = 36.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Sayaji Bhoye |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,308 |percentage = 32.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Bhikaji Potinde |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,928 |percentage = 22.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,916 |percentage = 41.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,932 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Azarmi Dukht Safavi

2025-12-21T14:27:01Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: creating a info

{{short description|Indian linguist}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Azarmi Dukht Safavi, 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|2015]]

'''Azarmi Dukht Safavi''' (born 1948) is an Indian scholar, founding director of the Institute of Persian Research and the head of the Persian Language Research Center at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web|last1= Com |first1= Behnegarsoft |url=http://www.ibna.ir/en/doc/naghli/155850/03-12 |title= Indian university holds confab on Iran's mystic poet Mowlavi |work= Iran's Book News Agency (IBNA) |date= 3 December 2012 |publisher=ibna.ir |accessdate= 3 December 2012}}</ref> She is the president of the All India Persian Teachers’ Association, [[New Delhi]], and the editor of the magazine ''Ghand Parsi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.iscanews.ir/news/11742/to-sign-an-agreement-between-islamic-azad-university-and-the-university-of-aligarh-of-india-in-developing-persian-language |title=To sign an Agreement Between Islamic Azad University and the University of Aligarh of India in Developing Persian Language |agency=ISCA News Agency |access-date=28 June 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701090013/http://en.iscanews.ir/news/11742/to-sign-an-agreement-between-islamic-azad-university-and-the-university-of-aligarh-of-india-in-developing-persian-language |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Safavi is known for her works in the [[Gulistan (book)|''Gulistan'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.irib.ir/subcontinent/cultural-physical-features/item/127255-indian-university-holds-confab-on-iran%E2%80%99s-mystic-poet-mowlavi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150530160026/http://english.irib.ir/subcontinent/cultural-physical-features/item/127255-indian-university-holds-confab-on-iran%E2%80%99s-mystic-poet-mowlavi |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Indian university holds confab on Iran's mystic poet Mowlavi |publisher=iran english radio |accessdate=3 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Aligar azarmidokt.JPG|thumb|Aligar azarmidokt{{Clarify|reason=Could either be translated into English or given an appropriate link|date=November 2020}}]]
After completing her primary and secondary education, Safavi joined [[Aligarh Muslim University]] to pursue higher studies in Persian. She completed her [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]. in 1966, [[Master of Arts|M.A]]. in 1968, and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. in Persian in 1974. The topic of her Ph.D. [[thesis]] was "Sadi as a Humanist and Lyricist". Her Ph.D. supervisor was the late Nazeer Ahmad.

After finishing her Ph.D., Safavi was appointed as a [[lecturer]] in the Department of Persian, where she taught as a professor for 32 years. She speaks [[Persian language|Persian]], English, Urdu, and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ettelaat.com/etint/?p=34588 |title= Expert from India |publisher= Ettelaat Newspaper}}</ref>

==Persian origin==
Safavi is from the family of the [[Nawabs]] of [[Lucknow]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]), and her family belongs to the Safavid dynasty of Iran. Shah Rahmatullah Safavi, the great grandfather of Safavi, came to India during the reign of the Indian Mughal king [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1737. He was the governor of [[Patna|Azeemabad (Patna)]]. Later on, the family migrated to [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow]] before settling in Shamsabad, Uttar Pradesh. Safavi's great grandfather Nawab Wali, alias Nawab Dulha, was a prolific writer and author of more than 20 books in Persian. Her father, Mohammad Sadiq Safavi, was her first [[Persian language|Persian]] teacher and inspired her to study the language. He was a Persian scholar who completed his M.A. in Persian at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. His articles were regularly published in leading Iranian literary journals, including ''Yaghma'' and ''Sukhan''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|date=2018-10-05|title=Moments of introspection|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/moments-of-introspection/article25137128.ece|access-date=2020-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Institute of Persian Research==
Safavi is the founder-director of the Institute established in 2006 at Aligarh Muslim University.<ref>https://www.amu.ac.in/persian.jsp?did=10013 Institute of Persian Research</ref> She wrote a proposal to establish the Institute, which was approved by the Government of [[India]]. The Institute is focused on developing [[Persian Language|Persian language]] and literature. Its programs include Publication, Seminars/Conferences, lectures by eminent Iranian and Indian scholars, and training in modern/spoken Persian. The Institute has published 45 books and monographs and organized seven seminars to date.

In 2006, Safavi established the Persian Language Research Center at Aligarh University.

==Publications==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Safavi has published more than 150 research papers in [[Persian language|Persian]], English, and [[Urdu]] in national and international journals.

===Books===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''Tashreeh-ul-Aqwam, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Akhbar-ul-Jamal, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Bahr-e-Zakhkhar'', (03 Volumes) ''Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Relevance of Rumi's Thought in Modern Times''
*''Sufistic Literature in Persian: Tradition and Dimensions, Vol. I & II''
*''Aftab-e-Alamtab, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Tazkirah Writing in Persian, Vol. I & II''
*''Revisiting Adabiat-e-Dastani in Persian, Vol. I, II''
*''Unsut-Taibeen – English Translation''
*''Persian Masnawi, Vol. I, II''
*''Arafatul Ashiqin, Volume 2, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Post Islamic Revolution Short Stories in Iran, Translation from Persian''
*''Indo-Iranian Heritage, Vol. I, II''
*''Nazm-e-Guzidah, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Silkus Suluk, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Chehl Namoos, Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes''
*''Persian Ghazal: Tradition and Dimensions, Vol. I & II''
*''Indology and Persian Literature''
*''Humanism and Universal Brotherhood in Persian Literature, Vol. I, II''
*''Revolution & Creativity''
*''Ijaz Khusravi, English Translation, Vol. I''
*''Mukhkhul Maana, Critical Edition with Introduction and notes''
*''Impact of Persian Language & Culture on India''
*''Indo-Iran Relations''
*''Contribution of Persian Language and Literature to the Composite Culture of India''
*''Adab Shanasi''
*''Unsut-Taibeen – Annotated English Translation of Shiakh Ahmad Jam's Famous Sufistic Treatise''; Zohra Publications, London, U.K.
{{Div col end}}
<ref>[https://www.amu.ac.in/pdf/profadspersian01.pdf], Publication Details.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

* Head of Persian Language Research Center at India's Aligarh Muslim University Professor Azarmidokht Safavi, [http://www.iran-daily.com/News/118297.html]
* Indian university holds confab on Iran's mystic poet Mowlavi [https://archive.today/20150530160026/http://english.irib.ir/subcontinent/cultural-physical-features/item/127255-indian-university-holds-confab-on-iran%E2%80%99s-mystic-poet-mowlavi]
* [[Iranology Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132810/http://91.98.46.102:8093/explain.aspx?var=1475]

==Further reading==
*Bibliography:the ''Life and works of Prof. Safavi'', 212 pages, Published : Anjuman-i-Asar-o-Mafakhir-i-Milli, Tehran, Urdebehesht, 1394 (May 2015)
* [[Mushirul Hasan]]: "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47" in ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'' (Jan 1985), Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp 1–33
* Gail Minault and David Lelyveld: "The Campaign for a Muslim University 1898–1920" in ''Modern Asian Studies'' (March 1974) 8#2 pp 145–189

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Aligarh division topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Safavi, Azarmi Dukht}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saadi Literary Award]]
[[Category:Indian women linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Scholars of Persian literature]]
[[Category:Shahnameh researchers]]

Ghulam Sarwar Khan

2025-12-05T17:14:35Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Sarwar Khan
| image =
| honorific-suffix =
| office = [[Aviation Division (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Aviation]]
| term_start = 18 April 2019
| term_end = 10 April 2022
| president = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister = [[Imran Khan]]
| office1 = [[MPNR|Federal Minister for Petroleum]]
| term_start1 = 20 August 2018
| term_end1 = 18 April 2019
| president1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]] [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister1 = [[Imran Khan]]
| predecessor1 = Syed Ali Zafar (caretaker)
| successor1 = [[Omar Ayub Khan]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development|Federal Minister for Labour and Manpower]]
| term_start2 = 31 August 2004
| term_end2 = 15 November 2007
| president2 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| primeminister2 = [[Shaukat Aziz]]
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 13 August 2018
| term_end3 = 17 January 2023
| constituency3 = [[NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III)]]
| term_start4 = 1 June 2013
| term_end4 = 31 May 2018
| constituency4 = [[Constituency NA-53|NA-53 (Rawalpindi)]]
| term_start5 = 23 November 2002
| term_end5 = 15 November 2007
| constituency5 = [[Constituency NA-53|NA-53 (Rawalpindi)]]
| office6 = [[Zakat Council|Provincial Minister Punjab for Zakat and Ushr]]
| term_start6 = October 1993
| term_end6 = November 1996
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Manzoor Wattoo]], [[Arif Nakai]]
| office7 = Provincial Minister Punjab for Mineral Development
| term_start7 = October 1993
| term_end7 = November 1996
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[Manzoor Wattoo]], [[Arif Nakai]]
| office8 = [[Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries department, Punjab|Provincial Minister Punjab for Fisheries]]
| term_start8 = October 1993
| term_end8 = November 1996
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = [[Manzoor Wattoo]], [[Arif Nakai]]
| office9 = [[Punjab Health Department|Provincial Minister Punjab for Health]]
| term_start9 = 1994
| term_end9 = November 1996
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = [[Manzoor Wattoo]], [[Arif Nakai]]
| office10 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start10 = 12 March 1985
| term_end10 = 30 May 1988
| constituency10 = PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V)
| term_start11 = 30 November 1988
| term_end11 = 6 August 1990
| constituency11 = PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V)
| term_start12 = 5 November 1990
| term_end12 = 28 June 1993
| constituency12 = PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V)
| term_start13 = 18 October 1993
| term_end13 = 17 November 1996
| constituency13 = PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|10|13|df=y}}
| nationality = Pakistani
| relations = [[Ammar Siddique Khan]] (nephew)
| party = [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan|TLP]] (2025-present)
| native_name = {{nq|غلام سرور خان}}
| children = [[ Malik Mansoor Hayat Khan]] (son)
| otherparty = [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]] (2023-2025) [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2011-2023) [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002-2011) [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]] (1988-2002)
}}

'''Malik Ghulam Sarwar Khan''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غلام سرور خان}}}}; born 13 October 1952) is a [[Pakistani]] politician who was the former [[Aviation Division (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Aviation]], in office from 24 May 2019 to 10 April 2022. Prior to this position, he was appointed as [[Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division)|Federal Minister for Petroleum]] on 20 August 2018, but he was shifted to the Aviation Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran reshuffles cabinet less than one year into government |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1476954 |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=Dawn |date=18 April 2020}}</ref> He had been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], from August 2018 till January 2023. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and again from June 2013 to May 2018. He remained a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from 1985 to 1996.

==Early life and education==
According to the newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', Khan was born on 13 October 1955 in [[Taxila city|Taxila]], [[Punjab]],<ref name="dawn/2sept2004">{{cite news|title=New federal ministers|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/369273|access-date=28 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=2 September 2004|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232041/https://www.dawn.com/news/369273|archive-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> while according to [[PILDAT]] he was born on 13 October 1954.<ref name="pildat/dob">{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=53|website=www.pildat.org|publisher=PILDAT|access-date=26 April 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421150953/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=53|archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref>

He received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from the [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="dawn/2sept2004" /> He is an [[Agricultural science|agriculturist]] by profession.<ref name="dawn/2sept2004" />

===Fake degree case===
In 2002, the authenticity of his diploma degree from the Punjab Board of Technical Education was challenged.<ref>{{cite news |title=MNA's degree challenged |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/70612 |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=5 December 2002}}</ref> In 2007, a petition was filed in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] challenging the authenticity of diploma which Khan had received from the [[Government College University (Faisalabad)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Degree case against minister adjourned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/234402 |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=24 February 2007}}</ref>

In July 2013, the Supreme Court suspended the National Assembly's membership of Khan for possessing counterfeit degree.<ref name="tribune/19july2013">{{cite news |title=Ghulam Sarwar Khan: PTI MNA suspended over fake degree {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/579002/ghulam-sarwar-khan-pti-mna-suspended-over-fake-degree/ |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=19 July 2013}}</ref> According to a report submitted by the [[Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Higher Education Commission]], both his graduation degree and his diploma in engineering were found fake.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Iftikhar A. |title=Fake degrees case: SC disqualifies two MPAs, suspends MNA |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1030051 |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 July 2013}}</ref>

==Political career==
Khan was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V) in the [[1985 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="dawn/2sept2004" /><ref>{{cite web|title=List of legislatures|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1985-1988.shtml|website=Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|access-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615004551/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1985-1988.shtml|archive-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) from PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V) in the [[1988 Pakistani general election|1988 general election]]. He received 43,343 votes and defeated Muhammad Kamal, a candidate of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI).<ref name="ecp/pap88-97" />

Khan ran for the seat of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA) from NA-40 (Rawalpindi-V) in the [[1990 Pakistani general election]], but was unsuccessful. He received 63,021 votes and lost the seat to [[Nisar Ali Khan]], a candidate of the IJI.<ref name="ecp/na-1988-97">{{cite web|title=General election results 1988-1997|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/NA.pdf|website=ecp.gov.pk|publisher=Election Commission of Pakistan|access-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828225608/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/NA.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> In the same election, he was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of the PDA from Constituency PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V). He received 36,469 votes and defeated Muhammad Kamal, a candidate of the IJI.<ref name="ecp/pap88-97" />

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of the PPP from NA-40 (Rawalpindi-V) in the [[1993 Pakistani general election]], but was unsuccessful. He received 64,800 votes and lost the seat to Nisar Ali Khan, a candidate of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML(N)).<ref name="ecp/na-1988-97" /> In the same election, he was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of the PPP from PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V). He received 40,132 votes and defeated Dildar Khan, a candidate of the PML(N).<ref name="ecp/pap88-97" /><ref name="dawn/2sept2004" /> Following the election, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet and was appointed Provincial Minister of Punjab for Zakat and Ushr with the additional ministerial portfolios of Mineral Development, and Fisheries.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of legislatures|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|website=Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|access-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615012146/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|archive-date=15 June 2017}}</ref> He also served as the provincial minister of Punjab for health from 1994 to 1996.<ref name="dawn/2sept2004" />

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PPP from PP-5 (Rawalpindi-V) in the [[1997 Punjab provincial election]], but was unsuccessful. He received 26,372 votes and lost the seat to [[Malik Umar Farooq]], a candidate of the PML(N).<ref name="ecp/pap88-97">{{cite web|title=Election result Punjab Assembly 1988-97|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

He was elected to the National Assembly as an independent candidate from [[Constituency NA-53|Constituency NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV)]] in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="dawn/13oct2002" /> He received 66,900 votes and defeated Nisar Ali Khan, a candidate of the PML(N).<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 election result - NA |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Election%202002/National.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122090015/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Election%202002/National.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the same election, he was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-8 (Rawalpindi-VIII).<ref name="dawn/13oct2002">{{cite news |title=TAXILA: Sarwar Khan group sweeps polls |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61463 |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 October 2002}}</ref> He received 21,961 votes and defeated Muhammad Waqas, a candidate of the [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA).<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 election result - Punjab Assembly |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Election%202002/Punjab.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025033855/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Election%202002/Punjab.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He vacated his provincial seat and retained the National Assembly seat.<ref>{{cite news |title=A double edged sword: Imran inspires the youth {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/544278/a-double-edged-sword-imran-inspires-the-youth/ |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=4 May 2013}}</ref> Soon after his election, he joined the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML(Q)).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wasim |first=Amir |date=25 December 2007 |title=Pindi's NA-53 getting ready for hot contest |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/281545/pindi-s-na-53-getting-ready-for-hot-contest |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

In 2004, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister [[Shaukat Aziz]]<ref name="dawn/2sept2004" /><ref>{{cite news|title=32 ministers take oath: Cabinet includes 11 new faces|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/369315|access-date=28 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=2 September 2004|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828230629/https://www.dawn.com/news/369315|archive-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> and was appointed as Federal Minister for Labour and Manpower.<ref>{{cite news|title=Changes in important ministries: Aziz keeps finance|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/369441|access-date=28 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 September 2004|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085244/https://www.dawn.com/news/369441|archive-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PML(Q) from NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]], but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taxila's musical chairs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/798272|access-date=26 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 March 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080118/https://www.dawn.com/news/798272|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> He received 49,068 votes and lost the seat to Nisar Ali Khan, a candidate of the PML(N).<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) from NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chaudhry Nisar loses NA-53 poll to PTI candidate|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1011170|access-date=26 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080159/https://www.dawn.com/news/1011170|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Political parties eying seat vacated by PML-N|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1016117/political-parties-eying-seat-vacated-by-pml-n|access-date=26 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=5 June 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080246/https://www.dawn.com/news/1016117/political-parties-eying-seat-vacated-by-pml-n|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Official results: Chaudhry Nisar edged by PTI for NA-53 seat - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/548953/official-results-chaudhry-nisar-edged-by-pti-for-na-53-seat/|access-date=26 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327101636/https://tribune.com.pk/story/548953/official-results-chaudhry-nisar-edged-by-pti-for-na-53-seat/|archive-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> He received 110,593 votes and defeated Nisar Ali Khan, a candidate of the PML(N).<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from [[NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III)]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghulam Sarwar Khan of PTI wins NA-59 election |url=http://www.app.com.pk/ghulam-sarwar-khan-of-pti-wins-na-59-election/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |work=Associated Press Of Pakistan |date=26 July 2018}}</ref> and from [[NA-63 (Rawalpindi-VII)]]<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Ghulam Sarwar Khan wins NA-63 election |url=https://www.app.com.pk/ptis-ghulam-sarwar-khan-wins-na-63-election/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |work=Associated Press Of Pakistan |date=26 July 2018}}</ref> in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI to face reduction of nearly nine seats in PM election |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/347201-pti-to-face-reduction-of-nearly-nine-seats-in-pm-election |access-date=2 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Following his election, he decided to retain the NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III) seat and abandon the NA-63 (Rawalpindi-VII) seat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eight additional seats vacated by federal lawmakers before taking oath |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/207301-eight-additional-seats-vacated-by-lawmakers-before-taking-oath |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=Geo News |date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

On 18 August, [[Imran Khan]] formally announced his federal cabinet structure and Khan was named as [[Ministry of Energy (Pakistan)|Minister for Petroleum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran Khan finalises names of 21-member cabinet |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427792/pm-imran-khan-finalises-names-of-21-member-cabinet |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 August 2018}}</ref> On 20 August 2018, he was sworn in as Federal Minister for Petroleum in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan.<ref>{{cite news |title=16 ministers from PM Imran Khan's cabinet sworn in |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1428169/16-ministers-from-pm-imran-khans-cabinet-sworn-in |access-date=20 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

On 18 April 2018 he resigned as Minister for Petroleum on Imran Khan's orders after a major cabinet reshuffle. There were rumors that he would leave PTI but he denied the rumors, later he was appointed the [[Aviation Division (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Aviation]]. On 10 April 2022, after the success of the [[no-confidence motion against Imran Khan]], the Cabinet dissolved and he ceased to be the [[Aviation Division (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Aviation]].

He resigned from the National Assembly soon after, along with most of the other PTI MNAs. His resignation was accepted on 17 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guramani |first=Nadir |date=17 January 2023 |title=NA speaker accepts resignation of 34 PTI MNAs |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1732156 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 June 2023, he left the PTI due to the [[2023 Pakistani protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Momand |first=Abdullah |date=22 June 2023 |title=Ex-ministers Ghulam Sarwar, Humayun Akhtar quit PTI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1761140 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 October 2023, he joined the Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party (IPP).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 October 2023 |title=Another former PTI leader joins Jahangir Tareen's IPP |url=https://arynews.tv/another-former-pti-leader-joins-jahangir-tareens-ipp/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Khan Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Sarwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1985–1988]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1990–1993]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]

Ghulam Sarwar Khan

2025-12-05T17:14:35Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: Expanded article with relevant info

Bangalore Central Prison

2025-11-25T05:36:04Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: creating new details

{{Short description|Prison in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox Prison
| prison_name = Central Prison, Bangalore
| image =
| location = Parappana Agrahara, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.878465|77.6630495|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| classification = Central Prison
| capacity = 2,200
| population = 4,400+
| populationdate = October 2016
| opened = 2000
| closed =
| managed_by =
| director =
}}
'''Central Prison, Bengaluru''' (also called '''Bengaluru Central Jail''' and '''Parappana Agrahara Central Prison''') is the largest prison in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarangi|first1=Debi Prasad|title=Bangalore jail: An island of the unwanted|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|access-date=1 November 2016|work=Deccan Herald|date=8 August 2010}}</ref> Established in 1997, it became the central prison of [[Bengaluru]] in 2000 when the old jail, which has since been converted to [[Freedom Park, Bangalore|Freedom Park]], was shut for renovation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=Old jail in Bangalore turned into Freedom Park|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/old-jail-in-bangalore-turned-into-freedom-park-33597-2008-11-18|access-date=1 November 2016|work=India Today|date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parappana Agrahara jail: Jailbreak waiting to happen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Parappana-Agrahara-jail-Jailbreak-waiting-to-happen/articleshow/22217692.cms|access-date=1 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2013}}</ref>

As of July 2023, the prison is spread over 40 acres and is the most overcrowded prison in Karnataka with more than 5,000 inmates despite its capacity being only 2,200.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Umesh|title=Jail moves convicts to new building, frees under-trials of stress|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jail-moves-convicts-to-new-building-frees-under-trials-of-stress/articleshow/55064171.cms|access-date=1 November 2016|work=The Economic Times|date=26 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=K. V. Aditya |date=2023-07-25 |title=Concern over Bengaluru central prison becoming hotbed for radicalisation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/two-terror-modules-took-birth-in-bengaluru-central-prison-in-a-decade/article67120338.ece |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Central Prison was adjudged as the best prison at the 6th All India Prison Duty Meet in Prison Hygiene Competition in September 2022 in which all the states and Union Territories participated at Ahmedabad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title=Prisons in Karnataka get '4 star' rating, Central prison in Bengaluru adjudged best in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/central-prison-at-parappana-agrahara-adjudged-best-prison-in-the-country/article65886860.ece |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Prison was also awarded 'four star' rating by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in June 2021 for hygiene and upkeep of the premises.<ref name=":0" />

==Notable inmates==
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] – actor, domestic violence in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/darshan-hits-wife-lands-jail-2441177|title=Darshan hits wife, lands in jail|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> accused in the [[murder of Renukaswamy]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-13-years-darshan-walks-into-bengaluru-central-prison-again/articleshow/111195322.cms|title=After 13 years, Darshan walks into Bengaluru central prison again|date=June 22, 2024|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*[[Sanjjana]] – actress, accused in [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids|Sandalwood drug racket case]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-drug-case-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-gets-bail-after-3-months-139425 |title=Sandalwood drug case: Actor Sanjjanaa Galrani gets bail after 3 months |date=11 December 2020 |website=The News Minute |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212405/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-drug-case-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-gets-bail-after-3-months-139425 }}</ref>
*[[Ragini Dwivedi]] – actress, accused in [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids|Sandalwood drug racket case]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-grants-bail-to-kannada-actor-accused-of-drug-peddling-101611237438667.html |title=Supreme Court grants bail to Kannada actor accused of drug peddling |date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Ranya Rao]] – actress, sentenced in gold smuggling case<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranya Rao's smuggling scandal: Secret jackets, cop aides & Dubai gold runs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ranya-rao-arrested-gold-smuggling-bengaluru-dubai-dri-investigation-125030600271_1.html |date=6 March 2025 |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=7 March 2025 }}</ref>
*[[V. K. Sasikala]] and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]]– politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/vk-sasikala-released-bengaluru-jail-after-serving-four-yr-sentence-da-case-142243|title=VK Sasikala released from Bengaluru jail after serving four-yr sentence in DA case|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=January 27, 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
*[[Abdul Karim Telgi]] – convicted counterfeiter (died 2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/telgis-last-wish-die-bengaluru-2030603|title=Telgi's last wish was to die in Bengaluru|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Prisons in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1990s]]

{{prison-stub}}

Kerala Lok Adalat

2025-11-20T02:26:05Z

TawnyaBirdwood7: done.

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
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'''Kerala Lok Adalat''' or Kerala State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Kerala]]. The Kerala Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of "ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL". It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2022-01-01|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and administration ==

Kerala Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="la ref7">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sarfaraz Ahmed |title=Lok adalat : an effective alternative dispute resolution mechanism |date=2006 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRWJjouEesC&dq=bihar+lok+adalat&pg=PA67 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="la ref9">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Jus Dicere |date=16 June 2020}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Kerala Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.<ref name="la ref8">{{cite news |title=Significance of Lok Adalats in present scenario. |url=http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/583/Significance-of-Lok-Adalats-in-present-scenario..html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=legalservicesindia.com}}</ref>

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Kerala State Legal Services Authority in association with SAMA, a Bengaluru-based online dispute resolution organisation, organised first online Lok-Adalat of October'2020.<ref name="kla ref2">{{cite news |title=Online Lok Adalat in October |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/online-lok-adalat-in-october/article32505231.ece |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 September 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Hon'ble Chief Justice [[Sanjay Karol]], [[Kerala High Court]], is current Patron-in-Chief of Kerala State Legal Services Authority.

== Lok Adalat committee and complaint procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="kla ref5">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat settles over 5,000 cases in Kerala |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/09/lok-adalat-settles-over-5000-cases-in-kerala-1163082963.html?story=2 |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=9 November 2006 |language=en}}</ref>
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.<ref name="kla ref2" />
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.<ref name="kla ref4">{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court: Lok Adalat to decide on compensation {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Lok-Adalat-to-decide-on-compensation/articleshow/12768545.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=21 April 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.<ref name="kla ref3">{{cite news |title=National Lok Adalat orders Rs 27 crore to beneficiaries |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/dec/12/national-lok-adalat-orders-rs-27cr-to-beneficiaries-2394544.html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 December 2021}}</ref>
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Kerala Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.

== Details of cases resolved ==

* Kerala Lok Adalat under National Lok Adalat organised Lok Adalat in Thiruvananthapuram District resolving 935 cases with settlement amount of Rs 27 crore to claimants related to various cases.
* Kerala Lok Adalat was referred settlement case relating to fishermen died due to accidental firing by Italian Marines by Kerala High Court.<ref name="kla ref4" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kelsa.gov.in/lokadalat.htm Official website]


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya

2025-11-18T03:20:09Z

TawnyaBirdwood7:

{{Short description|University in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox University
| image = Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya.png
| name = Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya
| former_name = Bastar Vishwavidyalaya
| motto =
| established = 2008
| type = [[State University]]
| endowment =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
| vice_chancellor = Manoj Kumar Srivastava
| president =
| city = [[Jagdalpur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|19.099|81.987|display=title,inline}}
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| website = {{URL|https://smkvbastar.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya''' - (formerly '''[[Bastar Vishwavidyalaya]]''') ('''SMKV''') or '''[[Bastar University]] ''', is a [[State university]] located in [[Jagdalpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=15&Unitype=2|title=State Universities in Chhattisgarh |publisher=University Grants University|date=|accessdate=Mar 22, 2013 }}</ref> It is a teaching-cum-affiliating university which affiliates 30 college and has 10 University Teaching Departments (UTD). It was established and incorporated by Chhattisgarh Vishwavidyalaya Adhiniyam No. 18 of 2008 on September 2, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvvjdp.ac.in/Default.aspx|title=Home | Shaheed Mahendra Karma University}}</ref>

==Affiliated colleges==
Its jurisdiction extends over 7 districts -Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Kanker, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Sukma .

==Departments==
The university has eleven teaching departments:<ref>{{cite web |title=Teaching Departments |url=http://www.bvvjdp.ac.in/UTDDepartments.aspx |website=www.bvvjdp.ac.in |publisher=Bastar University, Jagdalpur, CG |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
* School of Management Studies (SMS)
* School of Studies in Anthropology
* School of Studies in Biotechnology
* School of Studies in Computer Application
* School of Studies in Education
* School of Studies in English
* School of Studies in Forestry & Wildlife
* School of Studies in Physical Education
* School of Studies in Political Science
* School of Studies in Rural Technology
* School of Studies in Social Work

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Education}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://smkvbastar.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Universities in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-university-stub}}