Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ruby R. Manoharan

2026-05-04T11:34:35Z

TawannaIbarra: new details - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ruby R. Manoharan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = N. Ganesaraja
| successor = V. Reddiarpatti Narayanan
}}

'''Ruby R. Manoharan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was born in Kanyakumari District on 25 May 1959. He was elected from [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223101035/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC227.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC227.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nanguneri Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a227|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Won ||45.51% || N. Ganesaraja|| [[AIADMK]] || 39.12%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoharan, Ruby R}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Padma Village

2026-05-04T07:37:57Z

TawannaIbarra: new a location

{{Short description|Village in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padma
| official_name = Padma Gram Panchyat
| native_name = पद्मा
| native_name_lang = mai
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani district
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Ladania
| founder = King [[Padmasimha]]
| named_for = King [[Padmasimha]]
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| footnotes = Capital of Mithila during the period of King Padmasimha in Oiniwar Dynasty
}}
'''Padma''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: पद्मा) is a historical village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is situated in the Ladania block of the [[Madhubani district]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=भाजपा के पूर्व पंचायत अध्यक्ष का निधन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/ladania/news/former-bjp-panchayat-president-passes-away-132754490.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> According to historical documents, the village was founded by [[Padmasimha|King Padmasimha]] of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in Mithila. King Padmasimha established his capital of the kingdom at the village of Padma. The village is close to the Indo-Nepal international border.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Lakhima |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> Presently the village is connected by the [[National Highway 227 (India)|National Highway 227]] with other parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-26 |title=मायूसी: पद्मा व योगिया गांव के बीच संपर्क सड़क नहीं बनने से लोगों में मायूसी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/ladniyan/news/disappointment-in-people-due-to-lack-of-connectivity-road-between-padma-and-yogia-village-127445927.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919004415/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/ladniyan/news/disappointment-in-people-due-to-lack-of-connectivity-road-between-padma-and-yogia-village-127445927.html |archive-date=2021-09-19 |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Dharaharba Dih ==
The Dharaharba Dih is an archaeological site in the village. It was the royal palace of the [[Padmasimha|King Padmasimha]] when he established the village as his capital. The history of the Dharaharba Dih is mentioned in the text [[Mithila Mahatmya]]. In the revenue office, it is situated in the account number 563 with [[Khasra|Khasra number]] 3128 of the Padma village. There were two historical ponds next to the [[Dih (archaeology)|dih]] called as Gangasagar Pokhair and Dangrahi Pokhair. These ponds were used by the royal family members to play water sports and swimming. Presently the ponds have been encroached by the villagers. They have gradually converted the ponds into fertile land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा पद्म सिंह के धरहरबा डीह का नहीं हो सका विकास - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-raja-padma-singhs-dharbaba-could-not-be-developed-for-development-19164584.html |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26|34|38|N|86|14|24|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Capitals of Mithila]]

Calcutta East Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:22:24Z

TawannaIbarra: New Initial Entry V1 - done

{{Short description|Former Constituency of the Indian parliament in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Calcutta East
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|established = 1957
|abolished = 1967
|reservation = None
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|electors = 497,202 (1957)
}}
'''Calcutta East''' was a constituency of the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the [[Parliament of India]]), located in the city of [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]. It was used in the [[1957 Indian general election]] and [[1962 Indian general election]].<ref name="Singh1996">{{cite book|author=H. D. Singh|title=543 faces of India: guide to 543 parliamentary constituencies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxuLAAAAMAAJ|year = 1996|publisher=Newmen Publishers|page=297}}</ref><ref name=e2>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf Election Commission of India, General Elections, 1957 (2nd LOK SABHA) - CONSTITUENCY DATA – SUMMARY]''</ref> As of 1957, the constituency had 497,202 eligible voters.<ref name=e2/> In 1962 it had 471,011 electors.<ref name=e3>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_II_LS_62.pdf Election Commission of India, General Elections, 1962 (3rd LOK SABHA) - CONSTITUENCY DATA – SUMMARY]''</ref> In 1967 it was replaced by the [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South constituency]].<ref name="Singh1996"/>

==Members of Parliament==
*1957: [[Sadhan Gupta]] ([[Communist Party of India]])<ref name=e2/>
*1962: [[Ranendranath Sen]] (Communist Party of India)<ref name=e3/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|22.5726723|N|88.3638815|E|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal]]

Chetan Singh Jauramajra

2026-04-19T02:39:37Z

TawannaIbarra: New First Bio and Citations

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chetan Singh Jauramajra
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{unbulleted list| Freedom Fighters|Defence Services Welfare|Food Processing|Horticulture}}
| term_start = 8 Jan 2023
| term_end = 23 Sept 2024
| predecessor =
| office1 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| predecessor1 = Rajinder Singh
| office2 = President of [[Patiala district|Patiala (rural)]], [[AAP Punjab]]
| constituency2 = [[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency3 =
| term3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| father = Gurdev Singh
| website =
| education =
}}
'''Chetan Singh Jouramajra''' is an Indian politician, and a member of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. He is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]], was elected in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022 Punjab assembly elections]], and also serves as a president of [[Patiala district]] rural unit of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AAP releases second list of candidates for Punjab Assembly elections|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/aap-releases-second-list-of-candidates-for-punjab-assembly-elections-121121000708_1.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=[[Business Standard]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he was shot saving a girl from kidnapping. In 2022, he won in Samana by margin of 39,713.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Chetan Singh was born in 1967 to father Gurdev Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/Mzc5OQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM=|access-date=2022-02-01|website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Chetan Singh was appointed the president of [[Patiala district]] rural unit of [[Aam Aadmi Party]].

In March 2019, Chetan Singh was shot by unidentified assailants while he tried to prevent kidnapping a girl in [[Tarn Taran Sahib]]. He was shot near neck, and was admitted to a hospital in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=AAP leader shot at in Tarn Taran while trying to save girl from 'kidnapping'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/aap-leader-shot-at-in-tarn-taran-while-trying-to-save-girl-from-%C3%83%C2%A2%C3%82%E2%82%AC%C3%82%CB%9Ckidnapping%C3%83%C2%A2%C3%82%E2%82%AC%C3%82%E2%84%A2-743172|access-date=2022-02-01|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] questioned the law & order situation of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], following the incident.<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=AAP Patiala distt president Chetan Singh fired upon & injured while trying to save a girl from some men who were trying to abduct her.|number=1106161183101456388|author=[[Arvind Kejriwal]]|user=ArvindKejriwal|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> On 15 March 2019, AAP delegation met Punjab [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|CEO]], Karuna Raju regarding the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=AAP meets Pb CEO regarding attack on AAP leader, says law & order situation turns worse|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/aap-meets-pb-ceo-regarding-attack-on-aap-leader--says-law---order-situation-turns-worse.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-14|title=Law and order situation in the state has gone from bad to worst in state- Bhagwant Mann {{!}} Despardestimes|url=https://www.despardestimes.com/en/law-and-order-situation-in-the-state-has-gone-from-bad-to-worst-in-state-bhagwant-mann/|access-date=2022-02-01|language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, his images from the incident were linked to another incident and went viral in [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Old photos of AAP leader injured while saving girl in Punjab shared as recent incident from UP|url=https://www.altnews.in/fact-check-did-a-man-saved-a-girl-from-rape-and-killed-two-miscreants-in-up-shahjahanpur/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Alt News|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 10 December 2021, he was announced as the candidate for Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from [[Samana Assembly constituency]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=AAP announces 30 more candidates for Punjab election|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aap-announces-30-more-candidates-for-punjab-election-348675|access-date=2022-02-01|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> He filed the nomination from the constituency on 28 January 2022.<ref name=":0" /> He secured 74,375 votes, and defeated cabinet ministers [[Surjit Singh Rakhra]] of [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] with margin of 39,713 votes, and Rajinder Singh of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Samana, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/samana-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922958-2022-03-09 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samana Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates:Chetan Singh Jouramajra of AAP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/samana-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4858070.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He has been appointed Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Punjab, India]] on 4 July 2022.<ref>Title = Punjab cabinet expansion: Aman Arora, Inderbir Singh Nijjar, Fauja Singh Sarari, Anmol Gagan Mann and Chetan Singh Jourmajra took oath in Punjabi.| URL = https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-cabinet-expansion-who-are-the-5-new-ministers-in-bhagwant-mann-govt-101656936575557.html | access date = 2022-07-04</ref>

==Controversy==
===Humiliating Hospital Official Incident (July 2022)===
During an inspection at Guru Gobind Singh Medical College & Hospital in Faridkot, Jauramajra allegedly forced Vice Chancellor Dr. Raj Bahadur to lie down on a worn-out mattress meant for patients, as a pointed demonstration of poor hospital conditions. A video of the incident circulated widely. The following day, Dr. Bahadur resigned, stating he felt humiliated. The incident sparked widespread criticism from medical professionals and political opponents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top hospital official resigns after being 'humiliated' by Punjab minister, IMA demands apology |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-vice-chancellor-resigns-forced-lie-down-dirty-mattress-health-minister-chetan-singh-jouramajra-ima-apology-1981832-2022-07-30 |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=30 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The backlash prompted the Punjab CM to meet with Jauramajra to discuss the issue. Some of his cabinet colleagues, including Fauja Singh Sarari, issued apologies on his behalf.<ref>{{cite news |title=After Punjab Health Minister's Hospital Row, Cabinet Colleague's Apology |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-punjab-health-minister-chetan-singh-jouramajras-hospital-row-cabinet-colleagues-apology-3208678 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

===Inappropriate Conduct Towards School Teachers (April 2025)===
At a government school event in Samana under the Punjab Sikhya Kranti initiative, Jauramajra publicly admonished the principal and teachers from the stage, his remarks were deemed disrespectful and dismissive. The Democratic Teachers’ Front and other educators marched in protest, calling for an apology and denouncing political interference in schools.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanjha |first1=A. B. P. |title=ਮੁੜ ਵਿਵਾਦਾਂ 'ਚ ਘਿਰੇ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸਿਹਤ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਜੌੜੇਮਾਜਰਾ, ਹੁਣ ਅਧਿਆਪਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸ਼ਰੇਆਮ ਕੀਤੀ ਲਾਹਪਾਹ |url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/news/punjab/punjab-news-former-health-minister-jouramajra-is-embroiled-in-controversy-again-now-openly-insulting-teachers-details-inside-841211 |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=ABP Sanjha |date=8 April 2025 |language=pa}}</ref>

In response to mounting pressure and planned statewide teacher protests, including effigy burnings, Jauramajra issued a public apology, stating he meant no personal disrespect to teachers and acknowledging their importance.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP MLA Chetan Singh Jouramajra apologises to teachers for outburst at Samana School |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/aap-mla-chetan-singh-jouramajra-apologises-to-teachers-for-outburst-at-samana-school-101744279239805.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]<ref name="House Committee">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=45&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Cabinet Minister==
5 MLAs including Chetan Singh Jauramajra were inducted into the cabinet and their swearing in ceremony took place on 4 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: CM Bhagwant Mann expands Cabinet, 5 MLAs inducted as ministers |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-expands-cabinet-5-mlas-inducted-as-ministers |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 July, Bhagwant Mann announced the [[Mann ministry#Council of Ministers|expansion of his cabinet of ministers]] with five new ministers to the departments of Punjab state government. Chetan Singh Jauramajra was among the inducted ministers and was given the charge of following departments.<ref name="Tribune News 05 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet expansion: Anmol Gagan gets tourism; Indervir Nijjar local bodies, Chetan Singh health |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cabinet-expansion-anmol-gagan-gets-tourism-indervir-nijjar-local-bodies-chetan-singh-health-409731 |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Tribune India News Service |date=5 July 2022 |language=en }}</ref>
:{{unbulleted list| [[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Health & Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]|[[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Medical Education and Research|Medical Education and Research]]|[[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Elections|Elections]]}}

On 7 January 2023, during the cabinet reshuffle, he was given the charge of new following portfolios.
:{{unbulleted list| [[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Freedom Fighters|Freedom Fighters]]|[[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Defence Services Welfare|Defence Services Welfare]]|[[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Food Processing|Food Processing]]|[[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India#Horticulture|Horticulture]]}}

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Samana Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Samana Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Health and Family Welfare]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Medical Education and Research]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Elections]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Samana
| before= Rajinder Singh (INC)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jauramajra, Chetan Singh}}
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patiala district]]

Shegaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:12:23Z

TawannaIbarra:

{{Short description|Former constituency of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shegaon
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 2,02,335
| reservation = None
}}
'''Shegaon Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha in the Buldhana district during 1967 and 1972 State elections. It was established in 1951 as then Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) constituency located in [[Buldhana district]]. However it was dissolved for 1957 elections to Bombay state and 1962 elections to Maharashtra.

Since 1978 elections it does not exist and [[Jalamb Assembly constituency]] was re-established for the elections from 1978 till 2004.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Tukaram Ganpat Khumkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Ekanath Laxman Bhagwat || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. P. Dhokne || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kashiram Raybhan Patil || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Vakilrao Baburao Langhe || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Sambhajirao Shankarrao Phatke || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Pandurang Gamaji Abhang]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Narendra Marutraoji Ghule Patil|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Onward 2008: See [[Shevgaon Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Chandrashekhar Marutraoji Ghule Patil || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Monika Rajiv Rajale]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Marutraoji Ghule Patil|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 69,566 |percentage = 48.08% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthalrao Vakilrao langhe|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,764 |percentage = 47.52% |change={{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Rashid Babu (Inamdar) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,913 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Rambhau Dhanwade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,346 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Altaf Chotubhai |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 802 |percentage = 0.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,44,749 |percentage = 71.54% |change= {{decrease}}0.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,44,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,335|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Marutraoji Ghule Patil|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,168 |percentage = 47.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,747 |percentage = 42.16% |change={{increase}}38.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambade Nanasaheb Haribhau |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,500 |percentage = 9.19% |change={{decrease}}31.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,421 |percentage = 5.13% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,30,588 |percentage = 72.15% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,126}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,006|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pandurang Gamaji Abhang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,297 |percentage = 40.21% |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 51,285 |percentage = 40.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purnale Treembak Kashinath |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,995 |percentage = 4.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajbhiv Bhanudas Honaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,738 |percentage = 4.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Malusare Tanaji Punjaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,901 |percentage = 3.84% |change={{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Langhe Harichchandra Bhimraj |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Potdar Ramkrishna Madhavrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,296 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12 |percentage = 0.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,30,758 |percentage = 75.90% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,27,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,281|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 50,202 |percentage = 47.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marutrao Shankarrao Ghule Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,278 |percentage = 41.76% |change={{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Najan Rambhau Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,928 |percentage = 4.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Take Dinkarrao Khanderao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,694 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lande Subhash Uttamrao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,310 |percentage = 2.18% |change={{decrease}}21.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pardeshi Vasant Shridhar |party=Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,924 |percentage = 5.59% |change= {{decrease}}16.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,08,326 |percentage = 70.37% |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,06,037}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,931|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Phatke Sambhajirao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,915 |percentage = 48.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mungase Murlidhar Baburao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 17,665 |percentage = 26.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Langhe Vakilrao Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 16,004 |percentage = 23.65% |change={{decrease}}19.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Umar Afjal |party=Independent politician |votes = 574 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajemohite Hambirrao Krushnaji Appaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 517 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,250 |percentage = 22.53% |change= {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,656 |percentage = 56.97% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,265|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Phatke Sambhajirao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,025 |percentage = 47.48% |change={{increase}}35.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Langhe Vakilrao Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 24,318 |percentage = 42.72% |change={{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Take Dinkarrao Khanderrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,740 |percentage = 4.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Potdar Ramkrishana Madhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,634 |percentage = 2.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Palve Arjun Ratnaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 419 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohite Krishanaji Appaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 408 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Malharrao Krishanaji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 379 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,707 |percentage = 4.76% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,848 |percentage = 53.60% |change= {{decrease}}16.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,923}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,794|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Langhe Vakilrao Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 23,872 |percentage = 35.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nimbalkar Eknath Buvasaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,877 |percentage = 33.72% |change={{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Honde Vasantrao Kakaji |party=Janata Party |votes = 12,261 |percentage = 18.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Bapurao Anantrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 7,998 |percentage = 11.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohite Krishanaji Appaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 828 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 995 |percentage = 1.47% |change= {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,276 |percentage = 71.19% |change= {{decrease}}2.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,836}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,710|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}16.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashiram Raybhan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 35,257 |percentage = 51.96% |change={{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alsi Yaminibai Digamber |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,602 |percentage = 39.20% |change={{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajabrao D. Deshmukh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,819 |percentage = 5.63% |change={{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suradkar Janardhan Janu |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,180 |percentage = 3.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,655 |percentage = 12.75% |change= {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,355 |percentage = 73.39% |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,865|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=T. P. Dhokne |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,859 |percentage = 48.23% |change={{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashiram Raybhan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,409 |percentage = 39.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajabrao D. Deshmukh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,078 |percentage = 8.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. G. Sardar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. S. Bodkhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. G. Gavande |party=Independent politician |votes = 389 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,450 |percentage = 9.11% |change= {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,089 |percentage = 75.35% |change= {{increase}}13.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,840}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,706|ref = |change= {{increase}}50.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}10.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ekanath Laxman Bhagwat |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,618 |percentage = 58.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Navale Raosahib Babaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,315 |percentage = 41.70% |change={{decrease}}21.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,303 |percentage = 16.61% |change= {{decrease}}30.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,933 |percentage = 54.83% |change= {{decrease}}4.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,933}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,237|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Shegaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Ganpat Khumkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,439 |percentage = 63.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Narayan Pise |party=Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 4,511 |percentage = 16.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Rustum Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,290 |percentage = 11.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Ganpat Kolare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,792 |percentage = 6.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fakira Ishna Landge |party=Independent politician |votes = 468 |percentage = 1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,928 |percentage = 47.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,500 |percentage = 58.94% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,500}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,657|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shegaon]]
* [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency]]
* [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency]]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.79|76.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Buldhana-geo-stub}}

Nibedita Pradhan

2026-04-16T05:25:37Z

TawannaIbarra: new new post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nibedita Pradhan
| caption = Portrait of Nibedita Pradhan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|05|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|08|10|1963|07|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| birth_name =
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = Bijay Lakshmi Sahoo
| successor1 = Pravat Ranjan Biswal
| office2 = Mayor of [[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Post Established
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| profession = Politician
| father =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| image = File:Nibedita Pradhan.jpg
}}

'''Nibedita Pradhan''' (7 July 1963 – 10 August 2023) was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1951–2004) |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Government of Odisha}}</ref> In 2004, she was elected as the first mayor of Cuttack Municipal Corporation and served the full term till 2009.

Pradhan was born on 7 July 1963,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Nibedita Pradhan |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=43 |website=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref> and died on 10 August 2023, at the age of 60.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Mayor of Cuttack Municipal Corporation Nibedita Pradhan dies |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/first-mayor-of-cuttack-municipal-corporation-nibedita-pradhan-dies/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |publisher=Kalinga TV |date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Nibedita}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]

{{Odisha-politician-stub}}

Panemangalore Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:38Z

TawannaIbarra: new entry

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panemangalore
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1967
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Panemangalore Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]]. It was part of [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. Nagappa Alva|Dr. Alva Nagappa. K]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panemangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Nagappa Alva|Dr. Alva Nagappa. K]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,170 |percentage = 47.69% |change = {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Krishnappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,805 |percentage = 31.87% |change = {{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sadashiva Hegde |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 5,323 |percentage = 15.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mari Bhat |party = Independent politician |votes = 907 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Mayya |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 703 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,365 |percentage = 15.82% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,329 |percentage = 61.55% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,908}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,395 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panemangalore <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Nagappa Alva|Dr. Alva Nagappa. K]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,533 |percentage = 58.63% |change = {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Krishnappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 13,782 |percentage = 41.37% |change = {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,751 |percentage = 17.26% |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,315 |percentage = 61.52% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,150 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}20.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panemangalore <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,369 |percentage = 44.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. H. Alwa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,553 |percentage = 30.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishna Chetty |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,745 |percentage = 25.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,816 |percentage = 13.96% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,667 |percentage = 61.06% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,667}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,241 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.872167|75.046437|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Reena Khokhar

2026-04-13T03:28:00Z

TawannaIbarra: new new entry

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Reena Khokhar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| height = 1.63 m
| weight = 58 kg
| position = Forward
| currentclub = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2017–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 48
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
}}

'''Reena Khokhar''' (born 10 April 1993) is an Indian professional [[field hockey]] player who plays as a forward for the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe Tour (Women) 2017 |url=http://hockeyindia.org/europe-tour-women-2017 |website=hockeyindia.org |accessdate=16 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212083607/http://hockeyindia.org:80/europe-tour-women-2017 |archivedate=12 December 2017}}</ref> She was a part of the 18-member squad that represented India at the [[2018 Women's Hockey World Cup|2018 World Cup]] making her comeback in the side.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rani Rampal to lead India in Women's Hockey World Cup – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/rani-rampal-to-lead-india-in-womens-hockey-world-cup/articleshow/64790561.cms |accessdate=16 July 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

At the club level, Khokhar plays for Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Power- packed teams continue to display finest hockey skills at the 5th Senior Women National Championship 2015– Div A |url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/power-packed-teams-continue-to-display-finest-hockey-skills-at-the-5th-senior-women-national-championship-2015-div-a.html |accessdate=16 July 2018 |work=[[Hockey India]] |publisher=hockeyindia.org |date=29 April 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025632/http://hockeyindia.org/news/power-packed-teams-continue-to-display-finest-hockey-skills-at-the-5th-senior-women-national-championship-2015-div-a.html |archivedate=16 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/reena-khokhar-profile-1416 Reena Khokhar] at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khokhar, Reena}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Udailal Dangi

2026-04-13T00:12:08Z

TawannaIbarra: creating

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Udailal.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Vallabhnagar]]
| birth_place = Nandwel, [[Udaipur]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
}}

'''Udailal Dangi''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Vallabhnagar]] Vidhan Sabha constituency of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Udailal Dangi Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Members of the 16th House |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/HamareVidhayak/RptMemberDetailsInfo.aspx |accessdate=21 May 2024 |website=Rajasthan Government |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=BJP's Udailal Dangi wins Vallabhnagar with 83227 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/vallabhnagar-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470770-2023-12-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20155.htm |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dangi, Udailal}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Loktantrik Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur district]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hariram Vyas

2026-04-10T17:27:42Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating some stub nd citations...

{{Short description|Poet, musician and saint}}
{{Distinguish|Harivyasa}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|honorific_prefix=[[Shri]]
|honorific_suffix=[[Vyas]]
| name = Hariram
| image = Hariram Vyas 1.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 1512
| birth_place = [[Orchha]], [[Orchha State]] (Present day [[Niwari district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]])
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Agra Subah]] (present-day [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]])
|guru= [[Hita Harivansh]]
| sect = [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]]
|philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
| known_for = *Established Jugal Kishore Temple
| disciples = [[Orchha State|Raja Madhukar Shah]]
|influences=
|influenced=
}}

'''Hariram Vyas''' was a 16th-17th century spiritual poet, [[Hindustani classical music|classical musician]] and [[saint]] belonging to the [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]]. He is known to have revealed the Vigraha or Shri Jugal Kishore ji, which is today in [[Panna, India|Panna]] (Madhya Pradesh), from a well in Kishore Van in [[Vrindavan]].

Radhavallabha is a [[Vaishnava]] denomination which began with the Vaishnava theologian [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]. Hariram Vyas together with [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] and [[Swami Haridas]] are known as ''Haritraya'' (Trinity of Hari). He is considered to be an incarnation or descension of Vishakha Sakhi who is considered to be the foremost sakhi of Radharani. He is credited with a large body of devotional compositions, especially in the [[Dhrupad]] style. His work influenced both the classical music and the [[Bhakti movement]]s of [[North India]], especially those devoted to [[Krishna]]'s consort [[Radha]]. As a poet he is credited for bringing development of Krshna-Bhakti literature to light in the pages of Indian history. [[Rupa Goswami]], [[Sanatana Goswami]], Mahaprabhu [[Vallabhacharya]], Vitthalnath (Gusainji), and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] were his contemporaries.

==Life and background==
Hariram Vyas Ji was born in the year 1512 in a [[Sanadhya Brahmin|Sanadhya Gaur Brahmin]] family in Orchha, Bundelkhand. His father Shri Sumokhan Shukl was a follower of [[Madhva tradition]], he was a respected man in his community, and Rajguru(royal priest) of the Orchha royal family. Hariram ji showed a keen interest in [[Sanskrit]] from an early age and achieved great mastery of Vedas and Holy Scriptures at a young age. He was soon appointed as the Rajguru(Royal priest) to King Madhukar Shah of Orchha. Apart from being a renowned pandit and intellectual he was also famous for his debating skills.

In his early years he was obsessed with debating with other intellectuals and had defeated many famous Pundits. He would go and do Shashtrarth (debate) with any Pundit he would hear about and win the debate with his knowledge. But, this phase of his life didn't last very long. Soon, he gave up engaging in meaningless debates, shallow arguments and was completely devoted to the bhakti-marg. He soon renounced his home, family, wealth, and his position as the rajguru of Orchha king and came to Vrindavan. There he lived his life as a vagabond and spent time in [[satsang]] with saints like [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] and [[Swami Haridas]].

There are many disagreements and contradicting theories about who his [[diksha]] - [[guru]] was. One theory suggests that he was initiated into [[Madhva tradition]] by his father Sumokhan Shukl and that his deviation from the tradition and his interest towards Krishn bhakti was inspired by the preachings of his father's guru Sanyasi Madhavdas. And, finally after hearing a doha written by Sant Navaldas he followed his inner voice and came to the epicenter of madhura bhakti - Vrindavan where he began his satsang with Shri Haridas and Hit Harivansh.

Another popular theory suggests that after hearing about the popularity of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] he came to Vrindavan and challenged him for a debate. But, upon hearing one of his dohas became his disciple.

Vyas Ji's father Sumokhan Shukl had been a disciple of and received [[Madhva tradition]] [[diksha]] from Shri Madhavdas who was [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s guru-bhai. And, Vyas Ji had received [[diksha]] from his father in the same tradition. Hence, even though he was not a direct disciple of Madhavdas, he comes under his [[Guru–shishya tradition|Guru-Shishya tradition]].

Vyas Ji in his Sanskrit work called 'Navratna' has also clearly mentioned that he considers himself to belong to [[Madhva tradition]]. But, in his later years he felt a pull towards [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]'s [[Radha-vallabha|Radha-Vallabha]] tradition. This is the reason we can find both [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] philosophy of [[Madhva tradition]] together with the devotional worship elements of the [[Radha-vallabha|Radha-Vallabha]] tradition.

While one of his son was a disciple of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]'s son Vanchandra Ji, his other son Kishoredas received [[diksha]] from Swami Haridas. This shows that Vyas Ji respected all traditions equally.

==Poetry and other works==

Hariram Ji's poems, couplets, dohas were largely composed in [[Braj Bhasha|Braj bhasha]]. However he has composed and written in Sanskrit as well. Apart from devotional [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]] or [[couplet]]s, he also wrote couplets on life principles, morality, and stories of his times. He is said to have composed thousands of couplets and dohas. But the exact number is not known.
Some of his known major devotional dohas, poems in [[Braj Bhasha|Braj bhasha]] have been compiled and published in a book called [https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/shri-vyas-vani-NZB878/ Shri Vyas Vani].
Other works include
1) Raagmala (Hindi/Braj Bhasha)
2) Navratna (Sanskrit)
3) Swadharm Paddati (Sanskrit)

His complete life and works have also been documented by Vasudev Goswami in his book [https://epustakalay.com/book/26889-bhakt-kavi-vyas-ji-by-prabhudayal-meetal-vasudev-goswami/ Bhakt Kavi Vyas Ji].
Vyas Ji has praised saints and devotees in many of his poems. He has specifically named, appreciated and expressed his gratitude towards many contemporary and earlier saints and devotees for removing his own ignorance and doubts through their works, poems and held them in high regard like his Gurus. Here are a couple of illustrations talking about Hit Harivansh.

उपदेस्यो रसिकन प्रथम,तब पाये हरिवंश। 
जब हरिवंश कृपा करी ,मिठे व्यास के संश॥ (Shri Vyas Vani, Pad 14, Pg. 194)

Such dohas by Vyas Ji have given strength to the theory that Harivansh Ji was his guru. But, the fact of the matter is that Vyas Ji had attained such an extreme state of devotion where he had transcended his ego and attained his true self or God. With this sentiment he has called each devotee and saint his guru in the following doha.

आदि, अंत अरु मध्य में, यह रसिकन की रीति। 
संत सबै गुरुदेव है, 'व्यासहि' यह परतीत॥ (Shri Vyas Vani, Saakhi 2, Pg. 408)

Vyas Ji has used kind and respectful words to address all saints and devotees. But, he has dedicated many dohas to express his respect for [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] as a Guru. Hence, it is often agreed that he was his Sadguru. However, his father is largely considered to be his initiating Guru (Diksha-Guru).
Speaking about Krshna-Radha marriage:
मोहन मोहिनी को दूलहु।
मोहन की दुलहिनी मोहनी सखी निरखि निरखि किन फूलहु।
सहज ब्याह उछाह ,सहज मण्डप ,सहज यमुना के कूलहू।
सहज खवासिनि गावति नाचति सहज सगे समतूलहु॥ (Shri Vyas Vani, Pg. 362)

Speaking about how he lived carefree by completely surrendering his life to God:
काहू के बल भजन कौ ,काहू के आचार।
व्यास भरोसे कुँवरि के ,सोवत पाँव पसार॥ (Shri Vyas Vani, Pg. 182)

Speaking about how only devotion is the way to success in life:
जो त्रिय होइ न हरि की दासी।
कीजै कहा रूप गुण सुन्दर,नाहिंन श्याम उपासी॥
तौ दासी गणिका सम जानो दुष्ट राँड़ मसवासी।
निसिदिन अपनों अंजन मंजन करत विषय की रासी॥
परमारथ स्वप्ने नहिं जानत अन्ध बंधी जम फाँसी। (Shri Vyas Vani, Pg. 84)

Description of Spring Season in Vrindavan:
चल चलहिं वृन्दावन वसन्त आयो।
झूलत झूलन के झँवरा मारुत मकरन्द उड़ायो॥
मधुकर कोकिल कीर कोक मिलि कोलाहल उपजायो।
नाचत स्याम बजावत गावत राधा राग जमायो॥
चौबा चंदन बूका बन्द्न लाल गुलाल उड़ायो।
स्याम स्यामिनी की छवि निरखत रोम-रोम सचु पायो॥ (Vyas Vani, Pg. 415)

Description of Monsoons in Vrindavan:

आजु कछु कुंजन में वर्षा सी।
बादल दल में देखि सखी री चमकति है चपला सी॥
नान्हीं नान्हीं बूंदनि कछु धुरवा से बहै सुखरासी।
मंद मंद गरजनि सी सुनियत नाचती मोर सभा सी॥
इंद्रधनुष बग पंगत डोलति ,बोलति कोक-कला सी।
इन्द्र वधू छवि छाइ रही ,मनु गिरि पर अरुन घटा सी॥
उमगि मही रूह सेमहि फूली भूली मृग माला सी।
रटत व्यास चातक ज्यों रसना रस पीवत हूँ प्यासी॥ (Shri Vyas Vani, Pg. 392)

Songs based on the literature written by Shri Hariram Vyas were written around 504 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aditya Bhardwaj|title=SHRI HARIRAM VYAS ji written bhajans.|date=2014-11-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ9mmE8t4YY|website=Youtube.com|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

==Legends==

One of the stories about Hariram Vyas was told by the court pandit of Orchha. Coming to Vrindavan, Swami Hariram Vyas found the association of Hit Harivansh Goswami and fell in love with Vrindavan and [[Radha Krishna]]. He decided to give up material life and stay in the Dham and do [[bhajan]] and so sent word to the king of Orcha. The king implored him to return to do his worldly duties at the court.

“What is better, acting for one's own benefit or for the benefit of a great number of people in society?” The king challenged. “Is not your wish to remain in Vrindavan merely your own selfish desire?”

Hariram Vyas accepted the king's logic, but his heart could not agree. He said, “You are right, but I will only go if my friend Hit Harivams Goswami, allows me to go, for it is from him that the desire to stay here has come.” His response to the king is mentioned in the following doha.

वृंदावन के रूख हमारे माता पिता सुत बंधा। 
गुरु गोविंद साधुगति मति सुख, फल फूलन की गंधा|| 
इनहिं पीठि दै अनत डीठि करै सो अंधान में अंधा। 
व्यास इनहिं छोड़ै और छुड़ावै ताको परियो कंधा||

The king sent ministers to the Goswami and Harivans did indeed tell Hariram Vyas to tend to his worldly duties until they released him. This upset Hariram, who had become attached to his life of musical devotion, writing poetry and absorption in Radha and Krishna's name, forms and pastimes. Devastated, he began to prepare to leave the Dham.

As one last act in the Dham, the tearful Hariram came to the Radha Vallabha temple that had already closed after the midday meal. There he saw a sweeper woman standing at the doorstep with a leaf plate of prasadam from Radha Vallabha. When Hariram saw her and the prasad, he immediately begged some of it from her, and she reluctantly ceded some of her touched food to the Brahmin.

The minister and envoys from Orcha were there waiting for Hariram to finish his prayers and get on their way, but when they saw him taking food from an outcaste woman, they concluded that he had lost his caste, and returned without him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jagadanandadas.blogspot.in/2015_03_01_archive.html|title=Jagat: March 2015|author=Jagadananda Das|website=Jagadanandadas.blogspot.in|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

'''When Shri Hariram Vyas Ji felt that Kabirdas Ji has not been able to obtain Braj Ras.''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brajrasik.blogspot.com/2018/01/when-shri-hariram-vyas-ji-felt-that.html|title=When Shri Hariram Vyas Ji felt that Kabirdas Ji has not been able to obtained Braj Ras.|accessdate=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref>

Although he was already Sidha Rasik Saint, and he often used to see the divine leelas of Yugal Sarkar, (but just to teach us a lesson that even a small Bhakta Apradh can almost destroy the complete sadhna of a sadhak) once he felt that “Kabir Das hardly understood the Braj Ras (Bliss of Braj)”. He cast aspersions on the integrity of Shree Kabir Das Ji and thought that Kabir Das has not been able to achieve the topmost bliss of Braj. As soon as he thought of this, he could no longer see the divine pastimes of Radha Krishna. Hit Harivansh Mahaprabhu concluded that Shri Krishna can never tolerate the offense towards his saints. [[Hari Ram]] Vyas Ji felt sorry and on the advice of his master "Hit Harivansh Mahaprabhu”, Vyas Ji wrote a few lines in praise of Kabirdas which are as such:

"कलि में सांचो भक्त कबीर । 
जबते हरि चरणन रति उपजि, तब ते बुनयो न चीर । 
दियो लेत न जांचै कबहूँ, ऐसो मन को धीर । 
जोगी, जती, तपी, सन्यासी, मिटी ना मन की पीड़ । 
पाँच तत्त्व ते जन्म न पायो, काल न ग्रसो शरीर । 
व्यास भक्त को खेत जुलाहों, हरि करुणामय नीर ।"

Vyas Ji saw in his visions that Kabir Das is manifesting from Yamuna Ji and Shri Krishna is following him and he again composed two lines which Shri Krishna himself composed of Kabir Das in his visions :

"मन ऐसा निरमल भया जैसे गंगा नीर । 
पीछे-पीछे हरि फिरैं कहत कबीर-कबीर ॥ "

==Commentary on caste and social order==

Upper caste Hindus and Brahmins often take great pride in their caste and are particular about things like janeu (holy thread), but Vyas ji was free from these notions even though he was born in a highly respected rajguru brahmin family. Compared to true devotion (bhakti), he not only considered caste unimportant, but also a complete waste of time and energy. He advised people to drop the pride of caste and devote one's life in true bhakti. He held that a lower caste person who finds true devotion is far better than lakhs of Brahmins devoid of true devotion because while they are themselves asleep and lost, they claim to awaken and show the way to others.

Vyas Ji didn't seem to care to know identity of fellow Hari-bhakts and freely took prasad from one and all. This is mentioned in one of the dohas written by him:

स्वान प्रसादे छुइ गयो, कौआ गयो बिटारि। 
दोउ पावन 'व्यास' कें, कह भागोत बिचारि॥ 
'व्यास' रसिक जन ते बड़े, ब्रज तजि अनत न जायँ। 
वृन्दावन के स्वपच लों, जूठनि मांगे खाय॥ 
'व्यास' मिठाई विप्र की, तामें लागे आग। 
वृन्दावन की स्वपच की, जूठनि खेये माँग॥

By abandoning practice of untouchability and caste-divide Vyas Ji went against the social norms of his times and had to face wrath and disdain of many sections of the society. But he refused to be moved by such treatment. When people appealed that he respect the caste system and uphold the place of Brahmins he fearlessly said-

'व्यास'हिं ब्राह्मण जिन गनों, हरि-भक्तन कौ दास। 
राधावल्लभ कारनै, सहयों जगत उपहास॥26॥ 
जासों लोग अधर्म कहत हैं, सोई धर्म है मेरौ। 
लोग दहिने मारग लाग्यो, हौंब चलत हों डेरों।x 
जिनकी ये सब छोति करत हैं, तिनहि के हों चेरों॥230॥

==Later life and death==
Vyas Ji continued to stay in Vrindavan for the remainder of his life and remained immersed in Radha Krishn bhakti and produced many works. During his stay he also established Jugal Kishore temple. The temple was built with the help of Orchha king Madhukar Shah. The idols remained in the temple for many years but in order to protect the idols from a Mughal invasion, devotees shifted the idols to Panna. These idols are still placed in Old Jugal Kishore temple in Panna which is now in Madhya Pradesh.

The exact year of his death is not known but Vyas Ji's samadhi sthal constructed by Orchha prince Veersingh Dev can still be found in Vrindavan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian male writers]]

Panvel Karjat Matheran Khalapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:44Z

TawannaIbarra: new new stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panvel Karjat Matheran Khalapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,02,000
| mla = Padir Manohar Kushaha
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Panvel Karjat Matheran Khalapur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]] and [[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]] constituencies.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Padir Manohar Kushaha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Thosar Narhar Parsharam
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel Karjat Matheran Khalapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Padir Manohar Kushaha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,284 |percentage = 19.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thosar Narhar Parsharam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,201 |percentage = 18.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Mavji Laxman |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,185 |percentage = 14.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Vasant Rajaram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,894 |percentage = 14.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darvada Ambo Kamloo |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,416 |percentage = 8.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hirve Tulsiram Balkrishna |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,050 |percentage = 8.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gangaram Nagu |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,986 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katkari Pandu Ganu |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 3,241 |percentage = 3.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaidya Bachaji Shivram |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 2,600 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wajekar Tukaram Hari |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,226 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,099 |percentage = 4.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,083 |percentage = 43.18% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,083}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,000 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Sutapa Chakraborty

2026-04-07T17:15:28Z

TawannaIbarra: done

{{Infobox writer
| name = Sutapa Chakraborty
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1991}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| citizenship = India
| education =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Deraje Halud Ful, Gatajanma''
| awards = {{awards|[[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]|2024}}
}}
'''Sutapa Chakraborty''' is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] poet. She is the first person from [[Assam]] to receive the ''Yuva Puraskar'' for literary work in [[Bengali language]].<ref name="Purkayastha1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sutapa Chakraborty first Bengali Poet from Assam |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2024/06/16/sutapa-chakraborty-first-bengali-poet-from-assam-wins-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

Chakraborty was honored with the ''[[Yuva Puraskar]]'' by [[Sahitya Akademi]] in 2024 for her poetry collection ''Deraje Halud Ful, Gatajanma''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-16 |title=Assamese author, 7 others from NE bag Sahitya Akademi awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assamese-author-7-others-from-ne-bag-sahitya-akademi-awards/articleshow/111029321.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Education life ==
Chakraborty completed her [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] studies in [[Bengali literature]] from Karimganj College under [[Assam University]] and obtained [[Bachelor of Arts]]. She felt drawn to poetry from her college days. Later, she did her [[Postgraduate education|Postgraduate]] studies from Assam University. After focusing on research, she obtained her [[doctorate]] in 2022.<ref name="Purkayastha1">{{cite news |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Biswa Kalyan |title=Bengali poet from Assam Sutapa Chakraborty wins Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bengali-poetess-from-assam-sutapa-chakraborty-wins-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puruskar-101718462772418.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=www.hindustantimes.com |publisher=HindustanTimes |date=15 Jun 2024}}</ref>

== Works ==
Sutapa Chakraborty developed an interest in poetry from the time she was studying in college. Her works of poetry published are ''Bhramarayan'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Purskar 2024 |url=https://barakbulletin.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar2024-silchar-girl-dr-sutapa-chakraborty-makes-the-valley-proud/ |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> ''Mayabidya'' and ''Deraje Halud Ful, Gatajanma''. The poems of ''Mayabidya'' are written in [[sonnet]]-poetic form, which is a collection of hundred sonnets. ''Deraje Halud Ful, Gatajanma'' was published by [[Kolkata]]-based Adam Publications in 2022; most of the poems were written during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Purkayastha1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Yuva Puraskar winners for Bengali}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Sutapa}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]

Muthumani

2026-04-06T19:39:58Z

TawannaIbarra:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muthumani Somasundaran
| image =
| caption = Muthumani In 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Arun P. R|2006}}
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film]] [[Actress]]|[[Lawyer]]|[[Lecturer]]|[[Theatre]] [[Actress]]|[[Television presenter|Television host]]}}
| years_active = 2006{{endash}}present
| parents = {{ubl|Somasundaran|Shirly Somasundaran}}
| alma mater = [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], [[Kochi]] 
[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Muthumani earns PhD |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/06/actor-lawyer-muthumani-now-holds-phd-in-copyright-law.html}}</ref>
| children = 1
}}
'''Muthumani Somasundaran''' is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. She made her cinematic debut through the Malayalam film ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' directed by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthumani is Manju Warrier's friend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Muthumani-is-Manju-Warriers-friend/articleshow/32715820.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Muthumani was born in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]] to Somasundaran and Shirly Somasundaran. They were active in the theatre field, which influenced her to enter into the theatre plays. She went to St. Mary's Convent Girls High School, [[Ernakulam]]. She has worked as a child artist for [[All India Radio]]. She learned dance but later moved onto [[Monodrama|mono-act]]. She topped the mono-act competitions in the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]]. She obtained her graduate degree in law from The [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] (N.U.A.L.S), Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140410/entertainment-mollywood/article/role-matters-not-length-actress-muthumani |title=Role matters, not length: Actress Muthumani |first=Priya |last=Sreekumar |date=10 January 2016}}</ref> She holds a Master's and a [[PhD|Doctoral]] degree in Law from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Muthumani earns PhD |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/06/actor-lawyer-muthumani-now-holds-phd-in-copyright-law.html}}</ref>

==Career==
===Theatre===

Muthumani joined and actively participated in the Amateur Theatre Wing. She played the central character, Vasundhara in ''Oru Dalit Yuvathiyude Kadana Katha'', based on [[M. Mukundan]]'s novelette. She was closely associated with the theatre groups in [[Kochi]] from her school days. It was while doing her Plus Two education that she travelled to [[Greece]] for the [[Theatre of ancient Greece|Ancient Greek Theatre]] Festival to represent [[India]] under the banner ‘Lokadharmi’ which were the only team from the Asia- Pacific region. The play was based on the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] character [[Medea]] in which she played a 35-year-old mother of two. She won the best actress for the play ''Mukkanji'' at the Theatre Olympiad held in [[Odisha|Orissa]]. She donned the role of Chethu, a masculine woman in the play.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/09/18/stories/2003091801140200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Another bold statement |date=18 September 2003 |first=Anand|last=Haridas}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> That honour eventually got her the role in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s Malayalam film, ''[[Rasathanthram]]''. She also did a play called ''Lanka Lakshmi'' in which she played the [[Mandodari]].

She acted in a Malayalam adaptation of ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', where she acted as Rahel and as [[Arundhati Roy]]. She also played the role of [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] in ''[[Kumari Kandam|Madurai Kandam]]'', the last segment of ''[[Silappatikaram]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/actor-into-law/article1417246.ece |title=Actor into law |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2008}}</ref>

===Film===

Muthumani made her film debut in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s, ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' opposite [[Mohanlal]], in which she played the character who has a crush on the character played by Mohanlal. After that she has acted several notable [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-am-lucky-to-have-worked-with-manju-news-malayalam-ojbjWGfafghfa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901154440/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-am-lucky-to-have-worked-with-manju-news-malayalam-ojbjWGfafghfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2014 |title=I am lucky to have worked with Manju |work=SIFY |first=Gayathri |last=Krishna |date=1 September 2014}}</ref> Some of her notable roles were in ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'', ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'', ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'', ''[[Njaan]]'' and ''[[Lukka Chuppi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Personal life==
Muthumani completed her Bachelor's in Law from [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Law Graduates from Mollywood |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/law-graduates-from-mollywood/photostory/50157646.cms}}</ref> After completing law, she enrolled as an advocate in [[Kerala High Court]], [[Ernakulam]]. She is now focusing on, Prerana, a life-skill training centre, which "gives need-based training for students, teachers and corporates."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-august-company/article5003451.ece |title=In august company |first=Athira |last=M |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>
She earned a Master's and a [[PhD|Doctoral]] degree in Law from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Muthumani earns PhD |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/06/actor-lawyer-muthumani-now-holds-phd-in-copyright-law.html}}</ref>
She is married to screenwriter/director Arun P. R., who directed the 2019 Malayalam Movie [[Finals (film)|Finals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article603885.ece |title=Glam team to don legal robes |author=Express News Service |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2012/sep/10/glam-team-to-don-legal-robes-404672.html |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Kumari ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || School teacher || Cameo appearance in a song
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Rehna ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Manikyakkallu]]''||Sundari teacher||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Sicily || In ''Kullante Bharya'' ([[Anthology film]])
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Jansamma ||
|-
| ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''||Shalu||
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' || Vimala Ramanathan ||
|-
| ''Therapist'' || Dr. Nikhil's wife|| Short film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || Sashikala ||
|-
| ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' || Priya Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Njaan]]'' || Janu / Valiamma ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2015 || ''[[Lukka Chuppi]]'' || Suhara Rafiq ||
|-
| ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]'' || Vanaja ||
|-
| ''[[Swargathekkal Sundaram]]''||Dr. Renu ||
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' ||Vinitha ||
|-
| ''[[Nirnnayakam]]''||Dr.Hema||
|-
| ''[[Loham]]''||Advocate Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || Quarreling wife at Hotel || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''Saigal Padukayanu''||Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]''||Mary George||
|-
| ''[[Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam]]'' || Sreedevi||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2016 || ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || Shahida ||
|-
| [[Leela (2016 film)|''Leela'']] || Kunjamma / Angel ||
|-
| ''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]'' ||Vanaja Neer ||
|-
| ''[[Kammatti Paadam]]''|| Savithri||
|-
| ''[[Pa Va]]''||Kunjumol ||
|-
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' ||Girija ||
|-
| rowspan=4 |2017 ||''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]'' ||Laly||
|-
| ''[[Ramante Eden Thottam]]'' ||Nazmi ||
|-
|[[Villain (2017 film)|''Villain'']]|||Doctor||
|-
|''[[Chippy (film)|Chippy]]''||Unknown||
|-
|rowspan=4|2018|| ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]''||Haseena||
|-
| ''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]''||Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''Vallikkudilile Velakkaran'' ||Mary||
|-
|''[[Pretham 2]]''||A.C.P Meera Anwer||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019|| | ''Naan Petta Makan'' ||Jyothy teacher||
|-
|''[[Pathinettam Padi]]''||Teacher, Ayyappan's mother||
|-
|''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]''||Varadha||
|-
|''[[Under World]]''||Adv. M. Padmavathi||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''Wonder Woman Vanaja'' ||Adv.Vanaja||Short film
|-
|''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]''||Flight Passenger||Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]''|| Shalet ||
|-
|''The Sound of Age''||Magistrate Lathika||
|-
|''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]''||Smitha Antony||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|-
|''[[Bro Daddy]]''||Dr. Archana Menon||
|-
|''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]''||Saranya Varma||
|-
|''[[Zam Zam (film)|Zam Zam]]''|| Smitha ||
|-
|''Across the Ocean''||Gayathri Ram||
|-
|''Veekam''||Advocate||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]''|| Malini || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Christy' is not 'Malena', clarifies Malavika Mohanan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/jan/29/christy-is-not-malena-clarifies-malavika-mohanan-2542488.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ameera ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty: Let review and cinema go their own way |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/20/mammootty-let-review-and-cinema-go-their-own-way-49718.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || Shymol ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2025 || ''[[Am Ah]]'' || Sindhu V Menon||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Dileesh Pothan and Jaffer Idukki's Am Ah gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/03/dileesh-pothan-and-jaffer-idukkis-am-ah-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]]Rekha Chandrasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[E valayam]]'' || Anitha ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title='ഈ വലയം' മേയ് 30-ന് പ്രദർശനത്തിനെത്തും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/e-valayam-movie-kochi-shoot-wrap-1.10558011 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' || Nalini Narayanan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-30 |title=Unni Mukundan's Get-Set Baby release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/30/unni-mukundans-get-set-baby-release-date-out |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]'' || Jasmine || [[JioHotstar]] series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-12-05 |title=Nivin Pauly's Pharma gets a premiere date, trailer out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Dec/05/malayalamnews2025dec05nivin-paulys-pharma-gets-a-premiere-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Chatha Pacha]]'' || Lotus ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Vedika Sreekumar talks about the magical moment she shared with Mammootty in Chatha Pacha |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vedika-sreekumar-talks-about-the-magical-moment-she-shared-with-mammootty-in-chatha-pacha-lle06cx3 |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television career===
*''Njnannu Sthree'' ([[Amrita TV]]) as Anchor
*''Kuttikalavara'' (Flowers TV) as anchor
*''Chandralekha'' ([[Reporter TV]]) as anchor
*''Ithalukal'' ([[Asianet News]]) as Anchor
*''Chakkarapanthal'' ([[Mathrubhumi News]]) as Anchor

==Dubbing credit==
* For [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] - ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' (2014)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Oka Chinna Family Story

2026-04-02T19:56:45Z

TawannaIbarra: new new page - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}

{{Infobox television
| image = Oka Chinna Family Story.jpg
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Mahesh Uppala
| starring = [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] Naresh Vijay Krishna Simran Sharma
| voices = Manasa Sharma Ratna Sagar
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| composer = PK Dandi
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Niharika Konidela]]
| executive_producer = Ramesh M
| cinematography = Edurolu Raju
| editor = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| runtime = 35–42 minutes
| company = Pink Elephant Pictures
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=y}}
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Oka Chinna Family Story''''' ({{Translation|A small family's story}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] [[web series]] created by Manasa Sharma and Mahesh Uppala and produced by [[Niharika Konidela]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Oka Chinna Family Story Telugu Movie Review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/oka-chinna-family-story-telugu-review.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref> The series is directed by Mahesh Uppala and has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Sangeeth Sobhan]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] and Simran Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desam|first=A. B. P.|date=2021-11-19|title='ఒక చిన్న ఫ్యామిలీ స్టోరీ' రివ్యూ: పప్పుచారు అంత టేస్టీగా... నవ్విస్తుంది!|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ocfs-aka-oka-chinna-family-story-web-series-review-10771|access-date=2021-12-05|website=telugu.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 19 November 2021 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-09|title=Nagarjuna unveils 'Oka Chinna Family Story' trailer|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nagarjuna-unveils-oka-chinna-family-story-trailer-zee5-to-stream-web-series-from-november-19|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Premise==

Mahesh's small middle-class family is in for a cruel twist when his father, Haridas, bequeaths a huge debt of {{INR}}25 lakhs. How the family attempts to negotiate through the difficulties comedically forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

* [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] as Mahesh
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Rukmini, Mahesh's mother
* Simran Sharma as Keerthi
* Prameela Rani as Mahesh's paternal grandmother
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Haridas, Mahesh's father
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Mahesh's maternal uncle
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Keerthi's mother
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Agent Balu

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = House No. 9
| DirectedBy = Mahesh Uppala
| WrittenBy = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}} <ref name=zee>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/oka-chinna-family-story/0-6-4z535664/house-no-9/0-1-6z535666|title = Watch Oka Chinna Family Story Season 1 E1 - House No. 9 online in HD on ZEE5}}</ref>
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The First EMI
| DirectedBy = Mahesh Uppala
| WrittenBy = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}} <ref name=zee/>
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Of the Money, by the Money, for the Money
| DirectedBy = Mahesh Uppala
| WrittenBy = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}} <ref name=zee/>
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Ousting Days
| DirectedBy = Mahesh Uppala
| WrittenBy = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}} <ref name=zee/>
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Truth or Dare?
| DirectedBy = Mahesh Uppala
| WrittenBy = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}} <ref name=zee/>
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}|airdateT=Date of Broadcast|background=#006602|seasonT=Episode|season=|airdate=|director=|directorT=Directed by|title=|titleT=Title|writer=|writerT=Written by}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title2 = Orey Mahesha
| length2 = 2:49
| length3 = 3:34
| extra3 = PK Dandi
| title3 = Naa Gunde Jaaripoye
| note2 = Chorus: Sindhuja Srinivasan Lakshmi Meghana
| extra2 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| all_lyrics = [[Sri Mani|Shreemani]]
| title1 = Haire Haire
| all_music = PK Dandi
| extra1 = Sarath Santosh
| headline = Tracklisting
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| length1 = 3:59
| note3 = Chorus: Pavani Vasa, Ashwini Chepuri
}}

== Reception ==
The series was well received and garnered over 60 million views in the first 10 days. ZEE 5 declared it a super hit.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-11-20|title='Oka Chinna Family Story' series review: A coming-of-age dramedy that works in parts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/oka-chinna-family-story-series-review-a-coming-of-age-dramedy-that-works-in-parts/article37593501.ece|access-date=2021-12-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and praised the performances of lead actors, screenplay and direction. He further stated that "''Oka Chinna Family Story'' truly has the makings of a new-age comedy that doesn't resort to cringy dialogues for the sake of laughs. Don't miss it if you love light-hearted dramas".<ref>{{Citation|title=OKA Chinna Family Story Season 1 Review: Organic wit served with heart-warming innocence|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/oka-chinna-family-story/oka-chinna-family-story-season-1/seasonreview/87718814.cms|access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' mentioned that background score, Tulasi's acting and story are the positives and slow-paced narration is the negative of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oka Chinna Family Story Review: రివ్యూ: ఒక చిన్న ఫ్యామిలీ స్టోరీ - telugu news oka chinna family story review|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/telugu-news-oka-chinna-family-story-review/0203/121236742|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.eenadu.net|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15819134|title=Oka Chinna Family Story}}

[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]

Mung bean

2026-03-27T22:43:26Z

TawannaIbarra:

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{distinguish|text = [[adzuki bean|red mung bean]] and [[vigna mungo|mungo bean]]}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Mung bean
|image = Mung beans (Vigna radiata).jpg
|image_caption = Mung beans
|image2 = Mung bean (Vigna radiata) Dired open Pod in Hong Kong.JPG
|image2_caption = Dried and opened mung bean pod
|genus = Vigna
|species = radiata
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) R. Wilczek
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Azukia radiata'' (L.) Ohwi
*''Phaseolus abyssinicus'' Savi
*''Phaseolus chanetii'' (H.Lev.) H.Lev.
*''Phaseolus hirtus'' Retz.
*''Phaseolus novo-guineense'' Baker f.
*''Phaseolus radiatus'' L.
*''Phaseolus setulosus'' Dalzell
*''Phaseolus sublobatus'' Roxb.
*''Phaseolus trinervius'' Wight & Arn.
*''Pueraria chanetii'' H.Lev.
*''Rudua aurea'' (Roxb.) F.Maek.
*''Rudua aurea'' (Roxb.) Maekawa
*''Vigna brachycarpa'' Kurz
*''Vigna opistricha'' A.Rich.
*''Vigna perrieriana'' R.Vig.
*''Vigna sublobata'' (Roxb.) Babu & S.K.Sharma
*''Vigna sublobata'' (Roxb.) Bairig. & al.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Vigna+radiata
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Vigna radiata MHNT.BOT.2009.17.4.jpg|thumb|''Vigna radiata'' - [[MHNT]]]]
[[File:Mung Seeds.jpg|thumb|Mung seeds from Deccan Plateau, India]]
[[File:Mung Legumes.jpg|thumb|Mung legumes from India]]
{{stack end}}
The '''mung bean''' or '''green gram''' (''Vigna radiata'') is a [[plant]] [[species]] in the [[Fabaceae|legume family]].<ref name="brief">Brief Introduction of Mung Bean. Vigna Radiata Extract Green Mung Bean Extract Powder Phaseolus aureus Roxb Vigna radiata L R Wilczek. MDidea-Extracts Professional. P054. http://www.mdidea.com/products/proper/proper05402.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184421/https://mdidea.com/products/proper/proper05402.html |date=June 12, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="vocab">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocabulary.com/definition/green_gram |title=The World's Fastest Dictionary |publisher=Vocabulary.com |access-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> It is mainly cultivated in [[East Asia|East]], [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], and in [[South Asia]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tridge.com/stories/rapidly-increasing-demand-for-uzbekistani-mung-beans|title=Rapidly Increasing Demand for Uzbekistani Mung Beans|date=January 6, 2020|website=Tridge|access-date=February 21, 2020}}</ref> and used as an ingredient in both savoury and sweet dishes.

{{TOC limit}}

==Names==
The English names "[[wikt:mung|mung]]" or "[[wikt:mungo bean|mungo]]" originated from the Hindi word {{Transliteration|hi|mūṅg}} ({{lang|hi|मूंग}}), which is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{Transliteration|sa|mudga}} ({{lang|sa|मुद्ग}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mung-bean?s=ts |title=Mung bean {{pipe}} Define Mung bean at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=August 22, 2012}}</ref> It is also known in [[Philippine English]] as "[[wikt:mongo|mongo bean]]".<ref name="Polistico ·">{{cite book |last1=Polistico · |first1=Edgie |title=Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary |date=2017 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Incorporated |isbn=978-621-420-087-0}}</ref> Other less common English names include "golden gram" and "Jerusalem pea".<ref name="Winch ·">{{cite book |last1=Winch · |first1=Tony |title=Growing Food A Guide to Food Production |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-6624-5 |page=177}}</ref>

==Description==
The green gram is an [[Annual plant|annual vine]] with yellow flowers and fuzzy brown pods. It has a height of about {{Convert|15-125|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}}.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last1=Lambrides|first1=C. J.|title=Mungbean|date=2007|work=Pulses, Sugar and Tuber Crops|pages=69–90|editor-last=Kole|editor-first=Chittaranjan|series=Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-34516-9_4|isbn=978-3-540-34516-9|last2=Godwin|first2=I. D.|volume=3 }}</ref>

Mung bean has a well-developed root system. The [[lateral root]]s are many and slender, with root nodules grown.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Damme|first=Patrick Van|date=April 2007|title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses|url=https://bioone.org/journals/economic-botany/volume-61/issue-1/0013-0001_2007_61_108a_PROTAC_2.0.CO_2/Plant-Resources-of-Tropical-Africa-1-Cereals-and-Pulses/10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[108a:PROTAC]2.0.CO;2.full|journal=Economic Botany|volume=61|issue=1|page=108|doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[108a:PROTAC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=198156564 |issn=0013-0001|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Stems are much branched, sometimes twining at the tips. Young stems are purple or green, and mature stems are grayish-yellow or brown. They can be divided into erect [[Glossary of botanical terms|cespitose]], semi-trailing and trailing types.<ref name=":4" /> Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect.<ref name=":3" />

Leaves are ovoid or broad-ovoid, [[cotyledon]]s die after emergence, and ternate leaves are produced on two single leaves. The leaves are 6–12 cm long and 5–10 cm wide. [[Raceme]]s with yellow flowers are borne in the axils and tips of the leaves, with 10–25 flowers per pedicel, self-pollinated. The fruits are elongated cylindrical or flat cylindrical pods, usually 30–50 per plant. The pods are 5–10 cm long and 0.4–0.6 cm wide and contain 12–14 septum-separated seeds, which can be either cylindrical or spherical in shape, and green, yellow, brown, or blue in color.<ref name=":4" /> Seed colors and presence or absence of a rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mung bean.<ref name=":3" />

=== Growth stages ===

[[Germination]] is typically within 4–5 days, but the actual rate varies according to the amount of moisture introduced during the germination stage.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=McLelland|first=Jonathan|date=4 December 2021|title=The Growth Stages of Mung Beans|url=https://www.hunker.com/13426693/the-growth-stages-of-mung-beans|website=Hunker|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> It is [[Epigeal germination|epigeal]], with the stem and [[cotyledon]]s emerging from the [[seedbed]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sequeros|first1=Teresa|last2=Ochieng|first2=Justus|last3=Schreinemachers|first3=Pepijn|last4=Binagwa|first4=Papias H.|last5=Huelgas|first5=Zenaida M.|last6=Hapsari|first6=Ratri Tri|last7=Juma|first7=Maurice Ogada|last8=Kangile|first8=Joseph Rajabu|last9=Karimi|first9=Rael|last10=Khaririyatun|first10=Nur|last11=Mbeyagala|first11=Emmanuel K.|date=2021-01-21|title=Mungbean in Southeast Asia and East Africa: varieties, practices and constraints|journal=Agriculture & Food Security|volume=10|issue=1|page=2|doi=10.1186/s40066-020-00273-7|s2cid=231668060|issn=2048-7010|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021AgFS...10....2S }}</ref>

After germination, the seed splits, and a soft, whitish root grows. [[Mung bean sprouts]] are harvested during this stage. If not harvested, it develops a [[root]] system, then a green stem which contains two leaves and shoots up from the soil. After that, [[Glossary of plant morphology|seed pods]] begin to form on its [[branch]]es, with 10–15 seeds contained in each pod.<ref name=":5" />

The maturation can take up to 60 days. It can reach up to 76 cm (30 in) tall, with multiple branches with seed pods. Most of the seed pods become darker, while some remain green.<ref name=":5" />

=== Similar species ===
''Vigna radiata'' is sometimes confused with ''[[Vigna mungo]]'' (black gram) due to their similar [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mung bean (Vigna radiata) {{!}} Feedipedia |url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/235 |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.feedipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Mung beans are one of many species moved from the genus ''[[Phaseolus]]'' to ''[[Vigna]]'' in the 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Grain legumes: evolution and genetic resources|last=Smartt, J.|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30797-X|location=Cambridge|page=142|oclc=19552979}}</ref> The previous names were ''Phaseolus aureus'' or ''P. radiatus.''

It is a species of [[Fabaceae]] and is also known as green gram.<ref name="Ganesan 11–33">{{Cite journal |last1=Ganesan |first1=Kumar |last2=Xu |first2=Baojun |date=2018-03-01 |title=A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata) |journal=Food Science and Human Wellness |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–33 |doi=10.1016/j.fshw.2017.11.002 |issn=2213-4530 |s2cid=90156426 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are three subgroups, including one cultivated (''V. radiata subsp. radiata'') and two wild ones (''V. radiata subsp. sublobata'' and ''V. radiata subsp. glabra'').<ref name=":3" />

== Ecology ==

=== Nitrogen fixation and cover crop ===
As a legume plant, mung bean is in symbiotic association with [[Rhizobia]], which enables it to [[Nitrogen fixation|fix atmospheric nitrogen]] (58–109 kg per ha mung bean). It can provide large amounts of [[biomass]] (7.16 t biomass/ha) and [[nitrogen]] to the soil (ranging from 30 to 251 kg/ha).<ref name=":2" /> The nitrogen fixation ability not only enables it to meet its own nitrogen requirement, but also benefits the succeeding crops. It can be used as a [[cover crop]] before or after [[Cereal|cereal crops]] in rotation, which makes a good [[green manure]].<ref name=":2" />

== Domestication ==
[[File:Mung bean germination.ogv|thumb|Time-lapse video of mung beans germinating over 10 days]]

The mung bean was domesticated in [[India]], where its progenitor (''Vigna radiata'' subspecies ''sublobata'') occurs wild.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomooka |first1=N. |title=The Asian Vigna: genus Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis genetic resources |last2=Vaughan |first2=D. A. |last3=Moss |first3=H. |last4=Mixted |first4=N. |publisher=Kluwer |year=2003 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="aob.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=D. Q. |year=2007 |title=Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=903–924 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcm048 |pmc=2759199 |pmid=17495986}}</ref>

2nd millennium BCE scripture [[Yajurveda]] in its 4th chapter refers to ''mudga'' (मुद्ग) as one of the important grains and asks [[Rudra]] to bless with its good harvest (मु॒द्गाश्च॑ मे॒ खल्वा॑श्च मे) in [[Shri Rudram|Rudradhyaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Sri Rudram - Complete Lyrics - Namakam and Chamakam with Meanings |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/sri-rudram/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Raj Kumar |title=Yajurveda/18/12 {{!}} Ved Portal - Search & Read |url=https://xn--j2b3a4c.com/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=xn--j2b3a4c.com |language=en}}</ref> The mung bean is listed as one of the nine auspicious grains ([[navdhānya]]) in [[Vedic Astrology|Vedic astrology]] and associated with planet [[Budha]] (Mercury).<ref>{{Cite web |title=13 Ways to Increase the Power of Mercury in Astrology |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Increase-the-Power-of-Mercury-in-Astrology |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=wikiHow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred Navadhanyas - Names in multiple languages |url=https://www.vedadhara.com/navadhanya-article |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.vedadhara.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Krishna, Nanditha (2017). ''Hinduism and Nature''. Penguin Random House India. {{ISBN|978-9-387-32654-5}}.</ref>

Carbonized mung beans have been discovered in many archeological sites in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=D. Q. |last2=Harvey |first2=E. |year=2006 |title=The archaeobotany of Indian Pulses: identification, processing and evidence for cultivation |journal=[[Environmental Archaeology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=219–246 |bibcode=2006EnvAr..11..219F |doi=10.1179/174963106x123232 |s2cid=59135495}}</ref> Areas with early finds include the eastern zone of the [[Harappan civilisation]] in modern-day Pakistan and western and northwestern [[India]], where finds date back about 4,500 years, and [[South India]] in the modern state of [[Karnataka]] where finds date back more than 4,000 years. Some scholars, therefore, infer two separate domestications in the northwest and south of India. On the other hand, a recent study suggested a single genetic origin likely contributing to the loss of pod shattering, the key domestication trait in legumes.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lin YP, Chen HW, Yeh PM, Anand SS, Lin J, Li J, Noble T, Nair R, Schafleitner R, Samsonova M, Bishop-von-Wettberg E, Nuzhdin S, Ting CT, Lawn RJ, Lee CR |date=October 2023 |title=Demographic history and distinct selection signatures of two domestication genes in mungbean |url=https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/193/2/1197/7202204 |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=1197–1212 |doi=10.1093/plphys/kiad356 |pmid=37335936}}</ref> In South India, there is evidence for the evolution of larger-seeded mung beans 3,500 to 3,000 years ago.<ref name="aob.oxfordjournals.org" /> By about 3,500 years ago mung beans were widely cultivated throughout India.

Cultivated mung beans later spread from India to China and Southeast Asia. Archaeobotanical research at the site of Khao Sam Kaeo in southern Thailand indicates that mung beans had arrived in Thailand by at least 2,200 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castillo |first1=Cristina |title=50 Years of Archaeology in Southeast Asia: Essays in Honour of Ian Glover |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian Q. |publisher=River Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-616-7339-02-3 |editor1-last=Bellina |editor1-first=B. |location=Bangkok/ London |pages=91–111 |chapter=Still too fragmentary and dependent upon chance? Advances in the study of early Southeast Asian archaeobotany |editor2-last=Bacus |editor2-first=E. A. |editor3-last=Pryce |editor3-first=O. |editor4-last=Weissman Christie |editor4-first=J. |display-editors=3}}</ref>

A genetic study demonstrated that, following its domestication in South Asia, mung bean spread sequentially to Southeast Asia and East Asia and eventually to Central Asia, despite the geographic proximity of South and Central Asia. The study suggests that the short and dry growing seasons in the northern regions of Asia were not suitable for southern cultivars, which had been bred for extended life cycles to maximize yield. This highlights the critical role of ecological factors, such as climate, in shaping crops evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ong PW, Lin YP, Chen HW, Lo CY, Burlyaeva M, Noble T, Nair RM, Schafleitner R, Vishnyakova M, Bishop-von-Wettberg E, Samsonova M, Nuzhdin S, Ting CT, Lee CR |date=May 2023 |title=Environment as a limiting factor of the historical global spread of mungbean |journal=eLife |volume=12 |article-number=e85725 |doi=10.7554/eLife.85725 |pmc=10299821 |pmid=37204293 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==

=== Varieties ===
The mung bean varieties now are mainly targeted in resistance to pests and diseases, particularly the [[bean weevil]] and [[Mungbean yellow mosaic virus|mung bean yellow mosaic virus]] (MYMV). For now, the main varieties include Samrat, IPM2-3, SML 668 and Meha in India; Crystal, Jade-AU, Celera-AU，Satin II，Regur in Australia; Zhonglv No. 1, Zhonglv No. 2, Jilv No. 2, Jilv No. 7, Weilv No. 4, Jihong 9218, Jihong 8937, Bao 876-16, Bao 8824-17 in China. Also, with the help of the [[World Vegetable Center]], the traits of mung bean have been considerably improved.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Azuki Bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi|date=2005|title=Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement|pages=361–374|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203489284-15|isbn=978-0-429-20547-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Counting_on_beans: mungbean_improvement_in_Asia|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b1ced915d3cfd000b38/DFID_impact_case_study_Mungbean_FINAL_1_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Varieties|url=http://www.mungbean.org.au/varieties.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.mungbean.org.au|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161104/http://mungbean.org.au/varieties.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mungbean_Summer_Cultivation_in_India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296796418}}</ref>

'Summer Moong' is a short-duration mung bean pulse crop grown in northern India. Due to its short duration, it can fit well in-between of many cropping systems. It is mainly cultivated in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is considered to be the hardiest of all pulse crops and requires a hot climate for germination and growth.

=== Climate and soil requirements ===
Mung bean is a warm-season and frost-intolerant plant. Mung bean is suitable for being planted in [[Temperate climate|temperate]], [[Subtropics|sub-tropical]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] regions. The most suitable temperature for mung bean's germination and growth is {{Convert|15-18|C}}. Mung bean has high adaptability to various soil types, while the best pH of the soil is between 6.2 and 7.2. Mung bean is a [[Short day plant|short-day plant]] and long days will delay its flowering and podding.<ref name="Mungbean">{{Cite web|title=Mungbean|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/mungbean.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The beans and the peas from orphan to mainstream crops|date=2020|first1=Aditya|last1=Pratap|first2=Sanjeev|last2=Gupta|isbn=978-0-12-821444-2|location=Oxford|oclc=1225367370}}</ref>

=== Harvest ===
The yield potential of mung bean is around 2.5 to 3.0'' ''t/ha, however, usually due to the resistance to environmental stress and improper management, the average productivity for mung bean is only 0.5'' ''t/ha. Due to the indeterminate flowering habit of mung bean, when facing proper environmental conditions, there can be both flowers and pods in one mung bean plant, which makes it difficult to harvest it. The perfect harvesting stage is when 90% of the pods' colour in one yield has been black. Mung beans can use a harvester for harvesting. It is important to set up the header in case of over-[[threshing]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Harvest|url=http://www.mungbean.org.au/harvest.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.mungbean.org.au|archive-date=2021-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127224509/http://www.mungbean.org.au/harvest.html}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Alternative Agriculture - Iowa State University|url=https://www.extension.iastate.edu/alternativeag/cropproduction/mungbeans.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.extension.iastate.edu|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827085823/https://www.extension.iastate.edu/alternativeag/cropproduction/mungbeans.html}}</ref>

=== Transportation and storage condition ===
The perfect moisture of grain for transportation is 13%. Before storage, the cleaning and grading process must be done. The ideal storage condition should keep the mung bean's moisture at exactly 12%.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

=== Pests, diseases and abiotic stress ===
Most of the mung bean cultivars have a yield potential of 1.8–2.5 tons/ha. However, the actual average productivity of mung bean hovers around 0.5–0.7 t/ha. Several factors constrain its yield, including biotic stresses (pests and diseases) and abiotic stresses.<ref name=":06">{{Cite journal|last1=Nair|first1=Ramakrishnan M.|last2=Pandey|first2=Abhay K.|last3=War|first3=Abdul R.|last4=Hanumantharao|first4=Bindumadhava|last5=Shwe|first5=Tun|last6=Alam|first6=AKMM|last7=Pratap|first7=Aditya|last8=Malik|first8=Shahid R.|last9=Karimi|first9=Rael|last10=Mbeyagala|first10=Emmanuel K.|last11=Douglas|first11=Colin A.|date=2019|title=Biotic and Abiotic Constraints in Mungbean Production—Progress in Genetic Improvement|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=10|article-number=1340|doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01340|pmid=31736995|pmc=6829579|issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019FrPS...10.1340N }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> Stresses not only decrease productivity but also affect the physical quality of seeds, making them unusable or unfit for human consumption. All the stresses collectively can lead to significant yield losses of up to 10–100%.<ref name=":06"/>

==== Pests ====
Insect pests attack mung bean at all crop stages from sowing to storage stage and take a heavy toll on crop yield. Some insect pests directly damage the crop, while others act as vectors of diseases to transmit the virus.

[[Ophiomyia|Stem fly]] (bean fly) is one of the major pests of mung bean.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19926785567 | title= }}</ref> This pest infests the crop within a week after germination and under epidemic conditions, it can cause total crop loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chiang|first1=H. S.|last2=Talekar|first2=N. S.|date=1980-04-01|title=Identification of Sources of Resistance to the Beanfly and Two Other Agromyzid Flies in Soybean and Mungbean12|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|volume=73|issue=2|pages=197–199|doi=10.1093/jee/73.2.197|issn=0022-0493}}</ref>

[[Whitefly]], ''B. tabaci'', is a serious pest in mung bean and damages the crop either directly by feeding on phloem sap and excreting honeydew on the plant that forms black sooty mould or indirectly by transmitting [[Mungbean yellow mosaic virus|mung bean yellow mosaic disease]] (MYMD). Whitefly causes yield losses between 17% and 71% in mung bean.

[[Thrips]] infest mung bean both in the seedling and flowering stages. During the seedling stage, thrips infest the seedling's growing point when it emerges from the ground, and under severe infestation, the seedlings fail to grow. Flowering thrips cause heavy damage and attack during flowering and pod formation, which feed on the pedicles and stigma of flowers. Under severe infestation, flowers drop and no pod formation takes place.<ref name=":06"/>

Spotted pod borer, ''[[Maruca vitrata]]'', is a major insect pest in mung bean in the tropics and subtropics.<ref>{{Cite journal|editor-last=Zahid|editor-first=M. A.|editor2-last=Islam|editor2-first=M. M.|editor3-last=Begum|editor3-first=M. R.|title=Determination of economic injury levels of Maruca vitrata in mungbean|url=https://worldveg.tind.io/record/53913/|journal=Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development|date=2008 }}</ref> The pest causes a yield loss of 2–84% in mung bean amounting to US $30 million. The larvae damage all the stages of the crop including flowers, stems, peduncles, and pods; however, heavy damage occurs at the flowering stage where the larvae form webs combining flowers and leaves.

[[Aphis craccivora|Cowpea aphid]] sucks plant sap that causes loss of plant vigor and may lead to yellowing, stunting or distortion of plant parts. Further, aphids secrete honeydew (unused sap) which leads to the development of sooty mould on plant parts. Cowpea aphid also can act as a vector of the mung bean common mosaic virus.

[[Bruchidius|Bruchid]] is the most severe stored pest of legume seeds worldwide, with damage up to 100% losses within 3–6 months, if not controlled.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Somta|first1=Prakit|last2=Ammaranan|first2=Chanida|last3=Ooi|first3=Peter A. -C.|last4=Srinives|first4=Peerasak|date=2007-05-01|title=Inheritance of seed resistance to bruchids in cultivated mungbean (Vigna radiata, L. Wilczek)|journal=Euphytica|language=en|volume=155|issue=1|pages=47–55|doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9299-9|bibcode=2007Euphy.155...47S |s2cid=44202251|issn=1573-5060}}</ref> Bruchid infestation in mungbean results in weight loss, low germination, and nutritional changes in seeds, thereby reducing the nutritional and market value, rendering it unfit for human consumption, and agricultural and commercial uses.<ref name=":1" />

==== Diseases ====

[[Mungbean yellow mosaic virus|Mungbean yellow mosaic disease]] (MYMD) is a significant viral disease of mung bean,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noble|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Young|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Douglas|first3=Colin A.|last4=Williams|first4=Brett|last5=Mundree|first5=Sagadevan|date=2019-03-18|title=Diagnosis and management of halo blight in Australian mungbeans: a review|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/CP18541|journal=Crop and Pasture Science|language=en|volume=70|issue=3|pages=195–203|doi=10.1071/CP18541|s2cid=92433869|issn=1836-5795|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> which causes severe yield losses annually. MYMD is caused by three distinct begomoviruses, transmitted by [[whitefly]].<ref name=":06"/> The economic losses due to MYMD account for up to 85% yield reduction in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karthikeyan|first1=A.|last2=Shobhana|first2=V.G.|last3=Sudha|first3=M.|last4=Raveendran|first4=M.|last5=Senthil|first5=N.|last6=Pandiyan|first6=M.|last7=Nagarajan|first7=P.|date=2014-10-02|title=Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV): a threat to green gram (Vigna radiata) production in Asia|journal=International Journal of Pest Management|volume=60|issue=4|pages=314–324|doi=10.1080/09670874.2014.982230|s2cid=84876240|issn=0967-0874}}</ref>

The major fungal diseases are [[Cercospora leaf spot|Cercospora leaf spot (CLS)]], [[Macrophomina phaseolina|dry root rot]], [[powdery mildew]] and [[Canker|anthracnose]]. Dry root rot (''Macrophomina phaseolina'') is an emerging disease of mungbean, causing 10–44% yield losses in mung bean production in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bashir|first1=Muhammad|last2=Malik|first2=Bashir Ahmed|date=1988-01-01|title=Diseases of major pulse crops in Pakistan—a review|journal=Tropical Pest Management|volume=34|issue=3|pages=309–314|doi=10.1080/09670878809371262|issn=0143-6147}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The pathogen affects the fibrovascular system of the roots and basal internodes of its host, impeding the transport of water and nutrients to the upper parts of the plant.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1979|title=Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on mung bean.|journal=Plant Pathology|url=https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/19801364640|language=en|issn=0032-0862|archive-date=2021-12-01|access-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201125818/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/19801364640}}</ref>

[[Halo blight]], [[Bacterial leaf scorch|bacterial leaf spot]], and [[Pyrenophora tritici-repentis|tan spot]] are significant bacterial diseases.

==== Abiotic stress ====
Abiotic stresses negatively influence plant growth and productivity and are the primary causes of extensive agricultural losses worldwide.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Reduction in crop yield due to environmental variations has increased steadily over the decades.<ref name=":06"/>

Salinity affects crop growth and yield by way of osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and reduced nodulation which ultimately lead to reduced nitrogen-fixing ability.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pratap|first1=Aditya|title=Towards Development of Climate Smart Mungbean: Challenges and Opportunities|date=2019|work=Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Pulse Crops|pages=235–264|editor-last=Kole|editor-first=Chittaranjan|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-96932-9_5|isbn=978-3-319-96932-9|last2=Gupta|first2=Sanjeev|last3=Basu|first3=P. S.|last4=Tomar|first4=Rakhi|last5=Dubey|first5=Sonali|last6=Rathore|first6=Meenal|last7=Prajapati|first7=Uma Shankar|last8=Singh|first8=Parikshit|last9=Kumari|first9=Gita|s2cid=190239083}}</ref> Excessive salt leads to leaf injury and then reduced photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hossain|first1=Mohammad Anwar|last2=Fujita|first2=Masayuki|date=2010-01-01|title=Evidence for a role of exogenous glycinebetaine and proline in antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems in mung bean seedlings under salt stress|journal=Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=19–29|doi=10.1007/s12298-010-0003-0|issn=0974-0430|pmc=3550627|pmid=23572951|bibcode=2010PMBP...16...19H }}</ref>

High-temperature stress negatively affects reproductive development in mung bean and affects all reproductive traits like flower initiation, [[pollen]] viability, fertilization, pod set, seed quality, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=HanumanthaRao|first1=Bindumadhava|last2=Nair|first2=Ramakrishnan M.|last3=Nayyar|first3=Harsh|date=2016|title=Salinity and High Temperature Tolerance in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] from a Physiological Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=7|page=957|doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00957|pmid=27446183|pmc=4925713|issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016FrPS....7..957H }}</ref> High temperatures over 42 °C during summer causes hardening of seeds due to incomplete sink development.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Douglas|first1=Col|title=Breeding Progress and Future Challenges: Abiotic Stresses|date=2020|work=The Mungbean Genome|pages=81–96|editor-last=Nair|editor-first=Ramakrishnan M.|series=Compendium of Plant Genomes|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20008-4_6|isbn=978-3-030-20008-4|last2=Pratap|first2=Aditya|last3=Rao|first3=Bindumadhava Hanumantha|last4=Manu|first4=B.|last5=Dubey|first5=Sonali|last6=Singh|first6=Parikshit|last7=Tomar|first7=Rakhi|s2cid=214254024|editor2-last=Schafleitner|editor2-first=Roland|editor3-last=Lee|editor3-first=Suk-Ha}}</ref>

Mung bean requires a light moisture regime in the soil during its growing period, while at the time of harvest, complete dry conditions are required. Since it is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, it is more susceptible to water deficiencies as compared to many other food legumes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=R. K.|last2=Herrera|first2=W. a. T.|last3=Pendleton|first3=J. W.|date=1984|title=Drought Response of Grain Legumes Under Irrigation Gradient: I. Yield and Yield Components1|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/agronj1984.00021962007600040009x|journal=Agronomy Journal|language=en|volume=76|issue=4|pages=549–553|doi=10.2134/agronj1984.00021962007600040009x|bibcode=1984AgrJ...76..549P |issn=1435-0645|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Drought affects its growth and development by negatively affecting vegetative growth, flower initiation, abnormal pollen behavior and pod set. However, simultaneously, excess moisture or waterlogging, even for a short period of time, especially at the early vegetative stage may be detrimental to the crop.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tickoo|first1=Satish K.|last2=dePeralta-Venturina|first2=Mariza N.|last3=Harik|first3=Lara R.|last4=Worcester|first4=Heath D.|last5=Salama|first5=Mohamed E.|last6=Young|first6=Andrew N.|last7=Moch|first7=Holger|last8=Amin|first8=Mahul B.|date=February 2006|title=Spectrum of Epithelial Neoplasms in End-Stage Renal Disease: An Experience From 66 Tumor-Bearing Kidneys With Emphasis on Histologic Patterns Distinct From Those in Sporadic Adult Renal Neoplasia|url=https://journals.lww.com/ajsp/Abstract/2006/02000/Spectrum_of_Epithelial_Neoplasms_in_End_Stage.1.aspx|journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology|language=en-US|volume=30|issue=2|pages=141–153|doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000185382.80844.b1|pmid=16434887|s2cid=19412401|issn=0147-5185|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Mung bean may also be affected by excess soil and atmospheric moisture during the rainy season which may lead to pre-harvest sprouting in mature pods.<ref name=":1" /> It deteriorates the quality of the seed/grain produced.

==== Integrated disease management ====
Using climate analysis tools delivered on the web can firstly help farmers interrogate climate records to ask questions relating to rainfall, temperature, radiation, and derived variables to avoid some of the abiotic stresses. Deployment of varieties with genetic resistance is the most effective and durable method for integrated disease management, in the meantime focusing on yield, height, grain quality, market opportunities and seed availability.<ref name=":06"/> For pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), the development of mung bean cultivars with a short (10–15 days) period of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) is important to curtail losses incurred by PHS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lamichaney|first1=Amrit|last2=Katiyar|first2=Pradip Kumar|last3=Laxmi|first3=Vijay|last4=Pratap|first4=Aditya|date=October 2018|title=Variation in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance and fresh seed germination in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/plant-genetic-resources/article/abs/variation-in-preharvest-sprouting-tolerance-and-fresh-seed-germination-in-mungbean-vigna-radiata-l-genotypes/EE482058B44F7078992B915ED58F9CDC|journal=Plant Genetic Resources|language=en|volume=16|issue=5|pages=437–445|doi=10.1017/S1479262117000296|bibcode=2018PGRCU..16..437L |s2cid=90708468|issn=1479-2621|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Market ===
Mung bean plants have a long history of being consumed by humans. The main consumed parts are the seeds and sprouts. The mature seeds provide an invaluable source of digestible [[protein]] for humans in places where meat is lacking or where people are mostly [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brassica|title=Home|url=https://avrdc.org/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=World Vegetable Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Mung bean has a large market in Asia (India, Southeast Asia and East Asia) and is also consumed in Southern Europe and in the Southern US.<ref name=":2" /> Mung bean protein is considered safe as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turck|first1=Dominique|last2=Bohn|first2=Torsten|last3=Castenmiller|first3=Jacqueline|last4=Henauw|first4=Stefaan De|last5=Hirsch-Ernst|first5=Karen Ildico|last6=Maciuk|first6=Alexandre|last7=Mangelsdorf|first7=Inge|last8=McArdle|first8=Harry J.|last9=Naska|first9=Androniki|last10=Pelaez|first10=Carmen|last11=Pentieva|first11=Kristina|date=2021|title=Safety of mung bean protein as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283|journal=EFSA Journal|language=en|volume=19|issue=10|pages=e06846|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6846|issn=1831-4732|pmc=8527371|pmid=34707717}}</ref> The consumption of mung bean varies depending on the geographic region. For instance, in India, mung bean is used in sweets, snacks and savoury items.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adsule|first1=R. N.|last2=Kadam|first2=S. S.|last3=Salunkhe|first3=D. K.|last4=Luh|first4=B. S.|date=1986-01-01|title=Chemistry and technology of green gram (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)|journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=25|issue=1|pages=73–105|doi=10.1080/10408398609527446|issn=0099-0248|pmid=3539530}}</ref> In other parts of Asia, it is used in cakes, sprouts, noodles and soups. In Europe and America, it is mainly used as fresh bean sprouts. The consumption of mung beans as such in the US is in the order of 22–29'' ''g/capita per year,<ref name="Publications {{!}} Treesearch">{{Cite web|title=Publications {{!}} Treesearch|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210057/https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref> while the consumption in some areas of Asia can be as high as 2 kg/capita per year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vijayalakshmi|first=P|title=Enhanced bioavailability of iron from mungbeans and its effects on health of schoolchildren|date=2003|publisher=AVRDC-the World Vegetable Center|isbn=978-92-9058-128-4|location=Taiwan|language=English|oclc=54813614}}</ref>

Mung bean is considered an alternative crop in many regions, which is generally preferable to sign a [[contract]] for the growing process before planting. In the US, the average price of mung bean is around $0.20 per pound. This is double the price of [[Soybean|soybeans.]] The difference in production costs for mung bean and soybean is due to post-harvest cleaning and/or transportation. Overall, mung bean is considered to have market potential for its [[drought tolerance]], and it is a food crop and not a feed crop, which can help buffer the economic risk from variability in commodity crop prices for farmers.<ref name="Publications {{!}} Treesearch"/>

==Uses==
{{nutritional value | name=Mature seeds, raw
| kJ=1452
| protein=28.86 g
| fat=1.15 g
| carbs=62.62 g
| fiber=16.3 g
| sugars=6.6 g
| calcium_mg=132
| iron_mg=6.74
| magnesium_mg=189
| phosphorus_mg=367
| potassium_mg=1246
| zinc_mg=2.68
| manganese_mg=1.035
| vitC_mg=4.8
| thiamin_mg=0.621
| riboflavin_mg=0.233
| niacin_mg=2.251
| pantothenic_mg=1.91
| vitB6_mg=0.382
| folate_ug=625
| vitE_mg=0.51
| vitK_ug=9
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174256/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
{{nutritional value | name=Mature seeds, sprouted, raw
| kJ=126
| protein=3.04 g
| fat=0.18 g
| carbs=5.94 g
| fiber=1.8 g
| sugars=4.13 g
| calcium_mg=13
| iron_mg=0.91
| magnesium_mg=21
| phosphorus_mg=54
| potassium_mg=149
| zinc_mg=0.41
| manganese_mg=0.188
| vitC_mg=13.2
| thiamin_mg=0.084
| riboflavin_mg=0.124
| niacin_mg=0.749
| pantothenic_mg=0.38
| vitB6_mg=0.088
| folate_ug=61
| vitE_mg=0.1
| vitK_ug=33
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169957/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
{{nutritional value | name=Boiled mung beans
| kJ=441
| protein=7.02 g
| fat=0.38 g
| carbs=19.15 g
| fiber=7.6 g
| sugars=2 g
| calcium_mg=27
| iron_mg=1.4
| magnesium_mg=48
| phosphorus_mg=99
| potassium_mg=266
| zinc_mg=0.84
| manganese_mg=0.298
| vitC_mg=1
| thiamin_mg=0.164
| riboflavin_mg=0.061
| niacin_mg=0.577
| pantothenic_mg=0.41
| vitB6_mg=0.067
| folate_ug=159
| vitE_mg=0.15
| vitK_ug=2.7
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174257/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

=== Nutritional value ===
The mung bean is recognized for its high nutritive value. A mung bean contains about 55–65% [[carbohydrate]] (equal to 630'' ''g/kg dry weight) and are rich in [[protein]], [[vitamin]]s, and [[Mineral|minerals.]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Tong|first=Li-Tao|title=Chapter 7 - Gluten-free noodles|date=2020-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128128732000078|work=Asian Noodle Manufacturing|pages=125–149|editor-last=Hou|editor-first=Gary G.|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-812873-2|access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref> It is composed of about 20–50% protein of total dry weight, among which [[globulin]] (60%) and [[albumin]] (25%) are the primary storage proteins (see table). The mung bean is considered to be a substantive source of dietary [[protein]]s. The proteolytic cleavage of these proteins is even higher during sprouting. Mung bean carbohydrates are easily digestible, which causes less [[flatulence]] in humans compared to other forms of legumes. Both seeds and sprouts of the mung bean produce lower [[calorie]]s compared to other cereals, which makes it a more attractive bean to [[obesity|obese]] and [[Diabetes|diabetic]] individuals.<ref name="Ganesan 11–33"/>

=== Culinary ===
Whole cooked mung beans are generally prepared from dried beans by boiling until they are soft. Mung beans are light yellow in colour when their skins are removed.<ref name="brief"/> Mung bean paste can be made by hulling, cooking, and pulverizing the beans to a dry paste.<ref name="brief"/>

==== South Asia ====
Although whole mung beans are also occasionally used in Indian cuisine, beans without skins are more commonly used. In [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]], whole mung beans are commonly boiled to make a dry preparation often served with [[congee]]. Hulled mung beans can also be used in a similar fashion as whole beans for the purpose of making sweet soups.

In Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, mung beans are partially mashed, fermented, and made into [[fritter]]s called ''mangode,'' which serves as a common [[Tea (meal)|tea time]] snack similar to [[Pakora]].

In [[Goa]], sprouted mung beans are cooked in a coconut milk based, mild curry called ''moonga'' ''gaathi''.

Mung beans in some regional [[Indian cuisine|cuisines of India]] are stripped of their outer coats to make mung ''[[dal]]''. In [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] the stripped and split bean is used to make a soup-like dal known as {{Transliteration|bn|mug ḍal}} ({{Lang|bn|মুগ ডাল}}).

In Southern India, state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], as well as in Maharashtra, steamed whole beans are seasoned with spices and fresh grated coconut. In South India, especially Andhra Pradesh, batter made from ground whole moong beans (including skin) is used to make a popular variety of [[dosa (food)|dosa]] called {{Transliteration|te|pesarattu}} ({{Lang|te|పెసరట్టు}}) or pesara-dosa.

In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], cooked mung dal is often paired with boiled white [[basmati]] rice in a combination dish called "dal chawal".

In [[Sri Lanka]], boiled Mung beans are usually eaten with grated coconut and ''lunu-miris,'' a spicy chili and onion [[sambol]], most commonly as a breakfast food. Mung beans are also added to [[kiribath]], which is then termed ''mung-kiribath.'' During the traditional New Year Celebration (celebrated in April) mung beans are used to make a traditional fried sweet, ''mung-kavum.''

<gallery>
File:Green Gram Dal ( খোসা সহ এবং খোসা ছাড়া মুগ ডাল).JPG|Green gram [[dal]]
File:Mung Bean - Kolkata 2011-02-10 0975.JPG|Indian mung dal
File:Pesarattu.jpg|Telugu [[Pesarattu]], savoury mung-bean [[crêpe]]
File:Mug pakon 05.jpg|Mung pakon, traditional Bengali [[pitha]], Bangladesh
</gallery>

==== East Asia ====
In southern Chinese cuisine, whole mung beans are used to make a {{Transliteration|zh|[[tong sui|tángshuǐ]]}}, or dessert, called {{Transliteration|zh|lǜdòu tángshuǐ}}, which is served either warm or chilled. They are also often cooked with [[rice]] to make congee. Unlike in [[South Asia]], whole mung beans seldom appear in savory dishes.

In [[Hong Kong]], hulled mung beans and mung bean paste are made into [[ice cream]] or frozen [[ice pop]]s.<ref name="brief"/> Mung bean paste is used as a common filling for Chinese [[mooncakes]] in [[East China]] and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="brief"/> During the [[Dragon Boat Festival]], the boiled and shelled beans are used as filling in [[zongzi]] prepared for consumption.<ref name="brief"/> The beans may also be cooked until soft, blended into a liquid, sweetened, and served as a beverage, popular in many parts of China. In [[South China]] and [[Vietnam]], mung bean paste may be mixed with sugar, fat, and fruits or spices to make pastries, such as [[bánh đậu xanh]].

In Korea, skinned mung beans are soaked and ground with some water to make a thick batter. This is used as a basis for the Korean pancakes called [[bindae-tteok]]. They are also commonly used for [[Hobak-tteok]].

<gallery>
File:Frying bindae-tteok.jpg|Korean mung bean pancakes being cooked
File:Green bean soup.jpg|Chinese mung bean soup from [[Hong Kong]]
</gallery>

==== Southeast Asia ====
In the Philippines, ''[[Ginisang munggo|ginisáng monggó/mónggo]]'' (sautéed mung bean stew), also known as ''monggó/mónggo guisado'' or ''balatong'', is a savoury stew of whole mung beans with prawns or fish. It is traditionally served on Fridays of [[Lent]], when the majority of [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholic]] Filipinos traditionally abstain from meat. Variants of ''ginisáng monggó/mónggo'' may also be made with chicken or pork.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginisang Munggo |url=http://www.filipinochow.com/ginisang-munggo/ |website=Filipino Chow |access-date=19 April 2019|date=2018-04-07 }}</ref><ref name="Ginisang Munggo (Sauteed Mung Beans) and a Bunch of Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pinaycookingcorner.com/2011/06/ginisang-monggo-sauted-mung-beans-and.html|title=Ginisang Munggo (Sauteed Mung Beans) and a Bunch of Awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ginisang Munggo at Tinapa |url=https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/ginisang-munggo-at-tinapa/ |website=Kawaling Pinoy |access-date=19 April 2019|date=2017-06-26 }}</ref> Mung beans are also used in the Filipino dessert ''[[ginataang munggo]]'' (also known as ''balatong''), a [[rice gruel]] with [[coconut milk]] and [[sugar]] flavored with [[pandan leaves]] or [[vanilla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginataang Munggo |url=https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/ginataang-munggo/ |website=Kawaling Pinoy |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lelot Balatong |url=https://www.angsarap.net/2013/05/22/lelot-balatong/ |website=Ang Sarap |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

Mung bean paste is also a common filling of pastries known as ''[[Jian dui|ondé-ondé]]'' and ''[[bakpia]]'' in Indonesia and ''hopia'' in the Philippines, and further afield in [[Guyana]] (where it is known as "black eye cake"). It is also used as a filling for ''[[pan de monggo]]'', a Filipino bread.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monggo Bread |url=https://filcanbites.com/monggo-bread/ |website=FilCan Bites |date=20 January 2020 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> In Indonesia, mung beans are also made into a popular dessert snack called ''[[es kacang hijau]]'', which has the consistency of a [[porridge]]. The beans are cooked with sugar, coconut milk, and a little ginger.

<gallery>
File:Monggojf.JPG|Filipino ''[[ginisang monggo]]'' with [[ampalaya]] and shrimp
File:Ginataang munggo.jpg|Filipino ''[[ginataang munggo]]'', a sweet rice gruel with mung beans and coconut milk, sugar, and [[pandan leaf]] extract
File:HopiaInASaucer.jpg| Filipino ''[[bakpia|hopia]]'' filled with mung bean paste
File:Bubur Kacang Hijau Ketan Hitam.JPG| Indonesian ''[[bubur kacang hijau|bubur kacang hijau dan ketan hitam]]'', made with mung beans in coconut milk and sugar, served with or mixed with black [[glutinous rice]]
</gallery>

==== Middle East ====
A staple diet in some parts of the Middle East is mung beans and rice. Both are cooked together in a [[pilaf]]-like rice dish called {{Transliteration|ar|māš wa-ruzz}}, which means mung beans and rice.

===Bean sprouts===
{{main|Mung bean sprout}}

[[File:Mung bean sprouts, raw.jpg|thumb|These sprouts have been transferred from a similarly-shaped colander in which they had been grown with moisture. They are ready to be cooked.]]

Mung beans are germinated by leaving them in water for four hours of daytime light and spending the rest of the day in the dark. Mung bean sprouts can be grown under artificial light for four hours over the period of a week. They are usually simply called "bean sprouts". However, when bean sprouts are called for in recipes, it generally refers to mung bean or soybean sprouts.

Mung bean sprouts are [[stir frying|stir-fried]] as a [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] vegetable accompaniment to a meal, usually with [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[scallion|spring onions]], or pieces of salted dried fish to add flavour. Uncooked bean sprouts are used in filling for [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] [[spring roll]]s, as well as a garnish for ''[[phở]]''. They are a major ingredient in a variety of [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]] and [[Peranakan cuisine]], including ''[[char kway teow]]'', ''[[hokkien mee]]'', ''[[mee rebus]]'', and ''[[Rojak#Mamak rojak|pasembor]]''.

In Korea, slightly cooked mung bean sprouts, called ''[[sukjunamul]]'' ({{Korean|숙주나물}}), are often served as a side dish. They are [[Blanching (cooking)|blanched]] (placed into boiling water for less than a minute), immediately cooled in cold water, and mixed with sesame oil, garlic, salt, and often other ingredients.

In the [[Philippines]], mung bean sprouts are called ''togue'' and are most commonly used in ''[[lumpia]]'' rolls called ''[[lumpiang togue]]''.<ref name="Veneracion">{{cite web |last1=Veneracion |first1=Connie |title=Bean Sprouts Spring Rolls |url=https://casaveneracion.com/bean-sprouts-spring-rolls/ |website=Casa Veneracion |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="pptv">{{cite web |title=Lumpiang Togue Recipe (Spring Roll) |url=https://www.pagkaingpinoytv.com/2016/04/lumpiang-togue-spring-roll-recipe.html |website=PagkaingPinoyTV |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232151/https://www.pagkaingpinoytv.com/2016/04/lumpiang-togue-spring-roll-recipe.html }}</ref>

In India, mung bean sprouts are cooked with green chili, garlic, and other spices.

In [[Indonesia]] the food are often used as fillings like ''tahu isi'' (stuffed tofu) and complementary ingredient in many dishes such as ''[[rawon]]'' and ''[[soto (food)|soto]]''.

In [[Japan]], the sprouts are called [[Mung bean sprout|moyashi]].

===Starch===
[[File:MungBeanJelly.jpg|thumb|Sichuan-style spicy ''[[liangfen]]'']]

Mung bean [[starch]], which is extracted from ground mung beans, is used to make transparent [[cellophane noodles]] (also known as bean thread noodles, bean threads, glass noodles, ''fensi'' ({{lang|zh|粉絲}}), ''tung hoon'' ({{lang|zh|冬粉}}), {{lang|vi|miến}}, {{lang|vi|bún tàu}}, or {{lang|vi|bún tào}}). Cellophane noodles become soft and slippery when they are soaked in hot water. A variation of cellophane noodles, called mung bean sheets or green bean sheets, are also available.

In Korea, a jelly called ''[[nokdumuk]]'' ({{Korean|녹두묵}}; also called ''cheongpomuk'', {{Korean|청포묵|labels=no}}) is made from mung bean starch; a similar jelly, colored yellow with the addition of [[gardenia]] coloring, is called ''[[hwangpomuk]]'' ({{Korean|황포묵|labels=no}}).

In northern China, mung bean jelly is called ''[[liangfen]]'' ({{lang-zh|t=涼粉 |l=chilled bean jelly|labels=no}}), which is a very popular food during summer. The [[Hokkiens]] add sugar to mung bean jelly to make it a dessert called ''[[Lio̍k-tāu hún-kóe]]'' ({{lang-zh|t=綠豆粉粿 |l=mung bean flour cake|labels=no}}).

===Plant-based protein===
[[File:Just Egg 3.jpg|thumb|[[Egg substitutes|Plant-based egg]] alternative made with mung bean protein]]
Mung beans are increasingly used in plant-based [[meat alternative|meat]] and [[egg alternative]]s such as [[Beyond Meat]] and [[Eat Just]]'s Just Egg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/there-s-a-multibillion-dollar-race-on-to-replace-the-chicken-egg|first=Larissa|last=Zimberoff|title=There's a Multibillion-Dollar Race On to Replace the Chicken Egg|work=Bloomberg|access-date=January 2, 2020|date=May 16, 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Moong dal halwa]]
* [[Black bean paste]]
* ''[[Douzhi]]''
* [[Green bean]]
* [[Mung bean nuclease]]
* [[Mungbean yellow mosaic virus]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Vigna radiata}}
*{{ITIS |id=506804 |taxon=mung bean ''Vigna radiata''}}
*{{ITIS |id=530971 |taxon=mung bean ''Vigna radiata'' var. ''radiata''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q484447}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Vigna]]
[[Category:Food paste]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]

V. R. Prabodhachandran Nayar

2026-03-26T09:57:58Z

TawannaIbarra: creating

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{notability|Academics|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = V.R. Prabodhachandran Nayar
| image = VRPShreshtaBasha.jpg
| caption = V R Prabodhachandran Nayar receiving Shreshta Malayala Basha Puraskaaram of Govt. of India, from Honorable Vice President of India, Shri M. Venkiaha Naidu (4 April 2019) New Delhi<ref name="www.theindian.news">{{cite web|url=https://www.theindian.news/dr-vr-prabhodhachandran-nayar-bags-first-sreshta-bhasha-award-for-his-contribution-to-malayalam-language/D.O.F.No.11-2018-skt.II|date=15 January 2019|author=Dr. Sanjay Kumar Sinha. IFS, MHRD, Department of Higher Education, Govt. Of India, SHASTRI BHAWAN, New Delhi|title=dr vr prabhodhachandran nayar bags first sreshta bhasha award for his contribution to Mmalayalam language|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203100924/https://www.theindian.news/dr-vr-prabhodhachandran-nayar-bags-first-sreshta-bhasha-award-for-his-contribution-to-malayalam-language/D.O.F.No.11-2018-skt.II|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|08|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[North Paravoor]], [[Eranakulam]]District, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = Reputed Teacher 
[[Linguistics]]<ref>Nayar, VR Prabodhachandran : ‘Malayalam’, in International Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics ed in chief RE Asher, Oxford:Pergamon Press1994, Vol.5.pp.2350-2351</ref> with specialization in [[Phonetics]] 
theory and practice of translation and Malayalam studies 
educationist<ref>A number of books have been prescribed as text books and / reference works for graduate and postgraduate courses of study in Linguistics and languages in universities including the following: University of Kerala;Sri Sankarachaarya University of Sanskrit, Kalady; Mahathma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Calicut University, Kannur University, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod; Madurai Kamaraj</ref> scholar<ref>Introduction to Kerala Studies Vol I (Ed J V Vilanilam, Antony Palackal and Sunny Luke: Published by International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration, inc., New Jersey, USA, 2012. The reference is to Dr VRP Nayar’s article ‘Malayalam in the cultural life of the Keralites’, pp 457 – 472</ref> speaker writer composer-cum-poet<ref name="brehathsangeet">{{cite web|url=http://www.brehathsangeet.com/malayalam-krithis/|publisher=brehathsangeet.com|title=Brehath Sangeetha Kendram | Kerala Sangeetam|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> patron of arts<ref name="thiraseela">{{cite web|url=http://thiraseela.com/main/specialStories.php?id=260|publisher=thiraseela.com|title=Thiraseela.com :: An Online Media for Performing Arts|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="thiraseela2">{{cite web|url=http://thiraseela.com/main/specialStories.php?id=409|publisher=thiraseela.com|title=Thiraseela.com :: An Online Media for Performing Arts|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref>ww.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/...fall.../article5895603.ece</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/word-by-witty-word/article5097963.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Word by witty word - Thrissur - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 September 2013|access-date=25 January 2017|last1=Nayar|first1=V. r Prabodhachandran}}</ref><ref>Zarrilli, Phillip, Kathakali Dance-Drama:Where Gods and Demons Come to Play, London, Routledge 2000. pp. 1-13,65-97</ref><ref>[[Theeyaattam]]</ref> organizer
| work_institution = [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] [[Central University of Kerala]] [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] [[Calicut University]]commission Center for Developing Advanced Computing and for Imaging Technology, Trivandrum [[kutiyattam]] Center of the [[Central Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi Samskrithi, a multinational organization,
promoting Kerala's heritage in classical music. Vivekananda Cultural Institute, TVPM Thunchan Smaaraka Samithi, TVPM Ezhuthachan National Academy, TVPM Kilippaattu monthly, TVPM Indian Council for Cultural Relations, TVPM Center Projects Review & Steering Group of the Dept of Information and Technology, Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt of India.
| alma_mater = Government English High School, N Parvoor 
BSc, studying Botany, Chemistry, English and Malayalam undergoing the program in the [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College]], Aluva ,
MA degree in the Malayalam Language and Literature in 1959, studying in the [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]] 
PhD degree in Malayalam Studies from the [[University of Kerala]] (1967) 
PhD degree is in Phonetics and Linguistics (1970), completing the course work in the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Erudition and Expertise in [[Linguistics]]<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/encyclopaedia-of-linguistics/article3580724.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Encyclopaedia of linguistics - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 June 2012|access-date=25 January 2017|last1=Nair|first1=M. S. Balakrishnan}}</ref> and [[Phonetics]]<ref>Granthalokam, July 2012, PP64, review of "Bhasha Shastra Nighantu" by Associate Professor, M. Sreenathan, Dravida University, Andhra Pradesh</ref>
| prizes = Dr. K Godavarma Memorial Gold medal (1959) [[Commonwealth Scholarship]] for post doctoral research at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[university of London]] (1967) IC Chacko Award of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademy]], for the best book in scientific literature (Swanavijnaanam)1981 (Citation) CL Antony Award of the Trissur Sahridaya veedi 1998(Citation) MKKNayar Award of the MKKNayar Memorial Cultural Institute, Pakalkuri 2002 (Citation)<ref name="newindianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/.../MKK-Nair.../article2592647.ece|publisher=newindianexpress.com|title=MKK Nair Cultural Centre Silver Jubilee- The New Indian Express|access-date=25 January 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> NV Krishna Variar Award for scientific literature 2011 Sakthi Thaayaatt Award for scientific literature 2011 Professor CP Menon Award for scientific literature 2013 Mukundaraja Smriti Purasakaaram of Keralakalamandalam(2014)
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''V. R. Prabodhachandran Nayar''' (also spelled Prabodhachandran Nair), popularly known as '''VRP Nayar''', is a [[Phonetics]]<ref>Nayar, VR Prabodhachandran. "Phonology of Verbal Forms in Colloquial Malayalam." PhD diss., University of London, 1970.</ref> expert of [[Kerala]]. He is the pioneer in the study of the phonology of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=isbn:1845450159 - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=isbn:1845450159|access-date=25 June 2020|website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz307797112inh.pdf;jsessionid...?1342963409091</ref><ref>catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/234406</ref> Apart from phonology, he is also interested in [[syntax]] and [[stylistics (field of study)|stylistics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=isbn:1136100849 - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=isbn:1136100849|access-date=25 June 2020|website=www.google.com}}</ref>

==Professional career==
VRP Nayar commenced his professional career in 1959 when he was 20, as a lecturer in Malayalam in the South Travancore Hindu College [[Nagercoil]] ([[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), the then southernmost college in India. He retired as Head of the department of [[Linguistics]], [[University of Kerala]], [[Trivandrum]], in August 1998. However, he is active as a teacher and was working as a Visiting Professor-cum-Coordinator, at Department of Linguistics, [[Central University of Kerala]], [[Kasaragod]] during the years 2012 and 2013.

Association with South Travancore Hindu College,<ref name="sthinducollege">{{cite web|url=http://www.sthinducollege.in/history.asp|publisher=sthinducollege.in|title=history|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171841/http://www.sthinducollege.in/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> helped him have exposure first to colloquial [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and in due course, to the classical language and literature in Tamil.
Concurrently he progressed with his PhD program as a part-time Research Scholar under the guidance of Dean Professor / Dr PK Narayana Pillai, in the Department of Oriental Studies,<ref name="keralauniversity">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/departments|publisher=keralauniversity.ac.in|title=www.keralauniversity.ac.in/departments|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> University of Kerala. He was the first recipient of [[University Grants Commission (India)]]'s<ref name="ugc">{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/|publisher=ugc.ac.in|title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>’s Junior Research Fellowship<ref>http://www.examrace.com › Major Scholarships › General Scholarships</ref> in the Faculty of Oriental Studies in the University. In May 1963 he joined as the only Lecturer in the University's newly established Department of Linguistics and in 1965 submitted his PhD thesis entitled ''Descriptive Grammar of Krishnagatha<ref>[[Cherusseri Namboothiri]]</ref>'', one of the oldest and classic poetic works by the legendary Malayalam poet [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]]. In 1967 Dr Nayar was granted a [[Commonwealth Scholarship]] for research in [[Phonetics]] and [[Linguistics]] at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] in the [[University of London]]. His studies in London overshot their stipulated aims, in the sense that he successfully completed another thesis called Malayalam Verbal Forms<ref name="ReferenceA">books.google.com › Foreign Language Study › Indic Languages</ref><ref name="amazon">{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Malayalam-verbal-forms-phonological-experimental/dp/B0007AJQ1C|title=www.amazon.com/Malayalam-verbal-forms-phonological-experimental/dp/B0007AJQ1C|date=January 1972|publisher=Dravidian Linguistics Association |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>– A Phonetic and Phonological Study Supported by Experimental Findings which fetched him his second PhD. During this period of research he could make a study tour of a number of libraries and speech-laboratories in the UK as well as in France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
Rejoining his parent Department in Thiruvananthapuram, Dr Nayar was promoted as Reader and subsequently as Professor and in 1981 as Chair-Professor, which position he held till his retirement in 1998. Simultaneously he served on several occasions in the following positions also: Member / Chair, Board of Studies in Linguistics; Member / Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies; Director of the International Center for Kerala Studies;<ref name="kerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3405:university-of-kerala&Itemid=2470|publisher=kerala.gov.in|title=www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3405:university-of-kerala&Itemid=2470|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Member of the Advisory Committee for the Oriental Research Institute and Manuscripts Library and the Department of Malayalam [[Lexicon]]; the first Vice-Chairman of the Council Monitoring the Choice – based Credit and Semester System,<ref name="keralauniversity2">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/departments-centres-and-other-institutions.html|publisher=keralauniversity.ac.in|title=departments-centres-and-other-institutions|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> introduced for the first time in any University in Kerala.

During his tenure as Professor of Linguistics in the University of Kerala, Dr Nayar organized a number of Seminars, Symposiums, Conferences and Workshops at the regional, state and national levels and successfully completed several Research Projects.
After his retirement from the University of Kerala, Dr Nayar served the following institutions as a Visiting Professor and in various capacities as presented here:

{| class="wikitable"
|1998–2003
|School of Letters, Mahathma Gandhi University, Kottayam (MGU)<ref name="mguniversity">{{cite web|url=http://www.mguniversity.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=290&Itemid=504|author=Cosmic|publisher=mguniversity.edu|title=MG university|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2003–2008
| Department of Comparative Literature and Linguistics, Sri Sankara Sanskrit University<ref name="ssus">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssus.ac.in/index/academic_council|publisher=ssus.ac.in|title=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, India|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>(in the name of [[Adi Shankara]]), [[Kalady]]
|-
| 2012–2013
| Department of Linguistics, Central University of Kerala,<ref name="cukerala">{{cite web|url=http://cukerala.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259&Itemid=329&lang=en|publisher=cukerala.ac.in|title=Department of Linguistics|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202230457/http://cukerala.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259&Itemid=329&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasaragod
|-
| 2001–2006
| Chairman, Kerala [[kalamandalam]]
|-
| 2001–2006
| Chair, Jury for several prestigious awards, including [[Ezhuthachan]] Award and State Awards for [[Kathakali]] and for Dance
|-
| 1993–2009
| Co-ordinator, Summer in Kerala Program<ref name="coursefever">{{cite web|url=http://coursefever.com/india/university-of-wisconsin-madison-international-academic-programs-iap-summer-india/|publisher=coursefever.com|title=coursefever.com/india/university-of-wisconsin-madison-international-academic-programs-iap-summer-india/|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> of the [[University of Wisconsin]], Madison, USA
|-
|2003–2009
| Consultant in Linguistics, C-DAC & CDiT (Center for Developing AdvancedComputing and for Imaging Technology<ref name="cdac">{{cite web|url=http://cdac.in/|publisher=cdac.in|title=C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>), Thiruvananthapuram.
|-
| 2007–2011
| Member: Advisory Committee of the [[Kutiyattam]] Kendra of the Central [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi
|-
| Since 2007
| Chairman: Samskrithi, a multinational organization, promoting Kerala's heritage in classical music.
|-
|Since 1998
|Chairman: Vivekananda Cultural Institute,<ref name="foursquare">{{cite web|url=https://foursquare.com/v/vivekananda-cultural-institute/52580e3a498ed6e6b88474b3|publisher=foursquare.com|title=Vivekananda Cultural Institute - General Entertainment|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram
|-
|since 2000
|Chairman: Thunchan Smaaraka Samithi,<ref name="thunchan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thunchan.org/|publisher=thunchan.org|title=Thunchan Smaraka Samithi | Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan | Thunchath Ezhuthachan|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407145248/http://www.thunchan.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram.
|-
|Since 2005
|Chairman: Ezhuthachan National Academy,<ref name="charity">{{cite web|url=http://www.charity.org.in/view_charity_org.php?lid=12666&name=Ezhuthachan%20National%20Academy|publisher=charity.org.in|title=www.charity.org.in/view_charity_org.php?lid=12666&name=Ezhuthachan%20National%20Academy|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206170257/http://www.charity.org.in/view_charity_org.php?lid=12666&name=Ezhuthachan%20National%20Academy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram
|-
|Since 2006
|Chairman: Editorial Board, Kilippaattu monthly,<ref name="thunchan2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thunchan.org/kilippattu_masika.php|publisher=thunchan.org|title=Thunchan Smaraka Samithi | Kilippattu masika ( Magazine ) | Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan Kilippattu|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303194106/http://thunchan.org/kilippattu_masika.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram.
|-
|2011–2014
|Expert Member: Indian Council for Cultural Relations,<ref name="iccrindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrindia.net/thiruvananthapuram.html|publisher=iccrindia.net|title=Iccrindia.net|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215173351/http://iccrindia.net/thiruvananthapuram.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram.
|-
|2005–2009
|Expert Member: Projects Review & Steering Group of the Dept of Information Technology,<ref>deity.gov.in/</ref> Ministry of Human Resources Development,<ref>mhrd.gov.in/</ref> Govt of India.
|}

==Publications==

Malayalam
* ''Vivarthhanaththinte Bhaashaasaasthrabhuumika'' (Translation - Its Background Linguistics), State Institute of Languages,<ref name="keralabhashainstitute">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/|publisher=keralabhashainstitute.org|title=official website of silkerala|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> TVPM (SIL) 1974
* ''Svanavijnjaanam''<ref name="pagelamp">{{cite web|url=http://www.pagelamp.com/tvpm.in|publisher=pagelamp.com|title=tvpm|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> (Phonetics), SIL, 1980
* ''Lookabhaashakal''<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/vrpnayar/books&reports|title=books&reports - vrpnayar|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> (The World Languages)[[DC Books]], 1987
* ''Ezhuththinte katha''<ref>edwardbetts.com/find_link/institute_of_Children%2527s_Literature</ref> (The Story of Writing or the Letter), The Institute of Children's Literature,<ref name="ksicl">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksicl.org/eng/|publisher=ksicl.org|title=KERALA STATE INSTITUTE OF CHILDREN'S LITERATURE|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717205637/http://www.ksicl.org/eng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> TVPM 1996
* ''Malayalam Malayaaliyolam''<ref name="pagelamp"/> (Malayalam as Much as the Malayaali) SIL, 1999
* ''[[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]]'' (A literary biography of the author of Krishnagatha<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|date=1988|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>), Department of Publications, University of Kerala, 1999<ref>http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/images/publications/malayalamb.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* ''Uchchaaranam nannaavaan''<ref name="google"/> (For Improvement in Pronunciation) SIL 2000
* ''Sailiibhamgikal''<ref name="google"/> (The Beauties of Style) SIL 2003
* ''[[Hari Nama Keerthanam]]'' (Annotated edition of the famous 16th century hymn) Thunchan Smaraka Samithi,<ref name="thunchan"/> TVPM-9, 2009
* ''Bhaashaasaasthradrshtiyiluute''<ref name="pagelamp"/> (From the View point of Linguistics), SIL 2009
* ''Draavidabhaashakal''<ref name="google"/> (Dravidian Languages Translation from English of MS Andranov's original book in Russian)SIL 1975
* ''Chittappetuththiya kathhakalippadangal''<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/play-of-manodharma/article3476373.ece http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/touchstone-of-artistic-expression/article2853807.ece</ref> (Notated Kathakali songs: An anthology of 20 select pieces with introduction and notes) [[Keralakalamandalam]] 2004
* ''SriLalitasasahasranaamasthothram''literal explanation for [[Lalita Sahasranamam]] – (Annotated Edition with an introduction)Thunchan Smaaraka Samithi, TVPM-9, 2011
* ''Malayalam Verbal Forms''<ref name="ReferenceA"/> – [[Phonetics]] and [[Phonology]] of Colloquial [[Malayalam]], with Experimental Findings, [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]], TVPM 1972
* ''Malayalam: A Linguistic Description'',<ref name="abebooks">{{cite web|url=http://www.abebooks.com/Malayalam-Linguistic-Description|publisher=abebooks.com|title=www.abebooks.com/Malayalam-Linguistic-Description|access-date=25 January 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.amazon.co.uk › Books › Reference › Language</ref><ref name="alibris">{{cite web|url=http://www.alibris.com/Malayalam-a-linguistic-description|publisher=alibris.com|title=www.alibris.com/Malayalam-a-linguistic-description|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref>search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm05354133</ref> National Research Publications, Kazhakuttam TVPM 1973
* ''Malayalam for Beginners'', Swantham Books, TVPM-10; 1999
* ''Kathakali Texts in Translation'' (in Phillip B Zarrilli: Kathakali-Dance Drama<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/pride-comes-before-a-fall/article6958314.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=Pride comes before a fall - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 March 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Where Gods and Demons Come to Play 2003)
* ''Vidyarambham CD for Malayalam Self - Study'' (2001)
* ''Vision, insights and Innovation'' (Report of the Calicut University Commission, 2000)
* ''Malayalam for All India Service Officer Trainees'', Dr. V.R. Prabodhachandran Nayar, Publisher: Institute of Management in Government(IMG), Thiruvananthapuram, 2020
* ''Dr. K. Raghavan Pilla-a literary biography'' by Dr. VRP, State Institute of Languages, 2020
* ''Lalitha Ganangal Prabodha sangeetham Valyam-2'', National Bookstall, Kottayam 2021 March.
* ''Prabodhasangeetam'', by Dr. V R Prabodhachandran Nayar, Kurukshetra Prakasan, Kaloor Towers, Kochi, April, 2023

==Awards==

* Dr. K Godavarma Memorial Gold medal (1959)
* Commonwealth Scholarship for post doctoral research at the School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London (1967)
* IC Chacko Award of the Kerala Sahitya Akademy, for the best book in scientific literature (Swanavijnaanam) (Citation) (1981)
* CL Antony Award of the Trissur Sahridaya veedi (Citation) (1998)
* MKKNayar Award of the MKKNayar Memorial Cultural Institute, Pakalkuri (Citation) (2002)
* NV Krishna Variar Award for scientific literature (2011)
* Sakthi Thaayaatt Award for scientific literature (2011)
* Professor CP Menon Award for scientific literature (Citation) (2013)
* (Mukunda Raajaa) Smriti Puraskaaram of [[Keralakalamandalam]] 9 November 2014)
* Shreshta Malayala Basha Puraskaram, Govt. of India, 4 April 2019.

==See also==
* [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]]
* [[Dravidian Languages]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.getcited.com/mbrz/11124027|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124165139/http://www.getcited.com/mbrz/11124027|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2013|publisher=getcited.com|title=www.getcited.com/mbrz/11124027|access-date=25 January 2017}}
*{{cite book|title=Postpositions in a Dravidian Language: Transformational Analysis of Malayalam|author=Mallassery, S.R.|date=1994|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170995746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q6Ay5VNGrIC&pg=PR10|access-date=25 January 2017}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, V.R. Prabodhachandran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Phoneticians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Percival Noronha

2026-03-15T03:44:08Z

TawannaIbarra: new new post - done

{{short description|Indian historian (1923–2019)}}
{{Portuguese name|Vital|Noronha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Percival Noronha
| honorific_suffix = [[ComM]]
| image = Percival Noronha, ex-Goa senior bureaucrat and long with the friends of astronomy, Goa (cropped).jpg
| caption = Noronha in 2009
| birth_name = Percival Ivo Vital e Noronha
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|7|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|8|19|1923|7|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Verna, Goa]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Historian|conservationist|bureaucrat}}
| known_for = Establishing the [[Association of Friends of Astronomy]] and the [[Goa Carnival]]
| awards = {{ubl|
| [[United Nations Peace Medal]] (1972)
| [[Ordem do Merito|Ordem do Merito Comendador]] (2014)
}}
}}

'''Percival Ivo Vital e Noronha''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Merit (Portugal)|ComM]]}} (26 July 1923 – 19 August 2019) was an Indian historian, [[heritage conservationist]], and [[bureaucrat]]. In 1982, he established the [[Association of Friends of Astronomy]], the first [[astronomy club]] in [[Goa]], India. Noronha held an officer position in the Indian administration during his tenure in the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese administration]] (''Estado da Índia'').

==Early life==
[[File:E-426, Fontainhas - 19th-20th century (4276230050).jpg|thumb|Noronha's residence and workplace, E-426, [[Fontainhas (quarter)|Fontainhas]], in 2009.]]
Percival Ivo Vital e Noronha was born on 26 July 1923, in [[Margão]], [[Goa]], during [[Portuguese India]], which was part of [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). He was born to Antonio Jose Jonas Noronha and Maria Aurora Anastasia da Silveira Vital, who were local [[landlords]], commonly known as ''bhatkars''. His father, Antonio, hailed from [[Loutolim]], while his mother, Maria, hailed from [[Ilhas]]. Both his parents were based in Margão.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey=MeBLE%20U7sKw=|title=Registo De Nascimento|date=30 June 2006|website=Goa Online|access-date=22 May 2023|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Percival Noronha - 3175380364.jpg|thumb|Noronha speaking at the 2009 Goa Sudharop meeting held in Goa.]]
Noronha contributed to the [[cultural development]] of [[Goa]]. He helped establish the [[Carnival float]]s parade, which gained recognition as a [[tourist attraction]]. Additionally, his interest in the [[cosmos]] motivated him to establish the [[Association of Friends of Astronomy]]. As part of this initiative, Noronha set up an [[astronomical observatory]] on the terrace of [[Panaji#Governance|Junta House]], equipped with a telescope. This observatory gained attention from stargazers, who gathered there to observe various celestial phenomena. Noronha also contributed to mitigate environmental issues in Goa, particularly through his efforts to address [[erosion]]. He oversaw the planting of ''[[casuarina]]'' trees along a stretch extending from the children's park in [[Campal]] to [[Miramar Beach, Goa|Miramar Beach]] in [[Panjim]] city. This initiative aimed to mitigate erosion and maintain the stability of the coastline. {{As of|2022}}, the casuarina trees, planted during Noronha's tenure, have grown in size and are still present on this stretch of road.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 Jul 2022 |first=Elvidio |last=Miranda |title=Remembering Percival, an encyclopedia of heritage, history & the heavens |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Remembering-Percival-an-encyclopedia-of-heritage-history-the-heavens/192224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522115008/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Remembering-Percival-an-encyclopedia-of-heritage-history-the-heavens/192224 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

[[File:Arossim book launch- Jan 07, 2011- Historian Dr. Maria de Jesus dos Mártires Lopes, at left, Percival Noronha in centre.jpg|thumb|Noronha at the book launch of ''Arossim'' with historian Dr. Maria de Jesus dos Mártires Lopes in 2011.]]
Noronha's residence in [[Fontainhas (quarter)|Fontainhas]], known as "Ajenor", serves as a repository of reference books and literary works throughout his lifetime. Consequently, it became a destination for people of all ages, including foreigners, Indian citizens, [[intellectuals]], and students, who sought his guidance. His knowledge had led to him being colloquially referred to as the "encyclopedia" within academic and intellectual circles. Noronha's publication, ''A Walk through Old Goa'', served as a guide to the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Old Goa]], acknowledged by the [[United Nations]]. The book encompassed historical information, encompassing various architectural styles and providing descriptions of the monuments present in the city. After leaving his public service role, he spent a major part of his retirement years in pursuing scholarly interests. His academic endeavors gained recognition across various countries, including Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Japan, and [[Macau]]. Noronha's presentations, which incorporated colour slides, managed to capture the attention of historians and students in these nations.<ref name=":0" />

==Influences==
Noronha expressed admiration for [[Sanskrit]] scholar [[José Pereira (scholar)|José Pereira]], a recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award. Pereira's work, ''Baroque India'', was highly regarded by Noronha for its clear and eloquent writing style, precise geometric descriptions, and use of mathematical concepts in literature.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 19 August 2019, Noronha died at a relative's residence in [[Verna, Goa]]. As per his last wishes, he designated his nephew as the beneficiary of his entire shareholdings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Friends of Astronomy |url=https://afagoa.org/about.php |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=afagoa.org |archive-date=2023-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610184823/https://afagoa.org/about.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-20 |title=Historian Percival Noronha dies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/historian-percival-noronha-dies/articleshow/70745692.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522130959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/historian-percival-noronha-dies/articleshow/70745692.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Noronha received several international accolades, including 17 awards. Among these honours was the [[United Nations Peace Medal]], which was awarded to him in 1972 in recognition of his contributions to fostering peace. In 2014, he was honored with the ''[[Ordem do Merito|Ordem do Merito Comendador]]'', the highest civilian honor in Portugal, in acknowledgment of his achievements. Noronha was also awarded the ''Clube Militar de Macau'' medal, which he received for his lectures that attracted a wide audience.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2019-08-20 |title=Remembering the legend that was Percival Noronha |url=https://itsgoa.com/percival-noronha |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224439/https://itsgoa.com/percival-noronha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noronha, Percival}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Merit (Portugal)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]

Mallikarjun

2026-03-13T23:31:34Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating New Article W/ Infobox.

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mallikarjun
| image = Singer Mallikarjun 15.jpg
| birth_name = Boda Mallikharjuna Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|03|05}}
| birth_place = [[Srisailam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| origin = [[Chennai]], [[Tamilnadu]] 
[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| genre = [[Film Score]], [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer, composer
| instrument = Vocals, keyboard
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Mallikarjun''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] and composer who mostly sings in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] language films.<ref name="Humming identical tunes">{{cite web |last1=Sujatha Varma |title=Humming identical tunes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Humming-identical-tunes/article15914244.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 August 2018 |date=9 May 2009}}</ref> After emerging as one of the semi-finalists in the first edition of singing competition [[Padutha Theeyaga]], he went on to become a [[playback singer]] in the [[South Indian film industry]]. He is married to playback singer [[Gopika Poornima]].<ref name="Veturi Memorial award">{{cite web |title=Veturi Memorial award to Mallikarjun, Gopika Poornima |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-01-30/Veturi-Memorial-award-to-Mallikarjun-Gopika-Poornima/203578 |website=The Hans India |access-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> He is very well known as an energetic stage performer and ardent fan of Telugu actor [[Chiranjeevi]].

== Personal life ==

Mallikarjun's father is an engineer in the Andhra Pradesh Irrigation department. He originally hails from [[Anakapalle]] of [[Visakhapatnam]] district. Mallikarjun was born when his father got transferred to [[Srisailam]], a temple town. He was named after the local god Lord Mallikarjuna of Srisailam temple. His mother is a housewife.<ref name="AndhraJyothiInterview">{{cite web |last1=Gorusu |first1=Jagadeeswar Reddy |title=తాన్ సేన్ అనే వాళ్ళు... |url=https://telugucinemacharitra.com/%e0%b0%97%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%af%e0%b0%95%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%a1%e0%b1%81-%e0%b0%ae%e0%b0%b2%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b2%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%95%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%9c%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d/ |website=Telugu cinema Charitra |publisher=Andhra Jyothi |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> He has started learning music at the age of 9 and got recognition by padutha teeyaga musical competition. He has one sister.<ref name="Sakshi article">{{cite web |title=ఇదే నా ప్లాట్‌ఫాం |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/my-platforms-308105 |website=Sakshi |publisher=Sakshi |access-date=20 August 2018 |date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

He met his co-singer [[Gopika Poornima]] and they fell in love with each other and got married on 10 February 2008 in [[Simhachalam]].<ref name="Marriage news">{{cite web |title=Mallikarjun ties nuptial knot to Gopika |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2008/mallikarjun-gopika-nuptial-knot-030108.html |website=filmibeat.com |access-date=20 August 2018 |date=3 January 2008}}</ref> They have one daughter named Samhitha. Currently they are living in [[Chennai]].

== Career ==
Mallikarjun made his debut as a playback singer along with [[Gopika Poornima]] in [[Chennai]] for the movie Singanna on 23 February 1997 composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. He has sung more than 300 songs in films and 2000 private devotional albums. He also assisted renowned music composers like [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] for 1 year and [[Mani Sharma]] for 8 years. He has the prospect of singing for all the heroes in [[Telugu Film Industry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/singer-mallikarjun-interview-169305|title=బాలూగారు తన సొంత ఖర్చుతో నాకు సంగీతం నేర్పించారు : మల్లికార్జున్|date=22 September 2014|work=Sakshi|access-date=20 September 2018|language=te}}</ref> He made his debut as a Composer for the movie [[Kathi Kantha Rao]] in 2010.<ref name="Kathi Kanta Rao music launch">{{cite web |title=Kathi Kanta Rao music launch – Telugu cinema |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-kathikantarao.html |website=idlebrain.com |publisher=Idlebrain |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> He is one of the core singer in the musical band "SUSWANA" along with [[Gopika Poornima]] and [[Parthu]] formed in 2016 and performed in countries like [[India]] ([[Visakhapatnam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tirupati]], [[Hospet]]), United States ([[Dallas]], Texas), [[Kuwait]] And [[Oman]] ([[Muscat]]).Mallikarjun regularly sings in "Swarabhishekam" program telecast in [[ETV Telugu|ETV]] on every Sunday.

== Awards ==
He got the [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] in 2003 for the serial Sukhadukhalu ([[ETV Network|ETV]]) in the TV Section.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Lalit Singh |title=Life Hyderabad : 'Jananee Janma Bhoomi' steals the show |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/06/stories/2004100600840200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-10-06 |access-date=20 August 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Concerts ==
Mallikarjun has done more than 200 shows across the world. He also participated in various musical concerts in the countries like United States of America, United Kingdom(England, Ireland, [[Scotland]]), Australia, New Zealand, Africa (South Africa, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]]), (Germany), Canada, [[Malaysia]], Singapore, Japan, [[Arab World]] ([[Kuwait]], [[Dubai]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]]) with legendary singers like Padmabhushan [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] and others.

=== Performances ===
Music concerts for TANA ([[Telugu Association of North America]]) in 2007 and 2013 along with famous music composer [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/community/etc/manisharma-columbus.html|title=SwaraBrahma Sri Mani Sharma & Group Dazzles Dallas Telugus To Enchanting Musical Evening|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
* Music concerts for ATA (American Telugu Association) in 2006 and 2008 along with renowned music composers [[Mani Sharma]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/community/etc/dsp-chicago.html|title=Devi Sri Prasad music concert in Chicago|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
*Music concerts for NATA (North America Telugu Association) in 2014.
*Music concerts for TCAGT (Telugu Cultural Association of Greater Toronto) in Canada 2014 along with prominent music composer [[S. Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/tcagt-silverjubileecelebrations.html|title=Telugu Cultural Association of Greater Toronto (TCAGT) Silver Jubilee Celebrations – Telugu cinema news|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
*Performed at WTF (World Telugu Federation) in Singapore and [[Dubai]] in 2002 and 2006 along with eminent music composer [[R. P. Patnaik]].
*Performed extensively with renowned [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[G. Anand]] team across the world.
*Performed at TAL (Telugu Association of London) in England 2017.
*Performed at MATA (Mana Telugu Association) in Germany 2016.
*Performed at SATC-South African Telugu Community's Musical Concert in South Africa 4 November 2018 and 8 February 2020

== TV programmes ==
* Participated as a judge and team leader in the musical competition "Airtel Super Singer 9" conducted by [[Star Maa]] in 2015.
* Participated as a judge in the musical competitions like "STAR OF AP" and "STAR SINGER" conducted by [[Gemini TV]] and Vissa TV.

== Discography ==

=== Devotional ===
Private album by Musical Bee Productions

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song available on youtube
!Music director
|-
|2024
|Sundarakanda Parayanam Telugu
|Pavan Kumar
|}

=== Composer===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
|-
|2010
|''[[Kathi Kantha Rao]]''
|}

=== Songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music director
|-
|1997
|''Singanna''
|Kalaganti Kalaganti
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Chitram]]''
|Ekanthavela Ekantha Seva
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2001
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Anandam]]''
|Kanulu Terichinna
| rowspan="2"| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|Premante
|-
|''[[Subbu]]''
|Love Passayyanu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
|Gunnamavi
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|-
|''[[12B]]'' (D)
|Mela Thalatho
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2002
|[[Aadi (2002 film)|''Aadi'']]
|Nee Navvula
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']]
|Ghallu Ghallu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Bobby (2002 film)|''Bobby'']]
|Laalu Darwaja
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Sontham (2002 film)|''Sontham'']]
|Yepudu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''Ninne Cherukunta''
|Nalo Vundi
|[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|-
| rowspan="14" |2003
|[[Anji (film)|''Anji'']]
|Manava Manava (Theatrical Version)
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Okkadu]]''
|Sahasam Swasaga
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]''
|Jhoom Barabar Jhoom
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' (Tamil)
|"Kadhal Enbathu", "Lovena"
|Devi Sri Prasad
|-
|[[Raghavendra (film)|''Raghavendra'']]
|Adugulona Adugu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]''
|Brindavanamlo
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Tagore (film)|''Tagore'']]
|Manmadha Manmadha
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|''Abhimanyu'']]
|Nee Perento Telusu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu]]''
|Padamati Sandhya Raagam
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Ezhumalai]]'' (Tamil)
|Un Punnagai
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|Joole Joole
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Sambaram]]''
|Pattudalatho
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|-
|''[[Ela Cheppanu]]''
|Manchu Thakina
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|''Abbayi Premalo Paddadu''
|Abba Em Body
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004
|[[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|''Lakshmi Narasimha'']]
|Pappesuko Charesuko
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|''Adavi Ramudu'']]
|Nagaramu Lo
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']]
|Chamak Chamakmani
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''
|Rama Rama Raghuram
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''
|Chitti Nadumune
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Sakhiya]]''
|Notilona
| rowspan="2"| [[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|O Chandrama
|-
|''Vidyarthi''
|Em Pilla Matladavu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Venky]]''
|Andala Chukala Lady
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''Abhi''
|Allari Chese
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|''Jai'']]
|Neekosame
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|-
|[[Gowri (2004 film)|''Gowri'']]
|Gundello Gudiganta
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|''Idho Tareeku''
|Mandhistama
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2005
|[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|''Subash Chandra Bose'']]
|Mee Intlo Amma
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Athanokkade]]''
|Gunedelalo
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Narasimhudu]]''
|Yeluko Nayaka
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Allari Pidugu]]''
|Nede Eenade
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]''
|Jai Jai Ganesha (Uncredited)
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[That Is Pandu]]''
|Jabilipayina
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|Paripoke Pitta
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Oka Oorilo]]''
|Oka Oorilo
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|[[Bhadra (2005 film)|''Bhadra'']]
|Akasam Nelaku
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Andarivadu]]''
|Paduchu Bangarama
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|''[[Avunanna Kadanna]]''
|Suvvi Suvvi
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2006
|''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''
|Aandalu
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
|[[Ranam (2006 film)|''Ranam'']]
|Vareeva Chandamama
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Veerabhadra (film)|''Veerabhadra'']]
|Sirimalli
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Seethakoka Chiluka (2006 film)|''Seethakoka Chiluka'']]
|Chuputhoti
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''Roommates''
|Hayire
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]'' (Kannada)
|Ene Aagali
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Seethakoka Chiluka|Illavatam]]'' (Tamil) (D)
|Kechinaga
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Stalin (2006 film)|''Stalin'']]
|Siggutho Chi Chi (Uncredited)
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''Ganaa''
|Yendukeevela
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|''Shankar''
|Nee Muthi Peppi
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
|''[[Poramboku]]''
|Hi Voltage
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Chirutha]]''
|Kaneeti Vaana
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Okka Magadu]]''
|Nanu Paalinchaga
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Vaana (film)|''Vaana'']]
|Muvaanti Maina
|Kamalakar Rao
|-
|[[Classmates (2007 film)|''Classmates'']]
|Mounamenduku
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
|''Nee Navve Chalu''
|Emito Evela
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''Aarya MBBS''
|Vennela Koona
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''Mallika I Love You''
|Aaha Vooha
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|''Sri Satyanarayana Swamy''
|Satyanarayan Vrathamu
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|2009
|''Dhammunodu''
|Mudhu Mudhu
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Subhapradam]]''
|Bailele Bailele
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|[[Darling (2010 film)|''Darling'']]
|Bulle
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| rowspan="2"| [[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']]
|Ningi Jaripadda
| rowspan="2"| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|Badhulu Thochani
|-
|[[Ko (film)|''Rangam'']]
|Nemali Kulukula
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
|''Pandem Kollu''
|Ee Chitti Guvvena
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''Ramachari''
|Sudigalai
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|-
|''Sakuni'' (D)
|Ammalara Ayyalara
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|''Siva Thandavam'' (D)
|Mogali Puvvanti
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
|''[[Greeku Veerudu]]''
|Yevvaru Lerani
|[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|[[Gouravam (2013 film)|''Gouravam'']]
|Manasa
|[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|''Nenu Chala Worst''
|Padamara Vypunake
|[[Parthasarathy (Parthu)]]
|-
|''Good Boy''
|Preminchave Pilla
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|''Adi c/o abn college''
|Nee Gali Soki
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
|''Srinu c/o Anu''
|Cheliya Cheliya
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Beeruva]]''
|Pistolu Baava
|[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|''Chandrakala''
|Kathilagundi
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
|2016
|''Pittagoda''
|Emaindo
|Kamalakar Rao
|-
|2018
|''[[Nela Ticket]]''
|O Sari Try Chey
|Shakthikanth Karthick
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=nm1221229}}

{{AllMusic|id=mn0002500203}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Thanjavur painting

2026-03-12T13:08:12Z

TawannaIbarra: done

{{Short description|Classical South Indian painting style}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Thanjavur painting
| image = File:Thanjavur art from south India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = A Thanjavur painting of [[Radha Krishna]]
| description = [[painting]] style originated in [[Thanjavur]]
| type = Manufactured
| area = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 2007-08
| material = [[canvas]], [[paint]], [[wood]]
| official website =
}}

'''[[Thanjavur]] [[painting]]''' is a classical [[South India]]n [[painting]] style, originating from the town of [[Thanjavur]] (anglicized as [[Tanjore]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The art form draws its immediate resources and inspiration from way back about 1600 AD, a period when the [[Nayak (title)|Nayakas]] of Thanjavur under the suzerainty of the Vijayanagara Rayas encouraged art—chiefly, classical dance and music—as well as literature, both in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and painting of chiefly Hindu religious subjects in temples. However, it can safely be surmised that Thanjavur painting, as we know it now, originated in the Maratha court of Thanjavur (1676–1855).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_tanjor-gold-paintings.html|title=Parampara Project – Tanjore Gold Leaf Painting|publisher=paramparaproject.org}}</ref> It has been recognized as a [[Geographical indication]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2007–08.<ref name="GI">{{cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/|title=Geographical indication|publisher=Government of India|access-date=28 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/|archivedate=26 August 2013}}</ref>

[[Thanjavur]] paintings are characterised by rich and vivid colours, simple iconic composition, glittering gold foils overlaid on delicate but extensive gesso work and inlay of glass beads and pieces or very rarely precious and semi-precious gems. In Thanjavur paintings one can see the influence of Deccani, Vijayanagara, Maratha and even European or [[Company style|Company styles]] of painting. Essentially serving as devotional icons, the subjects of most paintings are [[Hindu]] gods, goddesses, and saints. Episodes from Hindu [[Puranas]], ''[[Sthala purana|Sthala-puranas]]'' and other religious texts were visualised, sketched or traced and painted with the main figure or figures placed in the central section of the picture (mostly within an architecturally delineated space such as a ''mantapa'' or ''prabhavali'') surrounded by several subsidiary figures, themes and subjects. There are also many instances when Jain, Sikh, Muslim, other religious and even secular subjects were depicted in Tanjore paintings.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|thumb|A [[Thanjavur]] [[painting]] of the ten [[Sikh Gurus]] with [[Bhai Bala]] and [[Bhai Mardana]] – 20th century]]

Thanjavur paintings are [[panel painting]]s done on wooden planks, and hence referred to as ''palagai padam'' (''palagai'' = "wooden plank"; ''padam'' = "picture") in local parlance. In modern times, these paintings have become souvenirs for festive occasions in South India.

== Style and technique ==
Thanjavur paintings were made in various sizes depending upon the function, the subject and the choice of the patron. Large paintings of deities and the Maratha rulers, their courtiers and nobility, were painted and installed to serve as architectural accents in the Maratha palaces and buildings. To quote Dallapiccola – "''The works, executed on canvas pasted on a wooden support, were framed – a major departure from the pan-Indian tradition, in which paintings are of small size – and designed to be hung on the walls of domestic puja rooms or in bhajan halls. The themes, as in painted albums, (made for European patrons) were usually gods and goddesses, holy places, religious personalities and occasionally portraits. Their dazzling palette consisted generally of vivid reds, deep greens, chalk white, turquoise blues and the lavish use of gold (foil) and inset glass beads. Sometimes precious stones were also used in the paintings. The large format of the majority of such works and the relatively simple composition are the hallmark of the style. This school was greatly inspired by European techniques and was the most popular in Tamil Nadu until the early twentieth century.''"<ref>South Indian Paintings – A catalogue of the British Museum collection by A. L. Dallapiccola Published by Mapin Publishing in association with the British Museum Press</ref>

Paintings in addition to being done on canvas, were also done on walls, wooden panel, glass, paper, mica and exotic media such as ivory. Small Ivory portraits were typically worn as cameo pendants called ''rajaharam'' and were quite popular.

Thanjavur glass paintings following the techniques of Chinese reverse glass paintings were popularised during [[Serfoji II]]'s reign as a cheaper and faster craft. The paintings were done on the reverse surface of a glass sheet with strips of metal beaten into transparent gaps to simulate the effect of jewellery and precious stones. Most of the paintings were of Hindu deities & saints. Other courtly and secular portraits were also created.

[[File:Raja Sarabhoji of Tanjore.jpg|thumb|Tanjore Glass painting of Raja Sarabhoji, c. 1860]]

A Thanjavur Painting was generally made on a canvas pasted over a plank of wood (Jackfruit or teak) with Arabic gum. The canvas was then evenly coated with a paste of French chalk (''gopi'') or powdered limestone and a binding medium and dried. The artist then drew or traced using a stencil, a detailed outline of the main and subsidiary subjects on the canvas. A paste, made of limestone powder and a binding medium called ''sukkan'' or ''makku'', was used for creating the Gesso work. Gold leaves and gems of varied hues were inlaid in selected areas like pillars, arches, thrones, dresses, etc. Finally, colours were applied on the sketch.

In the past, artists used natural colours like vegetable and mineral dyes, whereas the present day artists use chemical paints. For outlines dark brown or red was usually used. Red was favoured for the background, though blue and green were also used. Lord Vishnu, was coloured blue, and Lord Nataraja chalk white, and his consort Goddess Sivakami was green. The sky, of course, was blue, but black was also employed on occasions. The portrayal of figures in the paintings was also typical with almost all the figures having rounded faces with almond-shaped eyes and smooth, streamlined bodies. The composition is static and two-dimensional with the figures placed within arches, curtains and decorative borders. The main subject is much larger than the other subjects and occupies the centre of the painting. Seraphs or angels resembling those in European paintings and Islamic miniatures were also shown flanking the main figure. The figures were painted with bright flat colours except for the face where shading was shown. The shading in Thanjavur art was more to create a feeling of depth than to conform to the European conventions of lighting and perspective.

There are some examples of this art in the [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thanjavur.nic.in/sml/library/Library_History/library_history.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233630/http://thanjavur.nic.in/sml/library/Library_History/library_history.html |archivedate=2014-04-26 }}</ref> in Tanjore built by [[Serfoji II]]. The Sanskrit work ''Prabotha Chandrodayam'' in the library has a few pages of Tanjore art as also Marathi translations of ''Mahabharata & Bhagavatham'' in which are found the works of the painter Madhava swami dated 1824 AD. Faint traces of Maratha style paintings inset with glass are found on the walls of the [[Thiruvaiyaru]] [[Choultry|Chatram]] built by [[Serfoji II|Serfoji]] after his pilgrimage to [[Varanasi|Kashi]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Thanjavur – A Cultural History by Pradeep Chakravarthy Published by Niyogi Books</ref> Many other buildings in and around Thanjavur have fine examples of the paintings on the roofs and walls, though many are gradually disappearing and dying due to serious neglect and acts of vandalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=11457ae7-3659-4b76-8349-708dcedc113c&CATEGORYNAME=tnadu |title=Thanjavur Paintings of Later Maratha Period Discovered - Chennaionline News |accessdate=2014-07-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145649/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=11457ae7-3659-4b76-8349-708dcedc113c&CATEGORYNAME=tnadu |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/a-treasure-trove-of-thanjavur-paintings-lies-in-neglect/article6074700.ece|title=A treasure trove of Thanjavur paintings lies in neglect|author=M. Balaganessin|work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Thanjavur-Paintings-of-Later-Maratha-Period-Discovered-in-Abandoned-Temple/2014/06/03/article2260145.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603072643/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Thanjavur-Paintings-of-Later-Maratha-Period-Discovered-in-Abandoned-Temple/2014/06/03/article2260145.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2014|title=Thanjavur Paintings of Later Maratha Period Discovered in Abandoned Temple|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The [[Government Museum, Chennai]] and the Thanjavur Art Gallery,<ref>Frommer's India by Pippa de Bruyn, Keith Bain, David Allardice, Shonar Joshi</ref> Thanjavur also house fine collections of Thanjavur paintings depicting the [[Maratha]] kings of Thanjavur and other allied subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/03/01/012/tanjore1.htm|title=Government Museum Chennai|publisher=}}</ref> Many private museums and collectors also possess enviable collections of Thanjavur paintings.<ref>Hasta Shilpa heritage village, Manipal {{cite web |url=http://www.indiaheritagevillage.org/treasures/mutanjore.htm |title=Welcome to Manipal Heritage Village |accessdate=2014-07-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116020553/http://www.indiaheritagevillage.org/treasures/mutanjore.htm |archivedate=2014-11-16 }}</ref>

The British and Victoria & Albert museums in England also house a large collection of Thanjavur paintings in the company and traditional styles. The National Museum of Copenhagen also houses a fine collection of 17th century Thanjavur paintings. King Christian IV of Denmark had received permission to build a fort at [[Tranquebar]] (''Tharangambadi'' in Tamil) which led to the building of the [[Dansborg|Danesborg]] fort as also a Danish relationship with Thanjavur which resulted in the museum collection.<ref>Chiang Mai & Northern Thailand Footprint Focus Guide By Andrew Spooner</ref>

== Influences ==
[[File:Tirupati painting v&a 1830-50 2006AH4264 jpg l.jpg|thumb|Tirupati painting of Lord Venkateshwarar in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London]]

[[File:Tirupati Venkateswarar with consorts.jpg|thumb|left|A portable wooden shrine carrying painted terracotta plaques of Tirupati Venkateswarar and consorts – circa 19th century CE]]

Thanjavur houses the 11th century [[Chola]] wall paintings in the [[Brihadeeswarar temple]] as also paintings from the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] period (many times superimposed on the earlier [[Chola]] paintings<ref>Preserving the past – Unique achievement by archaeologists in restoring Thanjavur paintings – S.H. Venkatramani in Thanjavur 19 November 2013 | UPDATED 16:06 IST https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19880131-unique-achievement-by-archaeologists-in-restoring-thanjavur-paintings-769031-2013-11-18</ref>) dating to the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Living Chola Temples, Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur; Temple of Gangaikonda Cholisvaram, Tamil Nadu, Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp |publisher=asi.nic.in}}</ref> In 1521–22, [[Krishnadevaraya]] travelled to the [[Tamil country]] visiting holy places and as was his wont, made munificent donations to temples and other religious establishments.<ref name="MuseumDallapiccola2010">{{cite book |author1=British Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA78 |title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection |author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7}}</ref> It can be surmised that some of this munificence was also channeled into art and artists. The fall of the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] and the sack of [[Hampi]] in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 CE resulted in the migration of painters who had been dependent on the patronage of the empire. Some of them migrated to Thanjavur and worked under the patronage of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayakas]]. The Thanjavur Nayaka line commenced with [[Sevappa Nayaka]] (1532–72). Sevappa ruled for several years, ably supported by his son [[Achuthappa Nayak|Achyutappa]] (1564–1614), who later succeeded him. It was during Achyutappa's reign that the [[Vijayanagara]] empire fell, leading to the exodus of numerous litterateurs, philosophers, musicians and artists who migrated to several other neighbouring kingdoms like [[Mysore]] and Thanjavur. Achyutappa was succeeded by his son [[Raghunatha Nayak|Raghunatha Nayaka]] who in turn was succeeded by [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijayaraghava Nayaka]]. Raghunatha, who was possibly the most successful Thanjavur Nayaka ruler, was also a great patron of art and artists and helped establish the unique school of Thanjavur artists who later evolved the Thanjavur style of paintings under the Marathas. Subsequently, the [[Maratha]] rulers who defeated the Thanjavur [[Nayak dynasty|Nayakas]] began to nurture the Thanjavur atelier. The artists absorbed the local influences and the individual tastes of their [[Maratha]] patrons which helped evolve the unique Thanjavur style of painting. The Thanjavur artists in addition to decorating temples also began painting and decorating the major buildings, palaces, ''[[Choultry|chatrams]]'' and residences of the Maratha kings and nobility. The Tanjore style of paintings spring from a late phase of South Indian classical art, when the society in which it originated was itself going through turbulent times. Needless to say, Tanjore paintings are informed by a syncretic style, notable for its assimilation of the contemporary diverse cultural influences – Tamil, Telugu, Maratha, European, Deccani, Folk, etc. The style drew heavily from the other major South Indian styles of painting which were all deeply influenced by the Vijayanagara school. The closest influences among these could be the [[Kalamkari]] and [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] paintings.

[[File:Rajarajesvaram Temple 4-8a.jpg|thumb|left|Nayaka period paintings in the ''Peruvudaiyar Koil'']]

[[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] paintings, in particular were produced in the famous temple town using different media and techniques, like painted terracotta reliefs, brass repousse works, paintings on paper and canvas, etc. The commonest examples were painted and gilded terracotta relief slabs of the deity, framed and packaged in neat wooden boxes which could be carried back as holy memorabilia and worshipped in the ''Puja room'' by the pilgrim-devotee. Paintings of the main deity, gilded and gem-set, in a manner similar to Tanjore paintings are also known.

[[File:Painted Brass repousse Tirupati Balaji.jpg|thumb|A painted brass repousse of Tirupati Balaji. Circa 19th century CE.]]

[[File:Processional scene with Amar Singh, ruler of Thanjavur (Tanjore) (1787-98) and Sarabhoji (1798-1832).jpg|thumb|left|Processional scene with Amar Singh, ruler of Thanjavur (1787–98) and Sarabhoji (1798–1832) – note the gilded chariots being pulled by bulls.]]

Tanjore paintings were also closely related to the crafts of painted and carved wood on the one hand and gilded, stone set jewellery work which flourished in Thanjavur. It is also pertinent to remember that Thanjavur art was functional, in that it was made for a specific purpose on a specific demand from a customer. And it is also in the same context that one understands the iconic style of Thanjavur paintings in contrast to say, the [[Pahari painting|Pahari miniatures]] or even [[Surpur paintings]].<ref>Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period, By Jaya Appasamy Published by Abhinav publications</ref>

[[File:Venugopala Tanjore glass painting.jpg|thumb|A Tanjore Glass painting of Venugopala Krishna flanked by Gopikas]]By the time [[Serfoji II]] succeeded to the Maratha throne in Thanjavur, the Britishers had taken over the complete administration of the state, retaining the king in only a nominal capacity to exercise power over the fort and a smidgen of surrounding lands. Though [[Serfoji II]] had to fight off a spirited competition from Amarasimha, his paternal uncle, to the Maratha throne of Thanjavur, it was during his reign<ref name="ReferenceA" /> that Thanjavur painting flourished and reached the form and style in which we recognise it today.

[[File:Vayu.jpg|thumb|left| A Tanjore painting of Vayu on mica in the collection of Government Museum, Chennai]]

The Maratha rule came to a sad end after the death of its last ruler Shivaji II, (resembling only in name his vastly greater ancestor) who died without a male issue, when the Britishers obliged by annexing the Thanjavur state to its dominions under the notorious [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. After the [[Maratha]] rule waned, the mercantile [[Chettiar]] community continued to patronise the Thanjavur artists. The [[Chettiar]]s being staunch Shaivites encouraged Shaivite themes. One of their monasteries in [[Koviloor, Karaikudi|Koviloor]] has large Thanjavur paintings on the lives of the 63 Nayanmars (Saivaite saints) and the 64 miracles (''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'') of Lord Shiva minutely labelled in Tamil.<ref>Thanjavur Paintings in Koviloor By C. Nachiappan Hardcover Kalakshetra Publications 14 Nov 2004, 1st ed.</ref> Similarly, the Bhimarajagoswami monastery in Thanjavur has a large painting of 108 Vishnu temples. The Britishers who had come into Thanjavur in the wake of the [[Anglo-Mysore wars]] also patronised Thanjavur artists and their paintings.

== Artists ==
Tanjore paintings were painted by 'Moochys or Artists of India' according to the British chronicler Charles Gold in his book ''Oriental Drawings'' published in 1806. Traditionally, it is well known that the Raju community of Thanjavur and Tiruchi, also called as Jinigara or Chitragara and the Nayudu community of Madurai were the artists who executed paintings in the Thanjavur style.<ref>Tanjore Paintings, A Chapter in Indian Art History by N. S. 'Kora' Ramaswami</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thanjavurpaintings.com/abouttp.html|title=Thanjavur Paintings – About Thanjavur paintings|publisher=}}</ref> The artists (Rajus & Naidus) were originally Telugu speaking people from the artistically vibrant [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], who moved to Tamil Nadu in the wake of the fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the establishment of Nayak rule in Madurai and Thanjavur.

The artists turned out a wide repertoire of paintings on different subjects and of varied quality depending upon the patron's interest, urgency and most importantly influence and financial capacity. However, the art was by and large a sacred task to be performed with a reasonable degree of ritual purity and humility by the master craftsmen, many of whom chose to remain anonymous and never signed their paintings, true to the Indian artistic tradition. However a few works signed by the Thanjavur artists are also known. [[C. Kondaiah Raju|C. Kondiah Raju]],<ref name="BabbWadley1998">{{cite book|editor1=Lawrence A. Babb|editor2=Susan S. Wadley|title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C&pg=PA55|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1453-0|page=55}}</ref> the famous calendar artist from [[Kovilpatti]], was one of the illustrious descendants to make a name as an artist during modern times from the Raju community.

== Tanjore and Mysore paintings ==
Tanjore and [[Mysore painting]]s, both spring from the same source – Vijayanagara paintings to begin with and Nayaka paintings subsequently. The very same artists, Chitragars and Naidus migrated to various places including Thanjavur and Mysore. This is the reason for the remarkable degree of similarity between the two styles. However, there are many differences that can be made out by the discerning viewer.

The differences are largely in the techniques used to create these artworks and in their distinct iconography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=95533|title=PIB English Features|publisher=}}</ref> The techniques adopted by the Mysore artists are slightly different from those of the Tanjore School. While Tanjore School used white lime powder and powdered tamarind seeds with gum arabic on cloth stretched on wooden panels, Mysore artists used white lead powder (''Makhisafeda'') or ''Makhi Gamboge'' (yellow) drawn from the juice of the indigenous tree (''Revana Chinni halu'') on paper. The paper sometimes was pasted to a wooden board, but mostly was framed as it was. As against the high relief of the Tanjore 'Gesso' work used prominently across large areas of the painting, the Mysore school preferred low relief, in selected areas such as jewellery, clothing, and borders. The Mysore school used pure gold leaf in lesser quantity as against gold-coated silver leaf handled across larger areas in the painting by Tanjore artists. The use of glass beads, precious and semi precious stones is also very rare in Mysore paintings. More elaborate and detailed interior and exterior landscapes are featured in Mysore paintings, whereas Tanjore paintings tend to be more iconic and static. In Mysore paintings, the jewellery, costumes, architectural features, furniture, etc. reflect the contemporary style prevalent in the [[Mysore Palace]]. The throne on which Gods and Goddesses are shown seated is usually a replica of the Mysore throne in many Mysore paintings.<ref>A History of Indian Painting : The Modern Period by Krishna Chaitanya pages 36 & 37 {{ISBN|8170173108}}</ref>

Both styles however, frequently show traditional temple pavilions (''prabhavalis'') and towers particularly for framing the main characters. However the geographical proximity, constant transmigration of artists and a heavy cross fertilisation of ideas and techniques ensured that one could see Tanjore paintings employing Mysore techniques and vice versa.

== Tanjore paintings in Company style ==
[[File:Rama and Hanuman fighting Ravana, an album painting on paper, c1820.jpg|thumb|Rama and Hanuman fighting Ravana, an album painting on paper, c. 1820 – British Museum Collection]]

Many of the traditional Indian artists were also patronised by Europeans, beginning with the Portuguese who landed on the west coast in 1498. Gradually the other Europeans followed suit and commissioned local artists to paint in the so-called company style. While no specific character or technique marked out the Company school of paintings, it can be understood to mean the large body of paintings painted by Indian artists in a mixed Indo-European style which would appeal to the Europeans who were employed by the various East India Companies.

[[File:The deity Yama with fangs and holding a daṇḍa (a rod).jpg|thumb|left|The deity Yama with fangs and holding a daṇḍa (a rod), [[watermark]]ed, 1814 – British Museum Collection]]

The direct European impact on Tanjore paintings began with the stationing of a British garrison in Thanjavur in 1773, during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] of 1767–99. Throughout the nineteenth century, artists based in and around Thanjavur prepared, by and large a standard sets of paintie sets were called albums or album paintings and were a collection of 'native' or 'Indian' subjects of interest, suited to the English sensibilities and tastes. Common subjects were Gods and Goddesses, episodes from Hindu mythology; Fairs, ceremonies, processions and festivals; Castes, their occupations and dresses; Indian Flora and Fauna, etc. These paintings were executed by the same Tanjore artists in a style suited to western tastes. The paintings were usually executed on European paper, without gesso work, little or no Gold foil and without any glass or gem inlay. The paintings would also carry a brief description ( most times extremely quaint and so typically English) of the subject in English and sometimes in Tamil or Telugu. Paintings on cloth backed by wooden panels were also executed for the English patrons. Many of these were carried to England where they probably enlivened many an evening tea! The [[British Museum]] and The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] have an enviable collection of such paintings.

Though the British patronised paintings tend to be grouped under the Company style of paintings, they were Tanjore paintings in spirit. In addition to being executed by the same traditional group of artists in Thanjavur and the neighbouring Tamil country, the style and characterisation in these paintings are very typically Thanjavur as against the style of say, Company paintings executed in Calcutta or Lucknow.

== Modern times ==
Thanjavur paintings continue to be made even to the present day, though not with the rigour and virtuosity that marked the paintings of yore. 'Revival' programmes, Exhibitions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Thanjavur-paintings-steal-the-show-at-Madurai-exhibition/articleshow/20964245.cms|title=Thanjavur paintings steal the show at Madurai exhibition|work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2013 }}</ref> Workshops and Training camps on Thanjavur paintings are being held regularly by many institutions including State Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/16/stories/2011051653050700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526134040/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/16/stories/2011051653050700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-05-16|title=News Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Women-queue-up-to-learn-Thanjavur-painting/articleshow/21738811.cms|title=Women queue up to learn Thanjavur painting|work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2013 }}</ref> The materials used have also changed according to the cost, ease of availability and the choice of individual artists. Plywood, for example has by and large replaced Jack and teak wood. Synthetic colours and adhesives are preferred over the natural and mineral colours and other traditional components. Muck powder, a fine powder of chalk, is also used to create a 3D effect in the paintings. In addition to the traditional subjects, a wide range of popular and modern subjects and themes are being depicted in Thanjavur paintings. While it is a happy development that this traditional art continues to hold its sway, the brazen commercialisation and lack of aesthetics are disturbing trends. Be that as it may, Thanjavur paintings – the style and aesthetics continue to inspire many contemporary artists. The Calendar prints of [[C. Kondaiah Raju|C. Kondiah Raju]] and his student followers, marked by an iconic solidness as against the western naturalism of [[Raja Ravi Varma]], are examples of the continued influence of Tanjore paintings in modern, popular and academic art.

Artists have taken this old form of art and over the years combined it with other styles to create mixed media arts. For example, tanjores are also done on mirrors, glass and canvas. The idea of applying gold foil is unique to this traditional art, so this same style is taken and recreated on different mediums.

== References ==
{{Commons category|Tanjore paintings}}
{{reflist}}
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== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|author1=British Museum|author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA78|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7}}
*{{cite book | author=Welch, Stuart Cary | title= ''India: art and culture, 1300–1900'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-944142-13-4 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1}}
*Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period, By Jaya Appasamy published by Abhinav Publishers
*Thanjavur – A Cultural History by Pradeep Chakravarthy Published by Niyogi books
{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chola Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanjore Painting}}
[[Category:Tamil art]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]

List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:51Z

TawannaIbarra: rework details also and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Members of Lok Sabha (2019-24)}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

[[File:17th Lok Sabha Updated August 2022.svg|thumb|400px|Seat distribution in 17th Lok Sabha by party]]

This is a '''list of members of the [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]] [[Lok Sabha]]''' arranged by the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] they were elected from. These MPs were elected in the [[2019 Indian general election]] held in April–May 2019, and took their seats on 17 June of that year.

==Andhra Pradesh==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|22}}
{{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|3}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]] (ST)
| [[Goddeti Madhavi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! 3
| [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| [[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party|dab=yes|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 4
| [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| [[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
|-
! 5
| [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| [[Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi]]
|-
! 6
| [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| [[Vanga Geetha]]
|-
! 7
| [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]] (SC)
| [[Chinta Anuradha]]
|-
! 8
| [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
| [[Margani Bharat]]
|-
! rowspan=2|9
| rowspan=2|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| rowspan=2|[[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]] (Switched from YSRCP to TDP)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-24 |title=MP Raghu Ramakrishna Raju quits YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mp-raghu-ramakrishna-raju-quits-ysrcp/article67882798.ece |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! 10
| [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| [[Kotagiri Sridhar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! rowspan=2|11
| rowspan=2|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| rowspan=2|[[Vallabhaneni Balasouri]] (Switched from YSRCP to JSP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=Machilipatnam MP Balasouri quits YSRC, to join Jana Sena |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/14/machilipatnam-mp-balasouri-quits-ysrc-to-join-jana-sena-2650881.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|-
! rowspan=2|12
| rowspan=2|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| [[Kesineni Srinivas]] (Resigned on 10 January 2024)
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|dab=yes}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 13
| [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| [[Galla Jayadev]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|dab=yes}}
|-
! rowspan=2|14
| rowspan=2|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]] (Resigned on 24 January 2024)
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party|dab=yes}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 15
| [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]] (SC)
| [[Nandigam Suresh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! rowspan=2|16
| rowspan=2|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| rowspan=2|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] (Switched from YSRCP to TDP)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh: Ongole MP Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy resigns from YSRCP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-ongole-mp-magunta-sreenivasulu-reddy-resigns-from-ysrcp/articleshow/108069261.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! 17
| [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| [[Pocha Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! rowspan=2|18
| rowspan=2|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| [[Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)|Sanjeev Kumar]] (Resigned on 10 January 2024)
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party|dab=yes}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 19
| [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| [[Talari Rangaiah]]
| {{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
! 20
| [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| [[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]]
|-
! 21
| [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]
|-
! 22
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 23
| rowspan="2" | [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]] (SC)
| [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
(Died on 16 September 2020)<ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha MP Balli Durga Prasad Rao passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lok-sabha-tirupati-mp-balli-durga-prasad-rao-garu-passes-away-6598709/|date=16 September 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 September 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
(Elected on 2 May 2021)
|-
! 24
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
! 25
| [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]] (SC)
| [[N. Reddeppa]]
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
[[File:Arunachal Pradesh Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Arunachal Pradesh constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 2
| [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| [[Tapir Gao]]

|}
==Assam==
[[File:Assam Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Assam constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|9}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
{{Party legend|All India United Democratic Front|1}}
{{Party legend|Independent politician|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]] (SC)
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 2
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| [[Rajdeep Roy]]
|-
! 3
| [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous District]] (ST)
| [[Horen Sing Bey]]
|-
! 4
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
! 5
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]] (ST)
| [[Heera Saraniya|Naba Kumar Sarania]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|-
! 6
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| [[Abdul Khaleque (Assamese politician)|Abdul Khaleque]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 7
| [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| [[Queen Oja]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 8
| [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
| [[Dilip Saikia]]
|-
! 9
| [[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]
| [[Pallab Lochan Das]]
|-
! 10
| [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 11
| [[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
| [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
|-
! 12
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| [[Rameswar Teli]]
|-
! 14
| [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| [[Pradan Baruah]]

|}

==Bihar==
[[File:Bihar Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Bihar constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|17}}
{{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|16}}
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|4}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|1}}
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
(Died on 28 February 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-jdus-valmikinagar-mp-baidyanath-prasad-mahto-passes-away/articleshow/74407428.cms|title=JD(U)'s Valmikinagar MP Baidyanath Prasad Mahto passes away|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[Sunil Kumar (Lok Sabha member)|Sunil Kumar]]
(Elected on 10 November 2020)
|-
! 2
| [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 3
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|-
! 4
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| [[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
|-
! 5
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 6
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 7
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| [[Ramprit Mandal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 8
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
! 9
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 10
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| [[Mohammad Jawed]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 11
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 12
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| [[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar]]
|-
! 13
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|-
! 14
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 15
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Ajay Nishad]]
|-
! 16
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| [[Veena Devi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
! 17
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]] (SC)
| [[Alok Kumar Suman]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 18
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| [[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]]
|-
! 19
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 20
| [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|-
! 21
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] (SC)
| [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
! 22
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| [[Nityanand Rai]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 23
| rowspan="2" | [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]] (SC)
| [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]
(Died on 21 July 2019)<ref>{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Lok Sabha Member And Ram Vilas Paswan's Brother Ramchandra Paswan Dies|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-member-and-ram-vilas-paswans-brother-ramchandra-paswan-dies-2072945|accessdate=1 September 2019|work=NDTV|date=21 July 2019}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
| [[Prince Raj]]
(Elected on 24 October 2019)
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
! 24
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| [[Giriraj Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 25
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]] (Switched from RLJP to RJD)
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
! 26
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 27
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]
|-
! 28
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| [[Lalan Singh]]
|-
! 29
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
|-
! 30
| [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 31
| [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|-
! 32
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| [[Raj Kumar Singh]]
|-
! 33
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
| [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
|-
! 34
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] (SC)
| [[Chhedi Paswan]]
|-
! 35
| [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
| [[Mahabali Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 36
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
|-
! 37
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 38
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]] (SC)
| [[Vijay Kumar Manjhi]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 39
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| [[Chandan Singh (politician)|Chandan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
! 40
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]] (SC)
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Chhattisgarh==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|6}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]] (ST)
| [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
| [[Gomati Sai]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 3
| [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]] (SC)
| [[Guharam Ajgalle]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 4
| [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
| [[Jyotsna Mahant]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
| [[Arun Sao]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 6
| [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| [[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 7
| [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| [[Vijay Baghel]]
|-
! 8
| [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Soni]]
|-
! 9
| [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| [[Chunni Lal Sahu]]
|-
! 10
| [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
| [[Deepak Baij]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 11
| [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
| [[Mohan Mandavi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Goa==
[[File:Goa Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Goa constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
| [[Shripad Naik|Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
| [[Francisco Sardinha]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}

|}

==Gujarat==
[[File:Gujarat Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Gujarat constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|26}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]] (SC)
| [[Vinodbhai Chavda]]
| rowspan=26 bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan=26 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2
| [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| [[Parbatbhai Patel]]
|-
! 3
| [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| [[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|-
! 4
| [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| [[Shardaben Patel]]
|-
! 5
| [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| [[Dipsinh Shankarsinh Rathod]]
|-
! 6
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| [[Amit Shah]]
|-
! 7
| [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| [[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukh Patel]]
|-
! 8
| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]] (SC)
| [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki]]
|-
! 9
| [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| [[Mahendra Munjapara]]
|-
! 10
| [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| [[Mohan Kundariya]]
|-
! 11
| [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| [[Rameshbhai Dhaduk]]
|-
! 12
| [[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
| [[Poonamben Maadam]]
|-
! 13
| [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| [[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|-
! 14
| [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| [[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]
|-
! 15
| [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| [[Bharti Shiyal]]
|-
! 16
| [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| [[Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel]]
|-
! 17
| [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| [[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan]]
|-
! 18
| [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| [[Ratansinh Rathod]]
|-
! 19
| [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]] (ST)
| [[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor]]
|-
! 20
| [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| [[Ranjanben Dhananjay Bhatt]]
|-
! 21
| [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]] (ST)
| [[Gitaben Rathva]]
|-
! 22
| [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
| [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|-
! 23
| [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]] (ST)
| [[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
|-
! 24
| [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| [[Darshana Jardosh]]
|-
! 25
| [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| [[C. R. Patil]]
|-
! 26
| [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]] (ST)
| [[K C Patel]]
|}

==Haryana==
[[File:Haryana Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Haryana constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|8}} {{Party legend|Casual vacancy|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan=2|1
| rowspan=2|[[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]] (SC)
| [[Rattan Lal Kataria]] (Died on 18 May 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=BJP MP from Ambala, Rattan Lal Kataria, dies at 72 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rattan-lal-kataria-passes-away-ambala-bjp-mp-dies-pgi-chandigarh-2380705-2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|-
! rowspan=2|2
| rowspan=2|[[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Kurukshetra]]
| [[Nayab Singh|Nayab Singh Saini]] (Resigned on 12 March 2024)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|-
! 3
| [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]] (SC)
| [[Sunita Duggal]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
! 4
| [[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hisar]]
| [[Brijendra Singh ( politician, born 13 May 1972)|Brijendra Singh]]
|-
! 5
| [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
| [[Sanjay Bhatia]]
|-
! 6
| [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
| [[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]
|-
! 7
| [[Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency|Rohtak]]
| [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|-
! 8
| [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| [[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir Singh]]
|-
! 9
| [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
| [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
|-
! 10
| [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|-
|}

==Himachal Pradesh==
[[File:2009 election.png|thumb|200px|Himachal Pradesh constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|3}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| [[Kishan Kapoor]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!rowspan=2|2
| rowspan=2|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|[[Ram Swaroop Sharma]] (Died on 17 March 2021)
|-
| [[Pratibha Singh]]
(Elected on 2 November 2021)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 3
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| [[Anurag Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 4
| [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]] (SC)
| [[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|}

==Jharkhand==
[[File:Jharkhand Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Jharkhand constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|12}}
{{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
{{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
| [[Vijay Hansdak]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
! 2
| [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
| [[Sunil Soren]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 3
| [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
| [[Nishikant Dubey]]
|-
! 4
| [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Sunil Kumar Singh]]
|-
! 5
| [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
| [[Annapurna Devi Yadav]]
|-
! 6
| [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
! 7
| [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| [[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
! 8
| [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|-
! 9
| [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| [[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]
|-
! 10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|[[Geeta Koda]] (Switched from INC to BJP)
|-
! 11
| [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
| [[Arjun Munda]]
|-
! 12
| [[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
| [[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
|-
! 13
| [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)
| [[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|-
! 14
| [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| [[Jayant Sinha]]
|-
|}

==Karnataka==
[[File:Karnataka Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Karnataka constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|26}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]
| [[Annasaheb Jolle]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=16}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
| [[Suresh Angadi]]
(Died on 23 September 2020)<ref>{{cite news|title=Union Minister of State For Railways Suresh Angadi Passes Away|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/union-minister-of-state-for-railways-suresh-angadi-passes-away/657048|date=23 September 2020|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=23 September 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mangala Suresh Angadi]]
(Elected on 2 May 2021)
|-
! 3
| [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
| [[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
|-
! 4
| [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]] (SC)
| [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
|-
! 5
| [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]] (SC)
| [[Umesh. G. Jadhav]]
|-
! 6
| [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]] (ST)
| [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
|-
! 7
| [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]]
| [[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
|-
! 8
| [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
| [[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]
|-
! 9
| [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]] (ST)
| [[Devendrappa]]
|-
! 10
| [[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency|Haveri]]
| [[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]
|-
! 11
| [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
| [[Pralhad Joshi]]
|-
! 12
| [[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Uttara Kannada]]
| [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
|-
! 13
| [[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]]
| [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
|-
! 14
| [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
| [[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
|-
! 15
| [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|-
! 16
| [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| [[Prajwal Revanna]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 17
| [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 18
| [[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]] (SC)
| [[A. Narayanaswamy]]
|-
! 19
| [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| [[G. S. Basavaraj]]
|-
! 20
| [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| [[Sumalatha|Sumalatha Ambareesh]] (Switched from Independent to BJP)
|-
! 21
| [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| [[Pratap Simha]]
|-
! 22
| [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]] (SC)
| [[Srinivasa Prasad]]
|-
! 23
| [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| [[D. K. Suresh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 24
| [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
| [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 25
| [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
| [[P. C. Mohan]]
|-
! 26
| [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
| [[Tejasvi Surya]]
|-
! 27
| [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
| [[B. N. Bache Gowda]]
|-
! 28
| [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]] (SC)
| [[S. Muniswamy]]
|}

==Kerala==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|15}}
{{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|2}}
{{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
{{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|1}}
{{Party legend|Kerala Congress (M)|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
| [[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 2
| [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| [[K. Sudhakaran]]
|-
! 3
| [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]
|-
! 4
| [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]
|-
! 5
| [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
| [[M. K. Raghavan]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
(Resigned on 3 February 2021)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
(Elected on 2 May 2021)
|-
! 7
| [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
! 8
| [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| [[V. K. Sreekandan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 9
| [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]] (SC)
| [[Ramya Haridas]]
|-
! 10
| [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
| [[T. N. Prathapan]]
|-
! 11
| [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| [[Benny Behanan]]
|-
! 12
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
| [[Hibi Eden]]
|-
! 13
| [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| [[Dean Kuriakose]]
|-
! 14
| [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 15
| [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| [[A. M. Ariff]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 16
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]] (SC)
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 17
| [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
| [[Anto Antony]]
|-
! 18
| [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
! 19
| [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| [[Adoor Prakash]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Shashi Tharoor]]
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|23}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|5}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]]
| [[Narendra Singh Tomar]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 2
| [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]] (SC)
| [[Sandhya Ray]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 3
| [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
| [[Vivek Shejwalkar]]
|-
! 4
| [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
| [[Krishna Pal Singh Yadav]]
|-
! 5
| [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
| [[Raj Bahadur Singh]]
|-
! 6
| [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Tikamgarh]] (SC)
| [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
| [[Prahlad Singh Patel]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 8
| [[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
| [[V. D. Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 9
| [[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
| [[Ganesh Singh]]
|-
! 10
| [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
| [[Janardan Mishra]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| [[Riti Pathak]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 12
| [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]] (ST)
| [[Himadri Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 13
| rowspan="2" | [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 14
| [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]] (ST)
| [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 15
| [[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
| [[Dhal Singh Bisen]]
|-
! 16
| [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| [[Nakul Nath]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 17
| rowspan="2" | [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
| [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 18
| [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
| [[Ramakant Bhargava]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=13}}
|-
! 19
| [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
| [[Pragya Thakur]]
|-
! 20
| [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| [[Rodmal Nagar]]
|-
! 21
| [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]] (SC)
| [[Mahendra Solanki]]
|-
! 22
| [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]] (SC)
| [[Anil Firojiya]]
|-
! 23
| [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsour]]
| [[Sudheer Gupta]]
|-
! 24
| [[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]] (ST)
| [[Guman Singh Damor]]
|-
! 25
| [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]] (ST)
| [[Chattar Singh Darbar]]
|-
! 26
| [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| [[Shankar Lalwani]]
|-
! 27
| [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]] (ST)
| [[Gajendra Patel]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 28
| rowspan="2" | [[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
| [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
(Died on 2 March 2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-lok-sabha-member-nand-kumar-singh-chauhan-passes-away/article33969239.ece|title=BJP MP Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan passes away|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=2021-03-02|access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gyaneswar Patil]]
(Elected on 2 November 2021)
|-
! 29
| [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]] (ST)
| [[Durga Das Uikey]]
|}

==Maharashtra==
'''Keys:''' {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|23}}
{{Party legend|Shiv Sena|13}}
{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|5}}
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|3}}
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
| [[Heena Gavit]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 2
| [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| [[Subhash Bhamre]]
|-
! 3
| [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| [[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil]]
|-
! 4
| [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
| [[Raksha Khadse]]
|-
! 5
| [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
| [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 6
| [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 7
| [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] (SC)
| [[Balwant Wankhade]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 8
| [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
| [[Ramdas Tadas]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 9
| [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]] (SC)
| [[Krupal Tumane]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 10
| [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
| [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 11
| [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]
|-
! 12
| [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]] (ST)
| [[Ashok Nete]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 13
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| [[Suresh Dhanorkar]] (Died on 30 May 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 14
| [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
| [[Bhavana Gawali]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 15
| [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
| [[Hemant Patil]]
|-
! 16
| [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| [[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 17
| [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
| [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 18
| [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 19
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| [[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
! 20
| [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
| [[Bharati Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 21
| [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| [[Hemant Godse]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 22
| [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
| [[Rajendra Gavit]]
|-
! 23
| [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
| [[Kapil Patil]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 24
| [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 25
| [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
| [[Rajan Vichare]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 26
| [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| [[Gopal Shetty]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 27
| [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
| [[Gajanan Kirtikar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 28
| [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| [[Manoj Kotak]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 29
| [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| [[Poonam Mahajan]]
|-
! 30
| [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
| [[Rahul Shewale]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 31
| [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 32
| [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
! 33
| [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| [[Shrirang Barne]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 34
| rowspan="2" | [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
| [[Girish Bapat]] (Died on 29 March 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 35
| [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| [[Supriya Sule]]
| {{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
! 36
| [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| [[Amol Kolhe]]
|-
! 37
| [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 38
| [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]] (SC)
| [[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
! 39
| [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| [[Pritam Munde]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 40
| [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| [[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 41
| [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]] (SC)
| [[Sudhakar Tukaram Shrangare]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 42
| [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] (SC)
| [[Jaisidhesvar Swami]]
|-
! 43
| [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| [[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]
|-
! 44
| [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| [[Sanjaykaka Patil|Sanjay Ramchandra Patil]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 45
| rowspan="2" | [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
(Resigned on 14 September 2019)
| {{Full party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[Shriniwas Patil]]
(Elected on 24 October 2019)
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 46
| [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
| [[Vinayak Raut]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|-
! 47
| [[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
| [[Sanjay Mandlik]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 48
| [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
| [[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]
|-
|}

==Manipur==
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha NDA Alliance Seat Sharing Manipur.svg|200px|thumb|Manipur constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}
{{Party legend|Naga People's Front|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]
| [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]] (ST)
|[[Lorho S. Pfoze]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Naga People's Front}}
|}

==Meghalaya==

'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{{Party legend|National People's Party (India)|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]] (ST)
| [[Vincent Pala]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 2
| [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]] (ST)
| [[Agatha Sangma]]
| {{Full party name with colour|National People's Party (India)|National People's Party}}
|}

==Mizoram==
[[File:Mizoram Lok Sabha election result.png|thumb|200px|Mizoram constituency]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Mizo National Front|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]] (ST)
| [[C. Lalrosanga]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|}

==Nagaland==
[[File:Nagaland lok sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Nagaland constituency]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

==Odisha==
[[File:Odisha Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Odisha constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Biju Janata Dal|12}}
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|8}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
| [[Suresh Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 2
| [[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]] (ST)
| [[Jual Oram]]
|-
! 3
| [[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]
|-
! 4
| [[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]] (ST)
| [[Chandrani Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
! 5
| [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]] (ST)
| [[Bishweswar Tudu]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 6
| [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
| [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|-
! 7
| [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]] (SC)
| [[Manjulata Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 8
| [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]] (SC)
| [[Sarmistha Sethi]]
|-
! 9
| [[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
|-
! 10
| [[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo|Sangeeta Kumari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 11
| [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| [[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
|-
! 12
| [[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nabarangpur]] (ST)
| [[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 13
| [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]]
|-
! 14
| [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
| [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|-
! 15
| [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
|-
! 16
| [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]] (SC)
| [[Rajashree Mallick]]
|-
!17
| [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| [[Pinaki Misra|Pinaki Mishra]]
|-
! 18
| [[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Aparajita Sarangi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 19
| [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| [[Pramila Bisoyi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 20
| [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|-
! 21
| [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]] (ST)
| [[Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Punjab==
[[File:Punjab Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Punjab constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|5}}
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|05}}
{{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|2}}
{{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| [[Sunny Deol]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
| [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 3
| [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| [[Jasbir Singh Gill]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] (Died on 14 January 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Jan 2023 |title=Congress MP Dies Of Heart Attack During Bharat Jodo Yatra, March Paused |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mp-chaudhary-santokh-singh-dies-of-heart-attack-during-bharat-jodo-yatra-3691376 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sushil Kumar Rinku]] (Elected on 13 May 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Jalandhar Lok Sabha bypoll: AAP's Sushil Rinku wins, massive setback for Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jalandhar-lok-sabha-bypoll-results-2023-aap-sushil-rinku-congress-karamjit-kaur-santokh-singh-chaudhary-101683950325437.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>(Won on AAP ticket later joined BJP)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 5
| [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]] (SC)
| [[Som Prakash]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 6
| [[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 7
| [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
| [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
(Won on INC ticket later joined BJP)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 8
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] (SC)
| [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 9
| [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] (SC)
| [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]
|-
!10
| [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
| [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 11
| [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]] (Resigned on 14 March 2022)
|{{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[Simranjit Singh Mann]] (Elected on 26 June 2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeJune2022/ConstituencywiseS1912.htm |title=Bypoll results Sangrur}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|dab=yes}}
|-
! rowspan="2"|13
| rowspan="2"|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Preneet Kaur]] (Won on INC ticket later joined BJP)
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Rajasthan==
[[File:Rajasthan Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Rajasthan constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|20}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|4}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]] (SC)
| [[Nihalchand|Nihal Chand Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 2
| [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]] (SC)
| [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
|-
! 3
| [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]]
| [[Rahul Kaswan]]
(Won on BJP ticket but later joined INC)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 4
| [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
| [[Narendra Kumar (politician)|Narendra Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 5
| [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
| [[Sumedhanand Saraswati]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]
|[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 7
| [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
| [[Ramcharan Bohara]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 8
| rowspan="2" |[[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
|[[Balak Nath]] (Resigned on 7 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 9
| [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]] (SC)
| [[Ranjeeta Koli]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 10
| [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]] (SC)
| [[Manoj Rajoria]]
|-
! 11
| [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]] (ST)
| [[Jaskaur Meena]]
|-
! 12
|[[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk–Sawai Madhopur]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]
|-
! 13
| [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| [[Bhagirath Choudhary]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 14
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]] (Resigned on 8 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 15
| [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| [[P. P. Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
! 16
| [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
| [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
! 17
| [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
| [[Kailash Choudhary]]
|-
! 18
| [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| [[Devji Patel|Devaji Patel]]
|-
! 19
| [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]] (ST)
| [[Arjun Lal Meena]]
|-
! 20
| [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]] (ST)
| [[Kanak Mal Katara]]
|-
! 21
| [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 22
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| [[Diya Kumari]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 23
| [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
| [[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 24
| [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| [[Om Birla]]
|-
! 25
| [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran ]]
| [[Dushyant Singh]]
|}

==Sikkim==
[[File:Sikkim Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Sikkim constituency]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim]]
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

==Tamil Nadu==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|23}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|8}}
{{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
{{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|2}}
{{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|1}}
{{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|1}}
{{Party legend|Independent politician|1|shortname=IND}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]] (SC)
| [[K. Jeyakumar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 2
| [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
! 3
| [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]]
|-
! 4
| [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
| [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|-
! 5
| [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
! 6
| [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]] (SC)
| [[G. Selvam]]
|-
! 7
| [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
| [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|-
! 8
| [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
| [[Kathir Anand|D. M. Kathir Anand]]
|-
!9
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|[[A. Chellakumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!10
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri)|S. Senthil Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|-
!11
|[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]
|-
!12
|[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!13
|[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]] (SC)
|[[Ravikumar (writer)|D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
!14
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|[[Gautam Sigamani]]
|-
!15
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|[[S. R. Parthiban]]
|-
!16
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|[[A. K. P. Chinraj]]
|-
!rowspan=2|17
|rowspan=2|[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|[[A. Ganeshamurthi]] (Died on 28 March 2024)
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|-
!18
|[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
!19
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] (SC)
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!20
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|[[P. R. Natarajan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!21
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|[[K. Shamugasundaram]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
!22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|[[P. Veluchamy]]
|-
!23
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|[[Jothimani]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
!24
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
|-
!25
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
!26
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|[[T. R. V. S. Ramesh]]
|-
!27
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|-
!28
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|[[S. Ramalingam]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!rowspan=2|29
|rowspan=2|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]] (SC)
|[[M. Selvarasu]] (Dead on 13 May 2024)
|{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|-
!30
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!31
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|[[Karti Chidambaram]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|[[S. Venkatesan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!33
|[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|[[P. Ravindhranath]]
|{{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|-
!34
|[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|[[Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!35
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[Navaskani]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
!36
|[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
!37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
|[[Dhanush M. Kumar]]
|-
!38
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|[[S. Gnanathiraviam]]
|-
!rowspan=2|39
|rowspan=2|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|[[H. Vasanthakumar]] (Died on 28 August 2020)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Narayan|first1=Pushpa|last2=Govardan|first2=D.|date=28 August 2020|title=Vasanthakumar, Kanyakumari MP, dies of Covid-19|language=en|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vasanthakumar-kanyakumari-mp-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/77806833.cms|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Vijay Vasanth]] (Elected on 2 May 2021)
|}

==Telangana==
[[File:Telangana Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Telangana constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|6}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
{{Party legend|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|3}}
{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|4}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)
| [[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan=2|2
| rowspan=2|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
| rowspan=2|[[Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta]] (Switched from BRS to INC)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Peddapalli BRS MP joins Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/peddapalli-brs-mp-joins-congress-881251 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 3
| [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
| [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 4
| [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
| [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|-
! rowspan=2|5
| rowspan=2|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
| rowspan=2|[[B. B. Patil]] (Switched from BRS to BJP)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Another BRS MP B.B. Patil from Zaheerabad joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/another-brs-mp-bb-patil-from-zaheerabad-joins-bjp/article67903720.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
| [[Kotha Prabhakar Reddy]] (Resigned on 13 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Revanth Reddy|A. Revanth Reddy]] (Resigned on 8 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 8
| [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 9
| [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
!rowspan=2| 10
|rowspan=2|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|rowspan=2| [[G. Ranjith Reddy]](Switched from BRS to INC)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 11
| [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
| [[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! rowspan=2|12
| rowspan=2|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
| rowspan=2|[[Pothuganti Ramulu]] (Switched from BRS to BJP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=BRS MP Pothuganti Ramulu joins BJP ahead of Lok Sabha polls |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/brs-mp-pothuganti-ramulu-joins-bjp-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 13
| rowspan="2" |[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]] (Resigned on 6 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 14
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
| [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
(Resigned on 8 December 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
!rowspan=2| 15
|rowspan=2| [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] (SC)
|rowspan=2| [[Pasunuri Dayakar]](Switched from BRS to INC)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 16
| [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
| [[Kavitha Maloth]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 17
| [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
| [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|}

==Tripura==
[[File:Tripura Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Tripura constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
| [[Pratima Bhoumik]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 2
| [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]] (ST)
| [[Rebati Tripura]]
|}

==Uttar Pradesh==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Uttar Pradesh constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|66}}
{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|6}}
{{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|2}}
{{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|2}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
| [[Haji Fazlur Rehman]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
| [[Pradeep Choudhary|Pradeep Kumar Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 3
| [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| [[Sanjeev Balyan|Sanjeev Kumar Balyan]]
|-
! 4
| [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]
| [[Malook Nagar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 5
| [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]] (SC)
| [[Girish Chandra]]
|-
! 6
| [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
| [[S. T. Hasan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] (Resigned on 22 March 2022)
|-
|[[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]] (Elected on 26 June 2022)
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |[[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
| [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq|Shafiqur Rehman Barq]] (Died on 27 February 2024)
| {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Vacant'''
|-
! 9
| [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
| [[Kunwar Danish Ali]]
(Won on BSP ticket but later joined INC
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 10
| [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
| [[Rajendra Agrawal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=11}}
|-
! 11
| [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
|-
! 12
| [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]
| [[V. K. Singh]]
|-
! 13
| [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
| [[Mahesh Sharma]]
|-
! 14
| [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] (SC)
| [[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]
|-
! 15
| [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
| [[Satish Kumar Gautam]]
|-
! 16
| [[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]] (SC)
| [[Rajvir Singh Diler]]
|-
! 17
| [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
| [[Hema Malini]]
|-
! 18
| [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]] (SC)
| [[S. P. Singh Baghel|Satya Pal Singh Baghel]]
|-
! 19
| [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur Sikri]]
| [[Rajkumar Chahar]]
|-
! 20
| [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]
| [[Chandrasen Jadon]]
|-
! rowspan=2|21
| rowspan=2|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] (Died on 10 October 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav, Veteran Politician, Dies At 82 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mulayam-singh-yadav-veteran-politician-dies-at-82-3417069 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[Dimple Yadav]] (Elected on 8 December 2022)
|-
! 22
| [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
| [[Rajveer Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=14}}
|-
! 23
| [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]
| [[Sanghmitra Maurya]]
|-
! 24
| [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
| [[Dharmendra Kashyap]]
|-
! 25
| [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
| [[Santosh Gangwar]]
|-
! 26
| [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
| [[Varun Gandhi]]
|-
! 27
| [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]] (SC)
| [[Arun Kumar Sagar]]
|-
! 28
| [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
| [[Ajay Kumar Mishra]]
|-
! 29
| [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency|Dhaurahra]]
| [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
|-
! 30
| [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
| [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
|-
! 31
| [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi]] (SC)
| [[Jai Prakash|Jai Prakash Rawat]]
|-
! 32
| [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]] (SC)
| [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
|-
! 33
| [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
| [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
|-
! 34
| [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]] (SC)
| [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
! 35
| [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
| [[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
! 36
| [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 37
| [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
| [[Smriti Irani]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=21}}
|-
! 38
| [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
| [[Maneka Gandhi]]
|-
! 39
| [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
| [[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
|-
! 40
| [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
| [[Mukesh Rajput]]
|-
! 41
| [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]] (SC)
| [[Ram Shankar Katheria]]
|-
! 42
| [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
| [[Subrat Pathak]]
|-
! 43
| [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
| [[Satyadev Pachauri]]
|-
! 44
| [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
| [[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh Bhole]]
|-
! 45
| [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun]] (SC)
| [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
|-
! 46
| [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
| [[Anurag Sharma (politician)|Anurag Sharma]]
|-
! 47
| [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]]
|-
! 48
| [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
| [[R. K. Singh Patel]]
|-
! 49
| [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
| [[Niranjan Jyoti]]
|-
! 50
| [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency|Kaushambi]] (SC)
| [[Vinod Sonkar]]
|-
! 51
| [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
| [[Keshari Devi Patel]]
|-
! 52
| [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
| [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|-
! 53
| [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki]] (SC)
| [[Upendra Singh Rawat]]
|-
! 54
| [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
| [[Lallu Singh]]
|-
! 55
| [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| [[Ritesh Pandey]](Switched from BSP to BJP)
|-
! 56
| [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]] (SC)
| [[Akshaibar Lal]]
|-
! 57
| [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
| [[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
|-
! 58
| [[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency|Shravasti]]
| [[Ram Shiromani Verma]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
! 59
| [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
| [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
! 60
| [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]
| [[Jagdambika Pal]]
|-
! 61
| [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]
| [[Harish Dwivedi]]
|-
! 62
| [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
|-
! 63
| [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| [[Pankaj Choudhary]]
|-
! 64
| [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
| [[Ravi Kishan]]
|-
! 65
| [[Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Kushinagar]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
|-
! 66
| [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
| [[Ramapati Ram Tripathi]]
|-
! 67
| [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC)
| [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|-
! 68
| [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
| [[Sangeeta Azad]](Switched from BSP to BJP)
|-
! rowspan="2" | 69
| rowspan="2" | [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]] (Resigned on 22 March 2022)
| {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav Nirahua]] (Elected on 26 June 2022)
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 70
| [[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
| [[Atul Rai]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
! 71
| [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
| [[Ravindra Kushawaha]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 72
| [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
| [[Virendra Singh Mast]]
|-
! 73
| [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
| [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
! 74
| [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]] (SC)
| [[B. P. Saroj]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 75
| rowspan="2"| [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
| [[Afzal Ansari]] (disqualified on 1 May 2023)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Vacant'''
|-
! 76
| [[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
| [[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 77
| [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
! 78
| [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadohi]]
| [[Ramesh Chand Bind]]
|-
! 79
| [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 80
| [[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj]] (SC)
| [[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|}

==Uttarakhand==
[[File:Uttarakhand Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|Uttarakhand constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|5}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:160px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan=5 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2
| [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
| [[Tirath Singh Rawat]]
|-
! 3
| [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]] (SC)
| [[Ajay Tamta]]
|-
! 4
| [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|-
! 5
| [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|}

==West Bengal==
[[File:West Bengal Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px|West Bengal constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Trinamool Congress|20}}
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|18}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:135px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]] (SC)
| [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]] (ST)
| [[John Barla]]
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
| [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| [[Raju Bista]]
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
| [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
| [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|-
! 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Khagen Murmu]]
|-
! 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 9
| [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
| [[Khalilur Rahaman]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 10
| [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency|Baharampur]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 11
| [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
| [[Abu Taher Khan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 12
| rowspan="2"| [[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Mahua Moitra]] (disqualified on 8 December 2023)
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Vacant'''
|-
! 13
| [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]] (SC)
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 14
| [[Bongaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bongaon]] (SC)
| [[Shantanu Thakur]]
|-
! 15
| [[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
| [[Arjun singh]]
(Won on BJP ticket. Later joined AITC in 2022.Later he rejoined BJP in 2024)
|-
! 16
| [[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
! 17
| [[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
| [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
|-
! 18
| [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
| [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|-
! 19
| [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]] (SC)
| [[Pratima Mondal]]
|-
! 20
| [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]] (SC)
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
|-
! 21
| [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
! ! rowspan="2" | 22
| rowspan="2" | [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| [[Mimi Chakraborty]] (Resigned on 15 February 2024)
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Vacant'''
|-
! 23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| [[Mala Roy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
! 25
| [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
! 26
| [[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
| [[Sajda Ahmed]]
|-
! 27
| [[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
|-
! 28
| [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| [[Locket Chatterjee]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 29
| [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]] (SC)
| [[Afrin Ali|Aparupa Poddar (Afrin Ali)]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 30
| [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 31
| [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 32
| [[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Deepak Adhikari (Dev)]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]] (ST)
| [[Kunar Hembram]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 34
| [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
| [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 35
| [[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
| [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
|-
! 36
| [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| [[Subhas Sarkar]]
|-
! 37
| [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]] (SC)
| [[Saumitra Khan]]
|-
! 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman Purba]] (SC)
| [[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" | [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| [[Babul Supriyo]] (Resigned on 22 October 2021)
( Won from BJP ticket but later joined AITC)
|-
| [[Shatrughan Sinha]] ([[2022_elections_in_India#Lok_Sabha_by-elections|Elected on 16 April 2022]])
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]] (SC)
| [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
[[File:Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|100px|Andaman & Nicober Islands constituency]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Chandigarh==
[[File:Chandigarh Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|150px]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
| [[Kirron Kher]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (ST)
| [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]] (Died on 22 February 2021)
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[Kalaben Delkar]] (Elected on 2 November 2021) (Switched from SSUBT to BJP)
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|dab=yes}}
|-
! 2
| [[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency|Daman and Diu]]
| [[Lalubhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Jammu and Kashmir==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|3}}
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
| [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 2
| [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
|-
! 3
| [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]
| [[Hasnain Masoodi]]
|-
! 4
| [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
| [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 5
| [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| [[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
|}

==Ladakh==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| [[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Lakshadweep==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]](ST)
| [[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==NCT of Delhi==
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|7}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:125px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
| [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan=7 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2
| [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
| [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|-
! 3
| [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
| [[Gautam Gambhir]]
|-
! 4
| [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
| [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 5
| [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]] (SC)
| [[Hans Raj Hans]]
|-
! 6
| [[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
| [[Parvesh Verma]]
|-
! 7
| [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
| [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|}

==Puducherry==
[[File:Puducherry Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|100px|Puducherry constituencies]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
| [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House of [[Parliament of India]]
* [[List of members of current Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha Membership}}
{{Indian general election, 2019}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{17th Lok Sabha members from all states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Members Of The 17th Lok Sabha}}
[[Category:17th Lok Sabha|*]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by term|17]]

Eknath

2026-03-09T20:01:58Z

TawannaIbarra: cleanup content for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Hindu saint, philosopher, and poet (1533–1599)}}
{{about|the 16th century CE spiritual figure|the 20th century CE spiritual teacher|Eknath Easwaran}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Eknath
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Eknath 2003 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Depiction of Eknath on a 2003 stamp of India
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = Suryanarayan
| mother = Rukminibai
| birth_date = c. 1533
| birth_place = [[Paithan]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
| birth_name =
| full_name =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1599|1533}}
| death_place =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Vaishnavism]]
| honors = ''[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]'' (Saint)
| literary_works = ''[[Eknathi Bhagwat|Eknathi Bhagavata]]'', ''[[Bhavarth Ramayan]]'', ''Rukmini Swayamwar Hastamalak'', ''Shukashtak'', ''Swatma-Sukha'', ''Ananda-Lahari'', ''Chiranjeewa-Pad'', ''Geeta-Saar'' and ''Prahlad-Vijaya''
| Spouse =
}}
'''Eknath''' ([[IAST]]: Eka-nātha, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[eknath]]]) (c. 1533 – c. 1599),<ref name="Tagare19932">{{cite book |author=Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3V1AAAAIAAJ&q=Eknath+Deshastha |title=Eknath |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1994 |isbn=9788172014568 |page=4 |quote=EKNATH : A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH* (A. D. 1533–1599). A reference to the Marathi Vangmaya Kosh (A biographical dictionary of Marathi writers) shows that there were three authors called "Eknath" and seven authors who used the mudrika (Pen-name) "Eka-Janardan" used by our author Eknath. Eknath was a Rigvedi Deshastha Brahmin, a follower of the Ashvalayana Sutra. His Gotra was Vishvamitra. His family deity was Ekaveera Devi (or Renuka). His family lived at Paithan, ...}}</ref> {{Pronunciation|Eknath.wav|help=no}} was an Indian [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] saint, philosopher and poet. He was a devotee of [[Vitthal]], a Hindu deity. He is a major figure of the [[Warkari]] tradition. He is often viewed as a spiritual successor to prominent Hindu Marathi saints [[Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Namdev]].

==Biography==
Historical information about his life is obscure. He is believed to have lived during the latter three-quarters of the 16th-century. He was born into a [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin]] family of [[Vishwamitra]] gotra to Suryanarayan and Rukmini Bai at [[Paithan]], a town in present-day [[Maharashtra]]. He was known to be an adherant of the ''Ashvalayana Sutra,'' a collection of Indian texts detailing domestic rituals for householders. His father held the title of ''[[Kulkarni]]'' and kept financial accounts. The ancestral family deity was [[Ekvira]].<ref name="Tagare19932"/>

His parents died while Eknath was young. He was then raised by his grandfather, Chakrapani. His great-grandfather [[Bhanudas]] was another revered saint of the Warkari sect.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=141–142|ps=}}{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeo|1987|p=94|ps=}} Eknath was a disciple of [[Janardan Swami]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Soon Page |url=https://www.blog.sagarworld.com/hinduism/history-of-india/saints-of-india/sant-eknath-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707193252/https://www.blog.sagarworld.com/hinduism/history-of-india/saints-of-india/sant-eknath-story/ |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> who was a devotee of the Hindu deity [[Dattatreya]]. A ''samadhi'' or shrine venerating Eknath is located at Paithan, near the [[Godavari]] river. Celebrations commemorating Eknath are held every year around the month of March in Paithan.<ref>{{cite book |author=George Michell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |date=1 May 2013 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1 |page=115}}</ref>

==Literary contribution==

Eknath's writings include a variation of the Hindu religious text ''[[Bhagavata Purana]],'' also known as ''[[Eknathi Bhagwat|Eknathi Bhagavata]]''.<ref name="Columbia University press3">{{cite thesis |last1=Keune |first1=Jon Milton |title=Eknāth Remembered and Reformed: Bhakti, Brahmans, and Untouchables in Marathi Historiography |date=2011 |access-date=9 March 2016 |publisher=Columbia University press |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10022/AC:P:11409 |doi=10.7916/D8CN79VK |page=32 |location=New York, NY, USA |hdl=10022/AC:P:11409}}</ref> He also wrote a variation of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]],'' also known as ''[[Bhavarth Ramayan]]''. He also composed ''Rukmini Swayamwar'' ''Hastamalak'', a literary piece consisting of 764 ''[[Ovi (poetry)|owee]]'' (poetic metre). It is based on a [[Sanskrit]] hymn of the same name. He also made attempts to shift the emphasis of Marathi literature from a spiritual to a narrative style of composition.

To assert the significance of the Marathi language, he once claimed the following:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=History of Medieval India |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5287-457-6}}</ref> <blockquote>If Sanskrit was made by God, was Prakrit born of thieves and knaves? Let these errings be of vanity alone. God is no partisan of tongues. To Him Prakrit and Sanskrit are alike. My language Marathi is worthy of expressing the highest sentiments and is rich, laden with the fruits of divine knowledge.</blockquote>His other literary works include ''Shukashtak'' (447 ''owee''), ''Sukha'' (510 ''owee''), ''Ananda-Lahari'' (154 ''owee''), ''Chiranjeewa-Pad'' (42 ''owee''), ''Geeta-Saar'' and ''Prahlad-Vijaya''. He introduced a new form of devotional melodies called ''Bharood'' and wrote nearly 300 of them.<ref name="Columbia University press3"/>

==See also==

*[[Vasudeva]]
*[[Bhagavatism]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |first=Christian Lee |last=Novetzke |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780231512565 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC}}
*{{citation |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |last1=Schomer |first1=Karine |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeo |year=1987 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=9788120802773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://marathischool.in/sant-eknath-information/ Sant Eknath Maharaj Information in Marathi]
{{Commons category|Eknath}}
*[https://archive.org/details/Ekanath.Bhaktalilamrita Eknath - A Translation from Bhaktalilamrita by Justin E. Abbott (1927)] at archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/Shri.Eknathi.Bhagwat.Marathi Shri Eknathi Bhagwat (Marathi)] at archive.org
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eknath}}
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1533 births]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]

Deputy Prime Minister of India

2026-03-07T10:28:59Z

TawannaIbarra: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Deputy head of the government of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Deputy Prime Minister
| body = the Republic of India
| native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat Ke Upapradhānamantrī}}
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 55px
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| image =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| incumbent =''Vacant''
| incumbentsince = 23 May 2004
| department = [[Government of India]]
| style = *[[The Honourable]] (formal)
*[[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)
*[[Mister|Mr. Deputy Prime Minister]] (informal)
| type = Deputy [[Head of government]]
| status = Deputy Leader of the Executive
| member_of = *[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Union Council of Ministers]]
| reports_to = *[[President of India]]
*[[Vice President of India]]
*[[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| termlength_qualified = {{unbulleted list|[[Lok Sabha]] term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner|No term limits specified}}
| constituting_instrument = Not mentioned in the [[Constitution of India]]
| formation = 15 August 1947; {{age in years and days|1947|08|15}} ago
| first = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| last = [[L. K. Advani]]
| abbreviation = DPM}}

The '''deputy prime minister of India''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Bhārat Ke Upapradhānamantrī}}), although not a [[Constitution of India|Constitutional]] post, is the second-highest ranking [[Union Council of Ministers|minister of the Union]] in the executive branch of the [[Government of India]] and is a senior member of the [[Union Council of Ministers]]. The office holder also deputizes for the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] in their absence.

The sitting deputy prime minister ranks fourth in the [[Order of precedence in India|Order of Precedence of India]]<ref name="OPR">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> and is nominated by prime minister and appointed by the president of India.

The longest-serving deputy prime minister was the first deputy prime minister, [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], whose tenure lasted 3 years and 122 days. His premiership was followed by [[Morarji Desai]], [[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], [[Devi Lal]] and [[L.K. Advani]].

The office has since been only intermittently occupied, having been occupied for a little more than 10 years out of the 75 years since its inception. Since 1950 India has had 7 deputy prime ministers, of which none having at least one full term.

==Origins and history==
India follows a [[parliamentary system]] in which the deputy prime minister is the presiding deputy [[head of the government]] and deputy chief of the executive of the government. The deputy prime minister must become a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] within six months of beginning their tenure, if they are not one already.

=== 1947–1950 ===
Since 1947, there have been 7 different deputy prime ministers. The first was [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, who was sworn in on 15 August 1947, when India [[Indian Independence Act 1947|gained independence]] from the [[British Raj]]. Serving until his death in December 1950, Patel remains India's longest-serving deputy prime minister.

=== 1967–1969 ===
After Patel, the post was vacant until [[Morarji Desai]] became the second deputy prime minister in 1967 and has the second-longest tenure. Morarji Desai and [[Charan Singh]] were the deputy prime ministers who later became [[Prime Minister of India]].

After Desai, the post was vacant again for almost 10 years.

=== 1979–1980 ===
In less than a year there were 3 different deputy prime ministers, [[Charan Singh]] and [[Jagjivan Ram]] became deputy prime ministers simultaneously under one ministry, and they were consecutively followed by [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] without any break, who became deputy prime minister in a different ministry.

After Chavan, the post was vacant again for almost 10 years.

=== 1989–1991 ===
[[Devi Lal]] is the only deputy prime minister to represent both parties in the same post. The post was vacant for 100 days between the two terms of Devi Lal.

After Lal, the post was vacant again for more than 11 years.

=== 2002–2004 ===
[[Lal Krishna Advani]] was the seventh person to serve as the deputy prime minister of India, until the post became vacant.

== List ==

;Key
*{{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="12" |{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}} (1){{pad}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress|INC}} (2){{pad}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress (Urs)|INC(U)}} (1) {{pad}}{{Party index link|Janata Dal|JD}} (1){{pad}}{{Party index link|Janata Party|JP}} (2){{pad}}{{Party index link|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)}} (1)
|-
!colspan="2"| Portrait
!width=200|Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died) Constituency
!colspan="2" |Term of office {{smaller|Duration in years and days}}
!width=225|Other ministerial offices held
!width=100| Political party
!width=100| Ministry
!colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Vallabhbhai Patel 1975 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'''{{small| (1875–1950) [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] ''(Constituent Assembly)''}}
|15 August
1947
|{{small|15 December}} 1950{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs and States]]|[[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] {{small|(1947{{ndash}}1949)}}}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB" |'''[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]'''
|style="width:10em" rowspan="2"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1947|08|15|1950|12|15}}'''
|-
| colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black |''Position not in use'' (15 December 1950 {{ndash}} 12 March 1967){{dash}}{{age in years and days|1950|12|15|1967|3|12}}}},
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Morarji Desai 1997 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Morarji Desai]]'''{{small| (1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1967
|{{small|19 July}} 1969 {{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] {{small|(1967{{ndash}}1969)}}}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB" |'''[[7th government of India|Indira II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1967|3|13|1969|7|19}}'''
|-
| colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black | ''Position not in use'' (20 July 1969 {{ndash}} 23 January 1979) {{dash}}{{age in years and days|1969|7|20|1979|1|23}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Charan Singh 1990 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Charan Singh]]'''{{small| (1902–1987) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
|{{small|24 January}} 1979
|{{small|16 July}} 1979 {{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]}}
|rowspan="4"| [[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="#4089F7"| '''[[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]'''
|rowspan="4"| [[Morarji Desai]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1979|1|24|1979|7|16}}'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]'''{{small| (1908–1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
|{{small|24 January}} 1979
|{{small|28 July}} 1979 {{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]}}
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1979|1|24|1979|7|28}}'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1913–1984) MP for [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]}}
|{{small|28 July}} 1979
|{{small|14 January}} 1980
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#6495ED"|'''[[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1979|7|28|1980|1|14}}'''
|-
| colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black | ''Position not in use'' (14 January 1980 {{ndash}} 1 December 1989) {{dash}}{{age in years and days|1980|1|14|1989|12|1}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Chaudhary Devi Lal 2001 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Devi Lal]]'''{{small| (1915–2001) MP for [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]}}
|{{small|2 December}} 1989
|{{small|1 August}} 1990 {{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Janata Dal]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#4C915F"| '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|Singh]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[V. P. Singh]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1989|12|2|1990|8|1}}'''
|-
|colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black | ''Position not in use'' (1 August 1990 {{ndash}} 9 November 1990) {{dash}}{{age in years and days|1990|8|1|1990|11|9}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Chaudhary Devi Lal 2001 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Devi Lal]]'''{{small| (1915–2001) MP for [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]}}
|{{small|10 November}} 1990
|{{small|21 June}} 1991 {{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] {{small|(1990{{ndash}}1991)}}|[[Minister of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]] {{small|(1990{{ndash}}1991)}}}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#74C365"| '''[[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Shekhar]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|1990|11|10|1991|6|21}}'''
|-
|colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black | ''Position not in use'' (22 June 1991 {{ndash}} 28 June 2002){{dash}}{{age in years and days|1991|6|22|2002|6|28}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Lkadvani.jpg|95px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]'''{{small| (born 1927) MP for [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}}
|{{small|29 June}} 2002
|{{small|22 May}} 2004
|rowspan="2" align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |{{bulleted list|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|[[Minister of Coal (India)|Minister of Coal]] and [[Minister of Mines (India)|Mines]] {{small|(2002)}}|[[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] {{small|(2003{{ndash}}2004)}}}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | '''{{age in years and days|2002|6|29|2004|5|22}}'''
|-
| colspan="12" bgcolor="black" |{{font color|white|black | ''Position not in use'' (22 May 2004 {{ndash}} ''present''){{dash}}{{age in years and days|2004|5|22}}}}
|}

== List of deputy prime ministers by length of term ==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2 colspan=4|Party
!colspan=2|Length of term
|-
!Longest continuous term
!Total years of deputy prime ministership
|-
!1
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| colspan="2" |3 years, 122 days
|-
!2
|[[Morarji Desai]]
| colspan="2" |2 years, 128 days
|-
!3
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}"|
|colspan=3|[[BJP]]
| colspan="2" |1 year, 328 days
|-
!4
|[[Devi Lal]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]]
|242 days
|1 year, 100 days
|-
!5
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
| colspan="2" |185 days
|-
!6
|[[Charan Singh]]
| colspan="2" |173 days
|-
!7
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
|colspan=3|[[Indian National Congress (Urs)|INC(U)]]
| colspan="2" |170 days
|}

;Timeline
{{#tag:timeline|
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id:inc value:rgb(0,0.74902,1) legend:INC
id:incu value:rgb(0.46666,0.46666,1) legend:INC(U)
id:jd value:rgb(0.18039,0.54509,0.34117) legend:JD
id:jp value:rgb(0.12156,0.45882,0.99607) legend:JP
id:sjpr value:rgb(0.45490,0.76470,0.39607) legend:SJP(R)
id:vacant value:black legend: Vacant
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:15/08/1947 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1948
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1948

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:Patel
bar:Vacant
bar:Desai
bar:Singh
bar:Ram
bar:Chavan
bar:Lal
bar:Advani

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Patel
from: 15/08/1947 till: 15/12/1950 color:inc text:"[[Vallabhbhai Patel|Patel]]" fontsize:10
bar:Vacant
from: 16/12/1950 till: 12/03/1967 color:vacant
from: 20/07/1969 till: 23/01/1979 color:vacant
from: 14/01/1980 till: 01/12/1989 color:vacant
from: 01/08/1990 till: 09/11/1990 color:vacant
from: 22/06/1991 till: 28/06/2002 color:vacant
from: 23/05/2004 till: $today color:vacant text:"Vacant" fontsize:10
bar:Desai
from: 13/03/1967 till: 19/07/1969 color:inc text:"[[Morarji Desai|Desai]]" fontsize:10
bar:Singh
from: 24/01/1979 till: 16/07/1979 color:jp text:"[[Charan Singh|Singh]]" fontsize:10
bar:Ram
from: 24/01/1979 till: 28/07/1979 color:jp text:"[[Jagjivan Ram|Ram]]" fontsize:10
bar:Chavan
from: 28/07/1979 till: 14/01/1980 color:incu text:"[[Yashwantrao Chavan|Chavan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Lal
from: 02/12/1989 till: 01/08/1990 color:jd
from: 10/11/1990 till: 21/06/1991 color:sjpr text:"[[Devi Lal|Lal]]" fontsize:10
bar:Advani
from: 29/06/2002 till: 22/05/2004 color:bjp text:"[[Lal Krishna Advani|Advani]]" fontsize:10
}}

== Lifespan of deputy prime ministers ==

{{#tag:timeline|
Define $width = 1000
Define $warning = 900 # $width - 155
Define $height = 450 # 14x20 + 160

Define $start = 1875
Define $end = {{#time:d/m/Y}}
Define $now = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy

ImageSize = width:$width height:$height
PlotArea = right:10 left:1 bottom:80 top:60
Period = from:$start till:$end
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Legend = orientation:vertical columns:1 left:0 top:50 columnwidth:500

Colors =
id:bg value:white
id:lightline value:rgb(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)
id:lighttext value:rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
id:LIFESPAN value:rgb(0.88, 0.90, 0.70) Legend: Lifespan
id:vacant value:black legend: Vacant
id:DPM_INC value:rgb(0, 0.74902, 1) Legend: Indian_National_Congress
id:DPM_INCU value:rgb(0.46666,0.46666,1) Legend:INC(U)
id:DPM_JP value:blue Legend: Janata_Party
id:DPM_JD value:kelleygreen Legend: Janata_Dal
id:DPM_SJP(R) value:green Legend: Samajwadi_Janata_Party_(Rashtriya)
id:DPM_BJP value:rgb(1, 0.6, 0.2) Legend: Bharatiya_Janata_Party
id:NAME value:rgb(0.15, 0.13, 0.05)
id:TODAY value:green

BackgroundColors = canvas:bg
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightline unit:year increment:1 start:$start
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lighttext unit:year increment:10 start:1880

Define $dy = -5 # shift text to button side of bar

LineData=
at:$now color:TODAY width:0.1

PlotData=
bar:1 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:30/10/1875 till:15/12/1947 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
color:DPM_INC
from:15/08/1947 till:15/12/1950

bar:2 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
color:vacant
from:15/12/1950 till:12/03/1967

bar:3 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:29/02/1896 till:10/04/1995 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text: [[Morarji Desai]]
color:DPM_INC
from:13/03/1967 till:19/07/1969

bar:2 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
color:vacant
from:20/07/1969 till:23/01/1979

bar:4 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:23/12/1902 till:29/05/1987 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Charan Singh]]
color:DPM_JP
from:24/01/1979 till:16/07/1979

bar:5 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:15/04/1908 till:06/07/1986 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Jagjivan Ram]]
color:DPM_JP
from:24/01/1979 till:28/07/1979

bar:6 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:12/03/1913 till:25/11/1984 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
color:DPM_INCU
from:28/07/1979 till:14/01/1980

bar:2 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
color:vacant
from:14/01/1980 till:01/12/1989

bar:7 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:25/09/1915 till:06/04/2001 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[Devi Lal]]
color:DPM_JD
from:02/12/1989 till:01/08/1990
color:DPM_SJP(R)
from:10/11/1990 till:21/06/1991

bar:2 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
color:vacant
from:01/08/1990 till:09/11/1990
from:22/06/1991 till:28/06/2002

bar:8 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
from:08/11/1927 till:$now shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:[[L. K. Advani]]
color:DPM_BJP
from:29/06/2002 till:22/05/2004

bar:2 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M
color:vacant
from:22/05/2004 till:$now

TextData =
fontsize:M
textcolor:red
pos:($warning,30)
text:Updated {{CURRENTYEAR}}

TextData =
pos:(250,$height)
fontsize:L
textcolor:black
text:"Lifespan and terms of office of each deputy prime minister of India"
}}

== List by party ==

{{Pie chart
| caption= Fraction of time of holding DPMO by party (excluding '''''Vacant''''')
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value1 = 57.855 | color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value2 = 19.303 | color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label3 = [[Janata Dal]]
| value3 = 6.740 | color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| label4 = [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| value4 = 6.211 | color4 = {{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| label5 = [[Janata Party]]
| value5 = 5.153 | color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| label6 = [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| value6 = 4.735 | color6 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Political parties by total timespan of their member holding Deputy Prime Minister's Office ({{Date}})
! data-sort-type=number | {{Tooltip|No.}}
! Political party
! data-sort-type=number | Number of Deputy Prime ministers
! Total days of holding DPMO
|-
!1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|2
|2077 days
|-
!2
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1
|693 days
|-
!3
|[[Janata Dal]]
|1
|242 days
|-
!4
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|1
|223 days
|-
!5
|[[Janata Party]]
|2
|185 days
|-
!6
|[[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
|1
|170 days
|}

=== Parties by total duration (in days) of holding Deputy Prime Minister's Office ===

{{#invoke:Chart|bar chart
|float = center
|width = 800
|height = 300
|stack = 1
|group 1 = 2077:0:0:0:0:0
|group 2 = 0:693:0:0:0:0
|group 3 = 0:0:242:0:0:0
|group 4 = 0:0:0:223:0:0
|group 5 = 0:0:0:0:185:0
|group 6 = 0:0:0:0:0:170
|colors = #00BFFF:#FF9933:#2E8B57:#74C365:#1F75FE:#7777FF
|group names = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]:[[BJP]]:[[Janata Dal|JD]]:[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]]:[[Janata Party|JP]]:[[Indian National Congress (Urs)|INC(U)]]
|x legends = INC:BJP:JD:SJP(R):JP:INC(U)
}}

==See also==
*[[President of India]]
*[[List of presidents of India]]
*[[Vice President of India]]
*[[List of vice presidents of India]]
*[[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[List of prime ministers of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Deputy Prime Ministers of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}

[[Category:Indian deputy prime ministers]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India]]

Thaai Nadu

2026-03-06T03:44:06Z

TawannaIbarra: details

{{for|1989 Tamil film|Thaai Naadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaai Nadu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = T. S. Mani
| producer = [[S. M. Nayagam]]<ref name=dbs>{{Cite web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/50955|title=First Sinhala Talkie "Broken Promise" was Released 70 Years Ago on Jan 21 1947|authorlink=D. B. S. Jeyaraj|website=dbsjeyaraj.com|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180620022907/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/50955|archivedate=20 June 2018}}</ref>
| writer =
| screenplay = T. V. Natarajasamy (dialogues)
| story = T. S. Mani
| based_on =
| starring = [[Battling Mani]] S. T. Williams V. P. S. Mani T. K. Krishnaiah M. R. Sundari N. C. Meera
| narrator =
| music = R. Narayana Iyer
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Chitrakala Movietone
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|8|15|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails11.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180620022304/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails11.asp|archivedate=20 June 2018}}</ref>
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thaai Nadu''''' ({{translation|Motherland}}) is a 1947 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by T. S. Mani. The film stars Battling Mani in the lead role.<ref name=dbs />


== Cast ==
The list is adapted from [[Film News Anandan]]'s database.<ref name=anandan />
*[[Battling Mani]]
*S. T. Williams
*V. P. S. Mani
*T. K. Krishnaiah
*M. R. Sundari
*N. C. Meera

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[S. M. Nayagam]], who produced the first ever [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] talkie [[Kadawunu Poronduwa]], under his own banner ''Chitrakala Movietone'' and was directed by T. S. Mani.<ref name=dbs /> T. S. Mani also wrote the story and screenplay. Dialogues were penned by T. V. Natarajasamy. G. G. Sithi handled cinematography while the editing was done by Abraham. Art direction was by Kotvankar and still photography was done by V. V. Iyer.<ref name=anandan />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by R. Narayana Iyer while the lyrics were penned by T. V. Natarajasamy.

;List of songs
#''Engal Indhiya Bharathiye'' - [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[A. P. Komala]]

== Reception ==
Writing in 2017, media person D. B. S. Jeyaraj said, "The film was a smashing box office hit."<ref name=dbs />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|viSBiZTCC_8|Engal Indhiya Bharathiye}} - A song from the film sung by V. N. Sundharam & [[A. P. Komala]]

[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]

Hangover (2010 film)

2026-03-04T00:24:14Z

TawannaIbarra: enhanced citations also

{{Short description|2010 Indian Bengali film}}
{{about|2010 film|the American comedy film from 2009|The Hangover}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hangover
| image = Hangover2010.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Prabhat Roy]]
| producer = Rose Valley Films Pvt. Ltd
| writer = [[Prabhat Roy]]
| screenplay = [[Prabhat Roy]]
| story = [[Prabhat Roy]]
| based_on = 
| narrator = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Sayantika Banerjee]] [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Premendu Bikash Chaki
| editing = Swapan Guha
| studio = Brand Value Communication
| distributor = Dhoom Video
| released = {{Film date|2010|06|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 min
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hangover''''' is a 2010 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali satirical comedy film]] directed by [[Prabhat Roy]] and produced by Rose Valley Films Pvt. Ltd under the banner of Rose Valley Films Pvt. Ltd. The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Sayantika Banerjee]] in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/hangover-movie/21975|title=Hangover(2010)-Bengali Movie Reviews,Music,Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis|publisher=Gomolo |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000009284-productdetails/|title=Hangover (2010) Movie Dvd|publisher=Induna |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/hangover-movie-cast-crew/21975|title=Hangover Movie Cast-Crew|publisher=Gomolo |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/hangover-movie-songs/21975|title=Hangover Movie Songs |publisher= Gomolo|accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1737174/?ref_=m_nmfmd_act_15|title=Hangover Movie full Cast and Crew|publisher=M.IMDB |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Samaresh Chatterjee
* [[Sayantika Banerjee]] as Mili Mitra, Samaresh's P.A
* [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]] as Rajib Sen
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as Bongshi, Samaresh's office servant
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Banka Chatterjee, Samaresh's elder brother
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Nekde Dutta, private detective and photographer
* [[Subhra Kundu]] as Chandana Chatterjee, Samaresh's wife
* [[Sankalita Roy]] as Mitali Ghosh Dastidar
;Cameo Appearances (in Joy Bangla Song)
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as himself
* [[Bappi Lahiri]] as himself
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as himself
* [[Tapas Paul]] as himself
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as himself
* [[Haranath Chakraborty]] as himself
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as himself
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as himself
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as himself
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as himself
* Debdoot Ghosh as himself
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as himself
* [[Koel Mallick]] as herself
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as herself
* [[Indrani Dutta]] as herself
* [[Sohini Paul]] as herself
* [[June Malia]] as herself

==Soundtrack==
All music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Hangover
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 June 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Bappi Lahiri]] Rose Valley Films Pvt. Ltd
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! No
! Song title
! Singers
|-
|1|| "Made In India" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
|2|| "Hangover (Title Song)" || [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
|3|| "Joy Bangla" || Bappi Lahiri, Shaan
|-
|4|| "Hariye Jay" || [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|5|| "Macho Macho" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Rima Lahiri]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|id=1737174|title=Hangover}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hangover}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhat Roy]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Double Engine (2018 film)

2026-03-03T21:23:21Z

TawannaIbarra: New Basic Info First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double Engine
| image = Double Engine.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Chandra Mohan
| producer = Mandara A Shrikanth B Mathapati Arun Kumar N Madhusudan NS Venu Narsandra Padma Krishna Murthy R Ramesh Rraju
| writer = Chandra Mohan
| starring = [[Chikkanna]] [[Suman Ranganath]] Priyanka Malnad [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| music = Veer Samarth
| cinematography = Mohan
| editing = Venky
| studio = SRS
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|07|13}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Double Engine''''' is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy film]] written, directed by Chandra Mohan. The film stars [[Chikkanna]], [[Suman Ranganath]], Priyanka Malnad, [[Sadhu Kokila]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/may/07/after-halt-double-engine-gets-rolling-again-1811090.html|title=After halt, Double Engine gets rolling again|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 May 2018}}</ref> The score and soundtrack for the film is composed by Veer Samarth and the cinematography is by Surya S. Kiran.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jul/12/triple-take-on-double-engine-1841845.html|title=Triple take' on Double Engine|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

A remake of the film is planned to be made in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], by producer Pramod Bakadiya.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-marathi-remake-for-this-kannada-film/articleshow/65057952.cms|title=Double Engine likely to be remade in Marathi|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=19 July 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around three boys who set out to make money by using numerous shortcut-ways possible which lands them into a series of interesting yet funny incidents.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2018/jul/13/double-engine-review-strong-performances-save-this-mindless-comedy-6960.html|title=Strong performances save this mindless comedy |publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Suman Ranganath]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jul/07/the-suman-ranganath-interview-double-engine-will-be-my-first-full-length-comedy-film-1839350.html|title=The Suman Ranganath interview|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
* Priyanka Malnad
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Shobaraj]]

==Reception==

''New Indian Express'' gave the film three stars out of five, calling the film "a one-time watch, if you are only looking for reasons to laugh and pass time".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/14/double-engine-movie-review-strong-performances-a-saving-grace-for-slapstick-story-1842947.html |title=Double Engine Review|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Musician Veer Samarth was born in a family of musicians at Bangalore, India, classical singer and has scored the soundtrack and score for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/prema-baraha-double-engine-beautiful-manugalu-romantic-movies-that-you-must-revisit-to-chase-away-the-lockdown-blues|title=The Lock Down Blues|publisher=[[Zee5]]|date=14 July 2018}}</ref> Songs are penned by Manju Mandavya and Naveen Kumar.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Amase Divsa
| lyrics1 = Manju Mandavya
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 03:26
| title2 = Nam Hudugiyu
| lyrics2 = Naveen Kumar
| extra2 = Sachin Basruru
| length2 = 03:32
| title3 = Alnodu Ilinodu
| lyrics3 = Naveen Kumar
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length3 = 04:39
| title4 = Bari Moore Dinada
| lyrics4 = Naveen Kumar
| extra4 = Chinthan Vikas
| length4 = 04:01
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8785010}}
* ''[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/double-engine/ET00076442 Double Engine]'' on bookmyshow.com

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Mohali

2026-03-03T09:14:29Z

TawannaIbarra: further expand intro for consistency and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohali
| native_name = {{nativename|pa|Mōhālī}}
| official_name = Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar {{nobold|{{nativename|pa|Sāhibzādā Ajīt Singh Nagar}}}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = UTrade Solutions Office .jpg
| caption1 = UTrade Solutions Building
| image2 = QuarkCity.png
| caption2 = [[Quark (company)|Quark]]
| image3 = AGRICULTURE BHAWAN, MOHALI-1.jpg
| caption3 = Agriculture Bhawan
| image4 = Shiv Temple Phase 1 Mohali.jpg
| caption4 =Shiv Temple
| image5 = Fateh Burj , Banda Singh Baahadur memorial ,Chapadchidi, Punjab ,India.jpg
| caption5 = [[Fateh Burj]]
| image6 = PCA Stadium, Mohali 1.jpg
| caption6 = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium| PCA IS Stadium]]
}}
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe-area_km2 = https://www.godigit.com/explore/city-list/list-of-cities-in-punjab
| coordinates = {{coord|30.699|N|76.693|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mohali District|Mohali]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 November 1975
| founder =
| named_for = [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Sahibzada Ajit Singh]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation SAS Nagar (Mohali)|Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Amarjeet Singh Sidhu<ref name="Mayor2021">{{cite news |title=Amarjeet Singh Sidhu elected Mohali mayor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amarjeet-singh-sidhu-elected-mohali-mayor-101618208016522.html |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 70.87
| population_total = 176152
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| elevation_m = 316
| population_urban =
| population_blank1_title = [[Mohali Municipal Corporation|City]]
| population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011_UA"/>
| population_demonym = Mohali Wale, Mohalite
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 140XXX - 160XXX]
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 172]]
| registration_plate = PB-65
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.911 males/female (City)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 91.96% (City) 91.86% (Metro)
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = US $8.3 bn
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chandigarh]]
| website = http://mcmohali.org/
| footnotes =
| type = City
| leader_title2 = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Aashika Jain, IAS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sasnagar.nic.in/whos-who/|title=Who's Who | District S.A.S Nagar, Government of Punjab | India|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''Mohali''', officially '''Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar''' or ''' Ajitgarh''', is a [[planned city]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Capt calls Mohali the state capital, invites investment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/capt-calls-mohali-the-state-capital-invites-investment/story-W3xivjdRuhfvWqPN9XxUBL.html |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> in the [[Mohali district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]], which is an administrative and a commercial hub lying south-west of [[Chandigarh]]. It is the headquarters of the Mohali district and one of the six [[Municipal Corporations]] of the State. It is officially named after [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh]], the eldest son of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

Mohali has developed rapidly as an IT hub of the state of Punjab, and has thus grown in importance.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Mohali as next big IT hub: 'Mohali among top 10 Indian cities in IT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mohali-among-top-10-indian-cities-in-it/articleshow/62535306.cms |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] has initiated significant infrastructure and recreation projects in attempts to increase the standard of living in Mohali.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Punjabi Bureau of Investment Promotion |title=SAS NAGAR |url=http://investpunjab.gov.in/about;Key=sas |website=Invest Punjab |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Roads have been built to create networks between Mohali and [[Chandigarh International Airport]] to boost its international connectivity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=TNN |title=Greater Mohali Area Development Authority builds 5 new roads to International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Greater-Mohali-Area-Development-Authority-builds-5-new-roads-to-Internationa-airport/articleshow/53087734.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

Mohali was earlier a part of the [[Rupnagar district]] and was carved out and made a part of a separate district in 2006.

==History==

===Early history===
Prehistoric evidence has been found in Mohali and its surrounding regions. Due to the presence of the lake, fossil remains with imprints of a large variety of aquatic plant, animal, and [[amphibian]] life have been found. As a part of the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], it has many rivers in the areas where it is speculated that ancient and primitive settlements by humans began. Some 8,000 years ago, the area was also known to be a home to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/history/ |title=Historical Background of Chandigarh |publisher=Government of Chandigarh }}</ref>

===Medieval history===
Mohali means ''settlement''. The [[Mohali Village|village of Mohali]] was a part of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa region]] of Punjab.<ref>Village Leadership: A Case Study of Village Mohali in Punjab: Harjinder Singh; Sterling Publishers, 1968</ref>

The village Lambian, located in the city, was visited by [[Guru Har Rai]], the 7th Guru of the Sikhs.<ref name="Kuram Labana"/> A battle took place here between the British and 500 Sikhs under the command of [[Akali Hanuman Singh]], in which [[Akali Hanuman Singh]] attained martyrdom.

===Modern history===
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the [[Punjab Province (British India)|former British province of Punjab]] was split between [[east Punjab]] in India and [[west Punjab]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citybeautiful.in/chandigarhhistory.aspx |title=Chandigarh history |work=City Beautiful |access-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505154250/http://www.citybeautiful.in/chandigarhhistory.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2015 }}</ref> The Indian Punjab required a new capital city to replace [[Lahore]], which became part of Pakistan during partition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/history.html |title=Chandigarh History |work=Chandigarh Guide |access-date=12 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Government Information">{{cite web |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_general.htm |title=About Chandigarh |publisher=Government of Chandigarh |access-date=12 March 2015 }}</ref> Consequently, the government made Chandigarh from nearly 50 [[Puadhi language|Puadhi]] speaking villages of the then state of [[East Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma| first=Sanjay |date=12 May 2014 |title=Displaced for making Chandigarh, their marginalization is still on |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Displaced-for-making-Chandigarh-their-marginalization-is-still-on/articleshow/13136226.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 March 2021 }}</ref>

Mohali was conceived after the trifurcation of Punjab and its capital Chandigarh became a Union Territory in the late 1960s. In 1967, the area around [[Mohali Village]] was initially developed as an industrial estate; this was broadened with residential areas to meet housing demands.<ref>''Corb's Capitol: a journey through Chandigarh's architecture'': Sangeet Sharma: A3 foundation, 26 September 2010,</ref> The township plan for Mohali was put forward by the [[All India Congress Committee]] during the annual session held in 1975 at Mohali. On 1 November 1975, Punjab Chief Minister Giani [[Zail Singh]] laid the foundation stone of Mohali township and named it Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar. It was rechristened to '''Ajitgarh''' by the union government in the year 2012, as it was felt at that time that the name, SAS Nagar, was too long.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last1=Prashar |first1=Abhijit |title=Mohali is now Ajitgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mohali-is-now-ajitgarh/articleshow/11866205.cms |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==City design==

Mohali and Chandigarh are contiguous, separated by the administrative boundary between Punjab and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. The original plan of Mohali was conceived as an extension of Chandigarh’s sector-based urban design, incorporating an approximately 800 m × 1,200 m grid pattern similar to that of Chandigarh.

The first eleven sectors of Mohali are commonly referred to as ''Phases''. Initial development extended up to Phase 7. Expansion beyond Phase 8 began in the late 1980s, and the city’s bus stand was constructed during the development of Phase 8 in the mid-1990s.

Several sectors are shared between Chandigarh and Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali), including Sectors 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 61, and 63. Sectors numbered 63 and above fall within the jurisdiction of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar.

The corresponding phase–sector alignment is as follows:

* Phase 1 – Sector 55
* Phase 2 – Sector 56
* Phase 3 – Sector 57
* Phase 4 – Sector 58
* Phase 5 – Sector 59
* Phase 6 – Sector 60
* Phase 7 – Sector 61
* Phase 8 – Sector 62
* Phase 9 – Sector 63
* Phase 10 – Sector 64

{{Further|Phase 5, Mohali}}

===Greater Mohali Area Development Authority master plan===

According to the [[Greater Mohali Area Development Authority|GMADA]] master plan, the city extends up to Sector 128, incorporating several surrounding villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Approved Master Plans: S.A.S Nagar|url=http://puda.gov.in/img/approved_masterplan_files/sas_nagar_master_plan.pdf|website=SAS Nagar Master plan from Official Website|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> These include Aerocity, Alipur, Bairampur, Bakarpur, Ballo Majra, Balongi, Bari, Bar Majra, Bathlana, Behlol, Bhago Majra, Chajju Majra, Chaparchiri, Daun, Desu Majra, Dyalpur, Harlalpur, Jandpur, Jhampur, Jheureri, Jhungian, Kailon, Kandala, Khuni Majra, Kishanpura, [[Kurali]], Landiali, Landran, Manak Majra, Manana, Matran, Naraingarh, Pattlin, Raipur Kalan, Sambalki, Saneta, Santemajra, Shafipur, Siaun, Sihanpur, Sukhgarh, Tapauli, and Thaska.

GMADA also developed Aerocity as part of the expansion near Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport.

IT City Mohali, developed under GMADA, covers approximately 1,600 acres and includes Sectors 82, 82A, and 83A. The project includes residential and commercial developments intended to support information technology and related industries.

===Chandigarh Tricity===

Mohali and [[Panchkula]] function as satellite cities of Chandigarh. Together with Chandigarh, they form the region commonly referred to as the [[Chandigarh Tricity]]. Panchkula is located in Panchkula district, Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcmohali.org/|title=Municipal Corporation Mohali|website=mcmohali.org|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Cloudy Godrej Mohali 16 April 2015.jpg|thumb|Clouds and downpour at [[Godrej Group|Godrej]], Mohali during mid-April 2015]]
[[File:Godrej Mohali Clean Sky.jpg|thumb|Godrej Mohali clean skies]]
{{See also|Geography of Chandigarh}}

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar has a [[sub-tropical]] continental [[monsoon]] [[climate]] characterised by a seasonal rhythm: hot summers, slightly cold winters, unreliable [[rainfall]] and great variation in [[temperature]] ({{convert|-1|to|44|°C|F|disp=or}}). In winter, [[frost]] sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is recorded at {{convert|617|mm|in|1}}. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

===Average temperature===
*Summer: The temperature in summer may rise to a maximum of {{convert|abbr=on|47|°C|F|0}} . Temperatures generally remain between {{convert|abbr=on|30|and|40|°C|F|0}}.
*Autumn: In autumn, the temperature may rise to a maximum of {{convert|abbr=on|36|°C|F|0}}. Temperatures usually remain between {{convert|abbr=on|16|and|27|C|F|0}} in autumn. The minimum temperature is around {{convert|abbr=on|13|°C|F|0}}.
*Winter: Average temperatures in winter (November to February) remain at (maximum) {{convert|abbr=on|7|to|15|C|F|0}} and (minimum) {{convert|abbr=on| 1 |and|5|C|F|0}}.
*Spring: spring temperatures vary between (min) {{convert|abbr=on|16|and|25|C|F|0}} (max).

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mohali (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Religion PCA - Mohali |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0300.xlsx |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Darkkhaki|51.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF9933|45.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.79}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.45}}}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Mohali City (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10229/download/13341/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0300.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>
|label1= [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value1= 67.20
|color1 = pink
|label2= [[Hindi]]
|value2 = 24.27
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value3 = 0.37
|color3 =red
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value4 = 0.34
|color4 =yellow
|label5 = [[Urdu]]
|value5 = 0.32
|color5 =brown
|label6 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|value6 = 0.31
|color6 =pink
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value7 =0.30
|color7 =blue
|label8 = Others
|value8 = 6.89
|color8 = grey
}}

As per 2011 census, Mohali's urban agglomeration (metropolitan area) had a population of 176,152, out of which males were 92,407 and females were 83,745. The effective literacy rate (7+ years) was 93.04% per cent. The sex ratio of Mohali is 906 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="Census2011_UA">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331152209/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2022 |page=1}}</ref>

[[Sikhism]] is the majority religion in Mohali which is followed by 51.53% of the people. [[Hinduism]] is the second most followed religion which is adhered to by 45.55% of the people. Minority religions like [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are followed by 1.68% and 0.79% of the population, with 0.45% are Buddhists, Jains and others.<ref name="Religion"/>

==Politics and government==
[[File:District court complex ,Mohal, Punjab.jpg|thumb|District court complex, Mohali, Punjab, India]]

The [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]], an officer belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]], is the overall in charge of the General Administration in the Districts of India. Currently, Girish Dayalan is serving as Deputy Commissioner. The civic administration in Mohali under the Municipal Corporation (established 1984), a body of elected councillors and is headed by a Commissioner chosen from the elected members.

{{main|Municipal Corporation SAS Nagar (Mohali)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | City officials
|-
| [[Member of Parliament]]
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| 2017
|-
| [[Mayor]]
| Amarjeet Singh Siddhu
| August 2015
|-
| [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
|MR Dhiman
|
|-
| [[Public administration|Administrator]]
|MR Dhiman
|
|}

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is a Municipal Corporation, with [[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]] as the first mayor,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deep |first1=Jagdeep Singh |title=Mohali's first mayor: Kulwant Singh takes charge, promises bus service, transparency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mohalis-first-mayor-kulwant-singh-takes-charge-promises-bus-service-transparency/ |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> with the current being Amarjoit Singh since April 2021.<ref name="Mayor2021"/> The district administration is under the supervision of Current Administrator Gurpreet Kaur Sapra, Deputy Commissioner (IAS). Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is part of Anandpur Sahib Parliamentary Constituency, represented by [[Manish Tewari]] since 2019, while in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is represented since 2012 by MLA Balbir Singh Sidhu from [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Before 2012, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar was part of the Kharar Assembly Constituency. In the [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], a new Assembly Constituency was carved out in the name of Mohali (as Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar was known during Assembly Elections 2012). Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is also represented in [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC) by [[Paramjit Kaur Landran]] and Hardeep Singh. The seat was reserved for women during the 2011 SGPC Elections.

==Transport==

=== Roads ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
The main [[Mohali Bus Stand|bus stand]] of this city is located in [[Sector 56, Mohali|Sector 56]], where many government and private bus operators provide services to different cities of the state. [[Chandigarh Transport Undertaking]] (CTU) provides bus connectivity with the rest of the city. Chandigarh Sector 43 Bus Stand and Bus stand of 17 Sector are also close to Mohali.

Auto-rickshaws ply throughout the city. There are several third-party transportations available.

=== Rail ===
[[Mohali Railway Station]] is situated in Industrial Area, Phase 11 and connects the city with several important locations in the region such as [[Delhi]], [[Ludhiana]] and [[Amritsar]], as well as other parts of the country.

=== Air ===
[[Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport]] is located near Aerocity in Mohali. It has both domestic and international flights.

==Economy==
[[File:QuarkCity.png|thumb|Quark, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]

Mohali's economy is largely manufacturing-based, the major companies in the region include Punjab Tractor Limited (PTL), ICI Paints, and Punjab Communications Limited. Also small- and medium sized companies, such as [[Torque Pharmaceuticals]], are based in Mohali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview - Torque Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. |url=https://www.torquepharma.com/overview/ |website=Torque Pharma |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

Telecommunications service providers including Tata Communications, Vodafone and the [[Godrej Group]] operate within SAS Nagar. SAS Nagar's role in facilitating multinational corporations is growing, with contributions from global tech giants such as [[Quark, Inc.|Quark]] and [[Philips]].

[[Denver]]-based Quark, Inc. has created a $500M, {{convert|46|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[QuarkCity]] in SAS Nagar, complete with a residential complex comprising 30% of the area; the shopping, entertainment, medical and educational districts consume another 10%. It was designed to generate 25,000 direct and 100,000 indirect jobs. It also includes a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ). It is located {{convert|265|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of India's [[capital city]] of [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quarkcity.com |title=the finest, most energy-efficient SEZ development in India |publisher=QuarkCity |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

The region has been targeted by an increasing number of [[outsourcing]] [[Information Technology|IT]] companies.<ref name="auto" />

==Sports==
Mohali contributes greatly to sports within the Punjab region (most notably [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]), with 8 multipurpose sports complexes equipped [[association football|football]], [[field hockey]], [[cricket]], [[swimming]], [[table tennis]], [[track and field|athletics]], [[volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[tennis]], etc. It has two international cricket stadiums, latest being [[Mullanpur International Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=This stadium becomes hitech, international match can be organized soon |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/first-hitech-stadium-to-be-ready-in-india-cricket-match-will-be-held-even-after-rain-sc82-nu901-ta294-1102986-1.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=News Track |date=28 June 2020 |language=English}}</ref> It also home to the [[Mohali International Hockey Stadium]].

===Cricket===
{{main| Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium| Mullanpur International Cricket Stadium}}
{{wide image|PCA Stadium Mohali wide.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|A [[panorama]] of the stadium}}

In 1990, the [[Punjab Cricket Association]] (PCA) unveiled a plan to build a state-of-the-art facility complete with a separate practice ground—to be built in a [[swamp]]y area in the city. The PCA invested heavily in the ground, a [[swimming pool]], [[health club]], [[tennis]] court, [[library]], [[restaurant]], and [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] and outdoor & indoor cricket practice nets were incorporated into the plans.

The construction of the stadium took around ₹25 crores and three years to complete. The stadium has an official capacity of 30000 spectators. The stadium was designed by Arun Loomba and Associates, Panchkula and constructed by R.S. Construction Company, Chandigarh. The lights here are unconventional compared to other cricket stadiums, in that the light pillars are very low in height. This is to avoid aircraft from the nearby airport colliding with the light pillars. The stream passing through the central part of Chandigarh called [[N Choe]], also passes alongside the stadium. [[PCA Stadium]] is home of [[Punjab Kings]] (IPL Mohali franchisee).

===Hockey===
The city has the [[International Hockey Stadium]] which serves as the home ground for the hockey club, [[Punjab Warriors]], of [[Hockey India League]].

==Places of interest==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2020}}
Places of tourist interest in and around this region include the following:
* [[Fateh Burj]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20180618-down-memory-lane-1255312-2018-06-08|title=Down memory lane|last1=Singh|first1=Preet Onkar|date=18 June 2018|work=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>

===Religious places===
==== Gurudwara Amb Sahib ====
[[File:AmbSahib.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara Amb Sahib]]

Gurudwara Amb Sahib is a historical shrine situated in [[Sector 62, Mohali]] commemorates the visit of the 7th Guru of Sikhs, [[Guru Har Rai]]. The place also commemorates the meeting of Guru Har Rai with his famous Sikh [[Bhai Kuram]], a [[Labana]] trader.<ref name="Kuram Labana">Retrieved from [http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/Mohali/GurudwaraShriAmbSahib/gallery.php Gurdwara Amb Sahib] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321001511/http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/Mohali/GurudwaraShriAmbSahib/gallery.php |date=21 March 2015 }} history</ref><ref>Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab, Parminder Singh Grover Moga, Davinderjit Singh and Parminder Singh Grover,</ref> This shrine is managed by [[SGPC]], Amritsar.

==== Shri Shiv Mandir ====
[[File:Shiv Temple Phase 1 Mohali.jpg|thumb|Shiv Mandir, Phase 1, Mohali]]

Shri Shiv Mandir is an old Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], situated in Phase1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Shiv Mandir overview |url=https://www.ixigo.com/shri-shiv-mandir-mohali-india-ne-1273956|website=Ixigo}}</ref>

==== Gurudwara Singh Shaheedan ====

This shrine is situated in the village [[Sohana]], close to Sector 70 constructed in memory of the martyrdom of [[Jathedar Baba Hanuman Singh Nihang|Jathedar Baba Hanuman Singh]], a Nihang Jathedar. He, along with 500 Sikhs, attained martyrdom at this place in a battle against British forces during the Anglo-Sikh Wars.

==== Dera Dargah Sharif Bakarpur ====
[[File:Gugga Jahar peer, Dera Bakarpur, Mohali, Punjab,India.jpg|thumb|Dargah Sharif Bakarpur, Mohali]]
This shrine is situated in the village [[Bakarpur]], in Aerocity, near Mohali Airport. This shrine is home of Ali and five [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]]s. [[Sai Surinder Singh]] is currently the chief dera head of this Dargah.

===Parks and gardens===
* Nature Park, Phase 8
* Rose Garden, Phase 3B1
* Bougainvillea Garden, Phase 4
* Silvy Park, Phase 10
* Valley Park, Phase 8
* Ekta Park, Phase 7 (near Chawla Chowk) Mohali
* Kargil Park, Sector 71
* Fountain Park, Sector 70
* City park, sector 68

=== Markets and other places ===
* Main Market, Phase - 7, SAS Nagar
* Main Market, Phase - 4, SAS Nagar
* Main Market, Phase - 3, SAS Nagar
* Main Market, Phase - 1, SAS Nagar
* Main Market, Phase - 5, SAS Nagar
* Main Market, Phase - 10, SAS Nagar
* [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], SAS Nagar
* [[International Hockey Stadium]], Phase-9
* Gurudwara Amb Sahib, Phase - 8
* [[Janta Market]], Phase - 3B1

=== Chowks of Mohali ===
The famous chowks of Mohali, which replicate one of the best features of the city are:
* YPS Chowk
* Diplast Chowk
* Airport Chowk

==Upcoming developing areas==
* Aerocity, Mohali<ref>{{cite web |title=Aerocity Mohali |url=https://aerocitymohali.co.in/ |website=Greater Mohali Area Development Authority |access-date=23 May 2024 |date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
* Aerotropolis, Mohali<ref>{{cite web |title=Aerotropolis Mohali |url=https://aerotropolis.co.in/ |website=Greater Mohali Area Development Authority |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Other nearby places ===
* [[Sikh Ajaibghar]], Sector 119, Village Balongi, Village Bar Majra
* VR Punjab, Kharar<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tricity-s-biggest-mall-coming-up-in-mohali/1149673/|title=Tricity's biggest mall coming up in Mohali|date=1 August 2013|first=Shishir|last=Tripathi|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
* Gurudwara Nabha Sahib - [[Zirakpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/religious-places/nabha-sahib-gurudwara.html |title=Nabha Sahib Gurdwara - Chandigarh Nadha Sahib Gurdwara - Gurudwara Nabha Sahib Near Chandigarh |publisher=Chandigarh.co.uk |access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
* CP67 Mall, Mohali

==Education==
[[File:ISB's Mohali Campus.jpg|thumb|Indian School of Business, Mohali, Punjab]]
; Schools
* Anee's School, Sector-69, Mohali<ref name="Tribune_Aug2013">{{cite news |last1=Nagarkoti |first1=Rajinder |title=Religious fervour marks Janmashtami |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130829/cth1.htm |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=29 August 2013}}</ref>
* Doon International School, Sector-69, Mohali<ref name="Tribune_Aug2013"/>
* Gian Jyoti Public School, Phase 2, Mohali<ref name="Tribune_May2022"/>
* Gurukul World School, Sector-69, Mohali<ref name="TribuneApr2020">{{cite news |title=Show-cause notices issued to 3 schools for demanding fee |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/show-cause-notices-issued-to-3-schools-for-demanding-fee-68636 |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=9 April 2020}}</ref>
* Learning Paths School, Sector 67, Mohali<ref>{{cite news |title=Migrant killed in accident |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/migrant-killed-in-accident-349029 |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=the Tribune |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
* Shivalik Public School, Mohali<ref name="Tribune_May2022">{{cite news |title=Shivalik Public School, Mohali |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/shivalik-public-school-mohali-398303 |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
* Yadavindra Public School, Sector 51, Mohali<ref>{{cite news |last1=Victor |first1=Hillary |title=YPS roundabout in Mohali becomes epicentre of protests |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/yps-roundabout-in-mohali-becomes-epicentre-of-protests-101653512737153.html |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

; Universities
* Plaksha University Alpha, Sector 101, IT City Rd, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar
*[[Chandigarh University]] NH-95, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali

; Science and medical colleges
* Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS, Mohali)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Victor |first1=Hillary |title=Mohali medical college to begin admissions this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mohali-medical-college-to-begin-admissions-this-year-101632683500788.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali]] (IISER Mohali)

; Engineering colleges
* [[Indo Global Colleges]]
* Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology<ref>{{cite news |title=PTU college starts B.Tech in biotechnology |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020830/cth2.htm |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=29 August 2002}}</ref>
* [[Chandigarh Engineering College]]

; Business schools
* [[Indian School of Business]] (ISB), Sector 81
* Amity University, Sector 82A, IT City, Mohali<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab approves development of Amity University Campus in Mohali |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/punjab-approves-development-of-amity-university-campus-in-mohali-178936 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Tribune |date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Plaksha University, Sector 83A, IT City, Mohali

; Law schools
* [[Army Institute of Law]]
* [[Universal Law College]]

; Pharmacy
* [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali]] (NIPER)

==Healthcare==
{{main|List of hospitals in Mohali}}
The city has several speciality hospitals. Government dispensaries also are present in some sectors. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences of phase 6 is the oldest government hospital in the city and the new hospital is in Sector 66.

The city has many multi-facility private hospitals like the Max Super Speciality Hospital, [[Fortis Hospital]], Silver Oak Hospital, Ivy Hospital, Indus Super Speciality Hospital, Mayo Hospital, Cheema Medical Complex, Mukat Hospital and Heart Institute, Cosmo Hospital, Amar Hospital, Grecian Super Speciality Hospital, Sohana Hospital, Ace Heart and Vascular Institute, SGHS Hospitals, AM Hospital, ESI Hospital and Regional Spinal Injury Center ([[Sector 70, Mohali|Sector 70]]).

==See also==
* [[New Chandigarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Geographic location|Centre = Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar
|North = [[Baddi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Northeast = [[Kasauli]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|East = [[Chandigarh]]
|Southeast = Chandigarh
|South = [[Banur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Southwest = [[Rajpura]], Punjab
|West = [[Sirhind]], Punjab
|Northwest = [[Kharar, Ajitgarh|Kharar]], Punjab
}}

{{Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Mohali| ]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1975]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...

2026-03-03T04:12:26Z

TawannaIbarra: brief expand formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|2005 film by Romesh Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...
| image = DilJoBhiKahey.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Romesh Sharma
| based_on = [[C'est La Vie (Mauritian TV Series)|C'est La Vie]] by [[Romesh Sharma]]
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi Nair]] [[Karan Sharma (actor)|Karan Sharma]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] [[Annabelle Wallis]] [[Malcolm Stoddard]] [[Claire Oberman]]
| director = [[Romesh Sharma]]
| producer = Romesh Sharma
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]] Gopal Shah
| editing = Anil Kumar Bonthu
| studio = Romesh Films
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|9|23|India}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...''''' ({{translation|'Whatever the heart says...'}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] written, directed and produced by [[Romesh Sharma]]. It stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi Nair]], [[Karan Sharma (actor)|Karan Sharma]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Annabelle Wallis]], [[Malcolm Stoddard]] and [[Claire Oberman]]. The film is adapted from Romesh Sharma's [[Mauritian Creole|Mauritian]] serial titled [[C'est La Vie (Mauritian TV series)|C'est La Vie]], also featuring [[Karan Sharma (actor)|Karan Sharma]] and was broadcast on [[Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation]] in [[Mauritius]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051010-film-review-dil-jo-bhi-kahey-director-romesh-sharma-788760-2005-10-10|title=Film review:'Dil Jo Bhi Kahey' starring Amitabh Bachchan, Karan Sharma, Revathy|first=Anupama|last=Chopra|author-link=Anupama Chopra|date=October 10, 2005|website=India Today|access-date=6 October 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722232201/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051010-film-review-dil-jo-bhi-kahey-director-romesh-sharma-788760-2005-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/228844|title=Dil Jo Bhi Kahey | Outlook India Magazine|website=Outlook India|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722232203/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/228844|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shekhar Sinha, his wife Sandhya, and their son Jai are one of the many [[Hindu]] [[Indo-Mauritian]] families living in [[Mauritius]]. Jai ventures out to [[Stockholm, Sweden]], to obtain an education in [[culinary]] studies and incidentally meets Sophie Besson, a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Franco-Mauritian]]. They start meeting regularly and soon fall in love. Jai is introduced to Sophie's parents, Norman and Claire Besson. Norman (a large landowner in Mauritius) instantly disapproves of him (because of his ethnicity). Jai feels his father and mother would approve of Sophie. Unfortunately, Sandhya disapproves of her (because of her Catholic faith) and tells Jai to end his relationship with her. The lovers plan to [[elope]], but Jai fails to turn up on the stipulated wedding time in church. Sophie reluctantly returns to her parents to marry the boy of their choice (Gordon). By this time Jai is [[Engagement|engaged]] to Gayatri Pandey to fulfill his mother's wish (who has [[asthma]]). Sophie wants to know why Jai did not turn up. Meanwhile, Gayatri learns of Jai and Sophie's love and comes up with a ruse of Sophie's [[false pregnancy]] that forces Sophie and Jai's family to accept them as a couple. The film ends with Gayatri leaving Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/23dil.htm|title=Just another love story|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722232203/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/23dil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Shekhar Sinha
* [[Revathi|Revathi Nair]] as Sandhya Sinha
* [[Karan Sharma (actor)|Karan Sharma]] as Jai Sinha
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Gayatri Pandey
* [[Annabelle Wallis]] as Sophie Besson
* [[Malcolm Stoddard]] as Norman Besson
* [[Claire Oberman]] as Claire Besson
* Manuj Tilakraj Gulati as Gaurav Gulati

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dil Jo Bhi Kahey..
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover for ''Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...''
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> 30 July 2005 (India)</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Tips Industries|Tips]]</div>
| producer = Lawrence D'Souza, Romesh Sharma
| prev_title = [[Bunty Aur Babli]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]
| next_year = 2006
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| 1||C'est La Vie || [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Vaishali Samant]] ||4:53
|-
| 2||Dil Jo Bhi Kahey || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Dominique Cerejo]] || 4:40
|-
| 3||Dil Jo Bhi Kahey Theme || [[Caralisa Monteiro]] || 2:22
|-
| 4||J'ai Bessoin De Toi (Beach Sequence) || Caralisa Monteiro ||2:04
|-
| 5||Kaun Jaane || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shefali Alvares]] || 4:13
|-
| 6||Kitni Narmi Se || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 6:09
|-
| 7||Mere Munna || Shankar Mahadevan || 5:18
|-
| 8||Sajna Angana Aayo Re || [[Javed Ali]] || 1:20
|-
| 9||Tu Nahi Thi Jab Yahan || [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], Shankar Mahadevan, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sudesh Bhonsle ||4:56
|-
|}

==Reception==

===Critical response===
[[Namrata Joshi]] from [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] wrote, "Dil Jo... has been made for the young but not by the young. Though it comes smartly packaged, it's dull, without any spirit or spunk of youth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/228844 |title=Dil Jo Bhi Kahey |date=5 February 2022|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025144835/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/228844 |archive-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] from [[India Today]] wrote "At a time when the [[family values]] factory, Yashraj Films, makes romantic comedies out of premarital sex, this is old-fashioned".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051010-film-review-dil-jo-bhi-kahey-director-romesh-sharma-788760-2005-10-09 |title=Film review:'Dil Jo Bhi Kahey' starring Amitabh Bachchan, Karan Sharma, Revathy |date=10 October 2005|work=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025145651/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051010-film-review-dil-jo-bhi-kahey-director-romesh-sharma-788760-2005-10-09 |archive-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, DIL JO BHI KAHEY lacks the power to cast a web on youth or those who prefer mushy love stories. At the box-office, the hype surrounding the film is clearly missing and in view of the fact that the film rests on a routine plot, the chances of survival seem remote".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/critic-review/dil-jo-bhi-kahey-movie-review/ |title=Dil Jo Bhi Kahey… Movie Review: Dil Jo Bhi Kahey… Movie |date=23 September 2005|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025150733/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-jo-bhi-kahey/critic-review/dil-jo-bhi-kahey-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0442764}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|dil_jo_bhi_kahey}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522092343/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808729484/details Details] at [[Yahoo!]] movies

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:Films set in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films set in Sweden]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sweden]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Gaddar

2026-03-01T21:43:03Z

TawannaIbarra: fixed article for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian poet and activist (1949–2023)}}{{Family name hatnote|Gummadi|lang=Telugu}}{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Gaddar
| image = Gaddar in 2005.jpg
| caption = Rao in 2005
| birth_name = Gummadi Vittal Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|01|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Toopran]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], [[Dominion of India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|8|6|1949|06|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| residence = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| party = [[Telangana Praja Front]]
| spouse = Vimala Gaddar
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Poet]]|[[Folk singer]]|[[Sentimental ballad|Balladeer]]|[[Politician]]|[[Maoist]]|[[Ambedkarite]]}}
}}

'''Gummadi Vittal Rao''' (31 January 1949<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 January 2024 |title=Gaddar's birth anniversary on January 31 to be celebrated as state function |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana/gaddars-birth-anniversary-on-january-31-to-be-celebrated-as-state-function-1517988 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref> – 6 August 2023), known as '''Gaddar''', was an Indian poet, singer, and [[communist]] revolutionary. Gaddar was active in the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]], as well as the [[Telangana movement|movement for Telangana's statehood]].

Gaddar began his political and cultural journey as a Naxalite in the 1970s. Arrested during the Emergency in 1975, he later went underground. Despite controversies, he remained a prominent voice against caste oppression and injustices faced by Dalits and Adivasis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jangam |first=Chinnaiah |date=10 August 2023 |title=Gaddar (1949-2023): His voice inspired resistance to oppression |url=https://scroll.in/article/1053977/gaddar-1949-2023-his-voice-inspired-resistance-to-oppression |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the founding member of the cultural wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People’s War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kartheek |first=B. |date=7 August 2023 |title=Gaddar: Revolutionary poet who fought for statehood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Aug/07/gaddar-revolutionary-poet-who-fought-for-statehood-2602677.html |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also founded the Jana Natya Mandali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=6 August 2023 |title=Popular balladeer and former Maoist ideologue Gaddar passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/renowned-balladeer-and-former-maoist-ideologue-gaddar-passes-away-at-77-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-revolutionary-music-101691320693677.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920214115/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/renowned-balladeer-and-former-maoist-ideologue-gaddar-passes-away-at-77-leaves-behind-a-legacy-of-revolutionary-music-101691320693677.html |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He played a major role in drawing national attention to the [[Karamchedu massacre]] in 1987.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He was awarded with a cash award of ₹1 crore posthumously for his contributions to the Telangana movement.<ref name="Telangana Formation Day 2025">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 June 2025 |title=Telangana Formation Day 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-formation-day-2025-cm-revanth-reddy-envisions-state-as-a-3-trillion-economy-by-2047/article69648133.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603071821/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-formation-day-2025-cm-revanth-reddy-envisions-state-as-a-3-trillion-economy-by-2047/article69648133.ece |archivedate=3 June 2025 |accessdate=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gaddar was born as Gummadi Vithal Rao at [[Toopran]] in the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]] in 1949.<ref name="TheHindu-obit">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=R. Ravikanth |title=Telangana folk singer Gaddar passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-folk-singer-gaddar-passes-away/article67164722.ece |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> While studying engineering in Hyderabad, he became influenced by the revolutionary ideas of the [[Dalit Panthers]] and the Naxalbari movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 August 2023 |title=Renowned Telangana folk singer Gaddar passes away at 77 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/renowned-telangana-folk-singer-gaddar-passes-away-at-77/article67167081.ece |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

Gaddar went underground in the 1980s and became a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]]. He was part of its cultural wing and performed for crowds. A bullet remained in his spine after an assassination attempt in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rebel balladeer Gaddar backs Congress|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rebel-balladeer-gaddar-backs-congress/cid/1671726
|access-date=3 January 2021|website=ap7am.com/}}</ref>

Until 2010, Gaddar was active in the Naxal movement, later identifying himself as an [[Ambedkarite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=4 December 2018 |title=In Telangana, Naxal poet Gaddar embraces the ballot & old foes to fight 'fundamentalists' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/in-telangana-naxal-poet-gaddar-embraces-the-ballot-old-foes-to-fight-fundamentalists/157909/ |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en |quote=Gaddar remained active in the Naxal movement until 2010. He officially disassociated with the Maoist party in 2017 and declared himself an Ambedkarite.}}</ref> He adopted the name ''Gaddar'' as a tribute to the pre-independence [[Gadar party]], which opposed [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biluka |first=Nirmala |date=12 August 2023 |title=Gaddar: A lion falls silent |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//specials/gaddar-a-lion-falls-silent-2645051 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |quote=...he adopted the stage name of ‘Gaddar’ as a tribute to the Ghadar Party, which fought against British colonial rule in Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=13 August 2023 |title=Gaddar and the end of an era in Indian music |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/gaddar-death-music-poet-telangana-communist-111691827259951.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |quote=Gaddar—pronounced “Ghadar”, the moniker was inspired by the revolutionary Ghadar party...}}</ref>

== Telangana movement ==


With the resurgence of [[Telangana movement]], Gadar expressed his support for the cause of a separate [[Telangana]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyanarayana |first=K. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Gaddar: The radical performer and cultural icon of Telangana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/gaddar-radical-performer-cultural-icon-telangana-181719 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en |quote=From the late 1990s, he played an active role in the struggle for a separate Telangana state.}}</ref> which intended to uplift the lower castes, particularly dalits and backward castes. He said that he was strongly aligned with those who are for a state in favor of social justice where scheduled tribes and scheduled castes have political representation on par with the OCs and BCs of the state.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} He expressed his solidarity with [[Devender Goud]]'s NTPP (Nava Telangana Praja Party) despite being shot at by the police during Goud's term as AP home minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/18/stories/2008011851710300.htm |title=Fight forces opposing separate Telangana, says Gadar |work=The Hindu |date=18 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327140143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/18/stories/2008011851710300.htm |archivedate=27 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/20/stories/2008012058190600.htm |title=Telangana minus Hyderabad unimaginable: Gadar |date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123101121/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/20/stories/2008012058190600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate=23 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/05/stories/2008020558860400.htm |title=Smaller States viable, say leaders |date=5 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209113137/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/05/stories/2008020558860400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate=9 February 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Gaddar performs in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Gaddar performing in [[Kolkata]] in 2010 against [[Operation Green Hunt]] ]]

==Illness and death==
Suffering from severe heart disease, Gaddar was admitted to a Hyderabad hospital on 20 July 2023 where he underwent bypass surgery on 3 August 2023. While recovering from surgery,<ref name="TimesOfIndia-obit">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=U Sudhakar |title=Renowned Telangana folk singer Gummadi Vittal Rao, popularly known as 'Gaddar', passes away |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/102477594.cms |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 August 2023}}</ref> he died from lung and urinary problems on 6 August 2023 at age 74.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana: Poet activist Gaddar passes away at 77 |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-poet-activist-gaddar-passes-away-at-apollo-hospitals-2660638/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |publisher=The Siasat Daily |date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Telangana Poet Gaddar, Known For His Revolutionary Songs, Dies At 77 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-poet-balladeer-gaddar-dies-at-77-4273956|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Famed Folk Singer Gaddar Passes Away at Apollo Hospital|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-377173-live-folk-singer-gaddar-passes-away|website=www.telegraphindia.com|date=6 August 2023 }}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Movie
!Song
!Lyricist
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1979
|''[[Maa Bhoomi]]''
|Bandenaka Bandi Katti
|Bandi Yadagiri
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnamoorthy |first1=Suresh |title=Maa Bhoomi will forever be alive in people's minds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/maa-bhoomi-will-forever-be-alive-in-peoples-minds/article7025857.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=23 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1983
| rowspan="3" |''[[Rangula Kala]]''
|Jam Jammalmarri
|Devi Priya
| rowspan="11" |Also actor
|
|-
|Bhadram Koduko
| rowspan="2" |Guda Anjaiah
|
|-
|Madhana Sundari
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1995
| rowspan="7" |''[[Orey Rikshaw]]''
|Malle Theegaku
| rowspan="12" |Gaddar
|
|-
|Aapura Rikshowda
|
|-
|Jatharelli Podame
|
|-
|Naa Raktham Tho Naduputhanu Rikshawnu
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2020 |title=''Orey Rikshaw'' completes 25 years; Lesser-known facts about the R Narayana Murthy starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/orey-rikshaw-completes-25-years-lesser-known-facts-about-the-r-narayana-murthy-starrer/articleshow/79125968.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Rajyangam Chattamandu
|
|-
|Gana Gana Gana
|
|-
|Amma Kanna
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]''
|Podustunna Poddumeeda
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana Formation Day 2021: Folk Songs that Ignited Passion During Statehood Movement |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/telangana-formation-day-2021-folk-songs-that-ignited-passion-during-statehood-movement-3801434.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Poru Telangana]]'' || Podustunna Poddumeeda
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| rowspan="3"|''[[Dandakaranyam]]''
| Bharata Desam
| rowspan="3"|Also actor
|
|-
| Podduthirugudu Puvva
|
|-
| Adavi Thalliki Vandanam
|
|}

== Awards ==
'''[[Nandi Awards]]''':
*1995: [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist]] for "Malletheega Ku Pandiri Vole" from ''[[Orey Rikshaw]]'' (turned down)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=''Orey Rikshaw'' completes 25 years; Lesser-known facts about the R Narayana Murthy starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/orey-rikshaw-completes-25-years-lesser-known-facts-about-the-r-narayana-murthy-starrer/articleshow/79125968.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2011-Nandi-Awards-winners-list/articleshow/16797289.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627090518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34430644_1_sri-rama-rajyam-dookudu-jai-bolo-telangana |url-status=live |archive-date=27 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=2011 Nandi Awards winners list|access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Telangana Praja Front]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaddar}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Activists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:Poets from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from urologic disease]]

Patiala Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T01:47:13Z

TawannaIbarra: new new stub

{{Short description|Local civic body in Patiala, Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Patiala Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| preceded_by = Patiala Municipal Council
| foundation = 24 September 1997
| leader1_type = Minister in charge
| leader1 = [[Ravjot Singh]]
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Kundan Gogia
| party2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election2 = 10 January 2025
| leader3_type = Senior deputy mayor
| leader3 = Harinder Singh Kohli
| party3 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election3 = 10 January 2025
| leader4_type = Junior deputy mayor
| leader4 = Jagdeep Singh Jagga
| party4 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election4 = 10 January 2025
| leader5_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
| leader5 = Rajat Oberoi
| election5 = 17 September 2024
| seats = '''63''' {{small|(60 elected + 3 [[Ex officio members|Ex-Officio]])}}
| structure1 = India Patiala, Punjab Municipal Corporation Election 2024.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (43)'''
* {{Color box|#0066A4}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (43)<ref name="Patiala MC results 2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/patiala-patiala-municipal-corporation-elections-aap-spectacular-victory-in-43-out-of-53-wards-how-many-congress-bjp-candidates-won-23853384.html|title=2024 Patiala MC election results|work=Jagran|accessdate=21 December 2024}}</ref>
'''Opposition (11)'''
* {{Color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)
* {{Color box|#0F204A}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (2)
'''Vacant (7)'''
* {{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (7)<ref name="Patiala MC 7 Wards Postponed">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aap-secures-35-of-45-seats-in-violence-hit-patiala-elections/|title=AAP secures 35 of 45 seats in violence-hit Patiala elections|work=The Tribune|accessdate=21 December 2024|archive-date=22 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222051347/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aap-secures-35-of-45-seats-in-violence-hit-patiala-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Ex-officios'''
* TBA
| first_election1 = 2002
| last_election1 = [[2024 Punjab, India local elections|21 December 2024]]
| next_election1 = 2029
| term_length = 5 years
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{Official website|http://www.mcpatiala.org/}}
| motto =
}}

The '''Patiala Municipal Corporation''' is a ''[[nagar nigam]]'' ([[urban local body|municipal corporation]]) which administers the city of [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It has 60 members elected with a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system and 3 ex-officio members which are MLAs for [[Patiala Assembly Constituency|Patiala]], [[Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency|Patiala Rural]], and [[Sanour Assembly Constituency|Sanaur]]. The corporation was founded on 24 September 1997, and the first elections were held in June 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipal Corporation, Patiala {{!}} District Patiala, Government of Punjab {{!}} India|url=https://patiala.nic.in/municipal-corporation-patiala/|access-date=2021-12-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092502/https://patiala.nic.in/municipal-corporation-patiala/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Mayor==
The '''mayor of Patiala''' is the elected chief of the Municipal Corporation of Patiala. The mayor is the first citizen of the city. The role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner.<ref>[http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/233/Mayor.pdf Mayor - Powers and Functions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228093012/http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/233/Mayor.pdf |date=2021-12-28 }} (Pdf). Retrieved 4 March 2021.</ref> The mayor plays a decorative role of representing and upholding the dignity of the city and a functional role in deliberating over the discussions in the Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-20|title=Directly elected mayor: An idea whose time has come|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/directly-elected-mayor-an-idea-whose-time-has-come/story-XUhycvDC7wcTCxthjsUY7O.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
!Ref.
|-
!1
|Vishnu Sharma
|13 June 2002
|11 September 2007
|{{age in years and days|2002|6|13|2007|9|11}}
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1st
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 13, 2002|title=Cong's Vishnu Sharma elected Patiala mayor {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/congs-vishnu-sharma-elected-patiala-mayor/articleshow/12799935.cms|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228095448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/congs-vishnu-sharma-elected-patiala-mayor/articleshow/12799935.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]
|11 September 2007
|17 September 2012
|{{age in years and days|2007|9|11|2012|9|17}}
|bgcolor=#001B65|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|2nd
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-09-11|title=Ajit Pal Singh Kohli becomes Patiala Mayor|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/11/ajit-pal-singh-kohli-becomes-patiala-mayor-1189503361.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|Jaspal Singh Pardhan
|17 September 2012
|25 February 2013
|{{age in years and days|2012|9|17|2013|2|25}}
|bgcolor=#001B65|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|3rd
|39
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaspal Singh Pardhan elected Mayor of Patiala city|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1994761.html/amp|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.moneycontrol.com|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228094551/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1994761.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=Murder accused Pardhan resigns as Patiala mayor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/murder-accused-pardhan-resigns-as-patiala-mayor/story-Yf5zIrUOxQkTystjcB9HOO.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|Amaninder Bajaj
|2 April 2013
|17 December 2017
|{{age in years and days|2013|4|2|2017|12|7}}
|bgcolor=#001B65|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|3rd
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Parvesh Kumar Sharma|date=Apr 2, 2013|title=Patiala gets new mayor {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/patiala-gets-new-mayor/articleshow/19344775.cms|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228104252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/patiala-gets-new-mayor/articleshow/19344775.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!5
|Sanjeev Sharma Bittu
|17 December 2017
|10 January 2025
|{{age in years and days|2017|12|7|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4th
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Days after suspension, Patiala Mayor attends office|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/days-after-suspension-patiala-mayor-attends-office-344873|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092952/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/days-after-suspension-patiala-mayor-attends-office-344873|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!6
|Kundan Gogia
|10 January 2025
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#0072B0|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|5th
|
|
|}

==Deputy mayors==
'''Senior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
|-
! -
|Yoginder Singh Yogi
|17 December 2017
|10 January 2025
|{{age in years and days|2017|12|17|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4th
|48
|-
! -
|Harinder Singh Kohli
|10 January 2025
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#0072B0|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|5th
|
|}

'''Junior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
|-
!-
|Vinita Sangar
|17 December 2017
|10 January 2025
|{{age in years and days|2017|12|17|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4th
|51
|-
! -
|Jagdeep Singh Jagga
|10 January 2025
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2025|01|10}}
|bgcolor=#0072B0|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|5th
|
|}

== Elections ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Years
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
!rowspan=2| Others
!rowspan=2| Total
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
! 2002<ref name=":0" />
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|38
| 6
| 0
| –
| 6
! 50
|-
! 2007<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070809/punjab1.htm|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701023336/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070809/punjab1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 4
| bgcolor="lightgreen" colspan="2"|42
| –
| 4
! 50
|-
! 2012<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2012|title=SAD-BJP combine sweeps Punjab civic polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sad-bjp-combine-sweeps-punjab-civic-polls-105218-2012-06-10|access-date=2021-12-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
| 8
| bgcolor="lightgreen" colspan="2"|39
| –
| 2
! 49
|-
! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab civic polls tomorrow: Here’s how its 4 major municipal bodies voted in previous elections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-civic-polls-tomorrow-4-major-municipal-bodies-previous-elections-9735779/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |archive-date=2024-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221091526/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-civic-polls-tomorrow-4-major-municipal-bodies-previous-elections-9735779/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|59
| 1
| 0
| –
| 0
! 60
|-
! 2024<ref name="Patiala MC results 2024"/><ref name="Patiala MC 7 Wards Postponed"/>
| 4
| 2
| 4
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|43
| 0
! 60
|-
|}

== See also ==
[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation]]

[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Punjab, India]]

Shankumugham Beach

2026-02-27T05:14:42Z

TawannaIbarra: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Important beach in Trivandrum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Shankhumugham Beach
| other_name =
| image = Shankumugam Beach.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Shankumugham beach, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.48112950|N|76.91237030|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length =
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 = [[Kerala Police]]; [[Lifeguard|Beach Lifeguards]]
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 =
| embedded = {{succession links|left=|right=}}
}}
[[File:ശംഖുമുഖം കടൽത്തീരത്തെ മത്സ്യകന്യക ശില്പം.jpg|thumb|Sagarakanyaka at Shankumughom beach at Thiruvananthapuram]]

'''Shankumugham Beach''' is a beach in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of [[Kerala]], south [[India]]. The beach is on the western side of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and is very close to [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]].

Shanghumugham beach is considered as the ‘Arattukadavu’ of Sri Ananthapadmanabhan - the presiding deity of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arattu Mandapam, Shanghumugham|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/arattu-mandapam/599|access-date=2020-09-07|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> Thousands of Hindus perform ‘Bali Tharpanam’ during special occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thousands offer Bali Tharpanam on Karkidaka Vavu|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/thousands-offer-bali-tharpanam-on-karkidaka-vavu-karkidaka-vavu-thirunelli-thirunnavaya-1.2109274|access-date=2020-09-07|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> Shankhumugham is the prime location for Ganesh Nimarjan at the time of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganeshotsavam procession tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ganeshotsavam-procession-tomorrow/articleshow/70967457.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganesh Visarjan 2021 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ganesh-visarjan-2021-devotees-immerse-idols-of-lord-ganesha-1031489-1558164 |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

On the Arattu day at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], idols of Lord Padmanabhaswamy, Lord Narasimha, and Lord Krishna are taken in procession to the [[Laccadive Sea]] at Shanghumugham beach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpashi and Painkuni Arattu festival of Sree Padamanabhaswamy Temple {{!}} Festivals of Kerala|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.keralaculture.org|language=en}}</ref> His Highness the now-titular Maharaja of Travancore leads the procession with the royal sword in hand while escorted by members of the royal family, armed guards, temple authorities, mounted police, and officers. After the ceremonial bath at Shanghumugham, the idols are taken back in procession, thus marking the conclusion of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpashi festival comes to a close|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/nov/15/alpashi-festival-comes-to-a-close-1898337.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The sculpture of [[Sagarakanyaka]], a [[mermaid]], by [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]] is an added attraction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Backwaters - Kerala, Kerala Travel, Real Estate, Kerala Matrimonial|url=http://www.kerala.com/pages/keralabackwaters-thiruvananthapuram|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.kerala.com}}</ref> This giant statue is more than 35 metres long. The 'Jawaharlal Nehru Park of Traffic signs for children' is situated here,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruvananthapuram: Traffic park to get a lease of life|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/may/25/thiruvananthapuram-traffic-park-to-get-a-lease-of-life-1981335.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> which is helpful for the children to understand the traffic rules while playing in the park. The park also provides cycling facilities for small children.

The military area of [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] and part of the main airport are situated near Shankumugham Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On cloud nine: Differently-abled students visit Air Force Station|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/oct/10/on-cloud-nine-differently-abled-students-visit-air-force-station-2045427.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Coastal erosion and effect on the beach==
[[Coastal erosion]] along the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] coastline has caused significant reduction in the beach area. A study from 2022 found that the region including the Shankumugham beach observed an erosion of 4.73 meters per year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruvananthapuram's famed beaches could vanish in just five years.|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/07/26/coastal-erosion-impact-thiruvananthapuram-beaches-five-year-warning.html|access-date=2023-06-24|website=Manorama online}}</ref> The Shankumugham-Airport road along the beach was closed due to excessive erosion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Passengers walk to Trivandrum airport lugging baggage, thanks to bad roads.|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/passengers-walk-trivandrum-airport-lugging-baggage-thanks-bad-roads-a-155148|access-date=2023-06-24|website=The News Minute}}</ref> [[File:Remains of the Shanghumugham airport road after sea erosion.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Shankumugham airport road after sea erosion]]

==See also==
[[Thiruvananthapuram Tourist spots]]

==How to reach==
* Nearest city - [[Thiruvananthapuram]] - 8 km
* Nearest railway station - [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Kochuveli railway station]]
* Nearest airport - [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]
* Nearest bus station - [[Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram]]

==Picture gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Sh-beach1.jpg | Aaratu Mandapam
File:Jalakanyaka at Shankumugham beach.JPG | Sagarakanyaka or Jalakanyaka
File:High tide warning at Shankumugham beach.JPG|High tide warning at the beach during one of the monsoon days
File:Chacha Nehru Traffic Training Park, Thiruvananthapuram.JPG|Chacha Nehru Traffic Training Park
File:A sculpture at Shankumugham beach.JPG|A sculpture at the beach
File:Shankumukham beach, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 12 48 21 211000.jpeg

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shankumugham Beach}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9GSbVurcS4 A short YouTube Video narrating things to be visited At Shankumugham beach]

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kerala]]

Shah Nawaz Khan (general)

2026-02-24T08:08:17Z

TawannaIbarra: expanded article to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Azad Indian National Army General and MP}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Shah Nawaz Khan
| image = Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|01|24}}
| birth_place = [[Matore]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1983|12|09|1914|01|24}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| allegiance = [[British India]] (until 1942) [[Azad Hind]] (1943 – 1945)
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
*** [[Operation U-Go]]
**** [[Battle of Imphal]]
{{tree list/end}}
| spouse = Karim Jaan
| children = Mahmood Nawaz Khan Akbar Nawaz Khan Ajmal Nawaz Khan Mumtaz Begum Fehmida Khanum Lateef Fatima Khan (adopted)
| relations = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (nephew)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-shah-rukhs-pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-south-indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms? | title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan|title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan|date=11 March 2012}}</ref> [[Zaheer-ul-Islam]] (nephew)
}}

'''Shah Nawaz Khan''' (January 1914 – 9 December 1983) was an Indian politician who served as an officer in the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) during [[World War II]].

He was profoundly influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s speeches asking POWs to join the Indian National Army and to fight for a free India, Khan led the army into [[Northeast India|North-Eastern India]], seizing [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.<ref name="Tarique" /> In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at [[Mandalay]].

After the war, he was [[Indian National Army trials|tried]], convicted for treason, and sentenced to death in a public court-martial carried out by the [[British Indian Army]]. The sentence was commuted by the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-chief]] of the Indian Army following unrest and protests in India.

After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of non-violence espoused by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatama Gandhi]] and joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]. Having successfully contested the [[1st Lok Sabha|first Lok Sabha]] in 1952 from [[Meerut]], Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career. He was elected four times to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut constituency]] in [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]], [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]].

==Early life and education==
As he states in his autobiography, Khan was born into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Janjua]] [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPpZJDc6LIMC |title=A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02857-9 |pages=136 |language=en|quote=Shah Nawaz was born to a family of Janjua Rajputs in Rawalpindi. His father had been the leader of the Janjua clan and served in the Indian Army for thirty years.}}</ref> family on 24 January 1914 in [[Matore]], a village now in the [[Rawalpindi District]] of Pakistan.<ref name=":0">Shah Nawaz Khan, ''The I. N. A. Heroes: Autobiographies of Maj. Gen. Shahnawaz, Col. Prem K. Sahgal [and] Col. Gurbax Singh of the Azad Hind Fauj'', Hero Publications (1946), p. 3: "I was born in a Janjua-Rajput family in Rawalpindi district in January 1914. My father Late Lt. Tikka Khan served with distinction in 58th F. F. Rifles tor 30 years and was the head of perhaps "the most militarized" family in India."</ref><ref>''Indian Annual Register'', July–December 1945, vol. 2, p. 200: "Sir Nusserwanji gave a brief life sketch of the three accused officers. Capt Shah Nawaz Khan was born in Rawalpindi on January 24, 1914'''."'''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography. 5: S - Z |date=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publ |isbn=978-81-7648-235-6 |location=New Delhi |quote=Shah Nawaz Khan, son of Shri Tikka Khan, retired Captain, Indian Army, was born at village Matore in Rawalpindi, Punjab (now Pakistan) on 24th January 1914.}}</ref> His father Lt. Tikka Khan served in the [[British Indian Army]] for some 30 years, being associated with the [[58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] military unit, other relatives having also served in the armed forces, Shah Nawaz Khan writing that his family might have been "the most militarized" in India.<ref name=":0" />

He was the cousin of Bollywood actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s father Mir Taj Mohammed Khan, although according to Shah Rukh Khan his paternal grandfather, [[Mir clan|Mir]] Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'? |url=https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114610/https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB |quote=Khan’s paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |title=Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A |date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |time=2:00 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809175417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Shah Rukh Khan's cousins, who still live in Peshawar, have refuted the notion that the family is Pashtun or that his grandfather moved from Afghanistan, as they speak [[Hindko]], a dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref>{{efn|Although the mother of Shahrukh Khan was reported to be the adopted daughter of Shah Nawaz, the [[Indian Army]] denied those reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=11 March 2012 |access-date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165955/http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> According to Khan, his father was the cousin of Shah Nawaz.<ref name=pathan>{{cite news|title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |first=Priya |last=Gupta |date=4 August 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |archive-date= 5 August 2013 }}</ref>}}

Other relatives served in the [[Pakistan Army]], including his nephew Lieutenant-General (r) [[Zaheer-ul-Islam]], who was the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] between 2012 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=General (retd) Zaheerul Islam: The shadow warrior |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153259 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref>

He got his military education at the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]].<ref>''Who's who'', Issue 5,</ref> He was commissioned into the [[14th Punjab Regiment]].

== Military career ==

=== The Second World War and the Indian National Army ===

Khan, who rose to the rank of captain in the Indian Army,<ref name="Tarique">{{citation|last=Tarique|first=Mohammad|title=Modern Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR2oAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA9-PA11}}</ref> was captured by the Japanese after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] in 1942. A prisoner of war in Singapore, he was profoundly influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose's]] speeches asking POWs to join the [[Indian National Army]] and to fight for a free India.<ref name="Bose">''The INA Trial and The Raj'' (2003), Harkirat Singh, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, {{ISBN|9788126903160}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P53UqWnGrOgC&pg=PA26 26]</ref> He later stated:<ref name="Bose"/> {{blockquote|It will not be wrong to say that I was hypnotized by his personality and his speeches. He placed the true picture of India before us and for the first time in my life I saw India, through the eyes of an Indian.}}
Impressed by Bose's patriotic speeches, Nawaz joined the INA in 1943. He was included in the Cabinet of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] formed by Bose. Later, Bose decided to select a regiment consisting of the cream of the INA and send it to action to spearhead the advance into India. Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.<ref name="Tarique"/> In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at [[Mandalay]].

=== Indian National Army trials ===
{{Main article|Indian National Army trials}}
Khan was tried, along with General [[Prem Sahgal]] and Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] and Brigadier Habib ur Rehman of Panjeri (Bhimber) for "waging war against the King Emperor" in a public court martial at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. They were defended by [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Asaf Ali]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Kailash Nath Katju]] and others based on the defence that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government, the Provisional Government of Free India, or the [[Azad Hind Government]], "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country" and as such they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign.<ref>''A Hundred Horizons'', Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136</ref> During the trial, Khan cited the differential treatment meted out to Indian versus British soldiers in the Indian Army. In his testimony, Khan testified that no Indian officers were given the command of a division and only one was allowed to command a Brigade.<ref name=Cohen>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Stephen|title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=36|issue=4|date=Winter 1963|pages=411–429|jstor=2754686|doi=10.2307/2754686}}</ref> Khan was given the death sentence by the court but that sentence was reduced to [[cashiering]] by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref name=green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first= L.C.|title=The Indian National Army Trials|journal=The Modern Law Review|volume=11|issue=4|date=January 1948|pages=47–69|jstor=1090088|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Political career==

=== Association with Mahatma Gandhi ===
After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] espoused by Gandhi and he joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref name="Cohen" /> In 1946, Major General Shah Nawaz Khan accompanied [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] to restore peace and provide succour to the [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali riot]] victims.<ref>Chandra Bhal Tripathi (6 February 2018), [https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/12938/khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan--a-man-of-peace-who-turned-fighters-into-believers-of-non-violence "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A Man of Peace Who Turned Fighters Into Believers of Non-Violence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225192942/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/12938/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan--A-Man-of-Peace-Who-Turned-Fighters-Into-Believers-of-Non-Violence|date=25 February 2021}}, ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</ref>

=== Shahnawaz Committee ===
{{Main article|Shah Nawaz Committee}}

In 1956, the government constituted a committee to look into the circumstances around [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s death with Khan as the head. The committee included Bose's elder brother Suresh Chandra Bose. The committee began its work in April 1956 and concluded four months later when two out of the three members (excluding Suresh Chandra Bose) concluded that Bose had died in the airplane crash at [[Taihoku]] (Japanese for Taipei) in [[Formosa]] (now Taiwan), on 18 August 1945. They stated that his ashes were kept in Japan's [[Renkoji Temple]] and should be relocated to India.

=== Electoral politics ===
Having successfully contested the first Lok Sabha in 1952 from Meerut, Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career becoming:

* The [[Parliamentary Secretary]] and Deputy Minister of Railway and Transport for 11 years (1952–1956) & (1957–1964 (second term))
* Minister of Food & Agriculture (1965)
* Minister of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation (1966)
* Minister of Steel & Mines and Minister of Petroleum & Chemical Industries (1971–1973)
* Minister of Agriculture & Irrigation (1974–1975)
* Minister of Agriculture & Irrigation (1975–1977)
* Chairman of National Seeds Corporation Ltd.
* Chairman, [[Food Corporation of India]].
He was elected four times to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut constituency]] in 1951, 1957, 1962 and 1971. He lost in the 1967 and 1977 Lok Sabha election from Meerut. Though his entire family remained in Pakistan, he chose to live in India, along with one of his sons. During the 1965 war, his son Mahmud was a Pakistan Army Officer and the opposition demanded he be removed from the government. But [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], as Prime Minister, refused to accede and reminded them of his selfless service to India as an Officer of the [[Indian National Army|INA]].

Khan's political views were leftist, supporting land reforms and public distribution. But his support for permanent separate personal laws for religious communities led to his defeat in the 1967 elections against [[Jan Sangh]]. In 1969, the [[Indian National Congress]] split, leading him to side with [[Indira Gandhi]]. The 1971 "Gareebi Hatao" campaign brought him again as MP from Meerut. In 1977, the [[Janata Party]] led to his defeat and ended his career in Parliament.

== Last years and death ==
He remained as head of Congress Sewa Dal until his death in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=The Untold Story of a Forgotten INA Hero & His Connection to Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/212739/ina-hero-shahnawaz-khan-shah-rukh-khan-forgotten-army-amazon-prime-india-gop94/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was buried in a garden near to the [[Red Fort]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] with full state honours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Delhiwale: Hero's Grave |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhiwale-hero-s-grave-101612319593225.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
''Shah Nawaz Khan'' is a 1987 Indian [[Documentary film|short documentary film]] directed by J. S. Bandekar and produced by the [[Films Division of India]]. It covers his life and contributions to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SHAH NAWAZ KHAN {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/shah-nawaz-khan|access-date=12 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref>

In the 2005 movie ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'', Khan was portrayed by actor [[Sonu Sood]]. In the 2017 film ''[[Raagdesh]]'' on the [[Red Fort Trials]], he is portrayed by actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]].

He also contributed in the development of ''Subhas Chandra'', a 1966 Indian [[Biographical film|biographical drama film]] on the life of Subhas Chandra Bose.<ref>{{Citation|title=Subhas Chandra {{!}} Eros Now|url=https://erosnow.com/movie/watch/1057812/subhas-chandra|language=en|access-date=12 June 2021}}.</ref>

== Book ==
*''My Memories of I.N.A. and Its Netaji'', Other Press, 2019, 320 p.

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|id=9565159}}
{{Indian National Army}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shah Nawaz}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi District]]
[[Category:Shah Rukh Khan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

Roorkee railway station

2026-02-05T04:45:46Z

TawannaIbarra: basic fix references based on references further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Railway Station in Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Roorkee
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Roorkee railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Roorkee Junction Railway Station
| address = Railway Road, [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.8523|77.8751|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|268.000|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| line = Moradabad Ambala Line Deoband Roorkee Line Laksar Bypass line Saharanpur Bypass line
| platform = 5
| tracks = 8
| other =
| accessible = Yes
| bicycle =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RK
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1862
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Uttarakhand#India
| services = 
}}

'''Roorkee railway station''' is a junction railway station in [[Haridwar district]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. Its code is '''RK'''. It serves [[Roorkee]] city. The station consists of five platforms. Roorkee is one of the largest railway stations in Uttarakhand. It is located in Moradabad Ambala Railway Line other lines are Deoband Roorkee Line, Laksar Bypass line and Saharanpur Bypass line also called as Direct line to Tapri Junction. It is also the third largest Junction station in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Governme |title=Deoband-Roorkee Railway Line Project |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191446/https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Governme |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptinews.com/maintenance.htm?aspxerrorpath=%2Fnews%2Ffullnews.aspx |title=Rail research centre to come up at IIT-Roorkee |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929024147/http://www.ptinews.com/maintenance.htm?aspxerrorpath=%2Fnews%2Ffullnews.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/14-stations-will-be-soon-on-hapur-deluxe-toilet Deluxe toilets will soon be made at 14 stations including Hapur]</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2019}}<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/ambala-12062507.html New train to run on Chandigarh-Ramnagar track]</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2019}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
Roorkee railway station - Station board.jpg|Roorkee railway station
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|543}}

{{Railway stations in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Roorkee]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Haridwar district]]

{{Uttarakhand-railstation-stub}}

Mahal family

2026-01-31T07:30:23Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating Basic Details From Scratch.

{{short description|Family of three that claimed to be descendants of the Oudh State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{About|the self-proclaimed royal family|the Royal House of Oudh|Nawab of Awadh#List of rulers}}

[[File:Mahal family.webp|thumb|right|Polaroids of Wilayat, son Cyrus and daughter Sakina]]
The '''Mahal family''' is a family that was headed by the matriarch Begum Wilayat Mahal who claimed to be descended from the rulers of the [[Oudh State]] in the 1970s; they thus proclaimed themselves as the ''royal family of Oudh''.<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024">{{cite web |last1=Broekstra |first1=Leonie |last2=Berry |first2=Ellen |title=The Residents of Malcha Mahal, Delhi |url=http://www.enterpix.in/editorials/personal-paradigms/the-residents-of-malcha-mahal-delhi/ |publisher=Pix |access-date=27 February 2024 |date=2024|quote=Wilayat Malik and Inayatullah Butt were of Kashmiri origin, and grew up in the walled city of Lahore. Wilayat was Inayatullah’s second wife. She was very young, still in her teens, when they married. She moved with him to Lucknow, where he occupied a prestigious position, as assistant registrar of Lucknow University. He was later promoted to the post of registrar, apparently the first Muslim ever to occupy that post. I believe she bore him five sons – Zahid, Khalid, Shahid, Tariq, and Mickey (I think his legal name was Asif) – and a daughter, Farhad, known as Baby.}}</ref> Members of the family who moved to [[Delhi]] lived in [[Malcha Mahal]], a hunting lodge that dates back to the 14th century.<ref name="SGBicycleMeat14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/the-prince-takes-his-bicycle-to-buy-meat-for-his-dogs|title=The prince takes his bicycle to buy meat for his dogs|first=Abhimanyu|last=Singh|date=13 December 2014|website=The Sunday Guardian|access-date=6 July 2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111182221/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/the-prince-takes-his-bicycle-to-buy-meat-for-his-dogs}}</ref><ref name="HinduIsolation05">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-isolation-at-malcha-mahal/article28171609.ece|title=Heritage : In isolation at Malcha Mahal|first=R.V.|last=Smith|date=20 June 2005|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050628074740/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/20/stories/2005062000740200.htm|archive-date=28 June 2005|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Smith2019">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=R.V. |title=The story of Malcha Mahal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-story-of-malcha-mahal/article29766170.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2019 |access-date=27 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |quote=When Begum Wilayat Mahal got tired, she went and sat down in the VIP lounge of the ceremonial platform, where she and two of her four children, Sakina Mahal and Raza Mahal, had made their home.}}</ref> The family's claim was disputed by many others,<ref name="ToIPauper17">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/this-prince-died-a-pauper/articleshow/61537207.cms|title=Lonely in life, this Avadh 'prince' died a pauper|last=Shekhar|first=Raj|date=7 November 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2019|url-access=registration}}</ref> and on 22 November 2019, journalist [[Ellen Barry (journalist)|Ellen Barry]] published an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' claiming that the family had no royal connection and was in fact descended from the former Registrar of the [[University of Lucknow]], Inayatullah Butt.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/world/asia/the-jungle-prince-of-delhi.html|title=The Jungle Prince of Delhi|first=Ellen|last=Barry|author-link=Ellen Barry (journalist)|date=22 November 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 November 2019|issn=0362-4331|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{efn|The family name was probably 'Bhat', as recounted by Jawaharlal Nehru while describing Wilayat as "a Kashmiri woman by the name of Bhat who did a lot of mischief," in reference to her political activism in Pakistan.<ref name="NYTUnravels20" />}}

== Background ==
{{Main|Oudh State}}
The Oudh State was a [[princely state]], with a population of around five million people,<ref name="LATDepotPrincess85">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-30-mn-68-story.html|title=India's Depot Princess Finally Gets Her Palace|last=Miles|first=James|date=30 June 1985|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=6 July 2024|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> in the [[Awadh]] region of [[North India]] until annexation by the British in 1856.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF2Fz_OuHH0C|title=Marxism and Social Movements|date=20 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25143-4|page=304|editor-first1=Colin|editor-last1=Barker|editor-first2=Laurence|editor-last2=Cox|editor-first3=John|editor-last3=Krinsky|editor-first4=Alf Gunvald|editor-last4=Nilsen}}</ref> The British seized the throne from the [[Nawab of Awadh|Royal House of Oudh]], removing [[Birjis Qadr|Nawab Ramzan Ali]] and forcing him to spend the rest of his life in Nepal in exile. He died in 1893, of poisoning.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcHQd-M5NsQC|title=The Great Uprising in India, 1857-58: Untold Stories, Indian and British|last=Llewellyn-Jones|first=Rosie|year=2007|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84383-304-8|page=194}}</ref><ref name="NYTPrincessRail81">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/world/riches-gone-india-princess-reigns-in-rail-station.html|title=Riches Gone, India Princess Reigns in Rail Station|last=Kaufman|first=Michael T.|date=9 September 1981|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 November 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1981, ''The New York Times'' wrote that the British "never justified their seizure of Oudh legally."<ref name="NYTPrincessRail81" />

There exist legitimate descendants of the [[Wazid Ali Shah]], who have always maintained that this family's claim is bogus.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Zeeshan |last=Javed |date=13 November 2017 |title=Descendant of Wajid Ali Shah challenges lineage claim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/descendant-of-wajid-ali-shah-challenges-lineage-claim/articleshow/61632380.cms |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The son of Wajid Ali Shah was [[Birjis Qadr]], who had married Mehtab Ara, a granddaughter of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], and had two sons Khurshid Qadr and Meher Quder. Meher Quder's three sons are Anjum Quder of Calcutta,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another time, another palace|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/another-time-another-palace/cid/1264439|first=Soumitra|last=Das|date=19 March 2004|access-date=11 July 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref> [[Kaukab Quder Meerza|Kaukub Quder]] of Aligarh<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Sumana|date=27 February 2015|title='Dastarkhwan' revisited|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/q2CiWn0Zb7gdyCPWdEVbBI/Dastarkhwan-revisited.html|access-date=11 July 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref> and Nayyer Quder, a barrister in London. Anjum Quder had protested the claim of Wilayat Mahal in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/hoax.htm |title=Vilayat Mahal's claims challenged |work=The Indian Express |date=26 July 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Yusra |last=Husain |date=28 November 2019 |title=They're not royals, we told world long ago: Manzilat |location=Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/theyre-not-royals-we-told-world-long-ago-manzilat/articleshow/72267927.cms|access-date=11 July 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Claim ==
In an interview in 1985, Begum Wilayat Mahal told the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' that Zamrud Mahal, her grandmother, had been a direct descendant of Wazid Ali Shah. Zamrud reportedly appeared before [[Edward VIII]] when he visited Delhi in 1911 and informed him that she refused to accept a [[stipend]] from the British, which had been offered in return for their inheritance. Wilayat went on to state that in 1947, the first prime minister of an independent India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], granted the family an ancestral palace in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]]. The family moved from Nepal and lived in the palace until it burned down in 1971.<ref name="ChicagoTribuneNoKingdome85">{{Cite web|last=Broder|first=Jonathan|date=27 May 1985|title=Queen With No Kingdom|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-30-mn-68-story.html|access-date=6 July 2024|website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

== History ==
During the colonial period in India, Wilayat Malik became the second wife of Inayatullah Bhat, with both Inayatullah Bhat and Wilayat Malik being of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] origin.<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> The young couple moved from [[Lahore]] to [[Lucknow]], where Inayatullah Bhat worked as the assistant registrar at the [[University of Lucknow]], later being promoted to the [[Registrar (education)|registrar]].<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> The Mahal family was headed by the matriarch Begum Wilayat Mahal, who had five children, including Zahid, Khalid, Shahid, Tariq (Assad), Mickey (Ali "Cyrus" Raza), and Farhad (Sakina).<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/><ref name="BarryRaj2020">{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |title=Mystery of the Royal Family of Oudh Unravels a Bit More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/jungle-prince-of-delhi.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2024 |language=English |date=23 January 2020 |quote=Her son, Prince Cyrus, was actually Mickey Butt; her daughter, Princess Sakina, was Farhad Butt.}}</ref> During the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Mahal family migrated to the newly formed state of Pakistan, where Inayatullah Bhat received the offer to become the Secretary of Pakistan Aviation, Ltd. in [[Karachi]].<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> After his death in 1951, Wilayat Malik found herself increasingly at odds with the position of the [[Government of Pakistan]] on the issue of the [[Kashmir conflict]].<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> In 1962, Wilayat Malik returned by ship, along with four of her children, to independent India and settled in [[Srinagar]].<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> Shahid would return to Pakistan.<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Wilayat Malik started to refer to herself as the Begum of Oudh.<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/> While Tariq stayed there, Wilayat Malik and two of her children set forth towards to [[Lucknow]], and then to [[Delhi]], referring to themselves as Begum Wilayat, Prince Ali Raza, and Princess Sakina.<ref name="BroekstraBerry2024"/>

=== New Delhi railway station ===
Some time in the early 1970s, Begum Wilayat Mahal, Ali "Cyrus" Raza and Sakina arrived in [[Lucknow]], the capital of the Oudh State, and demanded to be compensated with the royal estates and moved into the [[Lucknow]] railway station to protest their treatment. They later relocated to a railway station in [[New Delhi]],<ref name="NYTUnravels20">{{Cite web|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Barry (journalist)|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|date=23 January 2020|title=Mystery of the Royal Family of Oudh Unravels a Bit More|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/jungle-prince-of-delhi.html|access-date=6 July 2024|issn=0362-4331|url-access=registration}}</ref> with a [[retinue]] of 13 dogs and 7 servants.<ref name="NYTImitatesPoe98">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/20/world/new-delhi-journal-bats-in-a-dreary-lodge-where-life-imitates-poe.html|title=New Delhi Journal; Bats in a Dreary Lodge Where Life Imitates Poe|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=20 November 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 November 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The family alleged that their palace in Kashmir had been burned down by the government. They lived on a [[railroad platform]] for close to ten years, originally in the first class waiting room (reportedly built for [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], the last [[Governor-General of India]]),<ref name="ChicagoTribuneNoKingdome85" /> and then in a [[portico]].<ref name="WPPauper86">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/08/10/the-princess-as-pauper/bf7df3c2-a3a3-4493-98b9-e3a4bd98de99/|title=The Princess as Pauper|last=Bumiller|first=Elisabeth|date=10 August 1986|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=23 November 2019|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

The family would spend their time praying or writing letters to different authorities.<ref name="NYTPrincessRail81" /> While there, they had decorated their tiny living quarters to resemble royalty, complete with [[Persian carpet]]s and portraits on the walls. Their meals would be served to them by their servants on [[bone china]] and in silver tea sets.<ref name="PeopleWaitingRoom81">{{Cite magazine |title=Heir to a Long-Vanished Throne, the Proud Begum of Oudh Is India's Lady-in-Waiting-Room |url=https://people.com/archive/heir-to-a-long-vanished-throne-the-proud-begum-of-oudh-is-indias-lady-in-waiting-room-vol-16-no-22/ |last=McCall |first=Cheryl |date=30 November 1981 |access-date=6 July 2024 |magazine=People |volume=16 |issue=22 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717100302/https://people.com/archive/heir-to-a-long-vanished-throne-the-proud-begum-of-oudh-is-indias-lady-in-waiting-room-vol-16-no-22/ }}</ref> The family of Awadh had been a powerful figure among the [[Shiite]] [[Muslims]] of Lucknow and Wilayat and her children thus received many pilgrims and the support of the community.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" /> The three Quder brothers, the legitimate descendants of the Oudh State, also met Wilayat to verify her claims during this period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banka|first=Neha|date=4 January 2020|title=The Real Prince of Awadh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-real-prince-of-awadh-6179168/|access-date=23 July 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The family wrote multiple letters to authorities, including [[Indira Gandhi]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], and [[Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref name="PeopleWaitingRoom81" /> Raza reportedly delivered a letter to the Queen himself after travelling to [[London]] in 1980.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Auerbach|first=Stuart|date=9 August 1981|title=Stubborn Queen Holds Court In New Delhi Railroad Station|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/08/09/stubborn-queen-holds-court-in-new-delhi-railroad-station/1e55d761-f597-4e4e-9c6f-923cead9306e/|access-date=6 July 2024|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Their protest attracted international media attention,<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" /> and the family was offered a modern residence in 1976. They refused.<ref name="NYTPrincessRail81" /> In 1984, Indira Gandhi visited the family at the train station and ordered the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] to look for a suitable place for them to live in. Following this, the government offered [[Malcha Mahal]] to the family in 1985.<ref name="LATDepotPrincess85" />

=== Malcha Mahal ===
The family moved into Malcha Mahal and continued to air grievances against the Indian government. Begum Wilayat Mahal died by suicide in October 1993, consuming the "drink of silence", a mixture of toxic powders reportedly containing the crushed family pearls and diamonds. Following her death, her children unsuccessfully [[embalmed]] the body themselves, and cremated it a year later. The family struggled financially, selling many of their possessions.<ref name="NYTImitatesPoe98" /> The family then continued to live in the palace, speaking to reporters every few years.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" /> A photo of another of Wilayat's sons was in the palace; the family stated that he had died of "sadness" during their stay at the railway station.<ref name="WPPauper86" /> In 2004, Sakina Mahal told the ''[[Associated Press]]'' that "We have been left in darkness. We are hemmed in by affliction."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20040606/india06/indias-impoverished-royals-reign-in-shadows|title=India's impoverished royals reign in shadows |work=The Seattle Times |first=Tim |last=Sullivan |date=6 June 2004 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=24 November 2019 }}</ref> Sakina died around 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-lonely-death-of-ali-raza-a-prince-who-died-a-pauper/the-prince-who-died-a-pauper/slideshow/61542892.cms|title=The lonely death of Ali Raza, a prince who died a pauper - A life of isolation|website=The Economic Times|date=7 November 2017|access-date=6 July 2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231815/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-lonely-death-of-ali-raza-a-prince-who-died-a-pauper/the-prince-who-died-a-pauper/slideshow/61542892.cms}}</ref> In 2014, an official from the [[ISRO]] earth station near the palace informed ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'' that the palace had no electricity connection but had recently been provided a water connection by ISRO.<ref name="SGBicycleMeat14" />

Cyrus lived alone in the palace for several years before dying around September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-41861843|title=The lonely death of Delhi's jungle prince|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|date=5 November 2017|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> His body was found on 2 September by officials from the ISRO station nearby, after they entered the premises following reports of his absence. He was reported to have suffered from a brief illness. On 5 September, he was buried at the Delhi Gate graveyard on Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, with nobody claiming the body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/descendent-of-awadh-nawab-dies-a-pauper-in-abandoned-14-century-delhi-lodge/story-mkLR1etCcyuaqP55K7obTN.html|title=Reclusive Awadh prince dies a pauper in decrepit 14-century Delhi lodge|first1=Parvez|last1=Sultan|first2=Karn|last2=Pratap Singh|date=7 November 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/the-lonely-life-and-death-of-an-indian-prince-1.674399|title=The lonely life and death of an Indian prince|website=The National|first=Samanth|last=Subramanian|date=9 November 2017|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/prince-ali-raza-royal-family-oudh-malcha-mahal-chanakyapuri-death-begum-wilayat-1081153-2017-11-07|title=Prince Ali Raza, last descendent of Oudh's royal family, dies a lonely death|date=7 November 2017|website=India Today|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref> The grave remained unmarked.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Van Syckle|first=Katie|date=2 December 2019|title=Our Correspondent Discusses 'The Jungle Prince of Delhi'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/reader-center/reporter-jungle-prince-of-delhi.html|access-date=18 July 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Successors ===
Shahid Bhat (Shahid Butt), the eldest son of the family, who had earlier moved to England doing his teenage years, financially supported his family in Delhi.<ref name="Iqbal2019">{{cite web |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nosheen |title=Royal claims of India's fake queen exposed as a web of elaborate lies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/indian-fake-queen-oudh-dynasty-delhi-palace-lie |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 February 2024 |date=24 November 2019}}</ref> He died in November 2019 in the city of Bradford, with his wife surviving him.<ref name="Iqbal2019"/>

==''New York Times'' investigation ==
===The Jungle Prince of Delhi===
{{quote box
| width = 250px
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| align = right
| quote = "It was Partition that ruined his mother, set her on the course toward the ruined palace, Shahid had told me. 'We had to start all over again,' he said. In the early 1970s, still empty-handed, increasingly bizarre in her behavior, Wilayat announced to the world that she was the queen of Oudh, demanding the vast properties of a kingdom that no longer existed. An ordinary grievance, unaddressed, had metastasized to become an epic one... The rest of the story you already know. They were so convincing, and so insistent, that for 40 years people believed them."
| author = — Ellen Barry
| source = "The Jungle Prince of Delhi", ''The New York Times'' (22 November 2019)
}}

In November 2019, ''The New York Times'' released an article entitled "The Jungle Prince of Delhi", written by Ellen Barry. In the piece, Barry, the former South Asia Bureau Chief in New Delhi, tells the story of how she became friends with Ali "Cyrus" Raza. He had first allowed her to visit his family home in the spring of 2016. She explained, "Every few years, the family agreed to admit a journalist, always a foreigner, to tell of their grievances against the state." However, "the Oudh family refused, famously, to meet with Indians."<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" />

The friendship between Barry and Cyrus lasted for fifteen months. During this time, Cyrus was evasive about his family, and he talked about his sister as if she was alive. Cyrus would call Barry and admit that his sister had died. He also stated that they should not talk again, although their correspondence was soon resumed. When the time came for her next assignment, Barry left India, and three months later, Cyrus died.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" />

At that point, Barry decided to investigate the origins of the family. She traveled to [[Lucknow]], where the family had lived for a short while in the 1970s. She found that the family's claim was widely rejected by locals of the town. She also tracked down a relative, known as Shahid, in Bradford, England, who had been sending [[Western Union]] payments to the family. He was the older brother of Cyrus, and he revealed that Cyrus' real name was Mickey Butt, while Sakina's real name had been Farhad. Shahid and his wife stated that the family did not have royal lineage. Rather, their father had been Inayatullah Butt, the registrar of [[University of Lucknow]]. The oldest brother, Salahuddin, had been a celebrated hero of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and had died in 2017.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" />

Shahid told Barry how following the [[Partition of India]], their father had moved the family to his hometown, [[Lahore, Pakistan]], which Wilayat did not want to do. Inayatullah was offered a high position in the civil services but soon died. After an incident with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], Wilayat had been institutionalized at a mental hospital and subjected to [[electric shock therapy]], which the surviving relatives living in Lahore confirmed to Barry. Following her release, she took the family to India. Shahid ran away soon after.<ref name="NYTJungleKing19" />

===Further investigation===
Following the publication of the article, many readers sent more leads to ''The New York Times'', which Barry and Suhasini Raj investigated further to unearth more information about the family. They found out that Wilayat and her husband had family roots in [[Kashmir]] and had been active in Kashmiri politics before Partition. Wilayat protested for [[Kashmiri independence]] while in Pakistan and was chosen as the president of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]]. She publicly confronted [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]], then Prime Minister, regarding the issue in 1954, following which she was institutionalized.<ref name="NYTUnravels20" />

Wilayat then wrote multiple petitions to the Government of India demanding citizenship in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the earliest one being in 1962. In 1963, her family was granted citizenship on a year-to-year basis and they began living under the patronage of [[G. M. Sadiq]], a friend of the family from before the Partition. It was while living in Kashmir that she first began telling neighbours that she was a descendant of the Oudh State. Farhad (Princess Sakina) was then known as Marzia, while Raza (Cyrus) was a talented cricketer. Sakina had told neighbours that they had been [[Jews]] who had immigrated from [[Iran]]. Around the time of Sadiq's death in 1971, Wilayat disappeared with Sakina and Cyrus. The older son, Assad, continued living in isolation in the house in Kashmir and his body was found a few years later. The family then turned up in Lucknow demanding the properties of the Nawabs of Oudh and were met by [[Satya Pal Malik]], who attempted to negotiate with them while they were in the Lucknow railway station, before they moved to the New Delhi railway station.<ref name="NYTUnravels20" />

===Reception and legacy===
"The Jungle Prince of Delhi" was nominated for the 2020 [[Pulitzer Prize]]<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 July 2020|title=Mira Nair to adapt New York Times article 'The Jungle Prince of Delhi' in a series|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mira-nair-to-adapt-new-york-times-article-the-jungle-prince-of-delhi-in-a-series/article32039127.ece|access-date=18 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and won the 2019 [[Bertrand Russell]] Prize.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajan|first=Amol|date=30 December 2019|title=The Russell Prize 2019|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50734740|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> Journalist [[Saeed Naqvi]] described how he, like many other Indian journalists, had initially "dismissed Ellen's pursuit as a "foreigner's" quest for the exotic" and lamented the fact that no Indian journalist had investigated the family. He stated that many parts of the story were of "dubious veracity", highlighting that the family surname, Butt, belonged to the [[Sunni]] community of Muslims, and not the [[Shia]], which the Nawabs of Awadh belonged to.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naqvi|first=Saeed|author-link=Saeed Naqvi|date=1 December 2019|title=Royal or Not, Still A Tragedy|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/17938/Royal-or-Not-Still-A-Tragedy|access-date=18 July 2020|website=The Citizen|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718160351/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/17938/Royal-or-Not-Still-A-Tragedy|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2020, Barry announced that [[Mira Nair]] would be adapting "The Jungle Prince of Delhi" as a web series for [[Amazon Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnankutty|first=Pia|date=10 July 2020|title=Mira Nair to adapt New York Times story 'The Jungle Prince of Delhi' into Amazon series|url=https://theprint.in/world/mira-nair-to-adapt-new-york-times-story-the-jungle-prince-of-delhi-into-amazon-series/458158/|access-date=11 July 2020|website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2020|title=Mira Nair to adapt New York Times article The Jungle Prince of Delhi into a series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mira-nair-to-adapt-the-jungle-prince-of-delhi-amazon-series-6498783/|access-date=11 July 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite AV media |date=23 January 1996 |title=India: Feature - India Great Princely Families - Paradise Lost |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1000163 |time=00:00–01:45 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |via=ScreenOcean}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L73ediADrC0 Malcha Mahal ki Kahani]; YouTube

[[Category:Asian royal families]]
[[Category:History of Delhi (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of Awadh]]

Ishaara Nair

2026-01-18T17:41:26Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating some pg w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ishaara Nair
| image =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|05|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = Actress
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2012-present
| spouse = Sahil
| parents =
}}

'''Ishaara Nair''' is an Indian actress who has worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and Telugu film industries.

==Career==
Ishaara Nair made her debut through the drama film, ''[[Venmegam]]'' (2014) and before the film's release, she had secured four more film offers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ishaara-loves-to-play-a-rural-housewife/articleshow/31675220.cms |title=Ishaara loves to play a rural housewife |website=The Times of India |date=2014-03-09 |access-date=2015-12-16}}</ref> Though her debut film went unnoticed, she won critical acclaim for her role as an innocent saleswoman in Vinoth's con-comedy ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ishaara-nair--hot-new-face-in-k-town-imagegallery-kollywood-pdxmzFjieghia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323143928/http://www.sify.com/movies/ishaara-nair--hot-new-face-in-k-town-imagegallery-kollywood-pdxmzFjieghia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2015 |title=Ishaara Nair – Hot new face in K-town |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2015-12-16}}</ref> A critic from Sify.com noted Ishara "suits the character to a T and makes a smashing debut", while she won a nomination for Best Debut Actress at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sathuranga-vettai-review-tamil-pcmbufhibfhcd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315001105/http://www.sify.com/movies/sathuranga-vettai-review-tamil-pcmbufhibfhcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2015 |title=Review : Sathuranga Vettai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2015-12-16}}</ref> She starred in the unreleased film ''Papparapaam''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hindu|first1=The|title=Sasikumaran talks about his debut film Papparapaam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/‘I-have-a-song-that-glorifies-death’/article14504744.ece|access-date=23 July 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hindu|first1=The|title=Man alive|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Man-alive/article14467041.ece|access-date=3 July 2016|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Also she dons the role of a college girl in ''Adhi Medhavigal'' with VJ Suresh and in one of the lead roles in the horror film, ''Selfie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Its-Busy-Time-for-Ishaara/2015/03/12/article2708839.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317003911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Its-Busy-Time-for-Ishaara/2015/03/12/article2708839.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2015 |title=It's Busy Time for Ishaara |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2015-03-12 |access-date=2015-12-16}}</ref> Her next signing was ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]'' (2021), written and directed by Kevin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120717/akhil-romances-four-girls-in-eiin.html|title=Akhil romances four girls in EIIN|date=2017-07-12|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-07-13|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Venmegam]]'' || Raji ||
|-
| ''[[Pappali]]'' || Subbalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Ishaara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

2026-01-07T09:05:05Z

TawannaIbarra:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{update|date=July 2022}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi addressing media (cropped).jpg
| caption = Naqvi in 2017
| imagesize = 175
| office1 = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Minority Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 12 July 2016
| term_end1 = 6 July 2022
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Najma Heptullah]]
| successor1 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| office2 = [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha|Deputy Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 19 July 2021
| term_end2 = 4 July 2022
| leader2 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| predecessor2 = Piyush Goyal
| successor2 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Minority Affairs]]
| minister4 = [[Najma Heptullah]]
| term_start4 = 26 May 2014
| term_end4 = 12 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Ninong Ering]]
| successor4 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister5 = [[M.Venkaiah Naidu]] [[Ananth Kumar]]
| term_start5 = 26 May 2014
| term_end5 = 3 September 2017
| predecessor5 = [[V Narayanasamy]]
| successor5 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 8 July 2016
| term_end6 = 4 July 2022
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| predecessor6 = [[M. J. Akbar]]
| successor6 = [[Aditya Sahu]]
| term_start7 = 5 July 2010
| term_end7 = 4 July 2016
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| term_start8 = 26 November 2002
| term_end8 = 25 November 2008
| constituency8 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1957|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India (present-day Prayagraj)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = Bishop Johnson School Asian Academy of Higher Studies, [[Noida]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaft.com/schoolofmasscommunication/alumni/|title=Alumni - Mass Communication Colleges in Delhi India - AAFT Mass communication - Top Mass Communication College in India - AAFT School of Mass Communication|website=aaft.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215119/http://aaft.com/schoolofmasscommunication/alumni/|archive-date=13 March 2017|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=8639 |title=MUKHTAR ABBAS NAQVI(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Rampur(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |access-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215041/http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=8639 |archive-date=13 March 2017 }}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Seema Naqvi|1983}}
| residence = {{ubl|3, Jajej Road, Civil Lines, [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]}}
| children = 1
| education =
}}

'''Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi''' (born 15 October 1957) is an Indian politician and was the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Union Minister of Minority Affairs]]. He had served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 2002 to 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/mukhtar-abbas-naqvi.html | title=Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history }}</ref> and was Deputy Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha between 2021 and 2022.

Naqvi was a Member of Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] from 2010 to 2016 and from [[Jharkhand]] from 2016 to 2022.

== Early and personal life ==
Naqvi was born to AH Naqvi and Sakina Begum on 15 October 1957 at [[Allahabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="MAN">{{citation |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=1915 |work=[[India.gov.in]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144606/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=1915 |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> He studied [[arts]] and [[mass communication]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mukhtarabbasnaqvi.in/about.aspx|title=Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi|website=mukhtarabbasnaqvi.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062932/http://mukhtarabbasnaqvi.in/about.aspx|archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> Naqvi married Seema Naqvi on 8 June 1983 and they have a son together.<ref name="MAN"/>

== Political career ==
Naqvi was jailed at the age of 17 in 1975 during the period of [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] at the Naini Central Jail in [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]] due to his political activities. As a student leader, he had also participated in the activities of the [[Janata Party]].<ref name="Naqvi">{{citation |title=Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, Muslim face of BJP, stages a comeback |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-09/news/55917828_1_mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-bjp-legislative-assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205072741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-09/news/55917828_1_mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-bjp-legislative-assembly |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 November 2014}}</ref> Naqvi unsuccessfully contested elections for the legislative assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1980 as a candidate of [[Janata Party (Secular)]]. He also contested elections as an independent candidate in [[1980 Indian general election|1980 Lok Sabha elections]] from the [[Ayodhya]] constituency.<ref name="Naqvi"/> He was elected to the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 Lok Sabha]] from [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha]], and subsequently given the post of Minister of State for [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] with additional charge of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (2001-2003) in the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government.<ref name="Naqvi"/>

He was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2016.<ref>{{citation |title=Rajya Sabha polls: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, Mahesh Poddar win in Jharkhand |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajya-sabha-polls-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-mahesh-poddar-jharkhand-bjp-2847742 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612121346/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajya-sabha-polls-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-mahesh-poddar-jharkhand-bjp-2847742/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref>

He became [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]] and Parliamentary Affairs on 26 May 2014 in [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi ministry]].<ref>{{citation |title=Asaduddin Owaisi's help to IS suspects will fuel terror: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/asaduddin-owaisis-help-to-islamic-state-hyderabad-suspects-will-fuel-terror-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-2892184 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707031750/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/asaduddin-owaisis-help-to-islamic-state-hyderabad-suspects-will-fuel-terror-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-2892184/ |archive-date=7 July 2016 }}</ref> After resignation of [[Najma Heptulla]] on 12 July 2016, he got independent charge of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref>{{citation |title=Najma Heptulla, G M Siddeshwara resign from Modi Cabinet |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/najma-heptulla-g-m-siddeshwara-resign-naqvi-becomes-minority-affairs-minister/1/713432.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810172817/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/najma-heptulla-g-m-siddeshwara-resign-naqvi-becomes-minority-affairs-minister/1/713432.html |archive-date=10 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Why Najma Heptulla, G M Siddeswara were forced to quit Modi Cabinet |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/politics/why-najma-heptulla-g-m-siddeswara-were-forced-to-quit-modi-cabinet-116071201174_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=13 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715222609/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/politics/why-najma-heptulla-g-m-siddeswara-were-forced-to-quit-modi-cabinet-116071201174_1.html |archive-date=15 July 2016 |last1=Mohan |first1=Archis |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>

He took oath as cabinet minister in Narendra Modi's cabinet on 30 May 2019 and continued with the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|title=Modi 2.0 Cabinet: Here's complete list of ministers with portfolios {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-modi-20-list-of-nda-leaders-who-have-got-calls-so-far-to-join-council-of-ministers-2755204|access-date=2020-11-21|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Views ==

=== Congress ===
According to Naqvi, a "baseless" campaign had been started by [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] to prevent [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] from joining the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Naqvi has also said that he does not harbour the allegations of Congress that as BJP came to power, there was nobody to cause riots against the minority community.<ref name="Interview">{{cite web|title=Muslims have begun to feel that the campaign unleashed by the Congress against the BJP was totally baseless|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/06inter.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=25 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105121720/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/06inter.htm|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Muslims ===
Naqvi feels that Muslims don't desert other Muslims if they are given important posts in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Interview"/> For the party to increase support amongst the Muslims; he opines that they should feel that they are "equal citizens of this country", and also "understand that the bill on Muslim Personal Law will not take away their right to practise their religion". In addition, the party should also make them aware of the works done by the Vajpayee government.<ref name="Interview"/>

Naqvi has also said that there is "no justification" for the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Q & A: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/21/stories/2004032103091200.htm|date=21 March 2004|access-date=25 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511134530/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/21/stories/2004032103091200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> In November 2015, when actor [[Aamir Khan]] said that he felt of leaving the country, Naqvi defended by saying that he had made the comment "in a hurry or maybe under influence from others".<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir may have been under someone's influence: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-reacts-to-aamir-khans-statement/article7912034.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=25 November 2015|date=24 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511134528/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-reacts-to-aamir-khans-statement/article7912034.ece|archive-date=11 May 2018|last1=Hebbar|first1=Nistula}}</ref>

=== BJP and RSS ===
Naqvi has said that [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] are two "separate entities" and each of them has different views on different issues.<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP minority leader defends party|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/10/21/stories/02210008.htm|access-date=25 November 2015|date=21 October 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511134528/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/10/21/stories/02210008.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> According to him RSS is a nationalist organization and not an "anti-national" one.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu or Muslim, if anyone tries to create atmosphere of fear, the public will reject them: Naqvi|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-the-rss-has-a-negative-agenda-we-have-nothing-to-do-with-it/|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=25 November 2015|date=14 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210195334/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-the-rss-has-a-negative-agenda-we-have-nothing-to-do-with-it/|archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

== Books ==
Naqvi has written three books - Syah (1991), Danga (1998) and Vaisali (2008).<ref name="Naqvi"/>

==See also==
*[[Syed Zafar Islam]]
*[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] |years=1998 – 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Najma Heptulla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of Minority Affairs]] |years=12 July 2016 – 06 July 2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Smriti Irani]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|title=Encyclopedia of Muslim Biography
|volume=4
|chapter=Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi
|editor-first=Nahendra Kr|editor-last=Singh
|year=2001
|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing
|isbn=9788176482349
|page=124
}}
* {{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Varuns-extreme-Hindutva-stand-cost-us-votes/articleshow/4677993.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025242/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-20/india/28212536_1_hindutva-varun-gandhi-hindu-voters
|url-status=live
|archive-date=24 October 2012
|title=Varun's extreme Hindutva stand cost us votes
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=20 June 2009
|agency=TNN
}}
* {{cite news
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/people-slam-politicians-bjp-leader-calls-them-terrorists/79480-3-2.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204071413/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/people-slam-politicians-bjp-leader-calls-them-terrorists/79480-3-2.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 December 2008
|title=People slam politicians; BJP leader calls them terrorists
|work=IBN Live
|date=2 December 2008
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi}}
*[http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampdetail.php?mpcode=1915 Official website]

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naqvi, Mukhtar Abbas}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:People from Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Ministers of minority affairs]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]

2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit

2026-01-06T21:42:03Z

TawannaIbarra: starting the info more to come

{{Short description|10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox summit meeting|summit_name=2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|logo=File:Vibrant Gujarat 2024 Logo.png|logo_size=230px|country= India|image=Mahatma Mandir-Gandhinagar.jpg|caption=[[Mahatma Mandir]] (Summit Venue)|date=10–12 January 2024|venues=[[Mahatma Mandir]]|cities=[[Gandhinagar]]|participants=103,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit {{!}} Vibrant Gujarat 2024 Live updates: 'Tata group's investment in Gujarat fab will be big' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-live-updates-pm-modi-gujarat-visit-global-trade-show-gandhinagar-ahmedabad/liveblog/106682264.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>|follows=[[2019 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|2019]]|precedes=[[2027 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|2027]]|motto={{transliteration|en|ISO|Gateway to the Future}}|website={{URL|https://vibrantgujarat.com/}}|chairperson=[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], [[Government of Gujarat]]|heads_of_state_label=|founder=|keypoints=|logo_alt=2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Logo|other_titles=10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit|compactnav=}}

The '''10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS)''' was held from January 10 to 12, 2024, at [[Mahatma Mandir|Mahatma Mandir Convention and Exhibition Centre]] in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Vibrant Gujarat Summit at Gandhinagar on January 10 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-vibrant-gujarat-summit-at-gandhinagar-on-jan-10/article38085767.ece |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110171748/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-vibrant-gujarat-summit-at-gandhinagar-on-jan-10/article38085767.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit to be held from January 10 to 12 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-to-be-held-from-january-10-to-12-401033-2023-10-06 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110171758/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-to-be-held-from-january-10-to-12-401033-2023-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit, organized by the [[Government of Gujarat]] in partnership with the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and iNDEXTb, focused on the theme "Gateway to the Future," bringing together global leaders, policymakers, and industry experts to discuss and explore opportunities for sustainable development, economic growth, and international cooperation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=Vibrant Gujarat summit to open 'Gateway To The Future' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-open-gateway-to-the-future/articleshow/103824466.cms |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110184006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-open-gateway-to-the-future/articleshow/103824466.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate 10th Vibrant Gujarat Summit on Jan 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/narendra-modi-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-bhupendra-patel-7635436/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174137/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/narendra-modi-10th-vibrant-gujarat-summit-bhupendra-patel-7635436/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The main focus of the Vibrant Gujarat Summit was on [[semiconductor]], [[green hydrogen]], [[Space technology|space technology manufacturing]], [[electric mobility]], [[Sustainable development|sustainable manufacturing]], [[renewable energy]], and [[Industry 4.0]], said CM [[Bhupendra Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashutosh Mishra |date=6 October 2023 |title=Semiconductors, Industry 4.0 to be discussed at Vibrant Gujarat 2024: CM |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/semiconductors-industry-4-0-to-be-discussed-at-vibrant-gujarat-2024-cm-123100601166_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008125002/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/semiconductors-industry-4-0-to-be-discussed-at-vibrant-gujarat-2024-cm-123100601166_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit to focus on green H2, semiconductors, space tech |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-focus-on-green-h2-semiconductors-space-tech-3313412/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085433/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-vibrant-gujarat-summit-to-focus-on-green-h2-semiconductors-space-tech-3313412/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The journey of Vibrant Gujarat summit began in 2003 and was held every two years.<ref name=":0" /> In preparation for the summit, the Gujarat government conducted roadshows across India and the globe to promote the state's investment potential and attract global investors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title=Focus to be on Europe, Africa, Middle East |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/focus-to-be-on-europe-africa-middle-east/articleshow/104002464.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007145718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/focus-to-be-on-europe-africa-middle-east/articleshow/104002464.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> These summits were held in major cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Lucknow]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Chandigarh]], as well as in international cities like New Jersey, Dubai, [[Singapore]], [[Tokyo]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Milan]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Paris]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]], and [[Seoul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=Vibrant Gujarat: Govt to hold roadshows in Middle East, Europe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/vibrant-gujarat-govt-roadshows-middle-east-europe-7636100/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122214446/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/vibrant-gujarat-govt-roadshows-middle-east-europe-7636100/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of right now, the state government reported that 28 nations and 14 organizations have confirmed to be partners in the summit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=28 countries, 14 organisations confirmed as partners so far for Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024: Govt |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/28-countries-14-organisations-confirmed-as-partners-so-far-for-vibrant-guj-global-summit-2024-govt/articleshow/106407138.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> MoUs for 41,299 projects, with investment worth ₹26.33 lakh crore were signed during the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Vibrant Summit ends with staggering 26.33 lakh crore investment pledges: Gujarat Government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vibrant-summit-ends-with-staggering-2633-lakh-crore-investment-pledges-gujarat-government/article67735793.ece |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Vibrant Gujarat}}
The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit, often referred to as the Vibrant Gujarat Summit, is a biennial global [[business event]] that is held in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister inaugurates the 'Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant Ahmedabad' initiative |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/chief-minister-inaugurates-the-vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-ahmedabad-initiative/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=CMO Gujarat |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085334/https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/chief-minister-inaugurates-the-vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-ahmedabad-initiative/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MZfAwAAQBAJ&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&pg=PT42 |title=Centrestage: Inside the Narendra Modi model of governance |date=2014-05-02 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-612-4 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085330/https://books.google.com/books?id=5MZfAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT42&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&hl=en#v=onepage&q=vibrant%20gujarat%20summit%20event&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> This biennial summit is known for its significance in fostering [[economic growth]], [[trade]], and [[investment]] opportunities in the region. It provides a platform for key stakeholders, including government officials, business leaders, [[investor]]s, and experts, to come together and discuss various aspects of economic development and collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Vibrant Gujarat summit helped development reach all sections of society: CM Bhupendra Patel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-development-sections-of-society-cm-bhupendra-patel-8958579/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005223749/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-development-sections-of-society-cm-bhupendra-patel-8958579/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=From 100 participants in 2003, rise and rise of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-100-participants-in-2003-rise-and-rise-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-101695884500482.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014100750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-100-participants-in-2003-rise-and-rise-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-101695884500482.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit was first launched in 2003, and over the years, it has evolved into one of Gujarat's most important economic forums.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |first=Asit K |last=Biswas |date=12 March 2015 |title=Vibrant Gujarat shows the way for India. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273491034 |journal=[[The Business Times (Singapore)]] |pages=1 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> It is organized by the [[Government of Gujarat]] and supported by various industry associations, both at the national and international levels.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nanavati |first1=Arti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJaMAwAAQBAJ&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&pg=PA204 |title=India-Canada Trade and FDI Bilateral Flows: Performance, Prospects and Proactive Strategies |last2=Ahmed |first2=Sarah |date=2013-02-25 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-818-0 |pages=204 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJaMAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA204&dq=vibrant+gujarat+summit+event&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit's primary objective is to promote Gujarat as an attractive investment destination and to facilitate partnerships and collaborations across different sectors.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0XAGwAACAAJ |title=Gujarat: The Growth Engine of India, Success Stories from Industries |date=2005 |publisher=iNDEXTb |language=en |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119125357/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0XAGwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The primary objective of the summit is to create a platform where [[BusinessMan|business leaders]], policymakers, and [[investor]]s to explore opportunities for investment, collaboration, and partnership in various sectors of the economy. The event is structured to facilitate discussions, negotiations, and agreements in sectors such as energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, information technology, agriculture, healthcare, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit has evolved into an institution, says PM Modi |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-has-evolved-into-an-institution-says-pm-modi-11440311.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002042749/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-has-evolved-into-an-institution-says-pm-modi-11440311.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Vibrant Summit series, thousands of [[Memorandum of understanding|MOUs]] were signed and billions of dollars were spent in Gujarat (2003–76 MOUs worth US$14 billions, 2005–226 MOUs worth US$20 billions, 2007–675 MOUs worth US$152 billions, 2009–8662 MOUs worth US$243 billions, 2011–7936 MOUs worth US$462 billions).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-06 |title=How vibrant is the Gujarat growth story? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/vibrant-gujarat-summit-discordant-notes-38673-2013-02-06 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004012606/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/vibrant-gujarat-summit-discordant-notes-38673-2013-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2023 Startup Conclave===
{{Infobox summit meeting|summit_name=2023 Startup Conclave

|venues=Helipad Exhibition Centre|cities=[[Gandhinagar]]|country=India|motto=Innovative {{!}} Elevate {{!}} Accelerate|chairperson=|website={{URL|https://startupconclave2023.com/}}|date=7 December 2023|participants=[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]|logo=2023 Startup Conclave Logo.png|logo_alt=logo}}

The '''Startup Conclave 2023''' was held in [[Gandhinagar]] on 7 December 2023 in the build-up to the 2024 Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit. It aimed to highlight India's rapidly evolving startup ecosystem and foster innovation and collaboration within the country. Presently, India is home to over 108 [[unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]s, with a combined estimated worth of US$340.80 billion. Of these, 44 unicorns with a valuation of roughly US$93 billion were identified in 2021. [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Gujarat Chief Minister]] Bhupendra Patel, along with Union Ministers [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] and Rajeev Chandrasekhar, attended the roundtable as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Startup conclave to be organised in Gandhinagar on December 7 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/startup-conclave-to-be-organised-in-gandhinagar-on-december-7/articleshow/105733405.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205124710/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/startup-conclave-to-be-organised-in-gandhinagar-on-december-7/articleshow/105733405.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was organized by the state education department in collaboration with the Department of promotion of industry and internal trade (DPIIT), with the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) serving as the knowledge partner, according to state government sources. The event was attended by established startup founders, investors, venture capitalists, industry experts, and innovators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title=Startup conclave to be held in G'nagar on Dec 7 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/startup-conclave-to-be-held-in-gnagar-on-dec-7/articleshow/103263493.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005045123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/startup-conclave-to-be-held-in-gnagar-on-dec-7/articleshow/103263493.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Representatives from unicorn startups, venture capitalists from around the country, and state businesspeople attended the summit, according to the minister. Additionally, [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], Minister of State for Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, Electronics, and Information Technology, and Union Education Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] also attended a roundtable meeting on December 6 in Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar to participate at the Pre-Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2024 events tomorrow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1983267 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207084510/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1983267 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rushikesh Patel]] stated, "To provide a more flexible and conducive environment for startups, the roundtable meeting and startup conclave aimed to focus on regulatory reforms, tax incentives, and enhancing the startup ecosystem in terms of compliance." A study of Gujarat's and India's private equity and venture capital investment landscapes will also be covered in the conversation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=In run up to Vibrant Gujarat Summit, Gandhinagar set to host startup conclave |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-gandhinagar-startup-conclave-9054881/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206094229/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-summit-gandhinagar-startup-conclave-9054881/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== VGVD ==
Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District (VGVD) is an initiative undertaken by the [[Government of Gujarat]] to promote economic development and investment across all 33 districts of the state. The program was launched in 2023 as a precursor to the 10th edition of the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit (VGGS), scheduled for January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District programme begins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-programme-begins/articleshow/104096938.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118162251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-programme-begins/articleshow/104096938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the key aspects of the VGVD program is the promotion of the [[One District One Product|"One District-One Product]]" (ODOP) initiative. This initiative aims to identify and nurture a flagship product or industry in each district, leveraging its unique strengths and competitive advantages to boost local economies. ODOP products range from traditional [[handicraft]]s to innovative technologies, reflecting the diverse economic landscape of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=economypost |date=2023-11-06 |title=Gujarat replicates ODOP scheme of UP |url=http://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/gujarat-replicates-odop-scheme-of-up/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=(Xclusiv News) |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118162236/http://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/gujarat-replicates-odop-scheme-of-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These exhibitions highlighted items from the 'One District-One Product' (ODOP) project, increasing their visibility. Startups, local MSMEs, self-help organizations, FPOs, women entrepreneurs, [[khadi]] and village industries, cottage industries, and PM Vishwakarma Yojana beneficiaries all took part. Under the Credit Linkage Program, loan fairs were held during the events, and recipients received checks for approved loans. As part of the 'Vocal for Local' campaign, 996 stalls were put up in the exhibitions to promote and spread local goods. The Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District initiative organized seminars and workshops on a range of subjects, as well as B2B, B2C, and B2G interactions with traders and businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Vibrant District Programme Concludes In Gujarat With MoUs Worth Rs 45000 Cr |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Vibrant-Gujarat-Vibrant-District-Programme-Concludes-In-Gujarat-With-MoUs-Worth-Rs-45000-Cr-/11-11-2023-498464 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116222518/https://www.businessworld.in/article/Vibrant-Gujarat-Vibrant-District-Programme-Concludes-In-Gujarat-With-MoUs-Worth-Rs-45000-Cr-/11-11-2023-498464/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Vibrant Gujarat-Vibrant District (VGVD) program took place in all 32 districts of Gujarat from October 2 to October 31, 2023, falling between [[Gandhi Jayanti]] and [[Sardar Patel Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-program-kick-starts-across-state/81864932.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085407/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/vibrant-gujarat-vibrant-district-program-kick-starts-across-state/81864932.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was done in preparation for the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit in 2024. In all, 2,614 Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs) showing prospective investments above Rs 45,000 crores were inked, according to the official announcement from the state government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-11 |title=2,614 MoUs for ₹45k cr signed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2614-mous-for-45k-cr-signed/articleshow/105137909.cms |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118001317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2614-mous-for-45k-cr-signed/articleshow/105137909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== MoUs ==

* Pre-Summit MoUs: Gujarat had signed MoUs for proposed investments totaling ₹7,12,250 crores. These agreements estimated the creation of 3,70,165 direct and indirect employment opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=58 MoUs Were Signed With Investment Totalling ₹7.17 Lakh Crore For VGGS 2024 , In The Presence Of CM Shri Bhupendra Patel {{!}} CMO Gujarat |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/58-mous-were-signed-investment-totalling-rs-717-lakh-crore-vggs-2024-presence-cm-shri |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=cmogujarat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=MoUs worth ₹7.17L cr signed on Wednesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mous-worth-717l-cr-signed-ahead-of-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit/articleshow/106529407.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Summit MoUs: During the 10th edition of the Vibrant Summit, Gujarat signed the total investment commitment to more than ₹45 lakh crore across 98,540 projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=MoUs for investment worth ₹26.33 lakh crore signed at Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024: CM Patel - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/mous-for-investment-worth-rs-26-33-lakh-crore-signed-at-vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-cm-patel/106799613 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

KP Group and the [[Government of Gujarat]] signed an MoU to install 2.6+ GW of Solar, Wind & Hybrid power plants, as well as a green hydrogen plant in Gujarat. The estimated investment of 17,690 crore rupees and the creation of an estimated 13,750 jobs in Gujarat are anticipated by the year 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KP Group striding new heights in Renewable Energy |url=https://www.renewablemirror.com/news/kp-group-striding-new-heights-in-renewable-energy |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Renewable Mirror}}</ref>

== Participants ==
About 1.3 lakh participants from 140 countries have registered for the 10th edition of Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-10 |title=1.3 lakh participants from 140 countries registered for Vibrant Gujarat: State government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1-3-lakh-participants-from-140-countries-registered-for-vibrant-gujarat-state-government/articleshow/106704752.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2 January 2023 |title=Around 100 countries to take part in Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit: GIDC MD Rahul Gupta |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/around-100-countries-to-take-part-in-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit-gidc-md-rahul-gupta20240102220605/ |website=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> 200 Russian government representatives and entrepreneurs will take part in Vibrant Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2024-01-03 |title=Russia to send 200 officials and entrepreneurs to Vibrant Gujarat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/russia-to-send-200-officials-and-entrepreneurs-to-vibrant-gujarat/articleshow/106494455.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Participating leaders===
<gallery class="center" widths="90" perrow="5">
File:Official Photograph of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Portrait.png|alt=India, Narendra Modi, Prime Minister (Host)|'''{{IND}}''' [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]
File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.jpg|alt=United Arab Emirates Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates|{{UAE}} [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], [[President of the United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE President Nahyan, Mozambique President Nyusi to visit India for Vibrant Gujarat Summit |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/uae-president-nahyan-mozambique-president-nyusi-to-visit-india-for-vibrant-gujarat-summit-674832 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=WION |date=29 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>
File:Filipe Nyusi - 2019 (cropped).jpg|{{flag|Mozambique}} [[Filipe Nyusi]], [[President of Mozambique]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Global Leaders Convene: Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024 Gears Up for Economic Advancements |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-global-leaders-convene-vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-gears-up-for-economic-advancements-3351566/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>|alt=Mozambique Filipe Nyusi, President of Mozambique
File:Petr Fiala (51940875566).jpg| {{flag|Czech Republic}} [[Petr Fiala]], [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Mahesh Langa & Kallol |date=2024-01-03 |title=Czech PM to be chief guest at Vibrant Gujarat summit |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/czech-pm-to-be-chief-guest-at-vibrant-gujarat-summit/article67702807.ece |access-date=2024-01-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|alt=Czech Republic Petr Fiala, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
File:Portrait of Jose Ramos-Horta.jpg| {{flag|East Timor}} [[José Ramos-Horta]], [[President of East Timor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-01-03 |title=Czech Republic PM likely to be Guest of Honor at 10th Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/01/03/czech-republic-pm-likely-to-be-guest-of-honor-at-10th-vibrant-gujarat-global-summit/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>|alt=East Timor José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor
</gallery>

== Speakers ==

* Vumlunmang Vualnam, the Secretary of the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] for the [[Government of India]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024 Seminar To Discuss Aircraft, Aviation Manufacturing Prospects in Gujarat |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Vibrant-Gujarat-Summit-2024-Seminar-To-Discuss-Aircraft-Aviation-Manufacturing-Prospects-in-Gujarat/29-12-2023-503968 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kanika Tekriwal]], the Founder & CEO of JetsetGo <ref name=":1" />
* Venkat Katkuri, Head of [[Airbus]] Defense and Space (India and South Asia) <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Seminar at Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024 to explore aircraft and aviation manufacturing opportunities in Gujarat |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/seminar-at-vibrant-gujarat-summit-2024-to-explore-aircraft-and-aviation-manufacturing-opportunities-in-gujarat20231228142413/}}</ref>
* K. Rajaraman, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], Chairman [[International Financial Services Centres Authority]]<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Business
}}
* [[Economy of Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|2024 Vibrant Gujarat}}
* {{Official website|https://www.vibrantgujarat.com/}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231203043407/https://startupconclave2023.com/ 2023 Startup Conclave]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit, 2024}}
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Business conferences in India]]
[[Category:Investment in India]]
[[Category:Business conferences]]
[[Category:2024 conferences]]
[[Category:January 2024 in India]]

Har Har Gange (2023 film)

2026-01-06T10:27:42Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating a stub more to come...

{{Short description|2023 Bhojpuri-language action film}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Har Har Gange
| image = Har Har Gange (2023).jpeg
| director = Chandan Kanhaiya Upadhyay
| story = Chandan Kanhaiya Upadhyay, Rajesh Pandey
| writer = Pyare Lal Yadav (Kavi JI), Shashi Bawla, Rakesh Nirala, Vinay Nirmal, Raushan Singh Viswash
| producer = Abhay Singh A K Pandey Y R Verma
| starring = [[Pawan Singh|Power Star Pawan Singh]] [[Smrity Sinha]] Arvind Akela Kallu [[Amit Tiwari]] Anuradha Singh
| cinematography = Mahesh Venkat
| editing = Vikash Pawar, Gurjent Singh
| music = Chhote Baba "Basahi" Om Jha Madhukar Anand
| studio = Cilema Art
| distributor = RVF Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes 03 Seconds
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
}}

'''''Har Har Gange''''' is a 2023 Indian film directed by Chandan Upadhyay and produced by Abhay Singh, A K Pandey, and Y R Verma. It stars [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Smrity Sinha]] with Arvind Akela Kallu, [[Amit Tiwari]] and Anuradha Singh in supporting roles.

==Plot==
Gangu is raised believing the holy Ganga is his mother. When a ruthless industrialist poisons the river, filling it with toxic waste, Gangu rises in defiance. With fierce devotion and unwavering spirit, he battles corrupt officials and corporate greed to cleanse the Ganga. Joined by allies and driven by faith, he wages a courageous campaign to restore the river’s purity and dignity
Inspired by the theme of "[[Namami Gange Programme|Clean Ganga Mission]]" by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], the film has been extensively shot in [[Varanasi]], the banks of [[Ganga River|Ganga]] and nearby areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Unleash the fun this summer with Pawan Singh's pan-india film HarHar Gange|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/unleash-the-fun-this-summer-with-pawan-singhs-pan-india-film-har-har-gange/1575506/|website=Print}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Pawan Singh]] - ''Gangu''
*[[Smrity Sinha]]
*Arvind Akela "Kallu"
*Sushil Singh
*[[Amit Tiwari]]
*Anuradha Singh
*Shreya Rai

*Sweta Mahara ( special appearance in song '''''Pisal Bhang A Raja''''')

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Har Har Gange
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Om Jha, Chhote Baba "Basahi" and Madhukar Anand
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2023||}}
| recorded =
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio = Maa Amma Films
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| label = DRJ Records Bhojpuri
| producer = Abhay Singh,A K Pandey and Y R Verma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack for ''Har Har Gange'' was composed by Om Jha, Chhote Baba "Basahi" and Madhukar Anand with lyrics penned by Pyare Lal Yadav (Kavi JI), Shashi Bawla, Rakesh Nirala, Vinay Nirmal and Raushan Singh Viswash. The soundtrack included an unusually large number of songs at 7. It was produced under the DRJ Records Bhojpuri Cilema Art. The soundtrack was very successful upon release.


{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:59
| title1 = Jhamkawla Se Hoi
| extra1 = [[Pawan Singh]],Anamika Tripathi
| length1 = 3:30

| title2 = Senoor Rang
| extra2 = [[Pawan Singh]] ,[[Priyanka Singh]]
| length2 = 3:37

| title3 = Pisal Bhang A Raja
| extra3 = [[Pawan Singh]],[[Priyanka Singh]]
| length3 = 2:50

| title4 = Ghanta
| extra4 = [[Pawan Singh]] , Om Jha
| length4 = 3:12

| title5 = Adbhangi
| extra5 = [[Alok Kumar (singer)|Alok Kumar]]
| length5 = 4:27

| title6 = Dor Mamta Ke
| extra6 = Madhukar Anand
| length6 = 5:24

| title7 = Har Har Gange
| extra7 = [[Pawan Singh]]
| length7 = 2:59
}}

==Music==

# Music of this Song is composed by Chhote Baba Basahi, Lyrics By Raushan Singh Viswash & Vinay Nirmal. The item song '''''Jhamkawla Se Hoi''''' sung by [[Pawan Singh]] and Anamika Tripathi released was 9 October 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Om Jha, Lyrics By Rakesh Nirala.The Song '''''Senoor Rang''''' sung by [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Priyanka Singh]] released was 28 October 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Chhote Baba Basahi, Lyrics By Vinay Nirmal.The item Song '''''Pisal Bhang A Raja'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'' sung by [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Priyanka Singh]] released was 2 November 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Om Jha, Lyrics By Pyare Lal Yadav (Kavi Ji).The Song '''''Ghanta'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'' sung by [[Pawan Singh]] and Om Jha released was 8 November 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Om Jha, Lyrics By Pyare Lal Yadav (Kavi Ji).The Song '''''Adbhangi''''' sung by [[Alok Kumar (singer)|Alok Kumar]] released was 13 November 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Madhukar Anand, Lyrics By Shashi Bawala .The Song '''''Dor Mamta Ke''''' sung by Madhukar Anand released was 27 November 2023.
# Music of this Song is composed by Om Jha, Lyrics By Rajesh Pandey .The Song '''''Har Har Gange''''' Ke sung by [[Pawan Singh]] released was 27 May 2024.

==Release and reception==
Movie was released on 20 October 2023 in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=20 अक्टूबर को देशभर में रिलीज हो रही है पवन सिंह की फिल्म 'हर हर गंगे', PM मोदी से है खास कनेक्शन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/pawan-singh-new-bhojpuri-film-har-har-gange-to-be-released-on-20-october/articleshow/104407005.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> It was to be released as a [[Pan-Indian film]] in five language, but ultimately released only in [[Bhojpuri language]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The film is blockbuster and work well at box office and earned 50 cr highest bhojpuri collection [[Indian rupee]]s as its lifetime collection.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sangharsh 2 और Har Har Gange किसने कीतना पैसा कमाया {{!}} Khesari Lal Yadav {{!}} Pawan Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzLMoRllFJY |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on YouTube on 30 May 2025.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|37303047}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}

M. S. K. Rajendran

2025-12-26T17:23:50Z

TawannaIbarra: rework formatting also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=December 2025}}
'''M. S. K. Rajendran''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram constituency]] in [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf 1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, M. S. K.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Kakil

2025-12-26T13:09:21Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating initial entry first draft...

{{Short description|Raja of Khoh from 1036 to 1039}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| regnal name = Kankil
| name = Kakil
| title = Raja of Khoh
| image =
| caption =
| succession = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} 2nd [[Kachhwaha]] Ruler of [[Khoh|Amber]]
| reign = 28 November 1036 – 20 April 1039<ref>{{cite book|author=Melia Belli Bose|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&q=khoh+jaipur|accessdate=27 January 2024|date=25 August 2015|publisher=BRILL| language = en|page=36|isbn=978-90-04-30056-9 |quote=According to local lore, a complex of three chatris fused together into a single block at Khoh Nagoria, east of Jaipur city, commemorates the first three Kachh- waha kings to rule in Rajasthan: Duleh Rai (early-twelfth century), Kakil Dev (r. 1133-35), and Hanwant Dev (r. 1137-51).}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Dulha Rai]]
| successor = Raja Hanu Deo
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Khoh]]
| death_date = 20 April 1039<ref name="g867">{{cite web | title=Raja Man Singh Of Amber | last=Prasad | first=Rajiv Nain| website=Internet Archive | date=25 June 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121/page/n17/mode/2up | access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Khoh]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = [[Dulha Rai]]
| mother = Maroni
}}
'''Kakil''' (died 20 April 1039), also known as '''Kankil''', was the king of the [[Kachhwaha]] dynasty from 1036 to 1039. He succeeded [[Dulha Rai]], who ruled the [[Dhundhar]] region with their capital at [[Khoh]] in present-day Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=24, 25 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006|pages=395, 396| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=R. S.
|last1=Khangarot
|first2=P. S.
|last2=Nathawat|year=1990
|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kakil|pages=10, 11, 18|publisher=RBSA Publishers
|isbn=978-81-85176-48-2
}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kakil was born to mother Maruni and father [[Dulha Rai]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Mamta|last= Chaturvedi|year=2000|title=Mirth of Jaipur Wall Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UDrAAAAMAAJ&q=kakil+dev|page=5|publisher= Publication Scheme|isbn= 978-81-86782-45-3|quote=Käkil Dev (1036- 1040 A.D.), son of Dhola-Marwani, conquered Amber from the Susawat Mīnās.}}</ref> While some sources present [[Dulha Rai]] as his grandfather.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright|first1=Arnold|last2=Bond|first2=J. W.|author-link= Arnold Wright, J. W. Bond|date= 2006|title='''Indian States''' A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Khoh |location= |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=174|isbn=978-81-206-1965-4}}</ref>

== Reign ==
Dulha Rai died in 1036 AD, after which Kakil was crowned the Kachhwaha king.<ref>{{cite book|first=Harnath Singh|last=Dundlod|year=1970|title=Jaipur and Its Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-IBAAAAMAAJ&q=Kankil|publisher=Raj. Educational Printers|page=3}}</ref> Whereas according to [[Jadunath Sarkar]], he became the success of Dulha Rai in 1070 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |page=24|year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 }}</ref>

In some sources, the victory over Amber has been attributed to Kakil.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ranbir |last=Sinh|year=2001|title=History of Shekhawats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ&q=kankil+amber|publisher=Publication Scheme|page=|isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=B.L.|last=Meharda|year=2006|title=Territory, Polity, and Status|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=kankil+amber|publisher=Rawat Publications|page=13|isbn=978-81-7033-887-1 }}</ref> Whereas this victory is of his son Maidul Rao which happened in 1150 AD.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anand|last=Chakravarti|year=1975|title=Contradiction and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD4HAAAAMAAJ&q=kakil++meenas|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=21|quote=Maidul Rao (Wrested Amer from the Meenas about 1150 and made it his capital)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first= Maguni Charan|last=Behera|year=2021|title=Tribe-British Relations in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZJCEAAAQBAJ&dq=maidul+rao&pg=PA277|publisher=Springer Nature|page=277|quote=Kankil conquered Dhundar. His son Maidul Rao conquered Amber from Rao Bhutto of Susawat Meena clan in AD 1150.}}</ref>

== Death ==
Kakil died in the [[Khoh]] in 1039 AD.<ref>{{cite book|first=Harnath Singh|last=Dundlod|year=1970|title=Jaipur and Its Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-IBAAAAMAAJ&q=Kankil|publisher=Raj. Educational Printers|page=4|quote=Kankil Deo after a very remarkable reign of two years, two months, and eight days died at Khoh on Baishak Badi 10th . V. S. 1096, A.D. 1039.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-royal-stub}}

[[Category:1039 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Taba Chake

2025-12-26T01:11:09Z

TawannaIbarra: stub

{{Short description|Indian guitarist and singer-songwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Taba Chake
| image =
| caption =
| origin = India
| birth_name = Taba Chake
| genre = [[Indie pop]], [[folk music]], [[country music]]
| occupation = Producer, composer, singer, song-writer, guitarist
| instrument = [[Ukulele]], guitar
| years_active = 2012–present
| birth_place = Arunachal Pradesh, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|12|24}}
}}

'''Taba Chake''' (born 24 December 1992) is an Indian [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] finger-style guitarist, multi-instrumentalist, and [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] singer-songwriter. He is best known for the songs "''Aao Chalein''", "''Shaayad''", and "''Walk With Me''" from his album "''Bombay Dreams''". Chake writes in multiple languages, including his native [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] dialect, as well as [[Hindi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and English, making him the first artist from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to compose and release Nyishi songs on streaming platforms. His music blends folk, indie, and contemporary styles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |title=Taba Chake – Future of Music |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024/taba-chake-future-of-music-2024/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chake is reported to be the first artist from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to tour nationally. He is the Brand Ambassador for the Arts and Culture Department of the Government of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Shaji">{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Cris,Sukanya |date=2025-07-07 |title=Meet Taba Chake, master of melodies, Arunachal's new ambassador for art and culture |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/meet-taba-chake-master-of-melodies-arunachals-new-ambassador-for-art-and-culture |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chake was originally born in Khunglo Village, [[Papum Pare district]], in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He started composing songs around 2007–2008 at the age of 15.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=13 November 2019|title=Soundtrack of a City|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/soundtrack-of-a-city-6116721/|access-date=25 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> His parents never went to school and he describes his generation as "the first generation who grew up with buildings, telephones, roads and cars."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Nehra|first=Devi|date=5 December 2020|title=Taba Chake brings Nyishi to the indie scene: Singer-songwriter on performing in an Arunachal dialect, his artistic evolution|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/taba-chake-brings-nyishi-to-the-indie-scene-singer-songwriter-on-performing-in-an-arunachal-dialect-his-artistic-evolution-9076791.html|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> He speaks and understands five languages: [[Nishi language|Nyishi]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and uses all of these in his music. However, in 2010, he chose to prioritize the use of [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] to preserve the language and share it with a broader audience.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Multilingual singer-songwriter Taba Chake out with his latest single 'Blush'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/nov/08/multilingual-singer-songwriter-taba-chake-out-with-his-latest-singleblush-2220122.html|access-date=25 March 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 November 2020 }}</ref>

Chake experimented with many genres of music as he matured, including playing guitar and composing music for a [[Heavy metal music|metal]] band. He initially worked as a composer and guitarist in a metal band, specializing in technical metal. Later, he joined a Hindi band formed in 2009, which performed until mid-2011.<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |title=Taba Chake Reveals He Almost Quit Music After Bombay Dreams: 'This Was Meant To Be My Last Album' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/taba-chake-reveals-he-almost-quit-music-after-bombay-dreams-this-was-meant-to-be-my-last-album-exclusive-9203748.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The band released songs in 2010 and 2011, one of which was titled "Sun Le Meri."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Taba Chake: Arunachal Pradesh's First Singer To Sing In Nyishi – THE STORY MUG |url=https://thestorymug.com/taba-chake-arunachal-pradeshs-first-singer-to-sing-in-nyishi/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Chake continued to perform with the band until 2011, after which he began his solo career.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Musical notes from the North East|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/feb/05/musical-notes-from-the-north-east-2099015.html|access-date=25 March 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Sravasti|date=12 June 2019|title=Notes from Arunachal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/notes-from-arunachal/article27868543.ece|access-date=24 March 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2012, he pursued a [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts degree]] at Dera Natung Government College in Arunachal Pradesh. In 2014, he was awarded the title of runner-up in the 'All India Finger Style Competition' in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. That same year, he received a scholarship to study music at the Swarnabhoomi Academy of Music in [[Chennai]], but left the program before graduating, citing dissatisfaction with the course.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taba Chake's multi-linguistic musical journey reaches Sikkim |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/taba-chakes-multi-linguistic-musical-journey-reaches-sikkim |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his independent solo career in 2012. He released his first EP, ''Bond With Nature'', in 2016, an album that features only guitar and vocals.<ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Taba Chake: 'All My Songs Talk About My Own Personal Experiences' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/taba-chake-all-my-songs-talk-about-my-own-personal-experiences |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

His breakthrough came with the release of his debut 10-track album ''Bombay Dreams'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Muneef |date=2020-02-05 |title=Musical notes from the North East |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Feb/05/musical-notes-from-the-north-east-2099015.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The album received significant recognition, particularly for the tracks "''Aao Chalein''", "''Shaayad''", "''Walk With Me''", "''Meri Dastaan''", and "''No Domo Lo''", which contributed to its success. ''Bombay Dreams'' received 12.2 million streams across all platforms and made it to No. 12 on [[Apple Music]]'s All Genre Charts. The album was co-produced by Ritwik.<ref name="Kirpal">{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=2020-11-07 |title=Multilingual singer-songwriter Taba Chake out with his latest single 'Blush' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Nov/08/multilingual-singer-songwriter-taba-chake-out-with-his-latest-singleblush-2220122.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2020, He debuted the single "''Blush"'', a track inspired by both his friends’ narratives of love and his own experiences with a long-distance relationship. It received significant attention, accumulating over 4 million streams on streaming platforms.<ref name="Kirpal"/>

In 2023, Chake made his Bollywood debut as a playback singer with the song "''Aye Mere Dil''" for the film ''[[Kadak Singh]]'', released on November 8. He is regarded as the first artist from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to debut as a playback singer in Bollywood and has also ventured into film music composition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Taba Chake becomes first Arunachalee to debut as a playback singer in Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/taba-chake-becomes-first-arunachalee-to-debut-as-a-playback-singer-in-bollywood-723102-2023-12-08 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> ''[[Kadak Singh]]'', directed by [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] and produced by WIZ Films, features actors [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Sanjana Sanghi]], and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] in lead roles.

In 2024, Chake composed the soundtrack for [[I Want to Talk|''I Want To Talk'']], a film directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]], known for ''[[Piku]]'' and ''[[Madras Cafe]]''. Starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Johnny Lever]], the movie premiered in theaters on November 22, featuring five songs by Chake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Bachchan's I Want To Talk Drops Soulful First Song Dil Ghabraye, Sung by Taba Chake; Watch Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/abhishek-bachchans-i-want-to-talk-drops-soulful-first-song-dil-ghabraye-sung-by-taba-chake-watch-here-9116869.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-11-11 |title=Indie artist Taba Chake makes Bollywood debut with 'Dil Ghabraye', first song from Shoojit Sircar's I Want To Talk |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Nov/11/indie-artist-taba-chake-makes-bollywood-debut-with-dil-ghabraye-first-song-from-shoojit-sircars-i-want-to-talk |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

He has performed at prestigious music festivals, including the [[Ziro Festival of Music]], [[NH7 Weekender]], Axean Festival, and [[Royal Enfield]] Motoverse 2023. He performed at the Arunachal GI Mahotsav 2025 in New Delhi, an event inaugurated by Deputy Chief Minister [[Chowna Mein]], showcasing the state's cultural heritage and indigenous products.<ref name="news18.com"/>

In 2025, He was officially appointed as a Brand Ambassador of Arunachal Pradesh's Arts & Culture Department by the Smt. Dasanglu Pul, after his significant contributions to promoting the state's rich cultural heritage through his music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-06-28 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Has Named Indie Musician Taba Chake The Honorary Brand Ambassador For Art & Culture In The State |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!lifestyle/arunachal-pradesh-indie-musician-taba-chake-brand-ambassador-culture-enn25062801363 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shaji"/>

== Musical Style and Influence ==
Chake's music amalgamates [[indie folk]], [[acoustic pop]], and contemporary influences. His multilingual songwriting blending [[Hindi]], English, [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] sets him well-known in the independent music scene.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The peace of the hills meets big-city sounds in Taba Chake's music |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/multilingual-arunachali-musician-taba-chake-blends-his-northeastern-indian-roots-with-modern-music-genres/cid/1917721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009130200/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/multilingual-arunachali-musician-taba-chake-blends-his-northeastern-indian-roots-with-modern-music-genres/cid/1917721 |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en}}</ref> His lyrics were often inspired by the simplicity in portrayal of life in early songs by [[Don Williams]], [[Michael Learns to Rock|MLTR]], [[The Beatles]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Green Day]], and more.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Verus |title=Musicunplugged.in Interview: Guitarist from the Hills: Taba Chake |url=https://www.musicunplugged.in/interviews/interviews_info/251/10 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.musicunplugged.in |language=en}}</ref>

His guitar techniques, particularly his [[Fingerstyle guitar|fingerstyle]] playing, have been influenced by Western acoustic musicians like [[Erik Mongrain]], [[Newton Faulkner|Netwon Faulkner]], ⁠[[Andy McKee]], while his storytelling style remains deeply rooted in his local heritage with his use of intricate guitar arrangements, rhythms, and percussive elements within his compositions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=Home and Away: meet the Arunachal musician who is taking the Nyishi language to the world |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/arunachal-pradesh/home-and-away-meet-the-arunachal-musician-who-is-taking-the-nyishi-language-to-the-world-6116320/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

One of his notable songs from the album "''Bombay Dreams''", "''Walk With Me"'', became known in the indie scene for its simple yet evocative English lyrics and melody. The track was widely appreciated for its heartfelt storytelling and became one of his most-streamed songs. ''Shaayad'', another major hit from "''Bombay Dreams"'', blended melancholic acoustic tones. The song centers around the artist's contemplation, doubtfulness of giving life and his music career one final chance before considering stepping away from the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kader |first=Fathima Abdul |date=2021-06-08 |title=Taba Chake's Trilingual Album 'Bombay Dreams' Capture The Journey From A Small Village To A Big City |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/taba-chake-s-trilingual-album-bombay-dreams-capture-the-journey-from-a-small-village-to-a-big-city |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=A tête-à-tête with Taba Chake {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/12/08/a-tete-a-tete-with-taba-chake/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Later releases included ''Aao Chalein'', which achieved significant commercial success, amassing over 30 million streams. The track, inspired by Taba Chake's experiences in a small village in Arunachal Pradesh, became popular among Indian travelers and gained listeners internationally, including in Pakistan and parts of Europe.<ref name="freepressjournal.in"/> ''Blush'' introduced a more experimental sound while maintaining his folk influences, with richer instrumentation and varied vocal techniques. His 2020 single ''My Other Side'' adopted a more introspective and minimal style, blending elements from multiple musical genres in a cinematic arrangement.

His work on "''[[I Want to Talk]]''" demonstrated a new dimension of his artistry, as he explored film composition. The soundtrack featured melancholic ballads, uplifting acoustic tracks, and instrumental interludes, to the film's emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-17 |title=Musician Taba Chake: Shoojit said my songs give hope to people |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/i-want-to-talk-musician-taba-chake-shoojit-sircar-said-my-songs-give-hope-to-people-23430895 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

Chake's music explores themes of philosophical depth, with elements of [[indie folk]], [[Acoustic music|acoustic pop]], and contemporary influences. Most of his work engages with introspective emotions and reconnects with forgotten aspects of the inner self. Through poetic lyrics and profound melodies, his compositions emphasize a connection between individuals as well as with the natural world and the universe. His work has been described as exploring themes of pain and self-realization, featuring poetic lyrics and minimalist melodies, and often referencing ideas of interconnectedness with the natural world and the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Taba Chake: My Music About Sharing Positive Ideas With People |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/taba-chake-my-music-about-sharing-positive-ideas-with-people |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
* ''Bombay Dreams'' (2019)

=== EPs ===
* ''Bond with Nature'' (2016)

=== Singles ===
* ''Blush'' (2020)
* ''Udd Chala'' (2023)
* ''Monot Pore'' (2023)
* ''Kahani'' (2024)
* ''In wadiyon mein''

=== Filmography ===

*''I Want to Talk (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chake, Taba}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Shreya

2025-12-05T03:21:27Z

TawannaIbarra: stub

{{Infobox given name
| name = Shreya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Female
| region = India
| language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]]
| origin = Indian,
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names = Shriya, Sreya, Shreeya,shreyashi
| name day =
| derived = Sanskrit
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shreya''' is an Indian feminine given name. It is a name of Hindu Goddess [[Lakshmi]] and it means attributes of Lakshmi- good fortune, beauty and excellence. Notable people with the name include:
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (born 1984), Indian playback singer
* [[Shreya Guhathakurta]] (born 1975), Indian Rabindra Sangeet singer
* [[Shreya Narayan]] (born 1985), Indian actress, model, writer, and social worker
* [[Shreya Shanker]] (born 1997), Indian beauty pageant winner
* [[Shreya Sharma]], Indian film actress
* [[Shreya Singhal]], Indian lawyer, known for [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]]
* [[Shreya Tripathi]] (died 2018), Indian health activist

== Fictional characters ==
* Shreya, a character in the video game ''[[Aegis Defenders]]''
* Shreya Viswanathan, a Season 5 contestant in ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''

== See also ==
* [[Shriya]]
* [[Shreyas]]

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Iyer

2025-11-27T07:39:59Z

TawannaIbarra: further add article after review and added references

{{Short description|Tamil Brahmin caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{More sources|date=March 2025}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Iyer
| image = VadamaIyerpriestsintamilnadu.jpg
| caption = Vadama Iyer priests
| varna = Brahmin
| jati =
| classification =
| gotra =
| veda =
| kula_daivat =
| kula_devi =
| guru = [[Ādi Śaṅkarā]]
| mantra =
| nishan =
| devak =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]]
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| populated_states = Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]
| region =
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names = Iyer, [[Sastri]], Bhattar
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| color =
| throne =
| victory_weapon =
| endogamous =
| notable_members =
| subdivisions = [[Vadama]] [[Brahacharanam|Brahacaraṇam]] [[Dikshitar|Dīkṣitar]] [[Ashtasahasram|Aṣṭasāhasram]] [[Sholiyar|Śōḻiya]]
| related = [[Kerala Iyers]] [[Iyengars]] Vaidiki Brahmins [[Vaidiki Velanadu]] [[Havyaka Brahmin]] [[Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins]]
[[Sthanika Brahmins]] [[Babburkamme]]
| historical_grouping =
| disputed_grouping =
| status =
| education_reservation =
| employment_reservation =
| other_reservation =
| original_kingdom =
| other_kingdom =
| official_website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Iyers''' ({{IPA|ta|ajːɐr}}) (also spelt as '''Ayyar''', '''Aiyar''', '''Ayer''', or '''Aiyer''') are an ethnoreligious community of [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]]s. Most Iyers are followers of the ''[[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]'' philosophy propounded by [[Adi Shankara]] and adhere to the [[Smarta tradition]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Béteille |first=André |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520317864/html |title=Caste, Class, and Power |date=2020-10-26 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-31786-4 |language=en |doi=10.1525/9780520317864}}</ref> This is in contrast to the [[Iyengar]] community, who are adherents of [[Sri Vaishnavism]]. The Iyers and the Iyengars are together referred to as [[Tamil Brahmin]]s. The majority of Iyers reside in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Iyers are further divided into various denominations based on traditional and regional differences. Like all Brahmins, they are also classified based on their [[gotra]], or patrilineal descent, and the Veda that they follow. They fall under the [[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmana]] classification of Brahmins in India.

Apart from the prevalent practice of using the title "Iyer" as surname, Iyers also commonly use other surnames, such as '''Sāstri'''<ref name="britannica">{{cite book | title=Encyclopædia Britannica, śāstrī | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524792/sastri#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=%C5%9B%C4%81str%C4%AB%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia}}</ref> or '''Bhattar'''.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

== Etymology ==
Iyer ({{Langx|ta|ஐயர்}}, {{IPA|ta|aɪjəɾ|pron}}) has several meanings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages, often referring to a respectable person. The ''Dravidian Etymological Dictionary'' lists various meanings for the term such as "father, sage, priest, teacher, brahman, superior person, master, king" with cognates such as ''tamayan'' meaning "elder brother" and simply ''ai'' "lord, master, husband, king, guru, priest, teacher, father".<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Burrow, T.|author2= M. B. Emeneau|title=A Dravidian etymological dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=19}}</ref> Linguistic sources often derive the words Ayya, Ayira/Ayyira as [[Prakrit]] versions of the Sanskrit word ''[[Arya|Ārya]]'' which means '[[wiktionary:noble|noble]]'.<ref name="hinduism_encyclopedia_898">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 7|page=898|author=Nagendra Kumar Singh|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT LTD|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7488-168-7}}</ref><ref name="paligrammarp49">{{cite book|title=A Simplified grammar of the Pali language|first=Edward|last=Miller|page=49|publisher=BiblioBazaar|year=2009|isbn=978-1-103-26738-5}}</ref>

In ancient times, Iyers were also called ''Anthanar''<ref name="anthanar_meaning1">{{cite book | title=Educational System of the Ancient Tamils| last=Pillai| first=Jaya Kothai| year=1972| page=54| publisher=South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society| location=Tinnevelly}}</ref> or ''Pārppān'',<ref name="parppan_meaning1">{{cite book | title=Naccinarkkiniyar's Conception of Phonology| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moUOAAAAYAAJ| last=Caṇmukam| first=Ce. Vai.| year=1967| page=212| publisher=Annamalai University}}</ref><ref name="parppan_meaning3">{{cite book | title=The Eight Anthologies: A Study in Early Tamil Literature| last=Marr| first=John Ralston| year=1985| page=114| publisher=Institute of Asian Studies}}</ref> though the usage of the word ''Pārppān'' is considered derogatory in modern times.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Until recent times, Kerala Iyers were called ''Pattars''.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Like the term ''pārppān'', the word ''Pattar'' too is considered derogatory.<ref name="communism_in_kerala">{{cite book | title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation| last=Nossiter| first=Thomas Johnson| year=1982| page=27| publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers| isbn=978-0-905838-40-3}}</ref>

== Population and distribution ==
Today, Iyers live all over [[South India]], but an overwhelming majority of Iyers continue to thrive in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Tamil Brahmins form an estimated less than 3 per cent of the state's total population and are distributed all over the state. However, accurate statistics on the population of the Iyer community are unavailable.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Sreenivasarao| last=Vepachedu| title=Brahmins| journal=Mana Sanskriti (Our Culture)| year=2003| issue=69| url=http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html#Brahmin_Population}}</ref>

Iyers are also found in fairly appreciable number{{Vague|reason=Would be more straight forward and also mean something to the reader than "fairly appreciable", which is a exceedingly vague|date=September 2025}} in Western and Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Iyers of the far south are called [[Tirunelveli]] Iyers and speak the Tirunelveli Brahmin dialect.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

=== Migration ===
[[File:RGIyerbrothersgroup.jpg|thumb|right|First-generation descendants of Mysore S. Ramaswamy Iyer. Ramaswamy Iyer migrated from Ganapathy Agraharam to Mysore in the 19th century and served as the first Advocate-General of Mysore]]

Over the last few centuries, many Iyers have migrated and settled in parts of [[Karnataka]]. During the rule of the Mysore Maharajahs, many Iyers from the then [[Madras Presidency|Madras province]] migrated to Mysore. The Ashtagrama Iyers are also a prominent group of Iyers in Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Iyers have also been resident of the princely state of [[Travancore]] from ancient times. The Venad state (present [[Kanyakumari district]]) and the southern parts of Kerala was part of the [[Pandyan kingdom]] known as Then Pandi Nadu. There were also many Iyers in [[Venad]] which later on grew to be the Travancore state. The old capital of [[Travancore]] was [[Padmanabhapuram]] which is at present in Kanyakumari district. There has also been a continuous inflow from [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Ramnad]] [[districts]] of Tamil Nadu which are contiguous to the erstwhile [[princely state]] of Travancore. Many parts of the present Tirunelveli district were even part of the old [[Travancore]] state.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} These Iyers are known today as [[Trivandrum Iyers]]. Some of these people migrated to [[Cochin]] and later to [[Palakkad]] and [[Kozhikode]] districts. There were also migrations from [[Tanjore]] district of Tamil Nadu to Palakkad. Their descendants are known today as [[Kerala Iyer#Palakkad Iyers|Palakkad Iyer]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} These Iyers are collectively now called as ''[[Kerala Iyer]]s''. In [[Coimbatore]], there are many such Iyers due to its proximity to Kerala.<ref name="colorful_festival_hindu">{{cite news|last=Prabhakaran |first=G. |title=A colourful festival from a hoary past |date=12 November 2005 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/12/stories/2005111200510400.htm |work=The Hindu Metro Plus:Coimbatore |access-date=2008-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805062343/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/12/stories/2005111200510400.htm |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>

Apart from [[South India]], Iyers have also migrated to and settled in places in [[North India]]. There are significantly large Iyer communities in [[Mumbai]],<ref name="ritualizingontheboundariesp86">[[#Ritualizing on the Boundaries|Ritualizing on the Boundaries]], Pg 86</ref><ref name="ritualizingontheboundariesp12">[[#Ritualizing on the Boundaries|Ritualizing on the Boundaries]], Pg 12</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref name="migrationp15">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], pp. 15-17</ref> These migrations, which commenced during the British rule, were often undertaken in search of better prospects and contributed to the prosperity of the community.<ref name="Tambram">{{cite news |last=Vishwanath |first=Rohit |title=BRIEF CASE: Tambram's Grouse |date=23 June 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/BRIEF-CASE-Tambrams-Grouse/articleshow/2142389.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-23/edit-page/27955862_1_tambrams-tamil-brahmin-mallika |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2008-08-19}}</ref>

Much earlier, Iyers have also came to [[Sri Lanka]]. According to the Buddhist scripture [[Mahavamsa]], the presence of Brahmins have been recorded in Sri Lanka as early as {{BCE|500}} when the first migrations from the Indian mainland supposedly took place. Brahmins used to be an influent constituent of the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] minority,<ref name="civattampip3">{{cite book |last=Civattampi |first=K. |title=Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics |publisher=New Century Book House |year=1995 |isbn=81-234-0395-X |location=Madras |page=3}}</ref><ref name="ritualizingontheboundariesp3">[[#Ritualizing on the Boundaries|Ritualizing on the Boundaries]], Pg 3</ref> despite their negligible demography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sivapathasuntharam |first=A. |date=2016 |title=The Brahmins: A Study on the Traditional Elite in Jaffna with Reference to their Dialect |url=http://repository.kln.ac.lk/items/dae1b235-7609-4f2a-985a-bc2055fdcb9c |journal=Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Linguistics in Sri Lanka |language=en |publisher=[[University of Kelaniya]] |pages=102 |issn=2513-2954}}</ref> It is also believed that they have played a historic role in the formation of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]].<ref name="ritualizingontheboundariesp3" /><ref name="criticalhistoryofjaffna">{{cite book |last=Gnanaprakasar |first=S. |title=A critical history of Jaffna |publisher=Gnanaprakasa Yantra Salai |year=1928 |isbn=978-81-206-1686-8 |page=96}}</ref><ref name="pathmanathan">[[#Pathmanathan|Pathmanathan]], Pg 1-13</ref> The current Tamil Brahmin population of Ceylon, which belongs exclusively to the Iyer caste, is however relatively recent. Most of its members are of Indian origin, settled on the island since the second half of the 18th century, with the rise of the Hindu revival movement in the northern region.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=Subbiah |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=2016-10-22 |title=Madras Miscellany: The Aiyar from Jaffna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Aiyar-from-Jaffna/article16078721.ece |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=P.K. |date=2018-11-17 |title=The Brahmin footprint in Sri Lankan history |url=https://www.ft.lk/Columnists/The-Brahmin-footprint-in-Sri-Lankan-history/4-667051 |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> They are almost solely committed to the [[priesthood]] (as officiants or assistants in worship).<ref name=":0" />

In recent times Iyers have also migrated in significant numbers to the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States<ref name="ritualizingontheboundariesp12" /> in search of better fortune.<ref name="migrationp18">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], pp. 180-21</ref>

== Subsects ==
Iyers have many sub-sects among them, such as [[Vadama]], Brahacharnam or [[Brahatcharanam]], [[Vadhima|Vāthima]], [[Sholiyar]] or [[Sholiyar|Chozhiar]], Ashtasahasram, Mukkāni, Gurukkal, Kāniyālar and Prathamasāki.<ref name="Leach">{{cite book | title=Aspects of caste in south India, Ceylon, and north-west Pakistan. Cambridge [Eng.]| last=Leach| first=E. R.| year=1960| page=368|publisher=Published for the Dept. of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University Press| location=Madras}}</ref> Each sub-sect is further subdivided according to the village or region of origin.

[[File:Brahacharnam holy man 1909.jpg|thumb|left|A Tamil Smartha Brahmin holy man engaged in Siva-worship. His body is covered by coat and chains made of ''Rudrāksha'' beads]]

[[File:Gopichandanam1.jpg|thumb|Caste-mark of the Vadamas]]Iyers, like all other Brahmins, trace their paternal ancestry to one of the eight ''[[rishi]]s'' or sages.<ref name="gotra_def">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/g/gotra|title=Definition of the word ''gotra''|access-date=2008-08-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216105800/http://vedabase.net/g/gotra|archive-date=2008-12-16}}</ref><ref name="gotra_description">{{cite web|url=http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/gotra.htm|title=Gotra|access-date=2008-08-19|publisher=gurjari.net}}</ref> Accordingly, they are classified into eight ''[[gotra]]s'' based on the rishi they have descended from. A maiden in the family belongs to gotra of her father, but upon marriage takes the gotra of her husband.

The Vedas are further sub-divided into ''shakhas'' or "branches" and followers of each Veda are further sub-divided based on the shakha they adhere to. However, only a few of the shakhas are extant, the vast majority of them having disappeared. The different Vedas and the corresponding shakhas that exist today in Tamil Nadu are:<ref name="shaka_tamilnadu">{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmicscriptures.org/Vedic_SB_Intro.doc|title=Shakha|access-date=2008-09-10|publisher=www.dharmicscriptures.org}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|- valign=bottom
! Veda !! ''shākhā''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Rig Veda]] || style="text-align:center;"| Shakala and Paingi
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Yajur Veda]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Kanva and Taittiriya
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sama Veda]] || Kauthuma, Jaiminiya/Talavakara, Shatyayaniya and Gautama
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Atharva Veda]] || style="text-align:center;"| Shaunakiya and Paippalada
|}

== Culture ==

=== Rituals ===
Iyer rituals comprise rites as described in [[Hindu scripture]]s such as [[Apastamba|Apastamba Sutra]] attributed to the Hindu sage [[Apastamba]]. The most important rites are the ''Shodasa Samaskāras'' or the 16 [[Saṃskāra|duties]]. Although many of the rites and rituals followed in antiquity are no longer practised, some have been retained.<ref name="16Samskaras">{{cite web|date=8 August 2003|url=http://www.commsp.ee.ic.ac.uk/~pancham/Articles/The%20Sixteen%20Samskaras.pdf|title=The Sixteen Samskaras Part-I|access-date=2008-08-27}}</ref><ref name="samskaras_names">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part16/chap8.htm|title=Names of Samskaras|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=kamakoti.org}}</ref>

[[File:Brahmins ablution.gif|thumb|Iyers from [[South India]] performing the Sandhya Vandhanam, 1913]]

[[File:Shaivaite priest.jpg|thumb|Iyer priest from [[Tamil Nadu]] carrying out a small ritual with his grandson.]]

Iyers are initiated into rituals at the time of birth. In ancient times, rituals used to be performed when the baby was being separated from mother's umbilical cord. This ceremony is known as ''Jātakarma''. However, this practice is no longer observed. At birth, a [[horoscope]] is made for the child based on the position of the stars. The child is then given a ritual name.<ref name="Ayush Homam">{{cite news | last=Austin | first=Lisette | title=Welcoming baby; Birth rituals provide children with a sense of community, culture | date=21 May 2005 | url=http://www.parentmap.com/content/view/498/276/ | work=Parentmap | access-date=2008-08-27 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708180805/http://www.parentmap.com/content/view/498/276/ | archive-date=8 July 2008 }}</ref> On the child's birthday, a ritual is performed to ensure longevity. This ritual is known as ''[[homas|Ayushya Homam]]''. This ceremony is held on the child's birthday reckoned as per the Tamil calendar based on the position of the ''[[nakshatra]]s'' or stars and not the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Ayush Homam" /> The child's first birthday is the most important and is the time when the baby is formally initiated by piercing the ears of the boy or girl. From that day onwards a girl is expected to wear earrings.

A second initiation (for the male child in particular) follows when the child crosses the age of seven. This is the ''[[Upanayana]]'' ceremony during which a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] is said to be reborn. A three-piece cotton thread is installed around the [[torso]] of the child encompassing the whole length of his body from the left [[shoulder]] to the right [[hip]]. The Upanayana ceremony of initiation is solely performed for the members of the ''[[dvija]]'' or twice-born [[castes]], generally when the individual is between 7 and 16 years of age.<ref name="upanayanam">{{cite web|url=http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/upanayanam.htm|title=Upanayanam|access-date=2008-09-02|publisher=gurjari.net}}</ref><ref name="iyer_ritesandrituals">{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/047.htm|title=Customs and Classes of Hinduism|date=2 March 2003|access-date=2008-09-02|publisher=Boloji Media Inc.|author=Neria Harish Hebbar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203104805/http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/047.htm|archive-date=2007-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> In ancient times, the Upanayana was often considered as the ritual which marked the commencement of a boy's education, which in those days consisted mostly of the study of the Vedas. However, with the Brahmins taking to other [[vocations]] than [[priesthood]], this initiation has become more of a symbolic ritual. The [[wikt:neophyte|neophyte]] was expected to perform the ''[[Sandhya Vandana]]m'' on a regular basis and utter a prescribed set of prayers, three times a day: dawn, mid-day, and dusk. The most sacred and prominent of the prescribed set of prayers is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is as sacred to the Hindus as the [[Six Kalimas]] to the [[Muslims]] and [[Ahuna Vairya|Ahunwar]] to the [[Zoroastrians]]. Once a year, Iyers change their sacred thread. This ritual is exclusive to South Indian Brahmins and the day is commemorated in Tamil Nadu as ''Āvani Avittam''.<ref name="south_indian_festivals">{{cite book | title=South Indian Hindu festivals and traditions| last=Jagannathan| first=Maithily| year=2005| page=93| publisher=Abhinav Publications| isbn= 9788170174158}}</ref><ref name="fasts_and_festivals">{{cite book | title=Fasts and Festivals of India| last=Verma| first=Manish| year=2002| page=41| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.| isbn=978-81-7182-076-4}}</ref>

[[File:Agraharam house door.JPG|thumb|Brahmin house with hand marks to ward off the evil eye|left]]

Other important ceremonies for Iyers include the rites for the deceased. All Iyers are cremated according to [[Vedic period|Vedic]] rites, usually within a day of the individual's death.<ref name="deathrites_majorreligions">{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/78/story_7894_2.html|title=Transition Rituals|access-date=2008-09-02|publisher=Beliefnet Inc.}}</ref> The death rites include a 13-day ceremony, and regular ''[[Tarpanam]]''<ref name="Tharpanam">{{cite web|url=http://www.vadhyar.com/Tarpanam.php|title=Tharpanam|access-date=2008-09-02|publisher=vadhyar.com}}</ref> (performed every month thereafter, on [[Amavasya]] day, or New Moon Day), for the ancestors. There is also a yearly ''[[Shraadh|shrārddha]]'', that must be performed. These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants of the deceased. Married men who perform this ritual must be accompanied by their wives. The women are symbolically important in the ritual to give a "consent" to all the proceedings in it.<ref name="journey_of_a_lifebody">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |title=The Journey of a Lifebody |access-date=2008-08-27 |publisher=Hindu Gateway |first=David M. |last=Knipe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232759/http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |archive-date=2008-09-30 }}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{See also|Hindu festivals}}

Iyers celebrate almost all Hindu festivals like [[Deepavali]], [[Navratri]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Vinayaka Chathurthi]], [[Janmaashtami]], [[Tamil New Year]], [[Sivarathri]] and Karthika Deepam. An important festival, exclusive to Brahmins of South India, is the ''Āvani Avittam'' festival.<ref name="Avani_Avittam">{{cite web|url=http://www.panchangam.com/avani.htm|title=Avani Avittam|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=K.G.Corporate Consultants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061750/http://www.panchangam.com/avani.htm|archive-date=14 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Weddings ===
A typical Iyer wedding consists of ''Sumangali Prārthanai'' (Hindu prayers for prosperous married life), ''Nāndi'' (homage to ancestors), ''Nischayadhārtham'' (Engagement) and ''Mangalyadharanam'' (tying the knot). The main events of an Iyer marriage include ''Vratam'' (fasting), ''Kasi Yatra'' (pilgrimage to Kasi), ''Oonjal'' (Swing), ''Kanyadanam'' (placing the bride in the groom's care), ''Mangalyadharanam'', ''Pānigrahanam'' and ''Saptapathi'' (or ''seven steps'' - the final and most important stage wherein the bride takes seven steps supported by the groom's palms thereby finalizing their union). This is usually followed by ''Nalangu'', which is a casual and informal event.<ref name="Iyer_marriage">{{cite web|url=http://www.sawnet.org/weddings/tamil_vedic.html |title=A South Indian Wedding – The Rituals and the Rationale |access-date=2008-08-27 |publisher=Sawnet |first=Padma |last=Vaidyanath |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152857/http://sawnet.org/weddings/tamil_vedic.html |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref>{{See also|Culture of Tamil Nadu}}

=== Traditional ethics ===
Iyers generally lead orthodox lives and adhere steadfastly to their customs and traditions. Iyers follow the Grihya Sutras of [[Apastamba]] and [[Baudhayana]]. The society is patriarchal but not feudal.<ref name="apastamba_sutra">{{cite book | title=Yajur-Veda: Apastamba-Grhya-Sutra| last=Pandey| first=U. C. | year=1971}}</ref>

Iyers are generally [[vegetarian]]. Some abjure onion and garlic on the grounds that they activate certain base senses.<ref name="Madi">{{cite web|url=http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~snarayan/anthro-pap/subsection3_4_1.html|title=The Practice of ''madi''|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=ICSI Berkeley}}</ref> Cow milk and milk products were approved.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} They were required to avoid alcohol and tobacco.<ref name="Manusmriti">{{cite book | title=The Laws of Manu| last1=Doniger| first1=Wendy|first2=Brian K.|last2=Smith| year=1991| publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=0-14-044540-4}}</ref>

Iyers follow elaborate purification rituals, both of self and the house. Men are forbidden from performing their "sixteen duties" while women are forbidden from cooking food without having a purificatory bath in the morning.<ref name="Madi" /> Food is to be consumed only after making an offering to the deities.

The bathing was considered sufficiently purifying only if it conformed to the rules of ''madi''.<ref name="Madi" /> The word ''madi'' is used by Tamil Brahmins to indicate that a person is bodily pure. In order to practice madi, the Brahmin had to wear only clothes which had been recently washed and dried, and the clothes should remain untouched by any person who was not ''madi''. Only after taking bath in cold water, and after wearing such clothes, would the person be in a state of ''madi''.<ref name="madiinkarnataka">{{cite book | title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udipi| last=Rao| first=Vasudeva| page=66| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref>
This practice of ''madi'' is followed by Iyers even in modern times, before participating in any kind of religious ceremony.<ref name="Madi" />

[[File:Madras Kappi.jpg|thumb|left|The Iyers have taken a special liking for filter coffee<ref name="oasis_vegetarian">{{cite news | last= Lakshmi| first=S. | title= An oasis of vegetarian calm | date=23 February 2008 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=way&autono=314701 | work =Business Standard | access-date = 2008-08-27}}</ref>]].

=== Clothing ===
[[File:MylaiTamizhSangam.jpg|thumb|right|Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars) in traditional ''veshti'' and ''[[angvastra|angavastram]]'' at a convention of the Mylai Tamil Sangam, circa 1930s]]

Iyer men traditionally wear ''veshtis'' or ''[[dhoti]]s'' which cover them from waist to foot. These are made of [[cotton]] and sometimes [[silk]]. ''Veshtis'' are worn in different styles. Those worn in typical Brahminical style are known as ''panchakacham'' (from the [[sanskrit]] terms ''pancha'' and ''gajam'' meaning "five yards" as the length of the ''panchakacham'' is five yards in contrast to the ''veshtis'' used in daily life which are four or eight cubits long). They sometimes wrap their shoulders with a single piece of cloth known as ''angavastram'' (body-garment). In earlier times, Iyer men who performed austerities also draped their waist or chests with deer skin or grass.

The traditional Iyer woman is draped in a nine-yard saree, also known as ''[[madisar|madisār]]''.<ref name="'madisar">{{cite news | title= A saree caught in a time wrap | date=23 January 2005 | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050123/society.htm#2 | work =The Tribune | access-date = 2008-09-03}}</ref>

=== Patronage of art ===
For centuries, Iyers have taken a keen interest in preserving the arts and sciences. They undertook the responsibility of preserving the [[Natya Shastra]], a monumental work on [[Bharatanatyam]], the classical dance form of Tamil Nadu. During the early 20th century, dance was usually regarded as a [[degenerate art]] associated with [[devadasi]]s. [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], however, revived the dying art of [[Sadir (dance)|Sadir]] into the more "respectable" art form of Bharatanatyam, thereby breaking social and caste taboos about Brahmins taking part in the study and practice of dance.<ref name="roles_and_rituals">''Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women'' by Julia Leslie, Pg. 154</ref><ref name="natyam_academy">{{cite news | last=Vishwanathan | first= Lakshmi | title= How Natyam danced its way into the Academy | date=1 December 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/01/stories/2006120100180600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216122454/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/01/stories/2006120100180600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 December 2008 | access-date = 2008-08-27 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However many have claimed that, rather than becoming more open to other communities, the practice of Bharatanatyam was then restricted specifically to the middle and upper classes of Tamil society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the art of Devadasis was appropriated to create the world of Bharatanatyam|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-art-devadasis-was-appropriated-create-world-bharatanatyam-38808|date=2016-02-10|website=The News Minute|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

[[File:DKPattammal-DKJayaraman-young.jpg|thumb|left|DK Pattammal (right), Classical Music Singer, in concert with her brother, DK Jayaraman; ''circa'' early 1940s.]]

However, compared to dance, the contribution of Iyers in field of music has been considerably noteworthy.<ref>''From the Tanjore Court to the Madras Music Academy: A Social History of Music in South India'' by Lakshmi Subramanian {{ISBN|0-19-567835-4}}</ref><ref name="carnaticmusic_popularity">{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/article001.shtml|title=Popularity of Carnatic music|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=karnatik.com|first=Raghavan|last=Jayakumar}}</ref>

=== Food ===
{{See also|History of Brahmin diet|Tamil cuisine}}

The main diet of Iyers is composed of vegetarian food,<ref name="hindu_attitude_vegetarianism">{{cite web|url=http://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/raghunathan.html|title=The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=International Vegetarian Union|author=N. Raghunathan}}</ref> mostly rice which is the staple diet for millions of South Indians. Vegetarian side dishes are frequently made in Iyer households apart from compulsory additions as rasam, sambar, etc. Home-made [[ghee]] is a staple addition to the diet, and traditional meals do not begin until ghee is poured over a heap of rice and lentils. The cuisine eschews the extent of spices and heat traditionally found in south Indian cuisine. Iyers are mostly known for their love for curd. Other South Indian delicacies such as dosas, idli, etc. are also relished by Iyers. Coffee amongst beverages and curd amongst food items form an indispensable part of the Iyer food menu.

[[File:Tamil Sappadu.jpg|thumb|left|The diet of Iyers consists mainly of Tamil vegetarian cuisine, comprising rice]]

=== Housing ===
[[File:Agraharam house.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A house in a [[Tanjore]] ''agrahāram'']]

In ancient times, Iyers, along with [[Iyengars]] and other [[Tamil Brahmins]], lived in exclusive Brahmin [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]] of their village known as an ''[[agraharam|agrahāram]]''. [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] [[temples]] were usually situated at the ends of an ''agrahāram''. In most cases, there would also be a fast-flowing stream or river nearby.<ref name="quaint_charm">{{cite news | last=Sashibhushan | first= M. G. | title= Quaint charm | date=23 February 2004 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/23/stories/2004022301910300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705215837/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/23/stories/2004022301910300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=5 July 2004| access-date = 2008-08-27 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

A typical ''agrahāram'' consisted of a temple and a street adjacent to it. The houses on either side of the street were exclusively peopled by Brahmins who followed a joint family system. All the houses were identical in design and architecture though not in size.<ref name="migrationp12">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], pp. 12-13</ref>

With the arrival of the British and commencement of the Industrial Revolution, Iyers started moving to cities for their sustenance. Starting from the late 19th century, the ''agrahārams'' were gradually discarded as more and more Iyers moved to towns and cities to take up lucrative jobs in the provincial and judicial administration.<ref name="migrationp6">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], pp. 6-14</ref>

However, there are still some agrahārams left where traditional Iyers continue to reside. In an Iyer residence, people wash their feet first with water on entering the house.<ref name="life_in_an_agrharam">{{cite web|url=http://www.saibaba.ws/teachings/goalguide/goalguide03.htm|title=The Goal and the Guide, Petal 3:Fire Walking|access-date=2008-08-27|publisher=Sri Satya Sai Baba Website|first=Bombai|last=Srinivasan}}</ref><ref name="agraharam_description">{{cite news | last=Sridhar | first=Lalitha | title=Simply South | date=6 August 2001 | url=http://www.blonnet.com/2001/08/06/stories/100672a4.htm | work=Business Line | access-date=2008-08-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223230150/http://www.blonnet.com/2001/08/06/stories/100672a4.htm | archive-date=23 February 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{See also|Manipravalam|Brahmin Tamil}}
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the [[mother tongue]] of most Iyers residing in India and elsewhere. However, Iyers speak a distinct dialect of Tamil unique to their community.<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=TCV|title=TAMIL: a language of India|access-date=2008-09-03|year=2000|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th Edition|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914105053/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=TCV|archive-date=2008-09-14}}</ref><ref name="international_conference_on_dialects">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/dialects_conference_note.pdf|title=Streams of Language: Tamil Dialects in History and Literature|access-date=2008-09-03|publisher=french Institute of Pondicherry|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911173641/http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/dialects_conference_note.pdf|archive-date=2008-09-11}}</ref><ref name="Tamil_dialects3">{{cite book | title=Negotiating multiculturalism: Disciplining Difference in Singapore | last=Purushotam| first=Nirmala Srirekham| page=37| year=2000| publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref> This [[dialect]] of Tamil is known as [[Braahmik|Brāhmik]] or [[Brahmin Tamil]]. Brahmin Tamil is highly [[Sanskritized]] and has often invited ridicule from [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|Tamil]] purists due to its extensive usage of the Sanskrit [[vocabulary]].<ref name="Brahmin_Tamil_Sanskritized">{{cite news | last= Hebbar | first= Neria Harish | title= Tulu Language: Its Script and Dialects | date= 2 February 2003 | url= http://www.boloji.com/places/0020.htm | work= Boloji Media Inc. | access-date= 2008-09-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100504135656/http://www.boloji.com/places/0020.htm | archive-date= 2010-05-04 | url-status= dead }}</ref> While Brahmin Tamil used to be the [[lingua franca]] for inter-caste communication between different Tamil communities during pre-independence times, it has been gradually discarded by Brahmin themselves in favour of regional dialects.<ref name="standardization">{{cite web|title=Standardization or Restandardization: the case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil|first=Harold F.|last=Schiffman|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/stantam/STANTAM.HTM}}</ref>

== Iyers today ==

[[File:Tamil brahmin couple circa 1945.jpg|thumb|left|A Tamil Brahmin couple, circa 1945]]

In addition to their earlier occupations, Iyers today have diversified into a variety of fields.<ref name="migrationp1">[[#Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans|Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans]], Pg 1</ref> Three of India's Nobel laureates, [[Sir C. V. Raman]], [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] and [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] hail from the community.<ref name="rediffnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/12/slide-show-1-brahmins-dominate-all-modern-professions.htm|date=12 October 2009|title=Brahmins dominate all modern professions|work=Rediff News}}</ref>

Since ancient times, Iyers, as members of the privileged priestly class, exercised a near-complete domination over educational, religious and literary institutions in the Tamil country.<ref name="Vivekananda">{{cite book | title=The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda| last=Vivekananda| first=Swami| year=1955| page=296| publisher=Advaita Ashrama | isbn=81-85301-46-8}}</ref> Their domination continued throughout the [[British Raj]] as they used their knowledge of the English language and education to dominate politics, administration, the courts and intelligentsia. Upon India's independence in 1947, they tried to consolidate their hold on the administrative and judicial machinery. Such a situation led to resentment from the other castes in Tamil Nadu, the result of this atmosphere was a "non-Brahmin" movement and the formation of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]].<ref name="Non-Brahmin Movement">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/caste/nambi.htm|title=Caste & the Tamil Nation:The Origin of the Non-Brahmin Movement, 1905-1920|access-date=2008-09-03|publisher=Koodal Publishers|year=1980|author=K. Nambi Arooran|work=Tamil renaissance and Dravidian nationalism 1905-1944}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Periyar]], who took over as Justice Party President in the 1940s, changed its name to [[Dravidar Kazhagam|Dravida Kazhagam]], and formulated the view that [[Tamil Brahmins]] were [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryans]] as opposed to non-Brahmin Tamils who were [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]].<ref name="periyar_antibrahminism">{{cite news | last= Selvaraj| first= Sreeram | title= Periyar was against Brahminism, not Brahmins | date=30 April 2007 | work =Rediff News}}
</ref> The ensuing [[anti-Brahminism]] and the rising unpopularity of the [[Rajaji]] Government left an indelible mark on the Tamil Brahmin community ending their political aspirations. In the 1960s the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (roughly translated as "Organisation for Progress of Dravidians") and its subgroups gained political ground on this platform forming state ministries, thereby wrenching control from the [[Indian National Congress]], in which Iyers at that time were holding important party positions. Today, apart from a few exceptions{{Clarify|reason=|date=May 2020}}, Iyers have virtually disappeared from the political arena.<ref name="iyothee_thass">{{cite book | title=Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: From Iyothee Thass to Periyar | last=Geetha| first=V.| year=2001| publisher=Bhatkal & Sen| isbn=978-81-85604-37-4}}</ref><ref name="Dalit_visions">{{cite book | title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity| last=Omvedt| first=Gail| year=2006| page=95| publisher=Orient Longman| isbn= 978-81-250-2895-6}}</ref><ref name="dravidian_politics_in_madras">{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/2050816 | first=Lloyd I.| last=Rudolph| title=Urban Life and Populist Radicalism: Dravidian Politics in Madras | jstor=2050816| journal=The Journal of Asian Studies| year=1961| volume=20| issue=3| pages=283–297| s2cid=145124008}}</ref><ref name="modernity_of_tradition">{{cite book | title=The Modernity of Tradition: political development in India| url=https://archive.org/details/modernityoftradi00rudo| url-access=registration| last=I. Rudolph| first=Lloyd| year=1969| page=[https://archive.org/details/modernityoftradi00rudo/page/78 78]| publisher=University of Chicago| isbn=0-226-73137-5 | author2=Suzanne Hoeber Rudolph}}</ref><ref name="renewal_of_priesthood">{{cite book | title=The Renewal of the Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple| last=Fuller| first=C. J.| year=2003| page=117| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=0-691-11657-1}}</ref>

In 2006, the Tamil Nadu government took the decision to appoint non-Brahmin priests in Hindu temples in order to curb Brahmin ecclesiastical domination.<ref name="tamil_nadu_caste_barrier">{{cite news | title= Tamil Nadu breaks caste barrier | date=16 May 2006 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4986616.stm | work =BBC News | access-date = 2008-09-06}}</ref> This created a huge controversy. Violence broke out in March 2008 when a non-Brahmin ''oduvar'' or reciter of Tamil idylls, empowered by the Government of Tamil Nadu, tried to make his way into the ''sanctum sanctorum'' of the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.<ref name="tension_at_chidambaram_temple">{{cite news | title =Tension at Chidambaram temple | date =2 March 2008 | url =http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080302/899005.html | work =Web India 123 | access-date =2008-09-06 | archive-date =11 December 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081211112859/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080302/899005.html | url-status =dead }}</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{See also|Anti-Brahmanism}}

=== Relations with other communities ===
The legacy of Iyers have often been marred by accusations of [[racism]] and counter-racism against them by non-Brahmins and vice versa.

Grievances and instances of [[discrimination]] by Brahmins are believed to be the main factors which fuelled the [[Self-Respect Movement|Dravidian Movement]].<ref name="Non-Brahmin Movement" /> With the dawn of the 20th century, and the rapid penetration of western education and western ideas, there was a rise in consciousness amongst the lower castes who felt that [[rights]] which were legitimately theirs were being denied to them.<ref name="Non-Brahmin Movement" /> This led the non-Brahmins to agitate and form the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in 1916, which later became the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. The Justice Party banked on vehement anti-Hindu and anti-Brahmin propaganda to ease Brahmins out of their privileged positions. Gradually, the non-Brahmin replaced the Brahmin in every sphere and destroyed the [[monopoly]] over [[education]] and the [[Public Administration|administrative services]] which the Brahmin had previously held.<ref name="education-meansofsocialmobility">{{cite news|last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=Education is the means of social mobility |date=30 May 2006 |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/30spec.htm |work=Rediff News |access-date=2008-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504051207/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/30spec.htm |archive-date=4 May 2008 }}</ref>

The concept of "Brahmin atrocities" is refuted by some Tamil Brahmin historians. They argue that allegations of casteism against Tamil Brahmins have been exaggerated and that even prior to the rise of the Dravida Kazhagam, a significant section of Tamil Brahmin society was liberal and anti-casteist, for example the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] passed by the princely state of Travancore which gave people of all castes the right to enter Hindu temples in the princely state was due to the efforts of the Dewan of Travancore, [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer]] who was an Iyer.<ref name="cp_templeentry">{{cite book | title=RSS and Hindu Nationalism | last=Jayaprasad| first=K.| year=1991| page=138| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications}}</ref>

[[Dalit]] leader and founder of political party Pudiya Tamizhagam, Dr. Krishnasamy admits that the Anti-Brahmin Movement had not succeeded in improving the rights of Dalits and that there continues to be as much discrimination of Dalits as had been before.

{{blockquote|So many movements have failed. In Tamil Nadu there was a movement in the name of anti-Brahmanism under the leadership of Periyar. It attracted Dalits, but after 30 years of power, the Dalits understand that they are as badly-off - or worse-off - as they were under the Brahmans. Under Dravidian rule, they have been attacked and killed, their due share in government service is not given, they are not allowed to rise.<ref name="krishnasamy_quote">{{cite web|url=http://www.ambedkar.org/gail/Dravidianmovement.htm|title=The Dravidian movement|access-date=2008-08-19|publisher=ambedkar.org|first=Gail|last=Omvedt}}</ref>}}

=== Alleged negative attitude towards Tamil language and culture ===
Iyers have been called Sanskritists who entertained a distorted and contemptuous attitude towards Tamil language, culture and civilization.<ref name="Zvelebilp197">[[#Zvelebil|Zvelebil]], Pg 197</ref> The [[Dravidologist]] [[Kamil Zvelebil]] says that the Brahmin was chosen as a scapegoat by the Dravidian parties to answer for the decline of Tamil civilization and culture in the medieval and post-medieval periods.<ref name="zvelebil_companionp212">[[#Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature]], Pg 212</ref><ref name="zvelebil_companionp213">[[#Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature]], Pg 213</ref> Despite these allegations many Iyers were great contributors to the Tamil language. Agathiar, usually identified with the legendary Vedic sage [[Agastya]] is credited with compiling the first rules of grammar of the Tamil language.<ref name="zvelebil_companion_agathiar">[[#Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature]], Appendix III, The Case of Akattiyam; Sanskrit and Tamil; Kankam, Pg 235–260</ref> Moreover, individuals like [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]] and [[Subramanya Bharathi]] have made invaluable contributions to [[Tamil literature]].<ref name="dravidianmovement_brahmincontrib1">{{cite book | title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OacVAwJsSAC&pg=PA143| last=B. Dirks| first=Nicholas| year=1996| page=143| publisher=Orient Longman| isbn=81-7824-072-6}}</ref><ref name="dravidianmovement_brahmincontrib2">{{cite book | title=Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6BhSU8DbMcC&pg=PA131| last=van der Veer| first=Peter| year=1996| page=131| publisher=Routledge| isbn=0-415-91274-1}}</ref> [[Parithimar Kalaignar]] was the first to campaign for the recognition of Tamil as a classical language.<ref name="parithimar_kalaignar">{{cite news | last= Saravanan | first= T. | title= Tamil scholar's house to be made a memorial | date=12 September 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/12/stories/2006091207860200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216121119/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/12/stories/2006091207860200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 December 2008 | location=Tamil Nadu | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2008-08-10}}
</ref>

== Portrayal in popular media ==
Brahmins are mentioned for the first time in the works of [[Sangam literature|Sangam poets]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} During the post sangam era, Brahmin saints have been frequently praised for their efforts in combating [[Buddhism]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} In modern times, when Iyers and Iyengars control a significant percentage of the print and visual media, there has been significant coverage of Brahmins and Brahmin culture in magazines and [[periodicals]] and a number of Brahmin characters in novels, TV serials and films.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Their portrayal in media started to become more negative with the rise of Dravidian political movements. The writings and speeches of many Dravidian political activists such as [[Iyothee Thass]], [[Maraimalai Adigal]], [[Periyar]], [[Bharatidasan]], [[C. N. Annadurai]], the leaders of [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in the early 20th century and of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in more modern times constitute much of modern anti-Brahmin rhetoric.<ref name="vellalars_tamil_militarism">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/sivaram/920901lg.htm|title= Part 8: The Twin Narratives of Tamil Nationalism|access-date=2008-09-03|year=1992|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|work=Selected Writings by Dharmeratnam Sivaram (Taraki)}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="aryamayai">{{cite book | title=Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration| last=Palanithurai| first=Ganapathy| year=1997| page=107| publisher=M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.| isbn= 978-81-7533-039-9}}</ref><ref name="a_survey_of_hinduism">{{cite book | title=A survey of Hinduism| last=K. Klostermaier| year=1994| page=300| publisher=SUNY Press| isbn= 978-0-7914-2109-3}}</ref>

Starting from the 1940s onwards, Annadurai and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] have been using films and the [[mass media]] for the propagation of their political ideology.<ref name="DMK_massmedia">{{cite book | title=Competitive Elections in Developing Countries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6RgvJ1ni3wC&pg=PA62| last1=Özbudun| first1=Ergun|first2=Myron|last2=Weiner| year=1987| page=62| publisher=Duke University Press| isbn=0-8223-0766-9}}</ref> Most of the films made, such as the 1952-blockbuster ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' written by future Chief minister [[M. Karunanidhi]], are anti-Brahminical in character.<ref name="Parasakthi">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613192240/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-06-13|title=Films and the politics of convenience |access-date=2008-07-20|author=A. Srivathsan|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-06-12}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
Some of the early members of the community to gain prominence were sages and religious scholars like [[Agastya|Agatthiar]], [[Tholkappiyar]] (Tirunadumakini), [[Parimelalhagar]] and [[Naccinarkiniyar]].<ref name="zvelebil_companion_agathiar" /> Prior to the 19th century, almost all prominent members of this community hailed from religious or literary spheres.<ref name="history_of_south_india">{{cite book | title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar| last=Sastri| first=K. A. Nilakanta| year=1966| page=289| publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-560686-8}}</ref> Tyagaraja, Syama Sastri and Muthuswamy Dīkshitar, who constitute the "Trinity of Carnatic music" were probably the first verified historical personages from the community, as the accounts or biographies of those who lived earlier appear semi-legendary in character.<ref name="tyagaraja_cult_historicity">{{cite book | title=The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation| last=Ghose| first=Rajeshwari| year=1996| page=10| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ| isbn=978-81-208-1391-5}}</ref> Most of the ''Dewans'' of the princely state of Travancore during the 19th century were Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars).<ref name="fragments_of_a_life">{{cite book | title=Fragments of a Life: A Family Archive| last=Sivaraman| first=Mythily| year=2006| page=4| publisher=Zubaan| isbn= 978-81-89013-11-0}}</ref>

* [[Nethra Raghuraman|Nethra Raghuram]], Indian model who won [[Femina (India)|Femina Magazine]] Look of the Year contest 1997<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Meet Nethra Raghuraman, Supermodel and Bollywood wannabe|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/12nethra.htm|access-date=2021-11-30|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
*[[Shankar Mahadevan]], Music director<ref>{{cite interview |last=Mahadevan |first=Shankar |interviewer=John Brittas |title=I am a Malayali grew up in Mumbai: Shankar Mahadevan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPcyXZgW8EA |publisher=Kairali TV |date=8 September 2013 |at=0:38 |access-date=4 January 2010 |quote=Interviewer: You have some connection with Kerala in fact, your family migrated from Palakkad or something like that. Shankar Mahadevan: Yes, I am an Iyer from Palakkad actually |via=Kairali Archive on YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism|Society}}
* [[Forward Castes]]
*[[Tamil Brahmin]]s

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | title=Caste and Race in India| last= Ghurye| first= G. S. | year=1991| publisher= Popular Prakashan| location=Bombay | isbn=0-8364-1837-9|ref=G. S. Ghurye}}
* {{cite book | title=Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora| last=W. Clothey| first=Fred| year=2006| publisher=University of South Carolina|isbn=978-1-57003-647-7|ref=Ritualizing on the Boundaries}}
*{{cite book | title=The Kingdom of Jaffna| last=Pathmanathan| author-link=S. Pathmanathan | publisher=Arul M. Rajendran| year=1978|ref=Pathmanathan}}
*{{cite book | title=From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=1631996| last1=Fuller| first1=C. J.|first2=Haripriya|last2=Narasimhan| year=2008| publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|ref=Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans}}
* {{cite book | title=The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India| last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil| author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1973| publisher=BRILL| isbn=90-04-03591-5|ref=Zvelebil}}
* {{cite book | title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature | last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil V.|year=1992| publisher=BRILL| isbn=90-04-09365-6 | author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|ref=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature}}
* {{cite book | title=Brahmin Women| last1=Ghosh| first1=G. K.|first2=Shukla|last2=Ghosh| year=2003| publisher=Firma KLM| isbn=9788171021079|ref=Brahmin Women}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Brahmin & Non-Brahmin : genealogies of the Tamil political present| last=Pandian| first=M. S. S. Pandian| year=2007| isbn= 978-8178241623}}
* {{cite book | title=Play, Symbolism, and Ritual: A Study of Tamil Brahmin Women's Rites of Passage (American University Studies Series XI, Anthropology and Sociology) (Hardcover)| last=K. Duvvury| first=Vasumathi| year=1991| publisher=Peter Lang Pub Inc| isbn=978-0-8204-1108-8}}
* {{cite book | title=Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity| last=Figueira| first=Dorothy Matilda|year=2002| publisher=SUNY Press| isbn= 978-0-7914-5531-9}}
* {{cite book | title=Brahmins Through the Ages: Their Social, Religious, Cultural, Political, and Economic Life| last=Sharma| first=Rajendra Nath|year=1977| publisher=Ajanta Publications}}
* {{cite book | title=Brahmin Priest of Tamil Nadu| last=Subramaniam| first=Kuppu|year=1974| publisher=Wiley | isbn=0-470-83535-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamilnadu, 1860s-1970s|year=1996|publisher=Manohar|first=Haruka|last=Yanagisawa|isbn= 978-81-7304-159-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order|year=1987|publisher=Popular Prakashan|first=Jacob|last=Pandian|isbn=978-0-86132-136-0}}
*{{cite book | last = Pathmanathan | first = Sivasubramaniam | title = The Kingdom of Jaffna:Origins and early affiliations | publisher = Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies | year= 1974 | location = Colombo | pages = 171–173}}

{{wikibooks|Brahmin Tamil}}{{Brahmin communities}}

[[Category:Tamil Brahmins]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Tamil-language surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

S. M. Mehdi

2025-11-27T06:54:09Z

TawannaIbarra: new a post - done

{{Short description|Urdu scholar & Theatre Writer}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''S.M. Mehdi''' ({{circa|1921}} – January 2015) was an [[Urdu|Indian Urdu]] playwright, journalist, [[Indian Marxist|Marxist]] thinker, and cultural commentator. Known for his experimental [[Theatre of India|theatre]] and politically engaged writing, Mehdi was a significant figure in [[Indian independence movement|post-independence]] progressive [[Urdu literature]]. His works reflect themes of identity, social justice, and literary history, often blending [[Bertolt Brecht|Brechtian]] technique with classical Indo-Islamic storytelling traditions.
<ref>{{cite web | title=Condolence meet held for playwright S M Mehdi at AMU | date=21 January 2015 | url=https://twocircles.net/2015jan21/1421861124.html }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=India, whose love could have killed him | date=13 February 2011 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/605949/india-whose-love-could-have-killed-him }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=Remembering Maamujan - S.M. Mehdi - South Asia Citizens Web | url=http://sacw.net/article10340.html }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Barabanki]] [[zamindar]] (landlord) family, Mehdi completed his early education in Mustafabad, [[Bhopal]]. Mehdi was a student leader in [[Kanpur]] for BA and [[Lucknow]] for MA and actively involved with the [[Indian Communist Party|Communist party]].<ref name="azmikaifi:1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.azmikaifi.com/sm-mehdi-kaifi-azmi/|title=SM Mehdi on Kaifi Azmi|date=23 July 2016}}</ref> He later studied law and political science in Lucknow, where he became involved in student activism and aligned with leftist and communist ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/writer/s-m-mehdi|title=Hindi Writer S M Mehdi Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/557995-mehdi-the-last-of-his-generation|title=The last of his generation | Art & Culture | thenews.com.pk|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref>

He worked with the Urdu cell of the Communist party in [[Mumbai]] alongside [[Sajjad Zaheer]],<ref name="azmikaifi:1" /> and was for his belief in the "fellowship of man".<ref name="clarionindia:2">{{Cite web|url=https://clarionindia.net/sm-mehdi-a-life-less-ordinary-jawed-naqvi/|title=SM Mehdi: A Life Less Ordinary – Jawed Naqvi|date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="insafbulletin:3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/2787|title=THE LAST OF HIS GENERATION: S.M. MEHDI : INSAF}}</ref>
This is where he got involved in IPTA & met some great minds in writing, poetry.<ref>{{cite web | title=Voices of India's Partition, Part II: Mr. S.M. Mehdi | date=5 December 2011 | url=https://notevenpast.org/voices-indias-partition-part-ii-mr-sm-mehdi/ }}</ref>

Mehdi also worked for two decades as Urdu correspondent for the Soviet Embassy in Delhi from the 1960s until 1990.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstreams/44d1807c-b3c7-461b-9d62-d06ee4288564/download | title=Voices of India’s Partition, Part II: Mr. S.M. Mehdi | website=repositories.lib.utexas.edu}}</ref>

He was married to Zahra Begum who preceded him in death by a few weeks. Their granddaughter Taran is an active documentary maker.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hinduism Archives | url=https://notevenpast.org/tag/hinduism/ }}</ref>

==Literary and artistic contributions==
Mehdi wrote numerous plays and translated dramas into [[Urdu]].<ref name="azmikaifi:1" /> He was a prolific writer for television, including shows focusing on India's composite culture.<ref name="azmikaifi:1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19771015-theatre-in-delhi-touches-all-time-low-in-creativity-823893-2014-06-10|title=Theatre in Delhi touches all time low in creativity|date=10 June 2014|website=India Today}}</ref> Mehdi was also a scholar of the Urdu poets [[Ghalib]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]].<ref name="azmikaifi:1" /><ref name="insafbulletin:3" /> He was later associated with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA).<ref name="insafbulletin:3" />

His works include Chand Tasviren, Chand Khutut (A Few Pictures, A Few Letters), Maamujaan ki Diary (DD Television show).<ref>{{cite web | title=A night at the opera, courtesy Navrasa Duende | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/02/21/a-night-at-the-opera.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Theatre in Delhi touches all time low in creativity | date=10 June 2014 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19771015-theatre-in-delhi-touches-all-time-low-in-creativity-823893-2014-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/down-miller-memory-lane/cid/1273962 | title=Down Miller memory lane | website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

Mehdi's work drew inspiration from various traditions, including [[Epic theatre|Brechtian theatre]] and the oral narrative styles of [[Tulsidas]] and [[Mir Anees|Mir Babar Ali Anis]].<ref name="insafbulletin:3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3zj2zk63Pk|title=SM Mehdi - on his own life|date=15 January 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hindi Writer S M Mehdi Biography, News, Photos, Videos | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/writer/s-m-mehdi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Allah and Krishna came together in the songs of this long-forgotten Awadhi singer | date=26 November 2022 | url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1038303/allah-and-krishna-came-together-in-the-songs-of-this-long-forgotten-awadhi-singer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SM Mehdi on the Awadhi folk singer Aseemun, and the composite Ganga-Jamuni culture of India - Part 2 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=19 June 2016 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnjc7CtUcjg }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Allah and Krishna Came Together in the Songs of This Long-Forgotten Awadhi Singer – Janata Weekly | url=https://janataweekly.org/allah-and-krishna-came-together-in-the-songs-of-this-long-forgotten-awadhi-singer/ }}</ref>

Mehdi was a contemporary of the poet [[Kaifi Azmi]],<ref name="clarionindia:2" /> and is mentioned in relation to his grandchildren who shared memories of him and his home.<ref name="insafbulletin:4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/2724|title=TARAN ON HER GRANDFATHER, S.M. MEHDI : INSAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Whiff of lost Lucknow 'khushboo' in old letters | work=The Times of India | date=3 February 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/whiff-of-lost-lucknow-khushboo-in-old-letters/articleshow/67813017.cms }}</ref>
Together they published weeklies Mahaz and Tahrik around the Independence Era from Mumbai (then Bombay).

==Later life==
Mehdi died in [[Aligarh]] in January 2015 at the age of 94 in his sleep.<ref name="azmikaifi:1" /> His work, including his plays, translations, and writings, remains largely uncollected.<ref name="insafbulletin:3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-mohammad-mehdi/all|title=All writings of Syed Mohammad Mehdi|website=Rekhta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Urdu Books of Syed Mohammad Mehdi | url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-mohammad-mehdi/ebooks }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Soz khwani: Songs of lament from the battle of Karbala | date=8 June 2017 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/soz-khwani-songs-of-lament-from-the-battle-of-karbala/story-XViusDC93DYPtlo04VaRvN.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Shaukat Azmi epitomised the finest qualities of progressive writers and artists | date=26 November 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/shaukat-azmi-dead-shabana-kaifi-6136612/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Amber Abbas - Independent Researcher | url=https://independent.academia.edu/AmberAbbas11 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9430147/ S.M. Mehdi | Writer]

[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:Urdu theatre]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehdi, S.M.}}

Eachanari

2025-10-21T15:13:36Z

TawannaIbarra: New The Stub Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Suburb of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eachanari
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.928910|N|76.984467|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 641021
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Eachanari''' is a [[suburb]] of [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore city]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The suburb and its environs are also home to the [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]]. It exists within the [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]] jurisdiction.

==Geography==
Eachanari is located about {{cvt|1|km}} from the [[Coimbatore Bypass|L&T Bypass Road]] and borders [[Sundarapuram]], Myleripalayam, Kovaipudur and [[Vellalore]].

==Transport==
The [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] is located about {{convert|4|km|mi}} from Eachanari. The [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] is located about {{cvt|8|km}} from Eachanari.

===Eachanari Flyover===
A flyover at Eachanari has been laid by the [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)]] in 2019, at the L&T Bypass signal junction, in order to reduce traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/flyover-to-come-up-at-eachanari/article25306021.ece|title= Flyover to come up at Eachanari|access-date=18 May 2021|work=The Hindu|date= 24 October 2018|last1= Preetha|first1= M. Soundariya}}</ref>

==Temples==
[[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravichandran |first=Vaasthu Ratna S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kFzEAAAQBAJ&dq=%25E0%25AE%2588%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF&pg=PA1 |title=Aanmeega Tips |date=2022-05-16 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=பக்தர்களுக்கு வேண்டியதை கொடுக்கும் கோவை ஈச்சனாரி விநாயகர்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/coimbatore/eachanari-vinayagar-gives-what-the-devotees-need-838856.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=தந்தி டிவி |date=2022-08-31 |title=தடைகள் தகர்க்கும் கோவை ஈச்சனாரி விநாயகர் - நீண்ட வரிசையில் நின்று பக்தர்கள் சாமி தரிசனம் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/coimbatore-echanari-ganesha-who-breaks-barriers-devotees-stand-in-long-queues-for-sami-darshan-134524 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.thanthitv.com |language=ta}}</ref> is among 11 temples in the [[Coimbatore]], India area. The temple, dedicated to [[Hindu]] god [[Vinayagar]], is located about {{convert|12|km|mi}} from the city of [[Coimbatore]] on [[National Highway 209 (India, old numbering)|NH 209]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eachanarivinayagar.tnhrce.in/contactus.html|title=About us, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|access-date=9 March 2016|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

==Politics==
Eachanari is a part of [[Kinathukadavu (state assembly constituency)]] and [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/aiadmk-trying-hard-to-continue-its-winning-streak-in-kinathukkadavu/article34173321.ece|title= Kinathukkadavu Constituency|access-date=27 March 2021|work=The Hindu|date= 27 March 2021|last1= Palaniappan|first1= V. s.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eachanari_Vinayagar_Temple.jpg]

[[Category:Suburbs of Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

Halwara

2025-10-16T04:52:17Z

TawannaIbarra: slightly improved lead for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Halwara
| native_name = ''Halawāṛā''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| other_name = Halwada
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|43|N|75|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 141107
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01624
| registration_plate = pb 56
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Halwara''' ({{IPA|pa|hɐlɐʋaːɽaː|lang}}; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Halawāṛā'') is a township in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in India in the [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Halwara Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/33754-halwara-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref> It is the location of [[Halwara Air Force Base]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/halwara.htm Halwara Air Base - globalsecurity.org]

{{Ludhiana district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Pramod Kumar Mallick

2025-09-29T23:52:22Z

TawannaIbarra: new biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Pramod Kumar Mallick''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a three time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Niali Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niali Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Niali Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/niali-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Niali Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/niali-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916490.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallick, Pramod Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)

2025-08-07T20:03:55Z

TawannaIbarra: created info - done

{{for|other units with the same regimental number|104th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1765–1803 1822–1830 1839–1881
|country=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]] (1765–1858) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1858–1881)
|allegiance=
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Bengal Army]] (1765–1862) {{army|United Kingdom}} (1862–1881)
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = One battalion
| command_structure =
| garrison =[[Ballymullen Barracks]], [[Tralee]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =[[First Rohilla War]] [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| notable_commanders =
}}
The '''104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)''' was a [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], raised by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] in 1765. Under the [[Childers Reforms]] it amalgamated with the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)]] to form the [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]].

==History==
[[File:Patrick Grant.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Field Marshal [[Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)|Sir Patrick Grant]], colonel of the regiment in the 1860s]]

===Early history===
The regiment as first raised by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] as the '''2nd Bengal European Regiment''' when it was formed from the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Regiment]] in 1765.<ref name=regt>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/104-862.htm |title=104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers) |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=4 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210173357/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/104-862.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> It went to take part in an action at [[Rohilkhand]] in April 1774 during the [[First Rohilla War]]<ref name=locations>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/104.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310130928/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/104.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2006|title=104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers): Locations|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> before being absorbed by the Marine Battalion in 1803.<ref name=regt/> It was re-raised as the '''2nd Bengal (European) Regiment''' in 1822 and took part in a deployment to [[Myanmar|Burma]] in 1825 before being disbanded in 1830.<ref name=regt/>

===The Victorian era===
[[File:Monument of the Battle of Chillianwala 3.jpg|thumb|The monument erected in memory of the losses sustained by both armies at the [[Battle of Chillianwala|Battles of Saddalupar and Chillianwala]] in January 1849]]
The regiment was re-raised as the '''2nd Bengal (European) Light Infantry''' from a nucleus of 1st Bengal (European) Regiment in 1839.<ref name=regt/> It saw action at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] in January 1849 and the [[Battle of Gujrat]] in February 1849 in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref name=locations/> The regiment became the '''2nd Bengal (European) Fusiliers''' in 1850 was deployed to Burma again in 1853 during the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] and then served at the [[Siege of Delhi]] in autumn 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].<ref name=locations/> After the Crown took control of the [[Presidency armies]] in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the '''2nd Bengal Fusiliers''' in November 1859 and then the '''2nd Royal Bengal Fusiliers''' in May 1861.<ref name=regt/> It was then renumbered as the '''104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)''' on transfer to the [[British Army]] in September 1862.<ref name=regt/> Although a new commanding officer was appointed on transfer to the British Army, both majors and six of the twelve captains had prior service in the regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22667|page=4681|date=30 September 1862}}</ref>

During the [[cholera]] epidemic of 1869, the regiment left its barracks at [[Peshawar]] on the North West Frontier for the countryside, to try to alleviate the impact of the disease. After the regiment had returned to barracks with the end of the epidemic, the commanding officer's wife, [[Elizabeth Webber Harris]], was presented with a gold replica Victoria Cross, by the officers of the regiment, for her tireless endeavours tending the sick men.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/history/564600/Only-woman-win-Victoria-Cross-Elizabeth-Webber-Harris-saved-soldiers-cholera|title=Only woman to win a Victoria Cross: Elizabeth Webber Harris saved soldiers with cholera|last=Ashcroft|first=Lord|date=2015-03-18|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120000/https://www.express.co.uk/news/history/564600/Only-woman-win-Victoria-Cross-Elizabeth-Webber-Harris-saved-soldiers-cholera|url-status=live}}</ref> The presentation had the approval of [[Queen Victoria]] and was made by General Sir [[Sam Browne]], commander of the Peshawar garrison. The regiment embarked for England in 1871.<ref name=locations/>

As part of the [[Cardwell Reforms]] of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 104th was linked with the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)]], and assigned to district no. 70 at [[Ballymullen Barracks]] in [[Tralee]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2006|title=Training Depots|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 1881 the [[Childers Reforms]] came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) to form the [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]].<ref name=regt/>

==Battle honours==
Battle honours won by the regiment were:<ref name=regt/>

*''Rohilla War'': Rohilcund 1774 (inherited from predecessor regiment)
*''Second Anglo-Sikh War'': [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwallah]], [[Battle of Gujrat|Goojerat]], Punjaub
* ''Indian Mutiny'': [[Siege of Delhi|Delhi 1857]]

==Regimental Colonels==
Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name= regt/>

;2nd Bengal Fusiliers (HEIC)
*c.1859: Maj-Gen. Robert Blackall

;104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers) (British Army)
*1862–1863: F.M. Sir [[Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)|Patrick Grant]], GCB, GCMG
*1863–1867: Gen. Sir [[George Bell (British Army officer)|George Bell]], KCB
*1867–1874: Gen. [[George Dixon (British Army officer)|George Dixon]]
*1874–1881: F.M. Sir [[Frederick Haines|Frederick Paul Haines]], GCB, GCSI, CIE

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Innes|first=Lieutenant-Colonel P. R. |title=History of the Royal European Regiment, now the Royal Munster Fusiliers|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63168|publisher=Simpkin|location=London|year=1885}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm|title=104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)|access-date=15 October 2007|last=Mills|first=T.F.|work=regiments.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111806/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm|archive-date=22 October 2007|url-status=dead}}

{{Regiments of Foot}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)}}
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1854]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1881]]
[[Category:1839 establishments in British India]]

Kālāma

2025-07-17T16:17:33Z

TawannaIbarra: Creating first stub more to come

{{Short description|Republican tribe in Iron-Age India}}
{{one source|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kālāma Republic
| common_name = Kālāma
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Republic]]
| year_start = {{c.|7th century BCE}}
| year_end = {{c.|5th-4th century BCE}}
| event_end = Conquered by Kosala
| p1 =
| s1 = Kosala
| image_map = Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Kālāma among the [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]]s
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = The [[Mahajanapadas]] in the post-Vedic period. Kālāma was located close to the north of Magadha
| leader1 =
| capital = [[Kesaputta]]
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]] [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}<ref name=ar/>
| currency =
| title_leader = {{transliteration|pi|Rājā}}
| today = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
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'''Kālāma''' ([[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Kālāma}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of north-eastern [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The Kālāmas were organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]), presently referred to as the '''Kālāma Republic'''.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

==Location==
The Kālāmas and their capital of [[Kesaria|Kesaputta]]<ref name=ar>{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages=98|url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}</ref> were located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] between the river [[Ghaghara|Sarayū]] and the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]] to the north, the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]] to the south, [[Varanasi|Vārāṇasī]] to the southwest, and the kingdom of [[Kosala]] to the west.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}} The territory of the Kālāmas covered only the countryside around their town.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

==Name==
The origin of the name of the Kālāmas has not yet been determined.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

The name of the Kālāma capital, [[Kesaputta]] originated from the Sanskrit word {{Transliteration|sa|keśa}}, meaning "hair" or "mane." The name of Kesapputta was related to the name of the [[Keśin]], who were a sub-tribe of the [[Pañcāla|Pāñcāla]] tribe mentioned in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa}}]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

==History==
The Kālāmas were an Indo-Aryan tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref> The Kālāmas originated as a branch of the [[Keśin]]s, who were from the [[Panchala|Pāñcāla]], where they formed one of the three branches of the [[Pañcāla|Pāñcāla]] tribe. From the Pāñcāla area, a branch of the Keśins founded Kesaputta, where they came to be known as the Kālāmas.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1985|p=1}} Similarly to the other populations of the Greater Magadha cultural area, Kalams were initially not fully Brahmanised despite being an Indo-Aryan people, they later became Brahmanised when [[Kosala]] was Brahmanised.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref>

By the time of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], the Kālāmas were a dependency of Kosala and its king [[Pasenadi]], and the Buddha visited the Kālāmas at one point during his preaching. One of the Buddha's teachers, [[Āḷāra Kālāma]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Law |first=Bimala Churn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBIbAAAAIAAJ&q=K%C4%81l%C4%81ma+tribe |title=Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India |date=1924 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}</ref> belonged to the Kālāma tribe, as did the Buddha's disciple [[Bharaṇḍu]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

Pasenadi's son and successor [[Viḍūḍabha]] later annexed Kālāma into the Kosala kingdom. The Kālāmas did not request a share of the Buddha's relics after his death, possibly because they had lost their independence by then.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}} Similarly, the [[Videha|Vaideha]]s and the [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and the [[Bhagga]]s who were a dependency of [[Vatsa]] also could not put forth their own claim, while the Licchavikas, the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s, and the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]]s could claim shares of the relics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

==Political and social organisation==
===Republican institutions===
The Kālāma were a [[kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]] tribe organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]).{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

====Assembly====
Like the other {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}, the ruling body of the Kālāma republic was an Assembly of the {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} elders who held the title of {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s (meaning "chiefs").{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

Like with other {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}, the Assembly of the Kālāmas met in a [[santhāgāra]] located in their capital.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

====The Council====
The Assembly met rarely, and the administration of the republic was instead in the hands of the Council, which was a smaller body of the Assembly composed of councillors selected from the membership of the Assembly. The Council met more often than the Assembly.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

====The Consul====
The Kālāma Assembly elected for life a consul {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}. The consul {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}} administered the republic with the assistance of the Assembly and Council.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

===Religion===
Unlike the other {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}, the Kālāmas appear to have been disinterested in [[Śramaṇa|{{Transliteration|sa|Śramaṇa}}]] traditions such as [[Buddhism]], which might have been an alternative reason why they did not demand a share of the relics of the Buddha. Since the Kālāmas were related to the Keśins, they might instead have been more inclined towards [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=The Kānyakubja-Gauḍa Struggle |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1985 |isbn=9788192061580 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mdQAQAAMAAJ |oclc=915112370}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Gaṇa saṅghas]]

Avadhuta Gita

2025-07-17T14:54:24Z

TawannaIbarra: added references

{{Short description|Sanskrit text of Hinduism}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''''Avadhuta Gita''''' (Devanagari: अवधूत गीता, IAST: {{IAST|Avadhūta Gītā}}) is a Sanskrit text of [[Hinduism]] whose title means "Song of the free soul".{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=195}} The text's poetry is based on the principles of [[Advaita]] and [[Dvaita]] schools of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=50}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=58 note 318}}<ref name="google2007">Katz, Jerry (2007). ''One: essential writings on nonduality''. Sentient Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-59181-053-7}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59181-053-7}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uGpZNhHcoAkC Source]</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|1987|p=183}}

The text is attributed to [[Dattatreya]],<ref>{{cite book|author=John A. Grimes| title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC| year=1996| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5| page=110}}</ref> and extant manuscripts have been dated to approximately the 9th or 10th century CE. It consists of 289 ''shlokas'' (metered verses), divided into eight chapters.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=195}} The first seven chapters are the text's oldest layer, and the eighth chapter is likely a later interpolation.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=195-196}} It may have been composed in the deccan states of India, probably [[Maharashtra]].{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=195-197}} ''Avadhuta Gita'' has been one of the most important texts of the [[Nath]]a Yogi tradition of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=195-197}}

==Date==
[[Abhayananda]] states, "The actual date of authorship of the ''Avadhut Gita'' is unknown, but, judging by its terminology and style, it appears to have been written, not in the millennia prior to the Current Era, as legend would have it, but sometime around the 9th or 10th centuries of our Current Era. This does not, of course, preclude the possibility of an oral transmission to that point in time."<ref>Swami Abhayananda (1992, 2007). ''Dattatreya: Song of the Avadhut: An English Translation of the 'Avadhuta Gita' (with Sanskrit Transliteration)''. Classics of mystical literature series. {{ISBN|978-0-914557-15-9}} (paper), p.10</ref>

==Name==
The title of the text, ''Avadhuta'' means "liberated soul", while ''Gita'' means song.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=50}} The text describes the nature and the state of a person who is spiritually free and liberated.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=50}}{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=195-207}}

The text is also known as ''Avadhuta Grantha'', ''Dattatreya Gita'', ''Datta Gita Yoga Shastra'' and ''Vedanta Sara''.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p= 215 footnote 1}}

==Contents==
{{Quote box | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote= '''Shiva is the soul within'''
<poem>
I am thus the pure Shiva,
devoid of all doubt.
O beloved friend,
how shall I bow to my own Self,
in my Self?
</poem>
|source =— ''Avadhuta Gita 3.2'' Transl: Antonio Rigopoulos{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p= 205}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=11}}}}

The ''Avadhuta Gita'' is structured in 8 chapters, wherein Dattatreya—the symbol of the highest [[yogi]] and monastic life—describes as the divine master and example, the journey of self-realization, thereafter the nature and state of a person who lives in his soul's truth.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=196-197}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}

Dattatreya asserts in the text, that the self-realized person is "by nature, the formless, all pervasive Self".{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=50}}<ref name=thebrahmavadin753>{{cite book|title=The Avadhuta Gita, Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA753|series=The Brahmavâdin Volume 9|year=1904|publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal|pages=753–761}}</ref> He is in the state of ''sama-rasya'' or ''samata'', which is where there are no differences between anything or anyone, neither one own's body or another person's, neither class nor gender, neither human being nor other living beings, between the abstract and the empirical universe, all is one interconnected reality, it is the unification of the One and the Beyond.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=200-202}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}} His universe, all of the universe, is within his [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul).{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=200-202}} "There is never any you and I", states verse 6.22.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p= 212}}

The chapters discuss '[[contemplation]]', states Rigopoulos, as well as "sahaja amṛitam" 'nectar of naturalness'.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998}} Some of its teachings have been compared to the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998}} The term Sahaja, that became important in both Hindu and Buddhist tantric traditions, means "transcendent Reality, or Absolute". It is equated to ''Sunya'' (void) in Buddhism, envisioned as a kind of "unlocated paradise", states Rigopoulos. In Hinduism, it is the interior Guru within the person, the Sadashiva, the all pervading ultimate Reality (Brahman) that is the Atman (Self) within.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=201-202}}

==Translation==
*The [[Vedanta Kesari|Brahmavadin]] journal published an English translation of the separate chapters of the ''Avadhuta Gita'' in Volumes 9 through 11, in early 20th century.<ref name=thebrahmavadin753/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Avadhuta Gita: Chapters 2 through 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8caAAAAYAAJ|series=The Brahmavâdin Volume 10|year=1906|publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal|pages=143–148, 183–191, 297–300, 355–359, 469–472, 525–527}}.</ref>
*The brief introduction with attendant English translation of the ''Avadhuta Gita'' by [[Swami Ashokananda|Ashokananda]] (1893–1969) is reproduced in Katz.<ref name="google2007"/>
* [[Alexandra David-Néel]], translated the text from Sanskrit into French, title ''Avadhuta Gîtâ'', 1958.

==Reception==
The text has been influential on the [[Nath]] tradition of Hinduism, states Rigopoulos, and its teachings form a foundation of their ''Sama-rasya'' doctrine:
{{Quote|
The transcendental reality is revealed [by Avadhuta Gita] as the Universe. In other words, the difference between what is Formless and what has Form disappears forever, and it is co-eternal with the vision of the Universe in [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]].
|Gopinath Kaviraj, Quoted by Antonio Rigopoulos{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=200}}}}

Passages of the text are found in numerous Hindu texts, such as in the widely translated [[Bhagavata Purana]], which is the most popular Purana, where verses 8.2 to 8.4 of Avadhuta Gita appear as verses 11.11.29-11.11.31 as one example. The text's ''nirguni'' Brahman ideas influenced the poetry of [[Kabir]], states Rigopoulos.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p= 213}}

[[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] (1863–1902) held the ''Avadhuta Gita'' in esteem and he translated aspects of it in the following talk he gave on July 28, 1895, transcribed by his disciple Waldo:
<blockquote>
"He who has filled the universe, He who is Self in self, how shall I salute Him!" To know the Atman as my nature is both knowledge and realisation. "I am He, there is not the least doubt of it." "No thought, no word, no deed, creates a bondage for me. I am beyond the senses, I am knowledge and bliss." There is neither existence nor non-existence, all is Atman. Shake off all ideas of relativity; shake off all superstitions; let caste and birth and Devas and all else vanish. Why talk of being and becoming? Give up talking of dualism and Advaitism! When were you two, that you talk of two or one? The universe is this Holy One and He alone. Talk not of Yoga to make you pure; you are pure by your very nature. None can teach you.<ref>Vivekananda, Swami (n.d.). ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Volume Seven.'' Source: [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Inspired Talks/Sunday, July 28]] (accessed: Monday February 15, 2010</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bhagawad Gita]]
* [[Ashtavakra Gita]]
* [[Bhagavata Purana]]
* [[Ganesha Purana#The Ganesha Gita|The Ganesha Gita]]
* [[Puranas]]
* [[Self-consciousness (Vedanta)]]
* [[Uddhava#Uddhava Gita|Uddhava Gita]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Prasthanatrayi]]
* [[Vyadha Gita]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA50 |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_giitaa/avadhutagiitaa.pdf |title= अवधूत गीता (Avadhuta Gita)| access-date=4 March 2016| language = Sanskrit|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{citation |author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870|year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195070453}}
*{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1993|title= The Asrama System|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195083279}}
*{{cite book|first=Antonio |last= Rigopoulos| title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Bhakti and the Bhakti Movement: A New Perspective : a Study in the History of Ideas|url=https://archive.org/details/bhaktibhaktimov00shar|url-access=registration|first=Krishna|last=Sharma|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1987|isbn=978-8121500296}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Translation:Avadhuta Gita|Avadhuta Gita}}
;Sanskrit editions and English translations
*[https://archive.org/details/AvadhutaGita-EnglishAudiobook Avadhuta Gita English Audio Book]
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/avadhutagiitaa.pdf Avadhuta Gita (Sanskrit) in Devanagari, PDF]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100720043452/http://www.gitasupersite.iitk.ac.in/minigita/avadhuta.php3 Avadhuta Gita (multiple scripts and languages), install legacy fonts for viewing]
* http://www.aghori.it/avadhut_gita.htm in English and Italian
* [https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxSPrE4dtGcKQWc1WlV3LVZwZ1k Avadhuta Gita Free EBook] (English interpretation with Sanskrit Verses) PDF
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.oormi.avadhutagita Avadhuta Gita Free Android App] (English interpretation with Sanskrit Verses)
* [https://www.shantisadan.org/book-content/avadhut-gita/ Avadhut Gita translated into English with an introduction by Hari Prasad Shastri]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Yoga}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Gita]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta texts]]

Udaan (1989 TV series)

2025-07-08T16:21:35Z

TawannaIbarra: done

{{About|1989 series|2014 series|Udaan (2014 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{original research|date=June 2009}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| writer = [[Kavita Chaudhary]]
| director = Kavita Chaudhary
| starring = Kavita Chaudhary, [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 30
| producer =
| editor = Sunil Salgia
| location =
| camera =
| runtime = 25 minutes
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1989}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1991}}
}}

'''''Udaan''''' (meaning Flight) is an [[India]]n television series that aired on [[Doordarshan]] from 1989 to 1991<ref>{{cite news |title= India gets first woman DGP|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-16/india/27172084_1_kiran-bedi-first-woman-woman-officer |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702021035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-16/india/27172084_1_kiran-bedi-first-woman-woman-officer |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/top-tv-shows/Udaan/articleshow/27294049.cms|title=Written, directed and starring Kavita Choudhary, Udaan was a popular TV serial, which ran on Doordarshan from 1989-91. Focusing on women empowerment, the show was one of its kinds, portraying the trials and tribulations of a woman aspiring to become an IPS officer.|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> The serial was written and directed by [[Kavita Chaudhary]] who was also the main lead of the serial<ref>{{cite news |title= Kavita Choudhry soars again|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2000/aug/1618.htm |newspaper= Mid-Day|access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/25inter.htm|title=The woman who inspired a generation|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

The show was based on the struggle of a woman aspiring to be an IPS officer.<ref>{{cite news|title= 10 most memorable roles ever|url= http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3034022|newspaper= MSN India|access-date= 31 January 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312220354/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3034022|archive-date= 12 March 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> The serial is inspired by true story of IPS [[Kanchan Choudhary Bhattacharya]] (Former Director General of Police)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Indias-first-woman-DGP-wants-AAP-ticket-from-Haridwar/articleshow/31856259.cms | title=- Times of India }}</ref>
Incidentally, Kavita Chaudhary is Kanchan Chaudhary's younger sister in real life.

==Plot==
It was a story of a girl named Kalyani Singh who joined the police force and with her hard work and sheer determination. Kalyani's father played by [[Vikram Gokhale]] loses all his land after it is forcibly taken away from him. Also Kalyani feels neglected when all attention is showered on a boy born in their family who is considered to be the male heir of the family. Kalyani's father tells her she is no less than anybody and should make it her mission to take the flight (Udaan) to a respectable position in the society. She vows to become a police officer and bring back respect to her family.

The story shows how she battles gender discrimination and various problems before successfully becoming a Police Officer. [[Shekhar Kapur]] plays the love interest of Kalyani in the serial. In this serial, Kalyani Singh brings out how a police officer and an IPS officer should truly be—a friend, guardian and protector of the public and public interests and one that honest and law-abiding citizens should never fear. It also brings out through Kalyani Singh's advice to her officers and constables the way they should behave and talk with the public—she chastens them to talk politely and in a helpful manner to every law-abiding citizen since they are public servants. Law-abiding citizens should never have to fear the police, but must look to them for advice, guidance and protection from the unlawful forces. The director in Kalyani Singh did a marvelous job of sending a message to everyone, especially women in India, to work hard and achieve the ability to stand on their own legs and therefore gain respect in society, and to never give up until you achieve the rightful things you want to achieve.

Kalyani Singh's ideals are so high that even as an IAS (Indian Administrative Service) officer played by Shekhar Kapur is trying to impress and marry her, she carefully evaluates his ideals to see if they are compatible with her own, before making a decision. The episode where a citizen is amazed that his request is approved by the IAS officer DM (district magistrate, an IAS officer, played by Shekhar Kapur) in such short time that the citizen questions if the request has indeed been approved already, and when the district magistrate assures him that it has, touches his feet with gratitude is very touching. In the same episode, when the PA (personal assistant) to the DM tries to present various bureaucratic hurdles to prevent quick approval of the citizen's case, the director is sending a subtle message when she has the DM respond, "rules are made to make us work in an orderly manner, but should not be used to put hurdles to make the public frustrated".

The serial ends with the director showing us that when the public have the strength to stand up against injustice in society, then justice can prevail and the public themselves can benefit from such initiatives. The last scene shows Kalyani Singh and her family driving off towards her place of posting after attending a public meeting, while a voice in the background explains and justifies the "''udaan''" that Kalyani Singh IPS has been through.

==Cast==
* [[Kavita Chaudhary]] as Kalyani Singh
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] as Harish Menon
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Janki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sunday/head3.htm|title=The Tribune...Sunday Reading|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>
* [[Anil Rastogi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/the-quality-of-contemporary-tv-content-needs-to-improve-anil-rastogi-1006730.html|title=The quality of contemporary TV content needs to improve: Anil Rastogi|date=2015-06-16|website=News 18|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Brij Mohan <ref name=":0" />
* [[Ranvijay Thakur]]
* [[Kanchan Choudhary Bhattacharya]]
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Hardayal Singh
* [[Satish Kaushik]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-cast-satish-kaushik-twice-in-my-tv-show-udaan-and-he-played-both-the-characters-so-well-i-will-miss-my-friend-and-neighbour-kaveta-chaudhry/articleshow/98514040.cms|title=I cast Satish Kaushik twice in my TV show Udaan, and he played both the characters so well. I will miss my friend and neighbour: Kaveta Chaudhry|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1989 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1993 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]